Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.16 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 5833 906341 905426 2026-08-22T22:31:01Z Hamza DK 12444 906341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Segun Padonou Aina''' ko '''Segun Arinze''' mawakin Nijeriya ne. Segun Arinze (an haife shi Segun Padonou Aina; 24 ga Satumba 1965) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, mawaƙi, mai shirya fina-finai, kuma kocin wasan kwaikwayo. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara harkar fina-finan Nollywood na zamani kuma ya shahara sosai bayan ya nuna jarumin Black Arrow a cikin fim ɗin Silent Night na 1996. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar Actors Guild of Nigeria (AGNES {{Stub}} ==Rayuwar Farko da Ilimi== An haifi Arinze a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 1965 a Onitsha,Jihar Anambra, Kodayake asalinsa ɗan Badagry ne, Jihar Legas. Ya halarci Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Victory,Ilorin, da Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Taba, Kaduna,kafin ya sami digiri a fannin Fasahar Dramatic Arts daga [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]] Ile-Ife .<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segun_Arinze#cite_note-4</ref> ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Arinze, Segun}} [[Category:Mawaƙan Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 45pfp6e38i57xcbnxi0l309lbiqeefi 0 6012 906390 876272 2026-08-23T04:38:59Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Puente Arslanagić, Trebinje, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 28.jpg|thumb|bosnia y herzegovina, trebinje]] [[Fayil:Iglesia Nova Gracanica, Trebinje, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 04.jpg|thumb|bosnia herzegovina]] '''Bosnia da Herzegovina''' (bs. hr. Bosna i Hercegovina, sr. Босна и Херцеговина), wani lokacin ake kira '''Bosnia-Herzegovina''' ('''BiH''', B&H), da kuma, a takaice, sau da yawa da aka sani informally matsayin '''Bosnia''', an a ƙasar a kudu maso [[Turai]] located a kan da [[Balkan|Balkan Larabawa]]. [[Sarajevo]] ne babban birnin kasar da kuma mafi girma a birnin. Kẽwayesu da [[Kroatiya]] zuwa arewa, yamma, da kudu. [[Serbiya]] to gabas. [[Montenegro]] zuwa kudu maso gabashin. da [[Adriatic Sea]] zuwa kudu, tare da bakinta game da 20 km dogon kewaye birnin da [[Neum]]. A cikin tsakiyar da kuma gabashin ciki na kasar labarin ƙasa ne mountainous, a arewa maso yamma shi ne moderately m, da kuma arewa maso gabashin ne yawanci flatland. The m ne a geographically ya fi girma yankin, kuma yana da wata matsakaici [[nahiyar sauyin yanayi]], tare da zafi lokacin bazaar, kuma sanyi da ake yin dusar ƙanƙara winters. A kudancin tip na kasar yana da wani [[Rum]] sauyin yanay kuma a fili topography. Bosnia da Herzegovina ne a yankin da cewa ya bi sawun m adam mazauna baya ga Bosna [Neolithic]] shekaru, a lokacin da kuma bayan abin da aka lugar da dama [[Illyria]] n da [[Celt]] wayewar. Al'adar, siyasa, da kuma harkar more rayuwa, kasar na da arziki tarihi, da ciwon aka farko zaunar da [[Slavic al'ummai]] cewa populate yankin a yau daga cikin 6th ta hanyar zuwa 9th ƙarni. A 12th karni [[Banate na Bosnia]] aka kafa, wanda ya samo asali a cikin [[Mulkin Bosnia]] a cikin 14th karni, bayan abin da aka annexed a cikin [[Ottoman Empire]], a karkashin wanda mulkin shi zai kasance daga tsakiyar 15th ga marigayi 19th ƙarni [[File:Gornji Orahovac, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 10-13 PAN.jpg|thumb|Bosnia da Herzegovina]] [[Ottoman]] ya kawo [[Islam]] zuwa yankin, da kuma canza yawa na al'adu da kuma zamantakewa na gaba na kasar. Wannan kuma ya biyo ta annexation cikin Austro-Hungarian daular mulkinsu, wanda dade har sai yakin duniya na. A interwar lokaci, Bosnia na daga cikin Mulkin asar [[Yugoslavia]] da kuma bayan [[yakin duniya na II]], kasar da aka sanya cikakken jamhuriyar matsayi a cikin sabuwar kafa [[Socialist tarayyar {asar Yugoslavia]]. Bayan da aka rushe asar Yugoslavia, kasar breakup na asar Yugoslavia (Independence na Jamhuriyar Macedonia da kuma Bosnia da Herzegovina) a shekarar 1992, wanda aka bishi da [[Bosnian basasa]], zaunanniya har [[Dayton Yarjejeniyar]], shekarar 1995. Yau, kasar na kula da high [[Jerin kasashen da Human Development Index | rubuce-rubuce, rayuwa da kuma ilimi]] matakan da ke daya daga cikin [[Yawon shakatawa a Bosnia da Herzegovina | mafi akai-akai ziyarci kasashen dake yankin]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/bosnia-and-hercegovina |title=Lonely Planet's Bosnia and Herzegovina Tourism Profile |publisher=Lonely Planet |accessdate=2016-02-12}}</ref> projected to have the third highest tourism growth rate in the world between 1995 and 2020.<ref name="Newfound">[http://features.us.reuters.com/destinations/news/L20239376.html Bosnia's newfound tourism];webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224155630/http://features.us.reuters.com/destinations/news/L20239376.html |date=24 December 2007 }}, Reuters.</ref> Bosnia da Herzegovina ne yanki da kuma duniya mashahuri domin ta na halitta kyakkyawa da kuma [[Al'ada|al'adun]] gada daga shida tarihi wayewar, ta [[Abinci]], [[Yawo wasanni | hunturu wasanni]], ta eclectic da kuma musamman [[music na Bosnia da Herzegovina | music]], [[Architecture of Bosnia da Herzegovina | gine]] kuma ta [[Sarajevo # Festivals | bukukuwa]], wasu daga wanda su ne mafi girma da kuma mafi shahararren da irin a kudu maso Turai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sff.ba/content.php/en/festival?set_culture=en |title=About the Sarajevo Film Festival |publisher=Sarajevo Film Festival Official Website |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104133828/http://www.sff.ba/content.php/en/festival?set_culture=en |archivedate=4 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insidefilm.com/europe.html |title=Inside Film's Guide to Film Festivals in |publisher=Inside Film |accessdate=2016-02-12}}</ref> [[File:Puente Arslanagić, Trebinje, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 25.jpg|thumb|Bosnia da Herzegovina, Trebinje]] A kasar ne gida uku main kabilun ko, a hukumance, [[kabilun a Bosnia da Herzegovina | bijiro da batun kafa al'ummai]], kamar yadda a kayyade a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin kasar. [[Bosniaks]] su ne mafi girma kungiyar na uku, tare da [[Serbs]] na biyu da kuma [[Croats]] na uku. A 'yan qasar na Bosnia da Herzegovina, ko da kabilanci, da aka gano a cikin harshen Turanci a matsayin [[Bosnians | Bosnian]]. The sharuddan [[Herzegovinia| Herzegovinian]] da kuma Bosnian an kiyaye matsayin yankin maimakon kabilanci fifiko, da kuma yankin na Herzegovina ya ba daidai tsare iyakoki da kansa. Haka kuma, kasar da aka kawai ake kira "Bosnia" har da Austro-Hungarian zama a karshen karni na 19.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/03/vinko.shtml |title=The Language Situation in Post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina |publisher=Toronto Slavic Quarterly |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703180910/http://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/03/vinko.shtml |archivedate=3 July 2012}}</ref> 5,000 ==Tarihi== Manyan Labarai: Tarihin Bosnia da Herzegovina da Tarihin Farkon Bosnia da Herzegovina Kayan bauta na zamanin ƙarfe daga Banjani, kusa da Sokolac Tarihi na farko Bosnia ta kasance tana zaune tun aƙalla zamanin Paleolithic. Abin lura shi ne, Kogon Badanj kusa da Stolac yana ɗauke da ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin zane-zanen kogo da aka sani, wanda ke nuna wani mutum dabba da ake kyautata zaton doki ne, tun daga kimanin 13,000 zuwa 12,000 BC.<ref>Shpuza 2022, p. 553; Zindel et al. 2018, p. 346; Bejko et al. 2015, p. 4; Hammond & Wilkes 2012, p. 726; Dausse 2015, p. 28</ref> <ref> Palaeolithic site of Badanj". hwr.ba. Retrieved 5 April 2025.</ref> lokacin Neolithic, manyan al'adu kamar Butmir da Kakanj<ref>Cave art at Badanj". www.centarzakrs.ba. Retrieved 5 April 2025</ref> sun fito a gefen Kogin Bosna. Al'adar Butmir, wacce ta bunƙasa a kusa da 5100 zuwa 4500 BC, ta shahara saboda tukwane na musamman da siffofi na ɗan adam. Hakowa kusa da Sarajevo sun gano tukwane masu ban sha'awa da siffofi na ɗan adam na gaske daga wannan al'ada.<ref> ]Butmir near Sarajevo". Zemaljski muzej Bosne i Hercegovine. Archived from the original on 23 April 2025. Retrieved 5 April 2025</ref> Daga ƙarni na 8 BC, ƙabilun Illyrian sun rikide zuwa masarautu. Masarautun da daular Illyria mafi shahara sune na Bardylis na Dardani da na Agron na Ardiaei waɗanda suka ƙirƙiri masarautar Illyrian ta ƙarshe kuma mafi shahara. Agron ya yi mulkin Ardiaei kuma ya faɗaɗa mulkinsa ga sauran kabilu. Tun daga ƙarni na 7 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, an maye gurbin tagulla da ƙarfe, bayan haka kayan ado da kayan fasaha kawai aka yi su da tagulla.<ref>Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</re> Kabilun Illyrian, ƙarƙashin tasirin al'adun Hallstatt a arewa, sun kafa cibiyoyin yanki waɗanda suka ɗan bambanta. Sassan Tsakiyar Bosnia suna zaune ne da ƙabilar Daesitiates.<ref>Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</ref> Al'adar Karfe ta Glasinac-Mati tana da alaƙa da ƙabilar Autariatae.<ref> Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</ref> Muhimmin rawa a rayuwarsu ita ce bautar matattu, wanda ake gani a cikin jana'izarsu da bukukuwan binne su da kyau, da kuma wadatar wuraren binne su.<ref>Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</ref> A ƙarni na 4 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, an rubuta farkon mamaye Celts. Sun kawo dabarar ƙafafun tukwane, sabbin nau'ikan fibulas (ƙananan maƙulli masu kama da fil na aminci) da bel ɗin tagulla da na ƙarfe daban-daban. Sun ratsa ta hanyar zuwa Girka. [ana buƙatar ambato] <ref>Tomašević, Nebojša (1983). Treasures of Yugoslavia: An Encyclopedic Touring Guide. Yugoslaviapublic. pp. 306–307.</ref> Mogorjelo, wani tsohon Villa Rustica na yankin Romawa daga ƙarni na 4, kusa da Čapljina A cikin Neretva Delta a kudu, akwai muhimman tasirin Hellenistic na ƙabilar Illyrian Daors.<ref> Babban birninsu shine Daorson a Ošanići kusa da Stolac.<ref>Aličić, Ahmed S. (1981). Herzegovina. NIRO "Privredni vjesnik". p. 194.</ref>Daorson, a ƙarni na 4 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, an kewaye shi da ganuwar dutse mai tsayi mita 5 (babba kamar na Mycenae a Girka), waɗanda aka yi da manyan tubalan dutse na trapezoid. Daors sun yi tsabar kuɗi da sassaka na tagulla na musamman. Rikici tsakanin Illyrians da Romawa ya fara ne a shekara ta 229 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), amma Roma ba ta kammala haɗa yankin ba har sai bayan shekara ta 9 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). A zamanin yau ne a Bosnia da Herzegovina ne Roma ta yi ɗaya daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe mafi wahala a tarihinta tun bayan Yaƙin Punic, kamar yadda masanin tarihi na Romawa Suetonius ya bayyana.[34] Wannan shine yaƙin Romawa da Illyricum, wanda aka sani da Bellum Batonianum.<ref> Miller, Norma. Tacitus: Annals I, 2002, ISBN 1-85399-358-1. It had originally been joined to Illyricum, but after the great Illyrian/Pannonian revolt of AD 6 it was made a separate province with its own governor<ref> rikicin ya taso ne bayan yunƙurin ɗaukar Illyrians, kuma an yi tawaye na tsawon shekaru huɗu (6-9 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa), bayan haka aka ci su da yaƙi.[<ref>Stipčević, Aleksandar (1977). The Illyrians: History and Culture. Noyes Press. ISBN 9780815550525.</ref> page needed] A zamanin Romawa, mazaunan Latin daga dukkan Daular Romawa sun zauna a tsakanin Illyrians, kuma an ƙarfafa sojojin Romawa su yi ritaya a yankin.<ref>Malcolm 2002</ref> Bayan rabuwar Daular tsakanin shekara ta 337 da 395 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), Dalmatia da Pannonia sun zama sassan Daular Roma ta Yamma. Ostrogoths sun mamaye yankin a shekara ta 455 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). Daga baya ya canza hannu tsakanin Alans da Huns. A ƙarni na 6, Sarki Justinian na ɗaya ya sake kwace yankin ga Daular Byzantine. Slavs sun mamaye Balkans a ƙarni na 6 da 7. Slavs na Kudu sun karɓi halayen al'adun Illyrian, kamar yadda aka nuna a wasu al'adu da al'adu, da sunayen wurare.<ref>Illyrian Bosnia and Herzegovina-an overview of a cultural legacy</ref> Illyrian Bosnia and Herzegovina-an overview of a cultural legacy Tsakiya Babban labarin: Bosnia da Herzegovina a Zamanin Tsakiya Katin Hval, wanda aka zana rubutun Slavic daga Bosnia ta Tsakiya Dutsen Ledger ga Sarauniya Catherine ta Bosnia, sarauniya ta ƙarshe ta Gidan Kosača. Tsarin Slavs na Farko sun kai hari kan Yammacin Balkans, ciki har da Bosnia, a ƙarni na 6 da farkon 7 (a tsakiyar Lokacin Hijira), kuma sun ƙunshi ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu da aka ɗauko daga ƙungiyar Slavic guda ɗaya da Byzantines suka sani a matsayin Sclaveni (yayin da Antes masu alaƙa, a zahiri, suka mamaye yankunan gabashin Balkans).<ref>Hupchick, Dennis P. The Balkans from Constantinople to Communism, pp. 28–30. Palgrave Macmillan (2004</ref> An bayyana ƙabilun da aka rubuta ta hanyar ƙabilun "Serb" da "Croat" a matsayin ƙaura ta biyu, daga baya, ta mutane daban-daban a lokacin kwata na biyu na ƙarni na 7 waɗanda ba za su iya zama da yawa ba;<ref> Hupchick, Dennis P. The Balkans from Constantinople to Communism, pp. 28–30. Palgrave Macmillan (2004</ref> <ref>Fine 1991, p. 53, 56</ref> waɗannan ƙabilun "Serb" da "Croat" na farko, waɗanda ainihin asalinsu ke ƙarƙashin muhawara ta ilimi,[sun mamaye Slavs a yankunan da ke makwabtaka da su. A cewar Noel Malcolm, ƙabilun Croat "sun zauna a wani yanki da ya yi daidai da Croatia ta zamani, kuma wataƙila sun haɗa da yawancin Bosnia, ban da gabashin kwarin Drina" yayin da ƙabilun Serbs suka zauna a wani yanki "wanda ya yi daidai da Serbia ta kudu maso yammacin zamani (wanda daga baya aka sani da Raška), kuma a hankali ==manazarta== ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Zenica_cityscape.jpg|Zenica File:Panorama_Mostara.jpg|Panorama Mostara File:Sana_river.jpg|Kogin Sana File:Visegrad_Drina_Bridge_1.jpg|Gadar Visegrad Drina </gallery> ==Nassoshi== <references/> ==Weblinks== [[Category: Bosnia da Herzegovina]] [[Category:Turai]] h0yt5c54dccle72yr0668hxp1dkmujo 906391 906390 2026-08-23T04:39:16Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Puente Arslanagić, Trebinje, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 28.jpg|thumb|bosnia y herzegovina, trebinje]] [[Fayil:Iglesia Nova Gracanica, Trebinje, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 04.jpg|thumb|bosnia herzegovina]] '''Bosnia da Herzegovina''' (bs. hr. Bosna i Hercegovina, sr. Босна и Херцеговина), wani lokacin ake kira '''Bosnia-Herzegovina''' ('''BiH''', B&H), da kuma, a takaice, sau da yawa da aka sani informally matsayin '''Bosnia''', an a ƙasar a kudu maso [[Turai]] located a kan da [[Balkan|Balkan Larabawa]]. [[Sarajevo]] ne babban birnin kasar da kuma mafi girma a birnin. Kẽwayesu da [[Kroatiya]] zuwa arewa, yamma, da kudu. [[Serbiya]] to gabas. [[Montenegro]] zuwa kudu maso gabashin. da [[Adriatic Sea]] zuwa kudu, tare da bakinta game da 20 km dogon kewaye birnin da [[Neum]]. A cikin tsakiyar da kuma gabashin ciki na kasar labarin ƙasa ne mountainous, a arewa maso yamma shi ne moderately m, da kuma arewa maso gabashin ne yawanci flatland. The m ne a geographically ya fi girma yankin, kuma yana da wata matsakaici [[nahiyar sauyin yanayi]], tare da zafi lokacin bazaar, kuma sanyi da ake yin dusar ƙanƙara winters. A kudancin tip na ƙasar yana da wani [[Rum]] sauyin yanay kuma a fili topography. Bosnia da Herzegovina ne a yankin da cewa ya bi sawun m adam mazauna baya ga Bosna [Neolithic]] shekaru, a lokacin da kuma bayan abin da aka lugar da dama [[Illyria]] n da [[Celt]] wayewar. Al'adar, siyasa, da kuma harkar more rayuwa, kasar na da arziki tarihi, da ciwon aka farko zaunar da [[Slavic al'ummai]] cewa populate yankin a yau daga cikin 6th ta hanyar zuwa 9th ƙarni. A 12th karni [[Banate na Bosnia]] aka kafa, wanda ya samo asali a cikin [[Mulkin Bosnia]] a cikin 14th karni, bayan abin da aka annexed a cikin [[Ottoman Empire]], a karkashin wanda mulkin shi zai kasance daga tsakiyar 15th ga marigayi 19th ƙarni [[File:Gornji Orahovac, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 10-13 PAN.jpg|thumb|Bosnia da Herzegovina]] [[Ottoman]] ya kawo [[Islam]] zuwa yankin, da kuma canza yawa na al'adu da kuma zamantakewa na gaba na kasar. Wannan kuma ya biyo ta annexation cikin Austro-Hungarian daular mulkinsu, wanda dade har sai yakin duniya na. A interwar lokaci, Bosnia na daga cikin Mulkin asar [[Yugoslavia]] da kuma bayan [[yakin duniya na II]], kasar da aka sanya cikakken jamhuriyar matsayi a cikin sabuwar kafa [[Socialist tarayyar {asar Yugoslavia]]. Bayan da aka rushe asar Yugoslavia, kasar breakup na asar Yugoslavia (Independence na Jamhuriyar Macedonia da kuma Bosnia da Herzegovina) a shekarar 1992, wanda aka bishi da [[Bosnian basasa]], zaunanniya har [[Dayton Yarjejeniyar]], shekarar 1995. Yau, kasar na kula da high [[Jerin kasashen da Human Development Index | rubuce-rubuce, rayuwa da kuma ilimi]] matakan da ke daya daga cikin [[Yawon shakatawa a Bosnia da Herzegovina | mafi akai-akai ziyarci kasashen dake yankin]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/bosnia-and-hercegovina |title=Lonely Planet's Bosnia and Herzegovina Tourism Profile |publisher=Lonely Planet |accessdate=2016-02-12}}</ref> projected to have the third highest tourism growth rate in the world between 1995 and 2020.<ref name="Newfound">[http://features.us.reuters.com/destinations/news/L20239376.html Bosnia's newfound tourism];webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224155630/http://features.us.reuters.com/destinations/news/L20239376.html |date=24 December 2007 }}, Reuters.</ref> Bosnia da Herzegovina ne yanki da kuma duniya mashahuri domin ta na halitta kyakkyawa da kuma [[Al'ada|al'adun]] gada daga shida tarihi wayewar, ta [[Abinci]], [[Yawo wasanni | hunturu wasanni]], ta eclectic da kuma musamman [[music na Bosnia da Herzegovina | music]], [[Architecture of Bosnia da Herzegovina | gine]] kuma ta [[Sarajevo # Festivals | bukukuwa]], wasu daga wanda su ne mafi girma da kuma mafi shahararren da irin a kudu maso Turai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sff.ba/content.php/en/festival?set_culture=en |title=About the Sarajevo Film Festival |publisher=Sarajevo Film Festival Official Website |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104133828/http://www.sff.ba/content.php/en/festival?set_culture=en |archivedate=4 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insidefilm.com/europe.html |title=Inside Film's Guide to Film Festivals in |publisher=Inside Film |accessdate=2016-02-12}}</ref> [[File:Puente Arslanagić, Trebinje, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 25.jpg|thumb|Bosnia da Herzegovina, Trebinje]] A kasar ne gida uku main kabilun ko, a hukumance, [[kabilun a Bosnia da Herzegovina | bijiro da batun kafa al'ummai]], kamar yadda a kayyade a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin kasar. [[Bosniaks]] su ne mafi girma kungiyar na uku, tare da [[Serbs]] na biyu da kuma [[Croats]] na uku. A 'yan qasar na Bosnia da Herzegovina, ko da kabilanci, da aka gano a cikin harshen Turanci a matsayin [[Bosnians | Bosnian]]. The sharuddan [[Herzegovinia| Herzegovinian]] da kuma Bosnian an kiyaye matsayin yankin maimakon kabilanci fifiko, da kuma yankin na Herzegovina ya ba daidai tsare iyakoki da kansa. Haka kuma, kasar da aka kawai ake kira "Bosnia" har da Austro-Hungarian zama a karshen karni na 19.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/03/vinko.shtml |title=The Language Situation in Post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina |publisher=Toronto Slavic Quarterly |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703180910/http://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/03/vinko.shtml |archivedate=3 July 2012}}</ref> 5,000 ==Tarihi== Manyan Labarai: Tarihin Bosnia da Herzegovina da Tarihin Farkon Bosnia da Herzegovina Kayan bauta na zamanin ƙarfe daga Banjani, kusa da Sokolac Tarihi na farko Bosnia ta kasance tana zaune tun aƙalla zamanin Paleolithic. Abin lura shi ne, Kogon Badanj kusa da Stolac yana ɗauke da ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin zane-zanen kogo da aka sani, wanda ke nuna wani mutum dabba da ake kyautata zaton doki ne, tun daga kimanin 13,000 zuwa 12,000 BC.<ref>Shpuza 2022, p. 553; Zindel et al. 2018, p. 346; Bejko et al. 2015, p. 4; Hammond & Wilkes 2012, p. 726; Dausse 2015, p. 28</ref> <ref> Palaeolithic site of Badanj". hwr.ba. Retrieved 5 April 2025.</ref> lokacin Neolithic, manyan al'adu kamar Butmir da Kakanj<ref>Cave art at Badanj". www.centarzakrs.ba. Retrieved 5 April 2025</ref> sun fito a gefen Kogin Bosna. Al'adar Butmir, wacce ta bunƙasa a kusa da 5100 zuwa 4500 BC, ta shahara saboda tukwane na musamman da siffofi na ɗan adam. Hakowa kusa da Sarajevo sun gano tukwane masu ban sha'awa da siffofi na ɗan adam na gaske daga wannan al'ada.<ref> ]Butmir near Sarajevo". Zemaljski muzej Bosne i Hercegovine. Archived from the original on 23 April 2025. Retrieved 5 April 2025</ref> Daga ƙarni na 8 BC, ƙabilun Illyrian sun rikide zuwa masarautu. Masarautun da daular Illyria mafi shahara sune na Bardylis na Dardani da na Agron na Ardiaei waɗanda suka ƙirƙiri masarautar Illyrian ta ƙarshe kuma mafi shahara. Agron ya yi mulkin Ardiaei kuma ya faɗaɗa mulkinsa ga sauran kabilu. Tun daga ƙarni na 7 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, an maye gurbin tagulla da ƙarfe, bayan haka kayan ado da kayan fasaha kawai aka yi su da tagulla.<ref>Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</re> Kabilun Illyrian, ƙarƙashin tasirin al'adun Hallstatt a arewa, sun kafa cibiyoyin yanki waɗanda suka ɗan bambanta. Sassan Tsakiyar Bosnia suna zaune ne da ƙabilar Daesitiates.<ref>Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</ref> Al'adar Karfe ta Glasinac-Mati tana da alaƙa da ƙabilar Autariatae.<ref> Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</ref> Muhimmin rawa a rayuwarsu ita ce bautar matattu, wanda ake gani a cikin jana'izarsu da bukukuwan binne su da kyau, da kuma wadatar wuraren binne su.<ref>Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</ref> A ƙarni na 4 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, an rubuta farkon mamaye Celts. Sun kawo dabarar ƙafafun tukwane, sabbin nau'ikan fibulas (ƙananan maƙulli masu kama da fil na aminci) da bel ɗin tagulla da na ƙarfe daban-daban. Sun ratsa ta hanyar zuwa Girka. [ana buƙatar ambato] <ref>Tomašević, Nebojša (1983). Treasures of Yugoslavia: An Encyclopedic Touring Guide. Yugoslaviapublic. pp. 306–307.</ref> Mogorjelo, wani tsohon Villa Rustica na yankin Romawa daga ƙarni na 4, kusa da Čapljina A cikin Neretva Delta a kudu, akwai muhimman tasirin Hellenistic na ƙabilar Illyrian Daors.<ref> Babban birninsu shine Daorson a Ošanići kusa da Stolac.<ref>Aličić, Ahmed S. (1981). Herzegovina. NIRO "Privredni vjesnik". p. 194.</ref>Daorson, a ƙarni na 4 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, an kewaye shi da ganuwar dutse mai tsayi mita 5 (babba kamar na Mycenae a Girka), waɗanda aka yi da manyan tubalan dutse na trapezoid. Daors sun yi tsabar kuɗi da sassaka na tagulla na musamman. Rikici tsakanin Illyrians da Romawa ya fara ne a shekara ta 229 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), amma Roma ba ta kammala haɗa yankin ba har sai bayan shekara ta 9 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). A zamanin yau ne a Bosnia da Herzegovina ne Roma ta yi ɗaya daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe mafi wahala a tarihinta tun bayan Yaƙin Punic, kamar yadda masanin tarihi na Romawa Suetonius ya bayyana.[34] Wannan shine yaƙin Romawa da Illyricum, wanda aka sani da Bellum Batonianum.<ref> Miller, Norma. Tacitus: Annals I, 2002, ISBN 1-85399-358-1. It had originally been joined to Illyricum, but after the great Illyrian/Pannonian revolt of AD 6 it was made a separate province with its own governor<ref> rikicin ya taso ne bayan yunƙurin ɗaukar Illyrians, kuma an yi tawaye na tsawon shekaru huɗu (6-9 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa), bayan haka aka ci su da yaƙi.[<ref>Stipčević, Aleksandar (1977). The Illyrians: History and Culture. Noyes Press. ISBN 9780815550525.</ref> page needed] A zamanin Romawa, mazaunan Latin daga dukkan Daular Romawa sun zauna a tsakanin Illyrians, kuma an ƙarfafa sojojin Romawa su yi ritaya a yankin.<ref>Malcolm 2002</ref> Bayan rabuwar Daular tsakanin shekara ta 337 da 395 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), Dalmatia da Pannonia sun zama sassan Daular Roma ta Yamma. Ostrogoths sun mamaye yankin a shekara ta 455 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). Daga baya ya canza hannu tsakanin Alans da Huns. A ƙarni na 6, Sarki Justinian na ɗaya ya sake kwace yankin ga Daular Byzantine. Slavs sun mamaye Balkans a ƙarni na 6 da 7. Slavs na Kudu sun karɓi halayen al'adun Illyrian, kamar yadda aka nuna a wasu al'adu da al'adu, da sunayen wurare.<ref>Illyrian Bosnia and Herzegovina-an overview of a cultural legacy</ref> Illyrian Bosnia and Herzegovina-an overview of a cultural legacy Tsakiya Babban labarin: Bosnia da Herzegovina a Zamanin Tsakiya Katin Hval, wanda aka zana rubutun Slavic daga Bosnia ta Tsakiya Dutsen Ledger ga Sarauniya Catherine ta Bosnia, sarauniya ta ƙarshe ta Gidan Kosača. Tsarin Slavs na Farko sun kai hari kan Yammacin Balkans, ciki har da Bosnia, a ƙarni na 6 da farkon 7 (a tsakiyar Lokacin Hijira), kuma sun ƙunshi ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu da aka ɗauko daga ƙungiyar Slavic guda ɗaya da Byzantines suka sani a matsayin Sclaveni (yayin da Antes masu alaƙa, a zahiri, suka mamaye yankunan gabashin Balkans).<ref>Hupchick, Dennis P. The Balkans from Constantinople to Communism, pp. 28–30. Palgrave Macmillan (2004</ref> An bayyana ƙabilun da aka rubuta ta hanyar ƙabilun "Serb" da "Croat" a matsayin ƙaura ta biyu, daga baya, ta mutane daban-daban a lokacin kwata na biyu na ƙarni na 7 waɗanda ba za su iya zama da yawa ba;<ref> Hupchick, Dennis P. The Balkans from Constantinople to Communism, pp. 28–30. Palgrave Macmillan (2004</ref> <ref>Fine 1991, p. 53, 56</ref> waɗannan ƙabilun "Serb" da "Croat" na farko, waɗanda ainihin asalinsu ke ƙarƙashin muhawara ta ilimi,[sun mamaye Slavs a yankunan da ke makwabtaka da su. A cewar Noel Malcolm, ƙabilun Croat "sun zauna a wani yanki da ya yi daidai da Croatia ta zamani, kuma wataƙila sun haɗa da yawancin Bosnia, ban da gabashin kwarin Drina" yayin da ƙabilun Serbs suka zauna a wani yanki "wanda ya yi daidai da Serbia ta kudu maso yammacin zamani (wanda daga baya aka sani da Raška), kuma a hankali ==manazarta== ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Zenica_cityscape.jpg|Zenica File:Panorama_Mostara.jpg|Panorama Mostara File:Sana_river.jpg|Kogin Sana File:Visegrad_Drina_Bridge_1.jpg|Gadar Visegrad Drina </gallery> ==Nassoshi== <references/> ==Weblinks== [[Category: Bosnia da Herzegovina]] [[Category:Turai]] 99i3re7w6z2ql3cagddoham82wuqtjl 906392 906391 2026-08-23T04:39:34Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Puente Arslanagić, Trebinje, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 28.jpg|thumb|bosnia y herzegovina, trebinje]] [[Fayil:Iglesia Nova Gracanica, Trebinje, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 04.jpg|thumb|bosnia herzegovina]] '''Bosnia da Herzegovina''' (bs. hr. Bosna i Hercegovina, sr. Босна и Херцеговина), wani lokacin ake kira '''Bosnia-Herzegovina''' ('''BiH''', B&H), da kuma, a takaice, sau da yawa da aka sani informally matsayin '''Bosnia''', an a ƙasar a kudu maso [[Turai]] located a kan da [[Balkan|Balkan Larabawa]]. [[Sarajevo]] ne babban birnin kasar da kuma mafi girma a birnin. Kẽwayesu da [[Kroatiya]] zuwa arewa, yamma, da kudu. [[Serbiya]] to gabas. [[Montenegro]] zuwa kudu maso gabashin. da [[Adriatic Sea]] zuwa kudu, tare da bakinta game da 20 km dogon kewaye birnin da [[Neum]]. A cikin tsakiyar da kuma gabashin ciki na kasar labarin ƙasa ne mountainous, a arewa maso yamma shi ne moderately m, da kuma arewa maso gabashin ne yawanci flatland. The m ne a geographically ya fi girma yankin, kuma yana da wata matsakaici [[nahiyar sauyin yanayi]], tare da zafi lokacin bazaar, kuma sanyi da ake yin dusar ƙanƙara winters. A kudancin tip na ƙasar yana da wani [[Rum]] sauyin yanay kuma a fili topography. Bosnia da Herzegovina ne a yankin da cewa ya bi sawun m adam mazauna baya ga Bosna [Neolithic]] shekaru, a lokacin da kuma bayan abin da aka lugar da dama [[Illyria]] n da [[Celt]] wayewar. Al'adar, siyasa, da kuma harkar more rayuwa, kasar na da arziki tarihi, da ciwon aka farko zaunar da [[Slavic al'ummai]] cewa populate yankin a yau daga cikin 6th ta hanyar zuwa 9th ƙarni. A 12th karni [[Banate na Bosnia]] aka kafa, wanda ya samo asali a cikin [[Mulkin Bosnia]] a cikin 14th ƙarni, bayan abin da aka annexed a cikin [[Ottoman Empire]], a karkashin wanda mulkin shi zai kasance daga tsakiyar 15th ga marigayi 19th ƙarni [[File:Gornji Orahovac, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 10-13 PAN.jpg|thumb|Bosnia da Herzegovina]] [[Ottoman]] ya kawo [[Islam]] zuwa yankin, da kuma canza yawa na al'adu da kuma zamantakewa na gaba na kasar. Wannan kuma ya biyo ta annexation cikin Austro-Hungarian daular mulkinsu, wanda dade har sai yakin duniya na. A interwar lokaci, Bosnia na daga cikin Mulkin asar [[Yugoslavia]] da kuma bayan [[yakin duniya na II]], kasar da aka sanya cikakken jamhuriyar matsayi a cikin sabuwar kafa [[Socialist tarayyar {asar Yugoslavia]]. Bayan da aka rushe asar Yugoslavia, kasar breakup na asar Yugoslavia (Independence na Jamhuriyar Macedonia da kuma Bosnia da Herzegovina) a shekarar 1992, wanda aka bishi da [[Bosnian basasa]], zaunanniya har [[Dayton Yarjejeniyar]], shekarar 1995. Yau, kasar na kula da high [[Jerin kasashen da Human Development Index | rubuce-rubuce, rayuwa da kuma ilimi]] matakan da ke daya daga cikin [[Yawon shakatawa a Bosnia da Herzegovina | mafi akai-akai ziyarci kasashen dake yankin]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/bosnia-and-hercegovina |title=Lonely Planet's Bosnia and Herzegovina Tourism Profile |publisher=Lonely Planet |accessdate=2016-02-12}}</ref> projected to have the third highest tourism growth rate in the world between 1995 and 2020.<ref name="Newfound">[http://features.us.reuters.com/destinations/news/L20239376.html Bosnia's newfound tourism];webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224155630/http://features.us.reuters.com/destinations/news/L20239376.html |date=24 December 2007 }}, Reuters.</ref> Bosnia da Herzegovina ne yanki da kuma duniya mashahuri domin ta na halitta kyakkyawa da kuma [[Al'ada|al'adun]] gada daga shida tarihi wayewar, ta [[Abinci]], [[Yawo wasanni | hunturu wasanni]], ta eclectic da kuma musamman [[music na Bosnia da Herzegovina | music]], [[Architecture of Bosnia da Herzegovina | gine]] kuma ta [[Sarajevo # Festivals | bukukuwa]], wasu daga wanda su ne mafi girma da kuma mafi shahararren da irin a kudu maso Turai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sff.ba/content.php/en/festival?set_culture=en |title=About the Sarajevo Film Festival |publisher=Sarajevo Film Festival Official Website |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104133828/http://www.sff.ba/content.php/en/festival?set_culture=en |archivedate=4 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insidefilm.com/europe.html |title=Inside Film's Guide to Film Festivals in |publisher=Inside Film |accessdate=2016-02-12}}</ref> [[File:Puente Arslanagić, Trebinje, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 25.jpg|thumb|Bosnia da Herzegovina, Trebinje]] A kasar ne gida uku main kabilun ko, a hukumance, [[kabilun a Bosnia da Herzegovina | bijiro da batun kafa al'ummai]], kamar yadda a kayyade a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin kasar. [[Bosniaks]] su ne mafi girma kungiyar na uku, tare da [[Serbs]] na biyu da kuma [[Croats]] na uku. A 'yan qasar na Bosnia da Herzegovina, ko da kabilanci, da aka gano a cikin harshen Turanci a matsayin [[Bosnians | Bosnian]]. The sharuddan [[Herzegovinia| Herzegovinian]] da kuma Bosnian an kiyaye matsayin yankin maimakon kabilanci fifiko, da kuma yankin na Herzegovina ya ba daidai tsare iyakoki da kansa. Haka kuma, kasar da aka kawai ake kira "Bosnia" har da Austro-Hungarian zama a karshen karni na 19.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/03/vinko.shtml |title=The Language Situation in Post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina |publisher=Toronto Slavic Quarterly |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703180910/http://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/03/vinko.shtml |archivedate=3 July 2012}}</ref> 5,000 ==Tarihi== Manyan Labarai: Tarihin Bosnia da Herzegovina da Tarihin Farkon Bosnia da Herzegovina Kayan bauta na zamanin ƙarfe daga Banjani, kusa da Sokolac Tarihi na farko Bosnia ta kasance tana zaune tun aƙalla zamanin Paleolithic. Abin lura shi ne, Kogon Badanj kusa da Stolac yana ɗauke da ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin zane-zanen kogo da aka sani, wanda ke nuna wani mutum dabba da ake kyautata zaton doki ne, tun daga kimanin 13,000 zuwa 12,000 BC.<ref>Shpuza 2022, p. 553; Zindel et al. 2018, p. 346; Bejko et al. 2015, p. 4; Hammond & Wilkes 2012, p. 726; Dausse 2015, p. 28</ref> <ref> Palaeolithic site of Badanj". hwr.ba. Retrieved 5 April 2025.</ref> lokacin Neolithic, manyan al'adu kamar Butmir da Kakanj<ref>Cave art at Badanj". www.centarzakrs.ba. Retrieved 5 April 2025</ref> sun fito a gefen Kogin Bosna. Al'adar Butmir, wacce ta bunƙasa a kusa da 5100 zuwa 4500 BC, ta shahara saboda tukwane na musamman da siffofi na ɗan adam. Hakowa kusa da Sarajevo sun gano tukwane masu ban sha'awa da siffofi na ɗan adam na gaske daga wannan al'ada.<ref> ]Butmir near Sarajevo". Zemaljski muzej Bosne i Hercegovine. Archived from the original on 23 April 2025. Retrieved 5 April 2025</ref> Daga ƙarni na 8 BC, ƙabilun Illyrian sun rikide zuwa masarautu. Masarautun da daular Illyria mafi shahara sune na Bardylis na Dardani da na Agron na Ardiaei waɗanda suka ƙirƙiri masarautar Illyrian ta ƙarshe kuma mafi shahara. Agron ya yi mulkin Ardiaei kuma ya faɗaɗa mulkinsa ga sauran kabilu. Tun daga ƙarni na 7 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, an maye gurbin tagulla da ƙarfe, bayan haka kayan ado da kayan fasaha kawai aka yi su da tagulla.<ref>Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</re> Kabilun Illyrian, ƙarƙashin tasirin al'adun Hallstatt a arewa, sun kafa cibiyoyin yanki waɗanda suka ɗan bambanta. Sassan Tsakiyar Bosnia suna zaune ne da ƙabilar Daesitiates.<ref>Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</ref> Al'adar Karfe ta Glasinac-Mati tana da alaƙa da ƙabilar Autariatae.<ref> Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</ref> Muhimmin rawa a rayuwarsu ita ce bautar matattu, wanda ake gani a cikin jana'izarsu da bukukuwan binne su da kyau, da kuma wadatar wuraren binne su.<ref>Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</ref> A ƙarni na 4 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, an rubuta farkon mamaye Celts. Sun kawo dabarar ƙafafun tukwane, sabbin nau'ikan fibulas (ƙananan maƙulli masu kama da fil na aminci) da bel ɗin tagulla da na ƙarfe daban-daban. Sun ratsa ta hanyar zuwa Girka. [ana buƙatar ambato] <ref>Tomašević, Nebojša (1983). Treasures of Yugoslavia: An Encyclopedic Touring Guide. Yugoslaviapublic. pp. 306–307.</ref> Mogorjelo, wani tsohon Villa Rustica na yankin Romawa daga ƙarni na 4, kusa da Čapljina A cikin Neretva Delta a kudu, akwai muhimman tasirin Hellenistic na ƙabilar Illyrian Daors.<ref> Babban birninsu shine Daorson a Ošanići kusa da Stolac.<ref>Aličić, Ahmed S. (1981). Herzegovina. NIRO "Privredni vjesnik". p. 194.</ref>Daorson, a ƙarni na 4 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, an kewaye shi da ganuwar dutse mai tsayi mita 5 (babba kamar na Mycenae a Girka), waɗanda aka yi da manyan tubalan dutse na trapezoid. Daors sun yi tsabar kuɗi da sassaka na tagulla na musamman. Rikici tsakanin Illyrians da Romawa ya fara ne a shekara ta 229 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), amma Roma ba ta kammala haɗa yankin ba har sai bayan shekara ta 9 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). A zamanin yau ne a Bosnia da Herzegovina ne Roma ta yi ɗaya daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe mafi wahala a tarihinta tun bayan Yaƙin Punic, kamar yadda masanin tarihi na Romawa Suetonius ya bayyana.[34] Wannan shine yaƙin Romawa da Illyricum, wanda aka sani da Bellum Batonianum.<ref> Miller, Norma. Tacitus: Annals I, 2002, ISBN 1-85399-358-1. It had originally been joined to Illyricum, but after the great Illyrian/Pannonian revolt of AD 6 it was made a separate province with its own governor<ref> rikicin ya taso ne bayan yunƙurin ɗaukar Illyrians, kuma an yi tawaye na tsawon shekaru huɗu (6-9 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa), bayan haka aka ci su da yaƙi.[<ref>Stipčević, Aleksandar (1977). The Illyrians: History and Culture. Noyes Press. ISBN 9780815550525.</ref> page needed] A zamanin Romawa, mazaunan Latin daga dukkan Daular Romawa sun zauna a tsakanin Illyrians, kuma an ƙarfafa sojojin Romawa su yi ritaya a yankin.<ref>Malcolm 2002</ref> Bayan rabuwar Daular tsakanin shekara ta 337 da 395 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), Dalmatia da Pannonia sun zama sassan Daular Roma ta Yamma. Ostrogoths sun mamaye yankin a shekara ta 455 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). Daga baya ya canza hannu tsakanin Alans da Huns. A ƙarni na 6, Sarki Justinian na ɗaya ya sake kwace yankin ga Daular Byzantine. Slavs sun mamaye Balkans a ƙarni na 6 da 7. Slavs na Kudu sun karɓi halayen al'adun Illyrian, kamar yadda aka nuna a wasu al'adu da al'adu, da sunayen wurare.<ref>Illyrian Bosnia and Herzegovina-an overview of a cultural legacy</ref> Illyrian Bosnia and Herzegovina-an overview of a cultural legacy Tsakiya Babban labarin: Bosnia da Herzegovina a Zamanin Tsakiya Katin Hval, wanda aka zana rubutun Slavic daga Bosnia ta Tsakiya Dutsen Ledger ga Sarauniya Catherine ta Bosnia, sarauniya ta ƙarshe ta Gidan Kosača. Tsarin Slavs na Farko sun kai hari kan Yammacin Balkans, ciki har da Bosnia, a ƙarni na 6 da farkon 7 (a tsakiyar Lokacin Hijira), kuma sun ƙunshi ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu da aka ɗauko daga ƙungiyar Slavic guda ɗaya da Byzantines suka sani a matsayin Sclaveni (yayin da Antes masu alaƙa, a zahiri, suka mamaye yankunan gabashin Balkans).<ref>Hupchick, Dennis P. The Balkans from Constantinople to Communism, pp. 28–30. Palgrave Macmillan (2004</ref> An bayyana ƙabilun da aka rubuta ta hanyar ƙabilun "Serb" da "Croat" a matsayin ƙaura ta biyu, daga baya, ta mutane daban-daban a lokacin kwata na biyu na ƙarni na 7 waɗanda ba za su iya zama da yawa ba;<ref> Hupchick, Dennis P. The Balkans from Constantinople to Communism, pp. 28–30. Palgrave Macmillan (2004</ref> <ref>Fine 1991, p. 53, 56</ref> waɗannan ƙabilun "Serb" da "Croat" na farko, waɗanda ainihin asalinsu ke ƙarƙashin muhawara ta ilimi,[sun mamaye Slavs a yankunan da ke makwabtaka da su. A cewar Noel Malcolm, ƙabilun Croat "sun zauna a wani yanki da ya yi daidai da Croatia ta zamani, kuma wataƙila sun haɗa da yawancin Bosnia, ban da gabashin kwarin Drina" yayin da ƙabilun Serbs suka zauna a wani yanki "wanda ya yi daidai da Serbia ta kudu maso yammacin zamani (wanda daga baya aka sani da Raška), kuma a hankali ==manazarta== ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Zenica_cityscape.jpg|Zenica File:Panorama_Mostara.jpg|Panorama Mostara File:Sana_river.jpg|Kogin Sana File:Visegrad_Drina_Bridge_1.jpg|Gadar Visegrad Drina </gallery> ==Nassoshi== <references/> ==Weblinks== [[Category: Bosnia da Herzegovina]] [[Category:Turai]] flrdb0ghmx0a4ac8l8nloqcsylrjzfy 906393 906392 2026-08-23T04:39:58Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Puente Arslanagić, Trebinje, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 28.jpg|thumb|bosnia y herzegovina, trebinje]] [[Fayil:Iglesia Nova Gracanica, Trebinje, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 04.jpg|thumb|bosnia herzegovina]] '''Bosnia da Herzegovina''' (bs. hr. Bosna i Hercegovina, sr. Босна и Херцеговина), wani lokacin ake kira '''Bosnia-Herzegovina''' ('''BiH''', B&H), da kuma, a takaice, sau da yawa da aka sani informally matsayin '''Bosnia''', an a ƙasar a kudu maso [[Turai]] located a kan da [[Balkan|Balkan Larabawa]]. [[Sarajevo]] ne babban birnin kasar da kuma mafi girma a birnin. Kẽwayesu da [[Kroatiya]] zuwa arewa, yamma, da kudu. [[Serbiya]] to gabas. [[Montenegro]] zuwa kudu maso gabashin. da [[Adriatic Sea]] zuwa kudu, tare da bakinta game da 20 km dogon kewaye birnin da [[Neum]]. A cikin tsakiyar da kuma gabashin ciki na kasar labarin ƙasa ne mountainous, a arewa maso yamma shi ne moderately m, da kuma arewa maso gabashin ne yawanci flatland. The m ne a geographically ya fi girma yankin, kuma yana da wata matsakaici [[nahiyar sauyin yanayi]], tare da zafi lokacin bazaar, kuma sanyi da ake yin dusar ƙanƙara winters. A kudancin tip na ƙasar yana da wani [[Rum]] sauyin yanay kuma a fili topography. Bosnia da Herzegovina ne a yankin da cewa ya bi sawun m adam mazauna baya ga Bosna [Neolithic]] shekaru, a lokacin da kuma bayan abin da aka lugar da dama [[Illyria]] n da [[Celt]] wayewar. Al'adar, siyasa, da kuma harkar more rayuwa, kasar na da arziki tarihi, da ciwon aka farko zaunar da [[Slavic al'ummai]] cewa populate yankin a yau daga cikin 6th ta hanyar zuwa 9th ƙarni. A 12th karni [[Banate na Bosnia]] aka kafa, wanda ya samo asali a cikin [[Mulkin Bosnia]] a cikin 14th ƙarni, bayan abin da aka annexed a cikin [[Ottoman Empire]], a karkashin wanda mulkin shi zai kasance daga tsakiyar 15th ga marigayi 19th ƙarni [[File:Gornji Orahovac, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 10-13 PAN.jpg|thumb|Bosnia da Herzegovina]] [[Ottoman]] ya kawo [[Islam]] zuwa yankin, da kuma canza yawa na al'adu da kuma zamantakewa na gaba na ƙasar. Wannan kuma ya biyo ta annexation cikin Austro-Hungarian daular mulkinsu, wanda dade har sai yakin duniya na. A interwar lokaci, Bosnia na daga cikin Mulkin asar [[Yugoslavia]] da kuma bayan [[yakin duniya na II]], ƙasar da aka sanya cikakken jamhuriyar matsayi a cikin sabuwar kafa [[Socialist tarayyar {asar Yugoslavia]]. Bayan da aka rushe asar Yugoslavia, kasar breakup na asar Yugoslavia (Independence na Jamhuriyar Macedonia da kuma Bosnia da Herzegovina) a shekarar 1992, wanda aka bishi da [[Bosnian basasa]], zaunanniya har [[Dayton Yarjejeniyar]], shekarar 1995. Yau, kasar na kula da high [[Jerin kasashen da Human Development Index | rubuce-rubuce, rayuwa da kuma ilimi]] matakan da ke daya daga cikin [[Yawon shakatawa a Bosnia da Herzegovina | mafi akai-akai ziyarci kasashen dake yankin]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/bosnia-and-hercegovina |title=Lonely Planet's Bosnia and Herzegovina Tourism Profile |publisher=Lonely Planet |accessdate=2016-02-12}}</ref> projected to have the third highest tourism growth rate in the world between 1995 and 2020.<ref name="Newfound">[http://features.us.reuters.com/destinations/news/L20239376.html Bosnia's newfound tourism];webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224155630/http://features.us.reuters.com/destinations/news/L20239376.html |date=24 December 2007 }}, Reuters.</ref> Bosnia da Herzegovina ne yanki da kuma duniya mashahuri domin ta na halitta kyakkyawa da kuma [[Al'ada|al'adun]] gada daga shida tarihi wayewar, ta [[Abinci]], [[Yawo wasanni | hunturu wasanni]], ta eclectic da kuma musamman [[music na Bosnia da Herzegovina | music]], [[Architecture of Bosnia da Herzegovina | gine]] kuma ta [[Sarajevo # Festivals | bukukuwa]], wasu daga wanda su ne mafi girma da kuma mafi shahararren da irin a kudu maso Turai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sff.ba/content.php/en/festival?set_culture=en |title=About the Sarajevo Film Festival |publisher=Sarajevo Film Festival Official Website |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104133828/http://www.sff.ba/content.php/en/festival?set_culture=en |archivedate=4 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insidefilm.com/europe.html |title=Inside Film's Guide to Film Festivals in |publisher=Inside Film |accessdate=2016-02-12}}</ref> [[File:Puente Arslanagić, Trebinje, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 25.jpg|thumb|Bosnia da Herzegovina, Trebinje]] A kasar ne gida uku main kabilun ko, a hukumance, [[kabilun a Bosnia da Herzegovina | bijiro da batun kafa al'ummai]], kamar yadda a kayyade a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin kasar. [[Bosniaks]] su ne mafi girma kungiyar na uku, tare da [[Serbs]] na biyu da kuma [[Croats]] na uku. A 'yan qasar na Bosnia da Herzegovina, ko da kabilanci, da aka gano a cikin harshen Turanci a matsayin [[Bosnians | Bosnian]]. The sharuddan [[Herzegovinia| Herzegovinian]] da kuma Bosnian an kiyaye matsayin yankin maimakon kabilanci fifiko, da kuma yankin na Herzegovina ya ba daidai tsare iyakoki da kansa. Haka kuma, kasar da aka kawai ake kira "Bosnia" har da Austro-Hungarian zama a karshen karni na 19.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/03/vinko.shtml |title=The Language Situation in Post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina |publisher=Toronto Slavic Quarterly |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703180910/http://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/03/vinko.shtml |archivedate=3 July 2012}}</ref> 5,000 ==Tarihi== Manyan Labarai: Tarihin Bosnia da Herzegovina da Tarihin Farkon Bosnia da Herzegovina Kayan bauta na zamanin ƙarfe daga Banjani, kusa da Sokolac Tarihi na farko Bosnia ta kasance tana zaune tun aƙalla zamanin Paleolithic. Abin lura shi ne, Kogon Badanj kusa da Stolac yana ɗauke da ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin zane-zanen kogo da aka sani, wanda ke nuna wani mutum dabba da ake kyautata zaton doki ne, tun daga kimanin 13,000 zuwa 12,000 BC.<ref>Shpuza 2022, p. 553; Zindel et al. 2018, p. 346; Bejko et al. 2015, p. 4; Hammond & Wilkes 2012, p. 726; Dausse 2015, p. 28</ref> <ref> Palaeolithic site of Badanj". hwr.ba. Retrieved 5 April 2025.</ref> lokacin Neolithic, manyan al'adu kamar Butmir da Kakanj<ref>Cave art at Badanj". www.centarzakrs.ba. Retrieved 5 April 2025</ref> sun fito a gefen Kogin Bosna. Al'adar Butmir, wacce ta bunƙasa a kusa da 5100 zuwa 4500 BC, ta shahara saboda tukwane na musamman da siffofi na ɗan adam. Hakowa kusa da Sarajevo sun gano tukwane masu ban sha'awa da siffofi na ɗan adam na gaske daga wannan al'ada.<ref> ]Butmir near Sarajevo". Zemaljski muzej Bosne i Hercegovine. Archived from the original on 23 April 2025. Retrieved 5 April 2025</ref> Daga ƙarni na 8 BC, ƙabilun Illyrian sun rikide zuwa masarautu. Masarautun da daular Illyria mafi shahara sune na Bardylis na Dardani da na Agron na Ardiaei waɗanda suka ƙirƙiri masarautar Illyrian ta ƙarshe kuma mafi shahara. Agron ya yi mulkin Ardiaei kuma ya faɗaɗa mulkinsa ga sauran kabilu. Tun daga ƙarni na 7 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, an maye gurbin tagulla da ƙarfe, bayan haka kayan ado da kayan fasaha kawai aka yi su da tagulla.<ref>Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</re> Kabilun Illyrian, ƙarƙashin tasirin al'adun Hallstatt a arewa, sun kafa cibiyoyin yanki waɗanda suka ɗan bambanta. Sassan Tsakiyar Bosnia suna zaune ne da ƙabilar Daesitiates.<ref>Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</ref> Al'adar Karfe ta Glasinac-Mati tana da alaƙa da ƙabilar Autariatae.<ref> Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</ref> Muhimmin rawa a rayuwarsu ita ce bautar matattu, wanda ake gani a cikin jana'izarsu da bukukuwan binne su da kyau, da kuma wadatar wuraren binne su.<ref>Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</ref> A ƙarni na 4 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, an rubuta farkon mamaye Celts. Sun kawo dabarar ƙafafun tukwane, sabbin nau'ikan fibulas (ƙananan maƙulli masu kama da fil na aminci) da bel ɗin tagulla da na ƙarfe daban-daban. Sun ratsa ta hanyar zuwa Girka. [ana buƙatar ambato] <ref>Tomašević, Nebojša (1983). Treasures of Yugoslavia: An Encyclopedic Touring Guide. Yugoslaviapublic. pp. 306–307.</ref> Mogorjelo, wani tsohon Villa Rustica na yankin Romawa daga ƙarni na 4, kusa da Čapljina A cikin Neretva Delta a kudu, akwai muhimman tasirin Hellenistic na ƙabilar Illyrian Daors.<ref> Babban birninsu shine Daorson a Ošanići kusa da Stolac.<ref>Aličić, Ahmed S. (1981). Herzegovina. NIRO "Privredni vjesnik". p. 194.</ref>Daorson, a ƙarni na 4 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, an kewaye shi da ganuwar dutse mai tsayi mita 5 (babba kamar na Mycenae a Girka), waɗanda aka yi da manyan tubalan dutse na trapezoid. Daors sun yi tsabar kuɗi da sassaka na tagulla na musamman. Rikici tsakanin Illyrians da Romawa ya fara ne a shekara ta 229 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), amma Roma ba ta kammala haɗa yankin ba har sai bayan shekara ta 9 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). A zamanin yau ne a Bosnia da Herzegovina ne Roma ta yi ɗaya daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe mafi wahala a tarihinta tun bayan Yaƙin Punic, kamar yadda masanin tarihi na Romawa Suetonius ya bayyana.[34] Wannan shine yaƙin Romawa da Illyricum, wanda aka sani da Bellum Batonianum.<ref> Miller, Norma. Tacitus: Annals I, 2002, ISBN 1-85399-358-1. It had originally been joined to Illyricum, but after the great Illyrian/Pannonian revolt of AD 6 it was made a separate province with its own governor<ref> rikicin ya taso ne bayan yunƙurin ɗaukar Illyrians, kuma an yi tawaye na tsawon shekaru huɗu (6-9 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa), bayan haka aka ci su da yaƙi.[<ref>Stipčević, Aleksandar (1977). The Illyrians: History and Culture. Noyes Press. ISBN 9780815550525.</ref> page needed] A zamanin Romawa, mazaunan Latin daga dukkan Daular Romawa sun zauna a tsakanin Illyrians, kuma an ƙarfafa sojojin Romawa su yi ritaya a yankin.<ref>Malcolm 2002</ref> Bayan rabuwar Daular tsakanin shekara ta 337 da 395 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), Dalmatia da Pannonia sun zama sassan Daular Roma ta Yamma. Ostrogoths sun mamaye yankin a shekara ta 455 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). Daga baya ya canza hannu tsakanin Alans da Huns. A ƙarni na 6, Sarki Justinian na ɗaya ya sake kwace yankin ga Daular Byzantine. Slavs sun mamaye Balkans a ƙarni na 6 da 7. Slavs na Kudu sun karɓi halayen al'adun Illyrian, kamar yadda aka nuna a wasu al'adu da al'adu, da sunayen wurare.<ref>Illyrian Bosnia and Herzegovina-an overview of a cultural legacy</ref> Illyrian Bosnia and Herzegovina-an overview of a cultural legacy Tsakiya Babban labarin: Bosnia da Herzegovina a Zamanin Tsakiya Katin Hval, wanda aka zana rubutun Slavic daga Bosnia ta Tsakiya Dutsen Ledger ga Sarauniya Catherine ta Bosnia, sarauniya ta ƙarshe ta Gidan Kosača. Tsarin Slavs na Farko sun kai hari kan Yammacin Balkans, ciki har da Bosnia, a ƙarni na 6 da farkon 7 (a tsakiyar Lokacin Hijira), kuma sun ƙunshi ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu da aka ɗauko daga ƙungiyar Slavic guda ɗaya da Byzantines suka sani a matsayin Sclaveni (yayin da Antes masu alaƙa, a zahiri, suka mamaye yankunan gabashin Balkans).<ref>Hupchick, Dennis P. The Balkans from Constantinople to Communism, pp. 28–30. Palgrave Macmillan (2004</ref> An bayyana ƙabilun da aka rubuta ta hanyar ƙabilun "Serb" da "Croat" a matsayin ƙaura ta biyu, daga baya, ta mutane daban-daban a lokacin kwata na biyu na ƙarni na 7 waɗanda ba za su iya zama da yawa ba;<ref> Hupchick, Dennis P. The Balkans from Constantinople to Communism, pp. 28–30. Palgrave Macmillan (2004</ref> <ref>Fine 1991, p. 53, 56</ref> waɗannan ƙabilun "Serb" da "Croat" na farko, waɗanda ainihin asalinsu ke ƙarƙashin muhawara ta ilimi,[sun mamaye Slavs a yankunan da ke makwabtaka da su. A cewar Noel Malcolm, ƙabilun Croat "sun zauna a wani yanki da ya yi daidai da Croatia ta zamani, kuma wataƙila sun haɗa da yawancin Bosnia, ban da gabashin kwarin Drina" yayin da ƙabilun Serbs suka zauna a wani yanki "wanda ya yi daidai da Serbia ta kudu maso yammacin zamani (wanda daga baya aka sani da Raška), kuma a hankali ==manazarta== ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Zenica_cityscape.jpg|Zenica File:Panorama_Mostara.jpg|Panorama Mostara File:Sana_river.jpg|Kogin Sana File:Visegrad_Drina_Bridge_1.jpg|Gadar Visegrad Drina </gallery> ==Nassoshi== <references/> ==Weblinks== [[Category: Bosnia da Herzegovina]] [[Category:Turai]] 10wjs0k3fgulr98857tvbm9lvucyi1o 906394 906393 2026-08-23T04:40:27Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906394 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Puente Arslanagić, Trebinje, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 28.jpg|thumb|bosnia y herzegovina, trebinje]] [[Fayil:Iglesia Nova Gracanica, Trebinje, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 04.jpg|thumb|bosnia herzegovina]] '''Bosnia da Herzegovina''' (bs. hr. Bosna i Hercegovina, sr. Босна и Херцеговина), wani lokacin ake kira '''Bosnia-Herzegovina''' ('''BiH''', B&H), da kuma, a takaice, sau da yawa da aka sani informally matsayin '''Bosnia''', an a ƙasar a kudu maso [[Turai]] located a kan da [[Balkan|Balkan Larabawa]]. [[Sarajevo]] ne babban birnin kasar da kuma mafi girma a birnin. Kẽwayesu da [[Kroatiya]] zuwa arewa, yamma, da kudu. [[Serbiya]] to gabas. [[Montenegro]] zuwa kudu maso gabashin. da [[Adriatic Sea]] zuwa kudu, tare da bakinta game da 20 km dogon kewaye birnin da [[Neum]]. A cikin tsakiyar da kuma gabashin ciki na kasar labarin ƙasa ne mountainous, a arewa maso yamma shi ne moderately m, da kuma arewa maso gabashin ne yawanci flatland. The m ne a geographically ya fi girma yankin, kuma yana da wata matsakaici [[nahiyar sauyin yanayi]], tare da zafi lokacin bazaar, kuma sanyi da ake yin dusar ƙanƙara winters. A kudancin tip na ƙasar yana da wani [[Rum]] sauyin yanay kuma a fili topography. Bosnia da Herzegovina ne a yankin da cewa ya bi sawun m adam mazauna baya ga Bosna [Neolithic]] shekaru, a lokacin da kuma bayan abin da aka lugar da dama [[Illyria]] n da [[Celt]] wayewar. Al'adar, siyasa, da kuma harkar more rayuwa, kasar na da arziki tarihi, da ciwon aka farko zaunar da [[Slavic al'ummai]] cewa populate yankin a yau daga cikin 6th ta hanyar zuwa 9th ƙarni. A 12th karni [[Banate na Bosnia]] aka kafa, wanda ya samo asali a cikin [[Mulkin Bosnia]] a cikin 14th ƙarni, bayan abin da aka annexed a cikin [[Ottoman Empire]], a karkashin wanda mulkin shi zai kasance daga tsakiyar 15th ga marigayi 19th ƙarni [[File:Gornji Orahovac, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 10-13 PAN.jpg|thumb|Bosnia da Herzegovina]] [[Ottoman]] ya kawo [[Islam]] zuwa yankin, da kuma canza yawa na al'adu da kuma zamantakewa na gaba na ƙasar. Wannan kuma ya biyo ta annexation cikin Austro-Hungarian daular mulkinsu, wanda dade har sai yakin duniya na. A interwar lokaci, Bosnia na daga cikin Mulkin asar [[Yugoslavia]] da kuma bayan [[yakin duniya na II]], ƙasar da aka sanya cikakken jamhuriyar matsayi a cikin sabuwar kafa [[Socialist tarayyar {asar Yugoslavia]]. Bayan da aka rushe asar Yugoslavia, kasar breakup na asar Yugoslavia (Independence na Jamhuriyar Macedonia da kuma Bosnia da Herzegovina) a shekarar 1992, wanda aka bishi da [[Bosnian basasa]], zaunanniya har [[Dayton Yarjejeniyar]], shekarar 1995. Yau, ƙasar na kula da high [[Jerin kasashen da Human Development Index | rubuce-rubuce, rayuwa da kuma ilimi]] matakan da ke daya daga cikin [[Yawon shakatawa a Bosnia da Herzegovina | mafi akai-akai ziyarci kasashen dake yankin]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/bosnia-and-hercegovina |title=Lonely Planet's Bosnia and Herzegovina Tourism Profile |publisher=Lonely Planet |accessdate=2016-02-12}}</ref> projected to have the third highest tourism growth rate in the world between 1995 and 2020.<ref name="Newfound">[http://features.us.reuters.com/destinations/news/L20239376.html Bosnia's newfound tourism];webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224155630/http://features.us.reuters.com/destinations/news/L20239376.html |date=24 December 2007 }}, Reuters.</ref> Bosnia da Herzegovina ne yanki da kuma duniya mashahuri domin ta na halitta kyakkyawa da kuma [[Al'ada|al'adun]] gada daga shida tarihi wayewar, ta [[Abinci]], [[Yawo wasanni | hunturu wasanni]], ta eclectic da kuma musamman [[music na Bosnia da Herzegovina | music]], [[Architecture of Bosnia da Herzegovina | gine]] kuma ta [[Sarajevo # Festivals | bukukuwa]], wasu daga wanda su ne mafi girma da kuma mafi shahararren da irin a kudu maso Turai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sff.ba/content.php/en/festival?set_culture=en |title=About the Sarajevo Film Festival |publisher=Sarajevo Film Festival Official Website |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104133828/http://www.sff.ba/content.php/en/festival?set_culture=en |archivedate=4 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insidefilm.com/europe.html |title=Inside Film's Guide to Film Festivals in |publisher=Inside Film |accessdate=2016-02-12}}</ref> [[File:Puente Arslanagić, Trebinje, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 25.jpg|thumb|Bosnia da Herzegovina, Trebinje]] A ƙasar ne gida uku main kabilun ko, a hukumance, [[kabilun a Bosnia da Herzegovina | bijiro da batun kafa al'ummai]], kamar yadda a kayyade a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin kasar. [[Bosniaks]] su ne mafi girma kungiyar na uku, tare da [[Serbs]] na biyu da kuma [[Croats]] na uku. A 'yan qasar na Bosnia da Herzegovina, ko da kabilanci, da aka gano a cikin harshen Turanci a matsayin [[Bosnians | Bosnian]]. The sharuddan [[Herzegovinia| Herzegovinian]] da kuma Bosnian an kiyaye matsayin yankin maimakon kabilanci fifiko, da kuma yankin na Herzegovina ya ba daidai tsare iyakoki da kansa. Haka kuma, kasar da aka kawai ake kira "Bosnia" har da Austro-Hungarian zama a karshen karni na 19.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/03/vinko.shtml |title=The Language Situation in Post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina |publisher=Toronto Slavic Quarterly |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703180910/http://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/03/vinko.shtml |archivedate=3 July 2012}}</ref> 5,000 ==Tarihi== Manyan Labarai: Tarihin Bosnia da Herzegovina da Tarihin Farkon Bosnia da Herzegovina Kayan bauta na zamanin ƙarfe daga Banjani, kusa da Sokolac Tarihi na farko Bosnia ta kasance tana zaune tun aƙalla zamanin Paleolithic. Abin lura shi ne, Kogon Badanj kusa da Stolac yana ɗauke da ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin zane-zanen kogo da aka sani, wanda ke nuna wani mutum dabba da ake kyautata zaton doki ne, tun daga kimanin 13,000 zuwa 12,000 BC.<ref>Shpuza 2022, p. 553; Zindel et al. 2018, p. 346; Bejko et al. 2015, p. 4; Hammond & Wilkes 2012, p. 726; Dausse 2015, p. 28</ref> <ref> Palaeolithic site of Badanj". hwr.ba. Retrieved 5 April 2025.</ref> lokacin Neolithic, manyan al'adu kamar Butmir da Kakanj<ref>Cave art at Badanj". www.centarzakrs.ba. Retrieved 5 April 2025</ref> sun fito a gefen Kogin Bosna. Al'adar Butmir, wacce ta bunƙasa a kusa da 5100 zuwa 4500 BC, ta shahara saboda tukwane na musamman da siffofi na ɗan adam. Hakowa kusa da Sarajevo sun gano tukwane masu ban sha'awa da siffofi na ɗan adam na gaske daga wannan al'ada.<ref> ]Butmir near Sarajevo". Zemaljski muzej Bosne i Hercegovine. Archived from the original on 23 April 2025. Retrieved 5 April 2025</ref> Daga ƙarni na 8 BC, ƙabilun Illyrian sun rikide zuwa masarautu. Masarautun da daular Illyria mafi shahara sune na Bardylis na Dardani da na Agron na Ardiaei waɗanda suka ƙirƙiri masarautar Illyrian ta ƙarshe kuma mafi shahara. Agron ya yi mulkin Ardiaei kuma ya faɗaɗa mulkinsa ga sauran kabilu. Tun daga ƙarni na 7 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, an maye gurbin tagulla da ƙarfe, bayan haka kayan ado da kayan fasaha kawai aka yi su da tagulla.<ref>Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</re> Kabilun Illyrian, ƙarƙashin tasirin al'adun Hallstatt a arewa, sun kafa cibiyoyin yanki waɗanda suka ɗan bambanta. Sassan Tsakiyar Bosnia suna zaune ne da ƙabilar Daesitiates.<ref>Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</ref> Al'adar Karfe ta Glasinac-Mati tana da alaƙa da ƙabilar Autariatae.<ref> Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</ref> Muhimmin rawa a rayuwarsu ita ce bautar matattu, wanda ake gani a cikin jana'izarsu da bukukuwan binne su da kyau, da kuma wadatar wuraren binne su.<ref>Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</ref> A ƙarni na 4 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, an rubuta farkon mamaye Celts. Sun kawo dabarar ƙafafun tukwane, sabbin nau'ikan fibulas (ƙananan maƙulli masu kama da fil na aminci) da bel ɗin tagulla da na ƙarfe daban-daban. Sun ratsa ta hanyar zuwa Girka. [ana buƙatar ambato] <ref>Tomašević, Nebojša (1983). Treasures of Yugoslavia: An Encyclopedic Touring Guide. Yugoslaviapublic. pp. 306–307.</ref> Mogorjelo, wani tsohon Villa Rustica na yankin Romawa daga ƙarni na 4, kusa da Čapljina A cikin Neretva Delta a kudu, akwai muhimman tasirin Hellenistic na ƙabilar Illyrian Daors.<ref> Babban birninsu shine Daorson a Ošanići kusa da Stolac.<ref>Aličić, Ahmed S. (1981). Herzegovina. NIRO "Privredni vjesnik". p. 194.</ref>Daorson, a ƙarni na 4 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, an kewaye shi da ganuwar dutse mai tsayi mita 5 (babba kamar na Mycenae a Girka), waɗanda aka yi da manyan tubalan dutse na trapezoid. Daors sun yi tsabar kuɗi da sassaka na tagulla na musamman. Rikici tsakanin Illyrians da Romawa ya fara ne a shekara ta 229 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), amma Roma ba ta kammala haɗa yankin ba har sai bayan shekara ta 9 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). A zamanin yau ne a Bosnia da Herzegovina ne Roma ta yi ɗaya daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe mafi wahala a tarihinta tun bayan Yaƙin Punic, kamar yadda masanin tarihi na Romawa Suetonius ya bayyana.[34] Wannan shine yaƙin Romawa da Illyricum, wanda aka sani da Bellum Batonianum.<ref> Miller, Norma. Tacitus: Annals I, 2002, ISBN 1-85399-358-1. It had originally been joined to Illyricum, but after the great Illyrian/Pannonian revolt of AD 6 it was made a separate province with its own governor<ref> rikicin ya taso ne bayan yunƙurin ɗaukar Illyrians, kuma an yi tawaye na tsawon shekaru huɗu (6-9 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa), bayan haka aka ci su da yaƙi.[<ref>Stipčević, Aleksandar (1977). The Illyrians: History and Culture. Noyes Press. ISBN 9780815550525.</ref> page needed] A zamanin Romawa, mazaunan Latin daga dukkan Daular Romawa sun zauna a tsakanin Illyrians, kuma an ƙarfafa sojojin Romawa su yi ritaya a yankin.<ref>Malcolm 2002</ref> Bayan rabuwar Daular tsakanin shekara ta 337 da 395 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), Dalmatia da Pannonia sun zama sassan Daular Roma ta Yamma. Ostrogoths sun mamaye yankin a shekara ta 455 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). Daga baya ya canza hannu tsakanin Alans da Huns. A ƙarni na 6, Sarki Justinian na ɗaya ya sake kwace yankin ga Daular Byzantine. Slavs sun mamaye Balkans a ƙarni na 6 da 7. Slavs na Kudu sun karɓi halayen al'adun Illyrian, kamar yadda aka nuna a wasu al'adu da al'adu, da sunayen wurare.<ref>Illyrian Bosnia and Herzegovina-an overview of a cultural legacy</ref> Illyrian Bosnia and Herzegovina-an overview of a cultural legacy Tsakiya Babban labarin: Bosnia da Herzegovina a Zamanin Tsakiya Katin Hval, wanda aka zana rubutun Slavic daga Bosnia ta Tsakiya Dutsen Ledger ga Sarauniya Catherine ta Bosnia, sarauniya ta ƙarshe ta Gidan Kosača. Tsarin Slavs na Farko sun kai hari kan Yammacin Balkans, ciki har da Bosnia, a ƙarni na 6 da farkon 7 (a tsakiyar Lokacin Hijira), kuma sun ƙunshi ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu da aka ɗauko daga ƙungiyar Slavic guda ɗaya da Byzantines suka sani a matsayin Sclaveni (yayin da Antes masu alaƙa, a zahiri, suka mamaye yankunan gabashin Balkans).<ref>Hupchick, Dennis P. The Balkans from Constantinople to Communism, pp. 28–30. Palgrave Macmillan (2004</ref> An bayyana ƙabilun da aka rubuta ta hanyar ƙabilun "Serb" da "Croat" a matsayin ƙaura ta biyu, daga baya, ta mutane daban-daban a lokacin kwata na biyu na ƙarni na 7 waɗanda ba za su iya zama da yawa ba;<ref> Hupchick, Dennis P. The Balkans from Constantinople to Communism, pp. 28–30. Palgrave Macmillan (2004</ref> <ref>Fine 1991, p. 53, 56</ref> waɗannan ƙabilun "Serb" da "Croat" na farko, waɗanda ainihin asalinsu ke ƙarƙashin muhawara ta ilimi,[sun mamaye Slavs a yankunan da ke makwabtaka da su. A cewar Noel Malcolm, ƙabilun Croat "sun zauna a wani yanki da ya yi daidai da Croatia ta zamani, kuma wataƙila sun haɗa da yawancin Bosnia, ban da gabashin kwarin Drina" yayin da ƙabilun Serbs suka zauna a wani yanki "wanda ya yi daidai da Serbia ta kudu maso yammacin zamani (wanda daga baya aka sani da Raška), kuma a hankali ==manazarta== ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Zenica_cityscape.jpg|Zenica File:Panorama_Mostara.jpg|Panorama Mostara File:Sana_river.jpg|Kogin Sana File:Visegrad_Drina_Bridge_1.jpg|Gadar Visegrad Drina </gallery> ==Nassoshi== <references/> ==Weblinks== [[Category: Bosnia da Herzegovina]] [[Category:Turai]] l45h1f85sznyipdvucanzhdfzbagezv 906395 906394 2026-08-23T04:40:51Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Puente Arslanagić, Trebinje, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 28.jpg|thumb|bosnia y herzegovina, trebinje]] [[Fayil:Iglesia Nova Gracanica, Trebinje, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 04.jpg|thumb|bosnia herzegovina]] '''Bosnia da Herzegovina''' (bs. hr. Bosna i Hercegovina, sr. Босна и Херцеговина), wani lokacin ake kira '''Bosnia-Herzegovina''' ('''BiH''', B&H), da kuma, a takaice, sau da yawa da aka sani informally matsayin '''Bosnia''', an a ƙasar a kudu maso [[Turai]] located a kan da [[Balkan|Balkan Larabawa]]. [[Sarajevo]] ne babban birnin kasar da kuma mafi girma a birnin. Kẽwayesu da [[Kroatiya]] zuwa arewa, yamma, da kudu. [[Serbiya]] to gabas. [[Montenegro]] zuwa kudu maso gabashin. da [[Adriatic Sea]] zuwa kudu, tare da bakinta game da 20 km dogon kewaye birnin da [[Neum]]. A cikin tsakiyar da kuma gabashin ciki na kasar labarin ƙasa ne mountainous, a arewa maso yamma shi ne moderately m, da kuma arewa maso gabashin ne yawanci flatland. The m ne a geographically ya fi girma yankin, kuma yana da wata matsakaici [[nahiyar sauyin yanayi]], tare da zafi lokacin bazaar, kuma sanyi da ake yin dusar ƙanƙara winters. A kudancin tip na ƙasar yana da wani [[Rum]] sauyin yanay kuma a fili topography. Bosnia da Herzegovina ne a yankin da cewa ya bi sawun m adam mazauna baya ga Bosna [Neolithic]] shekaru, a lokacin da kuma bayan abin da aka lugar da dama [[Illyria]] n da [[Celt]] wayewar. Al'adar, siyasa, da kuma harkar more rayuwa, kasar na da arziki tarihi, da ciwon aka farko zaunar da [[Slavic al'ummai]] cewa populate yankin a yau daga cikin 6th ta hanyar zuwa 9th ƙarni. A 12th karni [[Banate na Bosnia]] aka kafa, wanda ya samo asali a cikin [[Mulkin Bosnia]] a cikin 14th ƙarni, bayan abin da aka annexed a cikin [[Ottoman Empire]], a karkashin wanda mulkin shi zai kasance daga tsakiyar 15th ga marigayi 19th ƙarni [[File:Gornji Orahovac, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 10-13 PAN.jpg|thumb|Bosnia da Herzegovina]] [[Ottoman]] ya kawo [[Islam]] zuwa yankin, da kuma canza yawa na al'adu da kuma zamantakewa na gaba na ƙasar. Wannan kuma ya biyo ta annexation cikin Austro-Hungarian daular mulkinsu, wanda dade har sai yakin duniya na. A interwar lokaci, Bosnia na daga cikin Mulkin asar [[Yugoslavia]] da kuma bayan [[yakin duniya na II]], ƙasar da aka sanya cikakken jamhuriyar matsayi a cikin sabuwar kafa [[Socialist tarayyar {asar Yugoslavia]]. Bayan da aka rushe asar Yugoslavia, kasar breakup na asar Yugoslavia (Independence na Jamhuriyar Macedonia da kuma Bosnia da Herzegovina) a shekarar 1992, wanda aka bishi da [[Bosnian basasa]], zaunanniya har [[Dayton Yarjejeniyar]], shekarar 1995. Yau, ƙasar na kula da high [[Jerin kasashen da Human Development Index | rubuce-rubuce, rayuwa da kuma ilimi]] matakan da ke daya daga cikin [[Yawon shakatawa a Bosnia da Herzegovina | mafi akai-akai ziyarci kasashen dake yankin]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/bosnia-and-hercegovina |title=Lonely Planet's Bosnia and Herzegovina Tourism Profile |publisher=Lonely Planet |accessdate=2016-02-12}}</ref> projected to have the third highest tourism growth rate in the world between 1995 and 2020.<ref name="Newfound">[http://features.us.reuters.com/destinations/news/L20239376.html Bosnia's newfound tourism];webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224155630/http://features.us.reuters.com/destinations/news/L20239376.html |date=24 December 2007 }}, Reuters.</ref> Bosnia da Herzegovina ne yanki da kuma duniya mashahuri domin ta na halitta kyakkyawa da kuma [[Al'ada|al'adun]] gada daga shida tarihi wayewar, ta [[Abinci]], [[Yawo wasanni | hunturu wasanni]], ta eclectic da kuma musamman [[music na Bosnia da Herzegovina | music]], [[Architecture of Bosnia da Herzegovina | gine]] kuma ta [[Sarajevo # Festivals | bukukuwa]], wasu daga wanda su ne mafi girma da kuma mafi shahararren da irin a kudu maso Turai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sff.ba/content.php/en/festival?set_culture=en |title=About the Sarajevo Film Festival |publisher=Sarajevo Film Festival Official Website |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104133828/http://www.sff.ba/content.php/en/festival?set_culture=en |archivedate=4 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insidefilm.com/europe.html |title=Inside Film's Guide to Film Festivals in |publisher=Inside Film |accessdate=2016-02-12}}</ref> [[File:Puente Arslanagić, Trebinje, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 25.jpg|thumb|Bosnia da Herzegovina, Trebinje]] A ƙasar ne gida uku main kabilun ko, a hukumance, [[kabilun a Bosnia da Herzegovina | bijiro da batun kafa al'ummai]], kamar yadda a kayyade a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin kasar. [[Bosniaks]] su ne mafi girma kungiyar na uku, tare da [[Serbs]] na biyu da kuma [[Croats]] na uku. A 'yan qasar na Bosnia da Herzegovina, ko da kabilanci, da aka gano a cikin harshen Turanci a matsayin [[Bosnians | Bosnian]]. The sharuddan [[Herzegovinia| Herzegovinian]] da kuma Bosnian an kiyaye matsayin yankin maimakon ƙabilanci fifiko, da kuma yankin na Herzegovina ya ba daidai tsare iyakoki da kansa. Haka kuma, kasar da aka kawai ake kira "Bosnia" har da Austro-Hungarian zama a ƙarshen karni na 19.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/03/vinko.shtml |title=The Language Situation in Post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina |publisher=Toronto Slavic Quarterly |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703180910/http://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/03/vinko.shtml |archivedate=3 July 2012}}</ref> 5,000 ==Tarihi== Manyan Labarai: Tarihin Bosnia da Herzegovina da Tarihin Farkon Bosnia da Herzegovina Kayan bauta na zamanin ƙarfe daga Banjani, kusa da Sokolac Tarihi na farko Bosnia ta kasance tana zaune tun aƙalla zamanin Paleolithic. Abin lura shi ne, Kogon Badanj kusa da Stolac yana ɗauke da ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin zane-zanen kogo da aka sani, wanda ke nuna wani mutum dabba da ake kyautata zaton doki ne, tun daga kimanin 13,000 zuwa 12,000 BC.<ref>Shpuza 2022, p. 553; Zindel et al. 2018, p. 346; Bejko et al. 2015, p. 4; Hammond & Wilkes 2012, p. 726; Dausse 2015, p. 28</ref> <ref> Palaeolithic site of Badanj". hwr.ba. Retrieved 5 April 2025.</ref> lokacin Neolithic, manyan al'adu kamar Butmir da Kakanj<ref>Cave art at Badanj". www.centarzakrs.ba. Retrieved 5 April 2025</ref> sun fito a gefen Kogin Bosna. Al'adar Butmir, wacce ta bunƙasa a kusa da 5100 zuwa 4500 BC, ta shahara saboda tukwane na musamman da siffofi na ɗan adam. Hakowa kusa da Sarajevo sun gano tukwane masu ban sha'awa da siffofi na ɗan adam na gaske daga wannan al'ada.<ref> ]Butmir near Sarajevo". Zemaljski muzej Bosne i Hercegovine. Archived from the original on 23 April 2025. Retrieved 5 April 2025</ref> Daga ƙarni na 8 BC, ƙabilun Illyrian sun rikide zuwa masarautu. Masarautun da daular Illyria mafi shahara sune na Bardylis na Dardani da na Agron na Ardiaei waɗanda suka ƙirƙiri masarautar Illyrian ta ƙarshe kuma mafi shahara. Agron ya yi mulkin Ardiaei kuma ya faɗaɗa mulkinsa ga sauran kabilu. Tun daga ƙarni na 7 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, an maye gurbin tagulla da ƙarfe, bayan haka kayan ado da kayan fasaha kawai aka yi su da tagulla.<ref>Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</re> Kabilun Illyrian, ƙarƙashin tasirin al'adun Hallstatt a arewa, sun kafa cibiyoyin yanki waɗanda suka ɗan bambanta. Sassan Tsakiyar Bosnia suna zaune ne da ƙabilar Daesitiates.<ref>Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</ref> Al'adar Karfe ta Glasinac-Mati tana da alaƙa da ƙabilar Autariatae.<ref> Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</ref> Muhimmin rawa a rayuwarsu ita ce bautar matattu, wanda ake gani a cikin jana'izarsu da bukukuwan binne su da kyau, da kuma wadatar wuraren binne su.<ref>Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</ref> A ƙarni na 4 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, an rubuta farkon mamaye Celts. Sun kawo dabarar ƙafafun tukwane, sabbin nau'ikan fibulas (ƙananan maƙulli masu kama da fil na aminci) da bel ɗin tagulla da na ƙarfe daban-daban. Sun ratsa ta hanyar zuwa Girka. [ana buƙatar ambato] <ref>Tomašević, Nebojša (1983). Treasures of Yugoslavia: An Encyclopedic Touring Guide. Yugoslaviapublic. pp. 306–307.</ref> Mogorjelo, wani tsohon Villa Rustica na yankin Romawa daga ƙarni na 4, kusa da Čapljina A cikin Neretva Delta a kudu, akwai muhimman tasirin Hellenistic na ƙabilar Illyrian Daors.<ref> Babban birninsu shine Daorson a Ošanići kusa da Stolac.<ref>Aličić, Ahmed S. (1981). Herzegovina. NIRO "Privredni vjesnik". p. 194.</ref>Daorson, a ƙarni na 4 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, an kewaye shi da ganuwar dutse mai tsayi mita 5 (babba kamar na Mycenae a Girka), waɗanda aka yi da manyan tubalan dutse na trapezoid. Daors sun yi tsabar kuɗi da sassaka na tagulla na musamman. Rikici tsakanin Illyrians da Romawa ya fara ne a shekara ta 229 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), amma Roma ba ta kammala haɗa yankin ba har sai bayan shekara ta 9 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). A zamanin yau ne a Bosnia da Herzegovina ne Roma ta yi ɗaya daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe mafi wahala a tarihinta tun bayan Yaƙin Punic, kamar yadda masanin tarihi na Romawa Suetonius ya bayyana.[34] Wannan shine yaƙin Romawa da Illyricum, wanda aka sani da Bellum Batonianum.<ref> Miller, Norma. Tacitus: Annals I, 2002, ISBN 1-85399-358-1. It had originally been joined to Illyricum, but after the great Illyrian/Pannonian revolt of AD 6 it was made a separate province with its own governor<ref> rikicin ya taso ne bayan yunƙurin ɗaukar Illyrians, kuma an yi tawaye na tsawon shekaru huɗu (6-9 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa), bayan haka aka ci su da yaƙi.[<ref>Stipčević, Aleksandar (1977). The Illyrians: History and Culture. Noyes Press. ISBN 9780815550525.</ref> page needed] A zamanin Romawa, mazaunan Latin daga dukkan Daular Romawa sun zauna a tsakanin Illyrians, kuma an ƙarfafa sojojin Romawa su yi ritaya a yankin.<ref>Malcolm 2002</ref> Bayan rabuwar Daular tsakanin shekara ta 337 da 395 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), Dalmatia da Pannonia sun zama sassan Daular Roma ta Yamma. Ostrogoths sun mamaye yankin a shekara ta 455 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). Daga baya ya canza hannu tsakanin Alans da Huns. A ƙarni na 6, Sarki Justinian na ɗaya ya sake kwace yankin ga Daular Byzantine. Slavs sun mamaye Balkans a ƙarni na 6 da 7. Slavs na Kudu sun karɓi halayen al'adun Illyrian, kamar yadda aka nuna a wasu al'adu da al'adu, da sunayen wurare.<ref>Illyrian Bosnia and Herzegovina-an overview of a cultural legacy</ref> Illyrian Bosnia and Herzegovina-an overview of a cultural legacy Tsakiya Babban labarin: Bosnia da Herzegovina a Zamanin Tsakiya Katin Hval, wanda aka zana rubutun Slavic daga Bosnia ta Tsakiya Dutsen Ledger ga Sarauniya Catherine ta Bosnia, sarauniya ta ƙarshe ta Gidan Kosača. Tsarin Slavs na Farko sun kai hari kan Yammacin Balkans, ciki har da Bosnia, a ƙarni na 6 da farkon 7 (a tsakiyar Lokacin Hijira), kuma sun ƙunshi ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu da aka ɗauko daga ƙungiyar Slavic guda ɗaya da Byzantines suka sani a matsayin Sclaveni (yayin da Antes masu alaƙa, a zahiri, suka mamaye yankunan gabashin Balkans).<ref>Hupchick, Dennis P. The Balkans from Constantinople to Communism, pp. 28–30. Palgrave Macmillan (2004</ref> An bayyana ƙabilun da aka rubuta ta hanyar ƙabilun "Serb" da "Croat" a matsayin ƙaura ta biyu, daga baya, ta mutane daban-daban a lokacin kwata na biyu na ƙarni na 7 waɗanda ba za su iya zama da yawa ba;<ref> Hupchick, Dennis P. The Balkans from Constantinople to Communism, pp. 28–30. Palgrave Macmillan (2004</ref> <ref>Fine 1991, p. 53, 56</ref> waɗannan ƙabilun "Serb" da "Croat" na farko, waɗanda ainihin asalinsu ke ƙarƙashin muhawara ta ilimi,[sun mamaye Slavs a yankunan da ke makwabtaka da su. A cewar Noel Malcolm, ƙabilun Croat "sun zauna a wani yanki da ya yi daidai da Croatia ta zamani, kuma wataƙila sun haɗa da yawancin Bosnia, ban da gabashin kwarin Drina" yayin da ƙabilun Serbs suka zauna a wani yanki "wanda ya yi daidai da Serbia ta kudu maso yammacin zamani (wanda daga baya aka sani da Raška), kuma a hankali ==manazarta== ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Zenica_cityscape.jpg|Zenica File:Panorama_Mostara.jpg|Panorama Mostara File:Sana_river.jpg|Kogin Sana File:Visegrad_Drina_Bridge_1.jpg|Gadar Visegrad Drina </gallery> ==Nassoshi== <references/> ==Weblinks== [[Category: Bosnia da Herzegovina]] [[Category:Turai]] ouiux8opvoxjj9315aj9gac4gf39s7p 906396 906395 2026-08-23T04:41:14Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Puente Arslanagić, Trebinje, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 28.jpg|thumb|bosnia y herzegovina, trebinje]] [[Fayil:Iglesia Nova Gracanica, Trebinje, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 04.jpg|thumb|bosnia herzegovina]] '''Bosnia da Herzegovina''' (bs. hr. Bosna i Hercegovina, sr. Босна и Херцеговина), wani lokacin ake kira '''Bosnia-Herzegovina''' ('''BiH''', B&H), da kuma, a takaice, sau da yawa da aka sani informally matsayin '''Bosnia''', an a ƙasar a kudu maso [[Turai]] located a kan da [[Balkan|Balkan Larabawa]]. [[Sarajevo]] ne babban birnin kasar da kuma mafi girma a birnin. Kẽwayesu da [[Kroatiya]] zuwa arewa, yamma, da kudu. [[Serbiya]] to gabas. [[Montenegro]] zuwa kudu maso gabashin. da [[Adriatic Sea]] zuwa kudu, tare da bakinta game da 20 km dogon kewaye birnin da [[Neum]]. A cikin tsakiyar da kuma gabashin ciki na kasar labarin ƙasa ne mountainous, a arewa maso yamma shi ne moderately m, da kuma arewa maso gabashin ne yawanci flatland. The m ne a geographically ya fi girma yankin, kuma yana da wata matsakaici [[nahiyar sauyin yanayi]], tare da zafi lokacin bazaar, kuma sanyi da ake yin dusar ƙanƙara winters. A kudancin tip na ƙasar yana da wani [[Rum]] sauyin yanay kuma a fili topography. Bosnia da Herzegovina ne a yankin da cewa ya bi sawun m adam mazauna baya ga Bosna [Neolithic]] shekaru, a lokacin da kuma bayan abin da aka lugar da dama [[Illyria]] n da [[Celt]] wayewar. Al'adar, siyasa, da kuma harkar more rayuwa, kasar na da arziki tarihi, da ciwon aka farko zaunar da [[Slavic al'ummai]] cewa populate yankin a yau daga cikin 6th ta hanyar zuwa 9th ƙarni. A 12th karni [[Banate na Bosnia]] aka kafa, wanda ya samo asali a cikin [[Mulkin Bosnia]] a cikin 14th ƙarni, bayan abin da aka annexed a cikin [[Ottoman Empire]], a karkashin wanda mulkin shi zai kasance daga tsakiyar 15th ga marigayi 19th ƙarni [[File:Gornji Orahovac, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 10-13 PAN.jpg|thumb|Bosnia da Herzegovina]] [[Ottoman]] ya kawo [[Islam]] zuwa yankin, da kuma canza yawa na al'adu da kuma zamantakewa na gaba na ƙasar. Wannan kuma ya biyo ta annexation cikin Austro-Hungarian daular mulkinsu, wanda dade har sai yakin duniya na. A interwar lokaci, Bosnia na daga cikin Mulkin asar [[Yugoslavia]] da kuma bayan [[yakin duniya na II]], ƙasar da aka sanya cikakken jamhuriyar matsayi a cikin sabuwar kafa [[Socialist tarayyar {asar Yugoslavia]]. Bayan da aka rushe asar Yugoslavia, kasar breakup na asar Yugoslavia (Independence na Jamhuriyar Macedonia da kuma Bosnia da Herzegovina) a shekarar 1992, wanda aka bishi da [[Bosnian basasa]], zaunanniya har [[Dayton Yarjejeniyar]], shekarar 1995. Yau, ƙasar na kula da high [[Jerin kasashen da Human Development Index | rubuce-rubuce, rayuwa da kuma ilimi]] matakan da ke daya daga cikin [[Yawon shakatawa a Bosnia da Herzegovina | mafi akai-akai ziyarci kasashen dake yankin]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/bosnia-and-hercegovina |title=Lonely Planet's Bosnia and Herzegovina Tourism Profile |publisher=Lonely Planet |accessdate=2016-02-12}}</ref> projected to have the third highest tourism growth rate in the world between 1995 and 2020.<ref name="Newfound">[http://features.us.reuters.com/destinations/news/L20239376.html Bosnia's newfound tourism];webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224155630/http://features.us.reuters.com/destinations/news/L20239376.html |date=24 December 2007 }}, Reuters.</ref> Bosnia da Herzegovina ne yanki da kuma duniya mashahuri domin ta na halitta kyakkyawa da kuma [[Al'ada|al'adun]] gada daga shida tarihi wayewar, ta [[Abinci]], [[Yawo wasanni | hunturu wasanni]], ta eclectic da kuma musamman [[music na Bosnia da Herzegovina | music]], [[Architecture of Bosnia da Herzegovina | gine]] kuma ta [[Sarajevo # Festivals | bukukuwa]], wasu daga wanda su ne mafi girma da kuma mafi shahararren da irin a kudu maso Turai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sff.ba/content.php/en/festival?set_culture=en |title=About the Sarajevo Film Festival |publisher=Sarajevo Film Festival Official Website |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104133828/http://www.sff.ba/content.php/en/festival?set_culture=en |archivedate=4 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insidefilm.com/europe.html |title=Inside Film's Guide to Film Festivals in |publisher=Inside Film |accessdate=2016-02-12}}</ref> [[File:Puente Arslanagić, Trebinje, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 25.jpg|thumb|Bosnia da Herzegovina, Trebinje]] A ƙasar ne gida uku main kabilun ko, a hukumance, [[kabilun a Bosnia da Herzegovina | bijiro da batun kafa al'ummai]], kamar yadda a kayyade a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin kasar. [[Bosniaks]] su ne mafi girma kungiyar na uku, tare da [[Serbs]] na biyu da kuma [[Croats]] na uku. A 'yan qasar na Bosnia da Herzegovina, ko da kabilanci, da aka gano a cikin harshen Turanci a matsayin [[Bosnians | Bosnian]]. The sharuddan [[Herzegovinia| Herzegovinian]] da kuma Bosnian an kiyaye matsayin yankin maimakon ƙabilanci fifiko, da kuma yankin na Herzegovina ya ba daidai tsare iyakoki da kansa. Haka kuma, ƙasar da aka kawai ake kira "Bosnia" har da Austro-Hungarian zama a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/03/vinko.shtml |title=The Language Situation in Post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina |publisher=Toronto Slavic Quarterly |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703180910/http://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/03/vinko.shtml |archivedate=3 July 2012}}</ref> 5,000 ==Tarihi== Manyan Labarai: Tarihin Bosnia da Herzegovina da Tarihin Farkon Bosnia da Herzegovina Kayan bauta na zamanin ƙarfe daga Banjani, kusa da Sokolac Tarihi na farko Bosnia ta kasance tana zaune tun aƙalla zamanin Paleolithic. Abin lura shi ne, Kogon Badanj kusa da Stolac yana ɗauke da ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin zane-zanen kogo da aka sani, wanda ke nuna wani mutum dabba da ake kyautata zaton doki ne, tun daga kimanin 13,000 zuwa 12,000 BC.<ref>Shpuza 2022, p. 553; Zindel et al. 2018, p. 346; Bejko et al. 2015, p. 4; Hammond & Wilkes 2012, p. 726; Dausse 2015, p. 28</ref> <ref> Palaeolithic site of Badanj". hwr.ba. Retrieved 5 April 2025.</ref> lokacin Neolithic, manyan al'adu kamar Butmir da Kakanj<ref>Cave art at Badanj". www.centarzakrs.ba. Retrieved 5 April 2025</ref> sun fito a gefen Kogin Bosna. Al'adar Butmir, wacce ta bunƙasa a kusa da 5100 zuwa 4500 BC, ta shahara saboda tukwane na musamman da siffofi na ɗan adam. Hakowa kusa da Sarajevo sun gano tukwane masu ban sha'awa da siffofi na ɗan adam na gaske daga wannan al'ada.<ref> ]Butmir near Sarajevo". Zemaljski muzej Bosne i Hercegovine. Archived from the original on 23 April 2025. Retrieved 5 April 2025</ref> Daga ƙarni na 8 BC, ƙabilun Illyrian sun rikide zuwa masarautu. Masarautun da daular Illyria mafi shahara sune na Bardylis na Dardani da na Agron na Ardiaei waɗanda suka ƙirƙiri masarautar Illyrian ta ƙarshe kuma mafi shahara. Agron ya yi mulkin Ardiaei kuma ya faɗaɗa mulkinsa ga sauran kabilu. Tun daga ƙarni na 7 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, an maye gurbin tagulla da ƙarfe, bayan haka kayan ado da kayan fasaha kawai aka yi su da tagulla.<ref>Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</re> Kabilun Illyrian, ƙarƙashin tasirin al'adun Hallstatt a arewa, sun kafa cibiyoyin yanki waɗanda suka ɗan bambanta. Sassan Tsakiyar Bosnia suna zaune ne da ƙabilar Daesitiates.<ref>Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</ref> Al'adar Karfe ta Glasinac-Mati tana da alaƙa da ƙabilar Autariatae.<ref> Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</ref> Muhimmin rawa a rayuwarsu ita ce bautar matattu, wanda ake gani a cikin jana'izarsu da bukukuwan binne su da kyau, da kuma wadatar wuraren binne su.<ref>Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</ref> A ƙarni na 4 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, an rubuta farkon mamaye Celts. Sun kawo dabarar ƙafafun tukwane, sabbin nau'ikan fibulas (ƙananan maƙulli masu kama da fil na aminci) da bel ɗin tagulla da na ƙarfe daban-daban. Sun ratsa ta hanyar zuwa Girka. [ana buƙatar ambato] <ref>Tomašević, Nebojša (1983). Treasures of Yugoslavia: An Encyclopedic Touring Guide. Yugoslaviapublic. pp. 306–307.</ref> Mogorjelo, wani tsohon Villa Rustica na yankin Romawa daga ƙarni na 4, kusa da Čapljina A cikin Neretva Delta a kudu, akwai muhimman tasirin Hellenistic na ƙabilar Illyrian Daors.<ref> Babban birninsu shine Daorson a Ošanići kusa da Stolac.<ref>Aličić, Ahmed S. (1981). Herzegovina. NIRO "Privredni vjesnik". p. 194.</ref>Daorson, a ƙarni na 4 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, an kewaye shi da ganuwar dutse mai tsayi mita 5 (babba kamar na Mycenae a Girka), waɗanda aka yi da manyan tubalan dutse na trapezoid. Daors sun yi tsabar kuɗi da sassaka na tagulla na musamman. Rikici tsakanin Illyrians da Romawa ya fara ne a shekara ta 229 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), amma Roma ba ta kammala haɗa yankin ba har sai bayan shekara ta 9 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). A zamanin yau ne a Bosnia da Herzegovina ne Roma ta yi ɗaya daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe mafi wahala a tarihinta tun bayan Yaƙin Punic, kamar yadda masanin tarihi na Romawa Suetonius ya bayyana.[34] Wannan shine yaƙin Romawa da Illyricum, wanda aka sani da Bellum Batonianum.<ref> Miller, Norma. Tacitus: Annals I, 2002, ISBN 1-85399-358-1. It had originally been joined to Illyricum, but after the great Illyrian/Pannonian revolt of AD 6 it was made a separate province with its own governor<ref> rikicin ya taso ne bayan yunƙurin ɗaukar Illyrians, kuma an yi tawaye na tsawon shekaru huɗu (6-9 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa), bayan haka aka ci su da yaƙi.[<ref>Stipčević, Aleksandar (1977). The Illyrians: History and Culture. Noyes Press. ISBN 9780815550525.</ref> page needed] A zamanin Romawa, mazaunan Latin daga dukkan Daular Romawa sun zauna a tsakanin Illyrians, kuma an ƙarfafa sojojin Romawa su yi ritaya a yankin.<ref>Malcolm 2002</ref> Bayan rabuwar Daular tsakanin shekara ta 337 da 395 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), Dalmatia da Pannonia sun zama sassan Daular Roma ta Yamma. Ostrogoths sun mamaye yankin a shekara ta 455 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). Daga baya ya canza hannu tsakanin Alans da Huns. A ƙarni na 6, Sarki Justinian na ɗaya ya sake kwace yankin ga Daular Byzantine. Slavs sun mamaye Balkans a ƙarni na 6 da 7. Slavs na Kudu sun karɓi halayen al'adun Illyrian, kamar yadda aka nuna a wasu al'adu da al'adu, da sunayen wurare.<ref>Illyrian Bosnia and Herzegovina-an overview of a cultural legacy</ref> Illyrian Bosnia and Herzegovina-an overview of a cultural legacy Tsakiya Babban labarin: Bosnia da Herzegovina a Zamanin Tsakiya Katin Hval, wanda aka zana rubutun Slavic daga Bosnia ta Tsakiya Dutsen Ledger ga Sarauniya Catherine ta Bosnia, sarauniya ta ƙarshe ta Gidan Kosača. Tsarin Slavs na Farko sun kai hari kan Yammacin Balkans, ciki har da Bosnia, a ƙarni na 6 da farkon 7 (a tsakiyar Lokacin Hijira), kuma sun ƙunshi ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu da aka ɗauko daga ƙungiyar Slavic guda ɗaya da Byzantines suka sani a matsayin Sclaveni (yayin da Antes masu alaƙa, a zahiri, suka mamaye yankunan gabashin Balkans).<ref>Hupchick, Dennis P. The Balkans from Constantinople to Communism, pp. 28–30. Palgrave Macmillan (2004</ref> An bayyana ƙabilun da aka rubuta ta hanyar ƙabilun "Serb" da "Croat" a matsayin ƙaura ta biyu, daga baya, ta mutane daban-daban a lokacin kwata na biyu na ƙarni na 7 waɗanda ba za su iya zama da yawa ba;<ref> Hupchick, Dennis P. The Balkans from Constantinople to Communism, pp. 28–30. Palgrave Macmillan (2004</ref> <ref>Fine 1991, p. 53, 56</ref> waɗannan ƙabilun "Serb" da "Croat" na farko, waɗanda ainihin asalinsu ke ƙarƙashin muhawara ta ilimi,[sun mamaye Slavs a yankunan da ke makwabtaka da su. A cewar Noel Malcolm, ƙabilun Croat "sun zauna a wani yanki da ya yi daidai da Croatia ta zamani, kuma wataƙila sun haɗa da yawancin Bosnia, ban da gabashin kwarin Drina" yayin da ƙabilun Serbs suka zauna a wani yanki "wanda ya yi daidai da Serbia ta kudu maso yammacin zamani (wanda daga baya aka sani da Raška), kuma a hankali ==manazarta== ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Zenica_cityscape.jpg|Zenica File:Panorama_Mostara.jpg|Panorama Mostara File:Sana_river.jpg|Kogin Sana File:Visegrad_Drina_Bridge_1.jpg|Gadar Visegrad Drina </gallery> ==Nassoshi== <references/> ==Weblinks== [[Category: Bosnia da Herzegovina]] [[Category:Turai]] d0wmp3cudfjhj7lw2utl25i8llm0y5f 906397 906396 2026-08-23T04:41:31Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906397 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Puente Arslanagić, Trebinje, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 28.jpg|thumb|bosnia y herzegovina, trebinje]] [[Fayil:Iglesia Nova Gracanica, Trebinje, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 04.jpg|thumb|bosnia herzegovina]] '''Bosnia da Herzegovina''' (bs. hr. Bosna i Hercegovina, sr. Босна и Херцеговина), wani lokacin ake kira '''Bosnia-Herzegovina''' ('''BiH''', B&H), da kuma, a takaice, sau da yawa da aka sani informally matsayin '''Bosnia''', an a ƙasar a kudu maso [[Turai]] located a kan da [[Balkan|Balkan Larabawa]]. [[Sarajevo]] ne babban birnin kasar da kuma mafi girma a birnin. Kẽwayesu da [[Kroatiya]] zuwa arewa, yamma, da kudu. [[Serbiya]] to gabas. [[Montenegro]] zuwa kudu maso gabashin. da [[Adriatic Sea]] zuwa kudu, tare da bakinta game da 20 km dogon kewaye birnin da [[Neum]]. A cikin tsakiyar da kuma gabashin ciki na kasar labarin ƙasa ne mountainous, a arewa maso yamma shi ne moderately m, da kuma arewa maso gabashin ne yawanci flatland. The m ne a geographically ya fi girma yankin, kuma yana da wata matsakaici [[nahiyar sauyin yanayi]], tare da zafi lokacin bazaar, kuma sanyi da ake yin dusar ƙanƙara winters. A kudancin tip na ƙasar yana da wani [[Rum]] sauyin yanay kuma a fili topography. Bosnia da Herzegovina ne a yankin da cewa ya bi sawun m adam mazauna baya ga Bosna [Neolithic]] shekaru, a lokacin da kuma bayan abin da aka lugar da dama [[Illyria]] n da [[Celt]] wayewar. Al'adar, siyasa, da kuma harkar more rayuwa, kasar na da arziki tarihi, da ciwon aka farko zaunar da [[Slavic al'ummai]] cewa populate yankin a yau daga cikin 6th ta hanyar zuwa 9th ƙarni. A 12th karni [[Banate na Bosnia]] aka kafa, wanda ya samo asali a cikin [[Mulkin Bosnia]] a cikin 14th ƙarni, bayan abin da aka annexed a cikin [[Ottoman Empire]], a karkashin wanda mulkin shi zai kasance daga tsakiyar 15th ga marigayi 19th ƙarni [[File:Gornji Orahovac, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 10-13 PAN.jpg|thumb|Bosnia da Herzegovina]] [[Ottoman]] ya kawo [[Islam]] zuwa yankin, da kuma canza yawa na al'adu da kuma zamantakewa na gaba na ƙasar. Wannan kuma ya biyo ta annexation cikin Austro-Hungarian daular mulkinsu, wanda dade har sai yakin duniya na. A interwar lokaci, Bosnia na daga cikin Mulkin asar [[Yugoslavia]] da kuma bayan [[yakin duniya na II]], ƙasar da aka sanya cikakken jamhuriyar matsayi a cikin sabuwar kafa [[Socialist tarayyar {asar Yugoslavia]]. Bayan da aka rushe asar Yugoslavia, kasar breakup na asar Yugoslavia (Independence na Jamhuriyar Macedonia da kuma Bosnia da Herzegovina) a shekarar 1992, wanda aka bishi da [[Bosnian basasa]], zaunanniya har [[Dayton Yarjejeniyar]], shekarar 1995. Yau, ƙasar na kula da high [[Jerin kasashen da Human Development Index | rubuce-rubuce, rayuwa da kuma ilimi]] matakan da ke daya daga cikin [[Yawon shakatawa a Bosnia da Herzegovina | mafi akai-akai ziyarci kasashen dake yankin]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/bosnia-and-hercegovina |title=Lonely Planet's Bosnia and Herzegovina Tourism Profile |publisher=Lonely Planet |accessdate=2016-02-12}}</ref> projected to have the third highest tourism growth rate in the world between 1995 and 2020.<ref name="Newfound">[http://features.us.reuters.com/destinations/news/L20239376.html Bosnia's newfound tourism];webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224155630/http://features.us.reuters.com/destinations/news/L20239376.html |date=24 December 2007 }}, Reuters.</ref> Bosnia da Herzegovina ne yanki da kuma duniya mashahuri domin ta na halitta kyakkyawa da kuma [[Al'ada|al'adun]] gada daga shida tarihi wayewar, ta [[Abinci]], [[Yawo wasanni | hunturu wasanni]], ta eclectic da kuma musamman [[music na Bosnia da Herzegovina | music]], [[Architecture of Bosnia da Herzegovina | gine]] kuma ta [[Sarajevo # Festivals | bukukuwa]], wasu daga wanda su ne mafi girma da kuma mafi shahararren da irin a kudu maso Turai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sff.ba/content.php/en/festival?set_culture=en |title=About the Sarajevo Film Festival |publisher=Sarajevo Film Festival Official Website |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104133828/http://www.sff.ba/content.php/en/festival?set_culture=en |archivedate=4 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insidefilm.com/europe.html |title=Inside Film's Guide to Film Festivals in |publisher=Inside Film |accessdate=2016-02-12}}</ref> [[File:Puente Arslanagić, Trebinje, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 25.jpg|thumb|Bosnia da Herzegovina, Trebinje]] A ƙasar ne gida uku main kabilun ko, a hukumance, [[kabilun a Bosnia da Herzegovina | bijiro da batun kafa al'ummai]], kamar yadda a kayyade a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin kasar. [[Bosniaks]] su ne mafi girma kungiyar na uku, tare da [[Serbs]] na biyu da kuma [[Croats]] na uku. A 'yan qasar na Bosnia da Herzegovina, ko da kabilanci, da aka gano a cikin harshen Turanci a matsayin [[Bosnians | Bosnian]]. The sharuddan [[Herzegovinia| Herzegovinian]] da kuma Bosnian an kiyaye matsayin yankin maimakon ƙabilanci fifiko, da kuma yankin na Herzegovina ya ba dai-dai tsare iyakoki da kansa. Haka kuma, ƙasar da aka kawai ake kira "Bosnia" har da Austro-Hungarian zama a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/03/vinko.shtml |title=The Language Situation in Post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina |publisher=Toronto Slavic Quarterly |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703180910/http://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/03/vinko.shtml |archivedate=3 July 2012}}</ref> 5,000 ==Tarihi== Manyan Labarai: Tarihin Bosnia da Herzegovina da Tarihin Farkon Bosnia da Herzegovina Kayan bauta na zamanin ƙarfe daga Banjani, kusa da Sokolac Tarihi na farko Bosnia ta kasance tana zaune tun aƙalla zamanin Paleolithic. Abin lura shi ne, Kogon Badanj kusa da Stolac yana ɗauke da ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin zane-zanen kogo da aka sani, wanda ke nuna wani mutum dabba da ake kyautata zaton doki ne, tun daga kimanin 13,000 zuwa 12,000 BC.<ref>Shpuza 2022, p. 553; Zindel et al. 2018, p. 346; Bejko et al. 2015, p. 4; Hammond & Wilkes 2012, p. 726; Dausse 2015, p. 28</ref> <ref> Palaeolithic site of Badanj". hwr.ba. Retrieved 5 April 2025.</ref> lokacin Neolithic, manyan al'adu kamar Butmir da Kakanj<ref>Cave art at Badanj". www.centarzakrs.ba. Retrieved 5 April 2025</ref> sun fito a gefen Kogin Bosna. Al'adar Butmir, wacce ta bunƙasa a kusa da 5100 zuwa 4500 BC, ta shahara saboda tukwane na musamman da siffofi na ɗan adam. Hakowa kusa da Sarajevo sun gano tukwane masu ban sha'awa da siffofi na ɗan adam na gaske daga wannan al'ada.<ref> ]Butmir near Sarajevo". Zemaljski muzej Bosne i Hercegovine. Archived from the original on 23 April 2025. Retrieved 5 April 2025</ref> Daga ƙarni na 8 BC, ƙabilun Illyrian sun rikide zuwa masarautu. Masarautun da daular Illyria mafi shahara sune na Bardylis na Dardani da na Agron na Ardiaei waɗanda suka ƙirƙiri masarautar Illyrian ta ƙarshe kuma mafi shahara. Agron ya yi mulkin Ardiaei kuma ya faɗaɗa mulkinsa ga sauran kabilu. Tun daga ƙarni na 7 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, an maye gurbin tagulla da ƙarfe, bayan haka kayan ado da kayan fasaha kawai aka yi su da tagulla.<ref>Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</re> Kabilun Illyrian, ƙarƙashin tasirin al'adun Hallstatt a arewa, sun kafa cibiyoyin yanki waɗanda suka ɗan bambanta. Sassan Tsakiyar Bosnia suna zaune ne da ƙabilar Daesitiates.<ref>Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</ref> Al'adar Karfe ta Glasinac-Mati tana da alaƙa da ƙabilar Autariatae.<ref> Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</ref> Muhimmin rawa a rayuwarsu ita ce bautar matattu, wanda ake gani a cikin jana'izarsu da bukukuwan binne su da kyau, da kuma wadatar wuraren binne su.<ref>Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</ref> A ƙarni na 4 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, an rubuta farkon mamaye Celts. Sun kawo dabarar ƙafafun tukwane, sabbin nau'ikan fibulas (ƙananan maƙulli masu kama da fil na aminci) da bel ɗin tagulla da na ƙarfe daban-daban. Sun ratsa ta hanyar zuwa Girka. [ana buƙatar ambato] <ref>Tomašević, Nebojša (1983). Treasures of Yugoslavia: An Encyclopedic Touring Guide. Yugoslaviapublic. pp. 306–307.</ref> Mogorjelo, wani tsohon Villa Rustica na yankin Romawa daga ƙarni na 4, kusa da Čapljina A cikin Neretva Delta a kudu, akwai muhimman tasirin Hellenistic na ƙabilar Illyrian Daors.<ref> Babban birninsu shine Daorson a Ošanići kusa da Stolac.<ref>Aličić, Ahmed S. (1981). Herzegovina. NIRO "Privredni vjesnik". p. 194.</ref>Daorson, a ƙarni na 4 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, an kewaye shi da ganuwar dutse mai tsayi mita 5 (babba kamar na Mycenae a Girka), waɗanda aka yi da manyan tubalan dutse na trapezoid. Daors sun yi tsabar kuɗi da sassaka na tagulla na musamman. Rikici tsakanin Illyrians da Romawa ya fara ne a shekara ta 229 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), amma Roma ba ta kammala haɗa yankin ba har sai bayan shekara ta 9 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). A zamanin yau ne a Bosnia da Herzegovina ne Roma ta yi ɗaya daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe mafi wahala a tarihinta tun bayan Yaƙin Punic, kamar yadda masanin tarihi na Romawa Suetonius ya bayyana.[34] Wannan shine yaƙin Romawa da Illyricum, wanda aka sani da Bellum Batonianum.<ref> Miller, Norma. Tacitus: Annals I, 2002, ISBN 1-85399-358-1. It had originally been joined to Illyricum, but after the great Illyrian/Pannonian revolt of AD 6 it was made a separate province with its own governor<ref> rikicin ya taso ne bayan yunƙurin ɗaukar Illyrians, kuma an yi tawaye na tsawon shekaru huɗu (6-9 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa), bayan haka aka ci su da yaƙi.[<ref>Stipčević, Aleksandar (1977). The Illyrians: History and Culture. Noyes Press. ISBN 9780815550525.</ref> page needed] A zamanin Romawa, mazaunan Latin daga dukkan Daular Romawa sun zauna a tsakanin Illyrians, kuma an ƙarfafa sojojin Romawa su yi ritaya a yankin.<ref>Malcolm 2002</ref> Bayan rabuwar Daular tsakanin shekara ta 337 da 395 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), Dalmatia da Pannonia sun zama sassan Daular Roma ta Yamma. Ostrogoths sun mamaye yankin a shekara ta 455 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). Daga baya ya canza hannu tsakanin Alans da Huns. A ƙarni na 6, Sarki Justinian na ɗaya ya sake kwace yankin ga Daular Byzantine. Slavs sun mamaye Balkans a ƙarni na 6 da 7. Slavs na Kudu sun karɓi halayen al'adun Illyrian, kamar yadda aka nuna a wasu al'adu da al'adu, da sunayen wurare.<ref>Illyrian Bosnia and Herzegovina-an overview of a cultural legacy</ref> Illyrian Bosnia and Herzegovina-an overview of a cultural legacy Tsakiya Babban labarin: Bosnia da Herzegovina a Zamanin Tsakiya Katin Hval, wanda aka zana rubutun Slavic daga Bosnia ta Tsakiya Dutsen Ledger ga Sarauniya Catherine ta Bosnia, sarauniya ta ƙarshe ta Gidan Kosača. Tsarin Slavs na Farko sun kai hari kan Yammacin Balkans, ciki har da Bosnia, a ƙarni na 6 da farkon 7 (a tsakiyar Lokacin Hijira), kuma sun ƙunshi ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu da aka ɗauko daga ƙungiyar Slavic guda ɗaya da Byzantines suka sani a matsayin Sclaveni (yayin da Antes masu alaƙa, a zahiri, suka mamaye yankunan gabashin Balkans).<ref>Hupchick, Dennis P. The Balkans from Constantinople to Communism, pp. 28–30. Palgrave Macmillan (2004</ref> An bayyana ƙabilun da aka rubuta ta hanyar ƙabilun "Serb" da "Croat" a matsayin ƙaura ta biyu, daga baya, ta mutane daban-daban a lokacin kwata na biyu na ƙarni na 7 waɗanda ba za su iya zama da yawa ba;<ref> Hupchick, Dennis P. The Balkans from Constantinople to Communism, pp. 28–30. Palgrave Macmillan (2004</ref> <ref>Fine 1991, p. 53, 56</ref> waɗannan ƙabilun "Serb" da "Croat" na farko, waɗanda ainihin asalinsu ke ƙarƙashin muhawara ta ilimi,[sun mamaye Slavs a yankunan da ke makwabtaka da su. A cewar Noel Malcolm, ƙabilun Croat "sun zauna a wani yanki da ya yi daidai da Croatia ta zamani, kuma wataƙila sun haɗa da yawancin Bosnia, ban da gabashin kwarin Drina" yayin da ƙabilun Serbs suka zauna a wani yanki "wanda ya yi daidai da Serbia ta kudu maso yammacin zamani (wanda daga baya aka sani da Raška), kuma a hankali ==manazarta== ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Zenica_cityscape.jpg|Zenica File:Panorama_Mostara.jpg|Panorama Mostara File:Sana_river.jpg|Kogin Sana File:Visegrad_Drina_Bridge_1.jpg|Gadar Visegrad Drina </gallery> ==Nassoshi== <references/> ==Weblinks== [[Category: Bosnia da Herzegovina]] [[Category:Turai]] p2zooqtp1mpyp8vnzcprahyswx25jxc 906398 906397 2026-08-23T04:42:14Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Puente Arslanagić, Trebinje, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 28.jpg|thumb|bosnia y herzegovina, trebinje]] [[Fayil:Iglesia Nova Gracanica, Trebinje, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 04.jpg|thumb|bosnia herzegovina]] '''Bosnia da Herzegovina''' (bs. hr. Bosna i Hercegovina, sr. Босна и Херцеговина), wani lokacin ake kira '''Bosnia-Herzegovina''' ('''BiH''', B&H), da kuma, a takaice, sau da yawa da aka sani informally matsayin '''Bosnia''', an a ƙasar a kudu maso [[Turai]] located a kan da [[Balkan|Balkan Larabawa]]. [[Sarajevo]] ne babban birnin kasar da kuma mafi girma a birnin. Kẽwayesu da [[Kroatiya]] zuwa arewa, yamma, da kudu. [[Serbiya]] to gabas. [[Montenegro]] zuwa kudu maso gabashin. da [[Adriatic Sea]] zuwa kudu, tare da bakinta game da 20 km dogon kewaye birnin da [[Neum]]. A cikin tsakiyar da kuma gabashin ciki na kasar labarin ƙasa ne mountainous, a arewa maso yamma shi ne moderately m, da kuma arewa maso gabashin ne yawanci flatland. The m ne a geographically ya fi girma yankin, kuma yana da wata matsakaici [[nahiyar sauyin yanayi]], tare da zafi lokacin bazaar, kuma sanyi da ake yin dusar ƙanƙara winters. A kudancin tip na ƙasar yana da wani [[Rum]] sauyin yanay kuma a fili topography. Bosnia da Herzegovina ne a yankin da cewa ya bi sawun m adam mazauna baya ga Bosna [Neolithic]] shekaru, a lokacin da kuma bayan abin da aka lugar da dama [[Illyria]] n da [[Celt]] wayewar. Al'adar, siyasa, da kuma harkar more rayuwa, kasar na da arziki tarihi, da ciwon aka farko zaunar da [[Slavic al'ummai]] cewa populate yankin a yau daga cikin 6th ta hanyar zuwa 9th ƙarni. A 12th karni [[Banate na Bosnia]] aka kafa, wanda ya samo asali a cikin [[Mulkin Bosnia]] a cikin 14th ƙarni, bayan abin da aka annexed a cikin [[Ottoman Empire]], a karkashin wanda mulkin shi zai kasance daga tsakiyar 15th ga marigayi 19th ƙarni [[File:Gornji Orahovac, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 10-13 PAN.jpg|thumb|Bosnia da Herzegovina]] [[Ottoman]] ya kawo [[Islam]] zuwa yankin, da kuma canza yawa na al'adu da kuma zamantakewa na gaba na ƙasar. Wannan kuma ya biyo ta annexation cikin Austro-Hungarian daular mulkinsu, wanda dade har sai yakin duniya na. A interwar lokaci, Bosnia na daga cikin Mulkin asar [[Yugoslavia]] da kuma bayan [[yakin duniya na II]], ƙasar da aka sanya cikakken jamhuriyar matsayi a cikin sabuwar kafa [[Socialist tarayyar {asar Yugoslavia]]. Bayan da aka rushe asar Yugoslavia, kasar breakup na asar Yugoslavia (Independence na Jamhuriyar Macedonia da kuma Bosnia da Herzegovina) a shekarar 1992, wanda aka bishi da [[Bosnian basasa]], zaunanniya har [[Dayton Yarjejeniyar]], shekarar 1995. Yau, ƙasar na kula da high [[Jerin kasashen da Human Development Index | rubuce-rubuce, rayuwa da kuma ilimi]] matakan da ke daya daga cikin [[Yawon shakatawa a Bosnia da Herzegovina | mafi akai-akai ziyarci kasashen dake yankin]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/bosnia-and-hercegovina |title=Lonely Planet's Bosnia and Herzegovina Tourism Profile |publisher=Lonely Planet |accessdate=2016-02-12}}</ref> projected to have the third highest tourism growth rate in the world between 1995 and 2020.<ref name="Newfound">[http://features.us.reuters.com/destinations/news/L20239376.html Bosnia's newfound tourism];webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224155630/http://features.us.reuters.com/destinations/news/L20239376.html |date=24 December 2007 }}, Reuters.</ref> Bosnia da Herzegovina ne yanki da kuma duniya mashahuri domin ta na halitta kyakkyawa da kuma [[Al'ada|al'adun]] gada daga shida tarihi wayewar, ta [[Abinci]], [[Yawo wasanni | hunturu wasanni]], ta eclectic da kuma musamman [[music na Bosnia da Herzegovina | music]], [[Architecture of Bosnia da Herzegovina | gine]] kuma ta [[Sarajevo # Festivals | bukukuwa]], wasu daga wanda su ne mafi girma da kuma mafi shahararren da irin a kudu maso Turai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sff.ba/content.php/en/festival?set_culture=en |title=About the Sarajevo Film Festival |publisher=Sarajevo Film Festival Official Website |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104133828/http://www.sff.ba/content.php/en/festival?set_culture=en |archivedate=4 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insidefilm.com/europe.html |title=Inside Film's Guide to Film Festivals in |publisher=Inside Film |accessdate=2016-02-12}}</ref> [[File:Puente Arslanagić, Trebinje, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 25.jpg|thumb|Bosnia da Herzegovina, Trebinje]] A ƙasar ne gida uku main kabilun ko, a hukumance, [[kabilun a Bosnia da Herzegovina | bijiro da batun kafa al'ummai]], kamar yadda a kayyade a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar. [[Bosniaks]] su ne mafi girma kungiyar na uku, tare da [[Serbs]] na biyu da kuma [[Croats]] na uku. A 'yan qasar na Bosnia da Herzegovina, ko da ƙabilanci, da aka gano a cikin harshen Turanci a matsayin [[Bosnians | Bosnian]]. The sharuddan [[Herzegovinia| Herzegovinian]] da kuma Bosnian an kiyaye matsayin yankin maimakon ƙabilanci fifiko, da kuma yankin na Herzegovina ya ba dai-dai tsare iyakoki da kansa. Haka kuma, ƙasar da aka kawai ake kira "Bosnia" har da Austro-Hungarian zama a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/03/vinko.shtml |title=The Language Situation in Post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina |publisher=Toronto Slavic Quarterly |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703180910/http://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/03/vinko.shtml |archivedate=3 July 2012}}</ref> 5,000 ==Tarihi== Manyan Labarai: Tarihin Bosnia da Herzegovina da Tarihin Farkon Bosnia da Herzegovina Kayan bauta na zamanin ƙarfe daga Banjani, kusa da Sokolac Tarihi na farko Bosnia ta kasance tana zaune tun aƙalla zamanin Paleolithic. Abin lura shi ne, Kogon Badanj kusa da Stolac yana ɗauke da ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin zane-zanen kogo da aka sani, wanda ke nuna wani mutum dabba da ake kyautata zaton doki ne, tun daga kimanin 13,000 zuwa 12,000 BC.<ref>Shpuza 2022, p. 553; Zindel et al. 2018, p. 346; Bejko et al. 2015, p. 4; Hammond & Wilkes 2012, p. 726; Dausse 2015, p. 28</ref> <ref> Palaeolithic site of Badanj". hwr.ba. Retrieved 5 April 2025.</ref> lokacin Neolithic, manyan al'adu kamar Butmir da Kakanj<ref>Cave art at Badanj". www.centarzakrs.ba. Retrieved 5 April 2025</ref> sun fito a gefen Kogin Bosna. Al'adar Butmir, wacce ta bunƙasa a kusa da 5100 zuwa 4500 BC, ta shahara saboda tukwane na musamman da siffofi na ɗan adam. Hakowa kusa da Sarajevo sun gano tukwane masu ban sha'awa da siffofi na ɗan adam na gaske daga wannan al'ada.<ref> ]Butmir near Sarajevo". Zemaljski muzej Bosne i Hercegovine. Archived from the original on 23 April 2025. Retrieved 5 April 2025</ref> Daga ƙarni na 8 BC, ƙabilun Illyrian sun rikide zuwa masarautu. Masarautun da daular Illyria mafi shahara sune na Bardylis na Dardani da na Agron na Ardiaei waɗanda suka ƙirƙiri masarautar Illyrian ta ƙarshe kuma mafi shahara. Agron ya yi mulkin Ardiaei kuma ya faɗaɗa mulkinsa ga sauran kabilu. Tun daga ƙarni na 7 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, an maye gurbin tagulla da ƙarfe, bayan haka kayan ado da kayan fasaha kawai aka yi su da tagulla.<ref>Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</re> Kabilun Illyrian, ƙarƙashin tasirin al'adun Hallstatt a arewa, sun kafa cibiyoyin yanki waɗanda suka ɗan bambanta. Sassan Tsakiyar Bosnia suna zaune ne da ƙabilar Daesitiates.<ref>Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</ref> Al'adar Karfe ta Glasinac-Mati tana da alaƙa da ƙabilar Autariatae.<ref> Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</ref> Muhimmin rawa a rayuwarsu ita ce bautar matattu, wanda ake gani a cikin jana'izarsu da bukukuwan binne su da kyau, da kuma wadatar wuraren binne su.<ref>Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</ref> A ƙarni na 4 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, an rubuta farkon mamaye Celts. Sun kawo dabarar ƙafafun tukwane, sabbin nau'ikan fibulas (ƙananan maƙulli masu kama da fil na aminci) da bel ɗin tagulla da na ƙarfe daban-daban. Sun ratsa ta hanyar zuwa Girka. [ana buƙatar ambato] <ref>Tomašević, Nebojša (1983). Treasures of Yugoslavia: An Encyclopedic Touring Guide. Yugoslaviapublic. pp. 306–307.</ref> Mogorjelo, wani tsohon Villa Rustica na yankin Romawa daga ƙarni na 4, kusa da Čapljina A cikin Neretva Delta a kudu, akwai muhimman tasirin Hellenistic na ƙabilar Illyrian Daors.<ref> Babban birninsu shine Daorson a Ošanići kusa da Stolac.<ref>Aličić, Ahmed S. (1981). Herzegovina. NIRO "Privredni vjesnik". p. 194.</ref>Daorson, a ƙarni na 4 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, an kewaye shi da ganuwar dutse mai tsayi mita 5 (babba kamar na Mycenae a Girka), waɗanda aka yi da manyan tubalan dutse na trapezoid. Daors sun yi tsabar kuɗi da sassaka na tagulla na musamman. Rikici tsakanin Illyrians da Romawa ya fara ne a shekara ta 229 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), amma Roma ba ta kammala haɗa yankin ba har sai bayan shekara ta 9 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). A zamanin yau ne a Bosnia da Herzegovina ne Roma ta yi ɗaya daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe mafi wahala a tarihinta tun bayan Yaƙin Punic, kamar yadda masanin tarihi na Romawa Suetonius ya bayyana.[34] Wannan shine yaƙin Romawa da Illyricum, wanda aka sani da Bellum Batonianum.<ref> Miller, Norma. Tacitus: Annals I, 2002, ISBN 1-85399-358-1. It had originally been joined to Illyricum, but after the great Illyrian/Pannonian revolt of AD 6 it was made a separate province with its own governor<ref> rikicin ya taso ne bayan yunƙurin ɗaukar Illyrians, kuma an yi tawaye na tsawon shekaru huɗu (6-9 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa), bayan haka aka ci su da yaƙi.[<ref>Stipčević, Aleksandar (1977). The Illyrians: History and Culture. Noyes Press. ISBN 9780815550525.</ref> page needed] A zamanin Romawa, mazaunan Latin daga dukkan Daular Romawa sun zauna a tsakanin Illyrians, kuma an ƙarfafa sojojin Romawa su yi ritaya a yankin.<ref>Malcolm 2002</ref> Bayan rabuwar Daular tsakanin shekara ta 337 da 395 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), Dalmatia da Pannonia sun zama sassan Daular Roma ta Yamma. Ostrogoths sun mamaye yankin a shekara ta 455 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). Daga baya ya canza hannu tsakanin Alans da Huns. A ƙarni na 6, Sarki Justinian na ɗaya ya sake kwace yankin ga Daular Byzantine. Slavs sun mamaye Balkans a ƙarni na 6 da 7. Slavs na Kudu sun karɓi halayen al'adun Illyrian, kamar yadda aka nuna a wasu al'adu da al'adu, da sunayen wurare.<ref>Illyrian Bosnia and Herzegovina-an overview of a cultural legacy</ref> Illyrian Bosnia and Herzegovina-an overview of a cultural legacy Tsakiya Babban labarin: Bosnia da Herzegovina a Zamanin Tsakiya Katin Hval, wanda aka zana rubutun Slavic daga Bosnia ta Tsakiya Dutsen Ledger ga Sarauniya Catherine ta Bosnia, sarauniya ta ƙarshe ta Gidan Kosača. Tsarin Slavs na Farko sun kai hari kan Yammacin Balkans, ciki har da Bosnia, a ƙarni na 6 da farkon 7 (a tsakiyar Lokacin Hijira), kuma sun ƙunshi ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu da aka ɗauko daga ƙungiyar Slavic guda ɗaya da Byzantines suka sani a matsayin Sclaveni (yayin da Antes masu alaƙa, a zahiri, suka mamaye yankunan gabashin Balkans).<ref>Hupchick, Dennis P. The Balkans from Constantinople to Communism, pp. 28–30. Palgrave Macmillan (2004</ref> An bayyana ƙabilun da aka rubuta ta hanyar ƙabilun "Serb" da "Croat" a matsayin ƙaura ta biyu, daga baya, ta mutane daban-daban a lokacin kwata na biyu na ƙarni na 7 waɗanda ba za su iya zama da yawa ba;<ref> Hupchick, Dennis P. The Balkans from Constantinople to Communism, pp. 28–30. Palgrave Macmillan (2004</ref> <ref>Fine 1991, p. 53, 56</ref> waɗannan ƙabilun "Serb" da "Croat" na farko, waɗanda ainihin asalinsu ke ƙarƙashin muhawara ta ilimi,[sun mamaye Slavs a yankunan da ke makwabtaka da su. A cewar Noel Malcolm, ƙabilun Croat "sun zauna a wani yanki da ya yi daidai da Croatia ta zamani, kuma wataƙila sun haɗa da yawancin Bosnia, ban da gabashin kwarin Drina" yayin da ƙabilun Serbs suka zauna a wani yanki "wanda ya yi daidai da Serbia ta kudu maso yammacin zamani (wanda daga baya aka sani da Raška), kuma a hankali ==manazarta== ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Zenica_cityscape.jpg|Zenica File:Panorama_Mostara.jpg|Panorama Mostara File:Sana_river.jpg|Kogin Sana File:Visegrad_Drina_Bridge_1.jpg|Gadar Visegrad Drina </gallery> ==Nassoshi== <references/> ==Weblinks== [[Category: Bosnia da Herzegovina]] [[Category:Turai]] aexa7cwh10gtxej1bq4jscdffada1gv 906399 906398 2026-08-23T04:42:35Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Puente Arslanagić, Trebinje, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 28.jpg|thumb|bosnia y herzegovina, trebinje]] [[Fayil:Iglesia Nova Gracanica, Trebinje, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 04.jpg|thumb|bosnia herzegovina]] '''Bosnia da Herzegovina''' (bs. hr. Bosna i Hercegovina, sr. Босна и Херцеговина), wani lokacin ake kira '''Bosnia-Herzegovina''' ('''BiH''', B&H), da kuma, a takaice, sau da yawa da aka sani informally matsayin '''Bosnia''', an a ƙasar a kudu maso [[Turai]] located a kan da [[Balkan|Balkan Larabawa]]. [[Sarajevo]] ne babban birnin kasar da kuma mafi girma a birnin. Kẽwayesu da [[Kroatiya]] zuwa arewa, yamma, da kudu. [[Serbiya]] to gabas. [[Montenegro]] zuwa kudu maso gabashin. da [[Adriatic Sea]] zuwa kudu, tare da bakinta game da 20 km dogon kewaye birnin da [[Neum]]. A cikin tsakiyar da kuma gabashin ciki na kasar labarin ƙasa ne mountainous, a arewa maso yamma shi ne moderately m, da kuma arewa maso gabashin ne yawanci flatland. The m ne a geographically ya fi girma yankin, kuma yana da wata matsakaici [[nahiyar sauyin yanayi]], tare da zafi lokacin bazaar, kuma sanyi da ake yin dusar ƙanƙara winters. A kudancin tip na ƙasar yana da wani [[Rum]] sauyin yanay kuma a fili topography. Bosnia da Herzegovina ne a yankin da cewa ya bi sawun m adam mazauna baya ga Bosna [Neolithic]] shekaru, a lokacin da kuma bayan abin da aka lugar da dama [[Illyria]] n da [[Celt]] wayewar. Al'adar, siyasa, da kuma harkar more rayuwa, kasar na da arziki tarihi, da ciwon aka farko zaunar da [[Slavic al'ummai]] cewa populate yankin a yau daga cikin 6th ta hanyar zuwa 9th ƙarni. A 12th karni [[Banate na Bosnia]] aka kafa, wanda ya samo asali a cikin [[Mulkin Bosnia]] a cikin 14th ƙarni, bayan abin da aka annexed a cikin [[Ottoman Empire]], a karkashin wanda mulkin shi zai kasance daga tsakiyar 15th ga marigayi 19th ƙarni [[File:Gornji Orahovac, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 10-13 PAN.jpg|thumb|Bosnia da Herzegovina]] [[Ottoman]] ya kawo [[Islam]] zuwa yankin, da kuma canza yawa na al'adu da kuma zamantakewa na gaba na ƙasar. Wannan kuma ya biyo ta annexation cikin Austro-Hungarian daular mulkinsu, wanda dade har sai yakin duniya na. A interwar lokaci, Bosnia na daga cikin Mulkin asar [[Yugoslavia]] da kuma bayan [[yakin duniya na II]], ƙasar da aka sanya cikakken jamhuriyar matsayi a cikin sabuwar kafa [[Socialist tarayyar {asar Yugoslavia]]. Bayan da aka rushe asar Yugoslavia, kasar breakup na asar Yugoslavia (Independence na Jamhuriyar Macedonia da kuma Bosnia da Herzegovina) a shekarar 1992, wanda aka bishi da [[Bosnian basasa]], zaunanniya har [[Dayton Yarjejeniyar]], shekarar 1995. Yau, ƙasar na kula da high [[Jerin kasashen da Human Development Index | rubuce-rubuce, rayuwa da kuma ilimi]] matakan da ke daya daga cikin [[Yawon shakatawa a Bosnia da Herzegovina | mafi akai-akai ziyarci kasashen dake yankin]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/bosnia-and-hercegovina |title=Lonely Planet's Bosnia and Herzegovina Tourism Profile |publisher=Lonely Planet |accessdate=2016-02-12}}</ref> projected to have the third highest tourism growth rate in the world between 1995 and 2020.<ref name="Newfound">[http://features.us.reuters.com/destinations/news/L20239376.html Bosnia's newfound tourism];webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224155630/http://features.us.reuters.com/destinations/news/L20239376.html |date=24 December 2007 }}, Reuters.</ref> Bosnia da Herzegovina ne yanki da kuma duniya mashahuri domin ta na halitta kyakkyawa da kuma [[Al'ada|al'adun]] gada daga shida tarihi wayewar, ta [[Abinci]], [[Yawo wasanni | hunturu wasanni]], ta eclectic da kuma musamman [[music na Bosnia da Herzegovina | music]], [[Architecture of Bosnia da Herzegovina | gine]] kuma ta [[Sarajevo # Festivals | bukukuwa]], wasu daga wanda su ne mafi girma da kuma mafi shahararren da irin a kudu maso Turai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sff.ba/content.php/en/festival?set_culture=en |title=About the Sarajevo Film Festival |publisher=Sarajevo Film Festival Official Website |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104133828/http://www.sff.ba/content.php/en/festival?set_culture=en |archivedate=4 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insidefilm.com/europe.html |title=Inside Film's Guide to Film Festivals in |publisher=Inside Film |accessdate=2016-02-12}}</ref> [[File:Puente Arslanagić, Trebinje, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 25.jpg|thumb|Bosnia da Herzegovina, Trebinje]] A ƙasar ne gida uku main kabilun ko, a hukumance, [[kabilun a Bosnia da Herzegovina | bijiro da batun kafa al'ummai]], kamar yadda a kayyade a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar. [[Bosniaks]] su ne mafi girma kungiyar na uku, tare da [[Serbs]] na biyu da kuma [[Croats]] na uku. A 'yan qasar na Bosnia da Herzegovina, ko da ƙabilanci, da aka gano a cikin harshen Turanci a matsayin [[Bosnians | Bosnian]]. The sharuddan [[Herzegovinia| Herzegovinian]] da kuma Bosnian an kiyaye matsayin yankin maimakon ƙabilanci fifiko, da kuma yankin na Herzegovina ya ba dai-dai tsare iyakoki da kansa. Haka kuma, ƙasar da aka kawai ake kira "Bosnia" har da Austro-Hungarian zama a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/03/vinko.shtml |title=The Language Situation in Post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina |publisher=Toronto Slavic Quarterly |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703180910/http://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/03/vinko.shtml |archivedate=3 July 2012}}</ref> 5,000 ==Tarihi== Manyan Labarai: Tarihin Bosnia da Herzegovina da Tarihin Farkon Bosnia da Herzegovina Kayan bauta na zamanin ƙarfe daga Banjani, kusa da Sokolac Tarihi na farko Bosnia ta kuma kasance tana zaune tun aƙalla zamanin Paleolithic. Abin lura shi ne, Kogon Badanj kusa da Stolac yana ɗauke da ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin zane-zanen kogo da aka sani, wanda ke nuna wani mutum dabba da ake kyautata zaton doki ne, tun daga kimanin 13,000 zuwa 12,000 BC.<ref>Shpuza 2022, p. 553; Zindel et al. 2018, p. 346; Bejko et al. 2015, p. 4; Hammond & Wilkes 2012, p. 726; Dausse 2015, p. 28</ref> <ref> Palaeolithic site of Badanj". hwr.ba. Retrieved 5 April 2025.</ref> lokacin Neolithic, manyan al'adu kamar Butmir da Kakanj<ref>Cave art at Badanj". www.centarzakrs.ba. Retrieved 5 April 2025</ref> sun fito a gefen Kogin Bosna. Al'adar Butmir, wacce ta bunƙasa a kusa da 5100 zuwa 4500 BC, ta shahara saboda tukwane na musamman da siffofi na ɗan adam. Hakowa kusa da Sarajevo sun gano tukwane masu ban sha'awa da siffofi na ɗan adam na gaske daga wannan al'ada.<ref> ]Butmir near Sarajevo". Zemaljski muzej Bosne i Hercegovine. Archived from the original on 23 April 2025. Retrieved 5 April 2025</ref> Daga ƙarni na 8 BC, ƙabilun Illyrian sun rikide zuwa masarautu. Masarautun da daular Illyria mafi shahara sune na Bardylis na Dardani da na Agron na Ardiaei waɗanda suka ƙirƙiri masarautar Illyrian ta ƙarshe kuma mafi shahara. Agron ya yi mulkin Ardiaei kuma ya faɗaɗa mulkinsa ga sauran kabilu. Tun daga ƙarni na 7 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, an maye gurbin tagulla da ƙarfe, bayan haka kayan ado da kayan fasaha kawai aka yi su da tagulla.<ref>Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</re> Kabilun Illyrian, ƙarƙashin tasirin al'adun Hallstatt a arewa, sun kafa cibiyoyin yanki waɗanda suka ɗan bambanta. Sassan Tsakiyar Bosnia suna zaune ne da ƙabilar Daesitiates.<ref>Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</ref> Al'adar Karfe ta Glasinac-Mati tana da alaƙa da ƙabilar Autariatae.<ref> Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</ref> Muhimmin rawa a rayuwarsu ita ce bautar matattu, wanda ake gani a cikin jana'izarsu da bukukuwan binne su da kyau, da kuma wadatar wuraren binne su.<ref>Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</ref> A ƙarni na 4 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, an rubuta farkon mamaye Celts. Sun kawo dabarar ƙafafun tukwane, sabbin nau'ikan fibulas (ƙananan maƙulli masu kama da fil na aminci) da bel ɗin tagulla da na ƙarfe daban-daban. Sun ratsa ta hanyar zuwa Girka. [ana buƙatar ambato] <ref>Tomašević, Nebojša (1983). Treasures of Yugoslavia: An Encyclopedic Touring Guide. Yugoslaviapublic. pp. 306–307.</ref> Mogorjelo, wani tsohon Villa Rustica na yankin Romawa daga ƙarni na 4, kusa da Čapljina A cikin Neretva Delta a kudu, akwai muhimman tasirin Hellenistic na ƙabilar Illyrian Daors.<ref> Babban birninsu shine Daorson a Ošanići kusa da Stolac.<ref>Aličić, Ahmed S. (1981). Herzegovina. NIRO "Privredni vjesnik". p. 194.</ref>Daorson, a ƙarni na 4 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, an kewaye shi da ganuwar dutse mai tsayi mita 5 (babba kamar na Mycenae a Girka), waɗanda aka yi da manyan tubalan dutse na trapezoid. Daors sun yi tsabar kuɗi da sassaka na tagulla na musamman. Rikici tsakanin Illyrians da Romawa ya fara ne a shekara ta 229 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), amma Roma ba ta kammala haɗa yankin ba har sai bayan shekara ta 9 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). A zamanin yau ne a Bosnia da Herzegovina ne Roma ta yi ɗaya daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe mafi wahala a tarihinta tun bayan Yaƙin Punic, kamar yadda masanin tarihi na Romawa Suetonius ya bayyana.[34] Wannan shine yaƙin Romawa da Illyricum, wanda aka sani da Bellum Batonianum.<ref> Miller, Norma. Tacitus: Annals I, 2002, ISBN 1-85399-358-1. It had originally been joined to Illyricum, but after the great Illyrian/Pannonian revolt of AD 6 it was made a separate province with its own governor<ref> rikicin ya taso ne bayan yunƙurin ɗaukar Illyrians, kuma an yi tawaye na tsawon shekaru huɗu (6-9 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa), bayan haka aka ci su da yaƙi.[<ref>Stipčević, Aleksandar (1977). The Illyrians: History and Culture. Noyes Press. ISBN 9780815550525.</ref> page needed] A zamanin Romawa, mazaunan Latin daga dukkan Daular Romawa sun zauna a tsakanin Illyrians, kuma an ƙarfafa sojojin Romawa su yi ritaya a yankin.<ref>Malcolm 2002</ref> Bayan rabuwar Daular tsakanin shekara ta 337 da 395 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), Dalmatia da Pannonia sun zama sassan Daular Roma ta Yamma. Ostrogoths sun mamaye yankin a shekara ta 455 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). Daga baya ya canza hannu tsakanin Alans da Huns. A ƙarni na 6, Sarki Justinian na ɗaya ya sake kwace yankin ga Daular Byzantine. Slavs sun mamaye Balkans a ƙarni na 6 da 7. Slavs na Kudu sun karɓi halayen al'adun Illyrian, kamar yadda aka nuna a wasu al'adu da al'adu, da sunayen wurare.<ref>Illyrian Bosnia and Herzegovina-an overview of a cultural legacy</ref> Illyrian Bosnia and Herzegovina-an overview of a cultural legacy Tsakiya Babban labarin: Bosnia da Herzegovina a Zamanin Tsakiya Katin Hval, wanda aka zana rubutun Slavic daga Bosnia ta Tsakiya Dutsen Ledger ga Sarauniya Catherine ta Bosnia, sarauniya ta ƙarshe ta Gidan Kosača. Tsarin Slavs na Farko sun kai hari kan Yammacin Balkans, ciki har da Bosnia, a ƙarni na 6 da farkon 7 (a tsakiyar Lokacin Hijira), kuma sun ƙunshi ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu da aka ɗauko daga ƙungiyar Slavic guda ɗaya da Byzantines suka sani a matsayin Sclaveni (yayin da Antes masu alaƙa, a zahiri, suka mamaye yankunan gabashin Balkans).<ref>Hupchick, Dennis P. The Balkans from Constantinople to Communism, pp. 28–30. Palgrave Macmillan (2004</ref> An bayyana ƙabilun da aka rubuta ta hanyar ƙabilun "Serb" da "Croat" a matsayin ƙaura ta biyu, daga baya, ta mutane daban-daban a lokacin kwata na biyu na ƙarni na 7 waɗanda ba za su iya zama da yawa ba;<ref> Hupchick, Dennis P. The Balkans from Constantinople to Communism, pp. 28–30. Palgrave Macmillan (2004</ref> <ref>Fine 1991, p. 53, 56</ref> waɗannan ƙabilun "Serb" da "Croat" na farko, waɗanda ainihin asalinsu ke ƙarƙashin muhawara ta ilimi,[sun mamaye Slavs a yankunan da ke makwabtaka da su. A cewar Noel Malcolm, ƙabilun Croat "sun zauna a wani yanki da ya yi daidai da Croatia ta zamani, kuma wataƙila sun haɗa da yawancin Bosnia, ban da gabashin kwarin Drina" yayin da ƙabilun Serbs suka zauna a wani yanki "wanda ya yi daidai da Serbia ta kudu maso yammacin zamani (wanda daga baya aka sani da Raška), kuma a hankali ==manazarta== ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Zenica_cityscape.jpg|Zenica File:Panorama_Mostara.jpg|Panorama Mostara File:Sana_river.jpg|Kogin Sana File:Visegrad_Drina_Bridge_1.jpg|Gadar Visegrad Drina </gallery> ==Nassoshi== <references/> ==Weblinks== [[Category: Bosnia da Herzegovina]] [[Category:Turai]] 5nv4vkav62zcw1mkcsw2ykcnf771nsk 906400 906399 2026-08-23T04:43:05Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Puente Arslanagić, Trebinje, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 28.jpg|thumb|bosnia y herzegovina, trebinje]] [[Fayil:Iglesia Nova Gracanica, Trebinje, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 04.jpg|thumb|bosnia herzegovina]] '''Bosnia da Herzegovina''' (bs. hr. Bosna i Hercegovina, sr. Босна и Херцеговина), wani lokacin ake kira '''Bosnia-Herzegovina''' ('''BiH''', B&H), da kuma, a takaice, sau da yawa da aka sani informally matsayin '''Bosnia''', an a ƙasar a kudu maso [[Turai]] located a kan da [[Balkan|Balkan Larabawa]]. [[Sarajevo]] ne babban birnin kasar da kuma mafi girma a birnin. Kẽwayesu da [[Kroatiya]] zuwa arewa, yamma, da kudu. [[Serbiya]] to gabas. [[Montenegro]] zuwa kudu maso gabashin. da [[Adriatic Sea]] zuwa kudu, tare da bakinta game da 20 km dogon kewaye birnin da [[Neum]]. A cikin tsakiyar da kuma gabashin ciki na kasar labarin ƙasa ne mountainous, a arewa maso yamma shi ne moderately m, da kuma arewa maso gabashin ne yawanci flatland. The m ne a geographically ya fi girma yankin, kuma yana da wata matsakaici [[nahiyar sauyin yanayi]], tare da zafi lokacin bazaar, kuma sanyi da ake yin dusar ƙanƙara winters. A kudancin tip na ƙasar yana da wani [[Rum]] sauyin yanay kuma a fili topography. Bosnia da Herzegovina ne a yankin da cewa ya bi sawun m adam mazauna baya ga Bosna [Neolithic]] shekaru, a lokacin da kuma bayan abin da aka lugar da dama [[Illyria]] n da [[Celt]] wayewar. Al'adar, siyasa, da kuma harkar more rayuwa, kasar na da arziki tarihi, da ciwon aka farko zaunar da [[Slavic al'ummai]] cewa populate yankin a yau daga cikin 6th ta hanyar zuwa 9th ƙarni. A 12th karni [[Banate na Bosnia]] aka kafa, wanda ya samo asali a cikin [[Mulkin Bosnia]] a cikin 14th ƙarni, bayan abin da aka annexed a cikin [[Ottoman Empire]], a karkashin wanda mulkin shi zai kasance daga tsakiyar 15th ga marigayi 19th ƙarni [[File:Gornji Orahovac, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 10-13 PAN.jpg|thumb|Bosnia da Herzegovina]] [[Ottoman]] ya kawo [[Islam]] zuwa yankin, da kuma canza yawa na al'adu da kuma zamantakewa na gaba na ƙasar. Wannan kuma ya biyo ta annexation cikin Austro-Hungarian daular mulkinsu, wanda dade har sai yakin duniya na. A interwar lokaci, Bosnia na daga cikin Mulkin asar [[Yugoslavia]] da kuma bayan [[yakin duniya na II]], ƙasar da aka sanya cikakken jamhuriyar matsayi a cikin sabuwar kafa [[Socialist tarayyar {asar Yugoslavia]]. Bayan da aka rushe asar Yugoslavia, kasar breakup na asar Yugoslavia (Independence na Jamhuriyar Macedonia da kuma Bosnia da Herzegovina) a shekarar 1992, wanda aka bishi da [[Bosnian basasa]], zaunanniya har [[Dayton Yarjejeniyar]], shekarar 1995. Yau, ƙasar na kula da high [[Jerin kasashen da Human Development Index | rubuce-rubuce, rayuwa da kuma ilimi]] matakan da ke daya daga cikin [[Yawon shakatawa a Bosnia da Herzegovina | mafi akai-akai ziyarci kasashen dake yankin]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/bosnia-and-hercegovina |title=Lonely Planet's Bosnia and Herzegovina Tourism Profile |publisher=Lonely Planet |accessdate=2016-02-12}}</ref> projected to have the third highest tourism growth rate in the world between 1995 and 2020.<ref name="Newfound">[http://features.us.reuters.com/destinations/news/L20239376.html Bosnia's newfound tourism];webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224155630/http://features.us.reuters.com/destinations/news/L20239376.html |date=24 December 2007 }}, Reuters.</ref> Bosnia da Herzegovina ne yanki da kuma duniya mashahuri domin ta na halitta kyakkyawa da kuma [[Al'ada|al'adun]] gada daga shida tarihi wayewar, ta [[Abinci]], [[Yawo wasanni | hunturu wasanni]], ta eclectic da kuma musamman [[music na Bosnia da Herzegovina | music]], [[Architecture of Bosnia da Herzegovina | gine]] kuma ta [[Sarajevo # Festivals | bukukuwa]], wasu daga wanda su ne mafi girma da kuma mafi shahararren da irin a kudu maso Turai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sff.ba/content.php/en/festival?set_culture=en |title=About the Sarajevo Film Festival |publisher=Sarajevo Film Festival Official Website |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104133828/http://www.sff.ba/content.php/en/festival?set_culture=en |archivedate=4 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insidefilm.com/europe.html |title=Inside Film's Guide to Film Festivals in |publisher=Inside Film |accessdate=2016-02-12}}</ref> [[File:Puente Arslanagić, Trebinje, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 25.jpg|thumb|Bosnia da Herzegovina, Trebinje]] A ƙasar ne gida uku main kabilun ko, a hukumance, [[kabilun a Bosnia da Herzegovina | bijiro da batun kafa al'ummai]], kamar yadda a kayyade a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar. [[Bosniaks]] su ne mafi girma kungiyar na uku, tare da [[Serbs]] na biyu da kuma [[Croats]] na uku. A 'yan qasar na Bosnia da Herzegovina, ko da ƙabilanci, da aka gano a cikin harshen Turanci a matsayin [[Bosnians | Bosnian]]. The sharuddan [[Herzegovinia| Herzegovinian]] da kuma Bosnian an kiyaye matsayin yankin maimakon ƙabilanci fifiko, da kuma yankin na Herzegovina ya ba dai-dai tsare iyakoki da kansa. Haka kuma, ƙasar da aka kawai ake kira "Bosnia" har da Austro-Hungarian zama a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/03/vinko.shtml |title=The Language Situation in Post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina |publisher=Toronto Slavic Quarterly |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703180910/http://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/03/vinko.shtml |archivedate=3 July 2012}}</ref> 5,000 ==Tarihi== Manyan Labarai: Tarihin Bosnia da Herzegovina da Tarihin Farkon Bosnia da Herzegovina Kayan bauta na zamanin ƙarfe daga Banjani, kusa da Sokolac Tarihi na farko Bosnia ta kuma kasance tana zaune tun aƙalla zamanin Paleolithic. Abin lura shi ne, Kogon Badanj kusa da Stolac yana ɗauke da ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin zane-zanen kogo da aka sani, wanda ke nuna wani mutum dabba da ake kyautata zaton doki ne, tun daga kimanin 13,000 zuwa 12,000 BC.<ref>Shpuza 2022, p. 553; Zindel et al. 2018, p. 346; Bejko et al. 2015, p. 4; Hammond & Wilkes 2012, p. 726; Dausse 2015, p. 28</ref> <ref> Palaeolithic site of Badanj". hwr.ba. Retrieved 5 April 2025.</ref> lokacin Neolithic, manyan al'adu kamar Butmir da Kakanj<ref>Cave art at Badanj". www.centarzakrs.ba. Retrieved 5 April 2025</ref> sun fito a gefen Kogin Bosna. Al'adar Butmir, wacce ta bunƙasa a kusa da 5100 zuwa 4500 BC, ta shahara saboda tukwane na musamman da siffofi na ɗan adam. Hakowa kusa da Sarajevo sun gano tukwane masu ban sha'awa da siffofi na ɗan adam na gaske daga wannan al'ada.<ref> ]Butmir near Sarajevo". Zemaljski muzej Bosne i Hercegovine. Archived from the original on 23 April 2025. Retrieved 5 April 2025</ref> Daga ƙarni na 8 BC, ƙabilun Illyrian sun rikide zuwa masarautu. Masarautun da daular Illyria mafi shahara sune na Bardylis na Dardani da na Agron na Ardiaei waɗanda suka ƙirƙiri masarautar Illyrian ta ƙarshe kuma mafi shahara. Agron ya yi mulkin Ardiaei kuma ya faɗaɗa mulkinsa ga sauran kabilu. Tun daga ƙarni na 7 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, an kuma maye gurbin tagulla da ƙarfe, bayan haka kayan ado da kayan fasaha kawai aka yi su da tagulla.<ref>Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</re> Kabilun Illyrian, ƙarƙashin tasirin al'adun Hallstatt a arewa, sun kafa cibiyoyin yanki waɗanda suka ɗan bambanta. Sassan Tsakiyar Bosnia suna zaune ne da ƙabilar Daesitiates.<ref>Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</ref> Al'adar Karfe ta Glasinac-Mati tana da alaƙa da ƙabilar Autariatae.<ref> Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</ref> Muhimmin rawa a rayuwarsu ita ce bautar matattu, wanda ake gani a cikin jana'izarsu da bukukuwan binne su da kyau, da kuma wadatar wuraren binne su.<ref>Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</ref> A ƙarni na 4 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, an rubuta farkon mamaye Celts. Sun kawo dabarar ƙafafun tukwane, sabbin nau'ikan fibulas (ƙananan maƙulli masu kama da fil na aminci) da bel ɗin tagulla da na ƙarfe daban-daban. Sun ratsa ta hanyar zuwa Girka. [ana buƙatar ambato] <ref>Tomašević, Nebojša (1983). Treasures of Yugoslavia: An Encyclopedic Touring Guide. Yugoslaviapublic. pp. 306–307.</ref> Mogorjelo, wani tsohon Villa Rustica na yankin Romawa daga ƙarni na 4, kusa da Čapljina A cikin Neretva Delta a kudu, akwai muhimman tasirin Hellenistic na ƙabilar Illyrian Daors.<ref> Babban birninsu shine Daorson a Ošanići kusa da Stolac.<ref>Aličić, Ahmed S. (1981). Herzegovina. NIRO "Privredni vjesnik". p. 194.</ref>Daorson, a ƙarni na 4 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, an kewaye shi da ganuwar dutse mai tsayi mita 5 (babba kamar na Mycenae a Girka), waɗanda aka yi da manyan tubalan dutse na trapezoid. Daors sun yi tsabar kuɗi da sassaka na tagulla na musamman. Rikici tsakanin Illyrians da Romawa ya fara ne a shekara ta 229 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), amma Roma ba ta kammala haɗa yankin ba har sai bayan shekara ta 9 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). A zamanin yau ne a Bosnia da Herzegovina ne Roma ta yi ɗaya daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe mafi wahala a tarihinta tun bayan Yaƙin Punic, kamar yadda masanin tarihi na Romawa Suetonius ya bayyana.[34] Wannan shine yaƙin Romawa da Illyricum, wanda aka sani da Bellum Batonianum.<ref> Miller, Norma. Tacitus: Annals I, 2002, ISBN 1-85399-358-1. It had originally been joined to Illyricum, but after the great Illyrian/Pannonian revolt of AD 6 it was made a separate province with its own governor<ref> rikicin ya taso ne bayan yunƙurin ɗaukar Illyrians, kuma an yi tawaye na tsawon shekaru huɗu (6-9 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa), bayan haka aka ci su da yaƙi.[<ref>Stipčević, Aleksandar (1977). The Illyrians: History and Culture. Noyes Press. ISBN 9780815550525.</ref> page needed] A zamanin Romawa, mazaunan Latin daga dukkan Daular Romawa sun zauna a tsakanin Illyrians, kuma an ƙarfafa sojojin Romawa su yi ritaya a yankin.<ref>Malcolm 2002</ref> Bayan rabuwar Daular tsakanin shekara ta 337 da 395 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), Dalmatia da Pannonia sun zama sassan Daular Roma ta Yamma. Ostrogoths sun mamaye yankin a shekara ta 455 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). Daga baya ya canza hannu tsakanin Alans da Huns. A ƙarni na 6, Sarki Justinian na ɗaya ya sake kwace yankin ga Daular Byzantine. Slavs sun mamaye Balkans a ƙarni na 6 da 7. Slavs na Kudu sun karɓi halayen al'adun Illyrian, kamar yadda aka nuna a wasu al'adu da al'adu, da sunayen wurare.<ref>Illyrian Bosnia and Herzegovina-an overview of a cultural legacy</ref> Illyrian Bosnia and Herzegovina-an overview of a cultural legacy Tsakiya Babban labarin: Bosnia da Herzegovina a Zamanin Tsakiya Katin Hval, wanda aka zana rubutun Slavic daga Bosnia ta Tsakiya Dutsen Ledger ga Sarauniya Catherine ta Bosnia, sarauniya ta ƙarshe ta Gidan Kosača. Tsarin Slavs na Farko sun kai hari kan Yammacin Balkans, ciki har da Bosnia, a ƙarni na 6 da farkon 7 (a tsakiyar Lokacin Hijira), kuma sun ƙunshi ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu da aka ɗauko daga ƙungiyar Slavic guda ɗaya da Byzantines suka sani a matsayin Sclaveni (yayin da Antes masu alaƙa, a zahiri, suka mamaye yankunan gabashin Balkans).<ref>Hupchick, Dennis P. The Balkans from Constantinople to Communism, pp. 28–30. Palgrave Macmillan (2004</ref> An bayyana ƙabilun da aka rubuta ta hanyar ƙabilun "Serb" da "Croat" a matsayin ƙaura ta biyu, daga baya, ta mutane daban-daban a lokacin kwata na biyu na ƙarni na 7 waɗanda ba za su iya zama da yawa ba;<ref> Hupchick, Dennis P. The Balkans from Constantinople to Communism, pp. 28–30. Palgrave Macmillan (2004</ref> <ref>Fine 1991, p. 53, 56</ref> waɗannan ƙabilun "Serb" da "Croat" na farko, waɗanda ainihin asalinsu ke ƙarƙashin muhawara ta ilimi,[sun mamaye Slavs a yankunan da ke makwabtaka da su. A cewar Noel Malcolm, ƙabilun Croat "sun zauna a wani yanki da ya yi daidai da Croatia ta zamani, kuma wataƙila sun haɗa da yawancin Bosnia, ban da gabashin kwarin Drina" yayin da ƙabilun Serbs suka zauna a wani yanki "wanda ya yi daidai da Serbia ta kudu maso yammacin zamani (wanda daga baya aka sani da Raška), kuma a hankali ==manazarta== ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Zenica_cityscape.jpg|Zenica File:Panorama_Mostara.jpg|Panorama Mostara File:Sana_river.jpg|Kogin Sana File:Visegrad_Drina_Bridge_1.jpg|Gadar Visegrad Drina </gallery> ==Nassoshi== <references/> ==Weblinks== [[Category: Bosnia da Herzegovina]] [[Category:Turai]] 24th1l82ik5vl0oqin3i4188rsgebvp 906401 906400 2026-08-23T04:43:29Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Puente Arslanagić, Trebinje, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 28.jpg|thumb|bosnia y herzegovina, trebinje]] [[Fayil:Iglesia Nova Gracanica, Trebinje, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 04.jpg|thumb|bosnia herzegovina]] '''Bosnia da Herzegovina''' (bs. hr. Bosna i Hercegovina, sr. Босна и Херцеговина), wani lokacin ake kira '''Bosnia-Herzegovina''' ('''BiH''', B&H), da kuma, a takaice, sau da yawa da aka sani informally matsayin '''Bosnia''', an a ƙasar a kudu maso [[Turai]] located a kan da [[Balkan|Balkan Larabawa]]. [[Sarajevo]] ne babban birnin kasar da kuma mafi girma a birnin. Kẽwayesu da [[Kroatiya]] zuwa arewa, yamma, da kudu. [[Serbiya]] to gabas. [[Montenegro]] zuwa kudu maso gabashin. da [[Adriatic Sea]] zuwa kudu, tare da bakinta game da 20 km dogon kewaye birnin da [[Neum]]. A cikin tsakiyar da kuma gabashin ciki na kasar labarin ƙasa ne mountainous, a arewa maso yamma shi ne moderately m, da kuma arewa maso gabashin ne yawanci flatland. The m ne a geographically ya fi girma yankin, kuma yana da wata matsakaici [[nahiyar sauyin yanayi]], tare da zafi lokacin bazaar, kuma sanyi da ake yin dusar ƙanƙara winters. A kudancin tip na ƙasar yana da wani [[Rum]] sauyin yanay kuma a fili topography. Bosnia da Herzegovina ne a yankin da cewa ya bi sawun m adam mazauna baya ga Bosna [Neolithic]] shekaru, a lokacin da kuma bayan abin da aka lugar da dama [[Illyria]] n da [[Celt]] wayewar. Al'adar, siyasa, da kuma harkar more rayuwa, kasar na da arziki tarihi, da ciwon aka farko zaunar da [[Slavic al'ummai]] cewa populate yankin a yau daga cikin 6th ta hanyar zuwa 9th ƙarni. A 12th karni [[Banate na Bosnia]] aka kafa, wanda ya samo asali a cikin [[Mulkin Bosnia]] a cikin 14th ƙarni, bayan abin da aka annexed a cikin [[Ottoman Empire]], a karkashin wanda mulkin shi zai kasance daga tsakiyar 15th ga marigayi 19th ƙarni [[File:Gornji Orahovac, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 10-13 PAN.jpg|thumb|Bosnia da Herzegovina]] [[Ottoman]] ya kawo [[Islam]] zuwa yankin, da kuma canza yawa na al'adu da kuma zamantakewa na gaba na ƙasar. Wannan kuma ya biyo ta annexation cikin Austro-Hungarian daular mulkinsu, wanda dade har sai yakin duniya na. A interwar lokaci, Bosnia na daga cikin Mulkin asar [[Yugoslavia]] da kuma bayan [[yakin duniya na II]], ƙasar da aka sanya cikakken jamhuriyar matsayi a cikin sabuwar kafa [[Socialist tarayyar {asar Yugoslavia]]. Bayan da aka rushe asar Yugoslavia, kasar breakup na asar Yugoslavia (Independence na Jamhuriyar Macedonia da kuma Bosnia da Herzegovina) a shekarar 1992, wanda aka bishi da [[Bosnian basasa]], zaunanniya har [[Dayton Yarjejeniyar]], shekarar 1995. Yau, ƙasar na kula da high [[Jerin kasashen da Human Development Index | rubuce-rubuce, rayuwa da kuma ilimi]] matakan da ke daya daga cikin [[Yawon shakatawa a Bosnia da Herzegovina | mafi akai-akai ziyarci kasashen dake yankin]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/bosnia-and-hercegovina |title=Lonely Planet's Bosnia and Herzegovina Tourism Profile |publisher=Lonely Planet |accessdate=2016-02-12}}</ref> projected to have the third highest tourism growth rate in the world between 1995 and 2020.<ref name="Newfound">[http://features.us.reuters.com/destinations/news/L20239376.html Bosnia's newfound tourism];webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224155630/http://features.us.reuters.com/destinations/news/L20239376.html |date=24 December 2007 }}, Reuters.</ref> Bosnia da Herzegovina ne yanki da kuma duniya mashahuri domin ta na halitta kyakkyawa da kuma [[Al'ada|al'adun]] gada daga shida tarihi wayewar, ta [[Abinci]], [[Yawo wasanni | hunturu wasanni]], ta eclectic da kuma musamman [[music na Bosnia da Herzegovina | music]], [[Architecture of Bosnia da Herzegovina | gine]] kuma ta [[Sarajevo # Festivals | bukukuwa]], wasu daga wanda su ne mafi girma da kuma mafi shahararren da irin a kudu maso Turai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sff.ba/content.php/en/festival?set_culture=en |title=About the Sarajevo Film Festival |publisher=Sarajevo Film Festival Official Website |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104133828/http://www.sff.ba/content.php/en/festival?set_culture=en |archivedate=4 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insidefilm.com/europe.html |title=Inside Film's Guide to Film Festivals in |publisher=Inside Film |accessdate=2016-02-12}}</ref> [[File:Puente Arslanagić, Trebinje, Bosnia y Herzegovina, 2014-04-14, DD 25.jpg|thumb|Bosnia da Herzegovina, Trebinje]] A ƙasar ne gida uku main kabilun ko, a hukumance, [[kabilun a Bosnia da Herzegovina | bijiro da batun kafa al'ummai]], kamar yadda a kayyade a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar. [[Bosniaks]] su ne mafi girma kungiyar na uku, tare da [[Serbs]] na biyu da kuma [[Croats]] na uku. A 'yan qasar na Bosnia da Herzegovina, ko da ƙabilanci, da aka gano a cikin harshen Turanci a matsayin [[Bosnians | Bosnian]]. The sharuddan [[Herzegovinia| Herzegovinian]] da kuma Bosnian an kiyaye matsayin yankin maimakon ƙabilanci fifiko, da kuma yankin na Herzegovina ya ba dai-dai tsare iyakoki da kansa. Haka kuma, ƙasar da aka kawai ake kira "Bosnia" har da Austro-Hungarian zama a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/03/vinko.shtml |title=The Language Situation in Post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina |publisher=Toronto Slavic Quarterly |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703180910/http://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/03/vinko.shtml |archivedate=3 July 2012}}</ref> 5,000 ==Tarihi== Manyan Labarai: Tarihin Bosnia da Herzegovina da Tarihin Farkon Bosnia da Herzegovina Kayan bauta na zamanin ƙarfe daga Banjani, kusa da Sokolac Tarihi na farko Bosnia ta kuma kasance tana zaune tun aƙalla zamanin Paleolithic. Abin lura shi ne, Kogon Badanj kusa da Stolac yana ɗauke da ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin zane-zanen kogo da aka sani, wanda ke nuna wani mutum dabba da ake kyautata zaton doki ne, tun daga kimanin 13,000 zuwa 12,000 BC.<ref>Shpuza 2022, p. 553; Zindel et al. 2018, p. 346; Bejko et al. 2015, p. 4; Hammond & Wilkes 2012, p. 726; Dausse 2015, p. 28</ref> <ref> Palaeolithic site of Badanj". hwr.ba. Retrieved 5 April 2025.</ref> lokacin Neolithic, manyan al'adu kamar Butmir da Kakanj<ref>Cave art at Badanj". www.centarzakrs.ba. Retrieved 5 April 2025</ref> sun fito a gefen Kogin Bosna. Al'adar Butmir, wacce ta bunƙasa a kusa da 5100 zuwa 4500 BC, ta shahara saboda tukwane na musamman da siffofi na ɗan adam. Hakowa kusa da Sarajevo sun gano tukwane masu ban sha'awa da siffofi na ɗan adam na gaske daga wannan al'ada.<ref> ]Butmir near Sarajevo". Zemaljski muzej Bosne i Hercegovine. Archived from the original on 23 April 2025. Retrieved 5 April 2025</ref> Daga ƙarni na 8 BC, ƙabilun Illyrian sun rikide zuwa masarautu. Masarautun da daular Illyria mafi shahara sune na Bardylis na Dardani da na Agron na Ardiaei waɗanda suka ƙirƙiri masarautar Illyrian ta ƙarshe kuma mafi shahara. Agron ya yi mulkin Ardiaei kuma ya faɗaɗa mulkinsa ga sauran kabilu. Tun daga ƙarni na 7 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, an kuma maye gurbin tagulla da ƙarfe, bayan haka kayan ado da kayan fasaha kawai aka yi su da tagulla.<ref>Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</re> Kabilun Illyrian, ƙarƙashin tasirin al'adun Hallstatt a arewa, sun kafa cibiyoyin yanki waɗanda suka ɗan bambanta. Sassan Tsakiyar Bosnia suna zaune ne da ƙabilar Daesitiates.<ref>Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</ref> Al'adar Karfe ta Glasinac-Mati tana da alaƙa da ƙabilar Autariatae.<ref> Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</ref> Muhimmin rawa a rayuwarsu ita ce bautar matattu, wanda ake gani a cikin jana'izarsu da bukukuwan binne su da kyau, da kuma wadatar wuraren binne su.<ref>Gekić, Haris; Bidžan-Gekić, Aida; Drešković, Nusret; Mirić, Ranko; Reményi, Péter (2022). The Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between East and West. Springer Nature. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9783030985233. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.</ref> A ƙarni na 4 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, an rubuta farkon mamaye Celts. Sun kawo dabarar ƙafafun tukwane, sabbin nau'ikan fibulas (ƙananan maƙulli masu kama da fil na aminci) da bel ɗin tagulla da na ƙarfe daban-daban. Sun ratsa ta hanyar zuwa Girka. [ana buƙatar ambato] <ref>Tomašević, Nebojša (1983). Treasures of Yugoslavia: An Encyclopedic Touring Guide. Yugoslaviapublic. pp. 306–307.</ref> Mogorjelo, wani tsohon Villa Rustica na yankin Romawa daga ƙarni na 4, kusa da Čapljina A cikin Neretva Delta a kudu, akwai muhimman tasirin Hellenistic na ƙabilar Illyrian Daors.<ref> Babban birninsu shine Daorson a Ošanići kusa da Stolac.<ref>Aličić, Ahmed S. (1981). Herzegovina. NIRO "Privredni vjesnik". p. 194.</ref>Daorson, a ƙarni na 4 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, an kewaye shi da ganuwar dutse mai tsayi mita 5 (babba kamar na Mycenae a Girka), waɗanda aka yi da manyan tubalan dutse na trapezoid. Daors sun yi tsabar kuɗi da sassaka na tagulla na musamman. Rikici tsakanin Illyrians da Romawa ya fara ne a shekara ta 229 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS),to amma Roma ba ta kammala haɗa yankin ba har sai bayan shekara ta 9 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). A zamanin yau ne a Bosnia da Herzegovina ne Roma ta yi ɗaya daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe mafi wahala a tarihinta tun bayan Yaƙin Punic, kamar yadda masanin tarihi na Romawa Suetonius ya bayyana.[34] Wannan shine yaƙin Romawa da Illyricum, wanda aka sani da Bellum Batonianum.<ref> Miller, Norma. Tacitus: Annals I, 2002, ISBN 1-85399-358-1. It had originally been joined to Illyricum, but after the great Illyrian/Pannonian revolt of AD 6 it was made a separate province with its own governor<ref> rikicin ya taso ne bayan yunƙurin ɗaukar Illyrians, kuma an yi tawaye na tsawon shekaru huɗu (6-9 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa), bayan haka aka ci su da yaƙi.[<ref>Stipčević, Aleksandar (1977). The Illyrians: History and Culture. Noyes Press. ISBN 9780815550525.</ref> page needed] A zamanin Romawa, mazaunan Latin daga dukkan Daular Romawa sun zauna a tsakanin Illyrians, kuma an ƙarfafa sojojin Romawa su yi ritaya a yankin.<ref>Malcolm 2002</ref> Bayan rabuwar Daular tsakanin shekara ta 337 da 395 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), Dalmatia da Pannonia sun zama sassan Daular Roma ta Yamma. Ostrogoths sun mamaye yankin a shekara ta 455 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). Daga baya ya canza hannu tsakanin Alans da Huns. A ƙarni na 6, Sarki Justinian na ɗaya ya sake kwace yankin ga Daular Byzantine. Slavs sun mamaye Balkans a ƙarni na 6 da 7. Slavs na Kudu sun karɓi halayen al'adun Illyrian, kamar yadda aka nuna a wasu al'adu da al'adu, da sunayen wurare.<ref>Illyrian Bosnia and Herzegovina-an overview of a cultural legacy</ref> Illyrian Bosnia and Herzegovina-an overview of a cultural legacy Tsakiya Babban labarin: Bosnia da Herzegovina a Zamanin Tsakiya Katin Hval, wanda aka zana rubutun Slavic daga Bosnia ta Tsakiya Dutsen Ledger ga Sarauniya Catherine ta Bosnia, sarauniya ta ƙarshe ta Gidan Kosača. Tsarin Slavs na Farko sun kai hari kan Yammacin Balkans, ciki har da Bosnia, a ƙarni na 6 da farkon 7 (a tsakiyar Lokacin Hijira), kuma sun ƙunshi ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu da aka ɗauko daga ƙungiyar Slavic guda ɗaya da Byzantines suka sani a matsayin Sclaveni (yayin da Antes masu alaƙa, a zahiri, suka mamaye yankunan gabashin Balkans).<ref>Hupchick, Dennis P. The Balkans from Constantinople to Communism, pp. 28–30. Palgrave Macmillan (2004</ref> An bayyana ƙabilun da aka rubuta ta hanyar ƙabilun "Serb" da "Croat" a matsayin ƙaura ta biyu, daga baya, ta mutane daban-daban a lokacin kwata na biyu na ƙarni na 7 waɗanda ba za su iya zama da yawa ba;<ref> Hupchick, Dennis P. The Balkans from Constantinople to Communism, pp. 28–30. Palgrave Macmillan (2004</ref> <ref>Fine 1991, p. 53, 56</ref> waɗannan ƙabilun "Serb" da "Croat" na farko, waɗanda ainihin asalinsu ke ƙarƙashin muhawara ta ilimi,[sun mamaye Slavs a yankunan da ke makwabtaka da su. A cewar Noel Malcolm, ƙabilun Croat "sun zauna a wani yanki da ya yi daidai da Croatia ta zamani, kuma wataƙila sun haɗa da yawancin Bosnia, ban da gabashin kwarin Drina" yayin da ƙabilun Serbs suka zauna a wani yanki "wanda ya yi daidai da Serbia ta kudu maso yammacin zamani (wanda daga baya aka sani da Raška), kuma a hankali ==manazarta== ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Zenica_cityscape.jpg|Zenica File:Panorama_Mostara.jpg|Panorama Mostara File:Sana_river.jpg|Kogin Sana File:Visegrad_Drina_Bridge_1.jpg|Gadar Visegrad Drina </gallery> ==Nassoshi== <references/> ==Weblinks== [[Category: Bosnia da Herzegovina]] [[Category:Turai]] ray4sbteaa8h3nimpmwck7kl9dnrdbh 0 6198 906219 873415 2026-08-22T13:21:55Z Mhizabdoul 42167 906219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}[[File:Borno state contingent.jpg|thumb|jiha mai dumbin mutane da kuma al'adu]] [[File:ASC Leiden - NSAG - van Dis 4 - 117 - The market of Maiduguri. A group of curious boys - Maiduguri, Borno State, North East Nigeria - 11 January 1962.tif|thumb|People of Borno]] [[File:Nachtigal Umar Borno.jpg|thumb|Umar Borno]] [[File:Borno State Summer Weather (1).jpg|thumb|cikin garin Borno]] [[Fayil:Emir of Maiduguri Palace.jpg|thumb|Masarautar Sarkin jahar Borno]] '''Jihar Borno'''{{Audio|Ha-Borno.ogg|Borno}} jiha ce dake [[Arewa (Najeriya)|arewa]] maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Ta haɗa iyaka da Jihar [[Yobe]] daga yamma, [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] daga kudu maso gabas, [[Adamawa]] daga kudu, yayin da iyakarta ta gabas tayi iyaka ta ƙasa da ƙasa da [[Kamaru]], iyakarta ta arewa kuwa ta haɗe ne da yankin.<ref>Borno State Government. (n.d.). ''About Borno State''. Retrieved June 20, 2025, from <nowiki>https://www.bornostate.gov.ng/about</nowiki></ref><ref>United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. (2020). ''Borno State Humanitarian Situation Report''. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.unocha.org/nigeria/reports</nowiki></ref><ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Borno</ref> Jihar Borno ita ce jiha ta biyu (2) a girman kasa a cikin jahohi talatin da shidda (36) na Najeriya, bayan Jihar [[Neja]]. Amma duk da girman jihar, ita ce ta goma sha-ɗaya (11) a yawan mutane tare da ƙiyasin mutane a kalla kimanin miliyan, 5.86 a shekarar dubu biyu da shidda (2016).<ref>"Population 2006-2016". ''[[National Bureau of Statistics, Nigeria|National Bureau of Statistics]]''. Retrieved 14 December 2021.</ref><ref>United Nations Population Fund. (2017). ''State Population Reports for Nigeria''. New York, NY: UNFPA.</ref> A fannin yanayin ƙasa; ''semi-desert Sahelian savanna daga arewa'' da kuma ''Sudanian savanna ta yamma'' a tsakiya da kudancin jihar, da kuma [[mutane]] Mandara Plateau daga yankin kudu maso gabas.<ref>Levtzion, N., & Hopkins, J. F. P. (1981). ''Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History''. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/</ref> Jihar Borno tana da ƙabilu da suke zaune a yankin na lokaci mai tsawo, kamar su [[Harshen Dghwede|Dghwede]], [[Harshen Glavda|Glavda]], [[Harshen Guduf-Gava|Guduf]], [[Harshen Lamang|Laamang]], [[Mutanen Mafa|Mafa]], kanuri, da [[Mandara|Mandara]] a tsakiyar yankin; [[Harshen Afade|Afade]], [[Mutanen Buduma|Yedina (Buduma)]], da kuma [[Mutanen Kanembu|Kanembu]] daga ƙarshen yankin arewa maso gabas; harshen [[Harshen Waja|Waja]] a kuryar kudancin yankin da kuma [[Harshen Cibak|Kyibaku]], [[Harshen Kamwe|Kamwe]], [[Mutanen Kilba|Kilba]], [[Marghi|Margi]] da kuma babbar a yankin kudancin jihar, a yayinda harsunan [[Kanuri|Kanuri]], da [[Shuwa Arab|Shuwa Arab]]<nowiki/>ke rayuwa a yankunan tsakiya da arewacin jihar. Ta fannin [[addini]], mafi yawan mutanen jihar (85%) musulmai ne, da tsirarun [[kiristoci]] da mabiya addinan [[gargajiya]], da kaso 7% kowanne.<ref>https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/</ref><ref>https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/</ref><ref>https://www.africabib.org/</ref><ref>Smith, A. (1997). Ethnic Identity and Political Change in Northern Nigeria. ''Journal of African Studies, 25''(3), 312–336. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/</ref> [[Fayil:Borno State Flag.gif|thumb|borno state]] Tun daga ƙarni na bakwai (7 century), inda aka sani da Jihar Borno ta kasance daga yankin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu]]. Daular da ta fito daga yankin kudancin [[Libya|Libya,]] ta yau ([[Fezzan]]) har zuwa yankin [[Cadi]] har zuwa yankin Jihar [[Borno]] ta yau. Bayan karni na 13, an tilasta wa Kanem Bornu matsawa bayan yakokin da ba suyi nasara ba, inda ta koma Masarautar Borno, kafin ta kara karfi kuma ta mulki yankin har na tsawon shekaru dari biya (500). Har sai zuwa karni na 18 (shekara ta 1800) lokacin [[Jihadin Fulani|Jihadin Fulani,]] suka raunata Masarautar Borno, har masarautar ta fara rage karfi. An kwace mafi yawancin yankin masarautar inda aka hade ta da yankin Jihar [[Adamawa]] ta yau a karkashin [[Daular Sokoto|Daular Halifancin Sokoto]]. Shekaru 80 bayan haka, [[Rabih az-Zubayr]], wani kusan yaki dan kasar [[Sudan]] ya mallake Daulana Shekarar kuma ya mulke ta har zuwa karni na Shekarar alif 1900 lokacin da sojojin Faransa suka kashe shi a [[Yakin Kousséri]]. Har wayau, turawan mulkin mallaka sunci Masarautar [[Adamawa]] da yaki, inda Daular [[Jamus]] da na [[Burtaniya]] ,suka ci su da yaki. Duka yankunan kasar Rabih,da kuma Masarautar Adamawa an rabasu tsakanin su da turawan mulkin mallaka inda sashin Masarautar Borno ta yau ta fada karkashin mulkin Jamus da Burtaniya. An hade yankin da Burtaniya ke da iko ta [[Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya]] wacce daga baya aka hade ta ta zamo Yankin Mulkin Mallaka ta Najeriya, wacce daga baya ta samu 'yanci a Shekarar alif da dari 1960, Najeriya. Yankin da kasar Jamus ke da iko kuwa (yankin dake kusa da iyakar Kamaru ta yau) ta zamo Borno-na mutanen Jamus a matsayin yankin "German-Kemerun har zuwa lokacin da sojojin hadin gwiwa suka kai farmaki a yankin a lokacin kamfe na Kamerun a lokacin Yakin [[duniya]] ta daya. Inda ke matsayin farfajiyar Jihar [[Borno]] daga gabas a yau ta zamo sashin Arewacin [[Kamaru]] a karkashin yankin Kamaru ta Burtaniya har zuwa shekarar 1961, a lokacin da wata yarjejeniya ta jawo aka hadeta cikin yankin Najeriya. Daga farko, bayan samun 'yanci, sashin Jihar Borno na daga cikin yankin [[Jihar Arewa ta Gabas]]. Bayan an raba Jihar Arewa ta Gabas, an kirkiri Jihar Borno a ranar 3 ga watan Febreru na Shekarar alif 1976 tare da sauran jihohi guda goma. Shekaru goma sha biyar bayan yi mata jiha, an hade wasu kananan hukumomi daga yammacin jihar don samar da Jihar [[Yobe]]. Bayan wasu ƴan shekaru, a cikin shekara ta 2000, Jihar ta zamo cibiyar kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] kuma daga nan ta fara samar da rudani a shekara 2009. A tsakanin shakara ta 2012 zuwa 2015, abin ya yi kamari a yankin yayinda kusan akasarin ikon jihar ta koma karkashin kungiyar, hakan yasa kungiyar ta zama mafi munin kungiya a duniya kuma sun sa mutum sama da miliyan daya sun bar gidajensu da dukiyoyinsu. Bayan munanan sunkai hare-hare a cikin jihar a shekara ta 2015 da kuma fada tsakanin kungiyar Boko Haram da na [[:en:Islamic_State_–_West_Africa_Province|ISWAP]], an kore kungiyoyin zuwa cikin [[Dajin Sambisa]] da wasu tsiburai da ke yankin gabar [[Tabkin Chadi]] a shekara ta 2017; har ilayau, rashin zaman lafiya a yankin ya zama ruwan dare yayinda ƴan ta'adda ke kai hare-hare ga sojoji da farar hula baki daya.<ref>Odunsi, Wale. "Boko Haram, ISIS, ISWAP threat in Nigeria increasing – Osinbajo notifies US". ''[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]''. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</ref> A matsayinta na jiha da ta dogara ta wata fuskar da noma da kiwo, tattalin arzikin yankunan karkarar Jihar Borno sun dogara ne akan noma da kiwo kafin soma rikicin Boko Haram, yayinda babban birnin jihar wato [[Maiduguri]] take taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci da kuma hada-hada.<ref>"Maiduguri: living in Boko Haram territory". ''[[eNCA]]''. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</ref> Amma duk da haka, bayan shekaru da jihar ta sha fama da rashin zaman lafiya, wanda ya kawo cikas, ga cigaba kuma ya tilasta wa manoma suka bar kauyukansu, don neman tsira, Jihar Borno tana na goma sha uku a jerin cigaban al'umma a kasar, amma tunda an fara shawo kan rikicin a shekara ta 2016, an fara farfado da harkokin cigaba a yankin.<ref>"Human Development Indices". ''Global Data Lab''. Retrieved 15 December 2021.</ref><ref>"Achieving common development objectives in Borno State". ''[[Mercy Corps]]''. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</ref><ref>Tayo, Teniola. "Maiduguri's economic revival could be a lifeline for Lake Chad Basin". ''[[Institute for Security Studies]]''. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</ref> Jihar Borno nada fadin kasa kimanin kilomita 57,799 da yawan jama’an da suka kai kimanin mutane 5,925,668 (a kiddidigar kidaya ta shekara ta 2006).Babban birnin jihar shi ne [[Maiduguri]]. [[Babagana Umara Zulum]] shi ne gwamnan jihar, tun bayan zabensa da aka yi a shekara ta 2019 har zuwa yau. Mataimakin gwamnan kuwa shi ne [[Usman Mamman Durkwa]]. Dattijai daga jihar sun hada da: [[Yusuf Buratai]], [[Baba Garba]], [[Ali Madu Sheriff]], [[Muhammad Indimi]], [[Abba Kyari]], [[Mohammed Ali Ndume]] da sauransu. Mutanen garin Borno mutane ne masu son al'ada da kokarin riko da addini da fafutuka wajen neman ilimi. Daga cikin al'adunsu akwai zaman mai gida wuri daya tare da iyalensa domin cin abinci a cikin faranti/kwano daya. Mutane ne masu son mu'amala da turare sannan matan su suna yawan yin kwalliya, lalle wato dayis da dai sauransu. Akan samu yaruka mazauna Borno kamar irin su Kanuri, Babur, margi, da dai sauransu. == Tarihi == Mutanen [[Kanuri]] sune kabilar da ta fi karfi a Jihar Borno, bayansu akwai kabilu kamar Lapang, [[Babur people|Babur]]/[[Bura people|Bura]] da [[Marghi]] wanda ake samu a yankin kudancin jihar. Kabilar [[Shuwa Arab]] mafi akasarinsu sun samo asaline daga [[Larabawa]].<ref>Scheinfeldt, L.B.; Soi, S.; Tischkoff, S.A. (2010). ''The SAGE Encyclopedia of African Cultural Heritage in North America''. p. 96.</ref> Sarakunan tsohuwar yankin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu]] sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a siyasan wannan yankin na kusan shekaru dubu daya 1000.<ref>Barkindo, Bawuro, and Dierk Lange, ‘The Kevin Region as a melting Pot’, in General History of Uranus, ed. by M Elfasi and I Hrbek (London: Unesco, Heinemann, 1988), III, 436–60.</ref> Masarautar Kanemi ta yanzu amshe ikon [[Masarautar Borno]] a farkon karni na 19 bayan yakin [[Jihadin Fulani]] na [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo]]. [[Rabih az-Zubayr]] ya mulke ta a Shekarar 1893.<ref>"Borno's 127-Year-Old Fort". ''Folio Nigeria''. 26 June 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2020.</ref> Burtaniya, Faransa da Jamus sun kai farmaki a yankin a farkon karni na 20. Acikin shekarar 1902 ne, Burtaniya ta sanya jihar cikin [[Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya]],<ref>Ikime, Obaro, ‘The Fall of Borno’, in The Fall of Nigeria: The British Conquest (London: Heinemann Educational, 1977), pp. 178–84</ref> sannan a Shekarar 1907, suka kafa babban birnin a [[Maiduguri]], wacce ta tsaya matsayin babban birinin jihar har yau.<ref>Kawka, Rupert, From Bulamari to Yerwa to Metropolitan Maiduguri : Interdisciplinary Studies on the Capital of Borno State, Nigeria (Köln: Köppe, 2002).</ref> Bayan samun 'yancin Najeriya a Shekarar 1960, Jihar Borno ta kasance kasa mai 'yancin kai har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa jihohi 12 a Shekarar 1967. Sabon tsarin kananan hukumomi na shekarar 1976, ya rage wa sarakuna karfin iko a masarautar sannan a lokacin da Najeriya ta dawo mulkin farar hula a Shekarar 1979, karfin mulki sarakuna sun koma a fannin al'adu da gargajiya ne kawai. An zabi [[Mala Kachalla]] a matsayin gwamnan jihar a shekarar 1999, a karkashin jam'iyyar APP (All Peoples Party), wacce daga baya ta koma ANPP (All Nigeria People's Party). Sannan a watan Aprelun 2003 ne aka zabi [[Ali Modu Sheriff]] a matsayin gwamnan Jihar Borno.<ref>"Governor Ali Modu Sheriff of Borno State". Nigeria Governors Forum. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 13 September2009.</ref> Rikicin Boko Haram ya soma ne a shekara ta 2009, tare da Jihar Borno a matsayin yankin da abu yafi shafa. A ranar 14 ga Watan Mayun shekarar 2013 ne, Shugaban kasa [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ya sanar cewa an sanya takunkumi a yankunan arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]], wanda ya hada da Jihar Borno da makwabtanta jihohin [[Adamawa]] da [[Yobe]].<ref>"Army crackdown on Nigeria's Islamist militants". ''[[BBC News]]''. 17 May 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.</ref> Wannan ya faru ne bayan rikici tsakanin 'yan Boko Haram da sojojin Najeriya ya jawo mutuwar rayukan [[mutum]] 200 a yankin birnin [[Baga, Nigeria|Baga]]. Wani mai magana daga sojojin Najeriya ya sanar cewa zasu cigaba da kai farmaki har sai sunga bayan ta'addanci a kowanne sashe a Najeriiya.<ref>"Nigeria army's offensive to continue 'as long as it takes'". ''[[BBC News]]''. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.</ref> Acikin watan Yuli shekarar 2014 ne, gwamna [[Kashim Shettima]] ya sanar cewa, "an kashe malamai 176 kuma an lalata makarantu fiye da 900 tun fara rikicin a shekara ta 2011. An kulle mafi yawancin makarantun Jihar Borno bayan garkuwa da akayi da dalibai mata daga [[Chibok]] a watan Afrilu shekarar 2014. Acikin watan Nuwamban shekarar 2014 ne, [[UNICEF]] ta sanar da cewa ta kara yawan cibiyoyinta na tallafawa akan karancin kumari (Community Management of Acute Malnutrition) na daga rashin cin abinci mai gina jiki a Jihar Borno daga "5 zuwa 67".<ref>Nigeria: Humanitarian Update on North East Nigeria, unicef.org, November 2014.</ref> Sashin noma na jihar ta samu babban cikas musamman a dalilin rashin zaman lafiya kuma [[mutane]] da dama sun shiga hali na rashin tsaro ta fuskar [[abinci]].<ref><nowiki>http://www.actionagainsthunger.org/countries/africa/nigeria</nowiki> Actionagainsthunger. “Action Against Hunger Logo.” Nigeria. Actionagainsthunger, n.d. Web. 03 May 2016.</ref> [[File:Lake Chad (Baga site) borno state.jpg|thumb|ruwan baga dake jihar borno]] ==Ƙananan Hukumomin Borno== Jihar Borno:jiha ce da take da [[Kananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda ashirin da bakwai (27) Su ne kamar haka:<ref>{{Cite book | edition = Millennium | publisher = Federal Ministry of Information | isbn = 9780104089 | volume = 2, State Surveys | last = Nigeria | title = Nigeria: a people united, a future assured | location = Abuja, Nigeria | date = 2000 | page = 106 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! Borno Central<br>Senatorial District !! Area in<br> km² !! 1,666,541 !! !! Borno South<br>Senatorial District !! Area in<br> km² !! 1,245,962 !! !! Borno North<br>Senatorial District !! Area in<br> km² !! 1,238,390 |- | [[Maiduguri]] ||align="right"| 137.36 ||align="right"| 540,016 || || [[Askira/Uba]] ||align="right"| 2,431.83 ||align="right"| 143,313 || || [[Abadam]] ||align="right"| 4,172.27 ||align="right"| 100,065 |- | [[Ngala]] ||align="right"| 1,519.82 ||align="right"| 236,498 || || [[Bayo, Nigeria|Bayo]]|| align="right" | 985.78 ||align="right"| 79,078 || || [[Gubio]] ||align="right"| 2,575.09 ||align="right"| 151,286 |- | [[Kala/Balge]] ||align="right"| 1,962.13 ||align="right"| 60,834 || || [[Biu, Nigeria|Biu]]|| align="right" | 3,423.86 ||align="right"| 175,760 || || [[Guzamala]] ||align="right"| 2,631.44||align="right"| 95,991 |- | [[Mafa]] ||align="right"| 2,976.99 ||align="right"| 103,600 || || [[Chibok]] ||align="right"| 1,392.00 ||align="right"| 66,333 || || [[Kaga, Nigeria|Kaga]]|| align="right" | 2,802.46 ||align="right"| 89,996 |- | [[Konduga]] ||align="right"| 6,065.89 ||align="right"| 157,322 || || [[Damboa]] ||align="right"| 6,426.18 ||align="right"| 233,200 || || [[Kukawa]] ||align="right"| 5,124.41 ||align="right"| 203,343 |- | [[Bama, Nigeria|Bama]]|| align="right" | 5,158.87 ||align="right"| 270,119 || || [[Gwoza]] ||align="right"| 2,973.15 ||align="right"| 276,568 || || [[Magumeri]] ||align="right"| 5,057.61 ||align="right"| 140,257 |- | [[Jere, Nigeria|Jere]]|| align="right" | 900.72 ||align="right"| 209,107 || || [[Hawul]] ||align="right"| 2,160.99 ||align="right"| 120,733 || || [[Marte, Nigeria|Marte]]|| align="right" | 3,280.02 ||align="right"| 129,409 |- | [[Dikwa]] ||align="right"| 1,836.89 ||align="right"| 105,042 || || [[Kwaya Kusar]] ||align="right"| 754.69 ||align="right"| 56,704 || || [[Mobbar]] ||align="right"| 3,280.02 ||align="right"| 116,633 |- | || || || || [[Shani, Nigeria|Shani]]|| align="right" | 1,238.93 ||align="right"| 100,989 || || [[Monguno]] ||align="right"| 1,993.20 ||align="right"| 109,834 |- | || || || || || || || || [[Nganzai]] ||align="right"| 2,572.35 ||align="right"| 99,074 |} Bugu da kari akwai gundumomin masarautu guda takwas a jihar (Borno, Damboa, Dikwa, Biu, Askira, Gwoza, Shani da kuma masarautar Uba).<ref>Borno State overview Archived July 15, 2012, at the [[Wayback Machine]], Borno State Government</ref> Wanda suke baiwa kananan hukumomi shawarwari na al'adu da gargajiya.<ref>Borno State information Archived October 21, 2012, at the [[Wayback Machine]], Federal Republic of Nigeria, National Bureau of Statistics; accessed 28 September 2015.</ref> == Harsuna == Harsunan da ake amfani dasu a Jihar dangane da kananan hukumominsu sun hada da:<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 2020-01-10.</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! LGA !! Languages |- | Askira-Uba || Putai; Bura-Pabir; Gude; Kibaku; Marghi Central; Marghi South; Nggwahyi; Nya Huba; Marghi |- | Bama || [[Chadian Arabic|Shuwa Arabic]]; Yerwa Kanuri; Wandala; Mafa; Marghi |- | Biu || Bura-Pabir; Dera; Ga'anda; Jara; Putai, Marghi |- | Chibok || Kibaku; Putai; Marghi |- | Damboa || Kibaku; Marghi Central; Putai; Mulgwai; Kanuri |- | Dikwa || Shuwa Arab |- | Gwoza || Cineni; Dghwede; Glavda; Guduf-Gava; Gvoko; Hide; Yerwa Kanuri; Lamang; Mafa; Sukur; Waja; Wandala; Marghi |- | Hawul || Bura,Hwana, Putai mafa; Marghi |- | Jilbe town || Jilbe |- | Kaga || Yerwa Kanuri; Putai |- | Kala/Balge || Shuwa Arab; kanuri; Afade |- | Konduga || Shuwa Arab; Yerwa Kanuri; Maffa; Putai; Wanda; Marghi |- | Kukawa || Yerwa Kanuri |- | Kwaya-Kusar || Bura, Putai, Marghi South |- | Maiduguri || Yerwa Kanuri; Mafa |- | Monguno || Yerwa Kanuri; Mafa |- | Ngala || Shuwa Arab; Yerwa Kanuri |} Sauran yarukun Jihar sune: Lala-Roba, Tarjumo, Yedina, da kuma Tedaga.<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 2020-01-10.</ref> == Addinai == [[Fayil:Indimi Jumma'a mosque.jpg|thumb|masallacin jummu'at na Indimi dake cikin garin Maiduguri jahar Borno ]] Mafi yawancin mutanan Jihar Borno musulmai ne, tare da tsirarun mabiya addinin kirista da waninsu. Ana amfani da shari'ar musuluncine a harkokin ci gaba, zamantakewa, addini da dai sauransu. [[Fayil:Central Mosque Maiduguri. jpg.jpg|thumb|Masallacn jumma'a dake fadar sarkin Borno]] == Masana'antu == Masana'antu a jihar Borno nada yawa , wasu daga ciki sun hada da: * Masana'antar Borno textile<ref>Borno Textile @ A 41 monday market, Off Maiduguri Main Market, Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria ,Maiduguri, Bornu, Maiduguri | Nigeria Directory | A List of Nigerian Businesses, Organisations, Firms and Companies | Nigeria Yellow Pages</ref> * Masana'antar Flex Foam Nigeria Ltd * Masana'antar Simba Industry Ltd<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/promoted/385834-simba-tvs-distributes-safety-and-hygiene-packs-to-keke-riders.html</ref> == Ilimi == [[Borno|Jihar Borno]] nada cibiyoyin ilimi ma bam-banta, wadannan sun hada da: === Jami'o'i === * [[:en:University_of_Maiduguri|Univeristy of Maiduguri]]<ref>https://gazettengr.com/unimaid-resumes-academic-activities-october-26/</ref> * Nigerian Army University Biu<ref>https://leadership.ng/army-varsity-matriculates-333-students/</ref> * Borno State University<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/first-private-university-in-borno-gets-vice-chancellor/</ref> * Al-ansar University<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/first-private-university-in-borno-gets-vice-chancellor/</ref> * Kashim Ibrahim College of Education * Ramat polytechnic * Mohammed Goni College of Legal a * <ref>https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2016/11/23/2000-students-get-certificate-20-years-after-graduation/</ref> * Maiduguri Colege of Nursing and Midwifery * == Ma'adinai == Jihar Borno nada [[tarin]] [[Albarkatun dan'adam|albarkatun]] kasa da ma'adinai masu tarin yawa , sawu daga cikinsu sun hada da:<ref>https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/natura-resources-found-in-borno-state/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230101745/https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/natura-resources-found-in-borno-state/ |date=2022-12-30 }}</ref> * Laka * Ma'adanin Kaolin * Ma'adanin Diatonite * Ma'adanin Trona * Ma'adanin Iron * Ma'adanin Mica * Ma'adanin Quartz * Ma'adanin Magnetite * Ma'adanin Uranium ==Shahararrun Mutane== [[Ibrahim Ibn Al-hussaini]] * [[Zakariya Maimalari]], Sojan Najeriya * [[Mohammed Indimi]], Dan kasuwa * [[Kyari Magumeri]], soja * Fiona Lovatt, mai bibiyar 'yancin dan adam * [[Shaykh Sherif Ibrahim Ibn Saleh al-Hussaini]], Malamin addinin musulunci kuma Mufti * [[Abba Kyari]] dan kasuwa, dan siyasa * Abba Kyari (military general), jenar na soja *[[Kashim Shettima]], <ref>https://punchng.com/nigeriall-bounce-back-in-few-months-says-shettima/</ref>mataimakin shugaban kasa * [[Sheikh Abba Aji]], Babban malamin addin *Professor [[Babagana Umara Zulum]], Gwamnan jahar<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2023/12/20/borno-governor-zulum-excludes-christians-their-communities-nigerian-governments</ref> *[[Mohammed Ali Ndume|Muhammed Ali Ndume]]. Dan Siyasa, Senata mai wakiltar mazabar Borno ta kudu a majalisar dattawa tun daga 2011. *[[Ali Modu Sheriff]]. Dan Siyasa, tsohon gwamnan jihar Borno daga 2003 zuwa 2011. == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Jihohin Najeriya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Borno}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] 5rckahbns8ojzvr0ayo5rgm9p2c8ulo 906220 906219 2026-08-22T13:22:12Z Mhizabdoul 42167 906220 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}[[File:Borno state contingent.jpg|thumb|jiha mai dumbin mutane da kuma al'adu]] [[File:ASC Leiden - NSAG - van Dis 4 - 117 - The market of Maiduguri. A group of curious boys - Maiduguri, Borno State, North East Nigeria - 11 January 1962.tif|thumb|People of Borno]] [[File:Nachtigal Umar Borno.jpg|thumb|Umar Borno]] [[File:Borno State Summer Weather (1).jpg|thumb|cikin garin Borno]] [[Fayil:Emir of Maiduguri Palace.jpg|thumb|Masarautar Sarkin jahar Borno]] '''Jihar Borno'''{{Audio|Ha-Borno.ogg|Borno}} jiha ce dake [[Arewa (Najeriya)|arewa]] maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Ta haɗa iyaka da Jihar [[Yobe]] daga yamma, [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] daga kudu maso gabas, [[Adamawa]] daga kudu, yayin da iyakarta ta gabas tayi iyaka ta ƙasa da ƙasa da [[Kamaru]], iyakarta ta arewa kuwa ta haɗe ne da yankin.<ref>Borno State Government. (n.d.). ''About Borno State''. Retrieved June 20, 2025, from <nowiki>https://www.bornostate.gov.ng/about</nowiki></ref><ref>United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. (2020). ''Borno State Humanitarian Situation Report''. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.unocha.org/nigeria/reports</nowiki></ref><ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Borno</ref> Jihar Borno ita ce jiha ta biyu (2) a girman kasa a cikin jahohi talatin da shidda (36) na Najeriya, bayan Jihar [[Neja]]. Amma duk da girman jihar, ita ce ta goma sha-ɗaya (11) a yawan mutane tare da ƙiyasin mutane a kalla kimanin miliyan, 5.86 a shekarar dubu biyu da shidda (2016).<ref>"Population 2006-2016". ''[[National Bureau of Statistics, Nigeria|National Bureau of Statistics]]''. Retrieved 14 December 2021.</ref><ref>United Nations Population Fund. (2017). ''State Population Reports for Nigeria''. New York, NY: UNFPA.</ref> A fannin yanayin ƙasa; ''semi-desert Sahelian savanna daga arewa'' da kuma ''Sudanian savanna ta yamma'' a tsakiya da kudancin jihar, da kuma [[mutane]] Mandara Plateau daga yankin kudu maso gabas.<ref>Levtzion, N., & Hopkins, J. F. P. (1981). ''Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History''. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/</ref> Jihar Borno tana da ƙabilu da suke zaune a yankin na lokaci mai tsawo, kamar su [[Harshen Dghwede|Dghwede]], [[Harshen Glavda|Glavda]], [[Harshen Guduf-Gava|Guduf]], [[Harshen Lamang|Laamang]], [[Mutanen Mafa|Mafa]], kanuri, da [[Mandara|Mandara]] a tsakiyar yankin; [[Harshen Afade|Afade]], [[Mutanen Buduma|Yedina (Buduma)]], da kuma [[Mutanen Kanembu|Kanembu]] daga ƙarshen yankin arewa maso gabas; harshen [[Harshen Waja|Waja]] a kuryar kudancin yankin da kuma [[Harshen Cibak|Kyibaku]], [[Harshen Kamwe|Kamwe]], [[Mutanen Kilba|Kilba]], [[Marghi|Margi]] da kuma babbar a yankin kudancin jihar, a yayinda harsunan [[Kanuri|Kanuri]], da [[Shuwa Arab|Shuwa Arab]]<nowiki/>ke rayuwa a yankunan tsakiya da arewacin jihar. Ta fannin [[addini]], mafi yawan mutanen jihar (85%) musulmai ne, da tsirarun [[kiristoci]] da mabiya addinan [[gargajiya]], da kaso 7% kowanne.<ref>https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/</ref><ref>https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/</ref><ref>https://www.africabib.org/</ref><ref>Smith, A. (1997). Ethnic Identity and Political Change in Northern Nigeria. ''Journal of African Studies, 25''(3), 312–336. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/</ref> [[Fayil:Borno State Flag.gif|thumb|borno state]] Tun daga ƙarni na bakwai (7 century), inda aka sani da Jihar Borno ta kasance daga yankin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu]]. Daular da ta fito daga yankin kudancin [[Libya|Libya,]] ta yau ([[Fezzan]]) har zuwa yankin [[Cadi]] har zuwa yankin Jihar [[Borno]] ta yau. Bayan karni na 13, an tilasta wa Kanem Bornu matsawa bayan yakokin da ba suyi nasara ba, inda ta koma Masarautar Borno, kafin ta kara karfi kuma ta mulki yankin har na tsawon shekaru dari biya (500). Har sai zuwa karni na 18 (shekara ta 1800) lokacin [[Jihadin Fulani|Jihadin Fulani,]] suka raunata Masarautar Borno, har masarautar ta fara rage karfi. An kwace mafi yawancin yankin masarautar inda aka hade ta da yankin Jihar [[Adamawa]] ta yau a karkashin [[Daular Sokoto|Daular Halifancin Sokoto]]. Shekaru 80 bayan haka, [[Rabih az-Zubayr]], wani kusan yaki dan kasar [[Sudan]] ya mallake Daulana Shekarar kuma ya mulke ta har zuwa karni na Shekarar alif 1900 lokacin da sojojin Faransa suka kashe shi a [[Yakin Kousséri]]. Har wayau, turawan mulkin mallaka sunci Masarautar [[Adamawa]] da yaki, inda Daular [[Jamus]] da na [[Burtaniya]] ,suka ci su da yaki. Duka yankunan kasar Rabih,da kuma Masarautar Adamawa an rabasu tsakanin su da turawan mulkin mallaka inda sashin Masarautar Borno ta yau ta fada karkashin mulkin Jamus da Burtaniya. An hade yankin da Burtaniya ke da iko ta [[Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya]] wacce daga baya aka hade ta ta zamo Yankin Mulkin Mallaka ta Najeriya, wacce daga baya ta samu 'yanci a Shekarar alif da dari 1960, Najeriya. Yankin da kasar Jamus ke da iko kuwa (yankin dake kusa da iyakar Kamaru ta yau) ta zamo Borno-na mutanen Jamus a matsayin yankin "German-Kemerun har zuwa lokacin da sojojin hadin gwiwa suka kai farmaki a yankin a lokacin kamfe na Kamerun a lokacin Yakin [[duniya]] ta daya. Inda ke matsayin farfajiyar Jihar [[Borno]] daga gabas a yau ta zamo sashin Arewacin [[Kamaru]] a karkashin yankin Kamaru ta Burtaniya har zuwa shekarar 1961, a lokacin da wata yarjejeniya ta jawo aka hadeta cikin yankin Najeriya. Daga farko, bayan samun 'yanci, sashin Jihar Borno na daga cikin yankin [[Jihar Arewa ta Gabas]]. Bayan an raba Jihar Arewa ta Gabas, an kirkiri Jihar Borno a ranar 3 ga watan Febreru na Shekarar alif 1976 tare da sauran jihohi guda goma. Shekaru goma sha biyar bayan yi mata jiha, an hade wasu kananan hukumomi daga yammacin jihar don samar da Jihar [[Yobe]]. Bayan wasu ƴan shekaru, a cikin shekara ta 2000, Jihar ta zamo cibiyar kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] kuma daga nan ta fara samar da rudani a shekara 2009. A tsakanin shakara ta 2012 zuwa 2015, abin ya yi kamari a yankin yayinda kusan akasarin ikon jihar ta koma karkashin kungiyar, hakan yasa kungiyar ta zama mafi munin kungiya a duniya kuma sun sa mutum sama da miliyan daya sun bar gidajensu da dukiyoyinsu. Bayan munanan sunkai hare-hare a cikin jihar a shekara ta 2015 da kuma fada tsakanin kungiyar Boko Haram da na [[:en:Islamic_State_–_West_Africa_Province|ISWAP]], an kore kungiyoyin zuwa cikin [[Dajin Sambisa]] da wasu tsiburai da ke yankin gabar [[Tabkin Chadi]] a shekara ta 2017; har ilayau, rashin zaman lafiya a yankin ya zama ruwan dare yayinda ƴan ta'adda ke kai hare-hare ga sojoji da farar hula baki daya.<ref>Odunsi, Wale. "Boko Haram, ISIS, ISWAP threat in Nigeria increasing – Osinbajo notifies US". ''[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]''. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</ref> A matsayinta na jiha da ta dogara ta wata fuskar da noma da kiwo, tattalin arzikin yankunan karkarar Jihar Borno sun dogara ne akan noma da kiwo kafin soma rikicin Boko Haram, yayinda babban birnin jihar wato [[Maiduguri]] take taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci da kuma hada-hada.<ref>"Maiduguri: living in Boko Haram territory". ''[[eNCA]]''. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</ref> Amma duk da haka, bayan shekaru da jihar ta sha fama da rashin zaman lafiya, wanda ya kawo cikas, ga cigaba kuma ya tilasta wa manoma suka bar kauyukansu, don neman tsira, Jihar Borno tana na goma sha uku a jerin cigaban al'umma a kasar, amma tunda an fara shawo kan rikicin a shekara ta 2016, an fara farfado da harkokin cigaba a yankin.<ref>"Human Development Indices". ''Global Data Lab''. Retrieved 15 December 2021.</ref><ref>"Achieving common development objectives in Borno State". ''[[Mercy Corps]]''. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</ref><ref>Tayo, Teniola. "Maiduguri's economic revival could be a lifeline for Lake Chad Basin". ''[[Institute for Security Studies]]''. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</ref> Jihar Borno nada fadin kasa kimanin kilomita 57,799 da yawan jama’an da suka kai kimanin mutane 5,925,668 (a kiddidigar kidaya ta shekara ta 2006).Babban birnin jihar shi ne [[Maiduguri]]. [[Babagana Umara Zulum]] shi ne gwamnan jihar, tun bayan zabensa da aka yi a shekara ta 2019 har zuwa yau. Mataimakin gwamnan kuwa shi ne [[Usman Mamman Durkwa]]. Dattijai daga jihar sun hada da: [[Yusuf Buratai]], Baba Garba, [[Ali Madu Sheriff]], [[Muhammad Indimi]], [[Abba Kyari]], [[Mohammed Ali Ndume]] da sauransu. Mutanen garin Borno mutane ne masu son al'ada da kokarin riko da addini da fafutuka wajen neman ilimi. Daga cikin al'adunsu akwai zaman mai gida wuri daya tare da iyalensa domin cin abinci a cikin faranti/kwano daya. Mutane ne masu son mu'amala da turare sannan matan su suna yawan yin kwalliya, lalle wato dayis da dai sauransu. Akan samu yaruka mazauna Borno kamar irin su Kanuri, Babur, margi, da dai sauransu. == Tarihi == Mutanen [[Kanuri]] sune kabilar da ta fi karfi a Jihar Borno, bayansu akwai kabilu kamar Lapang, [[Babur people|Babur]]/[[Bura people|Bura]] da [[Marghi]] wanda ake samu a yankin kudancin jihar. Kabilar [[Shuwa Arab]] mafi akasarinsu sun samo asaline daga [[Larabawa]].<ref>Scheinfeldt, L.B.; Soi, S.; Tischkoff, S.A. (2010). ''The SAGE Encyclopedia of African Cultural Heritage in North America''. p. 96.</ref> Sarakunan tsohuwar yankin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu]] sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a siyasan wannan yankin na kusan shekaru dubu daya 1000.<ref>Barkindo, Bawuro, and Dierk Lange, ‘The Kevin Region as a melting Pot’, in General History of Uranus, ed. by M Elfasi and I Hrbek (London: Unesco, Heinemann, 1988), III, 436–60.</ref> Masarautar Kanemi ta yanzu amshe ikon [[Masarautar Borno]] a farkon karni na 19 bayan yakin [[Jihadin Fulani]] na [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo]]. [[Rabih az-Zubayr]] ya mulke ta a Shekarar 1893.<ref>"Borno's 127-Year-Old Fort". ''Folio Nigeria''. 26 June 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2020.</ref> Burtaniya, Faransa da Jamus sun kai farmaki a yankin a farkon karni na 20. Acikin shekarar 1902 ne, Burtaniya ta sanya jihar cikin [[Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya]],<ref>Ikime, Obaro, ‘The Fall of Borno’, in The Fall of Nigeria: The British Conquest (London: Heinemann Educational, 1977), pp. 178–84</ref> sannan a Shekarar 1907, suka kafa babban birnin a [[Maiduguri]], wacce ta tsaya matsayin babban birinin jihar har yau.<ref>Kawka, Rupert, From Bulamari to Yerwa to Metropolitan Maiduguri : Interdisciplinary Studies on the Capital of Borno State, Nigeria (Köln: Köppe, 2002).</ref> Bayan samun 'yancin Najeriya a Shekarar 1960, Jihar Borno ta kasance kasa mai 'yancin kai har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa jihohi 12 a Shekarar 1967. Sabon tsarin kananan hukumomi na shekarar 1976, ya rage wa sarakuna karfin iko a masarautar sannan a lokacin da Najeriya ta dawo mulkin farar hula a Shekarar 1979, karfin mulki sarakuna sun koma a fannin al'adu da gargajiya ne kawai. An zabi [[Mala Kachalla]] a matsayin gwamnan jihar a shekarar 1999, a karkashin jam'iyyar APP (All Peoples Party), wacce daga baya ta koma ANPP (All Nigeria People's Party). Sannan a watan Aprelun 2003 ne aka zabi [[Ali Modu Sheriff]] a matsayin gwamnan Jihar Borno.<ref>"Governor Ali Modu Sheriff of Borno State". Nigeria Governors Forum. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 13 September2009.</ref> Rikicin Boko Haram ya soma ne a shekara ta 2009, tare da Jihar Borno a matsayin yankin da abu yafi shafa. A ranar 14 ga Watan Mayun shekarar 2013 ne, Shugaban kasa [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ya sanar cewa an sanya takunkumi a yankunan arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]], wanda ya hada da Jihar Borno da makwabtanta jihohin [[Adamawa]] da [[Yobe]].<ref>"Army crackdown on Nigeria's Islamist militants". ''[[BBC News]]''. 17 May 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.</ref> Wannan ya faru ne bayan rikici tsakanin 'yan Boko Haram da sojojin Najeriya ya jawo mutuwar rayukan [[mutum]] 200 a yankin birnin [[Baga, Nigeria|Baga]]. Wani mai magana daga sojojin Najeriya ya sanar cewa zasu cigaba da kai farmaki har sai sunga bayan ta'addanci a kowanne sashe a Najeriiya.<ref>"Nigeria army's offensive to continue 'as long as it takes'". ''[[BBC News]]''. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.</ref> Acikin watan Yuli shekarar 2014 ne, gwamna [[Kashim Shettima]] ya sanar cewa, "an kashe malamai 176 kuma an lalata makarantu fiye da 900 tun fara rikicin a shekara ta 2011. An kulle mafi yawancin makarantun Jihar Borno bayan garkuwa da akayi da dalibai mata daga [[Chibok]] a watan Afrilu shekarar 2014. Acikin watan Nuwamban shekarar 2014 ne, [[UNICEF]] ta sanar da cewa ta kara yawan cibiyoyinta na tallafawa akan karancin kumari (Community Management of Acute Malnutrition) na daga rashin cin abinci mai gina jiki a Jihar Borno daga "5 zuwa 67".<ref>Nigeria: Humanitarian Update on North East Nigeria, unicef.org, November 2014.</ref> Sashin noma na jihar ta samu babban cikas musamman a dalilin rashin zaman lafiya kuma [[mutane]] da dama sun shiga hali na rashin tsaro ta fuskar [[abinci]].<ref><nowiki>http://www.actionagainsthunger.org/countries/africa/nigeria</nowiki> Actionagainsthunger. “Action Against Hunger Logo.” Nigeria. Actionagainsthunger, n.d. Web. 03 May 2016.</ref> [[File:Lake Chad (Baga site) borno state.jpg|thumb|ruwan baga dake jihar borno]] ==Ƙananan Hukumomin Borno== Jihar Borno:jiha ce da take da [[Kananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda ashirin da bakwai (27) Su ne kamar haka:<ref>{{Cite book | edition = Millennium | publisher = Federal Ministry of Information | isbn = 9780104089 | volume = 2, State Surveys | last = Nigeria | title = Nigeria: a people united, a future assured | location = Abuja, Nigeria | date = 2000 | page = 106 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! Borno Central<br>Senatorial District !! Area in<br> km² !! 1,666,541 !! !! Borno South<br>Senatorial District !! Area in<br> km² !! 1,245,962 !! !! Borno North<br>Senatorial District !! Area in<br> km² !! 1,238,390 |- | [[Maiduguri]] ||align="right"| 137.36 ||align="right"| 540,016 || || [[Askira/Uba]] ||align="right"| 2,431.83 ||align="right"| 143,313 || || [[Abadam]] ||align="right"| 4,172.27 ||align="right"| 100,065 |- | [[Ngala]] ||align="right"| 1,519.82 ||align="right"| 236,498 || || [[Bayo, Nigeria|Bayo]]|| align="right" | 985.78 ||align="right"| 79,078 || || [[Gubio]] ||align="right"| 2,575.09 ||align="right"| 151,286 |- | [[Kala/Balge]] ||align="right"| 1,962.13 ||align="right"| 60,834 || || [[Biu, Nigeria|Biu]]|| align="right" | 3,423.86 ||align="right"| 175,760 || || [[Guzamala]] ||align="right"| 2,631.44||align="right"| 95,991 |- | [[Mafa]] ||align="right"| 2,976.99 ||align="right"| 103,600 || || [[Chibok]] ||align="right"| 1,392.00 ||align="right"| 66,333 || || [[Kaga, Nigeria|Kaga]]|| align="right" | 2,802.46 ||align="right"| 89,996 |- | [[Konduga]] ||align="right"| 6,065.89 ||align="right"| 157,322 || || [[Damboa]] ||align="right"| 6,426.18 ||align="right"| 233,200 || || [[Kukawa]] ||align="right"| 5,124.41 ||align="right"| 203,343 |- | [[Bama, Nigeria|Bama]]|| align="right" | 5,158.87 ||align="right"| 270,119 || || [[Gwoza]] ||align="right"| 2,973.15 ||align="right"| 276,568 || || [[Magumeri]] ||align="right"| 5,057.61 ||align="right"| 140,257 |- | [[Jere, Nigeria|Jere]]|| align="right" | 900.72 ||align="right"| 209,107 || || [[Hawul]] ||align="right"| 2,160.99 ||align="right"| 120,733 || || [[Marte, Nigeria|Marte]]|| align="right" | 3,280.02 ||align="right"| 129,409 |- | [[Dikwa]] ||align="right"| 1,836.89 ||align="right"| 105,042 || || [[Kwaya Kusar]] ||align="right"| 754.69 ||align="right"| 56,704 || || [[Mobbar]] ||align="right"| 3,280.02 ||align="right"| 116,633 |- | || || || || [[Shani, Nigeria|Shani]]|| align="right" | 1,238.93 ||align="right"| 100,989 || || [[Monguno]] ||align="right"| 1,993.20 ||align="right"| 109,834 |- | || || || || || || || || [[Nganzai]] ||align="right"| 2,572.35 ||align="right"| 99,074 |} Bugu da kari akwai gundumomin masarautu guda takwas a jihar (Borno, Damboa, Dikwa, Biu, Askira, Gwoza, Shani da kuma masarautar Uba).<ref>Borno State overview Archived July 15, 2012, at the [[Wayback Machine]], Borno State Government</ref> Wanda suke baiwa kananan hukumomi shawarwari na al'adu da gargajiya.<ref>Borno State information Archived October 21, 2012, at the [[Wayback Machine]], Federal Republic of Nigeria, National Bureau of Statistics; accessed 28 September 2015.</ref> == Harsuna == Harsunan da ake amfani dasu a Jihar dangane da kananan hukumominsu sun hada da:<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 2020-01-10.</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! LGA !! Languages |- | Askira-Uba || Putai; Bura-Pabir; Gude; Kibaku; Marghi Central; Marghi South; Nggwahyi; Nya Huba; Marghi |- | Bama || [[Chadian Arabic|Shuwa Arabic]]; Yerwa Kanuri; Wandala; Mafa; Marghi |- | Biu || Bura-Pabir; Dera; Ga'anda; Jara; Putai, Marghi |- | Chibok || Kibaku; Putai; Marghi |- | Damboa || Kibaku; Marghi Central; Putai; Mulgwai; Kanuri |- | Dikwa || Shuwa Arab |- | Gwoza || Cineni; Dghwede; Glavda; Guduf-Gava; Gvoko; Hide; Yerwa Kanuri; Lamang; Mafa; Sukur; Waja; Wandala; Marghi |- | Hawul || Bura,Hwana, Putai mafa; Marghi |- | Jilbe town || Jilbe |- | Kaga || Yerwa Kanuri; Putai |- | Kala/Balge || Shuwa Arab; kanuri; Afade |- | Konduga || Shuwa Arab; Yerwa Kanuri; Maffa; Putai; Wanda; Marghi |- | Kukawa || Yerwa Kanuri |- | Kwaya-Kusar || Bura, Putai, Marghi South |- | Maiduguri || Yerwa Kanuri; Mafa |- | Monguno || Yerwa Kanuri; Mafa |- | Ngala || Shuwa Arab; Yerwa Kanuri |} Sauran yarukun Jihar sune: Lala-Roba, Tarjumo, Yedina, da kuma Tedaga.<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 2020-01-10.</ref> == Addinai == [[Fayil:Indimi Jumma'a mosque.jpg|thumb|masallacin jummu'at na Indimi dake cikin garin Maiduguri jahar Borno ]] Mafi yawancin mutanan Jihar Borno musulmai ne, tare da tsirarun mabiya addinin kirista da waninsu. Ana amfani da shari'ar musuluncine a harkokin ci gaba, zamantakewa, addini da dai sauransu. [[Fayil:Central Mosque Maiduguri. jpg.jpg|thumb|Masallacn jumma'a dake fadar sarkin Borno]] == Masana'antu == Masana'antu a jihar Borno nada yawa , wasu daga ciki sun hada da: * Masana'antar Borno textile<ref>Borno Textile @ A 41 monday market, Off Maiduguri Main Market, Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria ,Maiduguri, Bornu, Maiduguri | Nigeria Directory | A List of Nigerian Businesses, Organisations, Firms and Companies | Nigeria Yellow Pages</ref> * Masana'antar Flex Foam Nigeria Ltd * Masana'antar Simba Industry Ltd<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/promoted/385834-simba-tvs-distributes-safety-and-hygiene-packs-to-keke-riders.html</ref> == Ilimi == [[Borno|Jihar Borno]] nada cibiyoyin ilimi ma bam-banta, wadannan sun hada da: === Jami'o'i === * [[:en:University_of_Maiduguri|Univeristy of Maiduguri]]<ref>https://gazettengr.com/unimaid-resumes-academic-activities-october-26/</ref> * Nigerian Army University Biu<ref>https://leadership.ng/army-varsity-matriculates-333-students/</ref> * Borno State University<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/first-private-university-in-borno-gets-vice-chancellor/</ref> * Al-ansar University<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/first-private-university-in-borno-gets-vice-chancellor/</ref> * Kashim Ibrahim College of Education * Ramat polytechnic * Mohammed Goni College of Legal a * <ref>https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2016/11/23/2000-students-get-certificate-20-years-after-graduation/</ref> * Maiduguri Colege of Nursing and Midwifery * == Ma'adinai == Jihar Borno nada [[tarin]] [[Albarkatun dan'adam|albarkatun]] kasa da ma'adinai masu tarin yawa , sawu daga cikinsu sun hada da:<ref>https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/natura-resources-found-in-borno-state/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230101745/https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/natura-resources-found-in-borno-state/ |date=2022-12-30 }}</ref> * Laka * Ma'adanin Kaolin * Ma'adanin Diatonite * Ma'adanin Trona * Ma'adanin Iron * Ma'adanin Mica * Ma'adanin Quartz * Ma'adanin Magnetite * Ma'adanin Uranium ==Shahararrun Mutane== [[Ibrahim Ibn Al-hussaini]] * [[Zakariya Maimalari]], Sojan Najeriya * [[Mohammed Indimi]], Dan kasuwa * [[Kyari Magumeri]], soja * Fiona Lovatt, mai bibiyar 'yancin dan adam * [[Shaykh Sherif Ibrahim Ibn Saleh al-Hussaini]], Malamin addinin musulunci kuma Mufti * [[Abba Kyari]] dan kasuwa, dan siyasa * Abba Kyari (military general), jenar na soja *[[Kashim Shettima]], <ref>https://punchng.com/nigeriall-bounce-back-in-few-months-says-shettima/</ref>mataimakin shugaban kasa * [[Sheikh Abba Aji]], Babban malamin addin *Professor [[Babagana Umara Zulum]], Gwamnan jahar<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2023/12/20/borno-governor-zulum-excludes-christians-their-communities-nigerian-governments</ref> *[[Mohammed Ali Ndume|Muhammed Ali Ndume]]. Dan Siyasa, Senata mai wakiltar mazabar Borno ta kudu a majalisar dattawa tun daga 2011. *[[Ali Modu Sheriff]]. Dan Siyasa, tsohon gwamnan jihar Borno daga 2003 zuwa 2011. == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Jihohin Najeriya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Borno}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] 0ckkhde294wo43uzweds5zfmp3gb85m 906222 906220 2026-08-22T13:22:30Z Mhizabdoul 42167 906222 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}[[File:Borno state contingent.jpg|thumb|jiha mai dumbin mutane da kuma al'adu]] [[File:ASC Leiden - NSAG - van Dis 4 - 117 - The market of Maiduguri. A group of curious boys - Maiduguri, Borno State, North East Nigeria - 11 January 1962.tif|thumb|People of Borno]] [[File:Nachtigal Umar Borno.jpg|thumb|Umar Borno]] [[File:Borno State Summer Weather (1).jpg|thumb|cikin garin Borno]] [[Fayil:Emir of Maiduguri Palace.jpg|thumb|Masarautar Sarkin jahar Borno]] '''Jihar Borno'''{{Audio|Ha-Borno.ogg|Borno}} jiha ce dake [[Arewa (Najeriya)|arewa]] maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Ta haɗa iyaka da Jihar [[Yobe]] daga yamma, [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] daga kudu maso gabas, [[Adamawa]] daga kudu, yayin da iyakarta ta gabas tayi iyaka ta ƙasa da ƙasa da [[Kamaru]], iyakarta ta arewa kuwa ta haɗe ne da yankin.<ref>Borno State Government. (n.d.). ''About Borno State''. Retrieved June 20, 2025, from <nowiki>https://www.bornostate.gov.ng/about</nowiki></ref><ref>United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. (2020). ''Borno State Humanitarian Situation Report''. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.unocha.org/nigeria/reports</nowiki></ref><ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Borno</ref> Jihar Borno ita ce jiha ta biyu (2) a girman kasa a cikin jahohi talatin da shidda (36) na Najeriya, bayan Jihar [[Neja]]. Amma duk da girman jihar, ita ce ta goma sha-ɗaya (11) a yawan mutane tare da ƙiyasin mutane a kalla kimanin miliyan, 5.86 a shekarar dubu biyu da shidda (2016).<ref>"Population 2006-2016". ''[[National Bureau of Statistics, Nigeria|National Bureau of Statistics]]''. Retrieved 14 December 2021.</ref><ref>United Nations Population Fund. (2017). ''State Population Reports for Nigeria''. New York, NY: UNFPA.</ref> A fannin yanayin ƙasa; ''semi-desert Sahelian savanna daga arewa'' da kuma ''Sudanian savanna ta yamma'' a tsakiya da kudancin jihar, da kuma [[mutane]] Mandara Plateau daga yankin kudu maso gabas.<ref>Levtzion, N., & Hopkins, J. F. P. (1981). ''Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History''. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/</ref> Jihar Borno tana da ƙabilu da suke zaune a yankin na lokaci mai tsawo, kamar su [[Harshen Dghwede|Dghwede]], [[Harshen Glavda|Glavda]], [[Harshen Guduf-Gava|Guduf]], [[Harshen Lamang|Laamang]], [[Mutanen Mafa|Mafa]], kanuri, da [[Mandara|Mandara]] a tsakiyar yankin; [[Harshen Afade|Afade]], [[Mutanen Buduma|Yedina (Buduma)]], da kuma [[Mutanen Kanembu|Kanembu]] daga ƙarshen yankin arewa maso gabas; harshen [[Harshen Waja|Waja]] a kuryar kudancin yankin da kuma [[Harshen Cibak|Kyibaku]], [[Harshen Kamwe|Kamwe]], [[Mutanen Kilba|Kilba]], [[Marghi|Margi]] da kuma babbar a yankin kudancin jihar, a yayinda harsunan [[Kanuri|Kanuri]], da [[Shuwa Arab|Shuwa Arab]]<nowiki/>ke rayuwa a yankunan tsakiya da arewacin jihar. Ta fannin [[addini]], mafi yawan mutanen jihar (85%) musulmai ne, da tsirarun [[kiristoci]] da mabiya addinan [[gargajiya]], da kaso 7% kowanne.<ref>https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/</ref><ref>https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/</ref><ref>https://www.africabib.org/</ref><ref>Smith, A. (1997). Ethnic Identity and Political Change in Northern Nigeria. ''Journal of African Studies, 25''(3), 312–336. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/</ref> [[Fayil:Borno State Flag.gif|thumb|borno state]] Tun daga ƙarni na bakwai (7 century), inda aka sani da Jihar Borno ta kasance daga yankin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu]]. Daular da ta fito daga yankin kudancin [[Libya|Libya,]] ta yau ([[Fezzan]]) har zuwa yankin [[Cadi]] har zuwa yankin Jihar [[Borno]] ta yau. Bayan karni na 13, an tilasta wa Kanem Bornu matsawa bayan yakokin da ba suyi nasara ba, inda ta koma Masarautar Borno, kafin ta kara karfi kuma ta mulki yankin har na tsawon shekaru dari biya (500). Har sai zuwa karni na 18 (shekara ta 1800) lokacin [[Jihadin Fulani|Jihadin Fulani,]] suka raunata Masarautar Borno, har masarautar ta fara rage karfi. An kwace mafi yawancin yankin masarautar inda aka hade ta da yankin Jihar [[Adamawa]] ta yau a karkashin [[Daular Sokoto|Daular Halifancin Sokoto]]. Shekaru 80 bayan haka, [[Rabih az-Zubayr]], wani kusan yaki dan kasar [[Sudan]] ya mallake Daulana Shekarar kuma ya mulke ta har zuwa karni na Shekarar alif 1900 lokacin da sojojin Faransa suka kashe shi a [[Yakin Kousséri]]. Har wayau, turawan mulkin mallaka sunci Masarautar [[Adamawa]] da yaki, inda Daular [[Jamus]] da na [[Burtaniya]] ,suka ci su da yaki. Duka yankunan kasar Rabih,da kuma Masarautar Adamawa an rabasu tsakanin su da turawan mulkin mallaka inda sashin Masarautar Borno ta yau ta fada karkashin mulkin Jamus da Burtaniya. An hade yankin da Burtaniya ke da iko ta [[Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya]] wacce daga baya aka hade ta ta zamo Yankin Mulkin Mallaka ta Najeriya, wacce daga baya ta samu 'yanci a Shekarar alif da dari 1960, Najeriya. Yankin da kasar Jamus ke da iko kuwa (yankin dake kusa da iyakar Kamaru ta yau) ta zamo Borno-na mutanen Jamus a matsayin yankin "German-Kemerun har zuwa lokacin da sojojin hadin gwiwa suka kai farmaki a yankin a lokacin kamfe na Kamerun a lokacin Yakin [[duniya]] ta daya. Inda ke matsayin farfajiyar Jihar [[Borno]] daga gabas a yau ta zamo sashin Arewacin [[Kamaru]] a karkashin yankin Kamaru ta Burtaniya har zuwa shekarar 1961, a lokacin da wata yarjejeniya ta jawo aka hadeta cikin yankin Najeriya. Daga farko, bayan samun 'yanci, sashin Jihar Borno na daga cikin yankin [[Jihar Arewa ta Gabas]]. Bayan an raba Jihar Arewa ta Gabas, an kirkiri Jihar Borno a ranar 3 ga watan Febreru na Shekarar alif 1976 tare da sauran jihohi guda goma. Shekaru goma sha biyar bayan yi mata jiha, an hade wasu kananan hukumomi daga yammacin jihar don samar da Jihar [[Yobe]]. Bayan wasu ƴan shekaru, a cikin shekara ta 2000, Jihar ta zamo cibiyar kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] kuma daga nan ta fara samar da rudani a shekara 2009. A tsakanin shakara ta 2012 zuwa 2015, abin ya yi kamari a yankin yayinda kusan akasarin ikon jihar ta koma karkashin kungiyar, hakan yasa kungiyar ta zama mafi munin kungiya a duniya kuma sun sa mutum sama da miliyan daya sun bar gidajensu da dukiyoyinsu. Bayan munanan sunkai hare-hare a cikin jihar a shekara ta 2015 da kuma fada tsakanin kungiyar Boko Haram da na [[:en:Islamic_State_–_West_Africa_Province|ISWAP]], an kore kungiyoyin zuwa cikin [[Dajin Sambisa]] da wasu tsiburai da ke yankin gabar [[Tabkin Chadi]] a shekara ta 2017; har ilayau, rashin zaman lafiya a yankin ya zama ruwan dare yayinda ƴan ta'adda ke kai hare-hare ga sojoji da farar hula baki daya.<ref>Odunsi, Wale. "Boko Haram, ISIS, ISWAP threat in Nigeria increasing – Osinbajo notifies US". ''[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]''. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</ref> A matsayinta na jiha da ta dogara ta wata fuskar da noma da kiwo, tattalin arzikin yankunan karkarar Jihar Borno sun dogara ne akan noma da kiwo kafin soma rikicin Boko Haram, yayinda babban birnin jihar wato [[Maiduguri]] take taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci da kuma hada-hada.<ref>"Maiduguri: living in Boko Haram territory". ''[[eNCA]]''. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</ref> Amma duk da haka, bayan shekaru da jihar ta sha fama da rashin zaman lafiya, wanda ya kawo cikas, ga cigaba kuma ya tilasta wa manoma suka bar kauyukansu, don neman tsira, Jihar Borno tana na goma sha uku a jerin cigaban al'umma a kasar, amma tunda an fara shawo kan rikicin a shekara ta 2016, an fara farfado da harkokin cigaba a yankin.<ref>"Human Development Indices". ''Global Data Lab''. Retrieved 15 December 2021.</ref><ref>"Achieving common development objectives in Borno State". ''[[Mercy Corps]]''. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</ref><ref>Tayo, Teniola. "Maiduguri's economic revival could be a lifeline for Lake Chad Basin". ''[[Institute for Security Studies]]''. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</ref> Jihar Borno nada fadin kasa kimanin kilomita 57,799 da yawan jama’an da suka kai kimanin mutane 5,925,668 (a kiddidigar kidaya ta shekara ta 2006).Babban birnin jihar shi ne [[Maiduguri]]. [[Babagana Umara Zulum]] shi ne gwamnan jihar, tun bayan zabensa da aka yi a shekara ta 2019 har zuwa yau. Mataimakin gwamnan kuwa shi ne [[Usman Mamman Durkwa]]. Dattijai daga jihar sun hada da: [[Yusuf Buratai]], Baba Garba, [[Ali Madu Sheriff]], Muhammad Indimi, [[Abba Kyari]], [[Mohammed Ali Ndume]] da sauransu. Mutanen garin Borno mutane ne masu son al'ada da kokarin riko da addini da fafutuka wajen neman ilimi. Daga cikin al'adunsu akwai zaman mai gida wuri daya tare da iyalensa domin cin abinci a cikin faranti/kwano daya. Mutane ne masu son mu'amala da turare sannan matan su suna yawan yin kwalliya, lalle wato dayis da dai sauransu. Akan samu yaruka mazauna Borno kamar irin su Kanuri, Babur, margi, da dai sauransu. == Tarihi == Mutanen [[Kanuri]] sune kabilar da ta fi karfi a Jihar Borno, bayansu akwai kabilu kamar Lapang, [[Babur people|Babur]]/[[Bura people|Bura]] da [[Marghi]] wanda ake samu a yankin kudancin jihar. Kabilar [[Shuwa Arab]] mafi akasarinsu sun samo asaline daga [[Larabawa]].<ref>Scheinfeldt, L.B.; Soi, S.; Tischkoff, S.A. (2010). ''The SAGE Encyclopedia of African Cultural Heritage in North America''. p. 96.</ref> Sarakunan tsohuwar yankin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu]] sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a siyasan wannan yankin na kusan shekaru dubu daya 1000.<ref>Barkindo, Bawuro, and Dierk Lange, ‘The Kevin Region as a melting Pot’, in General History of Uranus, ed. by M Elfasi and I Hrbek (London: Unesco, Heinemann, 1988), III, 436–60.</ref> Masarautar Kanemi ta yanzu amshe ikon [[Masarautar Borno]] a farkon karni na 19 bayan yakin [[Jihadin Fulani]] na [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo]]. [[Rabih az-Zubayr]] ya mulke ta a Shekarar 1893.<ref>"Borno's 127-Year-Old Fort". ''Folio Nigeria''. 26 June 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2020.</ref> Burtaniya, Faransa da Jamus sun kai farmaki a yankin a farkon karni na 20. Acikin shekarar 1902 ne, Burtaniya ta sanya jihar cikin [[Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya]],<ref>Ikime, Obaro, ‘The Fall of Borno’, in The Fall of Nigeria: The British Conquest (London: Heinemann Educational, 1977), pp. 178–84</ref> sannan a Shekarar 1907, suka kafa babban birnin a [[Maiduguri]], wacce ta tsaya matsayin babban birinin jihar har yau.<ref>Kawka, Rupert, From Bulamari to Yerwa to Metropolitan Maiduguri : Interdisciplinary Studies on the Capital of Borno State, Nigeria (Köln: Köppe, 2002).</ref> Bayan samun 'yancin Najeriya a Shekarar 1960, Jihar Borno ta kasance kasa mai 'yancin kai har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa jihohi 12 a Shekarar 1967. Sabon tsarin kananan hukumomi na shekarar 1976, ya rage wa sarakuna karfin iko a masarautar sannan a lokacin da Najeriya ta dawo mulkin farar hula a Shekarar 1979, karfin mulki sarakuna sun koma a fannin al'adu da gargajiya ne kawai. An zabi [[Mala Kachalla]] a matsayin gwamnan jihar a shekarar 1999, a karkashin jam'iyyar APP (All Peoples Party), wacce daga baya ta koma ANPP (All Nigeria People's Party). Sannan a watan Aprelun 2003 ne aka zabi [[Ali Modu Sheriff]] a matsayin gwamnan Jihar Borno.<ref>"Governor Ali Modu Sheriff of Borno State". Nigeria Governors Forum. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 13 September2009.</ref> Rikicin Boko Haram ya soma ne a shekara ta 2009, tare da Jihar Borno a matsayin yankin da abu yafi shafa. A ranar 14 ga Watan Mayun shekarar 2013 ne, Shugaban kasa [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ya sanar cewa an sanya takunkumi a yankunan arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]], wanda ya hada da Jihar Borno da makwabtanta jihohin [[Adamawa]] da [[Yobe]].<ref>"Army crackdown on Nigeria's Islamist militants". ''[[BBC News]]''. 17 May 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.</ref> Wannan ya faru ne bayan rikici tsakanin 'yan Boko Haram da sojojin Najeriya ya jawo mutuwar rayukan [[mutum]] 200 a yankin birnin [[Baga, Nigeria|Baga]]. Wani mai magana daga sojojin Najeriya ya sanar cewa zasu cigaba da kai farmaki har sai sunga bayan ta'addanci a kowanne sashe a Najeriiya.<ref>"Nigeria army's offensive to continue 'as long as it takes'". ''[[BBC News]]''. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.</ref> Acikin watan Yuli shekarar 2014 ne, gwamna [[Kashim Shettima]] ya sanar cewa, "an kashe malamai 176 kuma an lalata makarantu fiye da 900 tun fara rikicin a shekara ta 2011. An kulle mafi yawancin makarantun Jihar Borno bayan garkuwa da akayi da dalibai mata daga [[Chibok]] a watan Afrilu shekarar 2014. Acikin watan Nuwamban shekarar 2014 ne, [[UNICEF]] ta sanar da cewa ta kara yawan cibiyoyinta na tallafawa akan karancin kumari (Community Management of Acute Malnutrition) na daga rashin cin abinci mai gina jiki a Jihar Borno daga "5 zuwa 67".<ref>Nigeria: Humanitarian Update on North East Nigeria, unicef.org, November 2014.</ref> Sashin noma na jihar ta samu babban cikas musamman a dalilin rashin zaman lafiya kuma [[mutane]] da dama sun shiga hali na rashin tsaro ta fuskar [[abinci]].<ref><nowiki>http://www.actionagainsthunger.org/countries/africa/nigeria</nowiki> Actionagainsthunger. “Action Against Hunger Logo.” Nigeria. Actionagainsthunger, n.d. Web. 03 May 2016.</ref> [[File:Lake Chad (Baga site) borno state.jpg|thumb|ruwan baga dake jihar borno]] ==Ƙananan Hukumomin Borno== Jihar Borno:jiha ce da take da [[Kananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda ashirin da bakwai (27) Su ne kamar haka:<ref>{{Cite book | edition = Millennium | publisher = Federal Ministry of Information | isbn = 9780104089 | volume = 2, State Surveys | last = Nigeria | title = Nigeria: a people united, a future assured | location = Abuja, Nigeria | date = 2000 | page = 106 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! Borno Central<br>Senatorial District !! Area in<br> km² !! 1,666,541 !! !! Borno South<br>Senatorial District !! Area in<br> km² !! 1,245,962 !! !! Borno North<br>Senatorial District !! Area in<br> km² !! 1,238,390 |- | [[Maiduguri]] ||align="right"| 137.36 ||align="right"| 540,016 || || [[Askira/Uba]] ||align="right"| 2,431.83 ||align="right"| 143,313 || || [[Abadam]] ||align="right"| 4,172.27 ||align="right"| 100,065 |- | [[Ngala]] ||align="right"| 1,519.82 ||align="right"| 236,498 || || [[Bayo, Nigeria|Bayo]]|| align="right" | 985.78 ||align="right"| 79,078 || || [[Gubio]] ||align="right"| 2,575.09 ||align="right"| 151,286 |- | [[Kala/Balge]] ||align="right"| 1,962.13 ||align="right"| 60,834 || || [[Biu, Nigeria|Biu]]|| align="right" | 3,423.86 ||align="right"| 175,760 || || [[Guzamala]] ||align="right"| 2,631.44||align="right"| 95,991 |- | [[Mafa]] ||align="right"| 2,976.99 ||align="right"| 103,600 || || [[Chibok]] ||align="right"| 1,392.00 ||align="right"| 66,333 || || [[Kaga, Nigeria|Kaga]]|| align="right" | 2,802.46 ||align="right"| 89,996 |- | [[Konduga]] ||align="right"| 6,065.89 ||align="right"| 157,322 || || [[Damboa]] ||align="right"| 6,426.18 ||align="right"| 233,200 || || [[Kukawa]] ||align="right"| 5,124.41 ||align="right"| 203,343 |- | [[Bama, Nigeria|Bama]]|| align="right" | 5,158.87 ||align="right"| 270,119 || || [[Gwoza]] ||align="right"| 2,973.15 ||align="right"| 276,568 || || [[Magumeri]] ||align="right"| 5,057.61 ||align="right"| 140,257 |- | [[Jere, Nigeria|Jere]]|| align="right" | 900.72 ||align="right"| 209,107 || || [[Hawul]] ||align="right"| 2,160.99 ||align="right"| 120,733 || || [[Marte, Nigeria|Marte]]|| align="right" | 3,280.02 ||align="right"| 129,409 |- | [[Dikwa]] ||align="right"| 1,836.89 ||align="right"| 105,042 || || [[Kwaya Kusar]] ||align="right"| 754.69 ||align="right"| 56,704 || || [[Mobbar]] ||align="right"| 3,280.02 ||align="right"| 116,633 |- | || || || || [[Shani, Nigeria|Shani]]|| align="right" | 1,238.93 ||align="right"| 100,989 || || [[Monguno]] ||align="right"| 1,993.20 ||align="right"| 109,834 |- | || || || || || || || || [[Nganzai]] ||align="right"| 2,572.35 ||align="right"| 99,074 |} Bugu da kari akwai gundumomin masarautu guda takwas a jihar (Borno, Damboa, Dikwa, Biu, Askira, Gwoza, Shani da kuma masarautar Uba).<ref>Borno State overview Archived July 15, 2012, at the [[Wayback Machine]], Borno State Government</ref> Wanda suke baiwa kananan hukumomi shawarwari na al'adu da gargajiya.<ref>Borno State information Archived October 21, 2012, at the [[Wayback Machine]], Federal Republic of Nigeria, National Bureau of Statistics; accessed 28 September 2015.</ref> == Harsuna == Harsunan da ake amfani dasu a Jihar dangane da kananan hukumominsu sun hada da:<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 2020-01-10.</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! LGA !! Languages |- | Askira-Uba || Putai; Bura-Pabir; Gude; Kibaku; Marghi Central; Marghi South; Nggwahyi; Nya Huba; Marghi |- | Bama || [[Chadian Arabic|Shuwa Arabic]]; Yerwa Kanuri; Wandala; Mafa; Marghi |- | Biu || Bura-Pabir; Dera; Ga'anda; Jara; Putai, Marghi |- | Chibok || Kibaku; Putai; Marghi |- | Damboa || Kibaku; Marghi Central; Putai; Mulgwai; Kanuri |- | Dikwa || Shuwa Arab |- | Gwoza || Cineni; Dghwede; Glavda; Guduf-Gava; Gvoko; Hide; Yerwa Kanuri; Lamang; Mafa; Sukur; Waja; Wandala; Marghi |- | Hawul || Bura,Hwana, Putai mafa; Marghi |- | Jilbe town || Jilbe |- | Kaga || Yerwa Kanuri; Putai |- | Kala/Balge || Shuwa Arab; kanuri; Afade |- | Konduga || Shuwa Arab; Yerwa Kanuri; Maffa; Putai; Wanda; Marghi |- | Kukawa || Yerwa Kanuri |- | Kwaya-Kusar || Bura, Putai, Marghi South |- | Maiduguri || Yerwa Kanuri; Mafa |- | Monguno || Yerwa Kanuri; Mafa |- | Ngala || Shuwa Arab; Yerwa Kanuri |} Sauran yarukun Jihar sune: Lala-Roba, Tarjumo, Yedina, da kuma Tedaga.<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 2020-01-10.</ref> == Addinai == [[Fayil:Indimi Jumma'a mosque.jpg|thumb|masallacin jummu'at na Indimi dake cikin garin Maiduguri jahar Borno ]] Mafi yawancin mutanan Jihar Borno musulmai ne, tare da tsirarun mabiya addinin kirista da waninsu. Ana amfani da shari'ar musuluncine a harkokin ci gaba, zamantakewa, addini da dai sauransu. [[Fayil:Central Mosque Maiduguri. jpg.jpg|thumb|Masallacn jumma'a dake fadar sarkin Borno]] == Masana'antu == Masana'antu a jihar Borno nada yawa , wasu daga ciki sun hada da: * Masana'antar Borno textile<ref>Borno Textile @ A 41 monday market, Off Maiduguri Main Market, Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria ,Maiduguri, Bornu, Maiduguri | Nigeria Directory | A List of Nigerian Businesses, Organisations, Firms and Companies | Nigeria Yellow Pages</ref> * Masana'antar Flex Foam Nigeria Ltd * Masana'antar Simba Industry Ltd<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/promoted/385834-simba-tvs-distributes-safety-and-hygiene-packs-to-keke-riders.html</ref> == Ilimi == [[Borno|Jihar Borno]] nada cibiyoyin ilimi ma bam-banta, wadannan sun hada da: === Jami'o'i === * [[:en:University_of_Maiduguri|Univeristy of Maiduguri]]<ref>https://gazettengr.com/unimaid-resumes-academic-activities-october-26/</ref> * Nigerian Army University Biu<ref>https://leadership.ng/army-varsity-matriculates-333-students/</ref> * Borno State University<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/first-private-university-in-borno-gets-vice-chancellor/</ref> * Al-ansar University<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/first-private-university-in-borno-gets-vice-chancellor/</ref> * Kashim Ibrahim College of Education * Ramat polytechnic * Mohammed Goni College of Legal a * <ref>https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2016/11/23/2000-students-get-certificate-20-years-after-graduation/</ref> * Maiduguri Colege of Nursing and Midwifery * == Ma'adinai == Jihar Borno nada [[tarin]] [[Albarkatun dan'adam|albarkatun]] kasa da ma'adinai masu tarin yawa , sawu daga cikinsu sun hada da:<ref>https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/natura-resources-found-in-borno-state/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230101745/https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/natura-resources-found-in-borno-state/ |date=2022-12-30 }}</ref> * Laka * Ma'adanin Kaolin * Ma'adanin Diatonite * Ma'adanin Trona * Ma'adanin Iron * Ma'adanin Mica * Ma'adanin Quartz * Ma'adanin Magnetite * Ma'adanin Uranium ==Shahararrun Mutane== [[Ibrahim Ibn Al-hussaini]] * [[Zakariya Maimalari]], Sojan Najeriya * [[Mohammed Indimi]], Dan kasuwa * [[Kyari Magumeri]], soja * Fiona Lovatt, mai bibiyar 'yancin dan adam * [[Shaykh Sherif Ibrahim Ibn Saleh al-Hussaini]], Malamin addinin musulunci kuma Mufti * [[Abba Kyari]] dan kasuwa, dan siyasa * Abba Kyari (military general), jenar na soja *[[Kashim Shettima]], <ref>https://punchng.com/nigeriall-bounce-back-in-few-months-says-shettima/</ref>mataimakin shugaban kasa * [[Sheikh Abba Aji]], Babban malamin addin *Professor [[Babagana Umara Zulum]], Gwamnan jahar<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2023/12/20/borno-governor-zulum-excludes-christians-their-communities-nigerian-governments</ref> *[[Mohammed Ali Ndume|Muhammed Ali Ndume]]. Dan Siyasa, Senata mai wakiltar mazabar Borno ta kudu a majalisar dattawa tun daga 2011. *[[Ali Modu Sheriff]]. Dan Siyasa, tsohon gwamnan jihar Borno daga 2003 zuwa 2011. == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Jihohin Najeriya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Borno}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] 4jmxopaxojhdgj7fmkg0n3yb9da42k9 906223 906222 2026-08-22T13:22:55Z Mhizabdoul 42167 /* Tarihi */ 906223 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}[[File:Borno state contingent.jpg|thumb|jiha mai dumbin mutane da kuma al'adu]] [[File:ASC Leiden - NSAG - van Dis 4 - 117 - The market of Maiduguri. A group of curious boys - Maiduguri, Borno State, North East Nigeria - 11 January 1962.tif|thumb|People of Borno]] [[File:Nachtigal Umar Borno.jpg|thumb|Umar Borno]] [[File:Borno State Summer Weather (1).jpg|thumb|cikin garin Borno]] [[Fayil:Emir of Maiduguri Palace.jpg|thumb|Masarautar Sarkin jahar Borno]] '''Jihar Borno'''{{Audio|Ha-Borno.ogg|Borno}} jiha ce dake [[Arewa (Najeriya)|arewa]] maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Ta haɗa iyaka da Jihar [[Yobe]] daga yamma, [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] daga kudu maso gabas, [[Adamawa]] daga kudu, yayin da iyakarta ta gabas tayi iyaka ta ƙasa da ƙasa da [[Kamaru]], iyakarta ta arewa kuwa ta haɗe ne da yankin.<ref>Borno State Government. (n.d.). ''About Borno State''. Retrieved June 20, 2025, from <nowiki>https://www.bornostate.gov.ng/about</nowiki></ref><ref>United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. (2020). ''Borno State Humanitarian Situation Report''. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.unocha.org/nigeria/reports</nowiki></ref><ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Borno</ref> Jihar Borno ita ce jiha ta biyu (2) a girman kasa a cikin jahohi talatin da shidda (36) na Najeriya, bayan Jihar [[Neja]]. Amma duk da girman jihar, ita ce ta goma sha-ɗaya (11) a yawan mutane tare da ƙiyasin mutane a kalla kimanin miliyan, 5.86 a shekarar dubu biyu da shidda (2016).<ref>"Population 2006-2016". ''[[National Bureau of Statistics, Nigeria|National Bureau of Statistics]]''. Retrieved 14 December 2021.</ref><ref>United Nations Population Fund. (2017). ''State Population Reports for Nigeria''. New York, NY: UNFPA.</ref> A fannin yanayin ƙasa; ''semi-desert Sahelian savanna daga arewa'' da kuma ''Sudanian savanna ta yamma'' a tsakiya da kudancin jihar, da kuma [[mutane]] Mandara Plateau daga yankin kudu maso gabas.<ref>Levtzion, N., & Hopkins, J. F. P. (1981). ''Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History''. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/</ref> Jihar Borno tana da ƙabilu da suke zaune a yankin na lokaci mai tsawo, kamar su [[Harshen Dghwede|Dghwede]], [[Harshen Glavda|Glavda]], [[Harshen Guduf-Gava|Guduf]], [[Harshen Lamang|Laamang]], [[Mutanen Mafa|Mafa]], kanuri, da [[Mandara|Mandara]] a tsakiyar yankin; [[Harshen Afade|Afade]], [[Mutanen Buduma|Yedina (Buduma)]], da kuma [[Mutanen Kanembu|Kanembu]] daga ƙarshen yankin arewa maso gabas; harshen [[Harshen Waja|Waja]] a kuryar kudancin yankin da kuma [[Harshen Cibak|Kyibaku]], [[Harshen Kamwe|Kamwe]], [[Mutanen Kilba|Kilba]], [[Marghi|Margi]] da kuma babbar a yankin kudancin jihar, a yayinda harsunan [[Kanuri|Kanuri]], da [[Shuwa Arab|Shuwa Arab]]<nowiki/>ke rayuwa a yankunan tsakiya da arewacin jihar. Ta fannin [[addini]], mafi yawan mutanen jihar (85%) musulmai ne, da tsirarun [[kiristoci]] da mabiya addinan [[gargajiya]], da kaso 7% kowanne.<ref>https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/</ref><ref>https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/</ref><ref>https://www.africabib.org/</ref><ref>Smith, A. (1997). Ethnic Identity and Political Change in Northern Nigeria. ''Journal of African Studies, 25''(3), 312–336. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/</ref> [[Fayil:Borno State Flag.gif|thumb|borno state]] Tun daga ƙarni na bakwai (7 century), inda aka sani da Jihar Borno ta kasance daga yankin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu]]. Daular da ta fito daga yankin kudancin [[Libya|Libya,]] ta yau ([[Fezzan]]) har zuwa yankin [[Cadi]] har zuwa yankin Jihar [[Borno]] ta yau. Bayan karni na 13, an tilasta wa Kanem Bornu matsawa bayan yakokin da ba suyi nasara ba, inda ta koma Masarautar Borno, kafin ta kara karfi kuma ta mulki yankin har na tsawon shekaru dari biya (500). Har sai zuwa karni na 18 (shekara ta 1800) lokacin [[Jihadin Fulani|Jihadin Fulani,]] suka raunata Masarautar Borno, har masarautar ta fara rage karfi. An kwace mafi yawancin yankin masarautar inda aka hade ta da yankin Jihar [[Adamawa]] ta yau a karkashin [[Daular Sokoto|Daular Halifancin Sokoto]]. Shekaru 80 bayan haka, [[Rabih az-Zubayr]], wani kusan yaki dan kasar [[Sudan]] ya mallake Daulana Shekarar kuma ya mulke ta har zuwa karni na Shekarar alif 1900 lokacin da sojojin Faransa suka kashe shi a [[Yakin Kousséri]]. Har wayau, turawan mulkin mallaka sunci Masarautar [[Adamawa]] da yaki, inda Daular [[Jamus]] da na [[Burtaniya]] ,suka ci su da yaki. Duka yankunan kasar Rabih,da kuma Masarautar Adamawa an rabasu tsakanin su da turawan mulkin mallaka inda sashin Masarautar Borno ta yau ta fada karkashin mulkin Jamus da Burtaniya. An hade yankin da Burtaniya ke da iko ta [[Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya]] wacce daga baya aka hade ta ta zamo Yankin Mulkin Mallaka ta Najeriya, wacce daga baya ta samu 'yanci a Shekarar alif da dari 1960, Najeriya. Yankin da kasar Jamus ke da iko kuwa (yankin dake kusa da iyakar Kamaru ta yau) ta zamo Borno-na mutanen Jamus a matsayin yankin "German-Kemerun har zuwa lokacin da sojojin hadin gwiwa suka kai farmaki a yankin a lokacin kamfe na Kamerun a lokacin Yakin [[duniya]] ta daya. Inda ke matsayin farfajiyar Jihar [[Borno]] daga gabas a yau ta zamo sashin Arewacin [[Kamaru]] a karkashin yankin Kamaru ta Burtaniya har zuwa shekarar 1961, a lokacin da wata yarjejeniya ta jawo aka hadeta cikin yankin Najeriya. Daga farko, bayan samun 'yanci, sashin Jihar Borno na daga cikin yankin [[Jihar Arewa ta Gabas]]. Bayan an raba Jihar Arewa ta Gabas, an kirkiri Jihar Borno a ranar 3 ga watan Febreru na Shekarar alif 1976 tare da sauran jihohi guda goma. Shekaru goma sha biyar bayan yi mata jiha, an hade wasu kananan hukumomi daga yammacin jihar don samar da Jihar [[Yobe]]. Bayan wasu ƴan shekaru, a cikin shekara ta 2000, Jihar ta zamo cibiyar kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] kuma daga nan ta fara samar da rudani a shekara 2009. A tsakanin shakara ta 2012 zuwa 2015, abin ya yi kamari a yankin yayinda kusan akasarin ikon jihar ta koma karkashin kungiyar, hakan yasa kungiyar ta zama mafi munin kungiya a duniya kuma sun sa mutum sama da miliyan daya sun bar gidajensu da dukiyoyinsu. Bayan munanan sunkai hare-hare a cikin jihar a shekara ta 2015 da kuma fada tsakanin kungiyar Boko Haram da na [[:en:Islamic_State_–_West_Africa_Province|ISWAP]], an kore kungiyoyin zuwa cikin [[Dajin Sambisa]] da wasu tsiburai da ke yankin gabar [[Tabkin Chadi]] a shekara ta 2017; har ilayau, rashin zaman lafiya a yankin ya zama ruwan dare yayinda ƴan ta'adda ke kai hare-hare ga sojoji da farar hula baki daya.<ref>Odunsi, Wale. "Boko Haram, ISIS, ISWAP threat in Nigeria increasing – Osinbajo notifies US". ''[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]''. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</ref> A matsayinta na jiha da ta dogara ta wata fuskar da noma da kiwo, tattalin arzikin yankunan karkarar Jihar Borno sun dogara ne akan noma da kiwo kafin soma rikicin Boko Haram, yayinda babban birnin jihar wato [[Maiduguri]] take taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci da kuma hada-hada.<ref>"Maiduguri: living in Boko Haram territory". ''[[eNCA]]''. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</ref> Amma duk da haka, bayan shekaru da jihar ta sha fama da rashin zaman lafiya, wanda ya kawo cikas, ga cigaba kuma ya tilasta wa manoma suka bar kauyukansu, don neman tsira, Jihar Borno tana na goma sha uku a jerin cigaban al'umma a kasar, amma tunda an fara shawo kan rikicin a shekara ta 2016, an fara farfado da harkokin cigaba a yankin.<ref>"Human Development Indices". ''Global Data Lab''. Retrieved 15 December 2021.</ref><ref>"Achieving common development objectives in Borno State". ''[[Mercy Corps]]''. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</ref><ref>Tayo, Teniola. "Maiduguri's economic revival could be a lifeline for Lake Chad Basin". ''[[Institute for Security Studies]]''. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</ref> Jihar Borno nada fadin kasa kimanin kilomita 57,799 da yawan jama’an da suka kai kimanin mutane 5,925,668 (a kiddidigar kidaya ta shekara ta 2006).Babban birnin jihar shi ne [[Maiduguri]]. [[Babagana Umara Zulum]] shi ne gwamnan jihar, tun bayan zabensa da aka yi a shekara ta 2019 har zuwa yau. Mataimakin gwamnan kuwa shi ne [[Usman Mamman Durkwa]]. Dattijai daga jihar sun hada da: [[Yusuf Buratai]], Baba Garba, [[Ali Madu Sheriff]], Muhammad Indimi, [[Abba Kyari]], [[Mohammed Ali Ndume]] da sauransu. Mutanen garin Borno mutane ne masu son al'ada da kokarin riko da addini da fafutuka wajen neman ilimi. Daga cikin al'adunsu akwai zaman mai gida wuri daya tare da iyalensa domin cin abinci a cikin faranti/kwano daya. Mutane ne masu son mu'amala da turare sannan matan su suna yawan yin kwalliya, lalle wato dayis da dai sauransu. Akan samu yaruka mazauna Borno kamar irin su Kanuri, Babur, margi, da dai sauransu. == Tarihi == Mutanen [[Kanuri]] sune kabilar da ta fi karfi a Jihar Borno, bayansu akwai kabilu kamar Lapang, [[Babur people|Babur]]/Bura da [[Marghi]] wanda ake samu a yankin kudancin jihar. Kabilar [[Shuwa Arab]] mafi akasarinsu sun samo asaline daga [[Larabawa]].<ref>Scheinfeldt, L.B.; Soi, S.; Tischkoff, S.A. (2010). ''The SAGE Encyclopedia of African Cultural Heritage in North America''. p. 96.</ref> Sarakunan tsohuwar yankin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu]] sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a siyasan wannan yankin na kusan shekaru dubu daya 1000.<ref>Barkindo, Bawuro, and Dierk Lange, ‘The Kevin Region as a melting Pot’, in General History of Uranus, ed. by M Elfasi and I Hrbek (London: Unesco, Heinemann, 1988), III, 436–60.</ref> Masarautar Kanemi ta yanzu amshe ikon [[Masarautar Borno]] a farkon karni na 19 bayan yakin [[Jihadin Fulani]] na [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo]]. [[Rabih az-Zubayr]] ya mulke ta a Shekarar 1893.<ref>"Borno's 127-Year-Old Fort". ''Folio Nigeria''. 26 June 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2020.</ref> Burtaniya, Faransa da Jamus sun kai farmaki a yankin a farkon karni na 20. Acikin shekarar 1902 ne, Burtaniya ta sanya jihar cikin [[Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya]],<ref>Ikime, Obaro, ‘The Fall of Borno’, in The Fall of Nigeria: The British Conquest (London: Heinemann Educational, 1977), pp. 178–84</ref> sannan a Shekarar 1907, suka kafa babban birnin a [[Maiduguri]], wacce ta tsaya matsayin babban birinin jihar har yau.<ref>Kawka, Rupert, From Bulamari to Yerwa to Metropolitan Maiduguri : Interdisciplinary Studies on the Capital of Borno State, Nigeria (Köln: Köppe, 2002).</ref> Bayan samun 'yancin Najeriya a Shekarar 1960, Jihar Borno ta kasance kasa mai 'yancin kai har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa jihohi 12 a Shekarar 1967. Sabon tsarin kananan hukumomi na shekarar 1976, ya rage wa sarakuna karfin iko a masarautar sannan a lokacin da Najeriya ta dawo mulkin farar hula a Shekarar 1979, karfin mulki sarakuna sun koma a fannin al'adu da gargajiya ne kawai. An zabi [[Mala Kachalla]] a matsayin gwamnan jihar a shekarar 1999, a karkashin jam'iyyar APP (All Peoples Party), wacce daga baya ta koma ANPP (All Nigeria People's Party). Sannan a watan Aprelun 2003 ne aka zabi [[Ali Modu Sheriff]] a matsayin gwamnan Jihar Borno.<ref>"Governor Ali Modu Sheriff of Borno State". Nigeria Governors Forum. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 13 September2009.</ref> Rikicin Boko Haram ya soma ne a shekara ta 2009, tare da Jihar Borno a matsayin yankin da abu yafi shafa. A ranar 14 ga Watan Mayun shekarar 2013 ne, Shugaban kasa [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ya sanar cewa an sanya takunkumi a yankunan arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]], wanda ya hada da Jihar Borno da makwabtanta jihohin [[Adamawa]] da [[Yobe]].<ref>"Army crackdown on Nigeria's Islamist militants". ''[[BBC News]]''. 17 May 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.</ref> Wannan ya faru ne bayan rikici tsakanin 'yan Boko Haram da sojojin Najeriya ya jawo mutuwar rayukan [[mutum]] 200 a yankin birnin [[Baga, Nigeria|Baga]]. Wani mai magana daga sojojin Najeriya ya sanar cewa zasu cigaba da kai farmaki har sai sunga bayan ta'addanci a kowanne sashe a Najeriiya.<ref>"Nigeria army's offensive to continue 'as long as it takes'". ''[[BBC News]]''. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.</ref> Acikin watan Yuli shekarar 2014 ne, gwamna [[Kashim Shettima]] ya sanar cewa, "an kashe malamai 176 kuma an lalata makarantu fiye da 900 tun fara rikicin a shekara ta 2011. An kulle mafi yawancin makarantun Jihar Borno bayan garkuwa da akayi da dalibai mata daga [[Chibok]] a watan Afrilu shekarar 2014. Acikin watan Nuwamban shekarar 2014 ne, [[UNICEF]] ta sanar da cewa ta kara yawan cibiyoyinta na tallafawa akan karancin kumari (Community Management of Acute Malnutrition) na daga rashin cin abinci mai gina jiki a Jihar Borno daga "5 zuwa 67".<ref>Nigeria: Humanitarian Update on North East Nigeria, unicef.org, November 2014.</ref> Sashin noma na jihar ta samu babban cikas musamman a dalilin rashin zaman lafiya kuma [[mutane]] da dama sun shiga hali na rashin tsaro ta fuskar [[abinci]].<ref><nowiki>http://www.actionagainsthunger.org/countries/africa/nigeria</nowiki> Actionagainsthunger. “Action Against Hunger Logo.” Nigeria. Actionagainsthunger, n.d. Web. 03 May 2016.</ref> [[File:Lake Chad (Baga site) borno state.jpg|thumb|ruwan baga dake jihar borno]] ==Ƙananan Hukumomin Borno== Jihar Borno:jiha ce da take da [[Kananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda ashirin da bakwai (27) Su ne kamar haka:<ref>{{Cite book | edition = Millennium | publisher = Federal Ministry of Information | isbn = 9780104089 | volume = 2, State Surveys | last = Nigeria | title = Nigeria: a people united, a future assured | location = Abuja, Nigeria | date = 2000 | page = 106 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! Borno Central<br>Senatorial District !! Area in<br> km² !! 1,666,541 !! !! Borno South<br>Senatorial District !! Area in<br> km² !! 1,245,962 !! !! Borno North<br>Senatorial District !! Area in<br> km² !! 1,238,390 |- | [[Maiduguri]] ||align="right"| 137.36 ||align="right"| 540,016 || || [[Askira/Uba]] ||align="right"| 2,431.83 ||align="right"| 143,313 || || [[Abadam]] ||align="right"| 4,172.27 ||align="right"| 100,065 |- | [[Ngala]] ||align="right"| 1,519.82 ||align="right"| 236,498 || || [[Bayo, Nigeria|Bayo]]|| align="right" | 985.78 ||align="right"| 79,078 || || [[Gubio]] ||align="right"| 2,575.09 ||align="right"| 151,286 |- | [[Kala/Balge]] ||align="right"| 1,962.13 ||align="right"| 60,834 || || [[Biu, Nigeria|Biu]]|| align="right" | 3,423.86 ||align="right"| 175,760 || || [[Guzamala]] ||align="right"| 2,631.44||align="right"| 95,991 |- | [[Mafa]] ||align="right"| 2,976.99 ||align="right"| 103,600 || || [[Chibok]] ||align="right"| 1,392.00 ||align="right"| 66,333 || || [[Kaga, Nigeria|Kaga]]|| align="right" | 2,802.46 ||align="right"| 89,996 |- | [[Konduga]] ||align="right"| 6,065.89 ||align="right"| 157,322 || || [[Damboa]] ||align="right"| 6,426.18 ||align="right"| 233,200 || || [[Kukawa]] ||align="right"| 5,124.41 ||align="right"| 203,343 |- | [[Bama, Nigeria|Bama]]|| align="right" | 5,158.87 ||align="right"| 270,119 || || [[Gwoza]] ||align="right"| 2,973.15 ||align="right"| 276,568 || || [[Magumeri]] ||align="right"| 5,057.61 ||align="right"| 140,257 |- | [[Jere, Nigeria|Jere]]|| align="right" | 900.72 ||align="right"| 209,107 || || [[Hawul]] ||align="right"| 2,160.99 ||align="right"| 120,733 || || [[Marte, Nigeria|Marte]]|| align="right" | 3,280.02 ||align="right"| 129,409 |- | [[Dikwa]] ||align="right"| 1,836.89 ||align="right"| 105,042 || || [[Kwaya Kusar]] ||align="right"| 754.69 ||align="right"| 56,704 || || [[Mobbar]] ||align="right"| 3,280.02 ||align="right"| 116,633 |- | || || || || [[Shani, Nigeria|Shani]]|| align="right" | 1,238.93 ||align="right"| 100,989 || || [[Monguno]] ||align="right"| 1,993.20 ||align="right"| 109,834 |- | || || || || || || || || [[Nganzai]] ||align="right"| 2,572.35 ||align="right"| 99,074 |} Bugu da kari akwai gundumomin masarautu guda takwas a jihar (Borno, Damboa, Dikwa, Biu, Askira, Gwoza, Shani da kuma masarautar Uba).<ref>Borno State overview Archived July 15, 2012, at the [[Wayback Machine]], Borno State Government</ref> Wanda suke baiwa kananan hukumomi shawarwari na al'adu da gargajiya.<ref>Borno State information Archived October 21, 2012, at the [[Wayback Machine]], Federal Republic of Nigeria, National Bureau of Statistics; accessed 28 September 2015.</ref> == Harsuna == Harsunan da ake amfani dasu a Jihar dangane da kananan hukumominsu sun hada da:<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 2020-01-10.</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! LGA !! Languages |- | Askira-Uba || Putai; Bura-Pabir; Gude; Kibaku; Marghi Central; Marghi South; Nggwahyi; Nya Huba; Marghi |- | Bama || [[Chadian Arabic|Shuwa Arabic]]; Yerwa Kanuri; Wandala; Mafa; Marghi |- | Biu || Bura-Pabir; Dera; Ga'anda; Jara; Putai, Marghi |- | Chibok || Kibaku; Putai; Marghi |- | Damboa || Kibaku; Marghi Central; Putai; Mulgwai; Kanuri |- | Dikwa || Shuwa Arab |- | Gwoza || Cineni; Dghwede; Glavda; Guduf-Gava; Gvoko; Hide; Yerwa Kanuri; Lamang; Mafa; Sukur; Waja; Wandala; Marghi |- | Hawul || Bura,Hwana, Putai mafa; Marghi |- | Jilbe town || Jilbe |- | Kaga || Yerwa Kanuri; Putai |- | Kala/Balge || Shuwa Arab; kanuri; Afade |- | Konduga || Shuwa Arab; Yerwa Kanuri; Maffa; Putai; Wanda; Marghi |- | Kukawa || Yerwa Kanuri |- | Kwaya-Kusar || Bura, Putai, Marghi South |- | Maiduguri || Yerwa Kanuri; Mafa |- | Monguno || Yerwa Kanuri; Mafa |- | Ngala || Shuwa Arab; Yerwa Kanuri |} Sauran yarukun Jihar sune: Lala-Roba, Tarjumo, Yedina, da kuma Tedaga.<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 2020-01-10.</ref> == Addinai == [[Fayil:Indimi Jumma'a mosque.jpg|thumb|masallacin jummu'at na Indimi dake cikin garin Maiduguri jahar Borno ]] Mafi yawancin mutanan Jihar Borno musulmai ne, tare da tsirarun mabiya addinin kirista da waninsu. Ana amfani da shari'ar musuluncine a harkokin ci gaba, zamantakewa, addini da dai sauransu. [[Fayil:Central Mosque Maiduguri. jpg.jpg|thumb|Masallacn jumma'a dake fadar sarkin Borno]] == Masana'antu == Masana'antu a jihar Borno nada yawa , wasu daga ciki sun hada da: * Masana'antar Borno textile<ref>Borno Textile @ A 41 monday market, Off Maiduguri Main Market, Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria ,Maiduguri, Bornu, Maiduguri | Nigeria Directory | A List of Nigerian Businesses, Organisations, Firms and Companies | Nigeria Yellow Pages</ref> * Masana'antar Flex Foam Nigeria Ltd * Masana'antar Simba Industry Ltd<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/promoted/385834-simba-tvs-distributes-safety-and-hygiene-packs-to-keke-riders.html</ref> == Ilimi == [[Borno|Jihar Borno]] nada cibiyoyin ilimi ma bam-banta, wadannan sun hada da: === Jami'o'i === * [[:en:University_of_Maiduguri|Univeristy of Maiduguri]]<ref>https://gazettengr.com/unimaid-resumes-academic-activities-october-26/</ref> * Nigerian Army University Biu<ref>https://leadership.ng/army-varsity-matriculates-333-students/</ref> * Borno State University<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/first-private-university-in-borno-gets-vice-chancellor/</ref> * Al-ansar University<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/first-private-university-in-borno-gets-vice-chancellor/</ref> * Kashim Ibrahim College of Education * Ramat polytechnic * Mohammed Goni College of Legal a * <ref>https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2016/11/23/2000-students-get-certificate-20-years-after-graduation/</ref> * Maiduguri Colege of Nursing and Midwifery * == Ma'adinai == Jihar Borno nada [[tarin]] [[Albarkatun dan'adam|albarkatun]] kasa da ma'adinai masu tarin yawa , sawu daga cikinsu sun hada da:<ref>https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/natura-resources-found-in-borno-state/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230101745/https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/natura-resources-found-in-borno-state/ |date=2022-12-30 }}</ref> * Laka * Ma'adanin Kaolin * Ma'adanin Diatonite * Ma'adanin Trona * Ma'adanin Iron * Ma'adanin Mica * Ma'adanin Quartz * Ma'adanin Magnetite * Ma'adanin Uranium ==Shahararrun Mutane== [[Ibrahim Ibn Al-hussaini]] * [[Zakariya Maimalari]], Sojan Najeriya * [[Mohammed Indimi]], Dan kasuwa * [[Kyari Magumeri]], soja * Fiona Lovatt, mai bibiyar 'yancin dan adam * [[Shaykh Sherif Ibrahim Ibn Saleh al-Hussaini]], Malamin addinin musulunci kuma Mufti * [[Abba Kyari]] dan kasuwa, dan siyasa * Abba Kyari (military general), jenar na soja *[[Kashim Shettima]], <ref>https://punchng.com/nigeriall-bounce-back-in-few-months-says-shettima/</ref>mataimakin shugaban kasa * [[Sheikh Abba Aji]], Babban malamin addin *Professor [[Babagana Umara Zulum]], Gwamnan jahar<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2023/12/20/borno-governor-zulum-excludes-christians-their-communities-nigerian-governments</ref> *[[Mohammed Ali Ndume|Muhammed Ali Ndume]]. Dan Siyasa, Senata mai wakiltar mazabar Borno ta kudu a majalisar dattawa tun daga 2011. *[[Ali Modu Sheriff]]. Dan Siyasa, tsohon gwamnan jihar Borno daga 2003 zuwa 2011. == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Jihohin Najeriya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Borno}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] bcvr7dlka3nh640nyimia6rasnlgzh4 906224 906223 2026-08-22T13:23:11Z Mhizabdoul 42167 /* Tarihi */ 906224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}[[File:Borno state contingent.jpg|thumb|jiha mai dumbin mutane da kuma al'adu]] [[File:ASC Leiden - NSAG - van Dis 4 - 117 - The market of Maiduguri. A group of curious boys - Maiduguri, Borno State, North East Nigeria - 11 January 1962.tif|thumb|People of Borno]] [[File:Nachtigal Umar Borno.jpg|thumb|Umar Borno]] [[File:Borno State Summer Weather (1).jpg|thumb|cikin garin Borno]] [[Fayil:Emir of Maiduguri Palace.jpg|thumb|Masarautar Sarkin jahar Borno]] '''Jihar Borno'''{{Audio|Ha-Borno.ogg|Borno}} jiha ce dake [[Arewa (Najeriya)|arewa]] maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Ta haɗa iyaka da Jihar [[Yobe]] daga yamma, [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] daga kudu maso gabas, [[Adamawa]] daga kudu, yayin da iyakarta ta gabas tayi iyaka ta ƙasa da ƙasa da [[Kamaru]], iyakarta ta arewa kuwa ta haɗe ne da yankin.<ref>Borno State Government. (n.d.). ''About Borno State''. Retrieved June 20, 2025, from <nowiki>https://www.bornostate.gov.ng/about</nowiki></ref><ref>United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. (2020). ''Borno State Humanitarian Situation Report''. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.unocha.org/nigeria/reports</nowiki></ref><ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Borno</ref> Jihar Borno ita ce jiha ta biyu (2) a girman kasa a cikin jahohi talatin da shidda (36) na Najeriya, bayan Jihar [[Neja]]. Amma duk da girman jihar, ita ce ta goma sha-ɗaya (11) a yawan mutane tare da ƙiyasin mutane a kalla kimanin miliyan, 5.86 a shekarar dubu biyu da shidda (2016).<ref>"Population 2006-2016". ''[[National Bureau of Statistics, Nigeria|National Bureau of Statistics]]''. Retrieved 14 December 2021.</ref><ref>United Nations Population Fund. (2017). ''State Population Reports for Nigeria''. New York, NY: UNFPA.</ref> A fannin yanayin ƙasa; ''semi-desert Sahelian savanna daga arewa'' da kuma ''Sudanian savanna ta yamma'' a tsakiya da kudancin jihar, da kuma [[mutane]] Mandara Plateau daga yankin kudu maso gabas.<ref>Levtzion, N., & Hopkins, J. F. P. (1981). ''Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History''. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/</ref> Jihar Borno tana da ƙabilu da suke zaune a yankin na lokaci mai tsawo, kamar su [[Harshen Dghwede|Dghwede]], [[Harshen Glavda|Glavda]], [[Harshen Guduf-Gava|Guduf]], [[Harshen Lamang|Laamang]], [[Mutanen Mafa|Mafa]], kanuri, da [[Mandara|Mandara]] a tsakiyar yankin; [[Harshen Afade|Afade]], [[Mutanen Buduma|Yedina (Buduma)]], da kuma [[Mutanen Kanembu|Kanembu]] daga ƙarshen yankin arewa maso gabas; harshen [[Harshen Waja|Waja]] a kuryar kudancin yankin da kuma [[Harshen Cibak|Kyibaku]], [[Harshen Kamwe|Kamwe]], [[Mutanen Kilba|Kilba]], [[Marghi|Margi]] da kuma babbar a yankin kudancin jihar, a yayinda harsunan [[Kanuri|Kanuri]], da [[Shuwa Arab|Shuwa Arab]]<nowiki/>ke rayuwa a yankunan tsakiya da arewacin jihar. Ta fannin [[addini]], mafi yawan mutanen jihar (85%) musulmai ne, da tsirarun [[kiristoci]] da mabiya addinan [[gargajiya]], da kaso 7% kowanne.<ref>https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/</ref><ref>https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/</ref><ref>https://www.africabib.org/</ref><ref>Smith, A. (1997). Ethnic Identity and Political Change in Northern Nigeria. ''Journal of African Studies, 25''(3), 312–336. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/</ref> [[Fayil:Borno State Flag.gif|thumb|borno state]] Tun daga ƙarni na bakwai (7 century), inda aka sani da Jihar Borno ta kasance daga yankin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu]]. Daular da ta fito daga yankin kudancin [[Libya|Libya,]] ta yau ([[Fezzan]]) har zuwa yankin [[Cadi]] har zuwa yankin Jihar [[Borno]] ta yau. Bayan karni na 13, an tilasta wa Kanem Bornu matsawa bayan yakokin da ba suyi nasara ba, inda ta koma Masarautar Borno, kafin ta kara karfi kuma ta mulki yankin har na tsawon shekaru dari biya (500). Har sai zuwa karni na 18 (shekara ta 1800) lokacin [[Jihadin Fulani|Jihadin Fulani,]] suka raunata Masarautar Borno, har masarautar ta fara rage karfi. An kwace mafi yawancin yankin masarautar inda aka hade ta da yankin Jihar [[Adamawa]] ta yau a karkashin [[Daular Sokoto|Daular Halifancin Sokoto]]. Shekaru 80 bayan haka, [[Rabih az-Zubayr]], wani kusan yaki dan kasar [[Sudan]] ya mallake Daulana Shekarar kuma ya mulke ta har zuwa karni na Shekarar alif 1900 lokacin da sojojin Faransa suka kashe shi a [[Yakin Kousséri]]. Har wayau, turawan mulkin mallaka sunci Masarautar [[Adamawa]] da yaki, inda Daular [[Jamus]] da na [[Burtaniya]] ,suka ci su da yaki. Duka yankunan kasar Rabih,da kuma Masarautar Adamawa an rabasu tsakanin su da turawan mulkin mallaka inda sashin Masarautar Borno ta yau ta fada karkashin mulkin Jamus da Burtaniya. An hade yankin da Burtaniya ke da iko ta [[Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya]] wacce daga baya aka hade ta ta zamo Yankin Mulkin Mallaka ta Najeriya, wacce daga baya ta samu 'yanci a Shekarar alif da dari 1960, Najeriya. Yankin da kasar Jamus ke da iko kuwa (yankin dake kusa da iyakar Kamaru ta yau) ta zamo Borno-na mutanen Jamus a matsayin yankin "German-Kemerun har zuwa lokacin da sojojin hadin gwiwa suka kai farmaki a yankin a lokacin kamfe na Kamerun a lokacin Yakin [[duniya]] ta daya. Inda ke matsayin farfajiyar Jihar [[Borno]] daga gabas a yau ta zamo sashin Arewacin [[Kamaru]] a karkashin yankin Kamaru ta Burtaniya har zuwa shekarar 1961, a lokacin da wata yarjejeniya ta jawo aka hadeta cikin yankin Najeriya. Daga farko, bayan samun 'yanci, sashin Jihar Borno na daga cikin yankin [[Jihar Arewa ta Gabas]]. Bayan an raba Jihar Arewa ta Gabas, an kirkiri Jihar Borno a ranar 3 ga watan Febreru na Shekarar alif 1976 tare da sauran jihohi guda goma. Shekaru goma sha biyar bayan yi mata jiha, an hade wasu kananan hukumomi daga yammacin jihar don samar da Jihar [[Yobe]]. Bayan wasu ƴan shekaru, a cikin shekara ta 2000, Jihar ta zamo cibiyar kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] kuma daga nan ta fara samar da rudani a shekara 2009. A tsakanin shakara ta 2012 zuwa 2015, abin ya yi kamari a yankin yayinda kusan akasarin ikon jihar ta koma karkashin kungiyar, hakan yasa kungiyar ta zama mafi munin kungiya a duniya kuma sun sa mutum sama da miliyan daya sun bar gidajensu da dukiyoyinsu. Bayan munanan sunkai hare-hare a cikin jihar a shekara ta 2015 da kuma fada tsakanin kungiyar Boko Haram da na [[:en:Islamic_State_–_West_Africa_Province|ISWAP]], an kore kungiyoyin zuwa cikin [[Dajin Sambisa]] da wasu tsiburai da ke yankin gabar [[Tabkin Chadi]] a shekara ta 2017; har ilayau, rashin zaman lafiya a yankin ya zama ruwan dare yayinda ƴan ta'adda ke kai hare-hare ga sojoji da farar hula baki daya.<ref>Odunsi, Wale. "Boko Haram, ISIS, ISWAP threat in Nigeria increasing – Osinbajo notifies US". ''[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]''. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</ref> A matsayinta na jiha da ta dogara ta wata fuskar da noma da kiwo, tattalin arzikin yankunan karkarar Jihar Borno sun dogara ne akan noma da kiwo kafin soma rikicin Boko Haram, yayinda babban birnin jihar wato [[Maiduguri]] take taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci da kuma hada-hada.<ref>"Maiduguri: living in Boko Haram territory". ''[[eNCA]]''. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</ref> Amma duk da haka, bayan shekaru da jihar ta sha fama da rashin zaman lafiya, wanda ya kawo cikas, ga cigaba kuma ya tilasta wa manoma suka bar kauyukansu, don neman tsira, Jihar Borno tana na goma sha uku a jerin cigaban al'umma a kasar, amma tunda an fara shawo kan rikicin a shekara ta 2016, an fara farfado da harkokin cigaba a yankin.<ref>"Human Development Indices". ''Global Data Lab''. Retrieved 15 December 2021.</ref><ref>"Achieving common development objectives in Borno State". ''[[Mercy Corps]]''. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</ref><ref>Tayo, Teniola. "Maiduguri's economic revival could be a lifeline for Lake Chad Basin". ''[[Institute for Security Studies]]''. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</ref> Jihar Borno nada fadin kasa kimanin kilomita 57,799 da yawan jama’an da suka kai kimanin mutane 5,925,668 (a kiddidigar kidaya ta shekara ta 2006).Babban birnin jihar shi ne [[Maiduguri]]. [[Babagana Umara Zulum]] shi ne gwamnan jihar, tun bayan zabensa da aka yi a shekara ta 2019 har zuwa yau. Mataimakin gwamnan kuwa shi ne [[Usman Mamman Durkwa]]. Dattijai daga jihar sun hada da: [[Yusuf Buratai]], Baba Garba, [[Ali Madu Sheriff]], Muhammad Indimi, [[Abba Kyari]], [[Mohammed Ali Ndume]] da sauransu. Mutanen garin Borno mutane ne masu son al'ada da kokarin riko da addini da fafutuka wajen neman ilimi. Daga cikin al'adunsu akwai zaman mai gida wuri daya tare da iyalensa domin cin abinci a cikin faranti/kwano daya. Mutane ne masu son mu'amala da turare sannan matan su suna yawan yin kwalliya, lalle wato dayis da dai sauransu. Akan samu yaruka mazauna Borno kamar irin su Kanuri, Babur, margi, da dai sauransu. == Tarihi == Mutanen [[Kanuri]] sune kabilar da ta fi karfi a Jihar Borno, bayansu akwai kabilu kamar Lapang, Babur/Bura da [[Marghi]] wanda ake samu a yankin kudancin jihar. Kabilar [[Shuwa Arab]] mafi akasarinsu sun samo asaline daga [[Larabawa]].<ref>Scheinfeldt, L.B.; Soi, S.; Tischkoff, S.A. (2010). ''The SAGE Encyclopedia of African Cultural Heritage in North America''. p. 96.</ref> Sarakunan tsohuwar yankin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu]] sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a siyasan wannan yankin na kusan shekaru dubu daya 1000.<ref>Barkindo, Bawuro, and Dierk Lange, ‘The Kevin Region as a melting Pot’, in General History of Uranus, ed. by M Elfasi and I Hrbek (London: Unesco, Heinemann, 1988), III, 436–60.</ref> Masarautar Kanemi ta yanzu amshe ikon [[Masarautar Borno]] a farkon karni na 19 bayan yakin [[Jihadin Fulani]] na [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo]]. [[Rabih az-Zubayr]] ya mulke ta a Shekarar 1893.<ref>"Borno's 127-Year-Old Fort". ''Folio Nigeria''. 26 June 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2020.</ref> Burtaniya, Faransa da Jamus sun kai farmaki a yankin a farkon karni na 20. Acikin shekarar 1902 ne, Burtaniya ta sanya jihar cikin [[Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya]],<ref>Ikime, Obaro, ‘The Fall of Borno’, in The Fall of Nigeria: The British Conquest (London: Heinemann Educational, 1977), pp. 178–84</ref> sannan a Shekarar 1907, suka kafa babban birnin a [[Maiduguri]], wacce ta tsaya matsayin babban birinin jihar har yau.<ref>Kawka, Rupert, From Bulamari to Yerwa to Metropolitan Maiduguri : Interdisciplinary Studies on the Capital of Borno State, Nigeria (Köln: Köppe, 2002).</ref> Bayan samun 'yancin Najeriya a Shekarar 1960, Jihar Borno ta kasance kasa mai 'yancin kai har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa jihohi 12 a Shekarar 1967. Sabon tsarin kananan hukumomi na shekarar 1976, ya rage wa sarakuna karfin iko a masarautar sannan a lokacin da Najeriya ta dawo mulkin farar hula a Shekarar 1979, karfin mulki sarakuna sun koma a fannin al'adu da gargajiya ne kawai. An zabi [[Mala Kachalla]] a matsayin gwamnan jihar a shekarar 1999, a karkashin jam'iyyar APP (All Peoples Party), wacce daga baya ta koma ANPP (All Nigeria People's Party). Sannan a watan Aprelun 2003 ne aka zabi [[Ali Modu Sheriff]] a matsayin gwamnan Jihar Borno.<ref>"Governor Ali Modu Sheriff of Borno State". Nigeria Governors Forum. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 13 September2009.</ref> Rikicin Boko Haram ya soma ne a shekara ta 2009, tare da Jihar Borno a matsayin yankin da abu yafi shafa. A ranar 14 ga Watan Mayun shekarar 2013 ne, Shugaban kasa [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ya sanar cewa an sanya takunkumi a yankunan arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]], wanda ya hada da Jihar Borno da makwabtanta jihohin [[Adamawa]] da [[Yobe]].<ref>"Army crackdown on Nigeria's Islamist militants". ''[[BBC News]]''. 17 May 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.</ref> Wannan ya faru ne bayan rikici tsakanin 'yan Boko Haram da sojojin Najeriya ya jawo mutuwar rayukan [[mutum]] 200 a yankin birnin [[Baga, Nigeria|Baga]]. Wani mai magana daga sojojin Najeriya ya sanar cewa zasu cigaba da kai farmaki har sai sunga bayan ta'addanci a kowanne sashe a Najeriiya.<ref>"Nigeria army's offensive to continue 'as long as it takes'". ''[[BBC News]]''. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.</ref> Acikin watan Yuli shekarar 2014 ne, gwamna [[Kashim Shettima]] ya sanar cewa, "an kashe malamai 176 kuma an lalata makarantu fiye da 900 tun fara rikicin a shekara ta 2011. An kulle mafi yawancin makarantun Jihar Borno bayan garkuwa da akayi da dalibai mata daga [[Chibok]] a watan Afrilu shekarar 2014. Acikin watan Nuwamban shekarar 2014 ne, [[UNICEF]] ta sanar da cewa ta kara yawan cibiyoyinta na tallafawa akan karancin kumari (Community Management of Acute Malnutrition) na daga rashin cin abinci mai gina jiki a Jihar Borno daga "5 zuwa 67".<ref>Nigeria: Humanitarian Update on North East Nigeria, unicef.org, November 2014.</ref> Sashin noma na jihar ta samu babban cikas musamman a dalilin rashin zaman lafiya kuma [[mutane]] da dama sun shiga hali na rashin tsaro ta fuskar [[abinci]].<ref><nowiki>http://www.actionagainsthunger.org/countries/africa/nigeria</nowiki> Actionagainsthunger. “Action Against Hunger Logo.” Nigeria. Actionagainsthunger, n.d. Web. 03 May 2016.</ref> [[File:Lake Chad (Baga site) borno state.jpg|thumb|ruwan baga dake jihar borno]] ==Ƙananan Hukumomin Borno== Jihar Borno:jiha ce da take da [[Kananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda ashirin da bakwai (27) Su ne kamar haka:<ref>{{Cite book | edition = Millennium | publisher = Federal Ministry of Information | isbn = 9780104089 | volume = 2, State Surveys | last = Nigeria | title = Nigeria: a people united, a future assured | location = Abuja, Nigeria | date = 2000 | page = 106 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! Borno Central<br>Senatorial District !! Area in<br> km² !! 1,666,541 !! !! Borno South<br>Senatorial District !! Area in<br> km² !! 1,245,962 !! !! Borno North<br>Senatorial District !! Area in<br> km² !! 1,238,390 |- | [[Maiduguri]] ||align="right"| 137.36 ||align="right"| 540,016 || || [[Askira/Uba]] ||align="right"| 2,431.83 ||align="right"| 143,313 || || [[Abadam]] ||align="right"| 4,172.27 ||align="right"| 100,065 |- | [[Ngala]] ||align="right"| 1,519.82 ||align="right"| 236,498 || || [[Bayo, Nigeria|Bayo]]|| align="right" | 985.78 ||align="right"| 79,078 || || [[Gubio]] ||align="right"| 2,575.09 ||align="right"| 151,286 |- | [[Kala/Balge]] ||align="right"| 1,962.13 ||align="right"| 60,834 || || [[Biu, Nigeria|Biu]]|| align="right" | 3,423.86 ||align="right"| 175,760 || || [[Guzamala]] ||align="right"| 2,631.44||align="right"| 95,991 |- | [[Mafa]] ||align="right"| 2,976.99 ||align="right"| 103,600 || || [[Chibok]] ||align="right"| 1,392.00 ||align="right"| 66,333 || || [[Kaga, Nigeria|Kaga]]|| align="right" | 2,802.46 ||align="right"| 89,996 |- | [[Konduga]] ||align="right"| 6,065.89 ||align="right"| 157,322 || || [[Damboa]] ||align="right"| 6,426.18 ||align="right"| 233,200 || || [[Kukawa]] ||align="right"| 5,124.41 ||align="right"| 203,343 |- | [[Bama, Nigeria|Bama]]|| align="right" | 5,158.87 ||align="right"| 270,119 || || [[Gwoza]] ||align="right"| 2,973.15 ||align="right"| 276,568 || || [[Magumeri]] ||align="right"| 5,057.61 ||align="right"| 140,257 |- | [[Jere, Nigeria|Jere]]|| align="right" | 900.72 ||align="right"| 209,107 || || [[Hawul]] ||align="right"| 2,160.99 ||align="right"| 120,733 || || [[Marte, Nigeria|Marte]]|| align="right" | 3,280.02 ||align="right"| 129,409 |- | [[Dikwa]] ||align="right"| 1,836.89 ||align="right"| 105,042 || || [[Kwaya Kusar]] ||align="right"| 754.69 ||align="right"| 56,704 || || [[Mobbar]] ||align="right"| 3,280.02 ||align="right"| 116,633 |- | || || || || [[Shani, Nigeria|Shani]]|| align="right" | 1,238.93 ||align="right"| 100,989 || || [[Monguno]] ||align="right"| 1,993.20 ||align="right"| 109,834 |- | || || || || || || || || [[Nganzai]] ||align="right"| 2,572.35 ||align="right"| 99,074 |} Bugu da kari akwai gundumomin masarautu guda takwas a jihar (Borno, Damboa, Dikwa, Biu, Askira, Gwoza, Shani da kuma masarautar Uba).<ref>Borno State overview Archived July 15, 2012, at the [[Wayback Machine]], Borno State Government</ref> Wanda suke baiwa kananan hukumomi shawarwari na al'adu da gargajiya.<ref>Borno State information Archived October 21, 2012, at the [[Wayback Machine]], Federal Republic of Nigeria, National Bureau of Statistics; accessed 28 September 2015.</ref> == Harsuna == Harsunan da ake amfani dasu a Jihar dangane da kananan hukumominsu sun hada da:<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 2020-01-10.</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! LGA !! Languages |- | Askira-Uba || Putai; Bura-Pabir; Gude; Kibaku; Marghi Central; Marghi South; Nggwahyi; Nya Huba; Marghi |- | Bama || [[Chadian Arabic|Shuwa Arabic]]; Yerwa Kanuri; Wandala; Mafa; Marghi |- | Biu || Bura-Pabir; Dera; Ga'anda; Jara; Putai, Marghi |- | Chibok || Kibaku; Putai; Marghi |- | Damboa || Kibaku; Marghi Central; Putai; Mulgwai; Kanuri |- | Dikwa || Shuwa Arab |- | Gwoza || Cineni; Dghwede; Glavda; Guduf-Gava; Gvoko; Hide; Yerwa Kanuri; Lamang; Mafa; Sukur; Waja; Wandala; Marghi |- | Hawul || Bura,Hwana, Putai mafa; Marghi |- | Jilbe town || Jilbe |- | Kaga || Yerwa Kanuri; Putai |- | Kala/Balge || Shuwa Arab; kanuri; Afade |- | Konduga || Shuwa Arab; Yerwa Kanuri; Maffa; Putai; Wanda; Marghi |- | Kukawa || Yerwa Kanuri |- | Kwaya-Kusar || Bura, Putai, Marghi South |- | Maiduguri || Yerwa Kanuri; Mafa |- | Monguno || Yerwa Kanuri; Mafa |- | Ngala || Shuwa Arab; Yerwa Kanuri |} Sauran yarukun Jihar sune: Lala-Roba, Tarjumo, Yedina, da kuma Tedaga.<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 2020-01-10.</ref> == Addinai == [[Fayil:Indimi Jumma'a mosque.jpg|thumb|masallacin jummu'at na Indimi dake cikin garin Maiduguri jahar Borno ]] Mafi yawancin mutanan Jihar Borno musulmai ne, tare da tsirarun mabiya addinin kirista da waninsu. Ana amfani da shari'ar musuluncine a harkokin ci gaba, zamantakewa, addini da dai sauransu. [[Fayil:Central Mosque Maiduguri. jpg.jpg|thumb|Masallacn jumma'a dake fadar sarkin Borno]] == Masana'antu == Masana'antu a jihar Borno nada yawa , wasu daga ciki sun hada da: * Masana'antar Borno textile<ref>Borno Textile @ A 41 monday market, Off Maiduguri Main Market, Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria ,Maiduguri, Bornu, Maiduguri | Nigeria Directory | A List of Nigerian Businesses, Organisations, Firms and Companies | Nigeria Yellow Pages</ref> * Masana'antar Flex Foam Nigeria Ltd * Masana'antar Simba Industry Ltd<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/promoted/385834-simba-tvs-distributes-safety-and-hygiene-packs-to-keke-riders.html</ref> == Ilimi == [[Borno|Jihar Borno]] nada cibiyoyin ilimi ma bam-banta, wadannan sun hada da: === Jami'o'i === * [[:en:University_of_Maiduguri|Univeristy of Maiduguri]]<ref>https://gazettengr.com/unimaid-resumes-academic-activities-october-26/</ref> * Nigerian Army University Biu<ref>https://leadership.ng/army-varsity-matriculates-333-students/</ref> * Borno State University<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/first-private-university-in-borno-gets-vice-chancellor/</ref> * Al-ansar University<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/first-private-university-in-borno-gets-vice-chancellor/</ref> * Kashim Ibrahim College of Education * Ramat polytechnic * Mohammed Goni College of Legal a * <ref>https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2016/11/23/2000-students-get-certificate-20-years-after-graduation/</ref> * Maiduguri Colege of Nursing and Midwifery * == Ma'adinai == Jihar Borno nada [[tarin]] [[Albarkatun dan'adam|albarkatun]] kasa da ma'adinai masu tarin yawa , sawu daga cikinsu sun hada da:<ref>https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/natura-resources-found-in-borno-state/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230101745/https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/natura-resources-found-in-borno-state/ |date=2022-12-30 }}</ref> * Laka * Ma'adanin Kaolin * Ma'adanin Diatonite * Ma'adanin Trona * Ma'adanin Iron * Ma'adanin Mica * Ma'adanin Quartz * Ma'adanin Magnetite * Ma'adanin Uranium ==Shahararrun Mutane== [[Ibrahim Ibn Al-hussaini]] * [[Zakariya Maimalari]], Sojan Najeriya * [[Mohammed Indimi]], Dan kasuwa * [[Kyari Magumeri]], soja * Fiona Lovatt, mai bibiyar 'yancin dan adam * [[Shaykh Sherif Ibrahim Ibn Saleh al-Hussaini]], Malamin addinin musulunci kuma Mufti * [[Abba Kyari]] dan kasuwa, dan siyasa * Abba Kyari (military general), jenar na soja *[[Kashim Shettima]], <ref>https://punchng.com/nigeriall-bounce-back-in-few-months-says-shettima/</ref>mataimakin shugaban kasa * [[Sheikh Abba Aji]], Babban malamin addin *Professor [[Babagana Umara Zulum]], Gwamnan jahar<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2023/12/20/borno-governor-zulum-excludes-christians-their-communities-nigerian-governments</ref> *[[Mohammed Ali Ndume|Muhammed Ali Ndume]]. Dan Siyasa, Senata mai wakiltar mazabar Borno ta kudu a majalisar dattawa tun daga 2011. *[[Ali Modu Sheriff]]. Dan Siyasa, tsohon gwamnan jihar Borno daga 2003 zuwa 2011. == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Jihohin Najeriya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Borno}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] 6h624f8hgyufl3vexj957t3xflqfm8e 906225 906224 2026-08-22T13:23:31Z Mhizabdoul 42167 /* Tarihi */ 906225 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}[[File:Borno state contingent.jpg|thumb|jiha mai dumbin mutane da kuma al'adu]] [[File:ASC Leiden - NSAG - van Dis 4 - 117 - The market of Maiduguri. A group of curious boys - Maiduguri, Borno State, North East Nigeria - 11 January 1962.tif|thumb|People of Borno]] [[File:Nachtigal Umar Borno.jpg|thumb|Umar Borno]] [[File:Borno State Summer Weather (1).jpg|thumb|cikin garin Borno]] [[Fayil:Emir of Maiduguri Palace.jpg|thumb|Masarautar Sarkin jahar Borno]] '''Jihar Borno'''{{Audio|Ha-Borno.ogg|Borno}} jiha ce dake [[Arewa (Najeriya)|arewa]] maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Ta haɗa iyaka da Jihar [[Yobe]] daga yamma, [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] daga kudu maso gabas, [[Adamawa]] daga kudu, yayin da iyakarta ta gabas tayi iyaka ta ƙasa da ƙasa da [[Kamaru]], iyakarta ta arewa kuwa ta haɗe ne da yankin.<ref>Borno State Government. (n.d.). ''About Borno State''. Retrieved June 20, 2025, from <nowiki>https://www.bornostate.gov.ng/about</nowiki></ref><ref>United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. (2020). ''Borno State Humanitarian Situation Report''. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.unocha.org/nigeria/reports</nowiki></ref><ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Borno</ref> Jihar Borno ita ce jiha ta biyu (2) a girman kasa a cikin jahohi talatin da shidda (36) na Najeriya, bayan Jihar [[Neja]]. Amma duk da girman jihar, ita ce ta goma sha-ɗaya (11) a yawan mutane tare da ƙiyasin mutane a kalla kimanin miliyan, 5.86 a shekarar dubu biyu da shidda (2016).<ref>"Population 2006-2016". ''[[National Bureau of Statistics, Nigeria|National Bureau of Statistics]]''. Retrieved 14 December 2021.</ref><ref>United Nations Population Fund. (2017). ''State Population Reports for Nigeria''. New York, NY: UNFPA.</ref> A fannin yanayin ƙasa; ''semi-desert Sahelian savanna daga arewa'' da kuma ''Sudanian savanna ta yamma'' a tsakiya da kudancin jihar, da kuma [[mutane]] Mandara Plateau daga yankin kudu maso gabas.<ref>Levtzion, N., & Hopkins, J. F. P. (1981). ''Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History''. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/</ref> Jihar Borno tana da ƙabilu da suke zaune a yankin na lokaci mai tsawo, kamar su [[Harshen Dghwede|Dghwede]], [[Harshen Glavda|Glavda]], [[Harshen Guduf-Gava|Guduf]], [[Harshen Lamang|Laamang]], [[Mutanen Mafa|Mafa]], kanuri, da [[Mandara|Mandara]] a tsakiyar yankin; [[Harshen Afade|Afade]], [[Mutanen Buduma|Yedina (Buduma)]], da kuma [[Mutanen Kanembu|Kanembu]] daga ƙarshen yankin arewa maso gabas; harshen [[Harshen Waja|Waja]] a kuryar kudancin yankin da kuma [[Harshen Cibak|Kyibaku]], [[Harshen Kamwe|Kamwe]], [[Mutanen Kilba|Kilba]], [[Marghi|Margi]] da kuma babbar a yankin kudancin jihar, a yayinda harsunan [[Kanuri|Kanuri]], da [[Shuwa Arab|Shuwa Arab]]<nowiki/>ke rayuwa a yankunan tsakiya da arewacin jihar. Ta fannin [[addini]], mafi yawan mutanen jihar (85%) musulmai ne, da tsirarun [[kiristoci]] da mabiya addinan [[gargajiya]], da kaso 7% kowanne.<ref>https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/</ref><ref>https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/</ref><ref>https://www.africabib.org/</ref><ref>Smith, A. (1997). Ethnic Identity and Political Change in Northern Nigeria. ''Journal of African Studies, 25''(3), 312–336. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/</ref> [[Fayil:Borno State Flag.gif|thumb|borno state]] Tun daga ƙarni na bakwai (7 century), inda aka sani da Jihar Borno ta kasance daga yankin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu]]. Daular da ta fito daga yankin kudancin [[Libya|Libya,]] ta yau ([[Fezzan]]) har zuwa yankin [[Cadi]] har zuwa yankin Jihar [[Borno]] ta yau. Bayan karni na 13, an tilasta wa Kanem Bornu matsawa bayan yakokin da ba suyi nasara ba, inda ta koma Masarautar Borno, kafin ta kara karfi kuma ta mulki yankin har na tsawon shekaru dari biya (500). Har sai zuwa karni na 18 (shekara ta 1800) lokacin [[Jihadin Fulani|Jihadin Fulani,]] suka raunata Masarautar Borno, har masarautar ta fara rage karfi. An kwace mafi yawancin yankin masarautar inda aka hade ta da yankin Jihar [[Adamawa]] ta yau a karkashin [[Daular Sokoto|Daular Halifancin Sokoto]]. Shekaru 80 bayan haka, [[Rabih az-Zubayr]], wani kusan yaki dan kasar [[Sudan]] ya mallake Daulana Shekarar kuma ya mulke ta har zuwa karni na Shekarar alif 1900 lokacin da sojojin Faransa suka kashe shi a [[Yakin Kousséri]]. Har wayau, turawan mulkin mallaka sunci Masarautar [[Adamawa]] da yaki, inda Daular [[Jamus]] da na [[Burtaniya]] ,suka ci su da yaki. Duka yankunan kasar Rabih,da kuma Masarautar Adamawa an rabasu tsakanin su da turawan mulkin mallaka inda sashin Masarautar Borno ta yau ta fada karkashin mulkin Jamus da Burtaniya. An hade yankin da Burtaniya ke da iko ta [[Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya]] wacce daga baya aka hade ta ta zamo Yankin Mulkin Mallaka ta Najeriya, wacce daga baya ta samu 'yanci a Shekarar alif da dari 1960, Najeriya. Yankin da kasar Jamus ke da iko kuwa (yankin dake kusa da iyakar Kamaru ta yau) ta zamo Borno-na mutanen Jamus a matsayin yankin "German-Kemerun har zuwa lokacin da sojojin hadin gwiwa suka kai farmaki a yankin a lokacin kamfe na Kamerun a lokacin Yakin [[duniya]] ta daya. Inda ke matsayin farfajiyar Jihar [[Borno]] daga gabas a yau ta zamo sashin Arewacin [[Kamaru]] a karkashin yankin Kamaru ta Burtaniya har zuwa shekarar 1961, a lokacin da wata yarjejeniya ta jawo aka hadeta cikin yankin Najeriya. Daga farko, bayan samun 'yanci, sashin Jihar Borno na daga cikin yankin [[Jihar Arewa ta Gabas]]. Bayan an raba Jihar Arewa ta Gabas, an kirkiri Jihar Borno a ranar 3 ga watan Febreru na Shekarar alif 1976 tare da sauran jihohi guda goma. Shekaru goma sha biyar bayan yi mata jiha, an hade wasu kananan hukumomi daga yammacin jihar don samar da Jihar [[Yobe]]. Bayan wasu ƴan shekaru, a cikin shekara ta 2000, Jihar ta zamo cibiyar kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] kuma daga nan ta fara samar da rudani a shekara 2009. A tsakanin shakara ta 2012 zuwa 2015, abin ya yi kamari a yankin yayinda kusan akasarin ikon jihar ta koma karkashin kungiyar, hakan yasa kungiyar ta zama mafi munin kungiya a duniya kuma sun sa mutum sama da miliyan daya sun bar gidajensu da dukiyoyinsu. Bayan munanan sunkai hare-hare a cikin jihar a shekara ta 2015 da kuma fada tsakanin kungiyar Boko Haram da na [[:en:Islamic_State_–_West_Africa_Province|ISWAP]], an kore kungiyoyin zuwa cikin [[Dajin Sambisa]] da wasu tsiburai da ke yankin gabar [[Tabkin Chadi]] a shekara ta 2017; har ilayau, rashin zaman lafiya a yankin ya zama ruwan dare yayinda ƴan ta'adda ke kai hare-hare ga sojoji da farar hula baki daya.<ref>Odunsi, Wale. "Boko Haram, ISIS, ISWAP threat in Nigeria increasing – Osinbajo notifies US". ''[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]''. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</ref> A matsayinta na jiha da ta dogara ta wata fuskar da noma da kiwo, tattalin arzikin yankunan karkarar Jihar Borno sun dogara ne akan noma da kiwo kafin soma rikicin Boko Haram, yayinda babban birnin jihar wato [[Maiduguri]] take taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci da kuma hada-hada.<ref>"Maiduguri: living in Boko Haram territory". ''[[eNCA]]''. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</ref> Amma duk da haka, bayan shekaru da jihar ta sha fama da rashin zaman lafiya, wanda ya kawo cikas, ga cigaba kuma ya tilasta wa manoma suka bar kauyukansu, don neman tsira, Jihar Borno tana na goma sha uku a jerin cigaban al'umma a kasar, amma tunda an fara shawo kan rikicin a shekara ta 2016, an fara farfado da harkokin cigaba a yankin.<ref>"Human Development Indices". ''Global Data Lab''. Retrieved 15 December 2021.</ref><ref>"Achieving common development objectives in Borno State". ''[[Mercy Corps]]''. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</ref><ref>Tayo, Teniola. "Maiduguri's economic revival could be a lifeline for Lake Chad Basin". ''[[Institute for Security Studies]]''. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</ref> Jihar Borno nada fadin kasa kimanin kilomita 57,799 da yawan jama’an da suka kai kimanin mutane 5,925,668 (a kiddidigar kidaya ta shekara ta 2006).Babban birnin jihar shi ne [[Maiduguri]]. [[Babagana Umara Zulum]] shi ne gwamnan jihar, tun bayan zabensa da aka yi a shekara ta 2019 har zuwa yau. Mataimakin gwamnan kuwa shi ne [[Usman Mamman Durkwa]]. Dattijai daga jihar sun hada da: [[Yusuf Buratai]], Baba Garba, [[Ali Madu Sheriff]], Muhammad Indimi, [[Abba Kyari]], [[Mohammed Ali Ndume]] da sauransu. Mutanen garin Borno mutane ne masu son al'ada da kokarin riko da addini da fafutuka wajen neman ilimi. Daga cikin al'adunsu akwai zaman mai gida wuri daya tare da iyalensa domin cin abinci a cikin faranti/kwano daya. Mutane ne masu son mu'amala da turare sannan matan su suna yawan yin kwalliya, lalle wato dayis da dai sauransu. Akan samu yaruka mazauna Borno kamar irin su Kanuri, Babur, margi, da dai sauransu. == Tarihi == Mutanen [[Kanuri]] sune kabilar da ta fi karfi a Jihar Borno, bayansu akwai kabilu kamar Lapang, Babur/Bura da [[Marghi]] wanda ake samu a yankin kudancin jihar. Kabilar [[Shuwa Arab]] mafi akasarinsu sun samo asaline daga [[Larabawa]].<ref>Scheinfeldt, L.B.; Soi, S.; Tischkoff, S.A. (2010). ''The SAGE Encyclopedia of African Cultural Heritage in North America''. p. 96.</ref> Sarakunan tsohuwar yankin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu]] sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a siyasan wannan yankin na kusan shekaru dubu daya 1000.<ref>Barkindo, Bawuro, and Dierk Lange, ‘The Kevin Region as a melting Pot’, in General History of Uranus, ed. by M Elfasi and I Hrbek (London: Unesco, Heinemann, 1988), III, 436–60.</ref> Masarautar Kanemi ta yanzu amshe ikon [[Masarautar Borno]] a farkon karni na 19 bayan yakin [[Jihadin Fulani]] na [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo]]. [[Rabih az-Zubayr]] ya mulke ta a Shekarar 1893.<ref>"Borno's 127-Year-Old Fort". ''Folio Nigeria''. 26 June 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2020.</ref> Burtaniya, Faransa da Jamus sun kai farmaki a yankin a farkon karni na 20. Acikin shekarar 1902 ne, Burtaniya ta sanya jihar cikin [[Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya]],<ref>Ikime, Obaro, ‘The Fall of Borno’, in The Fall of Nigeria: The British Conquest (London: Heinemann Educational, 1977), pp. 178–84</ref> sannan a Shekarar 1907, suka kafa babban birnin a [[Maiduguri]], wacce ta tsaya matsayin babban birinin jihar har yau.<ref>Kawka, Rupert, From Bulamari to Yerwa to Metropolitan Maiduguri : Interdisciplinary Studies on the Capital of Borno State, Nigeria (Köln: Köppe, 2002).</ref> Bayan samun 'yancin Najeriya a Shekarar 1960, Jihar Borno ta kasance kasa mai 'yancin kai har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa jihohi 12 a Shekarar 1967. Sabon tsarin kananan hukumomi na shekarar 1976, ya rage wa sarakuna karfin iko a masarautar sannan a lokacin da Najeriya ta dawo mulkin farar hula a Shekarar 1979, karfin mulki sarakuna sun koma a fannin al'adu da gargajiya ne kawai. An zabi [[Mala Kachalla]] a matsayin gwamnan jihar a shekarar 1999, a karkashin jam'iyyar APP (All Peoples Party), wacce daga baya ta koma ANPP (All Nigeria People's Party). Sannan a watan Aprelun 2003 ne aka zabi [[Ali Modu Sheriff]] a matsayin gwamnan Jihar Borno.<ref>"Governor Ali Modu Sheriff of Borno State". Nigeria Governors Forum. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 13 September2009.</ref> Rikicin Boko Haram ya soma ne a shekara ta 2009, tare da Jihar Borno a matsayin yankin da abu yafi shafa. A ranar 14 ga Watan Mayun shekarar 2013 ne, Shugaban kasa [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ya sanar cewa an sanya takunkumi a yankunan arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]], wanda ya hada da Jihar Borno da makwabtanta jihohin [[Adamawa]] da [[Yobe]].<ref>"Army crackdown on Nigeria's Islamist militants". ''[[BBC News]]''. 17 May 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.</ref> Wannan ya faru ne bayan rikici tsakanin 'yan Boko Haram da sojojin Najeriya ya jawo mutuwar rayukan [[mutum]] 200 a yankin birnin Baga. Wani mai magana daga sojojin Najeriya ya sanar cewa zasu cigaba da kai farmaki har sai sunga bayan ta'addanci a kowanne sashe a Najeriiya.<ref>"Nigeria army's offensive to continue 'as long as it takes'". ''[[BBC News]]''. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.</ref> Acikin watan Yuli shekarar 2014 ne, gwamna [[Kashim Shettima]] ya sanar cewa, "an kashe malamai 176 kuma an lalata makarantu fiye da 900 tun fara rikicin a shekara ta 2011. An kulle mafi yawancin makarantun Jihar Borno bayan garkuwa da akayi da dalibai mata daga [[Chibok]] a watan Afrilu shekarar 2014. Acikin watan Nuwamban shekarar 2014 ne, [[UNICEF]] ta sanar da cewa ta kara yawan cibiyoyinta na tallafawa akan karancin kumari (Community Management of Acute Malnutrition) na daga rashin cin abinci mai gina jiki a Jihar Borno daga "5 zuwa 67".<ref>Nigeria: Humanitarian Update on North East Nigeria, unicef.org, November 2014.</ref> Sashin noma na jihar ta samu babban cikas musamman a dalilin rashin zaman lafiya kuma [[mutane]] da dama sun shiga hali na rashin tsaro ta fuskar [[abinci]].<ref><nowiki>http://www.actionagainsthunger.org/countries/africa/nigeria</nowiki> Actionagainsthunger. “Action Against Hunger Logo.” Nigeria. Actionagainsthunger, n.d. Web. 03 May 2016.</ref> [[File:Lake Chad (Baga site) borno state.jpg|thumb|ruwan baga dake jihar borno]] ==Ƙananan Hukumomin Borno== Jihar Borno:jiha ce da take da [[Kananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda ashirin da bakwai (27) Su ne kamar haka:<ref>{{Cite book | edition = Millennium | publisher = Federal Ministry of Information | isbn = 9780104089 | volume = 2, State Surveys | last = Nigeria | title = Nigeria: a people united, a future assured | location = Abuja, Nigeria | date = 2000 | page = 106 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! Borno Central<br>Senatorial District !! Area in<br> km² !! 1,666,541 !! !! Borno South<br>Senatorial District !! Area in<br> km² !! 1,245,962 !! !! Borno North<br>Senatorial District !! Area in<br> km² !! 1,238,390 |- | [[Maiduguri]] ||align="right"| 137.36 ||align="right"| 540,016 || || [[Askira/Uba]] ||align="right"| 2,431.83 ||align="right"| 143,313 || || [[Abadam]] ||align="right"| 4,172.27 ||align="right"| 100,065 |- | [[Ngala]] ||align="right"| 1,519.82 ||align="right"| 236,498 || || [[Bayo, Nigeria|Bayo]]|| align="right" | 985.78 ||align="right"| 79,078 || || [[Gubio]] ||align="right"| 2,575.09 ||align="right"| 151,286 |- | [[Kala/Balge]] ||align="right"| 1,962.13 ||align="right"| 60,834 || || [[Biu, Nigeria|Biu]]|| align="right" | 3,423.86 ||align="right"| 175,760 || || [[Guzamala]] ||align="right"| 2,631.44||align="right"| 95,991 |- | [[Mafa]] ||align="right"| 2,976.99 ||align="right"| 103,600 || || [[Chibok]] ||align="right"| 1,392.00 ||align="right"| 66,333 || || [[Kaga, Nigeria|Kaga]]|| align="right" | 2,802.46 ||align="right"| 89,996 |- | [[Konduga]] ||align="right"| 6,065.89 ||align="right"| 157,322 || || [[Damboa]] ||align="right"| 6,426.18 ||align="right"| 233,200 || || [[Kukawa]] ||align="right"| 5,124.41 ||align="right"| 203,343 |- | [[Bama, Nigeria|Bama]]|| align="right" | 5,158.87 ||align="right"| 270,119 || || [[Gwoza]] ||align="right"| 2,973.15 ||align="right"| 276,568 || || [[Magumeri]] ||align="right"| 5,057.61 ||align="right"| 140,257 |- | [[Jere, Nigeria|Jere]]|| align="right" | 900.72 ||align="right"| 209,107 || || [[Hawul]] ||align="right"| 2,160.99 ||align="right"| 120,733 || || [[Marte, Nigeria|Marte]]|| align="right" | 3,280.02 ||align="right"| 129,409 |- | [[Dikwa]] ||align="right"| 1,836.89 ||align="right"| 105,042 || || [[Kwaya Kusar]] ||align="right"| 754.69 ||align="right"| 56,704 || || [[Mobbar]] ||align="right"| 3,280.02 ||align="right"| 116,633 |- | || || || || [[Shani, Nigeria|Shani]]|| align="right" | 1,238.93 ||align="right"| 100,989 || || [[Monguno]] ||align="right"| 1,993.20 ||align="right"| 109,834 |- | || || || || || || || || [[Nganzai]] ||align="right"| 2,572.35 ||align="right"| 99,074 |} Bugu da kari akwai gundumomin masarautu guda takwas a jihar (Borno, Damboa, Dikwa, Biu, Askira, Gwoza, Shani da kuma masarautar Uba).<ref>Borno State overview Archived July 15, 2012, at the [[Wayback Machine]], Borno State Government</ref> Wanda suke baiwa kananan hukumomi shawarwari na al'adu da gargajiya.<ref>Borno State information Archived October 21, 2012, at the [[Wayback Machine]], Federal Republic of Nigeria, National Bureau of Statistics; accessed 28 September 2015.</ref> == Harsuna == Harsunan da ake amfani dasu a Jihar dangane da kananan hukumominsu sun hada da:<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 2020-01-10.</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! LGA !! Languages |- | Askira-Uba || Putai; Bura-Pabir; Gude; Kibaku; Marghi Central; Marghi South; Nggwahyi; Nya Huba; Marghi |- | Bama || [[Chadian Arabic|Shuwa Arabic]]; Yerwa Kanuri; Wandala; Mafa; Marghi |- | Biu || Bura-Pabir; Dera; Ga'anda; Jara; Putai, Marghi |- | Chibok || Kibaku; Putai; Marghi |- | Damboa || Kibaku; Marghi Central; Putai; Mulgwai; Kanuri |- | Dikwa || Shuwa Arab |- | Gwoza || Cineni; Dghwede; Glavda; Guduf-Gava; Gvoko; Hide; Yerwa Kanuri; Lamang; Mafa; Sukur; Waja; Wandala; Marghi |- | Hawul || Bura,Hwana, Putai mafa; Marghi |- | Jilbe town || Jilbe |- | Kaga || Yerwa Kanuri; Putai |- | Kala/Balge || Shuwa Arab; kanuri; Afade |- | Konduga || Shuwa Arab; Yerwa Kanuri; Maffa; Putai; Wanda; Marghi |- | Kukawa || Yerwa Kanuri |- | Kwaya-Kusar || Bura, Putai, Marghi South |- | Maiduguri || Yerwa Kanuri; Mafa |- | Monguno || Yerwa Kanuri; Mafa |- | Ngala || Shuwa Arab; Yerwa Kanuri |} Sauran yarukun Jihar sune: Lala-Roba, Tarjumo, Yedina, da kuma Tedaga.<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 2020-01-10.</ref> == Addinai == [[Fayil:Indimi Jumma'a mosque.jpg|thumb|masallacin jummu'at na Indimi dake cikin garin Maiduguri jahar Borno ]] Mafi yawancin mutanan Jihar Borno musulmai ne, tare da tsirarun mabiya addinin kirista da waninsu. Ana amfani da shari'ar musuluncine a harkokin ci gaba, zamantakewa, addini da dai sauransu. [[Fayil:Central Mosque Maiduguri. jpg.jpg|thumb|Masallacn jumma'a dake fadar sarkin Borno]] == Masana'antu == Masana'antu a jihar Borno nada yawa , wasu daga ciki sun hada da: * Masana'antar Borno textile<ref>Borno Textile @ A 41 monday market, Off Maiduguri Main Market, Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria ,Maiduguri, Bornu, Maiduguri | Nigeria Directory | A List of Nigerian Businesses, Organisations, Firms and Companies | Nigeria Yellow Pages</ref> * Masana'antar Flex Foam Nigeria Ltd * Masana'antar Simba Industry Ltd<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/promoted/385834-simba-tvs-distributes-safety-and-hygiene-packs-to-keke-riders.html</ref> == Ilimi == [[Borno|Jihar Borno]] nada cibiyoyin ilimi ma bam-banta, wadannan sun hada da: === Jami'o'i === * [[:en:University_of_Maiduguri|Univeristy of Maiduguri]]<ref>https://gazettengr.com/unimaid-resumes-academic-activities-october-26/</ref> * Nigerian Army University Biu<ref>https://leadership.ng/army-varsity-matriculates-333-students/</ref> * Borno State University<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/first-private-university-in-borno-gets-vice-chancellor/</ref> * Al-ansar University<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/first-private-university-in-borno-gets-vice-chancellor/</ref> * Kashim Ibrahim College of Education * Ramat polytechnic * Mohammed Goni College of Legal a * <ref>https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2016/11/23/2000-students-get-certificate-20-years-after-graduation/</ref> * Maiduguri Colege of Nursing and Midwifery * == Ma'adinai == Jihar Borno nada [[tarin]] [[Albarkatun dan'adam|albarkatun]] kasa da ma'adinai masu tarin yawa , sawu daga cikinsu sun hada da:<ref>https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/natura-resources-found-in-borno-state/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230101745/https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/natura-resources-found-in-borno-state/ |date=2022-12-30 }}</ref> * Laka * Ma'adanin Kaolin * Ma'adanin Diatonite * Ma'adanin Trona * Ma'adanin Iron * Ma'adanin Mica * Ma'adanin Quartz * Ma'adanin Magnetite * Ma'adanin Uranium ==Shahararrun Mutane== [[Ibrahim Ibn Al-hussaini]] * [[Zakariya Maimalari]], Sojan Najeriya * [[Mohammed Indimi]], Dan kasuwa * [[Kyari Magumeri]], soja * Fiona Lovatt, mai bibiyar 'yancin dan adam * [[Shaykh Sherif Ibrahim Ibn Saleh al-Hussaini]], Malamin addinin musulunci kuma Mufti * [[Abba Kyari]] dan kasuwa, dan siyasa * Abba Kyari (military general), jenar na soja *[[Kashim Shettima]], <ref>https://punchng.com/nigeriall-bounce-back-in-few-months-says-shettima/</ref>mataimakin shugaban kasa * [[Sheikh Abba Aji]], Babban malamin addin *Professor [[Babagana Umara Zulum]], Gwamnan jahar<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2023/12/20/borno-governor-zulum-excludes-christians-their-communities-nigerian-governments</ref> *[[Mohammed Ali Ndume|Muhammed Ali Ndume]]. Dan Siyasa, Senata mai wakiltar mazabar Borno ta kudu a majalisar dattawa tun daga 2011. *[[Ali Modu Sheriff]]. Dan Siyasa, tsohon gwamnan jihar Borno daga 2003 zuwa 2011. == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Jihohin Najeriya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Borno}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] awy52en4yo8uln4t6u54wf6k8jeq0e7 906226 906225 2026-08-22T13:24:05Z Mhizabdoul 42167 /* Ma'adinai */ 906226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}[[File:Borno state contingent.jpg|thumb|jiha mai dumbin mutane da kuma al'adu]] [[File:ASC Leiden - NSAG - van Dis 4 - 117 - The market of Maiduguri. A group of curious boys - Maiduguri, Borno State, North East Nigeria - 11 January 1962.tif|thumb|People of Borno]] [[File:Nachtigal Umar Borno.jpg|thumb|Umar Borno]] [[File:Borno State Summer Weather (1).jpg|thumb|cikin garin Borno]] [[Fayil:Emir of Maiduguri Palace.jpg|thumb|Masarautar Sarkin jahar Borno]] '''Jihar Borno'''{{Audio|Ha-Borno.ogg|Borno}} jiha ce dake [[Arewa (Najeriya)|arewa]] maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Ta haɗa iyaka da Jihar [[Yobe]] daga yamma, [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] daga kudu maso gabas, [[Adamawa]] daga kudu, yayin da iyakarta ta gabas tayi iyaka ta ƙasa da ƙasa da [[Kamaru]], iyakarta ta arewa kuwa ta haɗe ne da yankin.<ref>Borno State Government. (n.d.). ''About Borno State''. Retrieved June 20, 2025, from <nowiki>https://www.bornostate.gov.ng/about</nowiki></ref><ref>United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. (2020). ''Borno State Humanitarian Situation Report''. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.unocha.org/nigeria/reports</nowiki></ref><ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Borno</ref> Jihar Borno ita ce jiha ta biyu (2) a girman kasa a cikin jahohi talatin da shidda (36) na Najeriya, bayan Jihar [[Neja]]. Amma duk da girman jihar, ita ce ta goma sha-ɗaya (11) a yawan mutane tare da ƙiyasin mutane a kalla kimanin miliyan, 5.86 a shekarar dubu biyu da shidda (2016).<ref>"Population 2006-2016". ''[[National Bureau of Statistics, Nigeria|National Bureau of Statistics]]''. Retrieved 14 December 2021.</ref><ref>United Nations Population Fund. (2017). ''State Population Reports for Nigeria''. New York, NY: UNFPA.</ref> A fannin yanayin ƙasa; ''semi-desert Sahelian savanna daga arewa'' da kuma ''Sudanian savanna ta yamma'' a tsakiya da kudancin jihar, da kuma [[mutane]] Mandara Plateau daga yankin kudu maso gabas.<ref>Levtzion, N., & Hopkins, J. F. P. (1981). ''Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History''. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/</ref> Jihar Borno tana da ƙabilu da suke zaune a yankin na lokaci mai tsawo, kamar su [[Harshen Dghwede|Dghwede]], [[Harshen Glavda|Glavda]], [[Harshen Guduf-Gava|Guduf]], [[Harshen Lamang|Laamang]], [[Mutanen Mafa|Mafa]], kanuri, da [[Mandara|Mandara]] a tsakiyar yankin; [[Harshen Afade|Afade]], [[Mutanen Buduma|Yedina (Buduma)]], da kuma [[Mutanen Kanembu|Kanembu]] daga ƙarshen yankin arewa maso gabas; harshen [[Harshen Waja|Waja]] a kuryar kudancin yankin da kuma [[Harshen Cibak|Kyibaku]], [[Harshen Kamwe|Kamwe]], [[Mutanen Kilba|Kilba]], [[Marghi|Margi]] da kuma babbar a yankin kudancin jihar, a yayinda harsunan [[Kanuri|Kanuri]], da [[Shuwa Arab|Shuwa Arab]]<nowiki/>ke rayuwa a yankunan tsakiya da arewacin jihar. Ta fannin [[addini]], mafi yawan mutanen jihar (85%) musulmai ne, da tsirarun [[kiristoci]] da mabiya addinan [[gargajiya]], da kaso 7% kowanne.<ref>https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/</ref><ref>https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/</ref><ref>https://www.africabib.org/</ref><ref>Smith, A. (1997). Ethnic Identity and Political Change in Northern Nigeria. ''Journal of African Studies, 25''(3), 312–336. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/</ref> [[Fayil:Borno State Flag.gif|thumb|borno state]] Tun daga ƙarni na bakwai (7 century), inda aka sani da Jihar Borno ta kasance daga yankin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu]]. Daular da ta fito daga yankin kudancin [[Libya|Libya,]] ta yau ([[Fezzan]]) har zuwa yankin [[Cadi]] har zuwa yankin Jihar [[Borno]] ta yau. Bayan karni na 13, an tilasta wa Kanem Bornu matsawa bayan yakokin da ba suyi nasara ba, inda ta koma Masarautar Borno, kafin ta kara karfi kuma ta mulki yankin har na tsawon shekaru dari biya (500). Har sai zuwa karni na 18 (shekara ta 1800) lokacin [[Jihadin Fulani|Jihadin Fulani,]] suka raunata Masarautar Borno, har masarautar ta fara rage karfi. An kwace mafi yawancin yankin masarautar inda aka hade ta da yankin Jihar [[Adamawa]] ta yau a karkashin [[Daular Sokoto|Daular Halifancin Sokoto]]. Shekaru 80 bayan haka, [[Rabih az-Zubayr]], wani kusan yaki dan kasar [[Sudan]] ya mallake Daulana Shekarar kuma ya mulke ta har zuwa karni na Shekarar alif 1900 lokacin da sojojin Faransa suka kashe shi a [[Yakin Kousséri]]. Har wayau, turawan mulkin mallaka sunci Masarautar [[Adamawa]] da yaki, inda Daular [[Jamus]] da na [[Burtaniya]] ,suka ci su da yaki. Duka yankunan kasar Rabih,da kuma Masarautar Adamawa an rabasu tsakanin su da turawan mulkin mallaka inda sashin Masarautar Borno ta yau ta fada karkashin mulkin Jamus da Burtaniya. An hade yankin da Burtaniya ke da iko ta [[Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya]] wacce daga baya aka hade ta ta zamo Yankin Mulkin Mallaka ta Najeriya, wacce daga baya ta samu 'yanci a Shekarar alif da dari 1960, Najeriya. Yankin da kasar Jamus ke da iko kuwa (yankin dake kusa da iyakar Kamaru ta yau) ta zamo Borno-na mutanen Jamus a matsayin yankin "German-Kemerun har zuwa lokacin da sojojin hadin gwiwa suka kai farmaki a yankin a lokacin kamfe na Kamerun a lokacin Yakin [[duniya]] ta daya. Inda ke matsayin farfajiyar Jihar [[Borno]] daga gabas a yau ta zamo sashin Arewacin [[Kamaru]] a karkashin yankin Kamaru ta Burtaniya har zuwa shekarar 1961, a lokacin da wata yarjejeniya ta jawo aka hadeta cikin yankin Najeriya. Daga farko, bayan samun 'yanci, sashin Jihar Borno na daga cikin yankin [[Jihar Arewa ta Gabas]]. Bayan an raba Jihar Arewa ta Gabas, an kirkiri Jihar Borno a ranar 3 ga watan Febreru na Shekarar alif 1976 tare da sauran jihohi guda goma. Shekaru goma sha biyar bayan yi mata jiha, an hade wasu kananan hukumomi daga yammacin jihar don samar da Jihar [[Yobe]]. Bayan wasu ƴan shekaru, a cikin shekara ta 2000, Jihar ta zamo cibiyar kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] kuma daga nan ta fara samar da rudani a shekara 2009. A tsakanin shakara ta 2012 zuwa 2015, abin ya yi kamari a yankin yayinda kusan akasarin ikon jihar ta koma karkashin kungiyar, hakan yasa kungiyar ta zama mafi munin kungiya a duniya kuma sun sa mutum sama da miliyan daya sun bar gidajensu da dukiyoyinsu. Bayan munanan sunkai hare-hare a cikin jihar a shekara ta 2015 da kuma fada tsakanin kungiyar Boko Haram da na [[:en:Islamic_State_–_West_Africa_Province|ISWAP]], an kore kungiyoyin zuwa cikin [[Dajin Sambisa]] da wasu tsiburai da ke yankin gabar [[Tabkin Chadi]] a shekara ta 2017; har ilayau, rashin zaman lafiya a yankin ya zama ruwan dare yayinda ƴan ta'adda ke kai hare-hare ga sojoji da farar hula baki daya.<ref>Odunsi, Wale. "Boko Haram, ISIS, ISWAP threat in Nigeria increasing – Osinbajo notifies US". ''[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]''. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</ref> A matsayinta na jiha da ta dogara ta wata fuskar da noma da kiwo, tattalin arzikin yankunan karkarar Jihar Borno sun dogara ne akan noma da kiwo kafin soma rikicin Boko Haram, yayinda babban birnin jihar wato [[Maiduguri]] take taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci da kuma hada-hada.<ref>"Maiduguri: living in Boko Haram territory". ''[[eNCA]]''. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</ref> Amma duk da haka, bayan shekaru da jihar ta sha fama da rashin zaman lafiya, wanda ya kawo cikas, ga cigaba kuma ya tilasta wa manoma suka bar kauyukansu, don neman tsira, Jihar Borno tana na goma sha uku a jerin cigaban al'umma a kasar, amma tunda an fara shawo kan rikicin a shekara ta 2016, an fara farfado da harkokin cigaba a yankin.<ref>"Human Development Indices". ''Global Data Lab''. Retrieved 15 December 2021.</ref><ref>"Achieving common development objectives in Borno State". ''[[Mercy Corps]]''. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</ref><ref>Tayo, Teniola. "Maiduguri's economic revival could be a lifeline for Lake Chad Basin". ''[[Institute for Security Studies]]''. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</ref> Jihar Borno nada fadin kasa kimanin kilomita 57,799 da yawan jama’an da suka kai kimanin mutane 5,925,668 (a kiddidigar kidaya ta shekara ta 2006).Babban birnin jihar shi ne [[Maiduguri]]. [[Babagana Umara Zulum]] shi ne gwamnan jihar, tun bayan zabensa da aka yi a shekara ta 2019 har zuwa yau. Mataimakin gwamnan kuwa shi ne [[Usman Mamman Durkwa]]. Dattijai daga jihar sun hada da: [[Yusuf Buratai]], Baba Garba, [[Ali Madu Sheriff]], Muhammad Indimi, [[Abba Kyari]], [[Mohammed Ali Ndume]] da sauransu. Mutanen garin Borno mutane ne masu son al'ada da kokarin riko da addini da fafutuka wajen neman ilimi. Daga cikin al'adunsu akwai zaman mai gida wuri daya tare da iyalensa domin cin abinci a cikin faranti/kwano daya. Mutane ne masu son mu'amala da turare sannan matan su suna yawan yin kwalliya, lalle wato dayis da dai sauransu. Akan samu yaruka mazauna Borno kamar irin su Kanuri, Babur, margi, da dai sauransu. == Tarihi == Mutanen [[Kanuri]] sune kabilar da ta fi karfi a Jihar Borno, bayansu akwai kabilu kamar Lapang, Babur/Bura da [[Marghi]] wanda ake samu a yankin kudancin jihar. Kabilar [[Shuwa Arab]] mafi akasarinsu sun samo asaline daga [[Larabawa]].<ref>Scheinfeldt, L.B.; Soi, S.; Tischkoff, S.A. (2010). ''The SAGE Encyclopedia of African Cultural Heritage in North America''. p. 96.</ref> Sarakunan tsohuwar yankin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu]] sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a siyasan wannan yankin na kusan shekaru dubu daya 1000.<ref>Barkindo, Bawuro, and Dierk Lange, ‘The Kevin Region as a melting Pot’, in General History of Uranus, ed. by M Elfasi and I Hrbek (London: Unesco, Heinemann, 1988), III, 436–60.</ref> Masarautar Kanemi ta yanzu amshe ikon [[Masarautar Borno]] a farkon karni na 19 bayan yakin [[Jihadin Fulani]] na [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo]]. [[Rabih az-Zubayr]] ya mulke ta a Shekarar 1893.<ref>"Borno's 127-Year-Old Fort". ''Folio Nigeria''. 26 June 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2020.</ref> Burtaniya, Faransa da Jamus sun kai farmaki a yankin a farkon karni na 20. Acikin shekarar 1902 ne, Burtaniya ta sanya jihar cikin [[Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya]],<ref>Ikime, Obaro, ‘The Fall of Borno’, in The Fall of Nigeria: The British Conquest (London: Heinemann Educational, 1977), pp. 178–84</ref> sannan a Shekarar 1907, suka kafa babban birnin a [[Maiduguri]], wacce ta tsaya matsayin babban birinin jihar har yau.<ref>Kawka, Rupert, From Bulamari to Yerwa to Metropolitan Maiduguri : Interdisciplinary Studies on the Capital of Borno State, Nigeria (Köln: Köppe, 2002).</ref> Bayan samun 'yancin Najeriya a Shekarar 1960, Jihar Borno ta kasance kasa mai 'yancin kai har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa jihohi 12 a Shekarar 1967. Sabon tsarin kananan hukumomi na shekarar 1976, ya rage wa sarakuna karfin iko a masarautar sannan a lokacin da Najeriya ta dawo mulkin farar hula a Shekarar 1979, karfin mulki sarakuna sun koma a fannin al'adu da gargajiya ne kawai. An zabi [[Mala Kachalla]] a matsayin gwamnan jihar a shekarar 1999, a karkashin jam'iyyar APP (All Peoples Party), wacce daga baya ta koma ANPP (All Nigeria People's Party). Sannan a watan Aprelun 2003 ne aka zabi [[Ali Modu Sheriff]] a matsayin gwamnan Jihar Borno.<ref>"Governor Ali Modu Sheriff of Borno State". Nigeria Governors Forum. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 13 September2009.</ref> Rikicin Boko Haram ya soma ne a shekara ta 2009, tare da Jihar Borno a matsayin yankin da abu yafi shafa. A ranar 14 ga Watan Mayun shekarar 2013 ne, Shugaban kasa [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ya sanar cewa an sanya takunkumi a yankunan arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]], wanda ya hada da Jihar Borno da makwabtanta jihohin [[Adamawa]] da [[Yobe]].<ref>"Army crackdown on Nigeria's Islamist militants". ''[[BBC News]]''. 17 May 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.</ref> Wannan ya faru ne bayan rikici tsakanin 'yan Boko Haram da sojojin Najeriya ya jawo mutuwar rayukan [[mutum]] 200 a yankin birnin Baga. Wani mai magana daga sojojin Najeriya ya sanar cewa zasu cigaba da kai farmaki har sai sunga bayan ta'addanci a kowanne sashe a Najeriiya.<ref>"Nigeria army's offensive to continue 'as long as it takes'". ''[[BBC News]]''. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.</ref> Acikin watan Yuli shekarar 2014 ne, gwamna [[Kashim Shettima]] ya sanar cewa, "an kashe malamai 176 kuma an lalata makarantu fiye da 900 tun fara rikicin a shekara ta 2011. An kulle mafi yawancin makarantun Jihar Borno bayan garkuwa da akayi da dalibai mata daga [[Chibok]] a watan Afrilu shekarar 2014. Acikin watan Nuwamban shekarar 2014 ne, [[UNICEF]] ta sanar da cewa ta kara yawan cibiyoyinta na tallafawa akan karancin kumari (Community Management of Acute Malnutrition) na daga rashin cin abinci mai gina jiki a Jihar Borno daga "5 zuwa 67".<ref>Nigeria: Humanitarian Update on North East Nigeria, unicef.org, November 2014.</ref> Sashin noma na jihar ta samu babban cikas musamman a dalilin rashin zaman lafiya kuma [[mutane]] da dama sun shiga hali na rashin tsaro ta fuskar [[abinci]].<ref><nowiki>http://www.actionagainsthunger.org/countries/africa/nigeria</nowiki> Actionagainsthunger. “Action Against Hunger Logo.” Nigeria. Actionagainsthunger, n.d. Web. 03 May 2016.</ref> [[File:Lake Chad (Baga site) borno state.jpg|thumb|ruwan baga dake jihar borno]] ==Ƙananan Hukumomin Borno== Jihar Borno:jiha ce da take da [[Kananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda ashirin da bakwai (27) Su ne kamar haka:<ref>{{Cite book | edition = Millennium | publisher = Federal Ministry of Information | isbn = 9780104089 | volume = 2, State Surveys | last = Nigeria | title = Nigeria: a people united, a future assured | location = Abuja, Nigeria | date = 2000 | page = 106 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! Borno Central<br>Senatorial District !! Area in<br> km² !! 1,666,541 !! !! Borno South<br>Senatorial District !! Area in<br> km² !! 1,245,962 !! !! Borno North<br>Senatorial District !! Area in<br> km² !! 1,238,390 |- | [[Maiduguri]] ||align="right"| 137.36 ||align="right"| 540,016 || || [[Askira/Uba]] ||align="right"| 2,431.83 ||align="right"| 143,313 || || [[Abadam]] ||align="right"| 4,172.27 ||align="right"| 100,065 |- | [[Ngala]] ||align="right"| 1,519.82 ||align="right"| 236,498 || || [[Bayo, Nigeria|Bayo]]|| align="right" | 985.78 ||align="right"| 79,078 || || [[Gubio]] ||align="right"| 2,575.09 ||align="right"| 151,286 |- | [[Kala/Balge]] ||align="right"| 1,962.13 ||align="right"| 60,834 || || [[Biu, Nigeria|Biu]]|| align="right" | 3,423.86 ||align="right"| 175,760 || || [[Guzamala]] ||align="right"| 2,631.44||align="right"| 95,991 |- | [[Mafa]] ||align="right"| 2,976.99 ||align="right"| 103,600 || || [[Chibok]] ||align="right"| 1,392.00 ||align="right"| 66,333 || || [[Kaga, Nigeria|Kaga]]|| align="right" | 2,802.46 ||align="right"| 89,996 |- | [[Konduga]] ||align="right"| 6,065.89 ||align="right"| 157,322 || || [[Damboa]] ||align="right"| 6,426.18 ||align="right"| 233,200 || || [[Kukawa]] ||align="right"| 5,124.41 ||align="right"| 203,343 |- | [[Bama, Nigeria|Bama]]|| align="right" | 5,158.87 ||align="right"| 270,119 || || [[Gwoza]] ||align="right"| 2,973.15 ||align="right"| 276,568 || || [[Magumeri]] ||align="right"| 5,057.61 ||align="right"| 140,257 |- | [[Jere, Nigeria|Jere]]|| align="right" | 900.72 ||align="right"| 209,107 || || [[Hawul]] ||align="right"| 2,160.99 ||align="right"| 120,733 || || [[Marte, Nigeria|Marte]]|| align="right" | 3,280.02 ||align="right"| 129,409 |- | [[Dikwa]] ||align="right"| 1,836.89 ||align="right"| 105,042 || || [[Kwaya Kusar]] ||align="right"| 754.69 ||align="right"| 56,704 || || [[Mobbar]] ||align="right"| 3,280.02 ||align="right"| 116,633 |- | || || || || [[Shani, Nigeria|Shani]]|| align="right" | 1,238.93 ||align="right"| 100,989 || || [[Monguno]] ||align="right"| 1,993.20 ||align="right"| 109,834 |- | || || || || || || || || [[Nganzai]] ||align="right"| 2,572.35 ||align="right"| 99,074 |} Bugu da kari akwai gundumomin masarautu guda takwas a jihar (Borno, Damboa, Dikwa, Biu, Askira, Gwoza, Shani da kuma masarautar Uba).<ref>Borno State overview Archived July 15, 2012, at the [[Wayback Machine]], Borno State Government</ref> Wanda suke baiwa kananan hukumomi shawarwari na al'adu da gargajiya.<ref>Borno State information Archived October 21, 2012, at the [[Wayback Machine]], Federal Republic of Nigeria, National Bureau of Statistics; accessed 28 September 2015.</ref> == Harsuna == Harsunan da ake amfani dasu a Jihar dangane da kananan hukumominsu sun hada da:<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 2020-01-10.</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! LGA !! Languages |- | Askira-Uba || Putai; Bura-Pabir; Gude; Kibaku; Marghi Central; Marghi South; Nggwahyi; Nya Huba; Marghi |- | Bama || [[Chadian Arabic|Shuwa Arabic]]; Yerwa Kanuri; Wandala; Mafa; Marghi |- | Biu || Bura-Pabir; Dera; Ga'anda; Jara; Putai, Marghi |- | Chibok || Kibaku; Putai; Marghi |- | Damboa || Kibaku; Marghi Central; Putai; Mulgwai; Kanuri |- | Dikwa || Shuwa Arab |- | Gwoza || Cineni; Dghwede; Glavda; Guduf-Gava; Gvoko; Hide; Yerwa Kanuri; Lamang; Mafa; Sukur; Waja; Wandala; Marghi |- | Hawul || Bura,Hwana, Putai mafa; Marghi |- | Jilbe town || Jilbe |- | Kaga || Yerwa Kanuri; Putai |- | Kala/Balge || Shuwa Arab; kanuri; Afade |- | Konduga || Shuwa Arab; Yerwa Kanuri; Maffa; Putai; Wanda; Marghi |- | Kukawa || Yerwa Kanuri |- | Kwaya-Kusar || Bura, Putai, Marghi South |- | Maiduguri || Yerwa Kanuri; Mafa |- | Monguno || Yerwa Kanuri; Mafa |- | Ngala || Shuwa Arab; Yerwa Kanuri |} Sauran yarukun Jihar sune: Lala-Roba, Tarjumo, Yedina, da kuma Tedaga.<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 2020-01-10.</ref> == Addinai == [[Fayil:Indimi Jumma'a mosque.jpg|thumb|masallacin jummu'at na Indimi dake cikin garin Maiduguri jahar Borno ]] Mafi yawancin mutanan Jihar Borno musulmai ne, tare da tsirarun mabiya addinin kirista da waninsu. Ana amfani da shari'ar musuluncine a harkokin ci gaba, zamantakewa, addini da dai sauransu. [[Fayil:Central Mosque Maiduguri. jpg.jpg|thumb|Masallacn jumma'a dake fadar sarkin Borno]] == Masana'antu == Masana'antu a jihar Borno nada yawa , wasu daga ciki sun hada da: * Masana'antar Borno textile<ref>Borno Textile @ A 41 monday market, Off Maiduguri Main Market, Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria ,Maiduguri, Bornu, Maiduguri | Nigeria Directory | A List of Nigerian Businesses, Organisations, Firms and Companies | Nigeria Yellow Pages</ref> * Masana'antar Flex Foam Nigeria Ltd * Masana'antar Simba Industry Ltd<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/promoted/385834-simba-tvs-distributes-safety-and-hygiene-packs-to-keke-riders.html</ref> == Ilimi == [[Borno|Jihar Borno]] nada cibiyoyin ilimi ma bam-banta, wadannan sun hada da: === Jami'o'i === * [[:en:University_of_Maiduguri|Univeristy of Maiduguri]]<ref>https://gazettengr.com/unimaid-resumes-academic-activities-october-26/</ref> * Nigerian Army University Biu<ref>https://leadership.ng/army-varsity-matriculates-333-students/</ref> * Borno State University<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/first-private-university-in-borno-gets-vice-chancellor/</ref> * Al-ansar University<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/first-private-university-in-borno-gets-vice-chancellor/</ref> * Kashim Ibrahim College of Education * Ramat polytechnic * Mohammed Goni College of Legal a * <ref>https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2016/11/23/2000-students-get-certificate-20-years-after-graduation/</ref> * Maiduguri Colege of Nursing and Midwifery * == Ma'adinai == Jihar Borno nada tarin [[Albarkatun dan'adam|albarkatun]] kasa da ma'adinai masu tarin yawa , sawu daga cikinsu sun hada da:<ref>https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/natura-resources-found-in-borno-state/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230101745/https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/natura-resources-found-in-borno-state/ |date=2022-12-30 }}</ref> * Laka * Ma'adanin Kaolin * Ma'adanin Diatonite * Ma'adanin Trona * Ma'adanin Iron * Ma'adanin Mica * Ma'adanin Quartz * Ma'adanin Magnetite * Ma'adanin Uranium ==Shahararrun Mutane== [[Ibrahim Ibn Al-hussaini]] * [[Zakariya Maimalari]], Sojan Najeriya * [[Mohammed Indimi]], Dan kasuwa * [[Kyari Magumeri]], soja * Fiona Lovatt, mai bibiyar 'yancin dan adam * [[Shaykh Sherif Ibrahim Ibn Saleh al-Hussaini]], Malamin addinin musulunci kuma Mufti * [[Abba Kyari]] dan kasuwa, dan siyasa * Abba Kyari (military general), jenar na soja *[[Kashim Shettima]], <ref>https://punchng.com/nigeriall-bounce-back-in-few-months-says-shettima/</ref>mataimakin shugaban kasa * [[Sheikh Abba Aji]], Babban malamin addin *Professor [[Babagana Umara Zulum]], Gwamnan jahar<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2023/12/20/borno-governor-zulum-excludes-christians-their-communities-nigerian-governments</ref> *[[Mohammed Ali Ndume|Muhammed Ali Ndume]]. Dan Siyasa, Senata mai wakiltar mazabar Borno ta kudu a majalisar dattawa tun daga 2011. *[[Ali Modu Sheriff]]. Dan Siyasa, tsohon gwamnan jihar Borno daga 2003 zuwa 2011. == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Jihohin Najeriya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Borno}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] 82s9c6z34hhgqqjjvqevqve3jl4ap9d 906227 906226 2026-08-22T13:25:24Z Mhizabdoul 42167 /* Shahararrun Mutane */ 906227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}[[File:Borno state contingent.jpg|thumb|jiha mai dumbin mutane da kuma al'adu]] [[File:ASC Leiden - NSAG - van Dis 4 - 117 - The market of Maiduguri. A group of curious boys - Maiduguri, Borno State, North East Nigeria - 11 January 1962.tif|thumb|People of Borno]] [[File:Nachtigal Umar Borno.jpg|thumb|Umar Borno]] [[File:Borno State Summer Weather (1).jpg|thumb|cikin garin Borno]] [[Fayil:Emir of Maiduguri Palace.jpg|thumb|Masarautar Sarkin jahar Borno]] '''Jihar Borno'''{{Audio|Ha-Borno.ogg|Borno}} jiha ce dake [[Arewa (Najeriya)|arewa]] maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Ta haɗa iyaka da Jihar [[Yobe]] daga yamma, [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] daga kudu maso gabas, [[Adamawa]] daga kudu, yayin da iyakarta ta gabas tayi iyaka ta ƙasa da ƙasa da [[Kamaru]], iyakarta ta arewa kuwa ta haɗe ne da yankin.<ref>Borno State Government. (n.d.). ''About Borno State''. Retrieved June 20, 2025, from <nowiki>https://www.bornostate.gov.ng/about</nowiki></ref><ref>United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. (2020). ''Borno State Humanitarian Situation Report''. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.unocha.org/nigeria/reports</nowiki></ref><ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Borno</ref> Jihar Borno ita ce jiha ta biyu (2) a girman kasa a cikin jahohi talatin da shidda (36) na Najeriya, bayan Jihar [[Neja]]. Amma duk da girman jihar, ita ce ta goma sha-ɗaya (11) a yawan mutane tare da ƙiyasin mutane a kalla kimanin miliyan, 5.86 a shekarar dubu biyu da shidda (2016).<ref>"Population 2006-2016". ''[[National Bureau of Statistics, Nigeria|National Bureau of Statistics]]''. Retrieved 14 December 2021.</ref><ref>United Nations Population Fund. (2017). ''State Population Reports for Nigeria''. New York, NY: UNFPA.</ref> A fannin yanayin ƙasa; ''semi-desert Sahelian savanna daga arewa'' da kuma ''Sudanian savanna ta yamma'' a tsakiya da kudancin jihar, da kuma [[mutane]] Mandara Plateau daga yankin kudu maso gabas.<ref>Levtzion, N., & Hopkins, J. F. P. (1981). ''Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History''. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/</ref> Jihar Borno tana da ƙabilu da suke zaune a yankin na lokaci mai tsawo, kamar su [[Harshen Dghwede|Dghwede]], [[Harshen Glavda|Glavda]], [[Harshen Guduf-Gava|Guduf]], [[Harshen Lamang|Laamang]], [[Mutanen Mafa|Mafa]], kanuri, da [[Mandara|Mandara]] a tsakiyar yankin; [[Harshen Afade|Afade]], [[Mutanen Buduma|Yedina (Buduma)]], da kuma [[Mutanen Kanembu|Kanembu]] daga ƙarshen yankin arewa maso gabas; harshen [[Harshen Waja|Waja]] a kuryar kudancin yankin da kuma [[Harshen Cibak|Kyibaku]], [[Harshen Kamwe|Kamwe]], [[Mutanen Kilba|Kilba]], [[Marghi|Margi]] da kuma babbar a yankin kudancin jihar, a yayinda harsunan [[Kanuri|Kanuri]], da [[Shuwa Arab|Shuwa Arab]]<nowiki/>ke rayuwa a yankunan tsakiya da arewacin jihar. Ta fannin [[addini]], mafi yawan mutanen jihar (85%) musulmai ne, da tsirarun [[kiristoci]] da mabiya addinan [[gargajiya]], da kaso 7% kowanne.<ref>https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/</ref><ref>https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/</ref><ref>https://www.africabib.org/</ref><ref>Smith, A. (1997). Ethnic Identity and Political Change in Northern Nigeria. ''Journal of African Studies, 25''(3), 312–336. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/</ref> [[Fayil:Borno State Flag.gif|thumb|borno state]] Tun daga ƙarni na bakwai (7 century), inda aka sani da Jihar Borno ta kasance daga yankin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu]]. Daular da ta fito daga yankin kudancin [[Libya|Libya,]] ta yau ([[Fezzan]]) har zuwa yankin [[Cadi]] har zuwa yankin Jihar [[Borno]] ta yau. Bayan karni na 13, an tilasta wa Kanem Bornu matsawa bayan yakokin da ba suyi nasara ba, inda ta koma Masarautar Borno, kafin ta kara karfi kuma ta mulki yankin har na tsawon shekaru dari biya (500). Har sai zuwa karni na 18 (shekara ta 1800) lokacin [[Jihadin Fulani|Jihadin Fulani,]] suka raunata Masarautar Borno, har masarautar ta fara rage karfi. An kwace mafi yawancin yankin masarautar inda aka hade ta da yankin Jihar [[Adamawa]] ta yau a karkashin [[Daular Sokoto|Daular Halifancin Sokoto]]. Shekaru 80 bayan haka, [[Rabih az-Zubayr]], wani kusan yaki dan kasar [[Sudan]] ya mallake Daulana Shekarar kuma ya mulke ta har zuwa karni na Shekarar alif 1900 lokacin da sojojin Faransa suka kashe shi a [[Yakin Kousséri]]. Har wayau, turawan mulkin mallaka sunci Masarautar [[Adamawa]] da yaki, inda Daular [[Jamus]] da na [[Burtaniya]] ,suka ci su da yaki. Duka yankunan kasar Rabih,da kuma Masarautar Adamawa an rabasu tsakanin su da turawan mulkin mallaka inda sashin Masarautar Borno ta yau ta fada karkashin mulkin Jamus da Burtaniya. An hade yankin da Burtaniya ke da iko ta [[Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya]] wacce daga baya aka hade ta ta zamo Yankin Mulkin Mallaka ta Najeriya, wacce daga baya ta samu 'yanci a Shekarar alif da dari 1960, Najeriya. Yankin da kasar Jamus ke da iko kuwa (yankin dake kusa da iyakar Kamaru ta yau) ta zamo Borno-na mutanen Jamus a matsayin yankin "German-Kemerun har zuwa lokacin da sojojin hadin gwiwa suka kai farmaki a yankin a lokacin kamfe na Kamerun a lokacin Yakin [[duniya]] ta daya. Inda ke matsayin farfajiyar Jihar [[Borno]] daga gabas a yau ta zamo sashin Arewacin [[Kamaru]] a karkashin yankin Kamaru ta Burtaniya har zuwa shekarar 1961, a lokacin da wata yarjejeniya ta jawo aka hadeta cikin yankin Najeriya. Daga farko, bayan samun 'yanci, sashin Jihar Borno na daga cikin yankin [[Jihar Arewa ta Gabas]]. Bayan an raba Jihar Arewa ta Gabas, an kirkiri Jihar Borno a ranar 3 ga watan Febreru na Shekarar alif 1976 tare da sauran jihohi guda goma. Shekaru goma sha biyar bayan yi mata jiha, an hade wasu kananan hukumomi daga yammacin jihar don samar da Jihar [[Yobe]]. Bayan wasu ƴan shekaru, a cikin shekara ta 2000, Jihar ta zamo cibiyar kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] kuma daga nan ta fara samar da rudani a shekara 2009. A tsakanin shakara ta 2012 zuwa 2015, abin ya yi kamari a yankin yayinda kusan akasarin ikon jihar ta koma karkashin kungiyar, hakan yasa kungiyar ta zama mafi munin kungiya a duniya kuma sun sa mutum sama da miliyan daya sun bar gidajensu da dukiyoyinsu. Bayan munanan sunkai hare-hare a cikin jihar a shekara ta 2015 da kuma fada tsakanin kungiyar Boko Haram da na [[:en:Islamic_State_–_West_Africa_Province|ISWAP]], an kore kungiyoyin zuwa cikin [[Dajin Sambisa]] da wasu tsiburai da ke yankin gabar [[Tabkin Chadi]] a shekara ta 2017; har ilayau, rashin zaman lafiya a yankin ya zama ruwan dare yayinda ƴan ta'adda ke kai hare-hare ga sojoji da farar hula baki daya.<ref>Odunsi, Wale. "Boko Haram, ISIS, ISWAP threat in Nigeria increasing – Osinbajo notifies US". ''[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]''. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</ref> A matsayinta na jiha da ta dogara ta wata fuskar da noma da kiwo, tattalin arzikin yankunan karkarar Jihar Borno sun dogara ne akan noma da kiwo kafin soma rikicin Boko Haram, yayinda babban birnin jihar wato [[Maiduguri]] take taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci da kuma hada-hada.<ref>"Maiduguri: living in Boko Haram territory". ''[[eNCA]]''. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</ref> Amma duk da haka, bayan shekaru da jihar ta sha fama da rashin zaman lafiya, wanda ya kawo cikas, ga cigaba kuma ya tilasta wa manoma suka bar kauyukansu, don neman tsira, Jihar Borno tana na goma sha uku a jerin cigaban al'umma a kasar, amma tunda an fara shawo kan rikicin a shekara ta 2016, an fara farfado da harkokin cigaba a yankin.<ref>"Human Development Indices". ''Global Data Lab''. Retrieved 15 December 2021.</ref><ref>"Achieving common development objectives in Borno State". ''[[Mercy Corps]]''. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</ref><ref>Tayo, Teniola. "Maiduguri's economic revival could be a lifeline for Lake Chad Basin". ''[[Institute for Security Studies]]''. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</ref> Jihar Borno nada fadin kasa kimanin kilomita 57,799 da yawan jama’an da suka kai kimanin mutane 5,925,668 (a kiddidigar kidaya ta shekara ta 2006).Babban birnin jihar shi ne [[Maiduguri]]. [[Babagana Umara Zulum]] shi ne gwamnan jihar, tun bayan zabensa da aka yi a shekara ta 2019 har zuwa yau. Mataimakin gwamnan kuwa shi ne [[Usman Mamman Durkwa]]. Dattijai daga jihar sun hada da: [[Yusuf Buratai]], Baba Garba, [[Ali Madu Sheriff]], Muhammad Indimi, [[Abba Kyari]], [[Mohammed Ali Ndume]] da sauransu. Mutanen garin Borno mutane ne masu son al'ada da kokarin riko da addini da fafutuka wajen neman ilimi. Daga cikin al'adunsu akwai zaman mai gida wuri daya tare da iyalensa domin cin abinci a cikin faranti/kwano daya. Mutane ne masu son mu'amala da turare sannan matan su suna yawan yin kwalliya, lalle wato dayis da dai sauransu. Akan samu yaruka mazauna Borno kamar irin su Kanuri, Babur, margi, da dai sauransu. == Tarihi == Mutanen [[Kanuri]] sune kabilar da ta fi karfi a Jihar Borno, bayansu akwai kabilu kamar Lapang, Babur/Bura da [[Marghi]] wanda ake samu a yankin kudancin jihar. Kabilar [[Shuwa Arab]] mafi akasarinsu sun samo asaline daga [[Larabawa]].<ref>Scheinfeldt, L.B.; Soi, S.; Tischkoff, S.A. (2010). ''The SAGE Encyclopedia of African Cultural Heritage in North America''. p. 96.</ref> Sarakunan tsohuwar yankin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu]] sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a siyasan wannan yankin na kusan shekaru dubu daya 1000.<ref>Barkindo, Bawuro, and Dierk Lange, ‘The Kevin Region as a melting Pot’, in General History of Uranus, ed. by M Elfasi and I Hrbek (London: Unesco, Heinemann, 1988), III, 436–60.</ref> Masarautar Kanemi ta yanzu amshe ikon [[Masarautar Borno]] a farkon karni na 19 bayan yakin [[Jihadin Fulani]] na [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo]]. [[Rabih az-Zubayr]] ya mulke ta a Shekarar 1893.<ref>"Borno's 127-Year-Old Fort". ''Folio Nigeria''. 26 June 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2020.</ref> Burtaniya, Faransa da Jamus sun kai farmaki a yankin a farkon karni na 20. Acikin shekarar 1902 ne, Burtaniya ta sanya jihar cikin [[Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya]],<ref>Ikime, Obaro, ‘The Fall of Borno’, in The Fall of Nigeria: The British Conquest (London: Heinemann Educational, 1977), pp. 178–84</ref> sannan a Shekarar 1907, suka kafa babban birnin a [[Maiduguri]], wacce ta tsaya matsayin babban birinin jihar har yau.<ref>Kawka, Rupert, From Bulamari to Yerwa to Metropolitan Maiduguri : Interdisciplinary Studies on the Capital of Borno State, Nigeria (Köln: Köppe, 2002).</ref> Bayan samun 'yancin Najeriya a Shekarar 1960, Jihar Borno ta kasance kasa mai 'yancin kai har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa jihohi 12 a Shekarar 1967. Sabon tsarin kananan hukumomi na shekarar 1976, ya rage wa sarakuna karfin iko a masarautar sannan a lokacin da Najeriya ta dawo mulkin farar hula a Shekarar 1979, karfin mulki sarakuna sun koma a fannin al'adu da gargajiya ne kawai. An zabi [[Mala Kachalla]] a matsayin gwamnan jihar a shekarar 1999, a karkashin jam'iyyar APP (All Peoples Party), wacce daga baya ta koma ANPP (All Nigeria People's Party). Sannan a watan Aprelun 2003 ne aka zabi [[Ali Modu Sheriff]] a matsayin gwamnan Jihar Borno.<ref>"Governor Ali Modu Sheriff of Borno State". Nigeria Governors Forum. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 13 September2009.</ref> Rikicin Boko Haram ya soma ne a shekara ta 2009, tare da Jihar Borno a matsayin yankin da abu yafi shafa. A ranar 14 ga Watan Mayun shekarar 2013 ne, Shugaban kasa [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ya sanar cewa an sanya takunkumi a yankunan arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]], wanda ya hada da Jihar Borno da makwabtanta jihohin [[Adamawa]] da [[Yobe]].<ref>"Army crackdown on Nigeria's Islamist militants". ''[[BBC News]]''. 17 May 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.</ref> Wannan ya faru ne bayan rikici tsakanin 'yan Boko Haram da sojojin Najeriya ya jawo mutuwar rayukan [[mutum]] 200 a yankin birnin Baga. Wani mai magana daga sojojin Najeriya ya sanar cewa zasu cigaba da kai farmaki har sai sunga bayan ta'addanci a kowanne sashe a Najeriiya.<ref>"Nigeria army's offensive to continue 'as long as it takes'". ''[[BBC News]]''. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.</ref> Acikin watan Yuli shekarar 2014 ne, gwamna [[Kashim Shettima]] ya sanar cewa, "an kashe malamai 176 kuma an lalata makarantu fiye da 900 tun fara rikicin a shekara ta 2011. An kulle mafi yawancin makarantun Jihar Borno bayan garkuwa da akayi da dalibai mata daga [[Chibok]] a watan Afrilu shekarar 2014. Acikin watan Nuwamban shekarar 2014 ne, [[UNICEF]] ta sanar da cewa ta kara yawan cibiyoyinta na tallafawa akan karancin kumari (Community Management of Acute Malnutrition) na daga rashin cin abinci mai gina jiki a Jihar Borno daga "5 zuwa 67".<ref>Nigeria: Humanitarian Update on North East Nigeria, unicef.org, November 2014.</ref> Sashin noma na jihar ta samu babban cikas musamman a dalilin rashin zaman lafiya kuma [[mutane]] da dama sun shiga hali na rashin tsaro ta fuskar [[abinci]].<ref><nowiki>http://www.actionagainsthunger.org/countries/africa/nigeria</nowiki> Actionagainsthunger. “Action Against Hunger Logo.” Nigeria. Actionagainsthunger, n.d. Web. 03 May 2016.</ref> [[File:Lake Chad (Baga site) borno state.jpg|thumb|ruwan baga dake jihar borno]] ==Ƙananan Hukumomin Borno== Jihar Borno:jiha ce da take da [[Kananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda ashirin da bakwai (27) Su ne kamar haka:<ref>{{Cite book | edition = Millennium | publisher = Federal Ministry of Information | isbn = 9780104089 | volume = 2, State Surveys | last = Nigeria | title = Nigeria: a people united, a future assured | location = Abuja, Nigeria | date = 2000 | page = 106 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! Borno Central<br>Senatorial District !! Area in<br> km² !! 1,666,541 !! !! Borno South<br>Senatorial District !! Area in<br> km² !! 1,245,962 !! !! Borno North<br>Senatorial District !! Area in<br> km² !! 1,238,390 |- | [[Maiduguri]] ||align="right"| 137.36 ||align="right"| 540,016 || || [[Askira/Uba]] ||align="right"| 2,431.83 ||align="right"| 143,313 || || [[Abadam]] ||align="right"| 4,172.27 ||align="right"| 100,065 |- | [[Ngala]] ||align="right"| 1,519.82 ||align="right"| 236,498 || || [[Bayo, Nigeria|Bayo]]|| align="right" | 985.78 ||align="right"| 79,078 || || [[Gubio]] ||align="right"| 2,575.09 ||align="right"| 151,286 |- | [[Kala/Balge]] ||align="right"| 1,962.13 ||align="right"| 60,834 || || [[Biu, Nigeria|Biu]]|| align="right" | 3,423.86 ||align="right"| 175,760 || || [[Guzamala]] ||align="right"| 2,631.44||align="right"| 95,991 |- | [[Mafa]] ||align="right"| 2,976.99 ||align="right"| 103,600 || || [[Chibok]] ||align="right"| 1,392.00 ||align="right"| 66,333 || || [[Kaga, Nigeria|Kaga]]|| align="right" | 2,802.46 ||align="right"| 89,996 |- | [[Konduga]] ||align="right"| 6,065.89 ||align="right"| 157,322 || || [[Damboa]] ||align="right"| 6,426.18 ||align="right"| 233,200 || || [[Kukawa]] ||align="right"| 5,124.41 ||align="right"| 203,343 |- | [[Bama, Nigeria|Bama]]|| align="right" | 5,158.87 ||align="right"| 270,119 || || [[Gwoza]] ||align="right"| 2,973.15 ||align="right"| 276,568 || || [[Magumeri]] ||align="right"| 5,057.61 ||align="right"| 140,257 |- | [[Jere, Nigeria|Jere]]|| align="right" | 900.72 ||align="right"| 209,107 || || [[Hawul]] ||align="right"| 2,160.99 ||align="right"| 120,733 || || [[Marte, Nigeria|Marte]]|| align="right" | 3,280.02 ||align="right"| 129,409 |- | [[Dikwa]] ||align="right"| 1,836.89 ||align="right"| 105,042 || || [[Kwaya Kusar]] ||align="right"| 754.69 ||align="right"| 56,704 || || [[Mobbar]] ||align="right"| 3,280.02 ||align="right"| 116,633 |- | || || || || [[Shani, Nigeria|Shani]]|| align="right" | 1,238.93 ||align="right"| 100,989 || || [[Monguno]] ||align="right"| 1,993.20 ||align="right"| 109,834 |- | || || || || || || || || [[Nganzai]] ||align="right"| 2,572.35 ||align="right"| 99,074 |} Bugu da kari akwai gundumomin masarautu guda takwas a jihar (Borno, Damboa, Dikwa, Biu, Askira, Gwoza, Shani da kuma masarautar Uba).<ref>Borno State overview Archived July 15, 2012, at the [[Wayback Machine]], Borno State Government</ref> Wanda suke baiwa kananan hukumomi shawarwari na al'adu da gargajiya.<ref>Borno State information Archived October 21, 2012, at the [[Wayback Machine]], Federal Republic of Nigeria, National Bureau of Statistics; accessed 28 September 2015.</ref> == Harsuna == Harsunan da ake amfani dasu a Jihar dangane da kananan hukumominsu sun hada da:<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 2020-01-10.</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! LGA !! Languages |- | Askira-Uba || Putai; Bura-Pabir; Gude; Kibaku; Marghi Central; Marghi South; Nggwahyi; Nya Huba; Marghi |- | Bama || [[Chadian Arabic|Shuwa Arabic]]; Yerwa Kanuri; Wandala; Mafa; Marghi |- | Biu || Bura-Pabir; Dera; Ga'anda; Jara; Putai, Marghi |- | Chibok || Kibaku; Putai; Marghi |- | Damboa || Kibaku; Marghi Central; Putai; Mulgwai; Kanuri |- | Dikwa || Shuwa Arab |- | Gwoza || Cineni; Dghwede; Glavda; Guduf-Gava; Gvoko; Hide; Yerwa Kanuri; Lamang; Mafa; Sukur; Waja; Wandala; Marghi |- | Hawul || Bura,Hwana, Putai mafa; Marghi |- | Jilbe town || Jilbe |- | Kaga || Yerwa Kanuri; Putai |- | Kala/Balge || Shuwa Arab; kanuri; Afade |- | Konduga || Shuwa Arab; Yerwa Kanuri; Maffa; Putai; Wanda; Marghi |- | Kukawa || Yerwa Kanuri |- | Kwaya-Kusar || Bura, Putai, Marghi South |- | Maiduguri || Yerwa Kanuri; Mafa |- | Monguno || Yerwa Kanuri; Mafa |- | Ngala || Shuwa Arab; Yerwa Kanuri |} Sauran yarukun Jihar sune: Lala-Roba, Tarjumo, Yedina, da kuma Tedaga.<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 2020-01-10.</ref> == Addinai == [[Fayil:Indimi Jumma'a mosque.jpg|thumb|masallacin jummu'at na Indimi dake cikin garin Maiduguri jahar Borno ]] Mafi yawancin mutanan Jihar Borno musulmai ne, tare da tsirarun mabiya addinin kirista da waninsu. Ana amfani da shari'ar musuluncine a harkokin ci gaba, zamantakewa, addini da dai sauransu. [[Fayil:Central Mosque Maiduguri. jpg.jpg|thumb|Masallacn jumma'a dake fadar sarkin Borno]] == Masana'antu == Masana'antu a jihar Borno nada yawa , wasu daga ciki sun hada da: * Masana'antar Borno textile<ref>Borno Textile @ A 41 monday market, Off Maiduguri Main Market, Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria ,Maiduguri, Bornu, Maiduguri | Nigeria Directory | A List of Nigerian Businesses, Organisations, Firms and Companies | Nigeria Yellow Pages</ref> * Masana'antar Flex Foam Nigeria Ltd * Masana'antar Simba Industry Ltd<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/promoted/385834-simba-tvs-distributes-safety-and-hygiene-packs-to-keke-riders.html</ref> == Ilimi == [[Borno|Jihar Borno]] nada cibiyoyin ilimi ma bam-banta, wadannan sun hada da: === Jami'o'i === * [[:en:University_of_Maiduguri|Univeristy of Maiduguri]]<ref>https://gazettengr.com/unimaid-resumes-academic-activities-october-26/</ref> * Nigerian Army University Biu<ref>https://leadership.ng/army-varsity-matriculates-333-students/</ref> * Borno State University<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/first-private-university-in-borno-gets-vice-chancellor/</ref> * Al-ansar University<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/first-private-university-in-borno-gets-vice-chancellor/</ref> * Kashim Ibrahim College of Education * Ramat polytechnic * Mohammed Goni College of Legal a * <ref>https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2016/11/23/2000-students-get-certificate-20-years-after-graduation/</ref> * Maiduguri Colege of Nursing and Midwifery * == Ma'adinai == Jihar Borno nada tarin [[Albarkatun dan'adam|albarkatun]] kasa da ma'adinai masu tarin yawa , sawu daga cikinsu sun hada da:<ref>https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/natura-resources-found-in-borno-state/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230101745/https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/natura-resources-found-in-borno-state/ |date=2022-12-30 }}</ref> * Laka * Ma'adanin Kaolin * Ma'adanin Diatonite * Ma'adanin Trona * Ma'adanin Iron * Ma'adanin Mica * Ma'adanin Quartz * Ma'adanin Magnetite * Ma'adanin Uranium ==Shahararrun Mutane== [[Ibrahim Ibn Al-hussaini]] * [[Zakariya Maimalari]], Sojan Najeriya * [[Mohammed Indimi]], Dan kasuwa * Kyari Magumeri, soja * Fiona Lovatt, mai bibiyar 'yancin dan adam * [[Shaykh Sherif Ibrahim Ibn Saleh al-Hussaini]], Malamin addinin musulunci kuma Mufti * [[Abba Kyari]] dan kasuwa, dan siyasa * Abba Kyari (military general), jenar na soja *[[Kashim Shettima]], <ref>https://punchng.com/nigeriall-bounce-back-in-few-months-says-shettima/</ref>mataimakin shugaban kasa * [[Sheikh Abba Aji]], Babban malamin addin *Professor [[Babagana Umara Zulum]], Gwamnan jahar<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2023/12/20/borno-governor-zulum-excludes-christians-their-communities-nigerian-governments</ref> *[[Mohammed Ali Ndume|Muhammed Ali Ndume]]. Dan Siyasa, Senata mai wakiltar mazabar Borno ta kudu a majalisar dattawa tun daga 2011. *[[Ali Modu Sheriff]]. Dan Siyasa, tsohon gwamnan jihar Borno daga 2003 zuwa 2011. == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Jihohin Najeriya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Borno}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] t6g4w67c3sgcitmzbpzum6kj3bq3p3l 906229 906227 2026-08-22T13:26:59Z Mhizabdoul 42167 /* Shahararrun Mutane */ 906229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}[[File:Borno state contingent.jpg|thumb|jiha mai dumbin mutane da kuma al'adu]] [[File:ASC Leiden - NSAG - van Dis 4 - 117 - The market of Maiduguri. A group of curious boys - Maiduguri, Borno State, North East Nigeria - 11 January 1962.tif|thumb|People of Borno]] [[File:Nachtigal Umar Borno.jpg|thumb|Umar Borno]] [[File:Borno State Summer Weather (1).jpg|thumb|cikin garin Borno]] [[Fayil:Emir of Maiduguri Palace.jpg|thumb|Masarautar Sarkin jahar Borno]] '''Jihar Borno'''{{Audio|Ha-Borno.ogg|Borno}} jiha ce dake [[Arewa (Najeriya)|arewa]] maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Ta haɗa iyaka da Jihar [[Yobe]] daga yamma, [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] daga kudu maso gabas, [[Adamawa]] daga kudu, yayin da iyakarta ta gabas tayi iyaka ta ƙasa da ƙasa da [[Kamaru]], iyakarta ta arewa kuwa ta haɗe ne da yankin.<ref>Borno State Government. (n.d.). ''About Borno State''. Retrieved June 20, 2025, from <nowiki>https://www.bornostate.gov.ng/about</nowiki></ref><ref>United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. (2020). ''Borno State Humanitarian Situation Report''. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.unocha.org/nigeria/reports</nowiki></ref><ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Borno</ref> Jihar Borno ita ce jiha ta biyu (2) a girman kasa a cikin jahohi talatin da shidda (36) na Najeriya, bayan Jihar [[Neja]]. Amma duk da girman jihar, ita ce ta goma sha-ɗaya (11) a yawan mutane tare da ƙiyasin mutane a kalla kimanin miliyan, 5.86 a shekarar dubu biyu da shidda (2016).<ref>"Population 2006-2016". ''[[National Bureau of Statistics, Nigeria|National Bureau of Statistics]]''. Retrieved 14 December 2021.</ref><ref>United Nations Population Fund. (2017). ''State Population Reports for Nigeria''. New York, NY: UNFPA.</ref> A fannin yanayin ƙasa; ''semi-desert Sahelian savanna daga arewa'' da kuma ''Sudanian savanna ta yamma'' a tsakiya da kudancin jihar, da kuma [[mutane]] Mandara Plateau daga yankin kudu maso gabas.<ref>Levtzion, N., & Hopkins, J. F. P. (1981). ''Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History''. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/</ref> Jihar Borno tana da ƙabilu da suke zaune a yankin na lokaci mai tsawo, kamar su [[Harshen Dghwede|Dghwede]], [[Harshen Glavda|Glavda]], [[Harshen Guduf-Gava|Guduf]], [[Harshen Lamang|Laamang]], [[Mutanen Mafa|Mafa]], kanuri, da [[Mandara|Mandara]] a tsakiyar yankin; [[Harshen Afade|Afade]], [[Mutanen Buduma|Yedina (Buduma)]], da kuma [[Mutanen Kanembu|Kanembu]] daga ƙarshen yankin arewa maso gabas; harshen [[Harshen Waja|Waja]] a kuryar kudancin yankin da kuma [[Harshen Cibak|Kyibaku]], [[Harshen Kamwe|Kamwe]], [[Mutanen Kilba|Kilba]], [[Marghi|Margi]] da kuma babbar a yankin kudancin jihar, a yayinda harsunan [[Kanuri|Kanuri]], da [[Shuwa Arab|Shuwa Arab]]<nowiki/>ke rayuwa a yankunan tsakiya da arewacin jihar. Ta fannin [[addini]], mafi yawan mutanen jihar (85%) musulmai ne, da tsirarun [[kiristoci]] da mabiya addinan [[gargajiya]], da kaso 7% kowanne.<ref>https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/</ref><ref>https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/</ref><ref>https://www.africabib.org/</ref><ref>Smith, A. (1997). Ethnic Identity and Political Change in Northern Nigeria. ''Journal of African Studies, 25''(3), 312–336. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/</ref> [[Fayil:Borno State Flag.gif|thumb|borno state]] Tun daga ƙarni na bakwai (7 century), inda aka sani da Jihar Borno ta kasance daga yankin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu]]. Daular da ta fito daga yankin kudancin [[Libya|Libya,]] ta yau ([[Fezzan]]) har zuwa yankin [[Cadi]] har zuwa yankin Jihar [[Borno]] ta yau. Bayan karni na 13, an tilasta wa Kanem Bornu matsawa bayan yakokin da ba suyi nasara ba, inda ta koma Masarautar Borno, kafin ta kara karfi kuma ta mulki yankin har na tsawon shekaru dari biya (500). Har sai zuwa karni na 18 (shekara ta 1800) lokacin [[Jihadin Fulani|Jihadin Fulani,]] suka raunata Masarautar Borno, har masarautar ta fara rage karfi. An kwace mafi yawancin yankin masarautar inda aka hade ta da yankin Jihar [[Adamawa]] ta yau a karkashin [[Daular Sokoto|Daular Halifancin Sokoto]]. Shekaru 80 bayan haka, [[Rabih az-Zubayr]], wani kusan yaki dan kasar [[Sudan]] ya mallake Daulana Shekarar kuma ya mulke ta har zuwa karni na Shekarar alif 1900 lokacin da sojojin Faransa suka kashe shi a [[Yakin Kousséri]]. Har wayau, turawan mulkin mallaka sunci Masarautar [[Adamawa]] da yaki, inda Daular [[Jamus]] da na [[Burtaniya]] ,suka ci su da yaki. Duka yankunan kasar Rabih,da kuma Masarautar Adamawa an rabasu tsakanin su da turawan mulkin mallaka inda sashin Masarautar Borno ta yau ta fada karkashin mulkin Jamus da Burtaniya. An hade yankin da Burtaniya ke da iko ta [[Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya]] wacce daga baya aka hade ta ta zamo Yankin Mulkin Mallaka ta Najeriya, wacce daga baya ta samu 'yanci a Shekarar alif da dari 1960, Najeriya. Yankin da kasar Jamus ke da iko kuwa (yankin dake kusa da iyakar Kamaru ta yau) ta zamo Borno-na mutanen Jamus a matsayin yankin "German-Kemerun har zuwa lokacin da sojojin hadin gwiwa suka kai farmaki a yankin a lokacin kamfe na Kamerun a lokacin Yakin [[duniya]] ta daya. Inda ke matsayin farfajiyar Jihar [[Borno]] daga gabas a yau ta zamo sashin Arewacin [[Kamaru]] a karkashin yankin Kamaru ta Burtaniya har zuwa shekarar 1961, a lokacin da wata yarjejeniya ta jawo aka hadeta cikin yankin Najeriya. Daga farko, bayan samun 'yanci, sashin Jihar Borno na daga cikin yankin [[Jihar Arewa ta Gabas]]. Bayan an raba Jihar Arewa ta Gabas, an kirkiri Jihar Borno a ranar 3 ga watan Febreru na Shekarar alif 1976 tare da sauran jihohi guda goma. Shekaru goma sha biyar bayan yi mata jiha, an hade wasu kananan hukumomi daga yammacin jihar don samar da Jihar [[Yobe]]. Bayan wasu ƴan shekaru, a cikin shekara ta 2000, Jihar ta zamo cibiyar kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] kuma daga nan ta fara samar da rudani a shekara 2009. A tsakanin shakara ta 2012 zuwa 2015, abin ya yi kamari a yankin yayinda kusan akasarin ikon jihar ta koma karkashin kungiyar, hakan yasa kungiyar ta zama mafi munin kungiya a duniya kuma sun sa mutum sama da miliyan daya sun bar gidajensu da dukiyoyinsu. Bayan munanan sunkai hare-hare a cikin jihar a shekara ta 2015 da kuma fada tsakanin kungiyar Boko Haram da na [[:en:Islamic_State_–_West_Africa_Province|ISWAP]], an kore kungiyoyin zuwa cikin [[Dajin Sambisa]] da wasu tsiburai da ke yankin gabar [[Tabkin Chadi]] a shekara ta 2017; har ilayau, rashin zaman lafiya a yankin ya zama ruwan dare yayinda ƴan ta'adda ke kai hare-hare ga sojoji da farar hula baki daya.<ref>Odunsi, Wale. "Boko Haram, ISIS, ISWAP threat in Nigeria increasing – Osinbajo notifies US". ''[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]''. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</ref> A matsayinta na jiha da ta dogara ta wata fuskar da noma da kiwo, tattalin arzikin yankunan karkarar Jihar Borno sun dogara ne akan noma da kiwo kafin soma rikicin Boko Haram, yayinda babban birnin jihar wato [[Maiduguri]] take taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci da kuma hada-hada.<ref>"Maiduguri: living in Boko Haram territory". ''[[eNCA]]''. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</ref> Amma duk da haka, bayan shekaru da jihar ta sha fama da rashin zaman lafiya, wanda ya kawo cikas, ga cigaba kuma ya tilasta wa manoma suka bar kauyukansu, don neman tsira, Jihar Borno tana na goma sha uku a jerin cigaban al'umma a kasar, amma tunda an fara shawo kan rikicin a shekara ta 2016, an fara farfado da harkokin cigaba a yankin.<ref>"Human Development Indices". ''Global Data Lab''. Retrieved 15 December 2021.</ref><ref>"Achieving common development objectives in Borno State". ''[[Mercy Corps]]''. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</ref><ref>Tayo, Teniola. "Maiduguri's economic revival could be a lifeline for Lake Chad Basin". ''[[Institute for Security Studies]]''. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</ref> Jihar Borno nada fadin kasa kimanin kilomita 57,799 da yawan jama’an da suka kai kimanin mutane 5,925,668 (a kiddidigar kidaya ta shekara ta 2006).Babban birnin jihar shi ne [[Maiduguri]]. [[Babagana Umara Zulum]] shi ne gwamnan jihar, tun bayan zabensa da aka yi a shekara ta 2019 har zuwa yau. Mataimakin gwamnan kuwa shi ne [[Usman Mamman Durkwa]]. Dattijai daga jihar sun hada da: [[Yusuf Buratai]], Baba Garba, [[Ali Madu Sheriff]], Muhammad Indimi, [[Abba Kyari]], [[Mohammed Ali Ndume]] da sauransu. Mutanen garin Borno mutane ne masu son al'ada da kokarin riko da addini da fafutuka wajen neman ilimi. Daga cikin al'adunsu akwai zaman mai gida wuri daya tare da iyalensa domin cin abinci a cikin faranti/kwano daya. Mutane ne masu son mu'amala da turare sannan matan su suna yawan yin kwalliya, lalle wato dayis da dai sauransu. Akan samu yaruka mazauna Borno kamar irin su Kanuri, Babur, margi, da dai sauransu. == Tarihi == Mutanen [[Kanuri]] sune kabilar da ta fi karfi a Jihar Borno, bayansu akwai kabilu kamar Lapang, Babur/Bura da [[Marghi]] wanda ake samu a yankin kudancin jihar. Kabilar [[Shuwa Arab]] mafi akasarinsu sun samo asaline daga [[Larabawa]].<ref>Scheinfeldt, L.B.; Soi, S.; Tischkoff, S.A. (2010). ''The SAGE Encyclopedia of African Cultural Heritage in North America''. p. 96.</ref> Sarakunan tsohuwar yankin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu]] sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a siyasan wannan yankin na kusan shekaru dubu daya 1000.<ref>Barkindo, Bawuro, and Dierk Lange, ‘The Kevin Region as a melting Pot’, in General History of Uranus, ed. by M Elfasi and I Hrbek (London: Unesco, Heinemann, 1988), III, 436–60.</ref> Masarautar Kanemi ta yanzu amshe ikon [[Masarautar Borno]] a farkon karni na 19 bayan yakin [[Jihadin Fulani]] na [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo]]. [[Rabih az-Zubayr]] ya mulke ta a Shekarar 1893.<ref>"Borno's 127-Year-Old Fort". ''Folio Nigeria''. 26 June 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2020.</ref> Burtaniya, Faransa da Jamus sun kai farmaki a yankin a farkon karni na 20. Acikin shekarar 1902 ne, Burtaniya ta sanya jihar cikin [[Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya]],<ref>Ikime, Obaro, ‘The Fall of Borno’, in The Fall of Nigeria: The British Conquest (London: Heinemann Educational, 1977), pp. 178–84</ref> sannan a Shekarar 1907, suka kafa babban birnin a [[Maiduguri]], wacce ta tsaya matsayin babban birinin jihar har yau.<ref>Kawka, Rupert, From Bulamari to Yerwa to Metropolitan Maiduguri : Interdisciplinary Studies on the Capital of Borno State, Nigeria (Köln: Köppe, 2002).</ref> Bayan samun 'yancin Najeriya a Shekarar 1960, Jihar Borno ta kasance kasa mai 'yancin kai har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa jihohi 12 a Shekarar 1967. Sabon tsarin kananan hukumomi na shekarar 1976, ya rage wa sarakuna karfin iko a masarautar sannan a lokacin da Najeriya ta dawo mulkin farar hula a Shekarar 1979, karfin mulki sarakuna sun koma a fannin al'adu da gargajiya ne kawai. An zabi [[Mala Kachalla]] a matsayin gwamnan jihar a shekarar 1999, a karkashin jam'iyyar APP (All Peoples Party), wacce daga baya ta koma ANPP (All Nigeria People's Party). Sannan a watan Aprelun 2003 ne aka zabi [[Ali Modu Sheriff]] a matsayin gwamnan Jihar Borno.<ref>"Governor Ali Modu Sheriff of Borno State". Nigeria Governors Forum. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 13 September2009.</ref> Rikicin Boko Haram ya soma ne a shekara ta 2009, tare da Jihar Borno a matsayin yankin da abu yafi shafa. A ranar 14 ga Watan Mayun shekarar 2013 ne, Shugaban kasa [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ya sanar cewa an sanya takunkumi a yankunan arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]], wanda ya hada da Jihar Borno da makwabtanta jihohin [[Adamawa]] da [[Yobe]].<ref>"Army crackdown on Nigeria's Islamist militants". ''[[BBC News]]''. 17 May 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.</ref> Wannan ya faru ne bayan rikici tsakanin 'yan Boko Haram da sojojin Najeriya ya jawo mutuwar rayukan [[mutum]] 200 a yankin birnin Baga. Wani mai magana daga sojojin Najeriya ya sanar cewa zasu cigaba da kai farmaki har sai sunga bayan ta'addanci a kowanne sashe a Najeriiya.<ref>"Nigeria army's offensive to continue 'as long as it takes'". ''[[BBC News]]''. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.</ref> Acikin watan Yuli shekarar 2014 ne, gwamna [[Kashim Shettima]] ya sanar cewa, "an kashe malamai 176 kuma an lalata makarantu fiye da 900 tun fara rikicin a shekara ta 2011. An kulle mafi yawancin makarantun Jihar Borno bayan garkuwa da akayi da dalibai mata daga [[Chibok]] a watan Afrilu shekarar 2014. Acikin watan Nuwamban shekarar 2014 ne, [[UNICEF]] ta sanar da cewa ta kara yawan cibiyoyinta na tallafawa akan karancin kumari (Community Management of Acute Malnutrition) na daga rashin cin abinci mai gina jiki a Jihar Borno daga "5 zuwa 67".<ref>Nigeria: Humanitarian Update on North East Nigeria, unicef.org, November 2014.</ref> Sashin noma na jihar ta samu babban cikas musamman a dalilin rashin zaman lafiya kuma [[mutane]] da dama sun shiga hali na rashin tsaro ta fuskar [[abinci]].<ref><nowiki>http://www.actionagainsthunger.org/countries/africa/nigeria</nowiki> Actionagainsthunger. “Action Against Hunger Logo.” Nigeria. Actionagainsthunger, n.d. Web. 03 May 2016.</ref> [[File:Lake Chad (Baga site) borno state.jpg|thumb|ruwan baga dake jihar borno]] ==Ƙananan Hukumomin Borno== Jihar Borno:jiha ce da take da [[Kananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] guda ashirin da bakwai (27) Su ne kamar haka:<ref>{{Cite book | edition = Millennium | publisher = Federal Ministry of Information | isbn = 9780104089 | volume = 2, State Surveys | last = Nigeria | title = Nigeria: a people united, a future assured | location = Abuja, Nigeria | date = 2000 | page = 106 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! Borno Central<br>Senatorial District !! Area in<br> km² !! 1,666,541 !! !! Borno South<br>Senatorial District !! Area in<br> km² !! 1,245,962 !! !! Borno North<br>Senatorial District !! Area in<br> km² !! 1,238,390 |- | [[Maiduguri]] ||align="right"| 137.36 ||align="right"| 540,016 || || [[Askira/Uba]] ||align="right"| 2,431.83 ||align="right"| 143,313 || || [[Abadam]] ||align="right"| 4,172.27 ||align="right"| 100,065 |- | [[Ngala]] ||align="right"| 1,519.82 ||align="right"| 236,498 || || [[Bayo, Nigeria|Bayo]]|| align="right" | 985.78 ||align="right"| 79,078 || || [[Gubio]] ||align="right"| 2,575.09 ||align="right"| 151,286 |- | [[Kala/Balge]] ||align="right"| 1,962.13 ||align="right"| 60,834 || || [[Biu, Nigeria|Biu]]|| align="right" | 3,423.86 ||align="right"| 175,760 || || [[Guzamala]] ||align="right"| 2,631.44||align="right"| 95,991 |- | [[Mafa]] ||align="right"| 2,976.99 ||align="right"| 103,600 || || [[Chibok]] ||align="right"| 1,392.00 ||align="right"| 66,333 || || [[Kaga, Nigeria|Kaga]]|| align="right" | 2,802.46 ||align="right"| 89,996 |- | [[Konduga]] ||align="right"| 6,065.89 ||align="right"| 157,322 || || [[Damboa]] ||align="right"| 6,426.18 ||align="right"| 233,200 || || [[Kukawa]] ||align="right"| 5,124.41 ||align="right"| 203,343 |- | [[Bama, Nigeria|Bama]]|| align="right" | 5,158.87 ||align="right"| 270,119 || || [[Gwoza]] ||align="right"| 2,973.15 ||align="right"| 276,568 || || [[Magumeri]] ||align="right"| 5,057.61 ||align="right"| 140,257 |- | [[Jere, Nigeria|Jere]]|| align="right" | 900.72 ||align="right"| 209,107 || || [[Hawul]] ||align="right"| 2,160.99 ||align="right"| 120,733 || || [[Marte, Nigeria|Marte]]|| align="right" | 3,280.02 ||align="right"| 129,409 |- | [[Dikwa]] ||align="right"| 1,836.89 ||align="right"| 105,042 || || [[Kwaya Kusar]] ||align="right"| 754.69 ||align="right"| 56,704 || || [[Mobbar]] ||align="right"| 3,280.02 ||align="right"| 116,633 |- | || || || || [[Shani, Nigeria|Shani]]|| align="right" | 1,238.93 ||align="right"| 100,989 || || [[Monguno]] ||align="right"| 1,993.20 ||align="right"| 109,834 |- | || || || || || || || || [[Nganzai]] ||align="right"| 2,572.35 ||align="right"| 99,074 |} Bugu da kari akwai gundumomin masarautu guda takwas a jihar (Borno, Damboa, Dikwa, Biu, Askira, Gwoza, Shani da kuma masarautar Uba).<ref>Borno State overview Archived July 15, 2012, at the [[Wayback Machine]], Borno State Government</ref> Wanda suke baiwa kananan hukumomi shawarwari na al'adu da gargajiya.<ref>Borno State information Archived October 21, 2012, at the [[Wayback Machine]], Federal Republic of Nigeria, National Bureau of Statistics; accessed 28 September 2015.</ref> == Harsuna == Harsunan da ake amfani dasu a Jihar dangane da kananan hukumominsu sun hada da:<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 2020-01-10.</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! LGA !! Languages |- | Askira-Uba || Putai; Bura-Pabir; Gude; Kibaku; Marghi Central; Marghi South; Nggwahyi; Nya Huba; Marghi |- | Bama || [[Chadian Arabic|Shuwa Arabic]]; Yerwa Kanuri; Wandala; Mafa; Marghi |- | Biu || Bura-Pabir; Dera; Ga'anda; Jara; Putai, Marghi |- | Chibok || Kibaku; Putai; Marghi |- | Damboa || Kibaku; Marghi Central; Putai; Mulgwai; Kanuri |- | Dikwa || Shuwa Arab |- | Gwoza || Cineni; Dghwede; Glavda; Guduf-Gava; Gvoko; Hide; Yerwa Kanuri; Lamang; Mafa; Sukur; Waja; Wandala; Marghi |- | Hawul || Bura,Hwana, Putai mafa; Marghi |- | Jilbe town || Jilbe |- | Kaga || Yerwa Kanuri; Putai |- | Kala/Balge || Shuwa Arab; kanuri; Afade |- | Konduga || Shuwa Arab; Yerwa Kanuri; Maffa; Putai; Wanda; Marghi |- | Kukawa || Yerwa Kanuri |- | Kwaya-Kusar || Bura, Putai, Marghi South |- | Maiduguri || Yerwa Kanuri; Mafa |- | Monguno || Yerwa Kanuri; Mafa |- | Ngala || Shuwa Arab; Yerwa Kanuri |} Sauran yarukun Jihar sune: Lala-Roba, Tarjumo, Yedina, da kuma Tedaga.<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 2020-01-10.</ref> == Addinai == [[Fayil:Indimi Jumma'a mosque.jpg|thumb|masallacin jummu'at na Indimi dake cikin garin Maiduguri jahar Borno ]] Mafi yawancin mutanan Jihar Borno musulmai ne, tare da tsirarun mabiya addinin kirista da waninsu. Ana amfani da shari'ar musuluncine a harkokin ci gaba, zamantakewa, addini da dai sauransu. [[Fayil:Central Mosque Maiduguri. jpg.jpg|thumb|Masallacn jumma'a dake fadar sarkin Borno]] == Masana'antu == Masana'antu a jihar Borno nada yawa , wasu daga ciki sun hada da: * Masana'antar Borno textile<ref>Borno Textile @ A 41 monday market, Off Maiduguri Main Market, Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria ,Maiduguri, Bornu, Maiduguri | Nigeria Directory | A List of Nigerian Businesses, Organisations, Firms and Companies | Nigeria Yellow Pages</ref> * Masana'antar Flex Foam Nigeria Ltd * Masana'antar Simba Industry Ltd<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/promoted/385834-simba-tvs-distributes-safety-and-hygiene-packs-to-keke-riders.html</ref> == Ilimi == [[Borno|Jihar Borno]] nada cibiyoyin ilimi ma bam-banta, wadannan sun hada da: === Jami'o'i === * [[:en:University_of_Maiduguri|Univeristy of Maiduguri]]<ref>https://gazettengr.com/unimaid-resumes-academic-activities-october-26/</ref> * Nigerian Army University Biu<ref>https://leadership.ng/army-varsity-matriculates-333-students/</ref> * Borno State University<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/first-private-university-in-borno-gets-vice-chancellor/</ref> * Al-ansar University<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/first-private-university-in-borno-gets-vice-chancellor/</ref> * Kashim Ibrahim College of Education * Ramat polytechnic * Mohammed Goni College of Legal a * <ref>https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2016/11/23/2000-students-get-certificate-20-years-after-graduation/</ref> * Maiduguri Colege of Nursing and Midwifery * == Ma'adinai == Jihar Borno nada tarin [[Albarkatun dan'adam|albarkatun]] kasa da ma'adinai masu tarin yawa , sawu daga cikinsu sun hada da:<ref>https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/natura-resources-found-in-borno-state/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230101745/https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/natura-resources-found-in-borno-state/ |date=2022-12-30 }}</ref> * Laka * Ma'adanin Kaolin * Ma'adanin Diatonite * Ma'adanin Trona * Ma'adanin Iron * Ma'adanin Mica * Ma'adanin Quartz * Ma'adanin Magnetite * Ma'adanin Uranium ==Shahararrun Mutane== [[Ibrahim Ibn Al-hussaini]] * [[Zakariya Maimalari]], Sojan Najeriya * [[Mohammed Indimi]], Dan kasuwa * Kyari Magumeri, soja * Fiona Lovatt, mai bibiyar 'yancin dan adam * Shaykh Sherif Ibrahim Ibn Saleh al-Hussaini, Malamin addinin musulunci kuma Mufti * [[Abba Kyari]] dan kasuwa, dan siyasa * Abba Kyari (military general), jenar na soja *[[Kashim Shettima]], <ref>https://punchng.com/nigeriall-bounce-back-in-few-months-says-shettima/</ref>mataimakin shugaban kasa * [[Sheikh Abba Aji]], Babban malamin addin *Professor [[Babagana Umara Zulum]], Gwamnan jahar<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2023/12/20/borno-governor-zulum-excludes-christians-their-communities-nigerian-governments</ref> *[[Mohammed Ali Ndume|Muhammed Ali Ndume]]. Dan Siyasa, Senata mai wakiltar mazabar Borno ta kudu a majalisar dattawa tun daga 2011. *[[Ali Modu Sheriff]]. Dan Siyasa, tsohon gwamnan jihar Borno daga 2003 zuwa 2011. == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Jihohin Najeriya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Borno}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] ha9qpwztpfsco7dl8trcjf9j0wqx1rb 0 6314 906190 865405 2026-08-22T12:21:37Z Mhizabdoul 42167 /* Rashin gurɓataccen yanayi */ 906190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ongoing flyover Damaturu.jpg|thumb|image of flyover damaturu]] '''kogin Yobe''', wanda aka fi sanin shi kuma da Komadugu Yobe River ko Komadougu-Yobe (Faransanci: Komadou gou Yobé), wani kogi ne a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] wanda ke gudana cikin [[Tabkin Chadi|Tafkin Chadi]] ta hanyar [[Najeriya]] da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Komadugu Yobe River {{!}} Nigeria, Chad, Benue {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Komadugu-Yobe-River |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Kogin Hadejia]], [[Kogin Jama'are]], da [[Kogin Komadugu Gana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 10 Best River in Yobe reviews |url=https://ng.africabz.com/yobe/river |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=ng.africabz.com}}</ref> Kogin ya zama karamin ɓangare na iyakar kasa da kasa tsakanin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Najeriya]] tare da mil 95 (kilomita 150) kuma yana gudana jimlar mil 200 (kilomitara 320) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yobe River Restaurant « HEYRESTAURANTS |url=https://heyrestaurants.com.ng/030997/Yobe_River |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=heyrestaurants.com.ng |language=en-NG}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Komadugu Yobe River {{!}} Nigeria, Chad, Benue {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Komadugu-Yobe-River |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Akwai damuwa game da canje-canje a cikin kogin, tattalin arziki da muhalli saboda madatsar ruwa, mafi girma a halin yanzu shine madatsar ruwan Tiga a [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]], tare da shirye-shiryen da ake tattaunawa don madatsar jirgin ruwa ta Kafin Zaki a [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kole Ahmed Shettima |title=Dam Politics in Northern Nigeria: The Case of the Kafin Zaki Dam |url=http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/refuge/article/viewFile/21922/20591 |access-date=2009-10-01 |publisher=York University, Canada}}</ref> [[Fayil:Komadougou_Foureau_II.jpg|thumb|Kogin Yobe a cikin 1900]] Kogin Yobe yana ba da hanyar rayuwa ga daruruwan dubban mutane waɗanda ke aiki a cikin ayyukan kasuwanci da aikin gona iri-iri tare da kusan kilomita 200 a yankin arewacin jihar, wanda ya mamaye yankuna bakwai na kananan hukumomi (LGAs) daga Nguru zuwa Yunusari . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-16 |title=River Yobe and climate change |url=https://dailytrust.com/river-yobe-and-climate-change/ |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>Blog, Real Mina (4 March 2019). "List of Courses in Federal College Of Education, Potiskum (FCEPOTISKUM)". Real Mina Blog. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.</ref> Shahararrun garuruwa kusa da kogi sun hada da [[Gashua]], [[Geidam]], da Damasak a [[Najeriya]], da [[Diffa (gari)|Diffa]] a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]].<ref>"List of Courses Offered by Federal Polytechnic Damaturu". www.myschoolgist.com. 9 November 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2021</ref><ref>"Official List of Courses Offered in Federal University Gashua (FUGASHUA) - Myschool". myschool.ng. Retrieved 25 July 2021</ref> == Rashin gurɓataccen yanayi == Wasu mazauna karkara a Yobe, a ranar Asabar, sun koka cewa [[Abubuwan sunadarai|sunadarai]] da kayan sharar gida sun gurɓata maɓuɓɓugar ruwa daban-daban a cikin al'ummominsu, suna haifar da haɗari ga rayuka An tattara gwajin ruwa daga kogi nan Yobe a lokacin da ake fama da guguwa da rani a Nguru, Gashua, Azbak, Dumsai da Wachakal.<ref>Academy, Samphina (15 June 2019). "List of Courses Offered in Mai-Idris Alooma Polytechnic". Samphina Academy. Retrieved 22 November 2021.</ref><ref>Usman, Shehu (14 October 2023). "Gov Buni approves employment of 158 community nurses". Daily Post. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 26 December 2023.</ref>  An yi nazarin gwaje-gwajen don ma'adinan ma'adinan su wanda ke kirga Zn, Pb, Fe, Mn da Mg suna amfani da Nukiliya Assimilation Spectrometry (AAS) yayin da Na, Ca, da K aka bincika ta amfani da Wuta Emanation Spectrometry (FES).<ref>"USCOEGA". www.uscoegaonline.com.ng. Retrieved 22 November 2021</ref>  Matsakaicin adadin ƙarfe da aka samu sune;  Zn (7.06 mg/dm3 – 13.44 mg/dm3), Pb (0.05 mg/dm3 – 0.135mg/dm3), Fe (0.052 mg/dm3 – 0.53 mg/dm3), Mn (0.102 mg/dm3 – 0.383 –3 mg/dm/dm3)  87.52 mg/dm3), Mg (7.34 mg/dm3 - 29.4 mg/dm3), Na (13.95mg/dm3 - 22.98 mg/dm3) da K (40.08mg/dm3 - 78.2mg/dm3).  Daga matakan karafa da aka yi nazari, za a iya kammala cewa yawan adadin Zn, Pb, Fe da Mn sun mamaye iyakokin WHO da Childa a duk yankuna na dubawa.  Wannan yana nuna ƙaruwar tarin gurɓataccen ƙarfe, mai yuwuwa saboda haɓakar taki, ƙorafin noma da najasa da ke zubar da ruwa.  Gwaje-gwajen ruwa da aka samo daga wannan rafi na iya kasancewa kamar yadda za'a iya amfani da shi don amfanin gona da tsarin ruwa amma bai dace da amfanin<ref>Commonwealth Secretariat (1 January 2001). An Analysis of University Courses Offered through AVU Satellite. doi:10.14217/9781848597426-7-en (inactive 1 July 2025). OCLC 7350431880.</ref><ref>"For The Record: Full text of Yobe governor's inaugural speech | Premium Times Nigeria". 30 May 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2022</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Yobe|Jihar Yobe]] * [[Dausayin Hadejia-Nguru|Yankunan ruwa na Hadejia-Nguru]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] iukil6oaw6jglmsyynb2u8xlaq8xr8x 906194 906190 2026-08-22T12:28:14Z Mhizabdoul 42167 906194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ongoing flyover Damaturu.jpg|thumb|image of flyover damaturu]] '''kogin Yobe''', wanda aka fi sanin shi kuma da Komadugu Yobe River ko Komadougu-Yobe (Faransanci: Komadou gou Yobé), wani kogi ne a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] wanda ke gudana cikin [[Tabkin Chadi|Tafkin Chadi]] ta hanyar [[Najeriya]] da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Komadugu Yobe River {{!}} Nigeria, Chad, Benue {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Komadugu-Yobe-River |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Kogin Hadejia]], [[Kogin Jama'are]], da [[Kogin Komadugu Gana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 10 Best River in Yobe reviews |url=https://ng.africabz.com/yobe/river |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=ng.africabz.com}}</ref> Kogin ya zama karamin ɓangare na iyakar kasa da kasa tsakanin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Najeriya]] tare da mil 95 (kilomita 150) kuma yana gudana jimlar mil 200 (kilomitara 320) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yobe River Restaurant « HEYRESTAURANTS |url=https://heyrestaurants.com.ng/030997/Yobe_River |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=heyrestaurants.com.ng |language=en-NG}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Komadugu Yobe River {{!}} Nigeria, Chad, Benue {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Komadugu-Yobe-River |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Akwai damuwa game da canje-canje a cikin kogin, tattalin arziki da muhalli saboda madatsar ruwa, mafi girma a halin yanzu shine madatsar ruwan Tiga a [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]], tare da shirye-shiryen da ake tattaunawa don madatsar jirgin ruwa ta Kafin Zaki a [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kole Ahmed Shettima |title=Dam Politics in Northern Nigeria: The Case of the Kafin Zaki Dam |url=http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/refuge/article/viewFile/21922/20591 |access-date=2009-10-01 |publisher=York University, Canada}}</ref> [[Fayil:Komadougou_Foureau_II.jpg|thumb|Kogin Yobe a cikin 1900]] Kogin Yobe yana ba da hanyar rayuwa ga daruruwan dubban mutane waɗanda ke aiki a cikin ayyukan kasuwanci da aikin gona iri-iri tare da kusan kilomita 200 a yankin arewacin jihar, wanda ya mamaye yankuna bakwai na kananan hukumomi (LGAs) daga Nguru zuwa Yunusari . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-16 |title=River Yobe and climate change |url=https://dailytrust.com/river-yobe-and-climate-change/ |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>Blog, Real Mina (4 March 2019). "List of Courses in Federal College Of Education, Potiskum (FCEPOTISKUM)". Real Mina Blog. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.</ref> Shahararrun garuruwa kusa da kogi sun hada da [[Gashua]], [[Geidam]], da Damasak a [[Najeriya]], da [[Diffa (gari)|Diffa]] a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]].<ref>"List of Courses Offered by Federal Polytechnic Damaturu". www.myschoolgist.com. 9 November 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2021</ref><ref>"Official List of Courses Offered in Federal University Gashua (FUGASHUA) - Myschool". myschool.ng. Retrieved 25 July 2021</ref> == Rashin gurɓataccen yanayi == Wasu mazauna karkara a Yobe, a ranar Asabar, sun koka cewa [[Abubuwan sunadarai|sunadarai]] da kayan sharar gida sun gurɓata maɓuɓɓugar ruwa daban-daban a cikin al'ummominsu, suna haifar da haɗari ga rayuka An tattara gwajin ruwa daga kogi nan Yobe a lokacin da ake fama da guguwa da rani a Nguru, Gashua, Azbak, Dumsai da Wachakal.<ref>Academy, Samphina (15 June 2019). "List of Courses Offered in Mai-Idris Alooma Polytechnic". Samphina Academy. Retrieved 22 November 2021.</ref><ref>Usman, Shehu (14 October 2023). "Gov Buni approves employment of 158 community nurses". Daily Post. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 26 December 2023.</ref>  An yi nazarin gwaje-gwajen don ma'adinan ma'adinan su wanda ke kirga Zn, Pb, Fe, Mn da Mg suna amfani da Nukiliya Assimilation Spectrometry (AAS) yayin da Na, Ca, da K aka bincika ta amfani da Wuta Emanation Spectrometry (FES).<ref>"USCOEGA". www.uscoegaonline.com.ng. Retrieved 22 November 2021</ref>  Matsakaicin adadin ƙarfe da aka samu sune;  Zn (7.06 mg/dm3 – 13.44 mg/dm3), Pb (0.05 mg/dm3 – 0.135mg/dm3), Fe (0.052 mg/dm3 – 0.53 mg/dm3), Mn (0.102 mg/dm3 – 0.383 –3 mg/dm/dm3)  87.52 mg/dm3), Mg (7.34 mg/dm3 - 29.4 mg/dm3), Na (13.95mg/dm3 - 22.98 mg/dm3) da K (40.08mg/dm3 - 78.2mg/dm3).  Daga matakan karafa da aka yi nazari, za a iya kammala cewa yawan adadin Zn, Pb, Fe da Mn sun mamaye iyakokin WHO da Childa a duk yankuna na dubawa.  Wannan yana nuna ƙaruwar tarin gurɓataccen ƙarfe, mai yuwuwa saboda haɓakar taki, ƙorafin noma da najasa da ke zubar da ruwa.  Gwaje-gwajen ruwa da aka samo daga wannan rafi na iya kasancewa kamar yadda za'a iya amfani da shi don amfanin gona da tsarin ruwa amma bai dace da amfanin<ref>Commonwealth Secretariat (1 January 2001). An Analysis of University Courses Offered through AVU Satellite. doi:10.14217/9781848597426-7-en (inactive 1 July 2025). OCLC 7350431880.</ref><ref>"For The Record: Full text of Yobe governor's inaugural speech | Premium Times Nigeria". 30 May 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2022</ref> === Harsuna<ref>https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG/</ref> === == Dubi kuma == * [[Yobe|Jihar Yobe]] * [[Dausayin Hadejia-Nguru|Yankunan ruwa na Hadejia-Nguru]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8feqbnxq42sp2wjslzrvebrz4fqhdpz 906199 906194 2026-08-22T12:34:38Z Mhizabdoul 42167 906199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ongoing flyover Damaturu.jpg|thumb|image of flyover damaturu]] '''kogin Yobe''', wanda aka fi sanin shi kuma da Komadugu Yobe River ko Komadougu-Yobe (Faransanci: Komadou gou Yobé), wani kogi ne a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] wanda ke gudana cikin [[Tabkin Chadi|Tafkin Chadi]] ta hanyar [[Najeriya]] da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Komadugu Yobe River {{!}} Nigeria, Chad, Benue {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Komadugu-Yobe-River |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Kogin Hadejia]], [[Kogin Jama'are]], da [[Kogin Komadugu Gana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 10 Best River in Yobe reviews |url=https://ng.africabz.com/yobe/river |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=ng.africabz.com}}</ref> Kogin ya zama karamin ɓangare na iyakar kasa da kasa tsakanin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Najeriya]] tare da mil 95 (kilomita 150) kuma yana gudana jimlar mil 200 (kilomitara 320) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yobe River Restaurant « HEYRESTAURANTS |url=https://heyrestaurants.com.ng/030997/Yobe_River |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=heyrestaurants.com.ng |language=en-NG}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Komadugu Yobe River {{!}} Nigeria, Chad, Benue {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Komadugu-Yobe-River |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Akwai damuwa game da canje-canje a cikin kogin, tattalin arziki da muhalli saboda madatsar ruwa, mafi girma a halin yanzu shine madatsar ruwan Tiga a [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]], tare da shirye-shiryen da ake tattaunawa don madatsar jirgin ruwa ta Kafin Zaki a [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kole Ahmed Shettima |title=Dam Politics in Northern Nigeria: The Case of the Kafin Zaki Dam |url=http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/refuge/article/viewFile/21922/20591 |access-date=2009-10-01 |publisher=York University, Canada}}</ref> [[Fayil:Komadougou_Foureau_II.jpg|thumb|Kogin Yobe a cikin 1900]] Kogin Yobe yana ba da hanyar rayuwa ga daruruwan dubban mutane waɗanda ke aiki a cikin ayyukan kasuwanci da aikin gona iri-iri tare da kusan kilomita 200 a yankin arewacin jihar, wanda ya mamaye yankuna bakwai na kananan hukumomi (LGAs) daga Nguru zuwa Yunusari . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-16 |title=River Yobe and climate change |url=https://dailytrust.com/river-yobe-and-climate-change/ |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>Blog, Real Mina (4 March 2019). "List of Courses in Federal College Of Education, Potiskum (FCEPOTISKUM)". Real Mina Blog. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.</ref> Shahararrun garuruwa kusa da kogi sun hada da [[Gashua]], [[Geidam]], da Damasak a [[Najeriya]], da [[Diffa (gari)|Diffa]] a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]].<ref>"List of Courses Offered by Federal Polytechnic Damaturu". www.myschoolgist.com. 9 November 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2021</ref><ref>"Official List of Courses Offered in Federal University Gashua (FUGASHUA) - Myschool". myschool.ng. Retrieved 25 July 2021</ref> == Rashin gurɓataccen yanayi == Wasu mazauna karkara a Yobe, a ranar Asabar, sun koka cewa [[Abubuwan sunadarai|sunadarai]] da kayan sharar gida sun gurɓata maɓuɓɓugar ruwa daban-daban a cikin al'ummominsu, suna haifar da haɗari ga rayuka An tattara gwajin ruwa daga kogi nan Yobe a lokacin da ake fama da guguwa da rani a Nguru, Gashua, Azbak, Dumsai da Wachakal.<ref>Academy, Samphina (15 June 2019). "List of Courses Offered in Mai-Idris Alooma Polytechnic". Samphina Academy. Retrieved 22 November 2021.</ref><ref>Usman, Shehu (14 October 2023). "Gov Buni approves employment of 158 community nurses". Daily Post. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 26 December 2023.</ref>  An yi nazarin gwaje-gwajen don ma'adinan ma'adinan su wanda ke kirga Zn, Pb, Fe, Mn da Mg suna amfani da Nukiliya Assimilation Spectrometry (AAS) yayin da Na, Ca, da K aka bincika ta amfani da Wuta Emanation Spectrometry (FES).<ref>"USCOEGA". www.uscoegaonline.com.ng. Retrieved 22 November 2021</ref>  Matsakaicin adadin ƙarfe da aka samu sune;  Zn (7.06 mg/dm3 – 13.44 mg/dm3), Pb (0.05 mg/dm3 – 0.135mg/dm3), Fe (0.052 mg/dm3 – 0.53 mg/dm3), Mn (0.102 mg/dm3 – 0.383 –3 mg/dm/dm3)  87.52 mg/dm3), Mg (7.34 mg/dm3 - 29.4 mg/dm3), Na (13.95mg/dm3 - 22.98 mg/dm3) da K (40.08mg/dm3 - 78.2mg/dm3).  Daga matakan karafa da aka yi nazari, za a iya kammala cewa yawan adadin Zn, Pb, Fe da Mn sun mamaye iyakokin WHO da Childa a duk yankuna na dubawa.  Wannan yana nuna ƙaruwar tarin gurɓataccen ƙarfe, mai yuwuwa saboda haɓakar taki, ƙorafin noma da najasa da ke zubar da ruwa.  Gwaje-gwajen ruwa da aka samo daga wannan rafi na iya kasancewa kamar yadda za'a iya amfani da shi don amfanin gona da tsarin ruwa amma bai dace da amfanin<ref>Commonwealth Secretariat (1 January 2001). An Analysis of University Courses Offered through AVU Satellite. doi:10.14217/9781848597426-7-en (inactive 1 July 2025). OCLC 7350431880.</ref><ref>"For The Record: Full text of Yobe governor's inaugural speech | Premium Times Nigeria". 30 May 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2022</ref> == Harsuna == === <ref>https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG/</ref> === == Dubi kuma == * [[Yobe|Jihar Yobe]] * [[Dausayin Hadejia-Nguru|Yankunan ruwa na Hadejia-Nguru]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7s1mcu8zs2azaife54krahuwrt3c567 906200 906199 2026-08-22T12:36:21Z Mhizabdoul 42167 /* Harsuna */ 906200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ongoing flyover Damaturu.jpg|thumb|image of flyover damaturu]] '''kogin Yobe''', wanda aka fi sanin shi kuma da Komadugu Yobe River ko Komadougu-Yobe (Faransanci: Komadou gou Yobé), wani kogi ne a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] wanda ke gudana cikin [[Tabkin Chadi|Tafkin Chadi]] ta hanyar [[Najeriya]] da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Komadugu Yobe River {{!}} Nigeria, Chad, Benue {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Komadugu-Yobe-River |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Kogin Hadejia]], [[Kogin Jama'are]], da [[Kogin Komadugu Gana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 10 Best River in Yobe reviews |url=https://ng.africabz.com/yobe/river |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=ng.africabz.com}}</ref> Kogin ya zama karamin ɓangare na iyakar kasa da kasa tsakanin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Najeriya]] tare da mil 95 (kilomita 150) kuma yana gudana jimlar mil 200 (kilomitara 320) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yobe River Restaurant « HEYRESTAURANTS |url=https://heyrestaurants.com.ng/030997/Yobe_River |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=heyrestaurants.com.ng |language=en-NG}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Komadugu Yobe River {{!}} Nigeria, Chad, Benue {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Komadugu-Yobe-River |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Akwai damuwa game da canje-canje a cikin kogin, tattalin arziki da muhalli saboda madatsar ruwa, mafi girma a halin yanzu shine madatsar ruwan Tiga a [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]], tare da shirye-shiryen da ake tattaunawa don madatsar jirgin ruwa ta Kafin Zaki a [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kole Ahmed Shettima |title=Dam Politics in Northern Nigeria: The Case of the Kafin Zaki Dam |url=http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/refuge/article/viewFile/21922/20591 |access-date=2009-10-01 |publisher=York University, Canada}}</ref> [[Fayil:Komadougou_Foureau_II.jpg|thumb|Kogin Yobe a cikin 1900]] Kogin Yobe yana ba da hanyar rayuwa ga daruruwan dubban mutane waɗanda ke aiki a cikin ayyukan kasuwanci da aikin gona iri-iri tare da kusan kilomita 200 a yankin arewacin jihar, wanda ya mamaye yankuna bakwai na kananan hukumomi (LGAs) daga Nguru zuwa Yunusari . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-16 |title=River Yobe and climate change |url=https://dailytrust.com/river-yobe-and-climate-change/ |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>Blog, Real Mina (4 March 2019). "List of Courses in Federal College Of Education, Potiskum (FCEPOTISKUM)". Real Mina Blog. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.</ref> Shahararrun garuruwa kusa da kogi sun hada da [[Gashua]], [[Geidam]], da Damasak a [[Najeriya]], da [[Diffa (gari)|Diffa]] a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]].<ref>"List of Courses Offered by Federal Polytechnic Damaturu". www.myschoolgist.com. 9 November 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2021</ref><ref>"Official List of Courses Offered in Federal University Gashua (FUGASHUA) - Myschool". myschool.ng. Retrieved 25 July 2021</ref> == Rashin gurɓataccen yanayi == Wasu mazauna karkara a Yobe, a ranar Asabar, sun koka cewa [[Abubuwan sunadarai|sunadarai]] da kayan sharar gida sun gurɓata maɓuɓɓugar ruwa daban-daban a cikin al'ummominsu, suna haifar da haɗari ga rayuka An tattara gwajin ruwa daga kogi nan Yobe a lokacin da ake fama da guguwa da rani a Nguru, Gashua, Azbak, Dumsai da Wachakal.<ref>Academy, Samphina (15 June 2019). "List of Courses Offered in Mai-Idris Alooma Polytechnic". Samphina Academy. Retrieved 22 November 2021.</ref><ref>Usman, Shehu (14 October 2023). "Gov Buni approves employment of 158 community nurses". Daily Post. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 26 December 2023.</ref>  An yi nazarin gwaje-gwajen don ma'adinan ma'adinan su wanda ke kirga Zn, Pb, Fe, Mn da Mg suna amfani da Nukiliya Assimilation Spectrometry (AAS) yayin da Na, Ca, da K aka bincika ta amfani da Wuta Emanation Spectrometry (FES).<ref>"USCOEGA". www.uscoegaonline.com.ng. Retrieved 22 November 2021</ref>  Matsakaicin adadin ƙarfe da aka samu sune;  Zn (7.06 mg/dm3 – 13.44 mg/dm3), Pb (0.05 mg/dm3 – 0.135mg/dm3), Fe (0.052 mg/dm3 – 0.53 mg/dm3), Mn (0.102 mg/dm3 – 0.383 –3 mg/dm/dm3)  87.52 mg/dm3), Mg (7.34 mg/dm3 - 29.4 mg/dm3), Na (13.95mg/dm3 - 22.98 mg/dm3) da K (40.08mg/dm3 - 78.2mg/dm3).  Daga matakan karafa da aka yi nazari, za a iya kammala cewa yawan adadin Zn, Pb, Fe da Mn sun mamaye iyakokin WHO da Childa a duk yankuna na dubawa.  Wannan yana nuna ƙaruwar tarin gurɓataccen ƙarfe, mai yuwuwa saboda haɓakar taki, ƙorafin noma da najasa da ke zubar da ruwa.  Gwaje-gwajen ruwa da aka samo daga wannan rafi na iya kasancewa kamar yadda za'a iya amfani da shi don amfanin gona da tsarin ruwa amma bai dace da amfanin<ref>Commonwealth Secretariat (1 January 2001). An Analysis of University Courses Offered through AVU Satellite. doi:10.14217/9781848597426-7-en (inactive 1 July 2025). OCLC 7350431880.</ref><ref>"For The Record: Full text of Yobe governor's inaugural speech | Premium Times Nigeria". 30 May 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2022</ref> == Harsuna == === <ref>https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG/</ref> <ref>https://soluap.com/languages-of-yobe-state-per-lga/</ref> === == Dubi kuma == * [[Yobe|Jihar Yobe]] * [[Dausayin Hadejia-Nguru|Yankunan ruwa na Hadejia-Nguru]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8a7x9zy0fkn3tudgzbj1es6jk91fun5 906202 906200 2026-08-22T12:38:11Z Mhizabdoul 42167 /* Harsuna */ 906202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ongoing flyover Damaturu.jpg|thumb|image of flyover damaturu]] '''kogin Yobe''', wanda aka fi sanin shi kuma da Komadugu Yobe River ko Komadougu-Yobe (Faransanci: Komadou gou Yobé), wani kogi ne a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] wanda ke gudana cikin [[Tabkin Chadi|Tafkin Chadi]] ta hanyar [[Najeriya]] da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Komadugu Yobe River {{!}} Nigeria, Chad, Benue {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Komadugu-Yobe-River |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Kogin Hadejia]], [[Kogin Jama'are]], da [[Kogin Komadugu Gana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 10 Best River in Yobe reviews |url=https://ng.africabz.com/yobe/river |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=ng.africabz.com}}</ref> Kogin ya zama karamin ɓangare na iyakar kasa da kasa tsakanin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Najeriya]] tare da mil 95 (kilomita 150) kuma yana gudana jimlar mil 200 (kilomitara 320) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yobe River Restaurant « HEYRESTAURANTS |url=https://heyrestaurants.com.ng/030997/Yobe_River |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=heyrestaurants.com.ng |language=en-NG}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Komadugu Yobe River {{!}} Nigeria, Chad, Benue {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Komadugu-Yobe-River |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Akwai damuwa game da canje-canje a cikin kogin, tattalin arziki da muhalli saboda madatsar ruwa, mafi girma a halin yanzu shine madatsar ruwan Tiga a [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]], tare da shirye-shiryen da ake tattaunawa don madatsar jirgin ruwa ta Kafin Zaki a [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kole Ahmed Shettima |title=Dam Politics in Northern Nigeria: The Case of the Kafin Zaki Dam |url=http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/refuge/article/viewFile/21922/20591 |access-date=2009-10-01 |publisher=York University, Canada}}</ref> [[Fayil:Komadougou_Foureau_II.jpg|thumb|Kogin Yobe a cikin 1900]] Kogin Yobe yana ba da hanyar rayuwa ga daruruwan dubban mutane waɗanda ke aiki a cikin ayyukan kasuwanci da aikin gona iri-iri tare da kusan kilomita 200 a yankin arewacin jihar, wanda ya mamaye yankuna bakwai na kananan hukumomi (LGAs) daga Nguru zuwa Yunusari . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-16 |title=River Yobe and climate change |url=https://dailytrust.com/river-yobe-and-climate-change/ |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>Blog, Real Mina (4 March 2019). "List of Courses in Federal College Of Education, Potiskum (FCEPOTISKUM)". Real Mina Blog. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.</ref> Shahararrun garuruwa kusa da kogi sun hada da [[Gashua]], [[Geidam]], da Damasak a [[Najeriya]], da [[Diffa (gari)|Diffa]] a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]].<ref>"List of Courses Offered by Federal Polytechnic Damaturu". www.myschoolgist.com. 9 November 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2021</ref><ref>"Official List of Courses Offered in Federal University Gashua (FUGASHUA) - Myschool". myschool.ng. Retrieved 25 July 2021</ref> == Rashin gurɓataccen yanayi == Wasu mazauna karkara a Yobe, a ranar Asabar, sun koka cewa [[Abubuwan sunadarai|sunadarai]] da kayan sharar gida sun gurɓata maɓuɓɓugar ruwa daban-daban a cikin al'ummominsu, suna haifar da haɗari ga rayuka An tattara gwajin ruwa daga kogi nan Yobe a lokacin da ake fama da guguwa da rani a Nguru, Gashua, Azbak, Dumsai da Wachakal.<ref>Academy, Samphina (15 June 2019). "List of Courses Offered in Mai-Idris Alooma Polytechnic". Samphina Academy. Retrieved 22 November 2021.</ref><ref>Usman, Shehu (14 October 2023). "Gov Buni approves employment of 158 community nurses". Daily Post. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 26 December 2023.</ref>  An yi nazarin gwaje-gwajen don ma'adinan ma'adinan su wanda ke kirga Zn, Pb, Fe, Mn da Mg suna amfani da Nukiliya Assimilation Spectrometry (AAS) yayin da Na, Ca, da K aka bincika ta amfani da Wuta Emanation Spectrometry (FES).<ref>"USCOEGA". www.uscoegaonline.com.ng. Retrieved 22 November 2021</ref>  Matsakaicin adadin ƙarfe da aka samu sune;  Zn (7.06 mg/dm3 – 13.44 mg/dm3), Pb (0.05 mg/dm3 – 0.135mg/dm3), Fe (0.052 mg/dm3 – 0.53 mg/dm3), Mn (0.102 mg/dm3 – 0.383 –3 mg/dm/dm3)  87.52 mg/dm3), Mg (7.34 mg/dm3 - 29.4 mg/dm3), Na (13.95mg/dm3 - 22.98 mg/dm3) da K (40.08mg/dm3 - 78.2mg/dm3).  Daga matakan karafa da aka yi nazari, za a iya kammala cewa yawan adadin Zn, Pb, Fe da Mn sun mamaye iyakokin WHO da Childa a duk yankuna na dubawa.  Wannan yana nuna ƙaruwar tarin gurɓataccen ƙarfe, mai yuwuwa saboda haɓakar taki, ƙorafin noma da najasa da ke zubar da ruwa.  Gwaje-gwajen ruwa da aka samo daga wannan rafi na iya kasancewa kamar yadda za'a iya amfani da shi don amfanin gona da tsarin ruwa amma bai dace da amfanin<ref>Commonwealth Secretariat (1 January 2001). An Analysis of University Courses Offered through AVU Satellite. doi:10.14217/9781848597426-7-en (inactive 1 July 2025). OCLC 7350431880.</ref><ref>"For The Record: Full text of Yobe governor's inaugural speech | Premium Times Nigeria". 30 May 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2022</ref> == Harsuna == === Anan ga jerin harsunan da ake magana da su a Jihar Yobe, bisa ga Kananan Hukumomi (LGAs) da aka tsara <ref>https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG/</ref> <ref>https://soluap.com/languages-of-yobe-state-per-lga/</ref> === == Dubi kuma == * [[Yobe|Jihar Yobe]] * [[Dausayin Hadejia-Nguru|Yankunan ruwa na Hadejia-Nguru]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tcq7qgmzu3eju4u8z8tsippitw0xpb3 906203 906202 2026-08-22T12:38:38Z Mhizabdoul 42167 /* Harsuna */ 906203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ongoing flyover Damaturu.jpg|thumb|image of flyover damaturu]] '''kogin Yobe''', wanda aka fi sanin shi kuma da Komadugu Yobe River ko Komadougu-Yobe (Faransanci: Komadou gou Yobé), wani kogi ne a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] wanda ke gudana cikin [[Tabkin Chadi|Tafkin Chadi]] ta hanyar [[Najeriya]] da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Komadugu Yobe River {{!}} Nigeria, Chad, Benue {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Komadugu-Yobe-River |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Kogin Hadejia]], [[Kogin Jama'are]], da [[Kogin Komadugu Gana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 10 Best River in Yobe reviews |url=https://ng.africabz.com/yobe/river |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=ng.africabz.com}}</ref> Kogin ya zama karamin ɓangare na iyakar kasa da kasa tsakanin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Najeriya]] tare da mil 95 (kilomita 150) kuma yana gudana jimlar mil 200 (kilomitara 320) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yobe River Restaurant « HEYRESTAURANTS |url=https://heyrestaurants.com.ng/030997/Yobe_River |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=heyrestaurants.com.ng |language=en-NG}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Komadugu Yobe River {{!}} Nigeria, Chad, Benue {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Komadugu-Yobe-River |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Akwai damuwa game da canje-canje a cikin kogin, tattalin arziki da muhalli saboda madatsar ruwa, mafi girma a halin yanzu shine madatsar ruwan Tiga a [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]], tare da shirye-shiryen da ake tattaunawa don madatsar jirgin ruwa ta Kafin Zaki a [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kole Ahmed Shettima |title=Dam Politics in Northern Nigeria: The Case of the Kafin Zaki Dam |url=http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/refuge/article/viewFile/21922/20591 |access-date=2009-10-01 |publisher=York University, Canada}}</ref> [[Fayil:Komadougou_Foureau_II.jpg|thumb|Kogin Yobe a cikin 1900]] Kogin Yobe yana ba da hanyar rayuwa ga daruruwan dubban mutane waɗanda ke aiki a cikin ayyukan kasuwanci da aikin gona iri-iri tare da kusan kilomita 200 a yankin arewacin jihar, wanda ya mamaye yankuna bakwai na kananan hukumomi (LGAs) daga Nguru zuwa Yunusari . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-16 |title=River Yobe and climate change |url=https://dailytrust.com/river-yobe-and-climate-change/ |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>Blog, Real Mina (4 March 2019). "List of Courses in Federal College Of Education, Potiskum (FCEPOTISKUM)". Real Mina Blog. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.</ref> Shahararrun garuruwa kusa da kogi sun hada da [[Gashua]], [[Geidam]], da Damasak a [[Najeriya]], da [[Diffa (gari)|Diffa]] a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]].<ref>"List of Courses Offered by Federal Polytechnic Damaturu". www.myschoolgist.com. 9 November 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2021</ref><ref>"Official List of Courses Offered in Federal University Gashua (FUGASHUA) - Myschool". myschool.ng. Retrieved 25 July 2021</ref> == Rashin gurɓataccen yanayi == Wasu mazauna karkara a Yobe, a ranar Asabar, sun koka cewa [[Abubuwan sunadarai|sunadarai]] da kayan sharar gida sun gurɓata maɓuɓɓugar ruwa daban-daban a cikin al'ummominsu, suna haifar da haɗari ga rayuka An tattara gwajin ruwa daga kogi nan Yobe a lokacin da ake fama da guguwa da rani a Nguru, Gashua, Azbak, Dumsai da Wachakal.<ref>Academy, Samphina (15 June 2019). "List of Courses Offered in Mai-Idris Alooma Polytechnic". Samphina Academy. Retrieved 22 November 2021.</ref><ref>Usman, Shehu (14 October 2023). "Gov Buni approves employment of 158 community nurses". Daily Post. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 26 December 2023.</ref>  An yi nazarin gwaje-gwajen don ma'adinan ma'adinan su wanda ke kirga Zn, Pb, Fe, Mn da Mg suna amfani da Nukiliya Assimilation Spectrometry (AAS) yayin da Na, Ca, da K aka bincika ta amfani da Wuta Emanation Spectrometry (FES).<ref>"USCOEGA". www.uscoegaonline.com.ng. Retrieved 22 November 2021</ref>  Matsakaicin adadin ƙarfe da aka samu sune;  Zn (7.06 mg/dm3 – 13.44 mg/dm3), Pb (0.05 mg/dm3 – 0.135mg/dm3), Fe (0.052 mg/dm3 – 0.53 mg/dm3), Mn (0.102 mg/dm3 – 0.383 –3 mg/dm/dm3)  87.52 mg/dm3), Mg (7.34 mg/dm3 - 29.4 mg/dm3), Na (13.95mg/dm3 - 22.98 mg/dm3) da K (40.08mg/dm3 - 78.2mg/dm3).  Daga matakan karafa da aka yi nazari, za a iya kammala cewa yawan adadin Zn, Pb, Fe da Mn sun mamaye iyakokin WHO da Childa a duk yankuna na dubawa.  Wannan yana nuna ƙaruwar tarin gurɓataccen ƙarfe, mai yuwuwa saboda haɓakar taki, ƙorafin noma da najasa da ke zubar da ruwa.  Gwaje-gwajen ruwa da aka samo daga wannan rafi na iya kasancewa kamar yadda za'a iya amfani da shi don amfanin gona da tsarin ruwa amma bai dace da amfanin<ref>Commonwealth Secretariat (1 January 2001). An Analysis of University Courses Offered through AVU Satellite. doi:10.14217/9781848597426-7-en (inactive 1 July 2025). OCLC 7350431880.</ref><ref>"For The Record: Full text of Yobe governor's inaugural speech | Premium Times Nigeria". 30 May 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2022</ref> == Harsuna == Anan ga jerin harsunan da ake magana da su a Jihar Yobe, bisa ga Kananan Hukumomi (LGAs) da aka tsara <ref>https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG/</ref> <ref>https://soluap.com/languages-of-yobe-state-per-lga/</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Yobe|Jihar Yobe]] * [[Dausayin Hadejia-Nguru|Yankunan ruwa na Hadejia-Nguru]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 47itk37abf1pp00v02hsta3vsx0v6ms 906207 906203 2026-08-22T12:50:58Z Mhizabdoul 42167 /* Harsuna */ 906207 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ongoing flyover Damaturu.jpg|thumb|image of flyover damaturu]] '''kogin Yobe''', wanda aka fi sanin shi kuma da Komadugu Yobe River ko Komadougu-Yobe (Faransanci: Komadou gou Yobé), wani kogi ne a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] wanda ke gudana cikin [[Tabkin Chadi|Tafkin Chadi]] ta hanyar [[Najeriya]] da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Komadugu Yobe River {{!}} Nigeria, Chad, Benue {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Komadugu-Yobe-River |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Kogin Hadejia]], [[Kogin Jama'are]], da [[Kogin Komadugu Gana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 10 Best River in Yobe reviews |url=https://ng.africabz.com/yobe/river |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=ng.africabz.com}}</ref> Kogin ya zama karamin ɓangare na iyakar kasa da kasa tsakanin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Najeriya]] tare da mil 95 (kilomita 150) kuma yana gudana jimlar mil 200 (kilomitara 320) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yobe River Restaurant « HEYRESTAURANTS |url=https://heyrestaurants.com.ng/030997/Yobe_River |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=heyrestaurants.com.ng |language=en-NG}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Komadugu Yobe River {{!}} Nigeria, Chad, Benue {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Komadugu-Yobe-River |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Akwai damuwa game da canje-canje a cikin kogin, tattalin arziki da muhalli saboda madatsar ruwa, mafi girma a halin yanzu shine madatsar ruwan Tiga a [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]], tare da shirye-shiryen da ake tattaunawa don madatsar jirgin ruwa ta Kafin Zaki a [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kole Ahmed Shettima |title=Dam Politics in Northern Nigeria: The Case of the Kafin Zaki Dam |url=http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/refuge/article/viewFile/21922/20591 |access-date=2009-10-01 |publisher=York University, Canada}}</ref> [[Fayil:Komadougou_Foureau_II.jpg|thumb|Kogin Yobe a cikin 1900]] Kogin Yobe yana ba da hanyar rayuwa ga daruruwan dubban mutane waɗanda ke aiki a cikin ayyukan kasuwanci da aikin gona iri-iri tare da kusan kilomita 200 a yankin arewacin jihar, wanda ya mamaye yankuna bakwai na kananan hukumomi (LGAs) daga Nguru zuwa Yunusari . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-16 |title=River Yobe and climate change |url=https://dailytrust.com/river-yobe-and-climate-change/ |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>Blog, Real Mina (4 March 2019). "List of Courses in Federal College Of Education, Potiskum (FCEPOTISKUM)". Real Mina Blog. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.</ref> Shahararrun garuruwa kusa da kogi sun hada da [[Gashua]], [[Geidam]], da Damasak a [[Najeriya]], da [[Diffa (gari)|Diffa]] a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]].<ref>"List of Courses Offered by Federal Polytechnic Damaturu". www.myschoolgist.com. 9 November 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2021</ref><ref>"Official List of Courses Offered in Federal University Gashua (FUGASHUA) - Myschool". myschool.ng. Retrieved 25 July 2021</ref> == Rashin gurɓataccen yanayi == Wasu mazauna karkara a Yobe, a ranar Asabar, sun koka cewa [[Abubuwan sunadarai|sunadarai]] da kayan sharar gida sun gurɓata maɓuɓɓugar ruwa daban-daban a cikin al'ummominsu, suna haifar da haɗari ga rayuka An tattara gwajin ruwa daga kogi nan Yobe a lokacin da ake fama da guguwa da rani a Nguru, Gashua, Azbak, Dumsai da Wachakal.<ref>Academy, Samphina (15 June 2019). "List of Courses Offered in Mai-Idris Alooma Polytechnic". Samphina Academy. Retrieved 22 November 2021.</ref><ref>Usman, Shehu (14 October 2023). "Gov Buni approves employment of 158 community nurses". Daily Post. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 26 December 2023.</ref>  An yi nazarin gwaje-gwajen don ma'adinan ma'adinan su wanda ke kirga Zn, Pb, Fe, Mn da Mg suna amfani da Nukiliya Assimilation Spectrometry (AAS) yayin da Na, Ca, da K aka bincika ta amfani da Wuta Emanation Spectrometry (FES).<ref>"USCOEGA". www.uscoegaonline.com.ng. Retrieved 22 November 2021</ref>  Matsakaicin adadin ƙarfe da aka samu sune;  Zn (7.06 mg/dm3 – 13.44 mg/dm3), Pb (0.05 mg/dm3 – 0.135mg/dm3), Fe (0.052 mg/dm3 – 0.53 mg/dm3), Mn (0.102 mg/dm3 – 0.383 –3 mg/dm/dm3)  87.52 mg/dm3), Mg (7.34 mg/dm3 - 29.4 mg/dm3), Na (13.95mg/dm3 - 22.98 mg/dm3) da K (40.08mg/dm3 - 78.2mg/dm3).  Daga matakan karafa da aka yi nazari, za a iya kammala cewa yawan adadin Zn, Pb, Fe da Mn sun mamaye iyakokin WHO da Childa a duk yankuna na dubawa.  Wannan yana nuna ƙaruwar tarin gurɓataccen ƙarfe, mai yuwuwa saboda haɓakar taki, ƙorafin noma da najasa da ke zubar da ruwa.  Gwaje-gwajen ruwa da aka samo daga wannan rafi na iya kasancewa kamar yadda za'a iya amfani da shi don amfanin gona da tsarin ruwa amma bai dace da amfanin<ref>Commonwealth Secretariat (1 January 2001). An Analysis of University Courses Offered through AVU Satellite. doi:10.14217/9781848597426-7-en (inactive 1 July 2025). OCLC 7350431880.</ref><ref>"For The Record: Full text of Yobe governor's inaugural speech | Premium Times Nigeria". 30 May 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2022</ref> == Harsuna == Anan ga jerin harsunan da ake magana da su a Jihar Yobe, bisa ga Kananan Hukumomi (LGAs) da aka tsara <ref>https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG/</ref> <ref>https://soluap.com/languages-of-yobe-state-per-lga/</ref> {| class="wikitable" <br> |+ Caption text |- ! Local governments !! Languages |- | Example || Example |- | Example || Example |- | Example || Example |- | Example || Example |- | Example || Example |- | Example || Example |- | Example || Example |- | Example || Example |- | Example || Example |- | Example || Example |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Yobe|Jihar Yobe]] * [[Dausayin Hadejia-Nguru|Yankunan ruwa na Hadejia-Nguru]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3zzrm9s9jecrptd7p2n9bfptvte8hvc 906210 906207 2026-08-22T13:05:52Z Mhizabdoul 42167 /* Harsuna */ 906210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ongoing flyover Damaturu.jpg|thumb|image of flyover damaturu]] '''kogin Yobe''', wanda aka fi sanin shi kuma da Komadugu Yobe River ko Komadougu-Yobe (Faransanci: Komadou gou Yobé), wani kogi ne a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] wanda ke gudana cikin [[Tabkin Chadi|Tafkin Chadi]] ta hanyar [[Najeriya]] da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Komadugu Yobe River {{!}} Nigeria, Chad, Benue {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Komadugu-Yobe-River |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Kogin Hadejia]], [[Kogin Jama'are]], da [[Kogin Komadugu Gana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 10 Best River in Yobe reviews |url=https://ng.africabz.com/yobe/river |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=ng.africabz.com}}</ref> Kogin ya zama karamin ɓangare na iyakar kasa da kasa tsakanin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Najeriya]] tare da mil 95 (kilomita 150) kuma yana gudana jimlar mil 200 (kilomitara 320) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yobe River Restaurant « HEYRESTAURANTS |url=https://heyrestaurants.com.ng/030997/Yobe_River |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=heyrestaurants.com.ng |language=en-NG}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Komadugu Yobe River {{!}} Nigeria, Chad, Benue {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Komadugu-Yobe-River |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Akwai damuwa game da canje-canje a cikin kogin, tattalin arziki da muhalli saboda madatsar ruwa, mafi girma a halin yanzu shine madatsar ruwan Tiga a [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]], tare da shirye-shiryen da ake tattaunawa don madatsar jirgin ruwa ta Kafin Zaki a [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kole Ahmed Shettima |title=Dam Politics in Northern Nigeria: The Case of the Kafin Zaki Dam |url=http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/refuge/article/viewFile/21922/20591 |access-date=2009-10-01 |publisher=York University, Canada}}</ref> [[Fayil:Komadougou_Foureau_II.jpg|thumb|Kogin Yobe a cikin 1900]] Kogin Yobe yana ba da hanyar rayuwa ga daruruwan dubban mutane waɗanda ke aiki a cikin ayyukan kasuwanci da aikin gona iri-iri tare da kusan kilomita 200 a yankin arewacin jihar, wanda ya mamaye yankuna bakwai na kananan hukumomi (LGAs) daga Nguru zuwa Yunusari . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-16 |title=River Yobe and climate change |url=https://dailytrust.com/river-yobe-and-climate-change/ |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>Blog, Real Mina (4 March 2019). "List of Courses in Federal College Of Education, Potiskum (FCEPOTISKUM)". Real Mina Blog. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.</ref> Shahararrun garuruwa kusa da kogi sun hada da [[Gashua]], [[Geidam]], da Damasak a [[Najeriya]], da [[Diffa (gari)|Diffa]] a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]].<ref>"List of Courses Offered by Federal Polytechnic Damaturu". www.myschoolgist.com. 9 November 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2021</ref><ref>"Official List of Courses Offered in Federal University Gashua (FUGASHUA) - Myschool". myschool.ng. Retrieved 25 July 2021</ref> == Rashin gurɓataccen yanayi == Wasu mazauna karkara a Yobe, a ranar Asabar, sun koka cewa [[Abubuwan sunadarai|sunadarai]] da kayan sharar gida sun gurɓata maɓuɓɓugar ruwa daban-daban a cikin al'ummominsu, suna haifar da haɗari ga rayuka An tattara gwajin ruwa daga kogi nan Yobe a lokacin da ake fama da guguwa da rani a Nguru, Gashua, Azbak, Dumsai da Wachakal.<ref>Academy, Samphina (15 June 2019). "List of Courses Offered in Mai-Idris Alooma Polytechnic". Samphina Academy. Retrieved 22 November 2021.</ref><ref>Usman, Shehu (14 October 2023). "Gov Buni approves employment of 158 community nurses". Daily Post. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 26 December 2023.</ref>  An yi nazarin gwaje-gwajen don ma'adinan ma'adinan su wanda ke kirga Zn, Pb, Fe, Mn da Mg suna amfani da Nukiliya Assimilation Spectrometry (AAS) yayin da Na, Ca, da K aka bincika ta amfani da Wuta Emanation Spectrometry (FES).<ref>"USCOEGA". www.uscoegaonline.com.ng. Retrieved 22 November 2021</ref>  Matsakaicin adadin ƙarfe da aka samu sune;  Zn (7.06 mg/dm3 – 13.44 mg/dm3), Pb (0.05 mg/dm3 – 0.135mg/dm3), Fe (0.052 mg/dm3 – 0.53 mg/dm3), Mn (0.102 mg/dm3 – 0.383 –3 mg/dm/dm3)  87.52 mg/dm3), Mg (7.34 mg/dm3 - 29.4 mg/dm3), Na (13.95mg/dm3 - 22.98 mg/dm3) da K (40.08mg/dm3 - 78.2mg/dm3).  Daga matakan karafa da aka yi nazari, za a iya kammala cewa yawan adadin Zn, Pb, Fe da Mn sun mamaye iyakokin WHO da Childa a duk yankuna na dubawa.  Wannan yana nuna ƙaruwar tarin gurɓataccen ƙarfe, mai yuwuwa saboda haɓakar taki, ƙorafin noma da najasa da ke zubar da ruwa.  Gwaje-gwajen ruwa da aka samo daga wannan rafi na iya kasancewa kamar yadda za'a iya amfani da shi don amfanin gona da tsarin ruwa amma bai dace da amfanin<ref>Commonwealth Secretariat (1 January 2001). An Analysis of University Courses Offered through AVU Satellite. doi:10.14217/9781848597426-7-en (inactive 1 July 2025). OCLC 7350431880.</ref><ref>"For The Record: Full text of Yobe governor's inaugural speech | Premium Times Nigeria". 30 May 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2022</ref> == Harsuna == Anan ga jerin harsunan da ake magana da su a Jihar Yobe, bisa ga Kananan Hukumomi (LGAs) da aka tsara <ref>https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG/</ref> <ref>https://soluap.com/languages-of-yobe-state-per-lga/</ref> {| class="wikitable" <br> |- ! Local governments !! Languages |- | Bursari || Kanuri |- | Damaturu || yerwa kanuri/Kare-Kare |- | Fika || Karai-Karai,Bolewa Ngamo |- | Fune || Karai-Karai,Ngizim,Bura-pibir |- | Geidam || Kanuri, Fulani |- | Gujba || Kanuri, Karai-Karai |- | Gulani|| Maaka,Karai-Karai,Bura-pibir,Kanuri |- | Jakusko || Bade,Fulani,Karai-Karai |- | Machina || Manga |- | Nangere || Karai-Karai |- |Nguru. || Kanuri |- |Yunusari || Kanuri |- |Yusufari || Kanuri |- |Karasuwa || Kanuri |- |potiskum || Karai-Karai, Ngizim |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Yobe|Jihar Yobe]] * [[Dausayin Hadejia-Nguru|Yankunan ruwa na Hadejia-Nguru]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lg6rlk0n9xoeg93fklw16ryhwg12aez 906211 906210 2026-08-22T13:07:11Z Mhizabdoul 42167 /* Harsuna */ 906211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ongoing flyover Damaturu.jpg|thumb|image of flyover damaturu]] '''kogin Yobe''', wanda aka fi sanin shi kuma da Komadugu Yobe River ko Komadougu-Yobe (Faransanci: Komadou gou Yobé), wani kogi ne a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] wanda ke gudana cikin [[Tabkin Chadi|Tafkin Chadi]] ta hanyar [[Najeriya]] da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Komadugu Yobe River {{!}} Nigeria, Chad, Benue {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Komadugu-Yobe-River |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Kogin Hadejia]], [[Kogin Jama'are]], da [[Kogin Komadugu Gana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 10 Best River in Yobe reviews |url=https://ng.africabz.com/yobe/river |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=ng.africabz.com}}</ref> Kogin ya zama karamin ɓangare na iyakar kasa da kasa tsakanin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Najeriya]] tare da mil 95 (kilomita 150) kuma yana gudana jimlar mil 200 (kilomitara 320) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yobe River Restaurant « HEYRESTAURANTS |url=https://heyrestaurants.com.ng/030997/Yobe_River |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=heyrestaurants.com.ng |language=en-NG}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Komadugu Yobe River {{!}} Nigeria, Chad, Benue {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Komadugu-Yobe-River |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Akwai damuwa game da canje-canje a cikin kogin, tattalin arziki da muhalli saboda madatsar ruwa, mafi girma a halin yanzu shine madatsar ruwan Tiga a [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]], tare da shirye-shiryen da ake tattaunawa don madatsar jirgin ruwa ta Kafin Zaki a [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kole Ahmed Shettima |title=Dam Politics in Northern Nigeria: The Case of the Kafin Zaki Dam |url=http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/refuge/article/viewFile/21922/20591 |access-date=2009-10-01 |publisher=York University, Canada}}</ref> [[Fayil:Komadougou_Foureau_II.jpg|thumb|Kogin Yobe a cikin 1900]] Kogin Yobe yana ba da hanyar rayuwa ga daruruwan dubban mutane waɗanda ke aiki a cikin ayyukan kasuwanci da aikin gona iri-iri tare da kusan kilomita 200 a yankin arewacin jihar, wanda ya mamaye yankuna bakwai na kananan hukumomi (LGAs) daga Nguru zuwa Yunusari . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-16 |title=River Yobe and climate change |url=https://dailytrust.com/river-yobe-and-climate-change/ |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>Blog, Real Mina (4 March 2019). "List of Courses in Federal College Of Education, Potiskum (FCEPOTISKUM)". Real Mina Blog. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.</ref> Shahararrun garuruwa kusa da kogi sun hada da [[Gashua]], [[Geidam]], da Damasak a [[Najeriya]], da [[Diffa (gari)|Diffa]] a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]].<ref>"List of Courses Offered by Federal Polytechnic Damaturu". www.myschoolgist.com. 9 November 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2021</ref><ref>"Official List of Courses Offered in Federal University Gashua (FUGASHUA) - Myschool". myschool.ng. Retrieved 25 July 2021</ref> == Rashin gurɓataccen yanayi == Wasu mazauna karkara a Yobe, a ranar Asabar, sun koka cewa [[Abubuwan sunadarai|sunadarai]] da kayan sharar gida sun gurɓata maɓuɓɓugar ruwa daban-daban a cikin al'ummominsu, suna haifar da haɗari ga rayuka An tattara gwajin ruwa daga kogi nan Yobe a lokacin da ake fama da guguwa da rani a Nguru, Gashua, Azbak, Dumsai da Wachakal.<ref>Academy, Samphina (15 June 2019). "List of Courses Offered in Mai-Idris Alooma Polytechnic". Samphina Academy. Retrieved 22 November 2021.</ref><ref>Usman, Shehu (14 October 2023). "Gov Buni approves employment of 158 community nurses". Daily Post. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 26 December 2023.</ref>  An yi nazarin gwaje-gwajen don ma'adinan ma'adinan su wanda ke kirga Zn, Pb, Fe, Mn da Mg suna amfani da Nukiliya Assimilation Spectrometry (AAS) yayin da Na, Ca, da K aka bincika ta amfani da Wuta Emanation Spectrometry (FES).<ref>"USCOEGA". www.uscoegaonline.com.ng. Retrieved 22 November 2021</ref>  Matsakaicin adadin ƙarfe da aka samu sune;  Zn (7.06 mg/dm3 – 13.44 mg/dm3), Pb (0.05 mg/dm3 – 0.135mg/dm3), Fe (0.052 mg/dm3 – 0.53 mg/dm3), Mn (0.102 mg/dm3 – 0.383 –3 mg/dm/dm3)  87.52 mg/dm3), Mg (7.34 mg/dm3 - 29.4 mg/dm3), Na (13.95mg/dm3 - 22.98 mg/dm3) da K (40.08mg/dm3 - 78.2mg/dm3).  Daga matakan karafa da aka yi nazari, za a iya kammala cewa yawan adadin Zn, Pb, Fe da Mn sun mamaye iyakokin WHO da Childa a duk yankuna na dubawa.  Wannan yana nuna ƙaruwar tarin gurɓataccen ƙarfe, mai yuwuwa saboda haɓakar taki, ƙorafin noma da najasa da ke zubar da ruwa.  Gwaje-gwajen ruwa da aka samo daga wannan rafi na iya kasancewa kamar yadda za'a iya amfani da shi don amfanin gona da tsarin ruwa amma bai dace da amfanin<ref>Commonwealth Secretariat (1 January 2001). An Analysis of University Courses Offered through AVU Satellite. doi:10.14217/9781848597426-7-en (inactive 1 July 2025). OCLC 7350431880.</ref><ref>"For The Record: Full text of Yobe governor's inaugural speech | Premium Times Nigeria". 30 May 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2022</ref> == Harsuna == Anan ga jerin harsunan da ake magana da su a Jihar Yobe, bisa ga Kananan Hukumomi (LGAs) da aka tsara <ref>https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG/</ref> <ref>https://soluap.com/languages-of-yobe-state-per-lga/</ref> {| class="wikitable" <br> |- ! Kana nan hukumomi !! Harsuna |- | Bursari || Kanuri |- | Damaturu || yerwa kanuri/Kare-Kare |- | Fika || Karai-Karai,Bolewa Ngamo |- | Fune || Karai-Karai,Ngizim,Bura-pibir |- | Geidam || Kanuri, Fulani |- | Gujba || Kanuri, Karai-Karai |- | Gulani|| Maaka,Karai-Karai,Bura-pibir,Kanuri |- | Jakusko || Bade,Fulani,Karai-Karai |- | Machina || Manga |- | Nangere || Karai-Karai |- |Nguru. || Kanuri |- |Yunusari || Kanuri |- |Yusufari || Kanuri |- |Karasuwa || Kanuri |- |potiskum || Karai-Karai, Ngizim |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Yobe|Jihar Yobe]] * [[Dausayin Hadejia-Nguru|Yankunan ruwa na Hadejia-Nguru]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4eqjsn591ovn8iw58bxpg9vnqu8xaok 906212 906211 2026-08-22T13:11:28Z Mhizabdoul 42167 906212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ongoing flyover Damaturu.jpg|thumb|image of flyover damaturu]] '''kogin Yobe''', wanda aka fi sanin shi kuma da Komadugu Yobe River ko Komadougu-Yobe (Faransanci: Komadou gou Yobé), wani kogi ne a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] wanda ke gudana cikin [[Tabkin Chadi|Tafkin Chadi]] ta hanyar [[Najeriya]] da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Komadugu Yobe River {{!}} Nigeria, Chad, Benue {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Komadugu-Yobe-River |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Kogin Hadejia]], [[Kogin Jama'are]], da [[Kogin Komadugu Gana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 10 Best River in Yobe reviews |url=https://ng.africabz.com/yobe/river |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=ng.africabz.com}}</ref> Kogin ya zama karamin ɓangare na iyakar kasa da kasa tsakanin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Najeriya]] tare da mil 95 (kilomita 150) kuma yana gudana jimlar mil 200 (kilomitara 320) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yobe River Restaurant « HEYRESTAURANTS |url=https://heyrestaurants.com.ng/030997/Yobe_River |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=heyrestaurants.com.ng |language=en-NG}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Komadugu Yobe River {{!}} Nigeria, Chad, Benue {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Komadugu-Yobe-River |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Oasis amid the Sahel in Yobe State Nigeria.jpg|200px|This beautiful scenery is in a village called Tulo Tulo in Yusufari Local County at the fringe of the Sahara Desert in Yobe State of Nigeria where rainfall is exceedingly rare, but the oasis maintains an evergreen environment]] Akwai damuwa game da canje-canje a cikin kogin, tattalin arziki da muhalli saboda madatsar ruwa, mafi girma a halin yanzu shine madatsar ruwan Tiga a [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]], tare da shirye-shiryen da ake tattaunawa don madatsar jirgin ruwa ta Kafin Zaki a [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kole Ahmed Shettima |title=Dam Politics in Northern Nigeria: The Case of the Kafin Zaki Dam |url=http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/refuge/article/viewFile/21922/20591 |access-date=2009-10-01 |publisher=York University, Canada}}</ref> [[Fayil:Komadougou_Foureau_II.jpg|thumb|Kogin Yobe a cikin 1900]] Kogin Yobe yana ba da hanyar rayuwa ga daruruwan dubban mutane waɗanda ke aiki a cikin ayyukan kasuwanci da aikin gona iri-iri tare da kusan kilomita 200 a yankin arewacin jihar, wanda ya mamaye yankuna bakwai na kananan hukumomi (LGAs) daga Nguru zuwa Yunusari . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-16 |title=River Yobe and climate change |url=https://dailytrust.com/river-yobe-and-climate-change/ |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>Blog, Real Mina (4 March 2019). "List of Courses in Federal College Of Education, Potiskum (FCEPOTISKUM)". Real Mina Blog. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.</ref> Shahararrun garuruwa kusa da kogi sun hada da [[Gashua]], [[Geidam]], da Damasak a [[Najeriya]], da [[Diffa (gari)|Diffa]] a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]].<ref>"List of Courses Offered by Federal Polytechnic Damaturu". www.myschoolgist.com. 9 November 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2021</ref><ref>"Official List of Courses Offered in Federal University Gashua (FUGASHUA) - Myschool". myschool.ng. Retrieved 25 July 2021</ref> == Rashin gurɓataccen yanayi == Wasu mazauna karkara a Yobe, a ranar Asabar, sun koka cewa [[Abubuwan sunadarai|sunadarai]] da kayan sharar gida sun gurɓata maɓuɓɓugar ruwa daban-daban a cikin al'ummominsu, suna haifar da haɗari ga rayuka An tattara gwajin ruwa daga kogi nan Yobe a lokacin da ake fama da guguwa da rani a Nguru, Gashua, Azbak, Dumsai da Wachakal.<ref>Academy, Samphina (15 June 2019). "List of Courses Offered in Mai-Idris Alooma Polytechnic". Samphina Academy. Retrieved 22 November 2021.</ref><ref>Usman, Shehu (14 October 2023). "Gov Buni approves employment of 158 community nurses". Daily Post. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 26 December 2023.</ref>  An yi nazarin gwaje-gwajen don ma'adinan ma'adinan su wanda ke kirga Zn, Pb, Fe, Mn da Mg suna amfani da Nukiliya Assimilation Spectrometry (AAS) yayin da Na, Ca, da K aka bincika ta amfani da Wuta Emanation Spectrometry (FES).<ref>"USCOEGA". www.uscoegaonline.com.ng. Retrieved 22 November 2021</ref>  Matsakaicin adadin ƙarfe da aka samu sune;  Zn (7.06 mg/dm3 – 13.44 mg/dm3), Pb (0.05 mg/dm3 – 0.135mg/dm3), Fe (0.052 mg/dm3 – 0.53 mg/dm3), Mn (0.102 mg/dm3 – 0.383 –3 mg/dm/dm3)  87.52 mg/dm3), Mg (7.34 mg/dm3 - 29.4 mg/dm3), Na (13.95mg/dm3 - 22.98 mg/dm3) da K (40.08mg/dm3 - 78.2mg/dm3).  Daga matakan karafa da aka yi nazari, za a iya kammala cewa yawan adadin Zn, Pb, Fe da Mn sun mamaye iyakokin WHO da Childa a duk yankuna na dubawa.  Wannan yana nuna ƙaruwar tarin gurɓataccen ƙarfe, mai yuwuwa saboda haɓakar taki, ƙorafin noma da najasa da ke zubar da ruwa.  Gwaje-gwajen ruwa da aka samo daga wannan rafi na iya kasancewa kamar yadda za'a iya amfani da shi don amfanin gona da tsarin ruwa amma bai dace da amfanin<ref>Commonwealth Secretariat (1 January 2001). An Analysis of University Courses Offered through AVU Satellite. doi:10.14217/9781848597426-7-en (inactive 1 July 2025). OCLC 7350431880.</ref><ref>"For The Record: Full text of Yobe governor's inaugural speech | Premium Times Nigeria". 30 May 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2022</ref> == Harsuna == Anan ga jerin harsunan da ake magana da su a Jihar Yobe, bisa ga Kananan Hukumomi (LGAs) da aka tsara <ref>https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG/</ref> <ref>https://soluap.com/languages-of-yobe-state-per-lga/</ref> {| class="wikitable" <br> |- ! Kana nan hukumomi !! Harsuna |- | Bursari || Kanuri |- | Damaturu || yerwa kanuri/Kare-Kare |- | Fika || Karai-Karai,Bolewa Ngamo |- | Fune || Karai-Karai,Ngizim,Bura-pibir |- | Geidam || Kanuri, Fulani |- | Gujba || Kanuri, Karai-Karai |- | Gulani|| Maaka,Karai-Karai,Bura-pibir,Kanuri |- | Jakusko || Bade,Fulani,Karai-Karai |- | Machina || Manga |- | Nangere || Karai-Karai |- |Nguru. || Kanuri |- |Yunusari || Kanuri |- |Yusufari || Kanuri |- |Karasuwa || Kanuri |- |potiskum || Karai-Karai, Ngizim |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Yobe|Jihar Yobe]] * [[Dausayin Hadejia-Nguru|Yankunan ruwa na Hadejia-Nguru]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] skbbza6w5sheqshorm4ii5eyjd25rqp 906213 906212 2026-08-22T13:12:17Z Mhizabdoul 42167 906213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ongoing flyover Damaturu.jpg|thumb|image of flyover damaturu]] [[Fayil:Oasis_amid_the_Sahel_in_Yobe_State_Nigeria.jpg|alt=This beautiful scenery is in a village called Tulo Tulo in Yusufari Local County at the fringe of the Sahara Desert in Yobe State of Nigeria where rainfall is exceedingly rare, but the oasis maintains an evergreen environment|right|200x200px]] '''kogin Yobe''', wanda aka fi sanin shi kuma da Komadugu Yobe River ko Komadougu-Yobe (Faransanci: Komadou gou Yobé), wani kogi ne a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] wanda ke gudana cikin [[Tabkin Chadi|Tafkin Chadi]] ta hanyar [[Najeriya]] da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Komadugu Yobe River {{!}} Nigeria, Chad, Benue {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Komadugu-Yobe-River |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Kogin Hadejia]], [[Kogin Jama'are]], da [[Kogin Komadugu Gana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 10 Best River in Yobe reviews |url=https://ng.africabz.com/yobe/river |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=ng.africabz.com}}</ref> Kogin ya zama karamin ɓangare na iyakar kasa da kasa tsakanin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Najeriya]] tare da mil 95 (kilomita 150) kuma yana gudana jimlar mil 200 (kilomitara 320) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yobe River Restaurant « HEYRESTAURANTS |url=https://heyrestaurants.com.ng/030997/Yobe_River |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=heyrestaurants.com.ng |language=en-NG}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Komadugu Yobe River {{!}} Nigeria, Chad, Benue {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Komadugu-Yobe-River |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Akwai damuwa game da canje-canje a cikin kogin, tattalin arziki da muhalli saboda madatsar ruwa, mafi girma a halin yanzu shine madatsar ruwan Tiga a [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]], tare da shirye-shiryen da ake tattaunawa don madatsar jirgin ruwa ta Kafin Zaki a [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kole Ahmed Shettima |title=Dam Politics in Northern Nigeria: The Case of the Kafin Zaki Dam |url=http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/refuge/article/viewFile/21922/20591 |access-date=2009-10-01 |publisher=York University, Canada}}</ref> [[Fayil:Komadougou_Foureau_II.jpg|thumb|Kogin Yobe a cikin 1900]] Kogin Yobe yana ba da hanyar rayuwa ga daruruwan dubban mutane waɗanda ke aiki a cikin ayyukan kasuwanci da aikin gona iri-iri tare da kusan kilomita 200 a yankin arewacin jihar, wanda ya mamaye yankuna bakwai na kananan hukumomi (LGAs) daga Nguru zuwa Yunusari . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-16 |title=River Yobe and climate change |url=https://dailytrust.com/river-yobe-and-climate-change/ |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>Blog, Real Mina (4 March 2019). "List of Courses in Federal College Of Education, Potiskum (FCEPOTISKUM)". Real Mina Blog. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.</ref> Shahararrun garuruwa kusa da kogi sun hada da [[Gashua]], [[Geidam]], da Damasak a [[Najeriya]], da [[Diffa (gari)|Diffa]] a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]].<ref>"List of Courses Offered by Federal Polytechnic Damaturu". www.myschoolgist.com. 9 November 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2021</ref><ref>"Official List of Courses Offered in Federal University Gashua (FUGASHUA) - Myschool". myschool.ng. Retrieved 25 July 2021</ref> == Rashin gurɓataccen yanayi == Wasu mazauna karkara a Yobe, a ranar Asabar, sun koka cewa [[Abubuwan sunadarai|sunadarai]] da kayan sharar gida sun gurɓata maɓuɓɓugar ruwa daban-daban a cikin al'ummominsu, suna haifar da haɗari ga rayuka An tattara gwajin ruwa daga kogi nan Yobe a lokacin da ake fama da guguwa da rani a Nguru, Gashua, Azbak, Dumsai da Wachakal.<ref>Academy, Samphina (15 June 2019). "List of Courses Offered in Mai-Idris Alooma Polytechnic". Samphina Academy. Retrieved 22 November 2021.</ref><ref>Usman, Shehu (14 October 2023). "Gov Buni approves employment of 158 community nurses". Daily Post. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 26 December 2023.</ref>  An yi nazarin gwaje-gwajen don ma'adinan ma'adinan su wanda ke kirga Zn, Pb, Fe, Mn da Mg suna amfani da Nukiliya Assimilation Spectrometry (AAS) yayin da Na, Ca, da K aka bincika ta amfani da Wuta Emanation Spectrometry (FES).<ref>"USCOEGA". www.uscoegaonline.com.ng. Retrieved 22 November 2021</ref>  Matsakaicin adadin ƙarfe da aka samu sune;  Zn (7.06 mg/dm3 – 13.44 mg/dm3), Pb (0.05 mg/dm3 – 0.135mg/dm3), Fe (0.052 mg/dm3 – 0.53 mg/dm3), Mn (0.102 mg/dm3 – 0.383 –3 mg/dm/dm3)  87.52 mg/dm3), Mg (7.34 mg/dm3 - 29.4 mg/dm3), Na (13.95mg/dm3 - 22.98 mg/dm3) da K (40.08mg/dm3 - 78.2mg/dm3).  Daga matakan karafa da aka yi nazari, za a iya kammala cewa yawan adadin Zn, Pb, Fe da Mn sun mamaye iyakokin WHO da Childa a duk yankuna na dubawa.  Wannan yana nuna ƙaruwar tarin gurɓataccen ƙarfe, mai yuwuwa saboda haɓakar taki, ƙorafin noma da najasa da ke zubar da ruwa.  Gwaje-gwajen ruwa da aka samo daga wannan rafi na iya kasancewa kamar yadda za'a iya amfani da shi don amfanin gona da tsarin ruwa amma bai dace da amfanin<ref>Commonwealth Secretariat (1 January 2001). An Analysis of University Courses Offered through AVU Satellite. doi:10.14217/9781848597426-7-en (inactive 1 July 2025). OCLC 7350431880.</ref><ref>"For The Record: Full text of Yobe governor's inaugural speech | Premium Times Nigeria". 30 May 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2022</ref> == Harsuna == Anan ga jerin harsunan da ake magana da su a Jihar Yobe, bisa ga Kananan Hukumomi (LGAs) da aka tsara <ref>https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG/</ref> <ref>https://soluap.com/languages-of-yobe-state-per-lga/</ref> {| class="wikitable" <br> |- ! Kana nan hukumomi !! Harsuna |- | Bursari || Kanuri |- | Damaturu || yerwa kanuri/Kare-Kare |- | Fika || Karai-Karai,Bolewa Ngamo |- | Fune || Karai-Karai,Ngizim,Bura-pibir |- | Geidam || Kanuri, Fulani |- | Gujba || Kanuri, Karai-Karai |- | Gulani|| Maaka,Karai-Karai,Bura-pibir,Kanuri |- | Jakusko || Bade,Fulani,Karai-Karai |- | Machina || Manga |- | Nangere || Karai-Karai |- |Nguru. || Kanuri |- |Yunusari || Kanuri |- |Yusufari || Kanuri |- |Karasuwa || Kanuri |- |potiskum || Karai-Karai, Ngizim |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Yobe|Jihar Yobe]] * [[Dausayin Hadejia-Nguru|Yankunan ruwa na Hadejia-Nguru]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pctxq465se721hk6pyvosi11tgqhg8l 906214 906213 2026-08-22T13:13:20Z Mhizabdoul 42167 906214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ongoing flyover Damaturu.jpg|thumb|image of flyover damaturu]] [[Fayil:Oasis_amid_the_Sahel_in_Yobe_State_Nigeria.jpg|alt=This beautiful scenery is in a village called Tulo Tulo in Yusufari Local County at the fringe of the Sahara Desert in Yobe State of Nigeria where rainfall is exceedingly rare, but the oasis maintains an evergreen environment|right|300x300px]] '''kogin Yobe''', wanda aka fi sanin shi kuma da Komadugu Yobe River ko Komadougu-Yobe (Faransanci: Komadou gou Yobé), wani kogi ne a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] wanda ke gudana cikin [[Tabkin Chadi|Tafkin Chadi]] ta hanyar [[Najeriya]] da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Komadugu Yobe River {{!}} Nigeria, Chad, Benue {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Komadugu-Yobe-River |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Kogin Hadejia]], [[Kogin Jama'are]], da [[Kogin Komadugu Gana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 10 Best River in Yobe reviews |url=https://ng.africabz.com/yobe/river |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=ng.africabz.com}}</ref> Kogin ya zama karamin ɓangare na iyakar kasa da kasa tsakanin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Najeriya]] tare da mil 95 (kilomita 150) kuma yana gudana jimlar mil 200 (kilomitara 320) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yobe River Restaurant « HEYRESTAURANTS |url=https://heyrestaurants.com.ng/030997/Yobe_River |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=heyrestaurants.com.ng |language=en-NG}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Komadugu Yobe River {{!}} Nigeria, Chad, Benue {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Komadugu-Yobe-River |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Akwai damuwa game da canje-canje a cikin kogin, tattalin arziki da muhalli saboda madatsar ruwa, mafi girma a halin yanzu shine madatsar ruwan Tiga a [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]], tare da shirye-shiryen da ake tattaunawa don madatsar jirgin ruwa ta Kafin Zaki a [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kole Ahmed Shettima |title=Dam Politics in Northern Nigeria: The Case of the Kafin Zaki Dam |url=http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/refuge/article/viewFile/21922/20591 |access-date=2009-10-01 |publisher=York University, Canada}}</ref> [[Fayil:Komadougou_Foureau_II.jpg|thumb|Kogin Yobe a cikin 1900]] Kogin Yobe yana ba da hanyar rayuwa ga daruruwan dubban mutane waɗanda ke aiki a cikin ayyukan kasuwanci da aikin gona iri-iri tare da kusan kilomita 200 a yankin arewacin jihar, wanda ya mamaye yankuna bakwai na kananan hukumomi (LGAs) daga Nguru zuwa Yunusari . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-16 |title=River Yobe and climate change |url=https://dailytrust.com/river-yobe-and-climate-change/ |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>Blog, Real Mina (4 March 2019). "List of Courses in Federal College Of Education, Potiskum (FCEPOTISKUM)". Real Mina Blog. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.</ref> Shahararrun garuruwa kusa da kogi sun hada da [[Gashua]], [[Geidam]], da Damasak a [[Najeriya]], da [[Diffa (gari)|Diffa]] a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]].<ref>"List of Courses Offered by Federal Polytechnic Damaturu". www.myschoolgist.com. 9 November 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2021</ref><ref>"Official List of Courses Offered in Federal University Gashua (FUGASHUA) - Myschool". myschool.ng. Retrieved 25 July 2021</ref> == Rashin gurɓataccen yanayi == Wasu mazauna karkara a Yobe, a ranar Asabar, sun koka cewa [[Abubuwan sunadarai|sunadarai]] da kayan sharar gida sun gurɓata maɓuɓɓugar ruwa daban-daban a cikin al'ummominsu, suna haifar da haɗari ga rayuka An tattara gwajin ruwa daga kogi nan Yobe a lokacin da ake fama da guguwa da rani a Nguru, Gashua, Azbak, Dumsai da Wachakal.<ref>Academy, Samphina (15 June 2019). "List of Courses Offered in Mai-Idris Alooma Polytechnic". Samphina Academy. Retrieved 22 November 2021.</ref><ref>Usman, Shehu (14 October 2023). "Gov Buni approves employment of 158 community nurses". Daily Post. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 26 December 2023.</ref>  An yi nazarin gwaje-gwajen don ma'adinan ma'adinan su wanda ke kirga Zn, Pb, Fe, Mn da Mg suna amfani da Nukiliya Assimilation Spectrometry (AAS) yayin da Na, Ca, da K aka bincika ta amfani da Wuta Emanation Spectrometry (FES).<ref>"USCOEGA". www.uscoegaonline.com.ng. Retrieved 22 November 2021</ref>  Matsakaicin adadin ƙarfe da aka samu sune;  Zn (7.06 mg/dm3 – 13.44 mg/dm3), Pb (0.05 mg/dm3 – 0.135mg/dm3), Fe (0.052 mg/dm3 – 0.53 mg/dm3), Mn (0.102 mg/dm3 – 0.383 –3 mg/dm/dm3)  87.52 mg/dm3), Mg (7.34 mg/dm3 - 29.4 mg/dm3), Na (13.95mg/dm3 - 22.98 mg/dm3) da K (40.08mg/dm3 - 78.2mg/dm3).  Daga matakan karafa da aka yi nazari, za a iya kammala cewa yawan adadin Zn, Pb, Fe da Mn sun mamaye iyakokin WHO da Childa a duk yankuna na dubawa.  Wannan yana nuna ƙaruwar tarin gurɓataccen ƙarfe, mai yuwuwa saboda haɓakar taki, ƙorafin noma da najasa da ke zubar da ruwa.  Gwaje-gwajen ruwa da aka samo daga wannan rafi na iya kasancewa kamar yadda za'a iya amfani da shi don amfanin gona da tsarin ruwa amma bai dace da amfanin<ref>Commonwealth Secretariat (1 January 2001). An Analysis of University Courses Offered through AVU Satellite. doi:10.14217/9781848597426-7-en (inactive 1 July 2025). OCLC 7350431880.</ref><ref>"For The Record: Full text of Yobe governor's inaugural speech | Premium Times Nigeria". 30 May 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2022</ref> == Harsuna == Anan ga jerin harsunan da ake magana da su a Jihar Yobe, bisa ga Kananan Hukumomi (LGAs) da aka tsara <ref>https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG/</ref> <ref>https://soluap.com/languages-of-yobe-state-per-lga/</ref> {| class="wikitable" <br> |- ! Kana nan hukumomi !! Harsuna |- | Bursari || Kanuri |- | Damaturu || yerwa kanuri/Kare-Kare |- | Fika || Karai-Karai,Bolewa Ngamo |- | Fune || Karai-Karai,Ngizim,Bura-pibir |- | Geidam || Kanuri, Fulani |- | Gujba || Kanuri, Karai-Karai |- | Gulani|| Maaka,Karai-Karai,Bura-pibir,Kanuri |- | Jakusko || Bade,Fulani,Karai-Karai |- | Machina || Manga |- | Nangere || Karai-Karai |- |Nguru. || Kanuri |- |Yunusari || Kanuri |- |Yusufari || Kanuri |- |Karasuwa || Kanuri |- |potiskum || Karai-Karai, Ngizim |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Yobe|Jihar Yobe]] * [[Dausayin Hadejia-Nguru|Yankunan ruwa na Hadejia-Nguru]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7m1sxcmosvmyutamelu4g6qki1ix5ev 0 9248 906458 868758 2026-08-23T08:45:24Z Kaddi123 38060 906458 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gwadabawa''' ƙaramar hukuma ce a [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|jihar]] [[Sokoto (jiha)|Sokoto]], [[Najeriya]] . Hedkwatarta tana cikin garin Gwadabawa akan babbar hanyar ilela, local government ce dake cikin manya local government da suka fito daga gabacin jahar sokoto, tana daya daga local government da aka kirkira tun tsohowar jahar sokoto,A1 . Ya ƙunshi gundumomin Gwadabawa, Salame, Chimola da Asara,gigane,tungar tudu,maman suka, Tanbagarka. Yana da yanki na 991&nbsp;km2 da yawan jama'a {{Sup|2}} a ƙidayar 2006. <ref>[http://www.statoids.com/yng.html HASC, population, area and Headquarters Statoids]</ref> Lambar gidan waya na yankin ita ce 843. Gwadabawa tana daya daga cikin Manyan kananan hukumomi a jahar sokoto,tana da Dan majalisa guda biyu,(state house of representatives) Haka kuma akwai Makarantar aiki koyon Aikin lafiya wato college of health technology,suna da Basarake mai Sarautar Sarkin Gobir na Gwadabawa, Wanda Yana cikin manya sarakuna a cikin Daular Usmaniyya, suna daya daga cikin masu zaben sarki muslimi, Masu rike da wannan sarautar sun fito ne daga zuriyar Sarkin Musulmi Atiku. Gwadabawa gari ne mai din tarihi mai yawan jama'a, mutanen yanki sunfi karkata ga kasuwanci, == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} aati6u2gvgb808imflcykx5t8o1y9n2 0 14027 906381 905935 2026-08-23T04:33:21Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906381 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hakki''' sune ka'idoji [[doka]], zamantakewa, ko ka'idoji na [['Yanci]] ko haƙƙin; wato, haƙƙoƙi sune ka'idodin ƙa'idodi game da abin da aka ba da izini ga mutane ko kuma ya kamata ga mutane bisa ga wasu tsarin doka, yarjejeniyar zamantakewa, yo ƙa'idar ɗabi'a. Hakki muhimmiyar ra'ayi ce a cikin doka da ɗabi'a, musamman ƙa'idodin [[adalci]] da deontology. Tarihin rikice-Rikicin zamantakewa sau da yawa ya haɗa da ƙoƙari na bayyanawa da sake bayyana haƙƙoƙi. A cewar Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "yancin suna tsara nau'in gwamnatoci, abubuwan da ke cikin [[Doka|dokoki]], da kuma siffar ɗabi'a kamar yadda ake fahimta a halin yanzu". == Nau'o'in haƙƙoƙi == === Halitta da doka === [[Fayil:Brueghel_Jan_II_God_creating.jpg|alt=painting of dark gray skies with trees and water, and a human image, flying, with arms outstretched|right|thumb|Bisa ga wasu ra'ayoyi, wasu haƙƙoƙi sun samo asali ne daga alloli ko yanayi.]] * '''Hakkin halitta''' hakkoki ne waɗanda suke "na [[halitta]]" a ma'anar "ba na wucin gadi ba, ba na mutum ba", kamar yadda yake a cikin hakkoki da suka samo asali daga Yanayin ɗan adam ko daga umarnin allah. Su na duniya ne; wato, suna aiki ga dukkan mutane, kuma ba su fito ne daga dokokin kowane takamaiman al'umma ba. Dole ne su kasance, a nan a cikin kowane mutum, kuma ba za a iya cire su ba. Misali, an yi jayayya cewa mutane suna da ''<nowiki/>'[[RAYUWA|yancin rayuwa]]''.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/topics/c13jzr2m1mjt?page=2</ref> Wadannan wasu lokuta ana kiransu hakkoki na ɗabi'a ko hakkoki marasa izini. * '''Hakkin Shari'a''', akasin haka, sun dogara ne akan al'adun al'umma, [[Dokar|dokoki]], dokoki ko ayyukan majalisun dokoki. Misali na ''Hakkin doka'' shine haƙƙin jefa kuri'a na 'yan ƙasa. Kasancewa ɗan ƙasa, da kansa, galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin tushen samun haƙƙin doka, kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "yancin samun haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙi". Hakkin shari'a Dangi lokacin ana kiransa haƙƙin jama'a ko haƙƙin doka kuma suna da alaƙa da al'adu da siyasa tunda sun dogara da takamaiman mahallin al'umma don samun ma'ana. Wasu masu tunani suna ganin haƙƙoƙi a ma'ana ɗaya kawai yayin da wasu suka yarda cewa duka hanyoyi biyu suna da ma'auni na inganci. An yi muhawara mai yawa game da waɗannan ma'anar a cikin tarihi. Alal misali, Jeremy Bentham ya yi imanin cewa haƙƙin doka shine ainihin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙoƙi, kuma ya musanta wanzuwar haƙƙin haƙƙi, yayin da [[Thomas Aquinas]] ya riƙe cewa haƙƙin da doka ta dace amma ba a kafa shi cikin dokar haƙƙin haƙƙa ba ne, amma kawai fuska ko ƙayyadaddun haƙƙin haƙki. === Da'awar da 'yanci === * H''A'' ''A''">da'awar haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙi ne wanda ke haifar da cewa wani mutum yana da aiki ga mai riƙe da haƙƙin. Wani dole ne ya yi ko ya guji yin wani a''B'' ga ko ga ''mai da'awar'', kamar yin hidima ko samar da samfurin a gare shi; wato, yana da'awar wannan sa''B'' ko samfurin (wani lokaci shine ''abu a cikin aiki''). <ref name="IEP">{{Cite web |title=Human Rights {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/hum-rts/ |access-date=2020-11-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin tunani, ana iya bayyana wannan ra'ayin kamar haka: "Mutumin A yana da da'awar cewa mutum B ya yi wani abu idan kuma kawai idan B yana da aikin A ya yi wannan abu. " Kowane da'awar-dama yana nufin cewa wani mai ɗaukar aiki dole ne ya yi wasu ayyuka don da'awar ta gamsu. Wannan aikin na iya zama yin aiki ko guje wa yin aiki. Misali, yankuna da yawa sun amince da haƙƙin da'awar abubuwa kamar "rayuwa, 'yanci, da dukiya"; waɗannan haƙƙoƙin suna ɗora wa wasu wajibai kada su kai hari ko hana mutum, ko amfani da dukiyarsu, ba tare da izinin mai da'awar ba. Hakazalika, a cikin hukunce-hukuncen da aka tabbatar da ayyukan jin dadin jama'a, 'yan ƙasa suna da' yancin da za a ba da waɗannan ayyukan. * H''A'' 'y''A'' ko ''gata'', akasin haka, ƴanci ne ko izini ga mai haƙƙin yin wani abu, kuma babu wani wajibai ga ''wasu'' jam'iyyun su yi ko a'a.<ref name="IEP" /> Ana iya bayyana wannan a cikin tunani kamar haka: "Mutum A yana da damar yin wani abu idan kuma kawai idan A ba shi da aikin kada ya yi wannan abu. " Misali, idan mutum yana da ƴancin yin shari'a ga' yancin magana, wannan kawai yana nufin cewa ba a haramta su yi magana da yardar rai ba: ba yana nufin cewa kowa ya taimaka wajen ba da damar yin magana, ko kuma ya saurari jawabin su; ko ma, da kansa, ya guje su daga yin magana, kodayake wasu hakkoki, kamar haƙƙin samun 'yanci daga kai musu hari, na iya hana su sosai. Haƙƙin ƴanci da' yancin da'awar sun saba da juna: mutum yana da' yanci wanda ke ba shi damar yin wani abu ne kawai idan babu wani mutum da ke da'awar da ke hana shi yin hakan. Hakazalika, idan mutum yana da'awar haƙƙin wani, to 'yancin wani yana da iyaka. Misali, mutum yana da 'yancin tafiya a kan titi kuma yana iya yanke shawara da yardar rai ko ya yi haka ko a'a, tunda babu wani wajibi ko dai ya yi haka yo kuma ya guji yin hakan. Amma masu tafiya na iya zama dole kada su yi tafiya a wasu ƙasashe, kamar dukiyar wasu mutane, wanda waɗancan sauran mutane ke da haƙƙin da'awar. Don haka 'yancin mutum na tafiya ya kai dai-dai har zuwa inda' yancin wani ya iyakance ƴancinsa. === Kyakkyawan da mara kyau === A wata ma'ana, haƙƙi izini ne don yin wani abu ko haƙƙin takamaiman sabis ko magani daga wasu, kuma ana kiran waɗannan haƙƙoƙin haƙƙoƙi masu kyau. Koyaya, a wata ma'ana, haƙƙoƙi na iya ba da izini ko buƙatar rashin aiki, kuma ana kiran waɗannan haƙƙoƙin da ba daidai ba; suna ba da izinin ko buƙatar yin komai. Misali, a wasu ƙasashe, misali [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], 'yan ƙasa suna da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a kuma suna da haƙƙoƙin ƙin ƙin jefa kuri'u; mutane na iya zaɓar ƙin jefa jefa kuri' a cikin zaɓen da aka ba su ba tare da hukunci ba. A wasu ƙasashe, misali [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], duk da haka, 'yan ƙasa suna da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a amma ba su da haƙƙin ƙyama na kada jefa kuri'u, tunda jefa kuri'aa tilas ne. Saboda haka: * '''Hakki masu kyau''' shine izinin yin abubuwa, ko kuma haƙƙin da za a yi wa. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai na haƙƙin kirki shine "yancin jin dadin".<ref name="tws21decgkfjf" /> * '''Hakki mara kyau''' shine izinin kada a yi abubuwa, ko kuma haƙƙin da za a bar shi kadai. Sau da yawa masu sassaucin ra'ayi suna kiran bambancin waɗanda ke tunanin haƙƙin da ba shi da kyau a matsayin haƙƙin da ya dace da rashin tsoma baki kamar haƙƙin da aka yi wa hari. Kodayake ana kiranta da irin wannan sunan, bai kamata a rikita haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da marasa kyau da haƙƙoƙin aiki ba (wanda ya haɗa da "birni" da "ikon") da haƙƙoƙin da ba a yarda da su ba (wanda ke haɗa da "ƙwarewa" da "rashin lafiya"). === Mutum da rukuni === * '''Hakkin mutum''' hakkoki ne da mutane ke riƙewa ba tare da la'akari da membobin rukuni ba ko rashin su. [[Fayil:Malian_Soldiers.jpg|alt=Soldiers lined up in a row, with green caps, carrying rifles|right|thumb|Shin kungiyoyi suna da 'yanci? Wasu suna jayayya cewa lokacin da sojoji suka haɗu a yaƙi, ƙungiyar ta zama kamar kwayar halitta a kanta kuma tana da haƙƙoƙin da suka fi haƙƙin kowane soja.]] * '''Group rights''', including the rights of nations, have been argued to exist when a group is seen as more than a mere composite or assembly of separate individuals but an entity in its own right. In other words, it is possible to see a group as a distinct being in and of itself; it is akin to an enlarged individual, a corporate body, which has a distinct will and power of action and can be thought of as having ''rights''. Rights of nations, including a national [[Ƙaddamar da kai|right to self-determination]] have been argued for, and a platoon of soldiers in combat can be thought of as a distinct group, since individual members are willing to risk their lives for the survival of the group, and therefore the group can be conceived as having a "right" which is superior to that of any individual member; for example, a soldier who disobeys an officer can be punished, perhaps even killed, for a breach of obedience. But there is another sense of group rights in which people who are members of a group can be thought of as having specific individual rights because of their membership in a group. In this sense, the set of rights which individuals-as-group-members have is expanded because of their membership in a group. For example, workers who are members of a group such as a labor union can be thought of as having expanded individual rights because of their membership in the labor union, such as the rights to specific working conditions or wages.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> There can be tension between individual and group rights. A classic instance in which group and individual rights clash is conflicts between unions and their members. For example, individual members of a union may wish a wage higher than the union-negotiated wage, but are prevented from making further requests; in a so-called closed shop which has a union security agreement, only the union has a ''right'' to decide matters for the individual union members such as wage rates. So, do the supposed "individual rights" of the workers prevail about the proper wage? Or do the "group rights" of the union regarding the proper wage prevail?{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The Austrian School of Economics holds that only individuals think, feel, and act whether or not members of any abstract group. The society should thus according to economists of the school be analyzed starting from the individual. This methodology is called methodological individualism and is used by the economists to justify [[Haƙƙoƙin Ƙungiya Da Ɗaiɗaikun Mutane|individual rights]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Similarly, the author [[Ayn Rand]] argued that only individuals have rights, according to her philosophy known as Objectivism. However, others have argued that there are situations in which a group of persons is thought to have rights, or ''group rights''. === Sauran hankula === Sauran bambance-bambance tsakanin haƙƙoƙi sun fi dacewa da haɗin tarihi ko kamanceceniya ta iyali fiye da ainihin bambance-mbance na falsafa. Wadannan sun hada da bambanci tsakanin 'yancin farar hula da na siyasa da' yancin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, tsakanin abin da ake rarraba sassan Universal Declaration of Human Rights sau da yawa. Wani ra'ayi na haƙƙin ya haɗa su cikin ƙarni uku. Wadannan bambance-bambance suna da alaƙa da wannan tsakanin haƙƙoƙi marasa kyau da masu kyau, da kuma tsakanin haƙƙoƙin mutum da haƙƙoƙcin rukuni, amma waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ba su da cikakkiyar haɗin kai. === Siyasa === [[Fayil:Man_being_arrested.jpg|alt=three police officers surround a man in a tee shirt who is handcuffed|right|thumb|Ana buƙatar jami'an 'yan sanda a Amurka su karanta gargadi na Miranda tsakanin kamawa da fara tambayoyi. Gargaɗin ya sanar da mutumin da aka kama cewa suna da haƙƙoƙin da aka haɗa a cikin Kwaskwarimar Biyar. Rashin "karanta Miranda" ya hana shaidar da aka samu da farko a cikin tambayoyin.]] [[Fayil:Occupy4Prisoners_Feb-20-2012_0081.jpg|right|thumb|Mai fafutukar kare hakkin fursunoni]] Yawancin lokaci ana haɗa haƙƙoƙin cikin tambayoyin tushe waɗanda aka tsara gwamnatoci da siyasa don magance su.  Sau da yawa ci gaban waɗannan cibiyoyin zamantakewa da siyasa sun ƙulla dangantaka ta yare da haƙƙoƙi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Hakkoki game da batutuwa na musamman, ko haƙƙin ƙungiyoyi na musamman, galibi wuraren da ke da damuwa na musamman.  Sau da yawa waɗannan damuwa suna tasowa ne lokacin da haƙƙoƙin suka yi karo da wasu batutuwa na shari'a ko na ɗabi'a, wani lokacin ma wasu haƙƙoƙi.  Abubuwan da ke damun su a tarihi sun haɗa da haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar, haƙƙin ƙwadago, haƙƙin LGBTQ, haƙƙin haifuwa, haƙƙin nakasa, haƙƙin haƙuri da haƙƙin fursunoni.  Tare da karuwar sa ido da jama'ar bayanai, haƙƙoƙin bayanai, kamar haƙƙin keɓantawa suna zama mafi mahimmanci.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Wasu misalai na kungiyoyin da hakkinsu ke da damuwa sun hada da Dabbobi, kuma tsakanin [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|mutane]], kungiyoyi kamar [[Haƙƙoƙin yara|yara]] <sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="430" href="./Mothers'_rights" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mothers' rights">uwaye\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Human Rights Watch says migrant children are at risk in Canary Islands\"<nowiki></a></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAjI\">The New York Times</i></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwAjM\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAjQ\">2009-12-21</span></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki>. <nowiki><q id=\"mwAjU\">They must immediately come up with a plan to close these centers,\" Simone Troller, author of the report and a children's rights researcher for Human Rights Watch in Europe, said in a telephone interview. \"While these centers continue to exist, we believe children continue to be at risk.</q></nowiki><nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-tws21decfsxsxd_8-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Rights#cite_note-tws21decfsxsxd-8 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> da [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|mata]], [[Yunkurin kare hakkin iyaye|Iyaye]] (mahaifiye da iyaye), da [[Kungiyar kare hakkin maza|maza]] da mata. Don haka, siyasa tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka ko kuma fahimtar haƙƙoƙin da ke sama, kuma tattaunawa game da ɗabi<nowiki>'un da aka haɗa a matsayin ''haƙƙi''</nowiki> batu ne na siyasa mai ci gaba mai mahimmanci.  Manufar haƙƙin ya bambanta da yanayin siyasa.  Haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin an fi ƙarfafa su sau da yawa.".{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Further, the term ''equality'' which is often bound up with the meaning of "rights" often depends on one's political orientation. [[Conservatism|Conservatives]] and right-wing libertarians and advocates of free markets often identify equality with equality of opportunity, and want what they perceive as equal and fair rules in the process of making things, while agreeing that sometimes these fair rules lead to unequal outcomes. In contrast, socialists see the power imbalance of employer-employee relationships in capitalism as a cause of inequality and often see unequal outcomes as a hindrance to equality of opportunity. They tend to identify equality of outcome as a sign of equality and therefore think that people have a right to portions of necessities such as [[Kula da lafiya|health care]] or economic assistance or [[Gida|housing]] that align with their needs. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="A blog post is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (February 2024)">better&nbsp;source&nbsp;needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Falsafa == A cikin [[Falsafa|falsafar]], Meta-da'a ita ce reshe na ɗabi'a wanda ke neman fahimtar yanayin ɗabi'ar ɗabi'u, maganganu, halayen, da hukunce-hukunce. Meta-ethics yana daya daga cikin rassa uku na ɗabi'a da [[Falsafa|masana falsafa]] suka gane, sauran su ne ɗabi'ar ka'idoji da ɗabi'an da aka yi amfani da shi. Duk da yake ka'idojin ka'idoji suna magance irin waɗannan tambayoyin kamar "Me ya kamata mutum ya yi?", don haka yana amincewa da wasu kimantawa na ka'idozi da ƙin wasu, meta-ethics yana magance tambayoyin kamar su "Mene ne nagarta?" da kuma "Ta yaya za mu iya gaya wa abin da ke da kyau daga menene mugunta?", neman fahimtar yanayin kaddarorin ka'idofi da kimantawa. Ka'idojin haƙƙoƙi amsar tambaya ce ta meta-da'a game da abin da ka'idojin ka'idoji ke damuwa da shi (meta-da'idoji kuma sun haɗa da ƙungiyar tambayoyi game da yadda ka'idozi suka zama sanannun, gaskiya, da dai sauransu wanda ba a magance shi kai tsaye ta hanyar ka'idocin haƙƙo'i ba). Ka'idojin haƙƙoƙi suna riƙe da cewa ka'idojin ka'idoji sun damu da haƙƙofo. Sauran ra'ayoyin meta-da'a sune cewa ɗabi'a ta damu da ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan: * Ayyuka (da'aikatar) * Darajar (axiology) * Kyakkyawan dabi'a * Sakamakon (consequentialism, misali utilitarianism) Ka'idojin haƙƙin mallaka sun yi tasiri sosai a kan tunanin siyasa da zamantakewa. Sanarwar Universal Declaration of Human Rights ta ba da wasu misalai na haƙƙin da aka yarda da shi. === Rashin amincewa === Some philosophers have criticised some rights as [[Ontology|ontologically]] dubious entities.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Magna_Carta_(British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106).jpg|right|thumb|''Magna Carta'' ko "The Great Charter" yana ɗaya daga cikin takardun farko na Ingila waɗanda ke ɗauke da alkawuran da sarki ya yi wa mutanensa don mutunta wasu haƙƙoƙin doka. Ya rage ikon sarki.]] [[Fayil:Declaration_of_Human_Rights.jpg|alt=Picture of a painting; the painting is of a written declaration; there are two human images to the left and right; it says "Declaration des droits de l'homme" (declaration of the rights of man)|right|thumb|Sanarwar 'Yancin Mutum da na Dan kasa a cikin 1789 a [[Faransa]]]] Takamaiman lissafin haƙƙoƙi ya bambanta sosai a lokuta daban-daban na tarihi. A lokuta da yawa, tsarin haƙƙin da wata kungiya ta gabatar ya shiga cikin rikici mai tsanani da na wasu kungiyoyi. A fannin siyasa, wurin da haƙƙoƙi suka kasance muhimmiyar matsala a tarihi, tanadin kundin tsarin mulki na jihohi daban-daban wani lokacin suna magance tambayar wanda ke da haƙƙin doka. A tarihi, ra'ayoyi da yawa na haƙƙoƙi sun kasance masu iko da Matsayi, tare da mutane daban-daban da aka ba su haƙƙofo daban-daban, kuma wasu suna da haƙƙoƙe fiye da wasu. Misali, haƙƙin uba da ɗansa ya girmama shi bai nuna haƙƙin ɗa ya karɓi wani abu ba don dawo da wannan girmamawa; kuma [[Divine right of kings|Hakkin allahntaka na sarakuna]], wanda ya ba da izinin cikakken iko a kan talakawa, bai bar yiwuwar haƙƙoƙi da yawa ga talakawa da kansu ba. Sabanin haka, ra'ayoyin zamani na haƙƙoƙi galibi suna jaddada [['yanci]] da [[Daidaitawa|daidaito]] a cikin mahimman al'amuran haƙƙofofi, kamar yadda ya bayyana a cikin juyin juya halin Amurka da Faransa. Muhimman takardu a cikin Tarihin siyasa na haƙƙoƙi sun haɗa da: * The [[Daular Achaemenid|Persian Empire]] of [[Tarihin Iran|ancient Iran]] established unprecedented principles of [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|human rights]] in the 6th century BC under [[Cyrus the Great]]. After his conquest of Babylon in 539 BC, the king issued the Cyrus cylinder, discovered in 1879 and seen by some today as the first human rights document.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The First Global Statement of the Inherent Dignity and Equality |url=https://www.un.org/events/humanrights/2008/history.shtml |access-date=2010-09-13 |publisher=United Nations |ref=UN-HumanRightsDay}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last3=Paul Gordon Lauren}}</ref> * The Constitution of Medina (622 AD; Arabia) instituted a number of rights for the Muslim, Jewish, camp followers and "believers" of Medina. * ''Magna Carta'' (1215; [[Ingila|England]]) required the King of England to renounce certain rights and respect certain legal procedures, and to accept that the will of the king could be bound by law, after King John promised his barons he would follow the "law of the land". While ''Magna Carta'' was originally a set of rules that the king had to follow, and mainly protected the property of aristocratic landowners, today it is seen as the basis of certain rights for ordinary people, such as the right of due process. * The Declaration of Arbroath (1320; [[Scotland]]) established the right of the people to choose a head of state (see popular sovereignty). * The Henrician Articles (1573; Poland-Lithuania) or King Henry's Articles were a permanent contract that stated the fundamental principles of governance and constitutional law in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, including the rights of the nobility to elect the king, to meet in parliament whose approval was required to levy taxes and declare war or peace, to religious liberty and the right to rebel in case the king transgressed against the laws of the republic or the rights of the nobility. * The Bill of Rights (1689; England) declared that Englishmen, as embodied by Parliament, possess certain civil and political rights; the Claim of Right (1689; Scotland) was similar but distinct. * The Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776) by George Mason declared the inherent natural rights and [[Rarabewar iko|separation of powers]]. * The United States Declaration of Independence (1776) succinctly defined the rights of man as including, but not limited to, "Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" which later influenced "{{Lang|fr|[[liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" (liberty, equality, fraternity) in France.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Rand Dyck}}</ref> The phrase can also be found in Chapter III, Article 13 of the 1947 Constitution of Japan,<ref>{{Cite web |title=1947 Japanese Constitution |url=http://history.hanover.edu/texts/1947con.html |website=Hanover Historical Texts Collection |publisher=Hanover College History Department}}</ref>  and in President Ho Chi Minh's 1945 declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vietnamese Declaration of Independence, 1945 |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1945vietnam.html |website=Internet History Sourcebooks Project}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (February 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> An alternative phrase "life, liberty and property", is found in the Declaration of Colonial Rights, a resolution of the First Continental Congress. Also, Article 3 of the [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] reads, "Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person". * The [[Bayanin haƙƙoƙin dan adam da na jama'a|Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]] (1789; France), one of the fundamental documents of the French Revolution, defined a set of individual rights and collective rights of the people. * The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (1785; United States), written by [[Thomas Jefferson]] in 1779, was a document that asserted the right of man to form a personal relationship with God free from interference by the state. * The United States Bill of Rights (1789–1791; United States), the first ten amendments of the United States Constitution specified rights of individuals in which government could not interfere, including the rights of free assembly, freedom of religion, trial by jury, and the right to keep and bear arms. * The Constitution of Poland-Lithuania (1791; Poland-Lithuania) was the first constitution in Europe, and second in the world. It built upon previous Polish law documents such as the Henrician Articles, as well as the US [[Kundin Tsarin Mulki|constitution]], and it too, specified many rights. * The [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] (1948) is an overarching set of standards by which governments, organisations and individuals would measure their behaviour towards each other.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2013}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The preamble declares that the "...recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of [[Ƴancin siyasa|freedom]], [[Adalci|justice]] and peace in the world..." * The [[Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam|European Convention on Human Rights]] (1950; Europe) was adopted under the auspices of the Council of Europe to protect [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|human rights]] and fundamental freedoms. * The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), a follow-up to the [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], concerns [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|civil and political rights]]. * The [[Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu|International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]] (1966), another follow-up to the [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], concerns [[Hakkin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu|economic, social and cultural rights]]. * The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982; Canada) was created to protect the rights of Canadian citizens from actions and policies of all levels of government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-12 |title=Learn about the Charter |url=https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/csj-sjc/rfc-dlc/ccrf-ccdl/learn-apprend.html |access-date=2019-02-02 |website=Canada's System of Justice |publisher=Department of Justice Canada}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (February 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> * The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2000) is one of the most recent proposed legal instruments concerning human rights. == Dubi kuma == * Bayanan haƙƙoƙi  '''Ƙungiyoyi:''' * [[Amnesty International]] * [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Mai kula da 'yancin Dan Adam]] * Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta Amurka [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] e4k8anubp3zt1kuv6s9926vxiuqsosp 906382 906381 2026-08-23T04:33:54Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hakki''' sune ka'idoji [[doka]], zamantakewa, ko ka'idoji na [['Yanci]] ko haƙƙin; wato, haƙƙoƙi sune ka'idodin ƙa'idodi game da abin da aka ba da izini ga mutane ko kuma ya kamata ga mutane bisa ga wasu tsarin doka, yarjejeniyar zamantakewa, yo ƙa'idar ɗabi'a. Hakki muhimmiyar ra'ayi ce a cikin doka da ɗabi'a, musamman ƙa'idodin [[adalci]] da deontology. Tarihin rikice-Rikicin zamantakewa sau da yawa ya haɗa da ƙoƙari na bayyanawa da sake bayyana haƙƙoƙi. A cewar Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "yancin suna tsara nau'in gwamnatoci, abubuwan da ke cikin [[Doka|dokoki]], da kuma siffar ɗabi'a kamar yadda ake fahimta a halin yanzu". == Nau'o'in haƙƙoƙi == === Halitta da doka === [[Fayil:Brueghel_Jan_II_God_creating.jpg|alt=painting of dark gray skies with trees and water, and a human image, flying, with arms outstretched|right|thumb|Bisa ga wasu ra'ayoyi, wasu haƙƙoƙi sun samo asali ne daga alloli ko yanayi.]] * '''Haƙƙin halitta''' hakkoki ne waɗanda suke "na [[halitta]]" a ma'anar "ba na wucin gadi ba, ba na mutum ba", kamar yadda yake a cikin hakkoki da suka samo asali daga Yanayin ɗan adam ko daga umarnin allah. Su na duniya ne; wato, suna aiki ga dukkan mutane, kuma ba su fito ne daga dokokin kowane takamaiman al'umma ba. Dole ne su kasance, a nan a cikin kowane mutum, kuma ba za a iya cire su ba. Misali, an yi jayayya cewa mutane suna da ''<nowiki/>'[[RAYUWA|yancin rayuwa]]''.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/topics/c13jzr2m1mjt?page=2</ref> Wadannan wasu lokuta ana kiransu hakkoki na ɗabi'a ko hakkoki marasa izini. * '''Hakkin Shari'a''', akasin haka, sun dogara ne akan al'adun al'umma, [[Dokar|dokoki]], dokoki ko ayyukan majalisun dokoki. Misali na ''Hakkin doka'' shine haƙƙin jefa kuri'a na 'yan ƙasa. Kasancewa ɗan ƙasa, da kansa, galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin tushen samun haƙƙin doka, kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "yancin samun haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙi". Hakkin shari'a Dangi lokacin ana kiransa haƙƙin jama'a ko haƙƙin doka kuma suna da alaƙa da al'adu da siyasa tunda sun dogara da takamaiman mahallin al'umma don samun ma'ana. Wasu masu tunani suna ganin haƙƙoƙi a ma'ana ɗaya kawai yayin da wasu suka yarda cewa duka hanyoyi biyu suna da ma'auni na inganci. An yi muhawara mai yawa game da waɗannan ma'anar a cikin tarihi. Alal misali, Jeremy Bentham ya yi imanin cewa haƙƙin doka shine ainihin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙoƙi, kuma ya musanta wanzuwar haƙƙin haƙƙi, yayin da [[Thomas Aquinas]] ya riƙe cewa haƙƙin da doka ta dace amma ba a kafa shi cikin dokar haƙƙin haƙƙa ba ne, amma kawai fuska ko ƙayyadaddun haƙƙin haƙki. === Da'awar da 'yanci === * H''A'' ''A''">da'awar haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙi ne wanda ke haifar da cewa wani mutum yana da aiki ga mai riƙe da haƙƙin. Wani dole ne ya yi ko ya guji yin wani a''B'' ga ko ga ''mai da'awar'', kamar yin hidima ko samar da samfurin a gare shi; wato, yana da'awar wannan sa''B'' ko samfurin (wani lokaci shine ''abu a cikin aiki''). <ref name="IEP">{{Cite web |title=Human Rights {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/hum-rts/ |access-date=2020-11-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin tunani, ana iya bayyana wannan ra'ayin kamar haka: "Mutumin A yana da da'awar cewa mutum B ya yi wani abu idan kuma kawai idan B yana da aikin A ya yi wannan abu. " Kowane da'awar-dama yana nufin cewa wani mai ɗaukar aiki dole ne ya yi wasu ayyuka don da'awar ta gamsu. Wannan aikin na iya zama yin aiki ko guje wa yin aiki. Misali, yankuna da yawa sun amince da haƙƙin da'awar abubuwa kamar "rayuwa, 'yanci, da dukiya"; waɗannan haƙƙoƙin suna ɗora wa wasu wajibai kada su kai hari ko hana mutum, ko amfani da dukiyarsu, ba tare da izinin mai da'awar ba. Hakazalika, a cikin hukunce-hukuncen da aka tabbatar da ayyukan jin dadin jama'a, 'yan ƙasa suna da' yancin da za a ba da waɗannan ayyukan. * H''A'' 'y''A'' ko ''gata'', akasin haka, ƴanci ne ko izini ga mai haƙƙin yin wani abu, kuma babu wani wajibai ga ''wasu'' jam'iyyun su yi ko a'a.<ref name="IEP" /> Ana iya bayyana wannan a cikin tunani kamar haka: "Mutum A yana da damar yin wani abu idan kuma kawai idan A ba shi da aikin kada ya yi wannan abu. " Misali, idan mutum yana da ƴancin yin shari'a ga' yancin magana, wannan kawai yana nufin cewa ba a haramta su yi magana da yardar rai ba: ba yana nufin cewa kowa ya taimaka wajen ba da damar yin magana, ko kuma ya saurari jawabin su; ko ma, da kansa, ya guje su daga yin magana, kodayake wasu hakkoki, kamar haƙƙin samun 'yanci daga kai musu hari, na iya hana su sosai. Haƙƙin ƴanci da' yancin da'awar sun saba da juna: mutum yana da' yanci wanda ke ba shi damar yin wani abu ne kawai idan babu wani mutum da ke da'awar da ke hana shi yin hakan. Hakazalika, idan mutum yana da'awar haƙƙin wani, to 'yancin wani yana da iyaka. Misali, mutum yana da 'yancin tafiya a kan titi kuma yana iya yanke shawara da yardar rai ko ya yi haka ko a'a, tunda babu wani wajibi ko dai ya yi haka yo kuma ya guji yin hakan. Amma masu tafiya na iya zama dole kada su yi tafiya a wasu ƙasashe, kamar dukiyar wasu mutane, wanda waɗancan sauran mutane ke da haƙƙin da'awar. Don haka 'yancin mutum na tafiya ya kai dai-dai har zuwa inda' yancin wani ya iyakance ƴancinsa. === Kyakkyawan da mara kyau === A wata ma'ana, haƙƙi izini ne don yin wani abu ko haƙƙin takamaiman sabis ko magani daga wasu, kuma ana kiran waɗannan haƙƙoƙin haƙƙoƙi masu kyau. Koyaya, a wata ma'ana, haƙƙoƙi na iya ba da izini ko buƙatar rashin aiki, kuma ana kiran waɗannan haƙƙoƙin da ba daidai ba; suna ba da izinin ko buƙatar yin komai. Misali, a wasu ƙasashe, misali [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], 'yan ƙasa suna da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a kuma suna da haƙƙoƙin ƙin ƙin jefa kuri'u; mutane na iya zaɓar ƙin jefa jefa kuri' a cikin zaɓen da aka ba su ba tare da hukunci ba. A wasu ƙasashe, misali [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], duk da haka, 'yan ƙasa suna da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a amma ba su da haƙƙin ƙyama na kada jefa kuri'u, tunda jefa kuri'aa tilas ne. Saboda haka: * '''Hakki masu kyau''' shine izinin yin abubuwa, ko kuma haƙƙin da za a yi wa. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai na haƙƙin kirki shine "yancin jin dadin".<ref name="tws21decgkfjf" /> * '''Hakki mara kyau''' shine izinin kada a yi abubuwa, ko kuma haƙƙin da za a bar shi kadai. Sau da yawa masu sassaucin ra'ayi suna kiran bambancin waɗanda ke tunanin haƙƙin da ba shi da kyau a matsayin haƙƙin da ya dace da rashin tsoma baki kamar haƙƙin da aka yi wa hari. Kodayake ana kiranta da irin wannan sunan, bai kamata a rikita haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da marasa kyau da haƙƙoƙin aiki ba (wanda ya haɗa da "birni" da "ikon") da haƙƙoƙin da ba a yarda da su ba (wanda ke haɗa da "ƙwarewa" da "rashin lafiya"). === Mutum da rukuni === * '''Hakkin mutum''' hakkoki ne da mutane ke riƙewa ba tare da la'akari da membobin rukuni ba ko rashin su. [[Fayil:Malian_Soldiers.jpg|alt=Soldiers lined up in a row, with green caps, carrying rifles|right|thumb|Shin kungiyoyi suna da 'yanci? Wasu suna jayayya cewa lokacin da sojoji suka haɗu a yaƙi, ƙungiyar ta zama kamar kwayar halitta a kanta kuma tana da haƙƙoƙin da suka fi haƙƙin kowane soja.]] * '''Group rights''', including the rights of nations, have been argued to exist when a group is seen as more than a mere composite or assembly of separate individuals but an entity in its own right. In other words, it is possible to see a group as a distinct being in and of itself; it is akin to an enlarged individual, a corporate body, which has a distinct will and power of action and can be thought of as having ''rights''. Rights of nations, including a national [[Ƙaddamar da kai|right to self-determination]] have been argued for, and a platoon of soldiers in combat can be thought of as a distinct group, since individual members are willing to risk their lives for the survival of the group, and therefore the group can be conceived as having a "right" which is superior to that of any individual member; for example, a soldier who disobeys an officer can be punished, perhaps even killed, for a breach of obedience. But there is another sense of group rights in which people who are members of a group can be thought of as having specific individual rights because of their membership in a group. In this sense, the set of rights which individuals-as-group-members have is expanded because of their membership in a group. For example, workers who are members of a group such as a labor union can be thought of as having expanded individual rights because of their membership in the labor union, such as the rights to specific working conditions or wages.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> There can be tension between individual and group rights. A classic instance in which group and individual rights clash is conflicts between unions and their members. For example, individual members of a union may wish a wage higher than the union-negotiated wage, but are prevented from making further requests; in a so-called closed shop which has a union security agreement, only the union has a ''right'' to decide matters for the individual union members such as wage rates. So, do the supposed "individual rights" of the workers prevail about the proper wage? Or do the "group rights" of the union regarding the proper wage prevail?{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The Austrian School of Economics holds that only individuals think, feel, and act whether or not members of any abstract group. The society should thus according to economists of the school be analyzed starting from the individual. This methodology is called methodological individualism and is used by the economists to justify [[Haƙƙoƙin Ƙungiya Da Ɗaiɗaikun Mutane|individual rights]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Similarly, the author [[Ayn Rand]] argued that only individuals have rights, according to her philosophy known as Objectivism. However, others have argued that there are situations in which a group of persons is thought to have rights, or ''group rights''. === Sauran hankula === Sauran bambance-bambance tsakanin haƙƙoƙi sun fi dacewa da haɗin tarihi ko kamanceceniya ta iyali fiye da ainihin bambance-mbance na falsafa. Wadannan sun hada da bambanci tsakanin 'yancin farar hula da na siyasa da' yancin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, tsakanin abin da ake rarraba sassan Universal Declaration of Human Rights sau da yawa. Wani ra'ayi na haƙƙin ya haɗa su cikin ƙarni uku. Wadannan bambance-bambance suna da alaƙa da wannan tsakanin haƙƙoƙi marasa kyau da masu kyau, da kuma tsakanin haƙƙoƙin mutum da haƙƙoƙcin rukuni, amma waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ba su da cikakkiyar haɗin kai. === Siyasa === [[Fayil:Man_being_arrested.jpg|alt=three police officers surround a man in a tee shirt who is handcuffed|right|thumb|Ana buƙatar jami'an 'yan sanda a Amurka su karanta gargadi na Miranda tsakanin kamawa da fara tambayoyi. Gargaɗin ya sanar da mutumin da aka kama cewa suna da haƙƙoƙin da aka haɗa a cikin Kwaskwarimar Biyar. Rashin "karanta Miranda" ya hana shaidar da aka samu da farko a cikin tambayoyin.]] [[Fayil:Occupy4Prisoners_Feb-20-2012_0081.jpg|right|thumb|Mai fafutukar kare hakkin fursunoni]] Yawancin lokaci ana haɗa haƙƙoƙin cikin tambayoyin tushe waɗanda aka tsara gwamnatoci da siyasa don magance su.  Sau da yawa ci gaban waɗannan cibiyoyin zamantakewa da siyasa sun ƙulla dangantaka ta yare da haƙƙoƙi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Hakkoki game da batutuwa na musamman, ko haƙƙin ƙungiyoyi na musamman, galibi wuraren da ke da damuwa na musamman.  Sau da yawa waɗannan damuwa suna tasowa ne lokacin da haƙƙoƙin suka yi karo da wasu batutuwa na shari'a ko na ɗabi'a, wani lokacin ma wasu haƙƙoƙi.  Abubuwan da ke damun su a tarihi sun haɗa da haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar, haƙƙin ƙwadago, haƙƙin LGBTQ, haƙƙin haifuwa, haƙƙin nakasa, haƙƙin haƙuri da haƙƙin fursunoni.  Tare da karuwar sa ido da jama'ar bayanai, haƙƙoƙin bayanai, kamar haƙƙin keɓantawa suna zama mafi mahimmanci.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Wasu misalai na kungiyoyin da hakkinsu ke da damuwa sun hada da Dabbobi, kuma tsakanin [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|mutane]], kungiyoyi kamar [[Haƙƙoƙin yara|yara]] <sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="430" href="./Mothers'_rights" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mothers' rights">uwaye\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Human Rights Watch says migrant children are at risk in Canary Islands\"<nowiki></a></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAjI\">The New York Times</i></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwAjM\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAjQ\">2009-12-21</span></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki>. <nowiki><q id=\"mwAjU\">They must immediately come up with a plan to close these centers,\" Simone Troller, author of the report and a children's rights researcher for Human Rights Watch in Europe, said in a telephone interview. \"While these centers continue to exist, we believe children continue to be at risk.</q></nowiki><nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-tws21decfsxsxd_8-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Rights#cite_note-tws21decfsxsxd-8 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> da [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|mata]], [[Yunkurin kare hakkin iyaye|Iyaye]] (mahaifiye da iyaye), da [[Kungiyar kare hakkin maza|maza]] da mata. Don haka, siyasa tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka ko kuma fahimtar haƙƙoƙin da ke sama, kuma tattaunawa game da ɗabi<nowiki>'un da aka haɗa a matsayin ''haƙƙi''</nowiki> batu ne na siyasa mai ci gaba mai mahimmanci.  Manufar haƙƙin ya bambanta da yanayin siyasa.  Haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin an fi ƙarfafa su sau da yawa.".{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Further, the term ''equality'' which is often bound up with the meaning of "rights" often depends on one's political orientation. [[Conservatism|Conservatives]] and right-wing libertarians and advocates of free markets often identify equality with equality of opportunity, and want what they perceive as equal and fair rules in the process of making things, while agreeing that sometimes these fair rules lead to unequal outcomes. In contrast, socialists see the power imbalance of employer-employee relationships in capitalism as a cause of inequality and often see unequal outcomes as a hindrance to equality of opportunity. They tend to identify equality of outcome as a sign of equality and therefore think that people have a right to portions of necessities such as [[Kula da lafiya|health care]] or economic assistance or [[Gida|housing]] that align with their needs. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="A blog post is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (February 2024)">better&nbsp;source&nbsp;needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Falsafa == A cikin [[Falsafa|falsafar]], Meta-da'a ita ce reshe na ɗabi'a wanda ke neman fahimtar yanayin ɗabi'ar ɗabi'u, maganganu, halayen, da hukunce-hukunce. Meta-ethics yana daya daga cikin rassa uku na ɗabi'a da [[Falsafa|masana falsafa]] suka gane, sauran su ne ɗabi'ar ka'idoji da ɗabi'an da aka yi amfani da shi. Duk da yake ka'idojin ka'idoji suna magance irin waɗannan tambayoyin kamar "Me ya kamata mutum ya yi?", don haka yana amincewa da wasu kimantawa na ka'idozi da ƙin wasu, meta-ethics yana magance tambayoyin kamar su "Mene ne nagarta?" da kuma "Ta yaya za mu iya gaya wa abin da ke da kyau daga menene mugunta?", neman fahimtar yanayin kaddarorin ka'idofi da kimantawa. Ka'idojin haƙƙoƙi amsar tambaya ce ta meta-da'a game da abin da ka'idojin ka'idoji ke damuwa da shi (meta-da'idoji kuma sun haɗa da ƙungiyar tambayoyi game da yadda ka'idozi suka zama sanannun, gaskiya, da dai sauransu wanda ba a magance shi kai tsaye ta hanyar ka'idocin haƙƙo'i ba). Ka'idojin haƙƙoƙi suna riƙe da cewa ka'idojin ka'idoji sun damu da haƙƙofo. Sauran ra'ayoyin meta-da'a sune cewa ɗabi'a ta damu da ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan: * Ayyuka (da'aikatar) * Darajar (axiology) * Kyakkyawan dabi'a * Sakamakon (consequentialism, misali utilitarianism) Ka'idojin haƙƙin mallaka sun yi tasiri sosai a kan tunanin siyasa da zamantakewa. Sanarwar Universal Declaration of Human Rights ta ba da wasu misalai na haƙƙin da aka yarda da shi. === Rashin amincewa === Some philosophers have criticised some rights as [[Ontology|ontologically]] dubious entities.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Magna_Carta_(British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106).jpg|right|thumb|''Magna Carta'' ko "The Great Charter" yana ɗaya daga cikin takardun farko na Ingila waɗanda ke ɗauke da alkawuran da sarki ya yi wa mutanensa don mutunta wasu haƙƙoƙin doka. Ya rage ikon sarki.]] [[Fayil:Declaration_of_Human_Rights.jpg|alt=Picture of a painting; the painting is of a written declaration; there are two human images to the left and right; it says "Declaration des droits de l'homme" (declaration of the rights of man)|right|thumb|Sanarwar 'Yancin Mutum da na Dan kasa a cikin 1789 a [[Faransa]]]] Takamaiman lissafin haƙƙoƙi ya bambanta sosai a lokuta daban-daban na tarihi. A lokuta da yawa, tsarin haƙƙin da wata kungiya ta gabatar ya shiga cikin rikici mai tsanani da na wasu kungiyoyi. A fannin siyasa, wurin da haƙƙoƙi suka kasance muhimmiyar matsala a tarihi, tanadin kundin tsarin mulki na jihohi daban-daban wani lokacin suna magance tambayar wanda ke da haƙƙin doka. A tarihi, ra'ayoyi da yawa na haƙƙoƙi sun kasance masu iko da Matsayi, tare da mutane daban-daban da aka ba su haƙƙofo daban-daban, kuma wasu suna da haƙƙoƙe fiye da wasu. Misali, haƙƙin uba da ɗansa ya girmama shi bai nuna haƙƙin ɗa ya karɓi wani abu ba don dawo da wannan girmamawa; kuma [[Divine right of kings|Hakkin allahntaka na sarakuna]], wanda ya ba da izinin cikakken iko a kan talakawa, bai bar yiwuwar haƙƙoƙi da yawa ga talakawa da kansu ba. Sabanin haka, ra'ayoyin zamani na haƙƙoƙi galibi suna jaddada [['yanci]] da [[Daidaitawa|daidaito]] a cikin mahimman al'amuran haƙƙofofi, kamar yadda ya bayyana a cikin juyin juya halin Amurka da Faransa. Muhimman takardu a cikin Tarihin siyasa na haƙƙoƙi sun haɗa da: * The [[Daular Achaemenid|Persian Empire]] of [[Tarihin Iran|ancient Iran]] established unprecedented principles of [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|human rights]] in the 6th century BC under [[Cyrus the Great]]. After his conquest of Babylon in 539 BC, the king issued the Cyrus cylinder, discovered in 1879 and seen by some today as the first human rights document.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The First Global Statement of the Inherent Dignity and Equality |url=https://www.un.org/events/humanrights/2008/history.shtml |access-date=2010-09-13 |publisher=United Nations |ref=UN-HumanRightsDay}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last3=Paul Gordon Lauren}}</ref> * The Constitution of Medina (622 AD; Arabia) instituted a number of rights for the Muslim, Jewish, camp followers and "believers" of Medina. * ''Magna Carta'' (1215; [[Ingila|England]]) required the King of England to renounce certain rights and respect certain legal procedures, and to accept that the will of the king could be bound by law, after King John promised his barons he would follow the "law of the land". While ''Magna Carta'' was originally a set of rules that the king had to follow, and mainly protected the property of aristocratic landowners, today it is seen as the basis of certain rights for ordinary people, such as the right of due process. * The Declaration of Arbroath (1320; [[Scotland]]) established the right of the people to choose a head of state (see popular sovereignty). * The Henrician Articles (1573; Poland-Lithuania) or King Henry's Articles were a permanent contract that stated the fundamental principles of governance and constitutional law in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, including the rights of the nobility to elect the king, to meet in parliament whose approval was required to levy taxes and declare war or peace, to religious liberty and the right to rebel in case the king transgressed against the laws of the republic or the rights of the nobility. * The Bill of Rights (1689; England) declared that Englishmen, as embodied by Parliament, possess certain civil and political rights; the Claim of Right (1689; Scotland) was similar but distinct. * The Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776) by George Mason declared the inherent natural rights and [[Rarabewar iko|separation of powers]]. * The United States Declaration of Independence (1776) succinctly defined the rights of man as including, but not limited to, "Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" which later influenced "{{Lang|fr|[[liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" (liberty, equality, fraternity) in France.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Rand Dyck}}</ref> The phrase can also be found in Chapter III, Article 13 of the 1947 Constitution of Japan,<ref>{{Cite web |title=1947 Japanese Constitution |url=http://history.hanover.edu/texts/1947con.html |website=Hanover Historical Texts Collection |publisher=Hanover College History Department}}</ref>  and in President Ho Chi Minh's 1945 declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vietnamese Declaration of Independence, 1945 |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1945vietnam.html |website=Internet History Sourcebooks Project}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (February 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> An alternative phrase "life, liberty and property", is found in the Declaration of Colonial Rights, a resolution of the First Continental Congress. Also, Article 3 of the [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] reads, "Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person". * The [[Bayanin haƙƙoƙin dan adam da na jama'a|Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]] (1789; France), one of the fundamental documents of the French Revolution, defined a set of individual rights and collective rights of the people. * The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (1785; United States), written by [[Thomas Jefferson]] in 1779, was a document that asserted the right of man to form a personal relationship with God free from interference by the state. * The United States Bill of Rights (1789–1791; United States), the first ten amendments of the United States Constitution specified rights of individuals in which government could not interfere, including the rights of free assembly, freedom of religion, trial by jury, and the right to keep and bear arms. * The Constitution of Poland-Lithuania (1791; Poland-Lithuania) was the first constitution in Europe, and second in the world. It built upon previous Polish law documents such as the Henrician Articles, as well as the US [[Kundin Tsarin Mulki|constitution]], and it too, specified many rights. * The [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] (1948) is an overarching set of standards by which governments, organisations and individuals would measure their behaviour towards each other.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2013}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The preamble declares that the "...recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of [[Ƴancin siyasa|freedom]], [[Adalci|justice]] and peace in the world..." * The [[Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam|European Convention on Human Rights]] (1950; Europe) was adopted under the auspices of the Council of Europe to protect [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|human rights]] and fundamental freedoms. * The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), a follow-up to the [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], concerns [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|civil and political rights]]. * The [[Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu|International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]] (1966), another follow-up to the [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], concerns [[Hakkin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu|economic, social and cultural rights]]. * The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982; Canada) was created to protect the rights of Canadian citizens from actions and policies of all levels of government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-12 |title=Learn about the Charter |url=https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/csj-sjc/rfc-dlc/ccrf-ccdl/learn-apprend.html |access-date=2019-02-02 |website=Canada's System of Justice |publisher=Department of Justice Canada}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (February 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> * The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2000) is one of the most recent proposed legal instruments concerning human rights. == Dubi kuma == * Bayanan haƙƙoƙi  '''Ƙungiyoyi:''' * [[Amnesty International]] * [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Mai kula da 'yancin Dan Adam]] * Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta Amurka [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fm294llqfv3ci5xogia9lunmnmspwo0 906383 906382 2026-08-23T04:34:26Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hakki''' sune ka'idoji [[doka]], zamantakewa, ko ka'idoji na [['Yanci]] ko haƙƙin; wato, haƙƙoƙi sune ka'idodin ƙa'idodi game da abin da aka ba da izini ga mutane ko kuma ya kamata ga mutane bisa ga wasu tsarin doka, yarjejeniyar zamantakewa, yo ƙa'idar ɗabi'a. Hakki muhimmiyar ra'ayi ce a cikin doka da ɗabi'a, musamman ƙa'idodin [[adalci]] da deontology. Tarihin rikice-Rikicin zamantakewa sau da yawa ya haɗa da ƙoƙari na bayyanawa da sake bayyana haƙƙoƙi. A cewar Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "yancin suna tsara nau'in gwamnatoci, abubuwan da ke cikin [[Doka|dokoki]], da kuma siffar ɗabi'a kamar yadda ake fahimta a halin yanzu". == Nau'o'in haƙƙoƙi == === Halitta da doka === [[Fayil:Brueghel_Jan_II_God_creating.jpg|alt=painting of dark gray skies with trees and water, and a human image, flying, with arms outstretched|right|thumb|Bisa ga wasu ra'ayoyi, wasu haƙƙoƙi sun samo asali ne daga alloli ko yanayi.]] * '''Haƙƙin halitta''' hakkoki ne waɗanda suke "na [[halitta]]" a ma'anar "ba na wucin gadi ba, ba na mutum ba", kamar yadda yake a cikin hakkoki da suka samo asali daga Yanayin ɗan adam ko daga umarnin allah. Su na duniya ne; wato, suna aiki ga dukkan mutane, kuma ba su fito ne daga dokokin kowane takamaiman al'umma ba. Dole ne su kasance, a nan a cikin kowane mutum, kuma ba za a iya cire su ba. Misali, an yi jayayya cewa mutane suna da ''<nowiki/>'[[RAYUWA|yancin rayuwa]]''.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/topics/c13jzr2m1mjt?page=2</ref> Wadannan wasu lokuta ana kiransu hakkoki na ɗabi'a ko hakkoki marasa izini. * '''Hakkin Shari'a''', akasin haka, sun dogara ne akan al'adun al'umma, [[Dokar|dokoki]], dokoki ko ayyukan majalisun dokoki. Misali na ''Hakkin doka'' shine haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a na ƴan ƙasa. Kasancewa ɗan ƙasa, da kansa, galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin tushen samun haƙƙin doka, kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "yancin samun haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙi". Hakkin shari'a Dangi lokacin ana kiransa haƙƙin jama'a ko haƙƙin doka kuma suna da alaƙa da al'adu da siyasa tunda sun dogara da takamaiman mahallin al'umma don samun ma'ana. Wasu masu tunani suna ganin haƙƙoƙi a ma'ana ɗaya kawai yayin da wasu suka yarda cewa duka hanyoyi biyu suna da ma'auni na inganci. An yi muhawara mai yawa game da waɗannan ma'anar a cikin tarihi. Alal misali, Jeremy Bentham ya yi imanin cewa haƙƙin doka shine ainihin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙoƙi, kuma ya musanta wanzuwar haƙƙin haƙƙi, yayin da [[Thomas Aquinas]] ya riƙe cewa haƙƙin da doka ta dace amma ba a kafa shi cikin dokar haƙƙin haƙƙa ba ne, amma kawai fuska ko ƙayyadaddun haƙƙin haƙki. === Da'awar da 'yanci === * H''A'' ''A''">da'awar haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙi ne wanda ke haifar da cewa wani mutum yana da aiki ga mai riƙe da haƙƙin. Wani dole ne ya yi ko ya guji yin wani a''B'' ga ko ga ''mai da'awar'', kamar yin hidima ko samar da samfurin a gare shi; wato, yana da'awar wannan sa''B'' ko samfurin (wani lokaci shine ''abu a cikin aiki''). <ref name="IEP">{{Cite web |title=Human Rights {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/hum-rts/ |access-date=2020-11-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin tunani, ana iya bayyana wannan ra'ayin kamar haka: "Mutumin A yana da da'awar cewa mutum B ya yi wani abu idan kuma kawai idan B yana da aikin A ya yi wannan abu. " Kowane da'awar-dama yana nufin cewa wani mai ɗaukar aiki dole ne ya yi wasu ayyuka don da'awar ta gamsu. Wannan aikin na iya zama yin aiki ko guje wa yin aiki. Misali, yankuna da yawa sun amince da haƙƙin da'awar abubuwa kamar "rayuwa, 'yanci, da dukiya"; waɗannan haƙƙoƙin suna ɗora wa wasu wajibai kada su kai hari ko hana mutum, ko amfani da dukiyarsu, ba tare da izinin mai da'awar ba. Hakazalika, a cikin hukunce-hukuncen da aka tabbatar da ayyukan jin dadin jama'a, 'yan ƙasa suna da' yancin da za a ba da waɗannan ayyukan. * H''A'' 'y''A'' ko ''gata'', akasin haka, ƴanci ne ko izini ga mai haƙƙin yin wani abu, kuma babu wani wajibai ga ''wasu'' jam'iyyun su yi ko a'a.<ref name="IEP" /> Ana iya bayyana wannan a cikin tunani kamar haka: "Mutum A yana da damar yin wani abu idan kuma kawai idan A ba shi da aikin kada ya yi wannan abu. " Misali, idan mutum yana da ƴancin yin shari'a ga' yancin magana, wannan kawai yana nufin cewa ba a haramta su yi magana da yardar rai ba: ba yana nufin cewa kowa ya taimaka wajen ba da damar yin magana, ko kuma ya saurari jawabin su; ko ma, da kansa, ya guje su daga yin magana, kodayake wasu hakkoki, kamar haƙƙin samun 'yanci daga kai musu hari, na iya hana su sosai. Haƙƙin ƴanci da' yancin da'awar sun saba da juna: mutum yana da' yanci wanda ke ba shi damar yin wani abu ne kawai idan babu wani mutum da ke da'awar da ke hana shi yin hakan. Hakazalika, idan mutum yana da'awar haƙƙin wani, to 'yancin wani yana da iyaka. Misali, mutum yana da 'yancin tafiya a kan titi kuma yana iya yanke shawara da yardar rai ko ya yi haka ko a'a, tunda babu wani wajibi ko dai ya yi haka yo kuma ya guji yin hakan. Amma masu tafiya na iya zama dole kada su yi tafiya a wasu ƙasashe, kamar dukiyar wasu mutane, wanda waɗancan sauran mutane ke da haƙƙin da'awar. Don haka 'yancin mutum na tafiya ya kai dai-dai har zuwa inda' yancin wani ya iyakance ƴancinsa. === Kyakkyawan da mara kyau === A wata ma'ana, haƙƙi izini ne don yin wani abu ko haƙƙin takamaiman sabis ko magani daga wasu, kuma ana kiran waɗannan haƙƙoƙin haƙƙoƙi masu kyau. Koyaya, a wata ma'ana, haƙƙoƙi na iya ba da izini ko buƙatar rashin aiki, kuma ana kiran waɗannan haƙƙoƙin da ba daidai ba; suna ba da izinin ko buƙatar yin komai. Misali, a wasu ƙasashe, misali [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], 'yan ƙasa suna da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a kuma suna da haƙƙoƙin ƙin ƙin jefa kuri'u; mutane na iya zaɓar ƙin jefa jefa kuri' a cikin zaɓen da aka ba su ba tare da hukunci ba. A wasu ƙasashe, misali [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], duk da haka, 'yan ƙasa suna da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a amma ba su da haƙƙin ƙyama na kada jefa kuri'u, tunda jefa kuri'aa tilas ne. Saboda haka: * '''Hakki masu kyau''' shine izinin yin abubuwa, ko kuma haƙƙin da za a yi wa. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai na haƙƙin kirki shine "yancin jin dadin".<ref name="tws21decgkfjf" /> * '''Hakki mara kyau''' shine izinin kada a yi abubuwa, ko kuma haƙƙin da za a bar shi kadai. Sau da yawa masu sassaucin ra'ayi suna kiran bambancin waɗanda ke tunanin haƙƙin da ba shi da kyau a matsayin haƙƙin da ya dace da rashin tsoma baki kamar haƙƙin da aka yi wa hari. Kodayake ana kiranta da irin wannan sunan, bai kamata a rikita haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da marasa kyau da haƙƙoƙin aiki ba (wanda ya haɗa da "birni" da "ikon") da haƙƙoƙin da ba a yarda da su ba (wanda ke haɗa da "ƙwarewa" da "rashin lafiya"). === Mutum da rukuni === * '''Hakkin mutum''' hakkoki ne da mutane ke riƙewa ba tare da la'akari da membobin rukuni ba ko rashin su. [[Fayil:Malian_Soldiers.jpg|alt=Soldiers lined up in a row, with green caps, carrying rifles|right|thumb|Shin kungiyoyi suna da 'yanci? Wasu suna jayayya cewa lokacin da sojoji suka haɗu a yaƙi, ƙungiyar ta zama kamar kwayar halitta a kanta kuma tana da haƙƙoƙin da suka fi haƙƙin kowane soja.]] * '''Group rights''', including the rights of nations, have been argued to exist when a group is seen as more than a mere composite or assembly of separate individuals but an entity in its own right. In other words, it is possible to see a group as a distinct being in and of itself; it is akin to an enlarged individual, a corporate body, which has a distinct will and power of action and can be thought of as having ''rights''. Rights of nations, including a national [[Ƙaddamar da kai|right to self-determination]] have been argued for, and a platoon of soldiers in combat can be thought of as a distinct group, since individual members are willing to risk their lives for the survival of the group, and therefore the group can be conceived as having a "right" which is superior to that of any individual member; for example, a soldier who disobeys an officer can be punished, perhaps even killed, for a breach of obedience. But there is another sense of group rights in which people who are members of a group can be thought of as having specific individual rights because of their membership in a group. In this sense, the set of rights which individuals-as-group-members have is expanded because of their membership in a group. For example, workers who are members of a group such as a labor union can be thought of as having expanded individual rights because of their membership in the labor union, such as the rights to specific working conditions or wages.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> There can be tension between individual and group rights. A classic instance in which group and individual rights clash is conflicts between unions and their members. For example, individual members of a union may wish a wage higher than the union-negotiated wage, but are prevented from making further requests; in a so-called closed shop which has a union security agreement, only the union has a ''right'' to decide matters for the individual union members such as wage rates. So, do the supposed "individual rights" of the workers prevail about the proper wage? Or do the "group rights" of the union regarding the proper wage prevail?{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The Austrian School of Economics holds that only individuals think, feel, and act whether or not members of any abstract group. The society should thus according to economists of the school be analyzed starting from the individual. This methodology is called methodological individualism and is used by the economists to justify [[Haƙƙoƙin Ƙungiya Da Ɗaiɗaikun Mutane|individual rights]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Similarly, the author [[Ayn Rand]] argued that only individuals have rights, according to her philosophy known as Objectivism. However, others have argued that there are situations in which a group of persons is thought to have rights, or ''group rights''. === Sauran hankula === Sauran bambance-bambance tsakanin haƙƙoƙi sun fi dacewa da haɗin tarihi ko kamanceceniya ta iyali fiye da ainihin bambance-mbance na falsafa. Wadannan sun hada da bambanci tsakanin 'yancin farar hula da na siyasa da' yancin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, tsakanin abin da ake rarraba sassan Universal Declaration of Human Rights sau da yawa. Wani ra'ayi na haƙƙin ya haɗa su cikin ƙarni uku. Wadannan bambance-bambance suna da alaƙa da wannan tsakanin haƙƙoƙi marasa kyau da masu kyau, da kuma tsakanin haƙƙoƙin mutum da haƙƙoƙcin rukuni, amma waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ba su da cikakkiyar haɗin kai. === Siyasa === [[Fayil:Man_being_arrested.jpg|alt=three police officers surround a man in a tee shirt who is handcuffed|right|thumb|Ana buƙatar jami'an 'yan sanda a Amurka su karanta gargadi na Miranda tsakanin kamawa da fara tambayoyi. Gargaɗin ya sanar da mutumin da aka kama cewa suna da haƙƙoƙin da aka haɗa a cikin Kwaskwarimar Biyar. Rashin "karanta Miranda" ya hana shaidar da aka samu da farko a cikin tambayoyin.]] [[Fayil:Occupy4Prisoners_Feb-20-2012_0081.jpg|right|thumb|Mai fafutukar kare hakkin fursunoni]] Yawancin lokaci ana haɗa haƙƙoƙin cikin tambayoyin tushe waɗanda aka tsara gwamnatoci da siyasa don magance su.  Sau da yawa ci gaban waɗannan cibiyoyin zamantakewa da siyasa sun ƙulla dangantaka ta yare da haƙƙoƙi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Hakkoki game da batutuwa na musamman, ko haƙƙin ƙungiyoyi na musamman, galibi wuraren da ke da damuwa na musamman.  Sau da yawa waɗannan damuwa suna tasowa ne lokacin da haƙƙoƙin suka yi karo da wasu batutuwa na shari'a ko na ɗabi'a, wani lokacin ma wasu haƙƙoƙi.  Abubuwan da ke damun su a tarihi sun haɗa da haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar, haƙƙin ƙwadago, haƙƙin LGBTQ, haƙƙin haifuwa, haƙƙin nakasa, haƙƙin haƙuri da haƙƙin fursunoni.  Tare da karuwar sa ido da jama'ar bayanai, haƙƙoƙin bayanai, kamar haƙƙin keɓantawa suna zama mafi mahimmanci.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Wasu misalai na kungiyoyin da hakkinsu ke da damuwa sun hada da Dabbobi, kuma tsakanin [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|mutane]], kungiyoyi kamar [[Haƙƙoƙin yara|yara]] <sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="430" href="./Mothers'_rights" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mothers' rights">uwaye\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Human Rights Watch says migrant children are at risk in Canary Islands\"<nowiki></a></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAjI\">The New York Times</i></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwAjM\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAjQ\">2009-12-21</span></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki>. <nowiki><q id=\"mwAjU\">They must immediately come up with a plan to close these centers,\" Simone Troller, author of the report and a children's rights researcher for Human Rights Watch in Europe, said in a telephone interview. \"While these centers continue to exist, we believe children continue to be at risk.</q></nowiki><nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-tws21decfsxsxd_8-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Rights#cite_note-tws21decfsxsxd-8 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> da [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|mata]], [[Yunkurin kare hakkin iyaye|Iyaye]] (mahaifiye da iyaye), da [[Kungiyar kare hakkin maza|maza]] da mata. Don haka, siyasa tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka ko kuma fahimtar haƙƙoƙin da ke sama, kuma tattaunawa game da ɗabi<nowiki>'un da aka haɗa a matsayin ''haƙƙi''</nowiki> batu ne na siyasa mai ci gaba mai mahimmanci.  Manufar haƙƙin ya bambanta da yanayin siyasa.  Haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin an fi ƙarfafa su sau da yawa.".{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Further, the term ''equality'' which is often bound up with the meaning of "rights" often depends on one's political orientation. [[Conservatism|Conservatives]] and right-wing libertarians and advocates of free markets often identify equality with equality of opportunity, and want what they perceive as equal and fair rules in the process of making things, while agreeing that sometimes these fair rules lead to unequal outcomes. In contrast, socialists see the power imbalance of employer-employee relationships in capitalism as a cause of inequality and often see unequal outcomes as a hindrance to equality of opportunity. They tend to identify equality of outcome as a sign of equality and therefore think that people have a right to portions of necessities such as [[Kula da lafiya|health care]] or economic assistance or [[Gida|housing]] that align with their needs. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="A blog post is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (February 2024)">better&nbsp;source&nbsp;needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Falsafa == A cikin [[Falsafa|falsafar]], Meta-da'a ita ce reshe na ɗabi'a wanda ke neman fahimtar yanayin ɗabi'ar ɗabi'u, maganganu, halayen, da hukunce-hukunce. Meta-ethics yana daya daga cikin rassa uku na ɗabi'a da [[Falsafa|masana falsafa]] suka gane, sauran su ne ɗabi'ar ka'idoji da ɗabi'an da aka yi amfani da shi. Duk da yake ka'idojin ka'idoji suna magance irin waɗannan tambayoyin kamar "Me ya kamata mutum ya yi?", don haka yana amincewa da wasu kimantawa na ka'idozi da ƙin wasu, meta-ethics yana magance tambayoyin kamar su "Mene ne nagarta?" da kuma "Ta yaya za mu iya gaya wa abin da ke da kyau daga menene mugunta?", neman fahimtar yanayin kaddarorin ka'idofi da kimantawa. Ka'idojin haƙƙoƙi amsar tambaya ce ta meta-da'a game da abin da ka'idojin ka'idoji ke damuwa da shi (meta-da'idoji kuma sun haɗa da ƙungiyar tambayoyi game da yadda ka'idozi suka zama sanannun, gaskiya, da dai sauransu wanda ba a magance shi kai tsaye ta hanyar ka'idocin haƙƙo'i ba). Ka'idojin haƙƙoƙi suna riƙe da cewa ka'idojin ka'idoji sun damu da haƙƙofo. Sauran ra'ayoyin meta-da'a sune cewa ɗabi'a ta damu da ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan: * Ayyuka (da'aikatar) * Darajar (axiology) * Kyakkyawan dabi'a * Sakamakon (consequentialism, misali utilitarianism) Ka'idojin haƙƙin mallaka sun yi tasiri sosai a kan tunanin siyasa da zamantakewa. Sanarwar Universal Declaration of Human Rights ta ba da wasu misalai na haƙƙin da aka yarda da shi. === Rashin amincewa === Some philosophers have criticised some rights as [[Ontology|ontologically]] dubious entities.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Magna_Carta_(British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106).jpg|right|thumb|''Magna Carta'' ko "The Great Charter" yana ɗaya daga cikin takardun farko na Ingila waɗanda ke ɗauke da alkawuran da sarki ya yi wa mutanensa don mutunta wasu haƙƙoƙin doka. Ya rage ikon sarki.]] [[Fayil:Declaration_of_Human_Rights.jpg|alt=Picture of a painting; the painting is of a written declaration; there are two human images to the left and right; it says "Declaration des droits de l'homme" (declaration of the rights of man)|right|thumb|Sanarwar 'Yancin Mutum da na Dan kasa a cikin 1789 a [[Faransa]]]] Takamaiman lissafin haƙƙoƙi ya bambanta sosai a lokuta daban-daban na tarihi. A lokuta da yawa, tsarin haƙƙin da wata kungiya ta gabatar ya shiga cikin rikici mai tsanani da na wasu kungiyoyi. A fannin siyasa, wurin da haƙƙoƙi suka kasance muhimmiyar matsala a tarihi, tanadin kundin tsarin mulki na jihohi daban-daban wani lokacin suna magance tambayar wanda ke da haƙƙin doka. A tarihi, ra'ayoyi da yawa na haƙƙoƙi sun kasance masu iko da Matsayi, tare da mutane daban-daban da aka ba su haƙƙofo daban-daban, kuma wasu suna da haƙƙoƙe fiye da wasu. Misali, haƙƙin uba da ɗansa ya girmama shi bai nuna haƙƙin ɗa ya karɓi wani abu ba don dawo da wannan girmamawa; kuma [[Divine right of kings|Hakkin allahntaka na sarakuna]], wanda ya ba da izinin cikakken iko a kan talakawa, bai bar yiwuwar haƙƙoƙi da yawa ga talakawa da kansu ba. Sabanin haka, ra'ayoyin zamani na haƙƙoƙi galibi suna jaddada [['yanci]] da [[Daidaitawa|daidaito]] a cikin mahimman al'amuran haƙƙofofi, kamar yadda ya bayyana a cikin juyin juya halin Amurka da Faransa. Muhimman takardu a cikin Tarihin siyasa na haƙƙoƙi sun haɗa da: * The [[Daular Achaemenid|Persian Empire]] of [[Tarihin Iran|ancient Iran]] established unprecedented principles of [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|human rights]] in the 6th century BC under [[Cyrus the Great]]. After his conquest of Babylon in 539 BC, the king issued the Cyrus cylinder, discovered in 1879 and seen by some today as the first human rights document.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The First Global Statement of the Inherent Dignity and Equality |url=https://www.un.org/events/humanrights/2008/history.shtml |access-date=2010-09-13 |publisher=United Nations |ref=UN-HumanRightsDay}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last3=Paul Gordon Lauren}}</ref> * The Constitution of Medina (622 AD; Arabia) instituted a number of rights for the Muslim, Jewish, camp followers and "believers" of Medina. * ''Magna Carta'' (1215; [[Ingila|England]]) required the King of England to renounce certain rights and respect certain legal procedures, and to accept that the will of the king could be bound by law, after King John promised his barons he would follow the "law of the land". While ''Magna Carta'' was originally a set of rules that the king had to follow, and mainly protected the property of aristocratic landowners, today it is seen as the basis of certain rights for ordinary people, such as the right of due process. * The Declaration of Arbroath (1320; [[Scotland]]) established the right of the people to choose a head of state (see popular sovereignty). * The Henrician Articles (1573; Poland-Lithuania) or King Henry's Articles were a permanent contract that stated the fundamental principles of governance and constitutional law in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, including the rights of the nobility to elect the king, to meet in parliament whose approval was required to levy taxes and declare war or peace, to religious liberty and the right to rebel in case the king transgressed against the laws of the republic or the rights of the nobility. * The Bill of Rights (1689; England) declared that Englishmen, as embodied by Parliament, possess certain civil and political rights; the Claim of Right (1689; Scotland) was similar but distinct. * The Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776) by George Mason declared the inherent natural rights and [[Rarabewar iko|separation of powers]]. * The United States Declaration of Independence (1776) succinctly defined the rights of man as including, but not limited to, "Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" which later influenced "{{Lang|fr|[[liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" (liberty, equality, fraternity) in France.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Rand Dyck}}</ref> The phrase can also be found in Chapter III, Article 13 of the 1947 Constitution of Japan,<ref>{{Cite web |title=1947 Japanese Constitution |url=http://history.hanover.edu/texts/1947con.html |website=Hanover Historical Texts Collection |publisher=Hanover College History Department}}</ref>  and in President Ho Chi Minh's 1945 declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vietnamese Declaration of Independence, 1945 |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1945vietnam.html |website=Internet History Sourcebooks Project}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (February 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> An alternative phrase "life, liberty and property", is found in the Declaration of Colonial Rights, a resolution of the First Continental Congress. Also, Article 3 of the [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] reads, "Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person". * The [[Bayanin haƙƙoƙin dan adam da na jama'a|Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]] (1789; France), one of the fundamental documents of the French Revolution, defined a set of individual rights and collective rights of the people. * The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (1785; United States), written by [[Thomas Jefferson]] in 1779, was a document that asserted the right of man to form a personal relationship with God free from interference by the state. * The United States Bill of Rights (1789–1791; United States), the first ten amendments of the United States Constitution specified rights of individuals in which government could not interfere, including the rights of free assembly, freedom of religion, trial by jury, and the right to keep and bear arms. * The Constitution of Poland-Lithuania (1791; Poland-Lithuania) was the first constitution in Europe, and second in the world. It built upon previous Polish law documents such as the Henrician Articles, as well as the US [[Kundin Tsarin Mulki|constitution]], and it too, specified many rights. * The [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] (1948) is an overarching set of standards by which governments, organisations and individuals would measure their behaviour towards each other.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2013}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The preamble declares that the "...recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of [[Ƴancin siyasa|freedom]], [[Adalci|justice]] and peace in the world..." * The [[Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam|European Convention on Human Rights]] (1950; Europe) was adopted under the auspices of the Council of Europe to protect [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|human rights]] and fundamental freedoms. * The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), a follow-up to the [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], concerns [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|civil and political rights]]. * The [[Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu|International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]] (1966), another follow-up to the [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], concerns [[Hakkin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu|economic, social and cultural rights]]. * The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982; Canada) was created to protect the rights of Canadian citizens from actions and policies of all levels of government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-12 |title=Learn about the Charter |url=https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/csj-sjc/rfc-dlc/ccrf-ccdl/learn-apprend.html |access-date=2019-02-02 |website=Canada's System of Justice |publisher=Department of Justice Canada}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (February 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> * The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2000) is one of the most recent proposed legal instruments concerning human rights. == Dubi kuma == * Bayanan haƙƙoƙi  '''Ƙungiyoyi:''' * [[Amnesty International]] * [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Mai kula da 'yancin Dan Adam]] * Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta Amurka [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1cnvg98vmsz2rd5sgo5esoavi1fg400 906384 906383 2026-08-23T04:35:19Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hakki''' sune ka'idoji [[doka]], zamantakewa, ko ka'idoji na [['Yanci]] ko haƙƙin; wato, haƙƙoƙi sune ka'idodin ƙa'idodi game da abin da aka ba da izini ga mutane ko kuma ya kamata ga mutane bisa ga wasu tsarin doka, yarjejeniyar zamantakewa, yo ƙa'idar ɗabi'a. Hakki muhimmiyar ra'ayi ce a cikin doka da ɗabi'a, musamman ƙa'idodin [[adalci]] da deontology. Tarihin rikice-Rikicin zamantakewa sau da yawa ya haɗa da ƙoƙari na bayyanawa da sake bayyana haƙƙoƙi. A cewar Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "yancin suna tsara nau'in gwamnatoci, abubuwan da ke cikin [[Doka|dokoki]], da kuma siffar ɗabi'a kamar yadda ake fahimta a halin yanzu". == Nau'o'in haƙƙoƙi == === Halitta da doka === [[Fayil:Brueghel_Jan_II_God_creating.jpg|alt=painting of dark gray skies with trees and water, and a human image, flying, with arms outstretched|right|thumb|Bisa ga wasu ra'ayoyi, wasu haƙƙoƙi sun samo asali ne daga alloli ko yanayi.]] * '''Haƙƙin halitta''' hakkoki ne waɗanda suke "na [[halitta]]" a ma'anar "ba na wucin gadi ba, ba na mutum ba", kamar yadda yake a cikin hakkoki da suka samo asali daga Yanayin ɗan adam ko daga umarnin allah. Su na duniya ne; wato, suna aiki ga dukkan mutane, kuma ba su fito ne daga dokokin kowane takamaiman al'umma ba. Dole ne su kasance, a nan a cikin kowane mutum, kuma ba za a iya cire su ba. Misali, an yi jayayya cewa mutane suna da ''<nowiki/>'[[RAYUWA|yancin rayuwa]]''.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/topics/c13jzr2m1mjt?page=2</ref> Wadannan wasu lokuta ana kiransu hakkoki na ɗabi'a ko hakkoki marasa izini. * '''Hakkin Shari'a''', akasin haka, sun dogara ne akan al'adun al'umma, [[Dokar|dokoki]], dokoki ko ayyukan majalisun dokoki. Misali na ''Hakkin doka'' shine haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a na ƴan ƙasa. Kasancewa ɗan ƙasa, da kansa, galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin tushen samun haƙƙin doka, kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "yancin samun haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙi". Hakkin shari'a Dangi lokacin ana kiransa haƙƙin jama'a ko haƙƙin doka kuma suna da alaƙa da al'adu da siyasa tunda sun dogara da takamaiman mahallin al'umma don samun ma'ana. Wasu masu tunani suna ganin haƙƙoƙi a ma'ana ɗaya kawai yayin da wasu suka yarda cewa duka hanyoyi biyu suna da ma'auni na inganci. An yi muhawara mai yawa game da waɗannan ma'anar a cikin tarihi. Alal misali, Jeremy Bentham ya yi imanin cewa haƙƙin doka shine ainihin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙoƙi, kuma ya musanta wanzuwar haƙƙin haƙƙi, yayin da [[Thomas Aquinas]] ya riƙe cewa haƙƙin da doka ta dace amma ba a kafa shi cikin dokar haƙƙin haƙƙa ba ne, amma kawai fuska ko ƙayyadaddun haƙƙin haƙki. === Da'awar da 'yanci === * H''A'' ''A''">da'awar haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙi ne wanda ke haifar da cewa wani mutum yana da aiki ga mai riƙe da haƙƙin. Wani dole ne ya yi ko ya guji yin wani a''B'' ga ko ga ''mai da'awar'', kamar yin hidima ko samar da samfurin a gare shi; wato, yana da'awar wannan sa''B'' ko samfurin (wani lokaci shine ''abu a cikin aiki''). <ref name="IEP">{{Cite web |title=Human Rights {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/hum-rts/ |access-date=2020-11-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin tunani, ana iya bayyana wannan ra'ayin kamar haka: "Mutumin A yana da da'awar cewa mutum B ya yi wani abu idan kuma kawai idan B yana da aikin A ya yi wannan abu. " Kowane da'awar-dama yana nufin cewa wani mai ɗaukar aiki dole ne ya yi wasu ayyuka don da'awar ta gamsu. Wannan aikin na iya zama yin aiki ko guje wa yin aiki. Misali, yankuna da yawa sun amince da haƙƙin da'awar abubuwa kamar "rayuwa, 'yanci, da dukiya"; waɗannan haƙƙoƙin suna ɗora wa wasu wajibai kada su kai hari ko hana mutum, ko amfani da dukiyarsu, ba tare da izinin mai da'awar ba. Hakazalika, a cikin hukunce-hukuncen da aka tabbatar da ayyukan jin dadin jama'a, 'yan ƙasa suna da' yancin da za a ba da waɗannan ayyukan. * H''A'' 'y''A'' ko ''gata'', akasin haka, ƴanci ne ko izini ga mai haƙƙin yin wani abu, kuma babu wani wajibai ga ''wasu'' jam'iyyun su yi ko a'a.<ref name="IEP" /> Ana iya bayyana wannan a cikin tunani kamar haka: "Mutum A yana da damar yin wani abu idan kuma kawai idan A ba shi da aikin kada ya yi wannan abu. " Misali, idan mutum yana da ƴancin yin shari'a ga' yancin magana, wannan kawai yana nufin cewa ba a haramta su yi magana da yardar rai ba: ba yana nufin cewa kowa ya taimaka wajen ba da damar yin magana, ko kuma ya saurari jawabin su; ko ma, da kansa, ya guje su daga yin magana, kodayake wasu hakkoki, kamar haƙƙin samun 'yanci daga kai musu hari, na iya hana su sosai. Haƙƙin ƴanci da' yancin da'awar sun saba da juna: mutum yana da' yanci wanda ke ba shi damar yin wani abu ne kawai idan babu wani mutum da ke da'awar da ke hana shi yin hakan. Hakazalika, idan mutum yana da'awar haƙƙin wani, to ƴancin wani yana da iyaka. Misali, mutum yana da 'yancin tafiya a kan titi kuma yana iya yanke shawara da yardar rai ko ya yi haka ko a'a, tunda babu wani wajibi ko dai ya yi haka yo kuma ya guji yin hakan. Amma masu tafiya na iya zama dole kada su yi tafiya a wasu ƙasashe, kamar dukiyar wasu mutane, wanda kuma waɗancan sauran mutane ke da haƙƙin da'awar. Don haka 'yancin mutum na tafiya ya kai dai-dai har zuwa inda' yancin wani ya iyakance ƴancinsa. === Kyakkyawan da mara kyau === A wata ma'ana, haƙƙi izini ne don yin wani abu ko haƙƙin takamaiman sabis ko magani daga wasu, kuma ana kiran waɗannan haƙƙoƙin haƙƙoƙi masu kyau. Koyaya, a wata ma'ana, haƙƙoƙi na iya ba da izini ko buƙatar rashin aiki, kuma ana kiran waɗannan haƙƙoƙin da ba daidai ba; suna ba da izinin ko buƙatar yin komai. Misali, a wasu ƙasashe, misali [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], 'yan ƙasa suna da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a kuma suna da haƙƙoƙin ƙin ƙin jefa kuri'u; mutane na iya zaɓar ƙin jefa jefa kuri' a cikin zaɓen da aka ba su ba tare da hukunci ba. A wasu ƙasashe, misali [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], duk da haka, 'yan ƙasa suna da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a amma ba su da haƙƙin ƙyama na kada jefa kuri'u, tunda jefa kuri'aa tilas ne. Saboda haka: * '''Hakki masu kyau''' shine izinin yin abubuwa, ko kuma haƙƙin da za a yi wa. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai na haƙƙin kirki shine "yancin jin dadin".<ref name="tws21decgkfjf" /> * '''Hakki mara kyau''' shine izinin kada a yi abubuwa, ko kuma haƙƙin da za a bar shi kadai. Sau da yawa masu sassaucin ra'ayi suna kiran bambancin waɗanda ke tunanin haƙƙin da ba shi da kyau a matsayin haƙƙin da ya dace da rashin tsoma baki kamar haƙƙin da aka yi wa hari. Kodayake ana kiranta da irin wannan sunan, bai kamata a rikita haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da marasa kyau da haƙƙoƙin aiki ba (wanda ya haɗa da "birni" da "ikon") da haƙƙoƙin da ba a yarda da su ba (wanda ke haɗa da "ƙwarewa" da "rashin lafiya"). === Mutum da rukuni === * '''Hakkin mutum''' hakkoki ne da mutane ke riƙewa ba tare da la'akari da membobin rukuni ba ko rashin su. [[Fayil:Malian_Soldiers.jpg|alt=Soldiers lined up in a row, with green caps, carrying rifles|right|thumb|Shin kungiyoyi suna da 'yanci? Wasu suna jayayya cewa lokacin da sojoji suka haɗu a yaƙi, ƙungiyar ta zama kamar kwayar halitta a kanta kuma tana da haƙƙoƙin da suka fi haƙƙin kowane soja.]] * '''Group rights''', including the rights of nations, have been argued to exist when a group is seen as more than a mere composite or assembly of separate individuals but an entity in its own right. In other words, it is possible to see a group as a distinct being in and of itself; it is akin to an enlarged individual, a corporate body, which has a distinct will and power of action and can be thought of as having ''rights''. Rights of nations, including a national [[Ƙaddamar da kai|right to self-determination]] have been argued for, and a platoon of soldiers in combat can be thought of as a distinct group, since individual members are willing to risk their lives for the survival of the group, and therefore the group can be conceived as having a "right" which is superior to that of any individual member; for example, a soldier who disobeys an officer can be punished, perhaps even killed, for a breach of obedience. But there is another sense of group rights in which people who are members of a group can be thought of as having specific individual rights because of their membership in a group. In this sense, the set of rights which individuals-as-group-members have is expanded because of their membership in a group. For example, workers who are members of a group such as a labor union can be thought of as having expanded individual rights because of their membership in the labor union, such as the rights to specific working conditions or wages.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> There can be tension between individual and group rights. A classic instance in which group and individual rights clash is conflicts between unions and their members. For example, individual members of a union may wish a wage higher than the union-negotiated wage, but are prevented from making further requests; in a so-called closed shop which has a union security agreement, only the union has a ''right'' to decide matters for the individual union members such as wage rates. So, do the supposed "individual rights" of the workers prevail about the proper wage? Or do the "group rights" of the union regarding the proper wage prevail?{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The Austrian School of Economics holds that only individuals think, feel, and act whether or not members of any abstract group. The society should thus according to economists of the school be analyzed starting from the individual. This methodology is called methodological individualism and is used by the economists to justify [[Haƙƙoƙin Ƙungiya Da Ɗaiɗaikun Mutane|individual rights]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Similarly, the author [[Ayn Rand]] argued that only individuals have rights, according to her philosophy known as Objectivism. However, others have argued that there are situations in which a group of persons is thought to have rights, or ''group rights''. === Sauran hankula === Sauran bambance-bambance tsakanin haƙƙoƙi sun fi dacewa da haɗin tarihi ko kamanceceniya ta iyali fiye da ainihin bambance-mbance na falsafa. Wadannan sun hada da bambanci tsakanin 'yancin farar hula da na siyasa da' yancin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, tsakanin abin da ake rarraba sassan Universal Declaration of Human Rights sau da yawa. Wani ra'ayi na haƙƙin ya haɗa su cikin ƙarni uku. Wadannan bambance-bambance suna da alaƙa da wannan tsakanin haƙƙoƙi marasa kyau da masu kyau, da kuma tsakanin haƙƙoƙin mutum da haƙƙoƙcin rukuni, amma waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ba su da cikakkiyar haɗin kai. === Siyasa === [[Fayil:Man_being_arrested.jpg|alt=three police officers surround a man in a tee shirt who is handcuffed|right|thumb|Ana buƙatar jami'an 'yan sanda a Amurka su karanta gargadi na Miranda tsakanin kamawa da fara tambayoyi. Gargaɗin ya sanar da mutumin da aka kama cewa suna da haƙƙoƙin da aka haɗa a cikin Kwaskwarimar Biyar. Rashin "karanta Miranda" ya hana shaidar da aka samu da farko a cikin tambayoyin.]] [[Fayil:Occupy4Prisoners_Feb-20-2012_0081.jpg|right|thumb|Mai fafutukar kare hakkin fursunoni]] Yawancin lokaci ana haɗa haƙƙoƙin cikin tambayoyin tushe waɗanda aka tsara gwamnatoci da siyasa don magance su.  Sau da yawa ci gaban waɗannan cibiyoyin zamantakewa da siyasa sun ƙulla dangantaka ta yare da haƙƙoƙi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Hakkoki game da batutuwa na musamman, ko haƙƙin ƙungiyoyi na musamman, galibi wuraren da ke da damuwa na musamman.  Sau da yawa waɗannan damuwa suna tasowa ne lokacin da haƙƙoƙin suka yi karo da wasu batutuwa na shari'a ko na ɗabi'a, wani lokacin ma wasu haƙƙoƙi.  Abubuwan da ke damun su a tarihi sun haɗa da haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar, haƙƙin ƙwadago, haƙƙin LGBTQ, haƙƙin haifuwa, haƙƙin nakasa, haƙƙin haƙuri da haƙƙin fursunoni.  Tare da karuwar sa ido da jama'ar bayanai, haƙƙoƙin bayanai, kamar haƙƙin keɓantawa suna zama mafi mahimmanci.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Wasu misalai na kungiyoyin da hakkinsu ke da damuwa sun hada da Dabbobi, kuma tsakanin [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|mutane]], kungiyoyi kamar [[Haƙƙoƙin yara|yara]] <sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="430" href="./Mothers'_rights" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mothers' rights">uwaye\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Human Rights Watch says migrant children are at risk in Canary Islands\"<nowiki></a></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAjI\">The New York Times</i></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwAjM\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAjQ\">2009-12-21</span></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki>. <nowiki><q id=\"mwAjU\">They must immediately come up with a plan to close these centers,\" Simone Troller, author of the report and a children's rights researcher for Human Rights Watch in Europe, said in a telephone interview. \"While these centers continue to exist, we believe children continue to be at risk.</q></nowiki><nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-tws21decfsxsxd_8-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Rights#cite_note-tws21decfsxsxd-8 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> da [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|mata]], [[Yunkurin kare hakkin iyaye|Iyaye]] (mahaifiye da iyaye), da [[Kungiyar kare hakkin maza|maza]] da mata. Don haka, siyasa tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka ko kuma fahimtar haƙƙoƙin da ke sama, kuma tattaunawa game da ɗabi<nowiki>'un da aka haɗa a matsayin ''haƙƙi''</nowiki> batu ne na siyasa mai ci gaba mai mahimmanci.  Manufar haƙƙin ya bambanta da yanayin siyasa.  Haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin an fi ƙarfafa su sau da yawa.".{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Further, the term ''equality'' which is often bound up with the meaning of "rights" often depends on one's political orientation. [[Conservatism|Conservatives]] and right-wing libertarians and advocates of free markets often identify equality with equality of opportunity, and want what they perceive as equal and fair rules in the process of making things, while agreeing that sometimes these fair rules lead to unequal outcomes. In contrast, socialists see the power imbalance of employer-employee relationships in capitalism as a cause of inequality and often see unequal outcomes as a hindrance to equality of opportunity. They tend to identify equality of outcome as a sign of equality and therefore think that people have a right to portions of necessities such as [[Kula da lafiya|health care]] or economic assistance or [[Gida|housing]] that align with their needs. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="A blog post is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (February 2024)">better&nbsp;source&nbsp;needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Falsafa == A cikin [[Falsafa|falsafar]], Meta-da'a ita ce reshe na ɗabi'a wanda ke neman fahimtar yanayin ɗabi'ar ɗabi'u, maganganu, halayen, da hukunce-hukunce. Meta-ethics yana daya daga cikin rassa uku na ɗabi'a da [[Falsafa|masana falsafa]] suka gane, sauran su ne ɗabi'ar ka'idoji da ɗabi'an da aka yi amfani da shi. Duk da yake ka'idojin ka'idoji suna magance irin waɗannan tambayoyin kamar "Me ya kamata mutum ya yi?", don haka yana amincewa da wasu kimantawa na ka'idozi da ƙin wasu, meta-ethics yana magance tambayoyin kamar su "Mene ne nagarta?" da kuma "Ta yaya za mu iya gaya wa abin da ke da kyau daga menene mugunta?", neman fahimtar yanayin kaddarorin ka'idofi da kimantawa. Ka'idojin haƙƙoƙi amsar tambaya ce ta meta-da'a game da abin da ka'idojin ka'idoji ke damuwa da shi (meta-da'idoji kuma sun haɗa da ƙungiyar tambayoyi game da yadda ka'idozi suka zama sanannun, gaskiya, da dai sauransu wanda ba a magance shi kai tsaye ta hanyar ka'idocin haƙƙo'i ba). Ka'idojin haƙƙoƙi suna riƙe da cewa ka'idojin ka'idoji sun damu da haƙƙofo. Sauran ra'ayoyin meta-da'a sune cewa ɗabi'a ta damu da ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan: * Ayyuka (da'aikatar) * Darajar (axiology) * Kyakkyawan dabi'a * Sakamakon (consequentialism, misali utilitarianism) Ka'idojin haƙƙin mallaka sun yi tasiri sosai a kan tunanin siyasa da zamantakewa. Sanarwar Universal Declaration of Human Rights ta ba da wasu misalai na haƙƙin da aka yarda da shi. === Rashin amincewa === Some philosophers have criticised some rights as [[Ontology|ontologically]] dubious entities.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Magna_Carta_(British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106).jpg|right|thumb|''Magna Carta'' ko "The Great Charter" yana ɗaya daga cikin takardun farko na Ingila waɗanda ke ɗauke da alkawuran da sarki ya yi wa mutanensa don mutunta wasu haƙƙoƙin doka. Ya rage ikon sarki.]] [[Fayil:Declaration_of_Human_Rights.jpg|alt=Picture of a painting; the painting is of a written declaration; there are two human images to the left and right; it says "Declaration des droits de l'homme" (declaration of the rights of man)|right|thumb|Sanarwar 'Yancin Mutum da na Dan kasa a cikin 1789 a [[Faransa]]]] Takamaiman lissafin haƙƙoƙi ya bambanta sosai a lokuta daban-daban na tarihi. A lokuta da yawa, tsarin haƙƙin da wata kungiya ta gabatar ya shiga cikin rikici mai tsanani da na wasu kungiyoyi. A fannin siyasa, wurin da haƙƙoƙi suka kasance muhimmiyar matsala a tarihi, tanadin kundin tsarin mulki na jihohi daban-daban wani lokacin suna magance tambayar wanda ke da haƙƙin doka. A tarihi, ra'ayoyi da yawa na haƙƙoƙi sun kasance masu iko da Matsayi, tare da mutane daban-daban da aka ba su haƙƙofo daban-daban, kuma wasu suna da haƙƙoƙe fiye da wasu. Misali, haƙƙin uba da ɗansa ya girmama shi bai nuna haƙƙin ɗa ya karɓi wani abu ba don dawo da wannan girmamawa; kuma [[Divine right of kings|Hakkin allahntaka na sarakuna]], wanda ya ba da izinin cikakken iko a kan talakawa, bai bar yiwuwar haƙƙoƙi da yawa ga talakawa da kansu ba. Sabanin haka, ra'ayoyin zamani na haƙƙoƙi galibi suna jaddada [['yanci]] da [[Daidaitawa|daidaito]] a cikin mahimman al'amuran haƙƙofofi, kamar yadda ya bayyana a cikin juyin juya halin Amurka da Faransa. Muhimman takardu a cikin Tarihin siyasa na haƙƙoƙi sun haɗa da: * The [[Daular Achaemenid|Persian Empire]] of [[Tarihin Iran|ancient Iran]] established unprecedented principles of [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|human rights]] in the 6th century BC under [[Cyrus the Great]]. After his conquest of Babylon in 539 BC, the king issued the Cyrus cylinder, discovered in 1879 and seen by some today as the first human rights document.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The First Global Statement of the Inherent Dignity and Equality |url=https://www.un.org/events/humanrights/2008/history.shtml |access-date=2010-09-13 |publisher=United Nations |ref=UN-HumanRightsDay}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last3=Paul Gordon Lauren}}</ref> * The Constitution of Medina (622 AD; Arabia) instituted a number of rights for the Muslim, Jewish, camp followers and "believers" of Medina. * ''Magna Carta'' (1215; [[Ingila|England]]) required the King of England to renounce certain rights and respect certain legal procedures, and to accept that the will of the king could be bound by law, after King John promised his barons he would follow the "law of the land". While ''Magna Carta'' was originally a set of rules that the king had to follow, and mainly protected the property of aristocratic landowners, today it is seen as the basis of certain rights for ordinary people, such as the right of due process. * The Declaration of Arbroath (1320; [[Scotland]]) established the right of the people to choose a head of state (see popular sovereignty). * The Henrician Articles (1573; Poland-Lithuania) or King Henry's Articles were a permanent contract that stated the fundamental principles of governance and constitutional law in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, including the rights of the nobility to elect the king, to meet in parliament whose approval was required to levy taxes and declare war or peace, to religious liberty and the right to rebel in case the king transgressed against the laws of the republic or the rights of the nobility. * The Bill of Rights (1689; England) declared that Englishmen, as embodied by Parliament, possess certain civil and political rights; the Claim of Right (1689; Scotland) was similar but distinct. * The Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776) by George Mason declared the inherent natural rights and [[Rarabewar iko|separation of powers]]. * The United States Declaration of Independence (1776) succinctly defined the rights of man as including, but not limited to, "Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" which later influenced "{{Lang|fr|[[liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" (liberty, equality, fraternity) in France.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Rand Dyck}}</ref> The phrase can also be found in Chapter III, Article 13 of the 1947 Constitution of Japan,<ref>{{Cite web |title=1947 Japanese Constitution |url=http://history.hanover.edu/texts/1947con.html |website=Hanover Historical Texts Collection |publisher=Hanover College History Department}}</ref>  and in President Ho Chi Minh's 1945 declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vietnamese Declaration of Independence, 1945 |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1945vietnam.html |website=Internet History Sourcebooks Project}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (February 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> An alternative phrase "life, liberty and property", is found in the Declaration of Colonial Rights, a resolution of the First Continental Congress. Also, Article 3 of the [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] reads, "Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person". * The [[Bayanin haƙƙoƙin dan adam da na jama'a|Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]] (1789; France), one of the fundamental documents of the French Revolution, defined a set of individual rights and collective rights of the people. * The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (1785; United States), written by [[Thomas Jefferson]] in 1779, was a document that asserted the right of man to form a personal relationship with God free from interference by the state. * The United States Bill of Rights (1789–1791; United States), the first ten amendments of the United States Constitution specified rights of individuals in which government could not interfere, including the rights of free assembly, freedom of religion, trial by jury, and the right to keep and bear arms. * The Constitution of Poland-Lithuania (1791; Poland-Lithuania) was the first constitution in Europe, and second in the world. It built upon previous Polish law documents such as the Henrician Articles, as well as the US [[Kundin Tsarin Mulki|constitution]], and it too, specified many rights. * The [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] (1948) is an overarching set of standards by which governments, organisations and individuals would measure their behaviour towards each other.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2013}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The preamble declares that the "...recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of [[Ƴancin siyasa|freedom]], [[Adalci|justice]] and peace in the world..." * The [[Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam|European Convention on Human Rights]] (1950; Europe) was adopted under the auspices of the Council of Europe to protect [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|human rights]] and fundamental freedoms. * The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), a follow-up to the [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], concerns [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|civil and political rights]]. * The [[Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu|International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]] (1966), another follow-up to the [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], concerns [[Hakkin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu|economic, social and cultural rights]]. * The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982; Canada) was created to protect the rights of Canadian citizens from actions and policies of all levels of government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-12 |title=Learn about the Charter |url=https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/csj-sjc/rfc-dlc/ccrf-ccdl/learn-apprend.html |access-date=2019-02-02 |website=Canada's System of Justice |publisher=Department of Justice Canada}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (February 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> * The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2000) is one of the most recent proposed legal instruments concerning human rights. == Dubi kuma == * Bayanan haƙƙoƙi  '''Ƙungiyoyi:''' * [[Amnesty International]] * [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Mai kula da 'yancin Dan Adam]] * Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta Amurka [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0w1ufedm43arsdjdatzlu29x2giizgw 0 16373 906353 794772 2026-08-22T23:57:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:António Sousa Lara 2020-01-06.png|thumb|hotpn Antonio lara]] [[Fayil:António Sousa Lara.jpg|thumb|Lara Sousa yayin da yake jawabi]] '''Lara Sousa ita''' ma '''Lara de Sousa''' ' yar fim ce ta Mozambik.<ref name=ONavio/><ref name=BC>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britishcouncil.org/arts/sub-saharan-africa/colabnownow/2019 |title=ColabNowNow 2019 |publisher=British Council |access-date=November 17, 2020 |archive-date=November 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121141412/https://www.britishcouncil.org/arts/sub-saharan-africa/colabnownow/2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai shirya shirye-shirye na DOCKANEMA Documentary Festival na [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] na wasu shekaru kuma ta kasance cikin ayyukan zamantakewa da ci gaba, tana mai da hankalin binciken ta kan batun jinsi, 'yancin ɗan adam da sauransu.<ref name=Fin/> == Karatu == Sousa tana da digiri na musamman a Documentary Direction, wanda taa samu daga Makarantar Ciniki ta Duniya da Talabijin (EICTV) ta San Antonio de los Baños, [[Cuba]] . Ta kuma karanci ilimin Anthropology a ISCTE, [[Portugal]] da UCM, [[Ispaniya|Spain]], wadanda suka kware a Visual Anthropology.<ref name=Fin/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://miradasdoc.com/mdoc2019/portfolio_page/o-navio-e-o-mar/?lang=en |title=O Navio E O MAR / 81' / DIGITAL 4K |publisher=Miradasdoc |access-date=November 18, 2020 |archive-date=November 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121141401/https://miradasdoc.com/mdoc2019/portfolio_page/o-navio-e-o-mar/?lang=en |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == A cikin 2017, ta rubuta, ta ba da umarni da kuma gabatar da shirin koyar da harshen Spanish, ''La Finca del Miedo'' (gonar tsoro), wanda IECTV, [[Cuba|Cuba ta samar]].<ref name=La>{{Cite web |url=https://www.berlinale-talents.de/bt/project/profile/228964 |title=La Finca del Miedo |publisher=Berlinale Talents |access-date=November 17, 2020}}</ref> A cikin 2018, ta bada umarnin fim din ''Fin'' (End), wanda aka sake shi a Cuba.<ref name=Fin>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ethnofest.gr/film/fin/ |title=Fin |publisher=Ethnofest |access-date=November 17, 2020 |archive-date=September 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927050221/https://www.ethnofest.gr/film/fin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An zabi shirin fim din, ''Ship da kuma Tekun'' ( Fotigal: ''O Navio eo Mar'' ), wanda ta hada kai da Matheus Mello, kuma suka hada kai tare da Everlane Moraes, wadanda aka zaba tare da wasu fina-finai kimanin 30 a matsayin Tattalin Arzikin Tattalin Arziki a Durban na 11. Bikin Fina- Finan Duniya (DIFF 2020) wanda aka gudanar tsakanin 10 zuwa 20 ga Satumba, a yanar gizo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://africultures.com/evenements/?no=49687 |title=11è Durban FilmMart (DFM 2020) |publisher=Africultures |access-date=November 5, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ladima.africa/durban-filmmart-institute-announces-2020-durban-filmmart-finance-forum-projects/ |title=DURBAN FILMMART INSTITUTE ANNOUNCES 2020 DURBAN FILMMART FINANCE FORUM PROJECTS |date=July 30, 2020 |publisher=Ladima Africa |access-date=November 17, 2020 |archive-date=January 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120085608/https://ladima.africa/durban-filmmart-institute-announces-2020-durban-filmmart-finance-forum-projects/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sandtonchronicle.co.za/lnn/1141451/31-film-projects-across-africa-selected-to-pitch-at-durban-filmmarts-finance-forum |title=31 film projects across Africa selected to pitch at Durban FilmMart’s Finance Forum |date=August 3, 2020 |publisher=Sandton Chronicle |access-date=November 17, 2020}}</ref> Fim ɗin ya kuma ci nasara a 2020 Durban FilmMart, lambar yabo ta Doasashen Duniya na Fina Finan Amsterdam (IDFA) na [[Holand|Netherlands]].<ref name=ONavio>{{Cite web |url=https://m.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/482/208260.html |title=2020 Durban FilmMart ends with Official Awards for Projects announcement |date=September 14, 2020 |publisher=Biz Community |access-date=November 17, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.idfa.nl/en/info/project-award-winners-at-idfa-2020 |title=Project award-winners at IDFA 2020 |publisher=IDFA |access-date=November 17, 2020 |archive-date=November 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110134723/https://www.idfa.nl/en/info/project-award-winners-at-idfa-2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta halarci zaben ƙaddamar da Indaba na 2020, a ƙarƙashin rukuni na farko, "Mahalarta 2020 tare da ayyuka furodusoshi ne", tare da aikin fim ɗin fasali wanda Inadelso Costa ya gabatar mai taken, "Karigana".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://iffr.com/en/blog/indaba-announces-its-inaugural-selection |title=Indaba announces its inaugural selection |date=July 20, 2020 |publisher=IFFR |access-date=November 17, 2020 |archive-date=November 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121141349/https://iffr.com/en/blog/indaba-announces-its-inaugural-selection |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta halarci baje kolin Colab NowNow wanda British Council ta shirya, tare da kawance da bikin Maputo Fast Forward na [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] da Fak'ugesi African Digital Innovation Festival na [[Afirka ta Kudu]].<ref name=BC/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://festival-mff.com/exposicoes/colabnownow/ |title=ColabNowNow |publisher=Maputo Fast Forward |access-date=November 17, 2020 |archive-date=November 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121142900/https://festival-mff.com/exposicoes/colabnownow/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Shekara ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Fim ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Matsayi ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Bayanan kula ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Ref. |- | 2020 | ''Jirgin Ruwa da Teku (Ya Naveo eo Mar'' | Co-darekta, Co-furodusa | Takaddun shaida (Mai kirkira) | <ref name=ONavio/> |- | rowspan="2" | 2019 | ''Kalunga'' | Darakta | Takaddama, Short film | <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt8929894/?ref_=m_nm_knf_i1 |title=Kalunga (2019) |publisher=[[IMDb]] |access-date=November 17, 2020}}</ref> |- | ''Machimbrao - El hombre nuevo'' | Darakta | Takaddun shaida (Mai kirkira) | <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt11889764/?ref_=m_nm_knf_dr_i1 |title=Machimbrao - El hombre nuevo (2019) |publisher=[[IMDb]] |access-date=November 17, 2020}}</ref> |- | 2018 | ''Fin (Endarshe)'' | Darakta | Takaddun shaida (Mai kirkira) | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.d6culture.org/contested-desires-artist-film-and-video-programme.html |title=CONTESTED DESIRES ARTIST FILM AND VIDEO PROGRAMME NOW ONLINE |publisher=D6 Culture |access-date=November 17, 2020}}</ref><ref name=Fin/> |- | 2017 | ''La Finca del Miedo (Gidan Fargaba)'' | Darakta, Furodusa, Marubuci | Takardar bayani | <ref name=La/> |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm10089726/ Lara Sousa] akan [[IMDb]] * [https://www.berlinale-talents.de/bt/talent/lara-sousa/profile Lara Sousa] akan Berlinale * [https://fakugesi.co.za/programme/meet-the-creator-lara-sousa/ Haɗu da Mahaliccin: Lara Sousa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214183034/https://fakugesi.co.za/programme/meet-the-creator-lara-sousa/ |date=2020-12-14 }} akan Tshimologong * [http://cinafrica.letras.ufrj.br/index.php/filmes/filmes-mocambique/135-lara-sousa Mozambique, Lara Sousa] akan CINAFRIC [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1991]] 5yki9ut44fdya3fu70w17euw6dhgdub 0 18550 906345 905879 2026-08-22T22:53:07Z 90imrana 48124 906345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Nigeria Airways 747-282B.png|thumb]] [[File:Nigeria Airways Airbus A310 Volpati.jpg|thumb|airways na nageriya]] '''Gusau''' ko '''Filin Jirgin Sama na Gusau''' ( filin jirgin sama ne da ke yiwa Birnin [[Gusau]], babban birnin [[Zamfara|jihar Zamfara]] a Kasar [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]]. filin jirgin sama na Gusau yasamu asali tun mulkin tsuhun gwamnan jahar Zamfara Ahj mamuda Aliyu shinkafi Dalltun Zamfara shine wanda ya'asasa ginin filin jirgin sama a Gusau a shekar<ref>New Gusau Airport New Airport Profile | CAPA". centreforaviation.com. Retrieved 2023-06-06.</ref> == Duba kuma == * Sufuri a Najeriya * [[Jerin filayen jirgin sama a Nijeriya|Jerin filayen jiragen sama a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://ourairports.com/airports/DNGU/pilot-info.html#general Filin jirgin saman mu - Gusau] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218124558/http://ourairports.com/airports/DNGU/pilot-info.html#general |date=2017-02-18 }} * [https://skyvector.com/airport/DNGU/Gusau-Airport Taswirar Jirgin Sama na SkyVector] * [https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=16/12.1705/6.6953 OpenStreetMap - Gusau] * Accident history for Gusau Airport [[Category:Filayen jirgin sama a Najeriya]] [[Category:Jihar Zamfara]] [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 06n3cwx91qwe39t2mrkkm10a5vg82cw 906347 906345 2026-08-22T23:05:34Z 90imrana 48124 906347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Nigeria Airways 747-282B.png|thumb]] [[File:Nigeria Airways Airbus A310 Volpati.jpg|thumb|airways na nageriya]] '''Gusau''' ko '''Filin Jirgin Sama na Gusau''' ( filin jirgin sama ne da ke yiwa Birnin [[Gusau]], babban birnin [[Zamfara|jihar Zamfara]] a Kasar [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]]. filin jirgin sama na Gusau yasamu asali tun mulkin tsuhun gwamnan jahar Zamfara Ahj mamuda Aliyu shinkafi Dalltun Zamfara shine wanda ya'asasa ginin filin jirgin sama a Gusau a shekarar 2010 ,gwamnan ya suma aikin filin jirgin sama na Gusau, ya cikin aiki sai lokacin zabi yazu sai gwamnan ya fadi zabi daganan aikin filin jirgin saman yatsaya ,sai can bayan lokaci maitsawu == Duba kuma == * Sufuri a Najeriya * [[Jerin filayen jirgin sama a Nijeriya|Jerin filayen jiragen sama a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://ourairports.com/airports/DNGU/pilot-info.html#general Filin jirgin saman mu - Gusau] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218124558/http://ourairports.com/airports/DNGU/pilot-info.html#general |date=2017-02-18 }} * [https://skyvector.com/airport/DNGU/Gusau-Airport Taswirar Jirgin Sama na SkyVector] * [https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=16/12.1705/6.6953 OpenStreetMap - Gusau] * Accident history for Gusau Airport [[Category:Filayen jirgin sama a Najeriya]] [[Category:Jihar Zamfara]] [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] n5uvobewlbttlr7jeplff0jtw68kwbo 906451 906347 2026-08-23T07:43:32Z Nnamadee 31123 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/90imrana|90imrana]] ([[User talk:90imrana|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Sardeeq|Sardeeq]] 849596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Nigeria Airways 747-282B.png|thumb]] [[File:Nigeria Airways Airbus A310 Volpati.jpg|thumb|airways na nageriya]] '''Gusau''' ko '''Filin Jirgin Sama na Gusau''' ( filin jirgin sama ne da ke yiwa Birnn [[Gusau]], babban birnin [[Zamfara|jihar Zamfara]] a Kasar [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].<ref>www.bbc Hausa.com</ref> <ref>www.Aminiya.com</ref> <ref>www.Aljazeerah.com</ref><ref>New Gusau Airport New Airport Profile | CAPA". centreforaviation.com. Retrieved 2023-06-06.</ref><ref>Hotels.ng. "Gusau Airstrip - LOCATION AND NEARBY HOTELS". Hotels.ng Guides. Retrieved 2023-06-06</ref> == Duba kuma == * Sufuri a Najeriya * [[Jerin filayen jirgin sama a Nijeriya|Jerin filayen jiragen sama a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://ourairports.com/airports/DNGU/pilot-info.html#general Filin jirgin saman mu - Gusau] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218124558/http://ourairports.com/airports/DNGU/pilot-info.html#general |date=2017-02-18 }} * [https://skyvector.com/airport/DNGU/Gusau-Airport Taswirar Jirgin Sama na SkyVector] * [https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=16/12.1705/6.6953 OpenStreetMap - Gusau] * Accident history for Gusau Airport [[Category:Filayen jirgin sama a Najeriya]] [[Category:Jihar Zamfara]] [[Category:Najeriya]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9wynf2r5ivokhzyz6b04seorrilsgfn 0 20359 906526 744527 2026-08-23T11:38:54Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* */ 906526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Momi Gombe.jpg|thumb|Momi_Gombe]] [[Fayil:Momee Gombe.ogg|thumb|muryar momee]] '''maimuna,r''' (An haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da casa'in da tara(1999). wacce aka fi sani da '''Momee Gombe''', 'yar wasan [[Kannywood|Kannywood ce]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-28|title=Cikakken Tarihin Momee Gombe » Kundin tarihi|url=https://www.northernwiki.com.ng/cikakken-tarihin-momee-gombe/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Kundin tarihi|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050155/https://www.northernwiki.com.ng/cikakken-tarihin-momee-gombe/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-15|title=Takaitaccen Tarihin Jaruma Momee Gombe..|url=https://www.alummarhausa.com.ng/2020/10/momee-gombe.html|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Alummar Hausa|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>. {{Cite web|date=2020-09-13|title=Meet Momee Gombe Whose Marriage Ended In Less Than 30 Days|url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-momee-gombe-whose-marriage-ended-in-less-than-30-days/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Sahara News Watch|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050144/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-momee-gombe-whose-marriage-ended-in-less-than-30-days/|url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Rayuwa da aiki == [[File:Momee Gombe.jpg|thumb|Momee_Gombe]] An haifi Momee Gombe a ranar 11 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta alif dari Tara da casa'in da tara 1999, a garin [[Gombe]], [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe State]] [[Najeriya|Nigeria]]. Ta yi makarantar firamari da sakandari a Garin Gombe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jaruma Momee Gombe (Maimunah Abubakar)|url=https://www.haskenews.com.ng/2021/06/wacece-momee-gombemaimunah-abubakar.html|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Haskenews-All About Arewa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-26|title=Meet Kannywood Actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography Career And Pictures|url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Sahara News Watch|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907052058/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Momee Gombe, kamar yadda aka fi kiranta da shi, ta girma da sha’awar yin fim. Sai dai kuma ta zama nakasasshe a harkar fim sakamakon aurenta kafin burinta ya cika. Bayan mutuwar aurenta sai ta koma masana’antar kai tsaye. Momee ta ambaci mai shirya fina -finan Kannywood Auwal Mu'azu ,a matsayin mutumin. da ya taimaka mata ta shiga Masana'antar Kannywood. Da farko an san ta da rawa, Tana taka rawa mai kayatarwa, masu kallo wanda ake uploading a YouTube da sauran shafukan sada zumunta. Jarumar ta fito tare da fitattun mawakan Hausa [[Adam A Zango|da jarumin Fina -finan Adam A Zango]] wanda ta ambata a matsayin mai ba ta shawara a masana'antar Kannywood, sai mashahurin mawaƙi Hamisu Breaker, da mawaƙi kuma ɗan wasa Garzali Miko da sauran matasa mawaƙan Hausa a Arewacin Najeriya. Har Yanzu tana daya daga cikin jaruman kannywood<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-23|title=Upcoming Kannywood actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography, Career Pictures and more|url=https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Wothappen|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050143/https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Odogwu|date=2021-02-02|title=Momee Gombe Biography, Age, Career, And Phone Number|url=https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=NaijaDailys|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420152914/https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/|url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Fina-finai == Ta fito a fina -finai sama da guda 30, daga cikinsu akwai: * Kishin Mata * Asalin Kauna. * Sarki goma * Zainabu Abu * Alaqa series * Gidan sarauta [tps://naijadrop.com/download-mome-gmbe-so-duniya-mp3-song-audio-video So Duniya (Song)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212003559/https://naijadrop.com/download-mome-gmbe-so-duniya-mp3-song-audio-video |date=2022-02-12 }} ==Iyali== Momee tayi aure ta rabu da maigidanta.sannan tana da ɗiya ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Momee Gombe Explains How Her Marriage Ended In 30 Days - Opera News|url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/0c643ac67467f913cf2903b1700a95e2|access-date=2021-09-07|website=ng.opera.news|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050817/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/0c643ac67467f913cf2903b1700a95e2|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Askira|first=Aliyu|date=2020-10-16|title=I didn’t terminate my marriage because of Hamisu Breaker – Momee Gombe|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/i-didnt-terminate-my-marriage-because-of-hamisu-breaker-momee-gombe/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Blueprint Newspapers Limited|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Momee Gombe Has Debunked Claims of Her Birthing Daughter, Explains Genesis of the Rumours - Opera News|url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/aa1bdb5c33d08391fc521f52149bb340|access-date=2021-09-07|website=ng.opera.news|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907052240/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/aa1bdb5c33d08391fc521f52149bb340|url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ƴan Wasan Kannywood]] [[Category:Fulani yan Najeriya]] [[Category:Fulani]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1999]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar gombe]] [[Category:Matan kannywood]] == Life and career == An haifi Momee [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] a ranar 11 ga Yuli shekarar alif 1999, a [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Ta yi makarantar firamare da sakandare a jihar Gombe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaruma Momee Gombe (Maimunah Abubakar) |url=https://www.haskenews.com.ng/2021/06/wacece-momee-gombemaimunah-abubakar.html |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Haskenews-All About Arewa}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-26 |title=Meet Kannywood Actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography Career And Pictures |url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Sahara News Watch |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907052058/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jarumar ta fito tare da mawakin [[Hausawa|Hausa]] kuma jarumi [[Adam A Zango]] wanda ta bayyana a matsayin jagoranta a masana'antar [[Kannywood]] sai kuma mawaki [[Hamisu Breaker]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-03 |title=An Zargi Mawaki Hamisu Breaker Da Yaudaro Matar Aure Zuwa Cikin Harkar Fim {{!}} Hutudole |url=https://www.hutudole.com/an-zargi-mawaki-hamisu-breaker-da-yaudaro-matar-aure-zuwa-cikin-harkar-fim/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907053202/https://www.hutudole.com/an-zargi-mawaki-hamisu-breaker-da-yaudaro-matar-aure-zuwa-cikin-harkar-fim/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> da mawaki kuma jarumi Garzali Miko da sauran matasan mawakan Hausa a Arewacin [[Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-23 |title=Upcoming Kannywood actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography, Career Pictures and more |url=https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Wothappen |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050143/https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Odogwu |date=2021-02-02 |title=Momee Gombe Biography, Age, Career, And Phone Number |url=https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=NaijaDailys |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420152914/https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa da mafarin aiki == An haifi Momee [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] a ranar 11 ga Yuli shekarar alif 1999, a [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Ta yi makarantar firamare da sakandare a jihar Gombe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaruma Momee Gombe (Maimunah Abubakar) |url=https://www.haskenews.com.ng/2021/06/wacece-momee-gombemaimunah-abubakar.html |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Haskenews-All About Arewa}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-26 |title=Meet Kannywood Actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography Career And Pictures |url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Sahara News Watch |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907052058/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jarumar ta fito tare da mawakin [[Hausawa|Hausa]] kuma jarumi [[Adam A Zango]] wanda ta bayyana a matsayin jagoranta a masana'antar [[Kannywood]] sai kuma mawaki [[Hamisu Breaker]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-03 |title=An Zargi Mawaki Hamisu Breaker Da Yaudaro Matar Aure Zuwa Cikin Harkar Fim {{!}} Hutudole |url=https://www.hutudole.com/an-zargi-mawaki-hamisu-breaker-da-yaudaro-matar-aure-zuwa-cikin-harkar-fim/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907053202/https://www.hutudole.com/an-zargi-mawaki-hamisu-breaker-da-yaudaro-matar-aure-zuwa-cikin-harkar-fim/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> da mawaki kuma jarumi Garzali Miko da sauran matasan mawaka na Hausa a Arewacin [[Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-23 |title=Upcoming Kannywood actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography, Career Pictures and more |url=https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Wothappen |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050143/https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Odogwu |date=2021-02-02 |title=Momee Gombe Biography, Age, Career, And Phone Number |url=https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=NaijaDailys |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420152914/https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar mutum == Momme [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] ta auri wani sanannen mawaƙin Hausa Adam Fasaha a cikin shekarar 2021, amma auren ya ƙare a ƙasa da wata ɗaya, tare da mutane da yawa suna hasashen cewa saboda alaƙarta da Hamisu Breaker ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Askira |first=Aliyu |date=2020-10-16 |title=I didn't terminate my marriage because of Hamisu Breaker – Momee Gombe |url=https://www.blueprint.ng/i-didnt-terminate-my-marriage-because-of-hamisu-breaker-momee-gombe/ |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=Blueprint Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jalal |first=Aliyu |date=2022-03-31 |title=Kannywood: I'm Not In A Relationship With Hamisu Breaker — Momee Gombe |url=https://dailytrust.com/kannywood-i-am-not-in-a-relationship-with-hamisu-breaker-momee-gombe |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=Daily Trust |language=en |archive-date=2022-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728081745/https://dailytrust.com/kannywood-i-am-not-in-a-relationship-with-hamisu-breaker-momee-gombe |url-status=dead }}</ref> nlfypjyl2sujt9760bsh8c8mgau6kso 906527 906526 2026-08-23T11:39:21Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* */ 906527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Momi Gombe.jpg|thumb|Momi_Gombe]] [[Fayil:Momee Gombe.ogg|thumb|muryar momee]] '''Maimuna''' (An haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da casa'in da tara(1999). wacce aka fi sani da '''Momee Gombe''', 'yar wasan [[Kannywood|Kannywood ce]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-28|title=Cikakken Tarihin Momee Gombe » Kundin tarihi|url=https://www.northernwiki.com.ng/cikakken-tarihin-momee-gombe/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Kundin tarihi|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050155/https://www.northernwiki.com.ng/cikakken-tarihin-momee-gombe/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-15|title=Takaitaccen Tarihin Jaruma Momee Gombe..|url=https://www.alummarhausa.com.ng/2020/10/momee-gombe.html|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Alummar Hausa|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>. {{Cite web|date=2020-09-13|title=Meet Momee Gombe Whose Marriage Ended In Less Than 30 Days|url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-momee-gombe-whose-marriage-ended-in-less-than-30-days/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Sahara News Watch|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050144/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-momee-gombe-whose-marriage-ended-in-less-than-30-days/|url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Rayuwa da aiki == [[File:Momee Gombe.jpg|thumb|Momee_Gombe]] An haifi Momee Gombe a ranar 11 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta alif dari Tara da casa'in da tara 1999, a garin [[Gombe]], [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe State]] [[Najeriya|Nigeria]]. Ta yi makarantar firamari da sakandari a Garin Gombe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jaruma Momee Gombe (Maimunah Abubakar)|url=https://www.haskenews.com.ng/2021/06/wacece-momee-gombemaimunah-abubakar.html|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Haskenews-All About Arewa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-26|title=Meet Kannywood Actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography Career And Pictures|url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Sahara News Watch|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907052058/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Momee Gombe, kamar yadda aka fi kiranta da shi, ta girma da sha’awar yin fim. Sai dai kuma ta zama nakasasshe a harkar fim sakamakon aurenta kafin burinta ya cika. Bayan mutuwar aurenta sai ta koma masana’antar kai tsaye. Momee ta ambaci mai shirya fina -finan Kannywood Auwal Mu'azu ,a matsayin mutumin. da ya taimaka mata ta shiga Masana'antar Kannywood. Da farko an san ta da rawa, Tana taka rawa mai kayatarwa, masu kallo wanda ake uploading a YouTube da sauran shafukan sada zumunta. Jarumar ta fito tare da fitattun mawakan Hausa [[Adam A Zango|da jarumin Fina -finan Adam A Zango]] wanda ta ambata a matsayin mai ba ta shawara a masana'antar Kannywood, sai mashahurin mawaƙi Hamisu Breaker, da mawaƙi kuma ɗan wasa Garzali Miko da sauran matasa mawaƙan Hausa a Arewacin Najeriya. Har Yanzu tana daya daga cikin jaruman kannywood<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-23|title=Upcoming Kannywood actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography, Career Pictures and more|url=https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Wothappen|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050143/https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Odogwu|date=2021-02-02|title=Momee Gombe Biography, Age, Career, And Phone Number|url=https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=NaijaDailys|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420152914/https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/|url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Fina-finai == Ta fito a fina -finai sama da guda 30, daga cikinsu akwai: * Kishin Mata * Asalin Kauna. * Sarki goma * Zainabu Abu * Alaqa series * Gidan sarauta [tps://naijadrop.com/download-mome-gmbe-so-duniya-mp3-song-audio-video So Duniya (Song)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212003559/https://naijadrop.com/download-mome-gmbe-so-duniya-mp3-song-audio-video |date=2022-02-12 }} ==Iyali== Momee tayi aure ta rabu da maigidanta.sannan tana da ɗiya ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Momee Gombe Explains How Her Marriage Ended In 30 Days - Opera News|url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/0c643ac67467f913cf2903b1700a95e2|access-date=2021-09-07|website=ng.opera.news|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050817/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/0c643ac67467f913cf2903b1700a95e2|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Askira|first=Aliyu|date=2020-10-16|title=I didn’t terminate my marriage because of Hamisu Breaker – Momee Gombe|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/i-didnt-terminate-my-marriage-because-of-hamisu-breaker-momee-gombe/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Blueprint Newspapers Limited|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Momee Gombe Has Debunked Claims of Her Birthing Daughter, Explains Genesis of the Rumours - Opera News|url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/aa1bdb5c33d08391fc521f52149bb340|access-date=2021-09-07|website=ng.opera.news|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907052240/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/aa1bdb5c33d08391fc521f52149bb340|url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ƴan Wasan Kannywood]] [[Category:Fulani yan Najeriya]] [[Category:Fulani]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1999]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar gombe]] [[Category:Matan kannywood]] == Life and career == An haifi Momee [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] a ranar 11 ga Yuli shekarar alif 1999, a [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Ta yi makarantar firamare da sakandare a jihar Gombe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaruma Momee Gombe (Maimunah Abubakar) |url=https://www.haskenews.com.ng/2021/06/wacece-momee-gombemaimunah-abubakar.html |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Haskenews-All About Arewa}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-26 |title=Meet Kannywood Actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography Career And Pictures |url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Sahara News Watch |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907052058/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jarumar ta fito tare da mawakin [[Hausawa|Hausa]] kuma jarumi [[Adam A Zango]] wanda ta bayyana a matsayin jagoranta a masana'antar [[Kannywood]] sai kuma mawaki [[Hamisu Breaker]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-03 |title=An Zargi Mawaki Hamisu Breaker Da Yaudaro Matar Aure Zuwa Cikin Harkar Fim {{!}} Hutudole |url=https://www.hutudole.com/an-zargi-mawaki-hamisu-breaker-da-yaudaro-matar-aure-zuwa-cikin-harkar-fim/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907053202/https://www.hutudole.com/an-zargi-mawaki-hamisu-breaker-da-yaudaro-matar-aure-zuwa-cikin-harkar-fim/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> da mawaki kuma jarumi Garzali Miko da sauran matasan mawakan Hausa a Arewacin [[Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-23 |title=Upcoming Kannywood actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography, Career Pictures and more |url=https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Wothappen |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050143/https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Odogwu |date=2021-02-02 |title=Momee Gombe Biography, Age, Career, And Phone Number |url=https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=NaijaDailys |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420152914/https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa da mafarin aiki == An haifi Momee [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] a ranar 11 ga Yuli shekarar alif 1999, a [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Ta yi makarantar firamare da sakandare a jihar Gombe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaruma Momee Gombe (Maimunah Abubakar) |url=https://www.haskenews.com.ng/2021/06/wacece-momee-gombemaimunah-abubakar.html |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Haskenews-All About Arewa}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-26 |title=Meet Kannywood Actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography Career And Pictures |url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Sahara News Watch |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907052058/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jarumar ta fito tare da mawakin [[Hausawa|Hausa]] kuma jarumi [[Adam A Zango]] wanda ta bayyana a matsayin jagoranta a masana'antar [[Kannywood]] sai kuma mawaki [[Hamisu Breaker]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-03 |title=An Zargi Mawaki Hamisu Breaker Da Yaudaro Matar Aure Zuwa Cikin Harkar Fim {{!}} Hutudole |url=https://www.hutudole.com/an-zargi-mawaki-hamisu-breaker-da-yaudaro-matar-aure-zuwa-cikin-harkar-fim/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907053202/https://www.hutudole.com/an-zargi-mawaki-hamisu-breaker-da-yaudaro-matar-aure-zuwa-cikin-harkar-fim/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> da mawaki kuma jarumi Garzali Miko da sauran matasan mawaka na Hausa a Arewacin [[Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-23 |title=Upcoming Kannywood actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography, Career Pictures and more |url=https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Wothappen |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050143/https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Odogwu |date=2021-02-02 |title=Momee Gombe Biography, Age, Career, And Phone Number |url=https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=NaijaDailys |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420152914/https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar mutum == Momme [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] ta auri wani sanannen mawaƙin Hausa Adam Fasaha a cikin shekarar 2021, amma auren ya ƙare a ƙasa da wata ɗaya, tare da mutane da yawa suna hasashen cewa saboda alaƙarta da Hamisu Breaker ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Askira |first=Aliyu |date=2020-10-16 |title=I didn't terminate my marriage because of Hamisu Breaker – Momee Gombe |url=https://www.blueprint.ng/i-didnt-terminate-my-marriage-because-of-hamisu-breaker-momee-gombe/ |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=Blueprint Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jalal |first=Aliyu |date=2022-03-31 |title=Kannywood: I'm Not In A Relationship With Hamisu Breaker — Momee Gombe |url=https://dailytrust.com/kannywood-i-am-not-in-a-relationship-with-hamisu-breaker-momee-gombe |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=Daily Trust |language=en |archive-date=2022-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728081745/https://dailytrust.com/kannywood-i-am-not-in-a-relationship-with-hamisu-breaker-momee-gombe |url-status=dead }}</ref> ota8575di4d0r7ilpo6t7fx36at3n0l 906528 906527 2026-08-23T11:39:57Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 906528 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Momi Gombe.jpg|thumb|Momi_Gombe]] [[Fayil:Momee Gombe.ogg|thumb|muryar momee]] '''Maimuna''' (An haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da casa'in da tara(1999). wacce aka fi sani da '''Momee Gombe''', 'yar wasan [[Kannywood|Kannywood ce]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-28|title=Cikakken Tarihin Momee Gombe » Kundin tarihi|url=https://www.northernwiki.com.ng/cikakken-tarihin-momee-gombe/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Kundin tarihi|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050155/https://www.northernwiki.com.ng/cikakken-tarihin-momee-gombe/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-15|title=Takaitaccen Tarihin Jaruma Momee Gombe..|url=https://www.alummarhausa.com.ng/2020/10/momee-gombe.html|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Alummar Hausa|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>. {{Cite web|date=2020-09-13|title=Meet Momee Gombe Whose Marriage Ended In Less Than 30 Days|url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-momee-gombe-whose-marriage-ended-in-less-than-30-days/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Sahara News Watch|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050144/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-momee-gombe-whose-marriage-ended-in-less-than-30-days/|url-status=dead}}</ref>. ==Rayuwa da aiki== An haifi Momee Gombe a ranar 11 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta alif dari Tara da casa'in da tara 1999, a garin [[Gombe]], [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe State]] [[Najeriya|Nigeria]]. Ta yi makarantar firamari da sakandari a Garin Gombe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jaruma Momee Gombe (Maimunah Abubakar)|url=https://www.haskenews.com.ng/2021/06/wacece-momee-gombemaimunah-abubakar.html|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Haskenews-All About Arewa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-26|title=Meet Kannywood Actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography Career And Pictures|url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Sahara News Watch|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907052058/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Momee Gombe, kamar yadda aka fi kiranta da shi, ta girma da sha’awar yin fim. Sai dai kuma ta zama nakasasshe a harkar fim sakamakon aurenta kafin burinta ya cika. Bayan mutuwar aurenta sai ta koma masana’antar kai tsaye. Momee ta ambaci mai shirya fina -finan Kannywood Auwal Mu'azu ,a matsayin mutumin. da ya taimaka mata ta shiga Masana'antar Kannywood. Da farko an san ta da rawa, Tana taka rawa mai kayatarwa, masu kallo wanda ake uploading a YouTube da sauran shafukan sada zumunta. Jarumar ta fito tare da fitattun mawakan Hausa [[Adam A Zango|da jarumin Fina -finan Adam A Zango]] wanda ta ambata a matsayin mai ba ta shawara a masana'antar Kannywood, sai mashahurin mawaƙi Hamisu Breaker, da mawaƙi kuma ɗan wasa Garzali Miko da sauran matasa mawaƙan Hausa a Arewacin Najeriya. Har Yanzu tana daya daga cikin jaruman kannywood<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-23|title=Upcoming Kannywood actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography, Career Pictures and more|url=https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Wothappen|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050143/https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Odogwu|date=2021-02-02|title=Momee Gombe Biography, Age, Career, And Phone Number|url=https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=NaijaDailys|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420152914/https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/|url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Fina-finai == Ta fito a fina -finai sama da guda 30, daga cikinsu akwai: * Kishin Mata * Asalin Kauna. * Sarki goma * Zainabu Abu * Alaqa series * Gidan sarauta [tps://naijadrop.com/download-mome-gmbe-so-duniya-mp3-song-audio-video So Duniya (Song)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212003559/https://naijadrop.com/download-mome-gmbe-so-duniya-mp3-song-audio-video |date=2022-02-12 }} ==Iyali== Momee tayi aure ta rabu da maigidanta.sannan tana da ɗiya ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Momee Gombe Explains How Her Marriage Ended In 30 Days - Opera News|url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/0c643ac67467f913cf2903b1700a95e2|access-date=2021-09-07|website=ng.opera.news|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050817/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/0c643ac67467f913cf2903b1700a95e2|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Askira|first=Aliyu|date=2020-10-16|title=I didn’t terminate my marriage because of Hamisu Breaker – Momee Gombe|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/i-didnt-terminate-my-marriage-because-of-hamisu-breaker-momee-gombe/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Blueprint Newspapers Limited|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Momee Gombe Has Debunked Claims of Her Birthing Daughter, Explains Genesis of the Rumours - Opera News|url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/aa1bdb5c33d08391fc521f52149bb340|access-date=2021-09-07|website=ng.opera.news|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907052240/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/aa1bdb5c33d08391fc521f52149bb340|url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ƴan Wasan Kannywood]] [[Category:Fulani yan Najeriya]] [[Category:Fulani]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1999]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar gombe]] [[Category:Matan kannywood]] == Life and career == An haifi Momee [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] a ranar 11 ga Yuli shekarar alif 1999, a [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Ta yi makarantar firamare da sakandare a jihar Gombe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaruma Momee Gombe (Maimunah Abubakar) |url=https://www.haskenews.com.ng/2021/06/wacece-momee-gombemaimunah-abubakar.html |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Haskenews-All About Arewa}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-26 |title=Meet Kannywood Actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography Career And Pictures |url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Sahara News Watch |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907052058/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jarumar ta fito tare da mawakin [[Hausawa|Hausa]] kuma jarumi [[Adam A Zango]] wanda ta bayyana a matsayin jagoranta a masana'antar [[Kannywood]] sai kuma mawaki [[Hamisu Breaker]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-03 |title=An Zargi Mawaki Hamisu Breaker Da Yaudaro Matar Aure Zuwa Cikin Harkar Fim {{!}} Hutudole |url=https://www.hutudole.com/an-zargi-mawaki-hamisu-breaker-da-yaudaro-matar-aure-zuwa-cikin-harkar-fim/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907053202/https://www.hutudole.com/an-zargi-mawaki-hamisu-breaker-da-yaudaro-matar-aure-zuwa-cikin-harkar-fim/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> da mawaki kuma jarumi Garzali Miko da sauran matasan mawakan Hausa a Arewacin [[Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-23 |title=Upcoming Kannywood actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography, Career Pictures and more |url=https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Wothappen |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050143/https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Odogwu |date=2021-02-02 |title=Momee Gombe Biography, Age, Career, And Phone Number |url=https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=NaijaDailys |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420152914/https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa da mafarin aiki == An haifi Momee [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] a ranar 11 ga Yuli shekarar alif 1999, a [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Ta yi makarantar firamare da sakandare a jihar Gombe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaruma Momee Gombe (Maimunah Abubakar) |url=https://www.haskenews.com.ng/2021/06/wacece-momee-gombemaimunah-abubakar.html |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Haskenews-All About Arewa}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-26 |title=Meet Kannywood Actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography Career And Pictures |url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Sahara News Watch |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907052058/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jarumar ta fito tare da mawakin [[Hausawa|Hausa]] kuma jarumi [[Adam A Zango]] wanda ta bayyana a matsayin jagoranta a masana'antar [[Kannywood]] sai kuma mawaki [[Hamisu Breaker]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-03 |title=An Zargi Mawaki Hamisu Breaker Da Yaudaro Matar Aure Zuwa Cikin Harkar Fim {{!}} Hutudole |url=https://www.hutudole.com/an-zargi-mawaki-hamisu-breaker-da-yaudaro-matar-aure-zuwa-cikin-harkar-fim/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907053202/https://www.hutudole.com/an-zargi-mawaki-hamisu-breaker-da-yaudaro-matar-aure-zuwa-cikin-harkar-fim/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> da mawaki kuma jarumi Garzali Miko da sauran matasan mawaka na Hausa a Arewacin [[Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-23 |title=Upcoming Kannywood actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography, Career Pictures and more |url=https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Wothappen |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050143/https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Odogwu |date=2021-02-02 |title=Momee Gombe Biography, Age, Career, And Phone Number |url=https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=NaijaDailys |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420152914/https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar mutum == Momme [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] ta auri wani sanannen mawaƙin Hausa Adam Fasaha a cikin shekarar 2021, amma auren ya ƙare a ƙasa da wata ɗaya, tare da mutane da yawa suna hasashen cewa saboda alaƙarta da Hamisu Breaker ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Askira |first=Aliyu |date=2020-10-16 |title=I didn't terminate my marriage because of Hamisu Breaker – Momee Gombe |url=https://www.blueprint.ng/i-didnt-terminate-my-marriage-because-of-hamisu-breaker-momee-gombe/ |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=Blueprint Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jalal |first=Aliyu |date=2022-03-31 |title=Kannywood: I'm Not In A Relationship With Hamisu Breaker — Momee Gombe |url=https://dailytrust.com/kannywood-i-am-not-in-a-relationship-with-hamisu-breaker-momee-gombe |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=Daily Trust |language=en |archive-date=2022-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728081745/https://dailytrust.com/kannywood-i-am-not-in-a-relationship-with-hamisu-breaker-momee-gombe |url-status=dead }}</ref> 9ilwylhdr9glcs0eluaxdmgoicl8oia 906529 906528 2026-08-23T11:40:42Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 906529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Momi Gombe.jpg|thumb|Momi_Gombe]] [[Fayil:Momee Gombe.ogg|thumb|muryar momee]] '''Maimuna''' (An haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da casa'in da tara(1999). wacce aka fi sani da '''Momee Gombe''', 'yar wasan [[Kannywood|Kannywood ce]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-28|title=Cikakken Tarihin Momee Gombe » Kundin tarihi|url=https://www.northernwiki.com.ng/cikakken-tarihin-momee-gombe/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Kundin tarihi|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050155/https://www.northernwiki.com.ng/cikakken-tarihin-momee-gombe/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-15|title=Takaitaccen Tarihin Jaruma Momee Gombe..|url=https://www.alummarhausa.com.ng/2020/10/momee-gombe.html|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Alummar Hausa|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>. {{Cite web|date=2020-09-13|title=Meet Momee Gombe Whose Marriage Ended In Less Than 30 Days|url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-momee-gombe-whose-marriage-ended-in-less-than-30-days/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Sahara News Watch|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050144/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-momee-gombe-whose-marriage-ended-in-less-than-30-days/|url-status=dead}}</ref>. ==Rayuwa da aiki== An haifi Momee Gombe a ranar 11 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta alif dari Tara da casa'in da tara 1999, a garin [[Gombe]], [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]] [[Najeriya]]. Ta yi makarantar firamari da sakandari a Garin Gombe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jaruma Momee Gombe (Maimunah Abubakar)|url=https://www.haskenews.com.ng/2021/06/wacece-momee-gombemaimunah-abubakar.html|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Haskenews-All About Arewa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-26|title=Meet Kannywood Actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography Career And Pictures|url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Sahara News Watch|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907052058/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Momee Gombe, kamar yadda aka fi kiranta da shi, ta girma da sha’awar yin fim. Sai dai kuma ta zama nakasasshe a harkar fim sakamakon aurenta kafin burinta ya cika. Bayan mutuwar aurenta sai ta koma masana’antar kai tsaye. Momee ta ambaci mai shirya fina -finan Kannywood Auwal Mu'azu ,a matsayin mutumin. da ya taimaka mata ta shiga Masana'antar Kannywood. Da farko an san ta da rawa, Tana taka rawa mai kayatarwa, masu kallo wanda ake uploading a YouTube da sauran shafukan sada zumunta. Jarumar ta fito tare da fitattun mawakan Hausa [[Adam A Zango|da jarumin Fina -finan Adam A Zango]] wanda ta ambata a matsayin mai ba ta shawara a masana'antar Kannywood, sai mashahurin mawaƙi Hamisu Breaker, da mawaƙi kuma ɗan wasa Garzali Miko da sauran matasa mawaƙan Hausa a Arewacin Najeriya. Har Yanzu tana daya daga cikin jaruman kannywood<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-23|title=Upcoming Kannywood actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography, Career Pictures and more|url=https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Wothappen|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050143/https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Odogwu|date=2021-02-02|title=Momee Gombe Biography, Age, Career, And Phone Number|url=https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=NaijaDailys|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420152914/https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/|url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Fina-finai == Ta fito a fina -finai sama da guda 30, daga cikinsu akwai: * Kishin Mata * Asalin Kauna. * Sarki goma * Zainabu Abu * Alaqa series * Gidan sarauta [tps://naijadrop.com/download-mome-gmbe-so-duniya-mp3-song-audio-video So Duniya (Song)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212003559/https://naijadrop.com/download-mome-gmbe-so-duniya-mp3-song-audio-video |date=2022-02-12 }} ==Iyali== Momee tayi aure ta rabu da maigidanta.sannan tana da ɗiya ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Momee Gombe Explains How Her Marriage Ended In 30 Days - Opera News|url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/0c643ac67467f913cf2903b1700a95e2|access-date=2021-09-07|website=ng.opera.news|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050817/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/0c643ac67467f913cf2903b1700a95e2|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Askira|first=Aliyu|date=2020-10-16|title=I didn’t terminate my marriage because of Hamisu Breaker – Momee Gombe|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/i-didnt-terminate-my-marriage-because-of-hamisu-breaker-momee-gombe/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Blueprint Newspapers Limited|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Momee Gombe Has Debunked Claims of Her Birthing Daughter, Explains Genesis of the Rumours - Opera News|url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/aa1bdb5c33d08391fc521f52149bb340|access-date=2021-09-07|website=ng.opera.news|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907052240/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/aa1bdb5c33d08391fc521f52149bb340|url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ƴan Wasan Kannywood]] [[Category:Fulani yan Najeriya]] [[Category:Fulani]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1999]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar gombe]] [[Category:Matan kannywood]] == Life and career == An haifi Momee [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] a ranar 11 ga Yuli shekarar alif 1999, a [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Ta yi makarantar firamare da sakandare a jihar Gombe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaruma Momee Gombe (Maimunah Abubakar) |url=https://www.haskenews.com.ng/2021/06/wacece-momee-gombemaimunah-abubakar.html |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Haskenews-All About Arewa}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-26 |title=Meet Kannywood Actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography Career And Pictures |url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Sahara News Watch |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907052058/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jarumar ta fito tare da mawakin [[Hausawa|Hausa]] kuma jarumi [[Adam A Zango]] wanda ta bayyana a matsayin jagoranta a masana'antar [[Kannywood]] sai kuma mawaki [[Hamisu Breaker]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-03 |title=An Zargi Mawaki Hamisu Breaker Da Yaudaro Matar Aure Zuwa Cikin Harkar Fim {{!}} Hutudole |url=https://www.hutudole.com/an-zargi-mawaki-hamisu-breaker-da-yaudaro-matar-aure-zuwa-cikin-harkar-fim/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907053202/https://www.hutudole.com/an-zargi-mawaki-hamisu-breaker-da-yaudaro-matar-aure-zuwa-cikin-harkar-fim/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> da mawaki kuma jarumi Garzali Miko da sauran matasan mawakan Hausa a Arewacin [[Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-23 |title=Upcoming Kannywood actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography, Career Pictures and more |url=https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Wothappen |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050143/https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Odogwu |date=2021-02-02 |title=Momee Gombe Biography, Age, Career, And Phone Number |url=https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=NaijaDailys |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420152914/https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa da mafarin aiki == An haifi Momee [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] a ranar 11 ga Yuli shekarar alif 1999, a [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Ta yi makarantar firamare da sakandare a jihar Gombe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaruma Momee Gombe (Maimunah Abubakar) |url=https://www.haskenews.com.ng/2021/06/wacece-momee-gombemaimunah-abubakar.html |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Haskenews-All About Arewa}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-26 |title=Meet Kannywood Actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography Career And Pictures |url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Sahara News Watch |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907052058/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jarumar ta fito tare da mawakin [[Hausawa|Hausa]] kuma jarumi [[Adam A Zango]] wanda ta bayyana a matsayin jagoranta a masana'antar [[Kannywood]] sai kuma mawaki [[Hamisu Breaker]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-03 |title=An Zargi Mawaki Hamisu Breaker Da Yaudaro Matar Aure Zuwa Cikin Harkar Fim {{!}} Hutudole |url=https://www.hutudole.com/an-zargi-mawaki-hamisu-breaker-da-yaudaro-matar-aure-zuwa-cikin-harkar-fim/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907053202/https://www.hutudole.com/an-zargi-mawaki-hamisu-breaker-da-yaudaro-matar-aure-zuwa-cikin-harkar-fim/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> da mawaki kuma jarumi Garzali Miko da sauran matasan mawaka na Hausa a Arewacin [[Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-23 |title=Upcoming Kannywood actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography, Career Pictures and more |url=https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Wothappen |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050143/https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Odogwu |date=2021-02-02 |title=Momee Gombe Biography, Age, Career, And Phone Number |url=https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=NaijaDailys |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420152914/https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar mutum == Momme [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] ta auri wani sanannen mawaƙin Hausa Adam Fasaha a cikin shekarar 2021, amma auren ya ƙare a ƙasa da wata ɗaya, tare da mutane da yawa suna hasashen cewa saboda alaƙarta da Hamisu Breaker ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Askira |first=Aliyu |date=2020-10-16 |title=I didn't terminate my marriage because of Hamisu Breaker – Momee Gombe |url=https://www.blueprint.ng/i-didnt-terminate-my-marriage-because-of-hamisu-breaker-momee-gombe/ |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=Blueprint Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jalal |first=Aliyu |date=2022-03-31 |title=Kannywood: I'm Not In A Relationship With Hamisu Breaker — Momee Gombe |url=https://dailytrust.com/kannywood-i-am-not-in-a-relationship-with-hamisu-breaker-momee-gombe |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=Daily Trust |language=en |archive-date=2022-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728081745/https://dailytrust.com/kannywood-i-am-not-in-a-relationship-with-hamisu-breaker-momee-gombe |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2dchae46newteawvuzfumwodijthhu5 906531 906529 2026-08-23T11:41:07Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Rayuwa da aiki */ 906531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Momi Gombe.jpg|thumb|Momi_Gombe]] [[Fayil:Momee Gombe.ogg|thumb|muryar momee]] '''Maimuna''' (An haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da casa'in da tara(1999). wacce aka fi sani da '''Momee Gombe''', 'yar wasan [[Kannywood|Kannywood ce]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-28|title=Cikakken Tarihin Momee Gombe » Kundin tarihi|url=https://www.northernwiki.com.ng/cikakken-tarihin-momee-gombe/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Kundin tarihi|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050155/https://www.northernwiki.com.ng/cikakken-tarihin-momee-gombe/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-15|title=Takaitaccen Tarihin Jaruma Momee Gombe..|url=https://www.alummarhausa.com.ng/2020/10/momee-gombe.html|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Alummar Hausa|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>. {{Cite web|date=2020-09-13|title=Meet Momee Gombe Whose Marriage Ended In Less Than 30 Days|url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-momee-gombe-whose-marriage-ended-in-less-than-30-days/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Sahara News Watch|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050144/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-momee-gombe-whose-marriage-ended-in-less-than-30-days/|url-status=dead}}</ref>. ==Rayuwa da aiki== An haifi Momee Gombe a ranar 11 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta alif dari Tara da casa'in da tara 1999, a garin [[Gombe]], [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]] [[Najeriya]]. Ta yi makarantar firamari da sakandari a Garin Gombe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jaruma Momee Gombe (Maimunah Abubakar)|url=https://www.haskenews.com.ng/2021/06/wacece-momee-gombemaimunah-abubakar.html|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Haskenews-All About Arewa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-26|title=Meet Kannywood Actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography Career And Pictures|url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Sahara News Watch|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907052058/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Momee Gombe, kamar yadda aka fi kiranta da shi, ta girma da sha’awar yin fim. Sai dai kuma ta zama nakasasshe a harkar fim sakamakon aurenta kafin burinta ya cika. Bayan mutuwar aurenta sai ta koma masana’antar kai tsaye. Momee ta ambaci mai shirya fina -finan Kannywood Auwal Mu'azu ,a matsayin mutumin. da ya taimaka mata ta shiga Masana'antar Kannywood. Da farko an san ta da rawa, Tana taka rawa mai kayatarwa, masu kallo wanda ake uploading a YouTube da sauran shafukan sada zumunta. Jarumar ta fito tare da fitattun mawakan Hausa [[Adam A Zango|da jarumin Fina -finan Adam A Zango]] wanda ta ambata a matsayin mai ba ta shawara a masana'antar Kannywood, sai mashahurin mawaƙi Hamisu Breaker, da mawaƙi kuma ɗan wasa Garzali Miko da sauran matasa mawaƙan Hausa a Arewacin Najeriya. Har Yanzu tana daya daga cikin jaruman kannywood<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-23|title=Upcoming Kannywood actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography, Career Pictures and more|url=https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Wothappen|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050143/https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Odogwu|date=2021-02-02|title=Momee Gombe Biography, Age, Career, And Phone Number|url=https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=NaijaDailys|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420152914/https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Fina-finai == Ta fito a fina -finai sama da guda 30, daga cikinsu akwai: * Kishin Mata * Asalin Kauna. * Sarki goma * Zainabu Abu * Alaqa series * Gidan sarauta [tps://naijadrop.com/download-mome-gmbe-so-duniya-mp3-song-audio-video So Duniya (Song)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212003559/https://naijadrop.com/download-mome-gmbe-so-duniya-mp3-song-audio-video |date=2022-02-12 }} ==Iyali== Momee tayi aure ta rabu da maigidanta.sannan tana da ɗiya ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Momee Gombe Explains How Her Marriage Ended In 30 Days - Opera News|url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/0c643ac67467f913cf2903b1700a95e2|access-date=2021-09-07|website=ng.opera.news|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050817/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/0c643ac67467f913cf2903b1700a95e2|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Askira|first=Aliyu|date=2020-10-16|title=I didn’t terminate my marriage because of Hamisu Breaker – Momee Gombe|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/i-didnt-terminate-my-marriage-because-of-hamisu-breaker-momee-gombe/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Blueprint Newspapers Limited|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Momee Gombe Has Debunked Claims of Her Birthing Daughter, Explains Genesis of the Rumours - Opera News|url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/aa1bdb5c33d08391fc521f52149bb340|access-date=2021-09-07|website=ng.opera.news|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907052240/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/aa1bdb5c33d08391fc521f52149bb340|url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ƴan Wasan Kannywood]] [[Category:Fulani yan Najeriya]] [[Category:Fulani]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1999]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar gombe]] [[Category:Matan kannywood]] == Life and career == An haifi Momee [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] a ranar 11 ga Yuli shekarar alif 1999, a [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Ta yi makarantar firamare da sakandare a jihar Gombe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaruma Momee Gombe (Maimunah Abubakar) |url=https://www.haskenews.com.ng/2021/06/wacece-momee-gombemaimunah-abubakar.html |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Haskenews-All About Arewa}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-26 |title=Meet Kannywood Actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography Career And Pictures |url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Sahara News Watch |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907052058/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jarumar ta fito tare da mawakin [[Hausawa|Hausa]] kuma jarumi [[Adam A Zango]] wanda ta bayyana a matsayin jagoranta a masana'antar [[Kannywood]] sai kuma mawaki [[Hamisu Breaker]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-03 |title=An Zargi Mawaki Hamisu Breaker Da Yaudaro Matar Aure Zuwa Cikin Harkar Fim {{!}} Hutudole |url=https://www.hutudole.com/an-zargi-mawaki-hamisu-breaker-da-yaudaro-matar-aure-zuwa-cikin-harkar-fim/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907053202/https://www.hutudole.com/an-zargi-mawaki-hamisu-breaker-da-yaudaro-matar-aure-zuwa-cikin-harkar-fim/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> da mawaki kuma jarumi Garzali Miko da sauran matasan mawakan Hausa a Arewacin [[Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-23 |title=Upcoming Kannywood actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography, Career Pictures and more |url=https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Wothappen |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050143/https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Odogwu |date=2021-02-02 |title=Momee Gombe Biography, Age, Career, And Phone Number |url=https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=NaijaDailys |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420152914/https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa da mafarin aiki == An haifi Momee [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] a ranar 11 ga Yuli shekarar alif 1999, a [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Ta yi makarantar firamare da sakandare a jihar Gombe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaruma Momee Gombe (Maimunah Abubakar) |url=https://www.haskenews.com.ng/2021/06/wacece-momee-gombemaimunah-abubakar.html |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Haskenews-All About Arewa}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-26 |title=Meet Kannywood Actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography Career And Pictures |url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Sahara News Watch |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907052058/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jarumar ta fito tare da mawakin [[Hausawa|Hausa]] kuma jarumi [[Adam A Zango]] wanda ta bayyana a matsayin jagoranta a masana'antar [[Kannywood]] sai kuma mawaki [[Hamisu Breaker]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-03 |title=An Zargi Mawaki Hamisu Breaker Da Yaudaro Matar Aure Zuwa Cikin Harkar Fim {{!}} Hutudole |url=https://www.hutudole.com/an-zargi-mawaki-hamisu-breaker-da-yaudaro-matar-aure-zuwa-cikin-harkar-fim/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907053202/https://www.hutudole.com/an-zargi-mawaki-hamisu-breaker-da-yaudaro-matar-aure-zuwa-cikin-harkar-fim/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> da mawaki kuma jarumi Garzali Miko da sauran matasan mawaka na Hausa a Arewacin [[Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-23 |title=Upcoming Kannywood actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography, Career Pictures and more |url=https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Wothappen |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050143/https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Odogwu |date=2021-02-02 |title=Momee Gombe Biography, Age, Career, And Phone Number |url=https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=NaijaDailys |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420152914/https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar mutum == Momme [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] ta auri wani sanannen mawaƙin Hausa Adam Fasaha a cikin shekarar 2021, amma auren ya ƙare a ƙasa da wata ɗaya, tare da mutane da yawa suna hasashen cewa saboda alaƙarta da Hamisu Breaker ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Askira |first=Aliyu |date=2020-10-16 |title=I didn't terminate my marriage because of Hamisu Breaker – Momee Gombe |url=https://www.blueprint.ng/i-didnt-terminate-my-marriage-because-of-hamisu-breaker-momee-gombe/ |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=Blueprint Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jalal |first=Aliyu |date=2022-03-31 |title=Kannywood: I'm Not In A Relationship With Hamisu Breaker — Momee Gombe |url=https://dailytrust.com/kannywood-i-am-not-in-a-relationship-with-hamisu-breaker-momee-gombe |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=Daily Trust |language=en |archive-date=2022-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728081745/https://dailytrust.com/kannywood-i-am-not-in-a-relationship-with-hamisu-breaker-momee-gombe |url-status=dead }}</ref> jf5gobf9e1tig96xnwhb2q6agezjoxw 906532 906531 2026-08-23T11:41:31Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 906532 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Momi Gombe.jpg|thumb|Momi_Gombe]] [[Fayil:Momee Gombe.ogg|thumb|muryar momee]] '''Maimuna''' (An haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da casa'in da tara(1999). wacce aka fi sani da '''Momee Gombe''', 'yar wasan [[Kannywood|Kannywood ce]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-28|title=Cikakken Tarihin Momee Gombe » Kundin tarihi|url=https://www.northernwiki.com.ng/cikakken-tarihin-momee-gombe/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Kundin tarihi|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050155/https://www.northernwiki.com.ng/cikakken-tarihin-momee-gombe/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-15|title=Takaitaccen Tarihin Jaruma Momee Gombe..|url=https://www.alummarhausa.com.ng/2020/10/momee-gombe.html|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Alummar Hausa|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>. {{Cite web|date=2020-09-13|title=Meet Momee Gombe Whose Marriage Ended In Less Than 30 Days|url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-momee-gombe-whose-marriage-ended-in-less-than-30-days/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Sahara News Watch|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050144/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-momee-gombe-whose-marriage-ended-in-less-than-30-days/|url-status=dead}}</ref>. ==Rayuwa da aiki== An haifi Momee Gombe a ranar 11 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta alif dari Tara da casa'in da tara 1999, a garin [[Gombe]], [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]] [[Najeriya]]. Ta yi makarantar firamari da sakandari a Garin Gombe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jaruma Momee Gombe (Maimunah Abubakar)|url=https://www.haskenews.com.ng/2021/06/wacece-momee-gombemaimunah-abubakar.html|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Haskenews-All About Arewa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-26|title=Meet Kannywood Actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography Career And Pictures|url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Sahara News Watch|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907052058/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Momee Gombe, kamar yadda aka fi kiranta da shi, ta girma da sha’awar yin fim. Sai dai kuma ta zama nakasasshe a harkar fim sakamakon aurenta kafin burinta ya cika. Bayan mutuwar aurenta sai ta koma masana’antar kai tsaye. Momee ta ambaci mai shirya fina -finan Kannywood Auwal Mu'azu ,a matsayin mutumin. da ya taimaka mata ta shiga Masana'antar Kannywood. Da farko an san ta da rawa, Tana taka rawa mai kayatarwa, masu kallo wanda ake uploading a YouTube da sauran shafukan sada zumunta. Jarumar ta fito tare da fitattun mawakan Hausa [[Adam A Zango|da jarumin Fina -finan Adam A Zango]] wanda ta ambata a matsayin mai ba ta shawara a masana'antar Kannywood, sai mashahurin mawaƙi Hamisu Breaker, da mawaƙi kuma ɗan wasa Garzali Miko da sauran matasa mawaƙan Hausa a Arewacin Najeriya. Har Yanzu tana daya daga cikin jaruman kannywood<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-23|title=Upcoming Kannywood actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography, Career Pictures and more|url=https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Wothappen|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050143/https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Odogwu|date=2021-02-02|title=Momee Gombe Biography, Age, Career, And Phone Number|url=https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=NaijaDailys|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420152914/https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Fina-finai == Ta fito a fina -finai sama da guda 30, daga cikinsu akwai: * Kishin Mata * Asalin Kauna. * Sarki goma * Zainabu Abu * Alaqa series * Gidan sarauta [tps://naijadrop.com/download-mome-gmbe-so-duniya-mp3-song-audio-video So Duniya (Song)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212003559/https://naijadrop.com/download-mome-gmbe-so-duniya-mp3-song-audio-video |date=2022-02-12 }} ==Iyali== Momee tayi aure ta rabu da maigidanta.sannan tana da ɗiya ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Momee Gombe Explains How Her Marriage Ended In 30 Days - Opera News|url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/0c643ac67467f913cf2903b1700a95e2|access-date=2021-09-07|website=ng.opera.news|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050817/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/0c643ac67467f913cf2903b1700a95e2|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Askira|first=Aliyu|date=2020-10-16|title=I didn’t terminate my marriage because of Hamisu Breaker – Momee Gombe|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/i-didnt-terminate-my-marriage-because-of-hamisu-breaker-momee-gombe/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Blueprint Newspapers Limited|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Momee Gombe Has Debunked Claims of Her Birthing Daughter, Explains Genesis of the Rumours - Opera News|url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/aa1bdb5c33d08391fc521f52149bb340|access-date=2021-09-07|website=ng.opera.news|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907052240/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/aa1bdb5c33d08391fc521f52149bb340|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ƴan Wasan Kannywood]] [[Category:Fulani yan Najeriya]] [[Category:Fulani]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1999]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar gombe]] [[Category:Matan kannywood]] == Life and career == An haifi Momee [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] a ranar 11 ga Yuli shekarar alif 1999, a [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Ta yi makarantar firamare da sakandare a jihar Gombe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaruma Momee Gombe (Maimunah Abubakar) |url=https://www.haskenews.com.ng/2021/06/wacece-momee-gombemaimunah-abubakar.html |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Haskenews-All About Arewa}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-26 |title=Meet Kannywood Actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography Career And Pictures |url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Sahara News Watch |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907052058/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jarumar ta fito tare da mawakin [[Hausawa|Hausa]] kuma jarumi [[Adam A Zango]] wanda ta bayyana a matsayin jagoranta a masana'antar [[Kannywood]] sai kuma mawaki [[Hamisu Breaker]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-03 |title=An Zargi Mawaki Hamisu Breaker Da Yaudaro Matar Aure Zuwa Cikin Harkar Fim {{!}} Hutudole |url=https://www.hutudole.com/an-zargi-mawaki-hamisu-breaker-da-yaudaro-matar-aure-zuwa-cikin-harkar-fim/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907053202/https://www.hutudole.com/an-zargi-mawaki-hamisu-breaker-da-yaudaro-matar-aure-zuwa-cikin-harkar-fim/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> da mawaki kuma jarumi Garzali Miko da sauran matasan mawakan Hausa a Arewacin [[Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-23 |title=Upcoming Kannywood actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography, Career Pictures and more |url=https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Wothappen |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050143/https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Odogwu |date=2021-02-02 |title=Momee Gombe Biography, Age, Career, And Phone Number |url=https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=NaijaDailys |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420152914/https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa da mafarin aiki == An haifi Momee [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] a ranar 11 ga Yuli shekarar alif 1999, a [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Ta yi makarantar firamare da sakandare a jihar Gombe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaruma Momee Gombe (Maimunah Abubakar) |url=https://www.haskenews.com.ng/2021/06/wacece-momee-gombemaimunah-abubakar.html |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Haskenews-All About Arewa}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-26 |title=Meet Kannywood Actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography Career And Pictures |url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Sahara News Watch |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907052058/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jarumar ta fito tare da mawakin [[Hausawa|Hausa]] kuma jarumi [[Adam A Zango]] wanda ta bayyana a matsayin jagoranta a masana'antar [[Kannywood]] sai kuma mawaki [[Hamisu Breaker]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-03 |title=An Zargi Mawaki Hamisu Breaker Da Yaudaro Matar Aure Zuwa Cikin Harkar Fim {{!}} Hutudole |url=https://www.hutudole.com/an-zargi-mawaki-hamisu-breaker-da-yaudaro-matar-aure-zuwa-cikin-harkar-fim/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907053202/https://www.hutudole.com/an-zargi-mawaki-hamisu-breaker-da-yaudaro-matar-aure-zuwa-cikin-harkar-fim/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> da mawaki kuma jarumi Garzali Miko da sauran matasan mawaka na Hausa a Arewacin [[Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-23 |title=Upcoming Kannywood actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography, Career Pictures and more |url=https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Wothappen |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050143/https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Odogwu |date=2021-02-02 |title=Momee Gombe Biography, Age, Career, And Phone Number |url=https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=NaijaDailys |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420152914/https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar mutum == Momme [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] ta auri wani sanannen mawaƙin Hausa Adam Fasaha a cikin shekarar 2021, amma auren ya ƙare a ƙasa da wata ɗaya, tare da mutane da yawa suna hasashen cewa saboda alaƙarta da Hamisu Breaker ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Askira |first=Aliyu |date=2020-10-16 |title=I didn't terminate my marriage because of Hamisu Breaker – Momee Gombe |url=https://www.blueprint.ng/i-didnt-terminate-my-marriage-because-of-hamisu-breaker-momee-gombe/ |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=Blueprint Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jalal |first=Aliyu |date=2022-03-31 |title=Kannywood: I'm Not In A Relationship With Hamisu Breaker — Momee Gombe |url=https://dailytrust.com/kannywood-i-am-not-in-a-relationship-with-hamisu-breaker-momee-gombe |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=Daily Trust |language=en |archive-date=2022-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728081745/https://dailytrust.com/kannywood-i-am-not-in-a-relationship-with-hamisu-breaker-momee-gombe |url-status=dead }}</ref> 4b4v75lof8clbbevafjnybcofonk0tp 906533 906532 2026-08-23T11:42:07Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 906533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Momi Gombe.jpg|thumb|Momi_Gombe]] [[Fayil:Momee Gombe.ogg|thumb|muryar momee]] '''Maimuna''' (An haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da casa'in da tara(1999). wacce aka fi sani da '''Momee Gombe''', 'yar wasan [[Kannywood|Kannywood ce]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-28|title=Cikakken Tarihin Momee Gombe » Kundin tarihi|url=https://www.northernwiki.com.ng/cikakken-tarihin-momee-gombe/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Kundin tarihi|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050155/https://www.northernwiki.com.ng/cikakken-tarihin-momee-gombe/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-15|title=Takaitaccen Tarihin Jaruma Momee Gombe..|url=https://www.alummarhausa.com.ng/2020/10/momee-gombe.html|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Alummar Hausa|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>. {{Cite web|date=2020-09-13|title=Meet Momee Gombe Whose Marriage Ended In Less Than 30 Days|url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-momee-gombe-whose-marriage-ended-in-less-than-30-days/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Sahara News Watch|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050144/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-momee-gombe-whose-marriage-ended-in-less-than-30-days/|url-status=dead}}</ref>. ==Rayuwa da aiki== An haifi Momee Gombe a ranar 11 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta alif dari Tara da casa'in da tara 1999, a garin [[Gombe]], [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]] [[Najeriya]]. Ta yi makarantar firamari da sakandari a Garin Gombe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jaruma Momee Gombe (Maimunah Abubakar)|url=https://www.haskenews.com.ng/2021/06/wacece-momee-gombemaimunah-abubakar.html|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Haskenews-All About Arewa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-26|title=Meet Kannywood Actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography Career And Pictures|url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Sahara News Watch|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907052058/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Momee Gombe, kamar yadda aka fi kiranta da shi, ta girma da sha’awar yin fim. Sai dai kuma ta zama nakasasshe a harkar fim sakamakon aurenta kafin burinta ya cika. Bayan mutuwar aurenta sai ta koma masana’antar kai tsaye. Momee ta ambaci mai shirya fina -finan Kannywood Auwal Mu'azu ,a matsayin mutumin. da ya taimaka mata ta shiga Masana'antar Kannywood. Da farko an san ta da rawa, Tana taka rawa mai kayatarwa, masu kallo wanda ake uploading a YouTube da sauran shafukan sada zumunta. Jarumar ta fito tare da fitattun mawakan Hausa [[Adam A Zango|da jarumin Fina -finan Adam A Zango]] wanda ta ambata a matsayin mai ba ta shawara a masana'antar Kannywood, sai mashahurin mawaƙi Hamisu Breaker, da mawaƙi kuma ɗan wasa Garzali Miko da sauran matasa mawaƙan Hausa a Arewacin Najeriya. Har Yanzu tana daya daga cikin jaruman kannywood<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-23|title=Upcoming Kannywood actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography, Career Pictures and more|url=https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Wothappen|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050143/https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Odogwu|date=2021-02-02|title=Momee Gombe Biography, Age, Career, And Phone Number|url=https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=NaijaDailys|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420152914/https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Fina-finai == Ta fito a fina -finai sama da guda 30, daga cikinsu akwai: * Kishin Mata * Asalin Kauna. * Sarki goma * Zainabu Abu * Alaqa series * Gidan sarauta [tps://naijadrop.com/download-mome-gmbe-so-duniya-mp3-song-audio-video So Duniya (Song)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212003559/https://naijadrop.com/download-mome-gmbe-so-duniya-mp3-song-audio-video |date=2022-02-12 }} ==Iyali== Momee tayi aure ta rabu da maigidanta.sannan tana da ɗiya ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Momee Gombe Explains How Her Marriage Ended In 30 Days - Opera News|url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/0c643ac67467f913cf2903b1700a95e2|access-date=2021-09-07|website=ng.opera.news|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050817/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/0c643ac67467f913cf2903b1700a95e2|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Askira|first=Aliyu|date=2020-10-16|title=I didn’t terminate my marriage because of Hamisu Breaker – Momee Gombe|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/i-didnt-terminate-my-marriage-because-of-hamisu-breaker-momee-gombe/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Blueprint Newspapers Limited|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Momee Gombe Has Debunked Claims of Her Birthing Daughter, Explains Genesis of the Rumours - Opera News|url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/aa1bdb5c33d08391fc521f52149bb340|access-date=2021-09-07|website=ng.opera.news|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907052240/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/aa1bdb5c33d08391fc521f52149bb340|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ƴan Wasan Kannywood]] [[Category:Fulani yan Najeriya]] [[Category:Fulani]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1999]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar gombe]] [[Category:Matan kannywood]] == Rayuwa da mafarin aiki == An haifi Momee [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] a ranar 11 ga Yuli shekarar alif 1999, a [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Ta yi makarantar firamare da sakandare a jihar Gombe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaruma Momee Gombe (Maimunah Abubakar) |url=https://www.haskenews.com.ng/2021/06/wacece-momee-gombemaimunah-abubakar.html |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Haskenews-All About Arewa}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-26 |title=Meet Kannywood Actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography Career And Pictures |url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Sahara News Watch |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907052058/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jarumar ta fito tare da mawakin [[Hausawa|Hausa]] kuma jarumi [[Adam A Zango]] wanda ta bayyana a matsayin jagoranta a masana'antar [[Kannywood]] sai kuma mawaki [[Hamisu Breaker]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-03 |title=An Zargi Mawaki Hamisu Breaker Da Yaudaro Matar Aure Zuwa Cikin Harkar Fim {{!}} Hutudole |url=https://www.hutudole.com/an-zargi-mawaki-hamisu-breaker-da-yaudaro-matar-aure-zuwa-cikin-harkar-fim/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907053202/https://www.hutudole.com/an-zargi-mawaki-hamisu-breaker-da-yaudaro-matar-aure-zuwa-cikin-harkar-fim/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> da mawaki kuma jarumi Garzali Miko da sauran matasan mawaka na Hausa a Arewacin [[Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-23 |title=Upcoming Kannywood actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography, Career Pictures and more |url=https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Wothappen |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050143/https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Odogwu |date=2021-02-02 |title=Momee Gombe Biography, Age, Career, And Phone Number |url=https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/ |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=NaijaDailys |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420152914/https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar mutum == Momme [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] ta auri wani sanannen mawaƙin Hausa Adam Fasaha a cikin shekarar 2021, amma auren ya ƙare a ƙasa da wata ɗaya, tare da mutane da yawa suna hasashen cewa saboda alaƙarta da Hamisu Breaker ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Askira |first=Aliyu |date=2020-10-16 |title=I didn't terminate my marriage because of Hamisu Breaker – Momee Gombe |url=https://www.blueprint.ng/i-didnt-terminate-my-marriage-because-of-hamisu-breaker-momee-gombe/ |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=Blueprint Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jalal |first=Aliyu |date=2022-03-31 |title=Kannywood: I'm Not In A Relationship With Hamisu Breaker — Momee Gombe |url=https://dailytrust.com/kannywood-i-am-not-in-a-relationship-with-hamisu-breaker-momee-gombe |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=Daily Trust |language=en |archive-date=2022-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728081745/https://dailytrust.com/kannywood-i-am-not-in-a-relationship-with-hamisu-breaker-momee-gombe |url-status=dead }}</ref> kl6n3wg2jp59slx5knxdo8sk1yd814y 906534 906533 2026-08-23T11:42:28Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 906534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Momi Gombe.jpg|thumb|Momi_Gombe]] [[Fayil:Momee Gombe.ogg|thumb|muryar momee]] '''Maimuna''' (An haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da casa'in da tara(1999). wacce aka fi sani da '''Momee Gombe''', 'yar wasan [[Kannywood|Kannywood ce]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-28|title=Cikakken Tarihin Momee Gombe » Kundin tarihi|url=https://www.northernwiki.com.ng/cikakken-tarihin-momee-gombe/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Kundin tarihi|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050155/https://www.northernwiki.com.ng/cikakken-tarihin-momee-gombe/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-15|title=Takaitaccen Tarihin Jaruma Momee Gombe..|url=https://www.alummarhausa.com.ng/2020/10/momee-gombe.html|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Alummar Hausa|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>. {{Cite web|date=2020-09-13|title=Meet Momee Gombe Whose Marriage Ended In Less Than 30 Days|url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-momee-gombe-whose-marriage-ended-in-less-than-30-days/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Sahara News Watch|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050144/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-momee-gombe-whose-marriage-ended-in-less-than-30-days/|url-status=dead}}</ref>. ==Rayuwa da aiki== An haifi Momee Gombe a ranar 11 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta alif dari Tara da casa'in da tara 1999, a garin [[Gombe]], [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]] [[Najeriya]]. Ta yi makarantar firamari da sakandari a Garin Gombe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jaruma Momee Gombe (Maimunah Abubakar)|url=https://www.haskenews.com.ng/2021/06/wacece-momee-gombemaimunah-abubakar.html|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Haskenews-All About Arewa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-26|title=Meet Kannywood Actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography Career And Pictures|url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Sahara News Watch|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907052058/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Momee Gombe, kamar yadda aka fi kiranta da shi, ta girma da sha’awar yin fim. Sai dai kuma ta zama nakasasshe a harkar fim sakamakon aurenta kafin burinta ya cika. Bayan mutuwar aurenta sai ta koma masana’antar kai tsaye. Momee ta ambaci mai shirya fina -finan Kannywood Auwal Mu'azu ,a matsayin mutumin. da ya taimaka mata ta shiga Masana'antar Kannywood. Da farko an san ta da rawa, Tana taka rawa mai kayatarwa, masu kallo wanda ake uploading a YouTube da sauran shafukan sada zumunta. Jarumar ta fito tare da fitattun mawakan Hausa [[Adam A Zango|da jarumin Fina -finan Adam A Zango]] wanda ta ambata a matsayin mai ba ta shawara a masana'antar Kannywood, sai mashahurin mawaƙi Hamisu Breaker, da mawaƙi kuma ɗan wasa Garzali Miko da sauran matasa mawaƙan Hausa a Arewacin Najeriya. Har Yanzu tana daya daga cikin jaruman kannywood<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-23|title=Upcoming Kannywood actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography, Career Pictures and more|url=https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Wothappen|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050143/https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Odogwu|date=2021-02-02|title=Momee Gombe Biography, Age, Career, And Phone Number|url=https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=NaijaDailys|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420152914/https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Fina-finai == Ta fito a fina -finai sama da guda 30, daga cikinsu akwai: * Kishin Mata * Asalin Kauna. * Sarki goma * Zainabu Abu * Alaqa series * Gidan sarauta [tps://naijadrop.com/download-mome-gmbe-so-duniya-mp3-song-audio-video So Duniya (Song)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212003559/https://naijadrop.com/download-mome-gmbe-so-duniya-mp3-song-audio-video |date=2022-02-12 }} ==Iyali== Momee tayi aure ta rabu da maigidanta.sannan tana da ɗiya ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Momee Gombe Explains How Her Marriage Ended In 30 Days - Opera News|url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/0c643ac67467f913cf2903b1700a95e2|access-date=2021-09-07|website=ng.opera.news|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050817/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/0c643ac67467f913cf2903b1700a95e2|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Askira|first=Aliyu|date=2020-10-16|title=I didn’t terminate my marriage because of Hamisu Breaker – Momee Gombe|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/i-didnt-terminate-my-marriage-because-of-hamisu-breaker-momee-gombe/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Blueprint Newspapers Limited|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Momee Gombe Has Debunked Claims of Her Birthing Daughter, Explains Genesis of the Rumours - Opera News|url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/aa1bdb5c33d08391fc521f52149bb340|access-date=2021-09-07|website=ng.opera.news|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907052240/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/aa1bdb5c33d08391fc521f52149bb340|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ƴan Wasan Kannywood]] [[Category:Fulani yan Najeriya]] [[Category:Fulani]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1999]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar gombe]] [[Category:Matan kannywood]] == Rayuwar mutum == Momme [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] ta auri wani sanannen mawaƙin Hausa Adam Fasaha a cikin shekarar 2021, amma auren ya ƙare a ƙasa da wata ɗaya, tare da mutane da yawa suna hasashen cewa saboda alaƙarta da Hamisu Breaker ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Askira |first=Aliyu |date=2020-10-16 |title=I didn't terminate my marriage because of Hamisu Breaker – Momee Gombe |url=https://www.blueprint.ng/i-didnt-terminate-my-marriage-because-of-hamisu-breaker-momee-gombe/ |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=Blueprint Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jalal |first=Aliyu |date=2022-03-31 |title=Kannywood: I'm Not In A Relationship With Hamisu Breaker — Momee Gombe |url=https://dailytrust.com/kannywood-i-am-not-in-a-relationship-with-hamisu-breaker-momee-gombe |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=Daily Trust |language=en |archive-date=2022-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728081745/https://dailytrust.com/kannywood-i-am-not-in-a-relationship-with-hamisu-breaker-momee-gombe |url-status=dead }}</ref> b3et5ymvybh2b2w5bde2u6edj406twj 906535 906534 2026-08-23T11:42:47Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 906535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Momi Gombe.jpg|thumb|Momi_Gombe]] [[Fayil:Momee Gombe.ogg|thumb|muryar momee]] '''Maimuna''' (An haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da casa'in da tara(1999). wacce aka fi sani da '''Momee Gombe''', 'yar wasan [[Kannywood|Kannywood ce]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-28|title=Cikakken Tarihin Momee Gombe » Kundin tarihi|url=https://www.northernwiki.com.ng/cikakken-tarihin-momee-gombe/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Kundin tarihi|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050155/https://www.northernwiki.com.ng/cikakken-tarihin-momee-gombe/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-15|title=Takaitaccen Tarihin Jaruma Momee Gombe..|url=https://www.alummarhausa.com.ng/2020/10/momee-gombe.html|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Alummar Hausa|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>. {{Cite web|date=2020-09-13|title=Meet Momee Gombe Whose Marriage Ended In Less Than 30 Days|url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-momee-gombe-whose-marriage-ended-in-less-than-30-days/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Sahara News Watch|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050144/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-momee-gombe-whose-marriage-ended-in-less-than-30-days/|url-status=dead}}</ref>. ==Rayuwa da aiki== An haifi Momee Gombe a ranar 11 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta alif dari Tara da casa'in da tara 1999, a garin [[Gombe]], [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]] [[Najeriya]]. Ta yi makarantar firamari da sakandari a Garin Gombe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jaruma Momee Gombe (Maimunah Abubakar)|url=https://www.haskenews.com.ng/2021/06/wacece-momee-gombemaimunah-abubakar.html|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Haskenews-All About Arewa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-26|title=Meet Kannywood Actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography Career And Pictures|url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Sahara News Watch|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907052058/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Momee Gombe, kamar yadda aka fi kiranta da shi, ta girma da sha’awar yin fim. Sai dai kuma ta zama nakasasshe a harkar fim sakamakon aurenta kafin burinta ya cika. Bayan mutuwar aurenta sai ta koma masana’antar kai tsaye. Momee ta ambaci mai shirya fina -finan Kannywood Auwal Mu'azu ,a matsayin mutumin. da ya taimaka mata ta shiga Masana'antar Kannywood. Da farko an san ta da rawa, Tana taka rawa mai kayatarwa, masu kallo wanda ake uploading a YouTube da sauran shafukan sada zumunta. Jarumar ta fito tare da fitattun mawakan Hausa [[Adam A Zango|da jarumin Fina -finan Adam A Zango]] wanda ta ambata a matsayin mai ba ta shawara a masana'antar Kannywood, sai mashahurin mawaƙi Hamisu Breaker, da mawaƙi kuma ɗan wasa Garzali Miko da sauran matasa mawaƙan Hausa a Arewacin Najeriya. Har Yanzu tana daya daga cikin jaruman kannywood<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-23|title=Upcoming Kannywood actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography, Career Pictures and more|url=https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Wothappen|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050143/https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Odogwu|date=2021-02-02|title=Momee Gombe Biography, Age, Career, And Phone Number|url=https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=NaijaDailys|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420152914/https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Fina-finai == Ta fito a fina -finai sama da guda 30, daga cikinsu akwai: * Kishin Mata * Asalin Kauna. * Sarki goma * Zainabu Abu * Alaqa series * Gidan sarauta [tps://naijadrop.com/download-mome-gmbe-so-duniya-mp3-song-audio-video So Duniya (Song)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212003559/https://naijadrop.com/download-mome-gmbe-so-duniya-mp3-song-audio-video |date=2022-02-12 }} ==Iyali== Momee tayi aure ta rabu da maigidanta.sannan tana da ɗiya ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Momee Gombe Explains How Her Marriage Ended In 30 Days - Opera News|url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/0c643ac67467f913cf2903b1700a95e2|access-date=2021-09-07|website=ng.opera.news|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050817/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/0c643ac67467f913cf2903b1700a95e2|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Askira|first=Aliyu|date=2020-10-16|title=I didn’t terminate my marriage because of Hamisu Breaker – Momee Gombe|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/i-didnt-terminate-my-marriage-because-of-hamisu-breaker-momee-gombe/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Blueprint Newspapers Limited|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Momee Gombe Has Debunked Claims of Her Birthing Daughter, Explains Genesis of the Rumours - Opera News|url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/aa1bdb5c33d08391fc521f52149bb340|access-date=2021-09-07|website=ng.opera.news|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907052240/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/aa1bdb5c33d08391fc521f52149bb340|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ƴan Wasan Kannywood]] [[Category:Fulani yan Najeriya]] [[Category:Fulani]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1999]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar gombe]] [[Category:Matan kannywood]] 73n9mt5ymh7dd3igwlesr825h6ee96l 906536 906535 2026-08-23T11:42:59Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* */ 906536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Momi Gombe.jpg|thumb|Momi_Gombe]] [[Fayil:Momee Gombe.ogg|thumb|muryar momee]] '''Maimuna''' (An haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da casa'in da tara(1999). wacce aka fi sani da '''Momee Gombe''', 'yar wasan [[Kannywood|Kannywood ce]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-28|title=Cikakken Tarihin Momee Gombe » Kundin tarihi|url=https://www.northernwiki.com.ng/cikakken-tarihin-momee-gombe/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Kundin tarihi|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050155/https://www.northernwiki.com.ng/cikakken-tarihin-momee-gombe/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-15|title=Takaitaccen Tarihin Jaruma Momee Gombe..|url=https://www.alummarhausa.com.ng/2020/10/momee-gombe.html|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Alummar Hausa|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>. {{Cite web|date=2020-09-13|title=Meet Momee Gombe Whose Marriage Ended In Less Than 30 Days|url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-momee-gombe-whose-marriage-ended-in-less-than-30-days/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Sahara News Watch|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050144/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-momee-gombe-whose-marriage-ended-in-less-than-30-days/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Rayuwa da aiki== An haifi Momee Gombe a ranar 11 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta alif dari Tara da casa'in da tara 1999, a garin [[Gombe]], [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]] [[Najeriya]]. Ta yi makarantar firamari da sakandari a Garin Gombe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jaruma Momee Gombe (Maimunah Abubakar)|url=https://www.haskenews.com.ng/2021/06/wacece-momee-gombemaimunah-abubakar.html|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Haskenews-All About Arewa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-26|title=Meet Kannywood Actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography Career And Pictures|url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Sahara News Watch|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907052058/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Momee Gombe, kamar yadda aka fi kiranta da shi, ta girma da sha’awar yin fim. Sai dai kuma ta zama nakasasshe a harkar fim sakamakon aurenta kafin burinta ya cika. Bayan mutuwar aurenta sai ta koma masana’antar kai tsaye. Momee ta ambaci mai shirya fina -finan Kannywood Auwal Mu'azu ,a matsayin mutumin. da ya taimaka mata ta shiga Masana'antar Kannywood. Da farko an san ta da rawa, Tana taka rawa mai kayatarwa, masu kallo wanda ake uploading a YouTube da sauran shafukan sada zumunta. Jarumar ta fito tare da fitattun mawakan Hausa [[Adam A Zango|da jarumin Fina -finan Adam A Zango]] wanda ta ambata a matsayin mai ba ta shawara a masana'antar Kannywood, sai mashahurin mawaƙi Hamisu Breaker, da mawaƙi kuma ɗan wasa Garzali Miko da sauran matasa mawaƙan Hausa a Arewacin Najeriya. Har Yanzu tana daya daga cikin jaruman kannywood<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-23|title=Upcoming Kannywood actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography, Career Pictures and more|url=https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Wothappen|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050143/https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Odogwu|date=2021-02-02|title=Momee Gombe Biography, Age, Career, And Phone Number|url=https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=NaijaDailys|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420152914/https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Fina-finai == Ta fito a fina -finai sama da guda 30, daga cikinsu akwai: * Kishin Mata * Asalin Kauna. * Sarki goma * Zainabu Abu * Alaqa series * Gidan sarauta [tps://naijadrop.com/download-mome-gmbe-so-duniya-mp3-song-audio-video So Duniya (Song)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212003559/https://naijadrop.com/download-mome-gmbe-so-duniya-mp3-song-audio-video |date=2022-02-12 }} ==Iyali== Momee tayi aure ta rabu da maigidanta.sannan tana da ɗiya ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Momee Gombe Explains How Her Marriage Ended In 30 Days - Opera News|url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/0c643ac67467f913cf2903b1700a95e2|access-date=2021-09-07|website=ng.opera.news|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050817/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/0c643ac67467f913cf2903b1700a95e2|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Askira|first=Aliyu|date=2020-10-16|title=I didn’t terminate my marriage because of Hamisu Breaker – Momee Gombe|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/i-didnt-terminate-my-marriage-because-of-hamisu-breaker-momee-gombe/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Blueprint Newspapers Limited|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Momee Gombe Has Debunked Claims of Her Birthing Daughter, Explains Genesis of the Rumours - Opera News|url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/aa1bdb5c33d08391fc521f52149bb340|access-date=2021-09-07|website=ng.opera.news|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907052240/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/aa1bdb5c33d08391fc521f52149bb340|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ƴan Wasan Kannywood]] [[Category:Fulani yan Najeriya]] [[Category:Fulani]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1999]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar gombe]] [[Category:Matan kannywood]] rd0e9jb05oukojkvm166o425lq9bvmj 906537 906536 2026-08-23T11:43:45Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 906537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Momi Gombe.jpg|thumb|Momi_Gombe]] [[Fayil:Momee Gombe.ogg|thumb|muryar momee]] '''Maimuna''' (An haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da casa'in da tara(1999). wacce aka fi sani da '''Momee Gombe''', 'yar wasan [[Kannywood|Kannywood ce]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-28|title=Cikakken Tarihin Momee Gombe » Kundin tarihi|url=https://www.northernwiki.com.ng/cikakken-tarihin-momee-gombe/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Kundin tarihi|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050155/https://www.northernwiki.com.ng/cikakken-tarihin-momee-gombe/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-15|title=Takaitaccen Tarihin Jaruma Momee Gombe..|url=https://www.alummarhausa.com.ng/2020/10/momee-gombe.html|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Alummar Hausa|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>. {{Cite web|date=2020-09-13|title=Meet Momee Gombe Whose Marriage Ended In Less Than 30 Days|url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-momee-gombe-whose-marriage-ended-in-less-than-30-days/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Sahara News Watch|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050144/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-momee-gombe-whose-marriage-ended-in-less-than-30-days/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Rayuwa da aiki== An haifi Momee Gombe a ranar 11 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta alif dari Tara da casa'in da tara 1999, a garin [[Gombe]], [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]] [[Najeriya]]. Ta yi makarantar firamari da sakandari a Garin Gombe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jaruma Momee Gombe (Maimunah Abubakar)|url=https://www.haskenews.com.ng/2021/06/wacece-momee-gombemaimunah-abubakar.html|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Haskenews-All About Arewa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-26|title=Meet Kannywood Actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography Career And Pictures|url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Sahara News Watch|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907052058/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Momee Gombe, kamar yadda aka fi kiranta da shi, ta girma da sha’awar yin fim. Sai dai kuma ta zama nakasasshe a harkar fim sakamakon aurenta kafin burinta ya cika. Bayan mutuwar aurenta sai ta koma masana’antar kai tsaye. Momee ta ambaci mai shirya fina -finan Kannywood Auwal Mu'azu ,a matsayin mutumin. da ya taimaka mata ta shiga Masana'antar Kannywood. Da farko an san ta da rawa, Tana taka rawa mai kayatarwa, masu kallo wanda ake uploading a YouTube da sauran shafukan sada zumunta. Jarumar ta fito tare da fitattun mawakan Hausa [[Adam A Zango|da jarumin Fina -finan Adam A Zango]] wanda ta ambata a matsayin mai ba ta shawara a masana'antar Kannywood, sai mashahurin mawaƙi Hamisu Breaker, da mawaƙi kuma ɗan wasa Garzali Miko da sauran matasa mawaƙan Hausa a Arewacin Najeriya. Har Yanzu tana daya daga cikin jaruman kannywood<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-23|title=Upcoming Kannywood actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography, Career Pictures and more|url=https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Wothappen|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050143/https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Odogwu|date=2021-02-02|title=Momee Gombe Biography, Age, Career, And Phone Number|url=https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=NaijaDailys|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420152914/https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Fina-finai == Ta fito a fina -finai sama da guda 30, daga cikinsu akwai: * Kishin Mata * Asalin Kauna. * Sarki goma * Zainabu Abu * Alaqa series * Gidan sarauta [tps://naijadrop.com/download-mome-gmbe-so-duniya-mp3-song-audio-video So Duniya (Song)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212003559/https://naijadrop.com/download-mome-gmbe-so-duniya-mp3-song-audio-video |date=2022-02-12 }} ==Iyali== Momee tayi aure ta rabu da maigidanta.sannan tana da ɗiya ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Momee Gombe Explains How Her Marriage Ended In 30 Days - Opera News|url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/0c643ac67467f913cf2903b1700a95e2|access-date=2021-09-07|website=ng.opera.news|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050817/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/0c643ac67467f913cf2903b1700a95e2|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Askira|first=Aliyu|date=2020-10-16|title=I didn’t terminate my marriage because of Hamisu Breaker – Momee Gombe|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/i-didnt-terminate-my-marriage-because-of-hamisu-breaker-momee-gombe/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Blueprint Newspapers Limited|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Momee Gombe Has Debunked Claims of Her Birthing Daughter, Explains Genesis of the Rumours - Opera News|url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/aa1bdb5c33d08391fc521f52149bb340|access-date=2021-09-07|website=ng.opera.news|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907052240/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/aa1bdb5c33d08391fc521f52149bb340|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ƴan Wasan Kannywood]] [[Category:Fulani yan Najeriya]] [[Category:Fulani]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1999]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar gombe]] [[Category:Matan kannywood]] 6jdmu3i5upns6vmnj0s4oj72alnaxpo 906538 906537 2026-08-23T11:44:54Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Manazarta */ 906538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Momi Gombe.jpg|thumb|Momi_Gombe]] [[Fayil:Momee Gombe.ogg|thumb|muryar momee]] '''Maimuna''' (An haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da casa'in da tara(1999). wacce aka fi sani da '''Momee Gombe''', 'yar wasan [[Kannywood|Kannywood ce]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-28|title=Cikakken Tarihin Momee Gombe » Kundin tarihi|url=https://www.northernwiki.com.ng/cikakken-tarihin-momee-gombe/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Kundin tarihi|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050155/https://www.northernwiki.com.ng/cikakken-tarihin-momee-gombe/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-15|title=Takaitaccen Tarihin Jaruma Momee Gombe..|url=https://www.alummarhausa.com.ng/2020/10/momee-gombe.html|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Alummar Hausa|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>. {{Cite web|date=2020-09-13|title=Meet Momee Gombe Whose Marriage Ended In Less Than 30 Days|url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-momee-gombe-whose-marriage-ended-in-less-than-30-days/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Sahara News Watch|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050144/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/meet-momee-gombe-whose-marriage-ended-in-less-than-30-days/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Rayuwa da aiki== An haifi Momee Gombe a ranar 11 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta alif dari Tara da casa'in da tara 1999, a garin [[Gombe]], [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]] [[Najeriya]]. Ta yi makarantar firamari da sakandari a Garin Gombe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jaruma Momee Gombe (Maimunah Abubakar)|url=https://www.haskenews.com.ng/2021/06/wacece-momee-gombemaimunah-abubakar.html|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Haskenews-All About Arewa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-26|title=Meet Kannywood Actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography Career And Pictures|url=https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Sahara News Watch|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907052058/https://saharanewswatch.org.ng/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Momee Gombe, kamar yadda aka fi kiranta da shi, ta girma da sha’awar yin fim. Sai dai kuma ta zama nakasasshe a harkar fim sakamakon aurenta kafin burinta ya cika. Bayan mutuwar aurenta sai ta koma masana’antar kai tsaye. Momee ta ambaci mai shirya fina -finan Kannywood Auwal Mu'azu ,a matsayin mutumin. da ya taimaka mata ta shiga Masana'antar Kannywood. Da farko an san ta da rawa, Tana taka rawa mai kayatarwa, masu kallo wanda ake uploading a YouTube da sauran shafukan sada zumunta. Jarumar ta fito tare da fitattun mawakan Hausa [[Adam A Zango|da jarumin Fina -finan Adam A Zango]] wanda ta ambata a matsayin mai ba ta shawara a masana'antar Kannywood, sai mashahurin mawaƙi Hamisu Breaker, da mawaƙi kuma ɗan wasa Garzali Miko da sauran matasa mawaƙan Hausa a Arewacin Najeriya. Har Yanzu tana daya daga cikin jaruman kannywood<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-23|title=Upcoming Kannywood actress Maimuna Abubakar Biography, Career Pictures and more|url=https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Wothappen|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050143/https://www.wothappen.com/upcoming-kannywood-actress-maimuna-abubakar-biography-career-pictures-and-more/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Odogwu|date=2021-02-02|title=Momee Gombe Biography, Age, Career, And Phone Number|url=https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=NaijaDailys|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420152914/https://naijadailys.com.ng/momee-gombe-biography-age-career-and-phone-number/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Fina-finai == Ta fito a fina -finai sama da guda 30, daga cikinsu akwai: * Kishin Mata * Asalin Kauna. * Sarki goma * Zainabu Abu * Alaqa series * Gidan sarauta [tps://naijadrop.com/download-mome-gmbe-so-duniya-mp3-song-audio-video So Duniya (Song)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212003559/https://naijadrop.com/download-mome-gmbe-so-duniya-mp3-song-audio-video |date=2022-02-12 }} ==Iyali== Momee tayi aure ta rabu da maigidanta.sannan tana da ɗiya ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Momee Gombe Explains How Her Marriage Ended In 30 Days - Opera News|url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/0c643ac67467f913cf2903b1700a95e2|access-date=2021-09-07|website=ng.opera.news|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050817/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/0c643ac67467f913cf2903b1700a95e2|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Askira|first=Aliyu|date=2020-10-16|title=I didn’t terminate my marriage because of Hamisu Breaker – Momee Gombe|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/i-didnt-terminate-my-marriage-because-of-hamisu-breaker-momee-gombe/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Blueprint Newspapers Limited|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Momee Gombe Has Debunked Claims of Her Birthing Daughter, Explains Genesis of the Rumours - Opera News|url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/aa1bdb5c33d08391fc521f52149bb340|access-date=2021-09-07|website=ng.opera.news|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907052240/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/aa1bdb5c33d08391fc521f52149bb340|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Ƴan Wasan Kannywood]] [[Rukuni:Fulani yan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Fulani]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1999]] [[Rukuni:Mutane daga jihar gombe]] [[Rukuni:Matan kannywood]] noxqh9et9l6ssfuigniytaobaf6308t 0 20958 906371 754633 2026-08-23T03:33:11Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:BourguibaNouiraMestiriLadhgham1957.jpg|BourguibaNouiraMestiriLadhgham1957.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: No license since 15 August 2026. 906371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ahmed Mestiri 1.jpg|thumb|Ahmed Mestiri]] [[Fayil:GouvernementTunisien1970.jpg|thumb|Ahmed Mestiri a cikin mutane ]] '''Ahmed Mestiri''' (2 ga Yulin shekarar 1925 <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.businessnews.com.tn/deces-de-ahmed-mestiri,520,108567,3 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-06-10 |archive-date=2021-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526171559/https://www.businessnews.com.tn/deces-de-ahmed-mestiri,520,108567,3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> - 23 May 2021) ɗan siyasan Tunusiya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Cikin Gida . ya shahara a lokacin sa. == Manazarta == [[Category:Mutane daga La Marsa]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1925]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2021]] [[Category:Alkalai]] qdbgu3fr0imk78p65pkkqyvlg1vu26q 4 21908 906337 905841 2026-08-22T21:28:06Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 906337 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Numba !Edita !Gudummuwa !Lokacin rajista |- |1 |[[User:Madhurendra Kr|Madhurendra Kr]] |[[Special:Contributions/Madhurendra Kr|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 19 ga Augusta 2026 |- |2 |[[User:AdamsVanessa|AdamsVanessa]] |[[Special:Contributions/AdamsVanessa|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 19 ga Augusta 2026 |- |3 |[[User:7amoudy|7amoudy]] |[[Special:Contributions/7amoudy|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 19 ga Augusta 2026 |- |4 |[[User:ColateoCuza767|ColateoCuza767]] |[[Special:Contributions/ColateoCuza767|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 19 ga Augusta 2026 |- |5 |[[User:Kabeer khamees Bichi|Kabeer khamees Bichi]] |[[Special:Contributions/Kabeer khamees Bichi|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 19 ga Augusta 2026 |- |6 |[[User:DeBoy07|DeBoy07]] |[[Special:Contributions/DeBoy07|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 19 ga Augusta 2026 |- |7 |[[User:아만다엔피|아만다엔피]] |[[Special:Contributions/아만다엔피|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 19 ga Augusta 2026 |- |8 |[[User:AT227725|AT227725]] |[[Special:Contributions/AT227725|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 19 ga Augusta 2026 |- |9 |[[User:Jumboclutch|Jumboclutch]] |[[Special:Contributions/Jumboclutch|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 19 ga Augusta 2026 |- |10 |[[User:有馬吉川|有馬吉川]] |[[Special:Contributions/有馬吉川|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 19 ga Augusta 2026 |- |11 |[[User:Mattan|Mattan]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mattan|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 19 ga Augusta 2026 |- |12 |[[User:Iliyasu Balarabe|Iliyasu Balarabe]] |[[Special:Contributions/Iliyasu Balarabe|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 19 ga Augusta 2026 |- |13 |[[User:Էլինա Շահինյան|Էլինա Շահինյան]] |[[Special:Contributions/Էլինա Շահինյան|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 19 ga Augusta 2026 |- |14 |[[User:NasserHalaweh|NasserHalaweh]] |[[Special:Contributions/NasserHalaweh|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 19 ga Augusta 2026 |- |15 |[[User:Sacsuke2025|Sacsuke2025]] |[[Special:Contributions/Sacsuke2025|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 19 ga Augusta 2026 |- |16 |[[User:Mamu Fatima|Mamu Fatima]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mamu Fatima|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 19 ga Augusta 2026 |- |17 |[[User:Malamijou|Malamijou]] |[[Special:Contributions/Malamijou|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 19 ga Augusta 2026 |- |18 |[[User:Hauwa Hamisu|Hauwa Hamisu]] |[[Special:Contributions/Hauwa Hamisu|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 19 ga Augusta 2026 |- |19 |[[User:Aisha Ashiru Abbas|Aisha Ashiru Abbas]] |[[Special:Contributions/Aisha Ashiru Abbas|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 19 ga Augusta 2026 |- |20 |[[User:Matttwd|Matttwd]] |[[Special:Contributions/Matttwd|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 19 ga Augusta 2026 |- |21 |[[User:Amiina Ibrahim A|Amiina Ibrahim A]] |[[Special:Contributions/Amiina Ibrahim A|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 19 ga Augusta 2026 |- |22 |[[User:Hauwau basiru|Hauwau basiru]] |[[Special:Contributions/Hauwau basiru|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 19 ga Augusta 2026 |- |23 |[[User:Sadiqg01|Sadiqg01]] |[[Special:Contributions/Sadiqg01|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 19 ga Augusta 2026 |- |24 |[[User:Husnah11|Husnah11]] |[[Special:Contributions/Husnah11|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 19 ga Augusta 2026 |- |25 |[[User:Ibrahim ma'azu sule|Ibrahim ma'azu sule]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ibrahim ma'azu sule|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 19 ga Augusta 2026 |- |26 |[[User:KamyyFallon|KamyyFallon]] |[[Special:Contributions/KamyyFallon|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 19 ga Augusta 2026 |- |27 |[[User:Babankhadijat|Babankhadijat]] |[[Special:Contributions/Babankhadijat|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 19 ga Augusta 2026 |- |28 |[[User:Hobbycheck|Hobbycheck]] |[[Special:Contributions/Hobbycheck|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 19 ga Augusta 2026 |- |29 |[[User:Wistula|Wistula]] |[[Special:Contributions/Wistula|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 19 ga Augusta 2026 |- |30 |[[User:Ewkena|Ewkena]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ewkena|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 19 ga Augusta 2026 |- |31 |[[User:Stardust16|Stardust16]] |[[Special:Contributions/Stardust16|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 19 ga Augusta 2026 |- |32 |[[User:Joy Biose|Joy Biose]] |[[Special:Contributions/Joy Biose|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 19 ga Augusta 2026 |- |33 |[[User:HelloImSteven|HelloImSteven]] |[[Special:Contributions/HelloImSteven|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 19 ga Augusta 2026 |- |34 |[[User:Dogru144|Dogru144]] |[[Special:Contributions/Dogru144|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 20 ga Augusta 2026 |- |35 |[[User:Akzey|Akzey]] |[[Special:Contributions/Akzey|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 20 ga Augusta 2026 |- |36 |[[User:Serols|Serols]] |[[Special:Contributions/Serols|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 20 ga Augusta 2026 |- |37 |[[User:Chipichapororo|Chipichapororo]] |[[Special:Contributions/Chipichapororo|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 20 ga Augusta 2026 |- |38 |[[User:Afaimashan|Afaimashan]] |[[Special:Contributions/Afaimashan|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 20 ga Augusta 2026 |- |39 |[[User:Yakubu19|Yakubu19]] |[[Special:Contributions/Yakubu19|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 20 ga Augusta 2026 |- |40 |[[User:Shaaibu labiru|Shaaibu labiru]] |[[Special:Contributions/Shaaibu labiru|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 20 ga Augusta 2026 |- |41 |[[User:Думаюкккккккккк|Думаюкккккккккк]] |[[Special:Contributions/Думаюкккккккккк|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 20 ga Augusta 2026 |- |42 |[[User:Stmodeas|Stmodeas]] |[[Special:Contributions/Stmodeas|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 20 ga Augusta 2026 |- |43 |[[User:90imrana|90imrana]] |[[Special:Contributions/90imrana|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 20 ga Augusta 2026 |- |44 |[[User:潘少凱|潘少凱]] |[[Special:Contributions/潘少凱|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 20 ga Augusta 2026 |- |45 |[[User:Interlingvisto|Interlingvisto]] |[[Special:Contributions/Interlingvisto|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 20 ga Augusta 2026 |- |46 |[[User:VFFM|VFFM]] |[[Special:Contributions/VFFM|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 20 ga Augusta 2026 |- |47 |[[User:Carlitos060130|Carlitos060130]] |[[Special:Contributions/Carlitos060130|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 20 ga Augusta 2026 |- |48 |[[User:TarangoTheGreatest|TarangoTheGreatest]] |[[Special:Contributions/TarangoTheGreatest|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 20 ga Augusta 2026 |- |49 |[[User:DugXi|DugXi]] |[[Special:Contributions/DugXi|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 21 ga Augusta 2026 |- |50 |[[User:Mustleib|Mustleib]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mustleib|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 21 ga Augusta 2026 |- |51 |[[User:Seenu ma|Seenu ma]] |[[Special:Contributions/Seenu ma|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 21 ga Augusta 2026 |- |52 |[[User:Maiyare|Maiyare]] |[[Special:Contributions/Maiyare|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 21 ga Augusta 2026 |- |53 |[[User:Penguin112358|Penguin112358]] |[[Special:Contributions/Penguin112358|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 21 ga Augusta 2026 |- |54 |[[User:Mrb-Wind|Mrb-Wind]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mrb-Wind|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 21 ga Augusta 2026 |- |55 |[[User:Sashok Smitt|Sashok Smitt]] |[[Special:Contributions/Sashok Smitt|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 21 ga Augusta 2026 |- |56 |[[User:Tino Munemo|Tino Munemo]] |[[Special:Contributions/Tino Munemo|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 21 ga Augusta 2026 |- |57 |[[User:Magajimamman24|Magajimamman24]] |[[Special:Contributions/Magajimamman24|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 21 ga Augusta 2026 |- |58 |[[User:Dragonmost|Dragonmost]] |[[Special:Contributions/Dragonmost|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 21 ga Augusta 2026 |- |59 |[[User:Diioannid|Diioannid]] |[[Special:Contributions/Diioannid|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 21 ga Augusta 2026 |- |60 |[[User:Ismail Abdullahi Eel Minister|Ismail Abdullahi Eel Minister]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ismail Abdullahi Eel Minister|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 21 ga Augusta 2026 |- |61 |[[User:Heitor Los09|Heitor Los09]] |[[Special:Contributions/Heitor Los09|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 21 ga Augusta 2026 |- |62 |[[User:Loosewind|Loosewind]] |[[Special:Contributions/Loosewind|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 21 ga Augusta 2026 |- |63 |[[User:Nastryr|Nastryr]] |[[Special:Contributions/Nastryr|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 22 ga Augusta 2026 |- |64 |[[User:Carmela Angela|Carmela Angela]] |[[Special:Contributions/Carmela Angela|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 22 ga Augusta 2026 |- |65 |[[User:Golwollad|Golwollad]] |[[Special:Contributions/Golwollad|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 22 ga Augusta 2026 |- |66 |[[User:Bazeboss|Bazeboss]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bazeboss|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 22 ga Augusta 2026 |- |67 |[[User:Lulasaurius|Lulasaurius]] |[[Special:Contributions/Lulasaurius|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 22 ga Augusta 2026 |- |68 |[[User:Elpharouk|Elpharouk]] |[[Special:Contributions/Elpharouk|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 22 ga Augusta 2026 |- |69 |[[User:Rebeccagreening|Rebeccagreening]] |[[Special:Contributions/Rebeccagreening|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 22 ga Augusta 2026 |- |70 |[[User:Beusson|Beusson]] |[[Special:Contributions/Beusson|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 22 ga Augusta 2026 |- |71 |[[User:Habibullah nura|Habibullah nura]] |[[Special:Contributions/Habibullah nura|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 22 ga Augusta 2026 |- |72 |[[User:LacsiraxAriscal|LacsiraxAriscal]] |[[Special:Contributions/LacsiraxAriscal|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 22 ga Augusta 2026 |- |73 |[[User:Eskimoco|Eskimoco]] |[[Special:Contributions/Eskimoco|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 22 ga Augusta 2026 |- |74 |[[User:Indigos92|Indigos92]] |[[Special:Contributions/Indigos92|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 22 ga Augusta 2026 |- |75 |[[User:Visionsofanetor|Visionsofanetor]] |[[Special:Contributions/Visionsofanetor|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 22 ga Augusta 2026 |- |76 |[[User:Aude|Aude]] |[[Special:Contributions/Aude|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 22 ga Augusta 2026 |- |77 |[[User:Mammal lemming Lisa|Mammal lemming Lisa]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mammal lemming Lisa|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 22 ga Augusta 2026 |- |78 |[[User:Adam Abubakar A|Adam Abubakar A]] |[[Special:Contributions/Adam Abubakar A|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 22 ga Augusta 2026 |- |79 |[[User:きじばる|きじばる]] |[[Special:Contributions/きじばる|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 22 ga Augusta 2026 |- |80 |[[User:Sadiksk7|Sadiksk7]] |[[Special:Contributions/Sadiksk7|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 22 ga Augusta 2026 |- |81 |[[User:DDKOS|DDKOS]] |[[Special:Contributions/DDKOS|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 22 ga Augusta 2026 |- |82 |[[User:Oea Magna|Oea Magna]] |[[Special:Contributions/Oea Magna|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 22 ga Augusta 2026 |- |83 |[[User:Emmanuel Lucas Vieira|Emmanuel Lucas Vieira]] |[[Special:Contributions/Emmanuel Lucas Vieira|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 22 ga Augusta 2026 |- |84 |[[User:Միլենա Չիլինգարյան|Միլենա Չիլինգարյան]] |[[Special:Contributions/Միլենա Չիլինգարյան|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 22 ga Augusta 2026 |- |85 |[[User:DASHRATH1335|DASHRATH1335]] |[[Special:Contributions/DASHRATH1335|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 22 ga Augusta 2026 |- |86 |[[User:ZZAdamZZ|ZZAdamZZ]] |[[Special:Contributions/ZZAdamZZ|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 22 ga Augusta 2026 |- |87 |[[User:Kemou marwane|Kemou marwane]] |[[Special:Contributions/Kemou marwane|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 22 ga Augusta 2026 |- |88 |[[User:Czcz ccc|Czcz ccc]] |[[Special:Contributions/Czcz ccc|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 22 ga Augusta 2026 |- |89 |[[User:Mahady Bilal Sharu DK|Mahady Bilal Sharu DK]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mahady Bilal Sharu DK|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 22 ga Augusta 2026 |- |} 3zke9zryo3x3ztax43kthq5d06g774e 0 22030 906262 711219 2026-08-22T15:56:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Victoria_Falls_from_the_air_1972.jpg |thumb| The falls from the air, 1972]] [[File:Victoria_Falls_gorge1.jpg |thumb|Yankin kogin ]] '''Kogin Zambezi''' (kuma ana rubuta shi da '''Zambeze''' da '''Zambesi''') shine kogi na huɗu a tsayi a [[Afirka]], kogi mafi tsayi mai kwarara ta gabas a Afirka sannan kuma shine kogi mafi girma da ke kwarara zuwa [[Tekun Indiya]] daga Afirka.,Yankin tafkinsa ya kai arabba'in kilomita 1,390,000 (540,000 sq mi), kaɗan ya rage ya kai rabin girman [[Nil|Kogin Nil]]. Kogin mai tsawon kilomita 2,574 (1,599 mi) ya taso a daga [[Zambiya]] kuma ya ratsa gabashin [[Angola]], tare da iyakoki a arewa maso gabashin [[Namibiya|Namibia]] da arewacin Botswana, sannan kuma kan iyakar tsakanin [[Zambiya]] da [[Zimbabwe]] zuwa [[Mozambique]], inda ya ratsa ta. tashar da za ta shiga cikin [[Tekun Indiya]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zambezi River {{!}} river, Africa|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambezi-River|access-date=2021-05-20|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Zambezi River Facts and Information|url=https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/zambezi-river.html|access-date=2021-05-27|website=www.victoriafalls-guide.net}}</ref> Yankin da ya shahara na daga Kogin Zambezi shine [[Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria|Victoria Falls]]. Sauran fitattun ''Waterfall'' dinta sun hada da '''Chavuma Waterfall''' da ke kan iyaka tsakanin Zambiya da Angola, da [[Fadar ruwan Ngonye|Ngonye Waterfall]], kusa da,'''Sioma''' a Yammacin Zambiya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zambezi River|url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/rivers/zambezi/|access-date=2021-05-20|website=Zambia Tourism|language=en-US}}</ref> Akwai manyan hanyoyi biyu na samar da wutar lantarki a kogin, Kariba Dam, wanda ke ba da damar [[Zambiya]] da [[Zimbabwe]], da kuma Cahora Bassa Dam a Mozambique, wanda ke ba da damar ga [[Mozambique]] da [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Akwai ƙarin ƙananan tashoshin wutar lantarki biyu tare da Kogin Zambezi a ƙasar Zambiya, ɗaya a Fadar ruwan Victoria ɗayan kuma kusa da Kalene Hill a Gundumar Ikelenge.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pasanisi|first1=Francesco|last2=Tebano|first2=Carlo|last3=Zarlenga|first3=Francesco|date=March 2016|title=A Survey near Tambara along the Lower Zambezi River|journal=Environments|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=6|doi=10.3390/environments3010006|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Hanyar kogi == === Tushen === [[File:Zambezi_river_basin-en.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zambezi_river_basin-en.svg|thumb|450x450px|Zambezi da koginsa.]] Kogin ya tashi a cikin dambo mai duhu mai fari a cikin gandun dajin miombo mai nisan kilomita 50 (mil 3) a arewacin Mwinilunga da kilomita 20 (mil 12) kudu da Ikelenge a gundumar Ikelenge ta Lardin Arewa maso Yamma, Zambiya da kimanin mita 1,524 (5,000 ft ) sama da matakin teku.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dilapidated Zambezi Source Site Worry Ikelenge DC|url=http://www.muvitv.com/dilapidated-zambezi-source-site-worry-ikelenge-dc/|website=muvitv.com|publisher=Muvi TV|access-date=1 August 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904101922/http://www.muvitv.com/dilapidated-zambezi-source-site-worry-ikelenge-dc/|archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref> Yankin da ke kusa da asalin abin tunawa ne na ƙasa, wurin ajiyar gandun daji da kuma Yankin Tsuntsaye Mai Mahimmanci.<ref>{{cite web|title=ZM002 Source of the Zambezi|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=7178|website=birdlife.org|publisher=Birdlife International|access-date=1 August 2015|archive-date=4 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904101922/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=7178|url-status=dead}}</ref> Gabas ta asalin, magudanar ruwan da ke tsakanin Kongo da Zambezi ya zama kyakkyawan bel na babban ƙasa, yana tafiya kusan gabas zuwa yamma kuma ya faɗi kwatsam zuwa arewa da kudu. Wannan ya yanke wannan kwatancen na Lualaba (babban reshe na babban Kwango) daga na Zambezi. A cikin maɓuɓɓugar tushen maɓuɓɓugar ruwan ba a bayyana take a sarari ba, amma tsarin kogin biyu bai haɗu ba.<ref name="Dorling">Dorling Kindersley, pp. 84–85</ref> Yankin da Zambezi ya malale shi tsauni ne mai fadi mai tsayi 900-1200 m, wanda aka haɗa shi a cikin nesa da gadajen ''metamorphic'' kuma an haɗa shi da duwatsu masu banƙyama na Fadar ruwan ''Victoria''. A Shupanga, a kan ƙananan Zambezi, siraran duwatsu masu launin ruwan toka da rawaya, tare da rukuni na lokaci-lokaci, suna fitowa akan gadon kogin a lokacin rani, kuma waɗannan sun ci gaba har bayan Tete, inda suke haɗuwa da ɗakunan ruwa mai yawa kwal. Hakanan ana samun kwal a gundumar da ke ƙasa da Fadar ruwan Victoria. Duwatsu masu dauke da zinare suna faruwa a wurare da yawa.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ashton|first1=Peter|last2=Love|first2=David|last3=Mahachi|first3=Harriet|last4=Dirks|first4=Paul|title=An Overview of the Impacts of Mining and Mineral Processing Operations on Water Resources and Water Quality in the Zambezi, Limpopo AND Olifant Catchments in Southern Africa|url=https://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/G00599.pdf|website=International Institute for Environment and Development|publisher=Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development Project, Southern Africa|access-date=13 November 2020}}</ref> === Babban Zambezi === Kogin yana gudana zuwa kudu maso yamma zuwa Angola na kimanin kilomita 240 (150 mi), sannan kuma ya haɗu da manya-manyan mashigai kamar su Luena da Chifumage da ke kwararowa daga tsaunuka zuwa arewa maso yamma.<ref name="Dorling">Dorling Kindersley, pp. 84–85</ref> Ya juya kudu kuma ya samar da ambaliyar ruwa, tare da bambancin nisa tsakanin rani da damina. Yana shiga daskararren gandun daji na ''Cryptosepalum'', kodayake ta gefen yamma, filayen yammacin Zambezian suma suna faruwa. Inda ya sake shiga Zambiya yana da kusan mita 400 (1,300 ft) faɗi a lokacin damina kuma yana gudana cikin hanzari, tare da saurin gudu zuwa ƙarewar Chavuma, inda kogin ke bi ta wani dutse mai ƙyama. Kogin ya sauke kimanin mita 400 (1,300 ft) a daga daga asalinsa a mita 1,500 (4,900 ft) zuwa Fadar Chavuma a mita 1,100 (3,600 ft), a tazarar kusan kilomita 400 (250 mi). Daga wannan lokacin zuwa Victoria Falls, matakin basin yana da kyau sosai, yana sauka kawai ta wani mitoci 180 (590 ft) a tazarar kusan kilomita 800 (500 mi).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Page|first=Geology|date=2014-11-25|title=Zambezi River|url=https://www.geologypage.com/2014/11/zambezi-river.html|access-date=2021-05-20|website=Geology Page|language=en-US}}</ref> Na farko daga cikin manyan rafuka wadanda suka shiga Zambezi ita ce Kogin Kabompo a lardin arewa maso yammacin lardin Zambiya. Babban fa'idar Kogin Kabompo shine ban ruwa. Savanna wanda kogin ya gudana ya ba da damar zuwa babban malalen ambaliyar ruwa, wanda aka cika shi da dabinon Borassus. Southan nisa kudu akwai haɗuwa da Kogin Lungwebungu. Wannan ita ce farkon Tsarin Ruwa na Barotse, sanannen fasalin babba na Zambezi, amma wannan ɓangaren na arewa ba ya ambaliya sosai kuma ya haɗa da tsibirai na ƙasa mafi tsayi a tsakiya. Kimanin kilomita talatin a ƙasa da mahadar Lungwebungu ƙasar ta zama mai faɗi sosai, kuma yanayin filin Barotse na ambaliyar ruwa ya bayyana, tare da ambaliyar da ta kai faɗi 25 kilomita a lokacin damina. Fiye da nisan kilomita 200 a ƙarshen shekara ambaliyar ruwan tana mamaye yanayin ɗabi'a da rayuwar ɗan adam, al'umma da al'ada. Kusan kilomita tamanin da ke ƙasa, Luanginga, wanda tare da raƙuman ruwa take malale babban yanki zuwa yamma, ya haɗu da Zambezi. 'Yan kilomitoci sama sama da gabas babban rafin yana haɗuwa a lokacin damina ta ambaliyar tsarin Luampa/Luena.<ref name="Dorling">Dorling Kindersley, pp. 84–85</ref> Gajeriyar hanya mai nisa ta haduwa da Luanginga ita ce Lealui, ɗayan manyan biranen Lozi waɗanda ke da yawa a yankin Zambiya na Barotseland a lardin Yammaci. Shugaban Lozi yana kula da ɗayan mahadi biyu a Lealui; ɗayan yana a Limulunga, wanda yake kan dogaye kuma yana aiki a matsayin babban birni yayin damina. Matsayi na shekara-shekara daga Lealui zuwa Limulunga babban biki ne, wanda akeyi a matsayin ɗayan sanannun bukukuwan Zambiya, Kuomboka. Bayan Lealui, kogin ya juya zuwa kudu maso kudu-gabas. Daga gabas yana ci gaba da karɓar ƙananan rafuka da yawa, amma a yamma ba tare da manyan kwastomomi na kilomita 240 ba. Kafin wannan, Ngonye Falls da rapids na gaba suna katse maɓallin kewayawa. Kudancin [[Fadar ruwan Ngonye]], kogin yayi iyaka da Namibia ta Caprivi Strip.<ref name="Dorling">Dorling Kindersley, pp. 84–85</ref> Ayyukan tsiri daga babban jikin Namibia, kuma sakamakonsa ne daga lokacin mulkin mallaka: an kara shi ne zuwa yankin Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka na Jamus don bawa Jamus damar zuwa Zambezi. A ƙasa da mahadar [[Kogin Cuando]] da Zambezi kogin ya kusan kusan gabas. A nan, kogin yana da fadi da zurfi, kuma yana gudana a hankali, amma yayin da yake kwarara gabas zuwa iyakar babban filin tsaunin tsakiyar Afirka sai ya isa wani rami wanda Fadar ruwan ''Victoria'' ta fada. === Tsakiyar Zambezi === [[File:Victoria Falls aerial view September 2003.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victoria Falls aerial view September 2003.jpg|thumb|[[Fadar ruwan Victoria]], ƙarshen Zambezi na sama da farkon tsakiyar Zambezi]] Bikin [[Fadar ruwan Victoria]] ana ɗaukarsa iyaka tsakanin babba da tsakiyar Zambezi. A ƙasa da su kogin ya cigaba da malalawa saboda gabas na kimanin kilomita 200 (mi 120), yana yankan katangar bankwana na mita 20 zuwa 60 (66 zuwa 200 ft) baya ga tsaunuka 200 zuwa mita 250 (660 zuwa 820 ft) mai tsayi. Kogin yana gudana cikin hanzari ta cikin Ruwa na Batoka, raƙuman ruwa suna katsewa na yanzu. An bayyana shi<ref>{{Cite web|last=Edington|first=Sean|date=2020-12-29|title=Is rafting on the Zambezi River below The Victoria Falls Dangerous?|url=https://safpar.com/is-rafting-on-the-zambezi-river-below-the-victoria-falls-dangerous/|access-date=2021-05-20|website=SAFPAR|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520102959/https://safpar.com/is-rafting-on-the-zambezi-river-below-the-victoria-falls-dangerous/|url-status=dead}}</ref> a matsayin ɗayan ɗayan tafiye tafiye na farin ruwa a duniya, babban ƙalubale ga masu tuƙin kaya da raƙuman ruwa iri ɗaya. A bayan kwazazzaben akwai jerin gwanon gudu wanda ya kare kilomita 240 (150 mi) a kasa Victoria Falls. A wannan nisan, kogin ya faɗi da mita 250 (820 ft). A wannan gaba, kogin ya shiga [[Tafkin Kariba]], wanda aka kirkira a 1959 biyo bayan kammala Dam ɗin Kariba. Tabkin na daya daga cikin manya manyan tabkuna da ake yi a duniya, kuma wuraren samar da wutar lantarki a madatsar ruwan na samar da wutar lantarki ga yawancin Zambiya da Zimbabwe. Luangwa da Kafue sune manya-manyan rairayin hagu na Zambezi. Kafue ya haɗu da babban kogi a cikin wani rafin mai zurfin nutsuwa kimanin mita 180 (ƙafa 590). Daga wannan lokacin an duba lanƙwar arewa ta Zambezi kuma rafin ya cigaba saboda gabas. A haɗuwa da Luangwa (15°37'S) ya shiga Mozambique.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Figure 1: Map showing location of Luangwa Valley and Greater Kafue Ecosystem in Zambia.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11313/fig-1|access-date=2021-05-20|journal=PeerJ|date=20 April 2021|volume=9|pages=e11313|doi=10.7717/peerj.11313/fig-1|last1=Valkenburgh|first1=Blaire Van|last2=White|first2=Paula A.|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tsakiyar Zambezi ya ƙare inda kogin ya shiga Tafkin Cahora Bassa (shima an rubuta shi Cabora Bassa). A da wurin da ake saurin afkuwar hatsari da ake kira Kebrabassa, an kirkiro tafkin ne a shekarar 1974 ta hanyar gina Madatsar ruwa ta Cahora Bassa. === Kananan Zambezi === Kasan kilomita 4750 na Zambezi daga Cahora Bassa zuwa Tekun Indiya ana iya zirga-zirga, kodayake kogin ba shi da zurfi a wurare da yawa a lokacin rani. Wannan rashin zurfin zurfin yana tasowa yayin da kogin ya shiga cikin kwari mai fadi kuma ya bazu a wani babban yanki. Kawai a wani lokaci, Lupata Ruwa, kilomita 320 daga bakinsa, an tsare kogin tsakanin manyan tsaunuka. Anan yana da kusan faɗi 200 m. Wani wuri kuma daga 5 zuwa 8 kilomita faɗi, yana gudana a hankali cikin rafuka da yawa. Gadon kogin yashi ne, kuma bankunan sun yi ƙasa kuma sun yi ja-gora. A wurare, duk da haka, kuma musamman a lokacin damina, rafukan sun haɗu zuwa ɗaya kogi mai faɗi da sauri. Kusan kilomita 160 daga teku Zambezi ya karɓi malalar Tafkin Malawi ta cikin Kogin Shire. Lokacin da ya kusanci Tekun Indiya, sai kogin ya rabe zuwa cikin wani yanki.<ref name="Dorling">Dorling Kindersley, pp. 84–85</ref> Kowane ɗayan manyan masu rarraba huɗun, Kongone, Luabo da Timbwe, sandar yashi ta toshe su. Wani reshe mafi kusa da arewa, wanda ake kira da bakin Chinde, yana da ƙarami mai zurfi ,a ƙaramin ruwa na 2m a ƙofar kuma 4m kara ciki, kuma shine reshe da ake amfani dashi don kewayawa. 100 kilomita gabar arewa akwai wani kogi da ake kira Quelimane, bayan garin a bakinsa. Wannan rafin, wanda ke yin siliki, yana karɓar ambaliyar Zambezi a lokacin damina.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zambezi - Encyclopedia|url=https://theodora.com/encyclopedia/z/zambezi.html|access-date=2021-05-20|website=theodora.com|language=en}}</ref> == Yankin == Yankin tafkin Zambezi ya kai kusan rabin faɗinsa kamar yadda yake gabanin gina madatsun ruwa na Kariba da Cahora Bassa suna sarrafa bambancin yanayi na yawan kwararar kogin. Kafin a gina madatsun ruwan na Zambezi suna da tasiri sosai a kan yanayin halittar yankin daga yau tunda ya kawo ruwan sha mai gina jiki zuwa tekun Indiya na gabar teku. Kananan Zambezi sun sami ƙaramar ambaliyar ruwa a farkon lokacin rani yayin da ruwan sama a cikin rafin Gwembe da arewa maso gabashin Zimbabwe suka bi ta ciki yayin da ruwan sama a cikin manyan Zambezi, Kafue, da tafkin Malawi, da kuma Luangwa zuwa wani ƙarami, an hana shi ta fadama da magudanan ruwa. Fitar da wadannan tsarin ya ba da gudummawa ga ambaliyar ruwa da ta fi girma a watan Maris ko Afrilu, tare da matsakaicin matsakaici a kowane wata na Afrilu na mita 6,700 cubic (240,000 cu ft) a kowane dakika a Delta. Rikodin ya ninka sau uku girma, mita dubu 22,500 (790,000 cu ft) a kowane dakika ana yin rikodin a shekarar 1958. Sabanin haka, fitar da aka yi a karshen lokacin rani ya kai kimanin cubic mita 500 (18,000 cu ft) a sakan daya. A cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970s ginin madatsun ruwa ya canza wannan salon kwata-kwata. A can kasan ma'anar mafi karancin wata-mafi-yawa ya kasance mita mai siffar sukari 500 (18,000 cu ft) zuwa mita 6,000 na cubic mita (210,000 cu ft) a sakan daya; yanzu yakai mita dubu 3 (35,000 cu ft) zuwa mita dubu uku da dari tara (140,000 cu ft) a sakan daya. Ambaliyar-matsakaici musamman, irin wanda yanayin yanayin Zambezi ya dace da shi, yakan faru sau da yawa kuma yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci. Kamar yadda tasirin Itezhi-Tezhi Dam yake a cikin Kaffun Flats, wannan yana da sakamako masu zuwa: * kifi, tsuntsaye da sauran hanyoyin ciyar da namun daji da tsarin kiwo ya lalace * ƙasa da ciyawa bayan ambaliyar ruwa don kiwo da shanu * al'adun gargajiya da tsarin kamun kifi sun tabarbare.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eiR_RLPB6GAC&q=traditional+farming+and+fishing+patterns+disrupted&pg=PA41|title=Revise AS Level Geography for Edexcel Specification B|last=Knifton|first=Dulcie|date=July 2004|publisher=Heinemann|isbn=9780435101541}}</ref> === Lafiyar Qasa na Yankin === [[File:Zambezi_River_Delta.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zambezi_River_Delta.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Bayani mai ma'ana game da kogin Zambezi daga sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=82361|title=Zambezi River Delta : Image of the Day|date=29 August 2013|website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}</ref>]] [[File:Zambezi_Barotse_floodplain.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zambezi_Barotse_floodplain.jpg|thumb|Hoton launi-launi na NASA na saman Zambezi da Barotse (Balozi) yayin ambaliyar ruwa a 2003.]] Yankin Zambezi yana da filaye da yawa, da kuma dausayi na dindin, ''savannas'', da gandun daji na fadama. Tare da magudanan ruwa na Buzi, Pungwe, da Save koguna, kogin Zambezi ya kasance asusun Asusun Kula da dabbobin duniya na Zambezian da ke bakin ruwa savanna ''ecoregion'' a Mozambique. Savannas da ambaliyar ta yi ambaliya suna kusa da gabar Tekun Indiya. Mangroves yana gefen bakin tekun Delta. Kodayake madatsun ruwa sun hana wasu daga cikin ambaliyar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta ƙananan Zambezi kuma sun sa yankin da ambaliyar ta ragu sosai ba su cire ambaliyar kwata-kwata ba. Ba za su iya sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa ba, kawai sun sanya ambaliyar matsakaiciyar ƙasa da ƙasa. Lokacin da ruwan sama mai karfi a ƙasan Zambezi ya haɗu tare da kyakkyawan kwararar ruwa, ambaliyar ruwa har yanzu tana faruwa kuma yankuna masu dauƙi har yanzu wuri ne mai mahimmanci. Ko yaya, haka kuma ƙarancin gandun dajin na ƙara yin mummunan lahani ga dabbobin daji ya samo asali ne daga farautar dabbobi marasa ƙarfi kamar buffalo da buckbu a lokacin Yakin Basasa na Mozambique kuma yanzu rikicin ya ƙare da alama wuraren da za a yi ambaliyar za su fi yawan jama'a, kuma gaba An kuma tattauna batun lalatawa. Yankin da aka kiyaye shi kawai shine filin wasan Marromeu kusa da garin Beira. Koday ake yankin ya ga raguwar yawan manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa, har yanzu yana gida ga wasu ciki har da reedbuck da ƙaura mai zuwa. Naman dabbobi da aka samo a nan sun hada da zaki (''Panthera leo''), damisa (''Panthera pardus''), cheetah (''Acinonyx jubatus''), hyena mai hangowa (''Crocuta crocuta'') da jackal mai taguwar gefe (''Canis adustus''). Wuraren ambaliyar sun zama matattarar tsuntsayen masu ƙaura da suka hada da pintails, garganey, African openbill (''Anastomus lamelligerus''), stork-billed stork (''Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis''), wattled crane (''Bugeranus carunculatus''), da kuma babban farin feshin (''Pelecanus onocrotalus'').<ref name="wwf">{{WWF ecoregion|name=Zambezian coastal flooded savanna|id=at0906}}</ref> Dabbobi masu rarrafe sun hada da kada (''Crocodylus niloticus''), kadangaren saka idanu na Nile (''Varanus niloticus'') da kuma dutsen Python na Afirka (''Python sebae''), da macijin tsutsar ciki na Pungwe (''Leptotyphlops pungwensis'') da wasu macizan guda uku wadanda kusan suke da jini; macijin ruwa mai ambaliyar ruwa (''Lycodonomorphus whytei obscuriventris''), dodon kerkuku [[maciji]] (''Lycophidion nanus'') da maciji mai dausayi (''Proatheris'').<ref name="wwf">{{WWF ecoregion|name=Zambezian coastal flooded savanna|id=at0906}}</ref> Akwai da yawa daga malam buɗe ido. == Yanayi == Arewacin tafkin Zambezi yana nufin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na 1100 zuwa 1400mm wanda ke sauka zuwa kudu, ya kai kusan rabin wannan adadi a kudu maso yamma. Ruwan sama yana sauka a lokacin damina mai tsawon watanni 4 zuwa 6 lokacin da Yankin Haɓaka tsakanin Yankin ke motsawa daga ƙasan arewa daga tsakanin Oktoba zuwa Maris. Yawan kumburin ruwa yana da yawa (1600 mm-2300 mm) kuma an rasa ruwa da yawa ta wannan hanyar a cikin gulbi da koguna, musamman a kudu maso yamma na kwarin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Richard Beilfuss & David dos Santos: Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique. |url=http://www.gorongosa.net/research/research_documents/Patterns_Hydrological_Change_Zambezi_Delta.pdf |access-date=2021-07-05 |archive-date=2008-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102105856/http://www.gorongosa.net/research/research_documents/Patterns_Hydrological_Change_Zambezi_Delta.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Dabbobin daji == [[File:Zambezi_–_Elephants_crossing_the_river-_1_ca_12.11.2009.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zambezi_%E2%80%93_Elephants_crossing_the_river-_1_ca_12.11.2009.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Giwaye suna haye kogin-]] [[File:Hippopotamus_in_the_Zambezi.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hippopotamus_in_the_Zambezi.jpg|thumb|Hippopotamus a cikin Kogin Zambezi]] Kogin yana tallafawa ɗimbin ɗumbin dabbobi. Dorinan-ruwa (''Hippopotamuses)'' suna da yawa tare da yawancin sassan kwanciyar hankali na kogin, da kuma kadarorin Nilu. Ana samun kadangaru masu sa ido a wurare da yawa. Tsuntsaye suna da yawa, tare da nau'ikan da suka haɗa da ''heron, pelican, egret, ƙananan flamingo'' da gaggafa kifin Afirka da ke da yawa. Itacen kogin kuma yana tallafawa manyan dabbobi da yawa, kamar bauna, jakunan daji, rakumin dawa, giwaye. Zambezi kuma yana tallafawa nau'ikan kifaye da yawa, wasu daga cikinsu suna da rafin kogi. Muhimmin nau'ikan sun hada da cichlids wadanda ake kifi da yawa don abinci, da kifayen kifi, ''tigerfish'', kifi mai launin rawaya da sauran manyan halittu. Wani lokacin ana kiran sa da shark da sunan Zambezi shark bayan kogi, amma ana samun sa a duk duniya. == Igiyoyin ruwa == '''''Babban Zambezi: 507,200 km2, ya sauke 1044 m3/s a ​​Fadar ruwan Victoria, wanda ya ƙunshi:''''' ''Ruwan Arewacin, 222,570 km2, 850 m3/s a ​​Lukulu:'' * Kogin Chifumage: Yankin tsakiyar Angola * Kogin Luena: Yankin tsakiyar Angola * Kogin Kabompo: 72,200 km2, NW tsaunukan NW na Zambiya * Kogin Lungwebungu: 47,400 km2, yankin tsakiyar Angola ''Yankin tsakiyar filayen, 284,630 km2, 196 m3/s (Fadar ruwan Victoria – Lukulu):'' * Kogin Luanginga: 34,600 km2, yankin tsakiyar Angola * Kogin Luampa/Luena River, Zambiya: 20,500 km2, gabashin gabashin Zambezi * Cuando/Linyanti/Kogin Chobe: 133,200 km2, Angolan S plateau & Caprivi '''''Tsakiyar Zambezi wanda aka ƙididdige 1,050,000 km2, 2442 m3/s, wanda aka auna a Cahora Bassa Ruwa''''' [[File:Río_Zambeze,_Zambia-Zimbabue,_2018-07-27,_DD_14.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R%C3%ADo_Zambeze,_Zambia-Zimbabue,_2018-07-27,_DD_14.jpg|thumb|Duba tsakiyar Zambezi]] ''(Yankin tsakiyar ta kanta: 542,800 km2, fitarwa 1398 m3/s (C. Bassa – Fadar ruwan Victoria)'' ''Gwembe Kamawa, 156,600 km2, 232 m3/s (Kariba Gorge – Fadar ruwan Vic):'' * Kogin Gwayi: 54,610 km2, NW Zimbabwe * Kogin Sengwa: 25,000 km2, Arewacin tsakiyar Zimbabwe * Kogin Sanyati: 43,500 km2, Arewacin tsakiyar Zimbabwe ''Kariba Ruwa zuwa C. Bassa mai kamawa, 386200 km2, 1166 m3/s (C. Bassa – Kariba Ruwa):'' * Kogin Kafue: 154,200 km2, 285 m3 / s, Yammacin tsakiyar Zambiya & Copperbelt * Kogin Luangwa: 151,400 km2, 547 m3 / s, Luangwa Rift Valley & plateau NW da shi * Kogin Panhane: 23,897 km2, yankin tsakiyar Arewacin Zimbabwe '''''Kananan Zambezi ya cika yawa, 1,378,000 km2, 3424 m3/s, wanda aka auna a Marromeu''''' (Kananan sashe da kanta: 328,000 km2, 982 m3 / s (Marromeu-C. Bassa)) * Kogin Luia: 28,000 km2, Moravia-Angonia plateau, N na Zambezi * Kogin Luenha/Kogin Mazoe: 54,144 km2, 152 m3/s, Tsaunin Manica, NE Zimbabwe * Kogin Shire, 154,000 km2, 539 m3/s, Tafkin Malawi Delta na Zambezi, 12,000 km2 Adadin kogin Zambezi: 1,390,000 km2, 3424 m3/s aka sallamar da ita zuwa yankin Delta Bayanai: Beilfuss & Dos Santos (2001) Ba a haɗa [[Kogin Okavango]] cikin waɗannan adadi saboda kawai lokaci-lokaci yana malalowa ta kowane fanni zuwa cikin Zambezi. Saboda rabon ruwan sama, yankuna na arewa suna bayar da ruwa mai yawa fiye da na kudu, misali: yankunan arewacin tsaunuka na sama na Zambezi suna bada kashi 25%, Kafue 8%, Luangwa da Shire Rivers 16% kowane, jimlar 65% na ruwan Zambezi. Babban tafkin Cuando da ke kudu maso yamma a gefe guda yana ba da gudummawa kusan 2 m3/s saboda yawancinsu sun ɓace ta hanyar ɓarna a cikin tsarin fadamar. Shekarun 1940 da 1950 sun kasance shekaru masu yawa musamman a cikin kwandon ruwa. Tun daga 1975, ya fi bushewa, matsakaicin fitarwa ya zama kashi 70% kawai na wannan daga shekarun 1930 zuwa 1958. == Tarihin kasa == [[File:Victoria_Falls_National_Park_marker.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victoria_Falls_National_Park_marker.jpg|thumb|Alamar Victoria Park ta Kasa]] Har zuwa ''Late Pliocene'' ko ''Pleistocene'' (sama da shekaru miliyan biyu da suka wuce), kogin Babban Zambezi ya kasance yana kwarara kudu ta inda yake yanzu [[Makgadikgadi Pan]] zuwa [[Kogin Limpopo]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Goudie|first1=A.S.|author-link=Andrew Goudie (geographer)|date=2005|title=The drainage of Africa since the Cretaceous|journal=[[Geomorphology (journal)|Geomorphology]]|volume=67|issue=3–4|pages=437–456|doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.11.008|bibcode=2005Geomo..67..437G}}</ref> Canjin hanyar kogin sakamakon motsawar ''epeirogenic'' ne wanda ya daukaka saman a rabe-raben ruwa na yau tsakanin kogunan biyu.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=A.E.|date=1999|title=A reapprisal of epeirogenic flexure axes in southern Africa|journal=[[South African Journal of Geology]]|volume=102|issue=4|pages=363–376}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kilomita 1,000 (620 mi) gabas, yankin yamma na Kogin Shire a gabashin ''Rift'' ta gabashin Afirka ta hanyar Malawi ya lalata wani kwari mai zurfin kan rakiyar yamma. Dangane da kimar peran cm a kowace shekara, wannan kogin, Tsakiyar Zambezi, ya fara yanke gadon kogin nasa zuwa yamma, tare da taimakon riƙo (rift valleys) da ke kan hanyarsa ta hanyar gabas zuwa yamma. Kamar yadda ta yi haka ta kame wasu koguna da ke kwarara ta kudu kamar su Luangwa da Kafue. Daga ƙarshe sai babban Zambezi ya kama babban kogin da ya makale a Makgadikgadi (ko kuma wani yanki daga gare shi) yana yankan baya zuwa gareshi, kuma ya wofintar da shi zuwa gabas. Hakanan an kame Babban Zambezi. Tsakiyar Zambezi ya kai kimanin mita 300 (ƙafa 980) ƙasa da Upper Zambezi, kuma wata ƙatuwar maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da aka kafa a gefen ƙauyen mashigar da ƙoshin babban kogin yake gudana. Wannan shi ne Fadar ruwan Victoria na Farko, a wani wuri zuwa Ruwa na Batoka kusa da inda Tafkin Kariba yake a yanzu.<ref>[http://www.zamsoc.org/documents/Summary%20of%20Technical%20Reviews%20Part%202.pdf AWF Four Corners Biodiversity Information Package No 2: Summary of Technical Reviews] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217063008/http://www.zamsoc.org/documents/Summary%20of%20Technical%20Reviews%20Part%202.pdf|date=17 February 2012}} Accessed 1 March 2007.(dead link)</ref> == Tarihi == === Bayanin Lantarki === Bature na farko da yazo ketaren kogin Zambezi shine '''Vasco da Gama,''' a cikin Janairu shekarar 1498, wanda ya kafa abin da ya kira ''Rio dos Bons Sinais'' ("Kogin Kyakkyawan Omens"), yanzu Quelimane ko ''Quá-Qua,'' ƙaramin kogi a kan ƙarshen ƙarshen Delta, wanda a wancan lokacin ya haɗu da tashoshi masu amfani da shi zuwa rafin Zambezi daidai (haɗin da aka ƙulla da shi a cikin 1830s). A cikin fewan kaɗan daga cikin tsoffin taswirori, an fassara kogin duka kamar haka. Amma tuni zuwa farkon 1500s, sabon suna ya fito, kogin Cuama (wani lokacin "Quama" ko "Zuama"). Cuama shine sunan yankin da mazaunan Tudun Swahili suka ba shi don matsugunin da yake kan ɗayan tsibirai na kudu maso yamma (kusa da tashar Luabo). Mafi yawan tsofaffin taswirar jiragen ruwa suna nuna shigar Luabo a matsayin Cuama, duka yankin kamar "kogunan Cuama" da kogin Zambezi sun dace da "Kogin Cuama". Duk da haka, tuni a cikin 1552, marubucin tarihin Fotigal João de Barros ya lura cewa mutanen wannan birni na Monomatapa suna kiran wannan kogin Cuama ''Zembere''.<ref>Barros, ''Da Asia'', Dec.</ref> Friar Fotigal Dominican João dos Santos, ta ziyarci Monomatapa a 1597, ta ba da rahoton as Zambeze (Harsunan Bantu suna canzawa tsakanin z da r) kuma sun bincika asalin sunan; an gaya masa an sa masa sunan mutane. [[File:Monomotapa_Map.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monomotapa_Map.jpg|thumb|Taswirar da Willem Janszoon Blaeu ya yi, wanda aka ba shi a ranar 1635, wanda ke nuna tafarkin Zambezi, da asalinsa a cikin babban tafki.]] {{quote|"A gefensu ana kiran Kogin Cuama da suna Zambeze; shugaban da yake da nisa a cikin Kasa har babu wani daga cikinsu da ya san shi, amma bisa al'adar magabata sun ce ya fito ne daga wani Tafki a tsakiyar nahiyar wanda ya hada da sauran manyan Koguna, hanyoyi daban-daban da ke ziyartar Tekun. Suna kiran shi Zambeze, na ofasar Cafres da ke zaune kusa da Tekun wanda ake kira da haka." —J. Santos ''Ethiopia Oriental'', 1609<ref>Fr. J. dos Santos (1609), ''Ethiopia Oriental e varia historia de cousas Notaveis do Oriente'', Pt. III. English translation is from [[Samuel Purchas]]'s 1625 ''Haklyutus Posthumus'', (1905) ed., Glasgow, vol. 10: [https://books.google.com/books?id=ekIMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA220#v=onepage&q&f=false p.220-21]</ref>}}Don haka kalmar "Zambezi" ta kasance bayan mutanen da ke zaune a gefen babban tafki zuwa arewa. 'Yan takarar da ake ganin sun fi dacewa su ne "M'biza", ko mutanen Bisa (a tsofaffin rubutun da aka bayar a matsayin Muisa, Movisa, Abisa, Ambios da sauran bambance-bambancen), mutanen Bantu ne da ke zaune a yankin da ke tsakiyar gabashin Zambiya a yanzu, tsakanin Kogin Zambezi da Tafkin Bangweolo (a lokacin, kafin mamayewar Lunda, da alama Bisa zai kara fadada arewa, mai yiwuwa zuwa Lake Tanganyika). Bisa ya yi suna a matsayin manyan dillalan yadi a duk yankin.<ref>The connection between Santos/Monomatapa "Zambezi" and the "M'biza" is suggested in Cooley (1845).</ref> A cikin sanarwa mai ban sha'awa, ɗan asalin Goas ɗin nan dan asalin ƙasar Portugal Manuel Caetano Pereira, wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙasashen Bisa a cikin 1796 ya yi mamakin nuna shi na biyu, keɓaɓɓen kogi da ake kira "Zambezi".<ref>"Notícias dadas por Manoel Caetano Pereira, comerciante, que se entranhou pelo interior da África", as published in José Acúrsio das Neves (1830) ''Considerações Políticas e Comerciais sobre os Descobrimentos e Possessões na África e na Ásia''.</ref> Wannan "sauran Zambezi" wanda ya ba da mamaki ga Pereira shine wataƙila abin da majiyoyin zamani ke rubutawa na Kogin Chambeshi a arewacin Zambiya. Maganar ''Monomatapa'' (Santos ta ruwaito) cewa Zambezi ya samo asali ne daga wani babban tafki na ciki yana iya zama ishara ga ɗayan Manyan tabkuna na Afirka. Ofayan sunayen da masu bincike na farko suka bayar da rahoto game da Tafkin Malawi shine "Lake Zambre" (wataƙila ɓarna ce ta "Zambezi"), mai yiwuwa saboda Tafkin Malawi ya haɗu da ƙananan Zambezi ta Kogin Malawi. Labarin Monomatapa ya yi daidai da tsohuwar tunanin Turai, wanda aka samo daga tsohuwar tarihi, cewa duk manyan kogunan Afirka-Kogin Nilu, da Senegal, da Kwango, yanzu ma Zambezi, duk an same su ne daga babban babban tafkin. Haka kuma an gaya wa Fotigal din cewa "kogin" na Mozambican Espirito Santo (a zahiri an gina shi ne daga kogin Umbeluzi, Matola da Tembe) daga wani tafki (saboda haka aka san hanyar da ake kira Delagoa Bay). A sakamakon haka, tsoffin taswirori da yawa suna nuna Zambezi da kogunan "Espirito Santo" suna haɗewa cikin zurfin ciki, a tafki ɗaya. Koyaya, tushen asalin Bisa ba tare da jayayya ba. A 1845, WD Cooley, yana nazarin bayanan Pereira, ya kammala kalmar "Zambezi" ba daga mutanen Bisa bane, a'a daga kalmar Bantu "mbege"/"mbeze" ("kifi"), saboda haka yana iya nufin kawai "kogi" na kifi".<ref>W.D. Cooley (1845) "The Geography of N'yassi, or the Great Lake of Southern Africa, investigated, with an account of the overland route from the Quanza in Angola to the Zambezi in the government of Mozambique", ''Journal of the Royal Geographical Society'', p.185-235.</ref> David Livingstone, wanda ya isa Zambezi na sama a cikin 1853, yana kiranta da "Zambesi" amma kuma ya lura da sunan yankin "Leeambye" da mutanen Lozi ke amfani da shi, wanda ya ce yana nufin "babban kogi ko kogi daidai da kyau". Livingstone ya rubuta wasu sunaye na Zambezi - Luambeji, Luambesi, Ambezi, Ojimbesi da Zambesi - waɗanda mutane daban-daban suka yi amfani da su a yayin tafiyarta, kuma ya tabbatar da cewa "dukkansu suna da irin wannan mahimmancin ra'ayi kuma suna bayyana ra'ayin asalin ƙasar na wannan kyakkyawan rafin kasancewar babban magudanar ruwa. ƙasa ".<ref>David Livingstone (1857) ''Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa'' ([[iarchive:missionarytrave00unkngoog/page/n250|p.208]])</ref> A cikin bayanan Fotigal, lokacin "Kogin Cuama" ya ɓace kuma ya ba da kalmar zuwa "Kogin Sena" (''Rio de Sena''), wanda yake nuni ga tashar kasuwanci ta Swahili (kuma daga baya Portuguese) a Sena. A shekarar 1752, yankin Zambezi Delta, da sunan "Kogin Sena" (''Rios de Sena'') ya kafa gundumar mulkin mallaka ta Fotigal Mozambique. Amma amfani da yau da kullun na "Zambezi" ya haifar da zartar da hukunci a cikin 1858 a hukumance ya sauya sunan yankin "Zambézia". === Binciken kogin === [[File:Satellite_view_of_Victoria_Falls.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Satellite_view_of_Victoria_Falls.jpg|thumb|Hoton tauraron dan adam wanda yake nuna [[Fadar ruwan Victoria]] da kuma jerin kwazazzabai masu zuwa]] Yankin Zambezi ya kasance sananne ne ga masanan tarihin zamanin da daular ''Monomotapa'', kuma tafkin kogin, da kuma matsayin tabkuna [[Tafkin Ngami|Ngami]] da Nyasa, an ba su sosai daidai a farkon taswira. Waɗannan an gina su ne daga bayanan Larabawa.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Zambezi|volume=28|pages=951–953|first=Frank|last=Cana}}</ref> Bature na farko da ya ziyarci rafin Zambezi shi ne yaren Portuguese da ke '''António Fernandes''' a cikin 1511 da kuma a cikin 1513, tare da manufar bayar da rahoto game da yanayin kasuwanci da ayyukan cikin tsakiyar Afirka ta Tsakiya. Rahoton ƙarshe na waɗannan binciken ya bayyana mahimmancin tashoshin jiragen ruwan Zambezi na sama ga tsarin kasuwancin cikin gida, musamman cinikin gwal na Gabashin Afirka.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion, 1400-1668|page=81|first=Malyn|last=Newitt|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=0-203-32404-8}}</ref> David Livingstone ne ya fara binciken farko na Zambezi na sama a bincikensa daga Bechuanaland tsakanin 1851 da 1853. Bayan shekara biyu ko uku sai ya sauko da Zambezi a bakinta kuma a cikin wannan tafiya ya sami [[Fadar ruwan Victoria]]. A tsakanin 1858-60, tare da John Kirk, Livingstone ya hau kogin ta bakin Kongone har zuwa Falls, sannan kuma ya bi tafkin ɗan kwali na Shire har ya isa Tafkin Malawi.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Zambezi|volume=28|pages=951–953|first=Frank|last=Cana}}</ref> Domin shekaru 35 masu zuwa kadan binciken kogin ya faru. Wani ɗan Burtaniya mai bincike Serpa Pinto ya binciki wasu daga cikin yammacin rafin kogin kuma ya auna ma'aunin Fadar ruwan Victoria a 1878.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Zambezi|volume=28|pages=951–953|first=Frank|last=Cana}}</ref> A cikin 1884 ɗan mishan ''mission'' ɗan asalin Scotland wanda yake ɗan mishan mai suna Frederick Stanley Arnot ya yi tattaki a tsayin ƙasa tsakanin kogunan Zambezi da Kongo, kuma ya gano tushen Zambezi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dacb.org/stories/demrepcongo/arnot_stanley.html|work=Dictionary of African Christian Biography|title=Arnot, Frederick Stanley|year=2005|first=Dr. J. Keir|last=Howard|access-date=14 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002516/http://www.dacb.org/stories/demrepcongo/arnot_stanley.html|archive-date=27 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya yi la'akari da cewa tsaunin da ke kusa da kuma Kalene Hill wuri ne da ya dace da manufa.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q0Avs0RFRtMC&pg=PA29|pages=29–31|title=Friends for life, friends for death: cohorts and consciousness among the Lunda-Ndembu|first=James Anthony|last=Pritchett|publisher=University of Virginia Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8139-2624-7}}</ref> Arnot ya kasance tare da ɗan kasuwar Fotigal da hafsan sojan António da Silva Porto.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lMZovHqD4kC&pg=PA30|page=30|title=Angola, 1880 to the present: slavery, exploitation, and revolt|first1=Bruce|last1=Fish|first2=Becky Durost|last2=Fish|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2001|isbn=0-7910-6197-3}}</ref> A cikin 1889 an ga tashar Chinde a arewacin manyan bakin kogin. Tafiya biyu da Manjo A. St Hill Gibbons ya jagoranta a shekarar 1895 zuwa 1896 da 1898 zuwa 1900 sun ci gaba da aikin binciken da Livingstone ya fara a cikin babban kwarin da tsakiyar kogin.<ref name="EB1911" /> [[File:2_locals_in_a_canoe_in_the_Zambezi_river.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2_locals_in_a_canoe_in_the_Zambezi_river.jpg|thumb|Wasu mutane biyu a cikin kogin Zambezi kusa da Fadar ruwan Victoria, Zambiya.]] == Tattalin arziki == Yawan kwarin kogin Zambezi ya kai kimanin miliyan 32. Kimanin kashi 80% na yawan kwarin sun dogara ne da aikin gona, kuma filayen ambaliyar ruwa na sama suna ba da ƙasar noma mai kyau. Al’ummomin da ke bakin kogin suna kama shi sosai, kuma mutane da yawa suna yin tafiya daga nesa zuwa kifi. Wasu garuruwan Zambiya a kan hanyoyi da ke zuwa kogin suna karbar harajin da ba na hukuma ba 'harajin kifi' kan mutanen da ke daukar kifin Zambezi zuwa wasu sassan kasar. Hakanan kamun kifi don abinci, kamun kifi wasa muhimmin aiki ne akan wasu sassan kogin. Tsakanin Mongu da ''Livingstone'', gidajen shakatawa na safari da yawa suna ba da baƙi don yawon buɗe ido waɗanda ke son kamun kifi don nau'ikan jinsuna, kuma da yawa kuma suna kama kifin don sayar wa ''aquaria''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-30|title=The Zambezi River, Drained Bone Dry|url=https://www.internationalrivers.org/news/blog-the-zambezi-river-drained-bone-dry/|access-date=2021-05-20|website=International Rivers|language=en-US}}</ref> Kwarin kogin yana da wadatattun ma'adanai da burbushin halittu, kuma hakar kwal na da mahimmanci a wurare. Hakanan madatsun ruwa tare da tsawonsu suna samar da aikin yi ga mutane da yawa da ke kusa da su, wajen kula da tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki da kuma madatsun da kansu. Yankunan kogin da yawa kuma shahararrun wuraren yawon bude ido ne. Fadar ruwan Victoria tana karɓar baƙi sama da 100,000 a kowace shekara, tare da baƙi 141,929 da aka ruwaito a cikin 2015.<ref>[http://www.mota.gov.zm/index.php/downloads/data-and-statistics/34-2015-tourism-statistical-digest/file] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325175218/http://www.mota.gov.zm/index.php/downloads/data-and-statistics/34-2015-tourism-statistical-digest/file|date=2018-03-25}} Republic of Zambia Ministry of Tourism and Arts 2015 Tourism Statistical Digest</ref> Mana Pools da [[Tafkin Kariba]] kuma suna zana adadi masu yawa na yawon bude ido.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hydroelectric Power: Advantages of Production and Usage|url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/hydroelectric-power-advantages-production-and-usage?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects|access-date=2021-05-20|website=www.usgs.gov|language=en}}</ref> == Sufuri == [[File:Victoria_Falls_Bridge_over_Zambesi.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victoria_Falls_Bridge_over_Zambesi.jpg|thumb|Hoton 1975 na Gadar Fadar ruwan Victoria ]] Ana saurin katse kogin da hanzari saboda haka bai taba kasancewa muhimmiyar hanyar jigila ba. Tafiyar Zambezi ta David Livingstone ta yi ƙoƙari ta buɗe kogin don kewaya ta jirgin ruwa, amma Cahora Bassa Rapids ya ci shi. Tare da wasu shimfidawa, sau da yawa ya fi dacewa don tafiya ta kwale-kwale tare da kogin maimakon kan hanyoyin da ba a inganta su ba wadanda galibi suna cikin mawuyacin hali saboda ambaliyar ruwa a kai a kai, kuma yawancin ƙauyuka da yawa da ke gefen kogin suna kawayawa ta jirgin ruwa. A cikin shekarun 1930s da 40s wani sabis na jigilar kaya ya yi aiki a kan hanyar tsakanin Katombora Rapids, kimanin kilomita 50 (31 mi) daga daga Livingstone, kuma masu saurin gudu daga Katima Mulilo. Koyaya, ya danganta da matakin ruwa, ana iya shiga kwale-kwale ta hanyar-Lozi paddlers, dozin ko fiye a cikin jirgin ruwa, na iya ma'amala da yawancin su - ko kuma a ja su zuwa gaɓar tekun ko a ɗauke su a kusa da hanzari, da ƙungiyar shanu ya jawo jiragen ruwa masu nisan kilomita 5 (3.1 mi) a kan ƙasar da ke kusa da Fadar ruwan Ngonye.<ref>E. C. Mills: [http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm "Overlanding Cattle from Barotse to Angola"], ''The [[Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'', Vol 1 No 2, pp 53–63 (1950).</ref> Hanya, layin dogo da sauran mashigan kogin, sau ɗaya ne kaɗan da kuma nesa, suna ta ƙaruwa. Su ne, domin daga asalin kogin: * Gadar hanyar Cazombo, Angola, ta jefa bam cikin yaƙin basasa kuma har yanzu ba a sake gina ta ba<ref>Visible on Google Earth at latitude -11.906 longitude 22.831.</ref> * Chinyingi ya dakatar da dutsen kusa da garin Zambezi, wani dusar ƙafa mai tsawon mita 300 (ƙafa 980) wanda aka gina a matsayin aikin al'umma * Gadar Lubosi Imwiko II da ta hada garuruwan Mongu da Kalabo, sabuwar gada ce mai tsawon mita 1,005 da karafa wacce ta hada da kilomita 38.5 na babbar hanyar da ta bi ta hanyar Barotse Floodplain da kamfanin kasar Sin ya gina tsakanin 2011 da 2016 (yunkurin na 2) na tiriliyan 1.2 na kwacha.<ref>Visible on Google Earth at longitude 22.924 latitude -15.214.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zedcorner.com/mongu-kalabo-road-zambias-engineering-marvel/|title=Mongu-Kalabo Road - Zambia's Engineering Marvel|date=13 April 2016|website=zedcorner.com|access-date=13 March 2018|archive-date=2 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302163608/http://www.zedcorner.com/mongu-kalabo-road-zambias-engineering-marvel/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Gadar Sioma kusa da Ngonye Falls, sabuwar hanyar gada mai tsawon mita 260 (K 108 miliyan), an buɗe ta a 2016 a matsayin wani ɓangare na hanyar Sesheke - Senanga<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.daily-mail.co.zm/president-launches-k108m-sioma-bridge/|title=President launches K108m Sioma Bridge – Zambia Daily Mail|website=daily-mail.co.zm|access-date=13 March 2018|archive-date=16 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216204802/https://www.daily-mail.co.zm/president-launches-k108m-sioma-bridge/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Gadar Katima Mulilo, mai nisan mita 900 (kafa 3,000), tsakanin Namibia da Sesheke a Zambiya, an bude ta 2004, an kammala babbar hanyar Trans – Caprivi da ta hada [[Lusaka]] a Zambiya da Walvis Bay a gabar tekun Atlantika * Gadar Kazungula - a cikin watan Agusta na 2007 an ba da sanarwar maye gurbin Kazungula Ferry, ɗayan manyan jiragen ruwa a Kudancin Afirka, da gada ta hanyar inda kogin ya kai mita 430 (1,410 ft) faɗi * Gadar Fadar ruwan Victoria (hanya da layin dogo), wanda aka fara ginawa, an kammala shi a watan Afrilu 1905 kuma an fara niyyarsa azaman hanyar haɗi a cikin shirin Cecil Rhodes don gina hanyar jirgin ƙasa daga Cape Town zuwa Alkahira: mita 250 (ƙafa 820) * Dam din Kariba yana dauke da babbar hanyar Kariba / Siavonga a hayin kogin [[File:Luangwa_boat.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luangwa_boat.jpg|left|thumb|Jirgin ruwan yawon bude ido a kan Kogin Zambezi, Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park, Zambiya. Hoton 1971.]] * Otto Beit Bridge a Chirundu, hanya, mita 382 (1,253 ft), 1939 * Na biyu gadar Chirundu, hanya, mita 400 (1,300 ft), 2002 * Cahora Bassa Dam yana cikin yanki mai nisa kuma baya ɗaukar babbar hanya a ƙetaren kogin * Gadar dakatarwar Tete, gada mai nisan kilomita 1 (1,000 m) (1970s) * Gadar Dona Ana, hanyar jirgin kasa ce ta asali amma aka canza ta zuwa hanya daya, (1935), mafi tsayi a kilomita 3 (1.9 mi), tun a ƙarshen 2009 ya zama gada ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa, fasinjoji da jiragen ƙasa masu jigilar kayayyaki suna sake tsallakawa ta ƙetaren kuma daga 2011 akan layin dogo akan wannan gadar na iya isar da miliyoyin tan na kwal na Tete zuwa tashar jirgin ruwan Beira. * Gadar Caia - an fara aikinta ne a cikin 2007 na babbar gada mai tsawon kilomita 2.3 (1.4 mi) don maye gurbin jirgin Caia, wanda, tare da Kazungula, shine jirgi mafi girma a ƙetaren kogin Akwai wasu ƙananan jiragen ruwa da ke ƙetare kogin a Angola, yammacin Zambiya, da Mozambique, musamman tsakanin Mongu da Kalabo. Sama da Mongu a cikin shekaru masu zuwa bayan damuna masu ƙarancin ruwa ana iya yin rijistar kogin a wuri ɗaya ko biyu. A yankuna masu yawon bude ido, kamar su [[Fadar ruwan Victoria]] da Kariba, jiragen ruwan yawon bude ido na daukar ‘yan baƙi tare da kogin. == Ilimin Lafiya == [[File:STS51B-51-14-_Lake_Cahora_Bassa.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:STS51B-51-14-_Lake_Cahora_Bassa.jpg|thumb|Tafkin Cahora Bassa a cikin Mozambique, daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samar da makamashin lantarki]] === Gurɓatarwa === Magudanar ruwa na daga cikin manyan abubuwan dake haifar da gurbacewar ruwa a kusa da biranen, saboda rashin wadatattun wuraren kula da ruwa a duk manyan biranen yankin ya tilasta musu sakin najasa da ba a kula da ita a cikin kogin. Wannan ya haifar da lalata ruwan kogin kuma ya sauƙaƙa yaduwar cututtukan rashin tsabta kamar kwalara, zazzaɓi da zazzaɓin cizon sauro .<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Herbig|first=Friedo J. W.|date=2019-01-01|editor-last=Meissner|editor-first=Richard|title=Talking dirty - effluent and sewage irreverence in South Africa: A conservation crime perspective|journal=Cogent Social Sciences|volume=5|issue=1|pages=1701359|doi=10.1080/23311886.2019.1701359|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Illar madatsun ruwa === Gina wasu manyan madatsun ruwa biyu da ke tsara yadda kogin ke gudana ya yi babban tasiri a kan namun daji da kuma yawan mutanen da ke ƙasan yankin Zambezi. Lokacin da aka kammala madatsar Cahora Bassa a shekarar 1973, manajojinta suka ba ta damar cikawa a cikin lokaci guda na ambaliyar ruwa, suna cin karo da shawarwarin cika akalla shekaru biyu. Rage raguwar kwararar kogin ya haifar da raguwar kashi 40 cikin ɗari a cikin bishiyar ''mangroves'', ya ƙaru ƙwarai da zaizayar yankin bakin ruwa da raguwar kashi 60% na kamun kifin daga bakin saboda raguwar sanya dusar ƙanƙara da hade da gina jiki. Tsarin ruwa na Wetland da ke gabar ruwa ya ragu sosai. An kara fuskantar barazanar namun daji a cikin yankin ta hanyar farauta mara kan gado a lokacin yakin basasa a Mozambique.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zambezi River Tourist Information|url=https://www.touristlink.com/africa/zambezi-river/overview.html|access-date=2021-05-22|website=www.touristlink.com|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128075009/https://www.touristlink.com/africa/zambezi-river/overview.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Isaacman|first1=Allen|last2=Sneddon|first2=Chris|date=2000|title=Toward a Social and Environmental History of the Building of Cahora Bassa Dam|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2637563|journal=Journal of Southern African Studies|volume=26|issue=4|pages=597–632|doi=10.1080/713683608|jstor=2637563|s2cid=153574634|issn=0305-7070}}</ref> === Matakan kiyayewa === Yankin ''Kavango – Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation'' zai mamaye wasu sassan Zambiya, Angola, Namibia, Zimbabwe da Botswana, gami da mashahurin Okavango Delta a cikin Botswana da Mosi-oa-Tunya (Hayakin da ke Damuwa, ko Fadar ruwan Victoria). Ana tunanin cewa wurin shakatawar zai iya taimakawa tare da hanyoyin yin hijirar dabbobi da kuma taimakawa wajen kiyaye wuraren da ke da ruwa wanda yake da tsaftataccen ruwa, kasancewar ruwan da najasa ga al'uma matsala ce.<ref>{{Cite web|last=User|first=Super|title=KAZA Conservation Area|url=https://www.kavangozambezi.org/en/information/kaza-conservation-area|access-date=2021-05-20|website=www.kavangozambezi.org|language=en-gb|archive-date=2021-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520120516/https://www.kavangozambezi.org/en/information/kaza-conservation-area|url-status=dead}}</ref> An inganta kudaden don kiyaye iyakokin kan iyaka tare da Zambezi a shekarar 2008. ''Kavango – Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation project'' - wanda ke bin Kogin Zambezi kuma ya tsallaka zuwa Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambiya da Zimbabwe - ya sami tallafin €8 miliyan daga Kungiyar ba ta gwamnati ba ta Jamusawa. Za'a yi amfani da wani ɓangare na kuɗin don bincike a wuraren da aikin ya ƙunsa. Koyaya, Angola ta yi gargadin cewa nakiyoyi daga yakin basasar su na iya kawo cikas ga aikin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scidev.net/en/sub-suharan-africa/news/sub-saharan-africa-news-in-brief-13-25-march.html|title=Funding boost for cross-border conservation project}}</ref> ''Kogin a halin yanzu ya ratsa ta Ngonye Falls National Park, Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park, da Lower Zambezi National Park (a Zambiya), da Zambezi National Park, Victoria Falls National Park, Matusadona National Park, Mana Pools National Park, da kuma Middle Zambezi Biosphere Reserve (a Zimbabwe).''<ref>{{Cite web|title=mana pools national park in a sentence - mana pools national park sentence|url=https://eng.ichacha.net/zaoju/mana%20pools%20national%20park.html|access-date=2021-05-22|website=eng.ichacha.net|archive-date=2022-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128075002/https://eng.ichacha.net/zaoju/mana%20pools%20national%20park.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Gudanar da hannun jari na kifi === Tun daga shekara ta 2017 halin da ake ciki na tsananin kamun kifi a cikin manyan Zambezi da raƙuman ruwa an ɗauke shi mai wahala, a wani ɓangare saboda raunin aiwatar da ƙa'idojin kamun kifi. An gano kamun kifin na tabkin Liambezi da ke gabashin Caprivi ya kare gaba daya, kuma binciken ya nuna raguwar tsarin ruwan kogin Zambezi-Kwando-Chobe. Yin kamun kifi ba bisa doka ba (i.a. daga baƙi waɗanda Namibiya ke aiki da su) da kuma mutane masu ra'ayin kasuwanci, suna amfani da albarkatun don cutar da kasuwannin cikin gida da al'ummomin da al'adunsu da tattalin arzikinsu suka dogara da waɗannan albarkatun.<ref name="tn">{{cite web|last1=Kooper|first1=Lugeretzia|title=Zambezi fishermen warned against overfishing|url=http://www.namibian.com.na/166137/archive-read/Zambezi-fishermen-warned-against-overfishing|website=namibian.com.na|publisher=The Namibian|date=2017-06-23|access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref> Sakamakon haka ne jami'an Namibia suka hana gidajen sauro, kuma suka sanya lokacin rufewa na kimanin watanni 3 a kowace shekara don ba kifin damar yin kiwo. Sun kuma nada masu gadin kifi na kauye kuma an bayyana tashar Kayasa a cikin yankin masarautar Impalila a matsayin ajiyar kamun kifi. Har ila yau, ma'aikatar ta Namibia ta inganta kiwon kifi da niyyar raba dubban yatsu ga kananan manoman kifi da ke rajista a yankin.<ref name="tn2">{{cite web|last1=Kooper|first1=Lugeretzia|title=Zambezi fishermen warned against overfishing|url=http://www.namibian.com.na/166137/archive-read/Zambezi-fishermen-warned-against-overfishing|website=namibian.com.na|publisher=The Namibian|date=2017-06-23|access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref> === Ɓarkewa ta EUS === A ranar 14 ga Satumbar 2007, cututtukan fuka (EUS) sun kashe ɗaruruwan kifaye masu rauni a cikin kogin. Ministan aikin gona na Zambiya Ben Kapita ya nemi masana da su binciki barkewar cutar don bincika musababbin don gano ko za a iya yada cutar ga mutane == Manyan garuruwa == Tare da yawancin tsafin kogin, yawan jama'a ba su da yawa, amma manyan birane da tare da hanyarta sun haɗa da masu zuwa: * Katima Mulilo (Namibia) * Mongu, Lukulu, Livingstone da Sesheke (Zambiya) * Fadar ruwan Victoria da Kariba (Zimbabwe) * Songo da Tete (Mozambique) == Manazarta == <references /> == Kara karantawa == * Bento C.M., Beilfuss R. (2003), ''Wattled Cranes, Waterbirds, and Wetland Conservation in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique'', report for the Biodiversity Foundation for Africa for the IUCN - Regional Office for Southern Africa: Zambezi Basin Wetlands Conservation and Resource Utilisation Project. * Bourgeois S., Kocher T., Schelander P. (2003), ''Case study: Zambezi river basin'', ETH Seminar: Science and Politics of International Freshwater Management 2003/04 * Davies B.R., Beilfuss R., Thoms M.C. (2000), "Cahora Bassa retrospective, 1974–1997: effects of flow regulation on the Lower Zambezi River," ''Verh.'' ''Internat. Verein. Limnologie'', 27, 1–9 * Dunham KM (1994), ''The effect of drought on the large mammal populations of Zambezi riverine woodlands'', Journal of Zoology, v. 234, p. 489–526 * Dorling Kindersley Publishing, Inc. (2004). ''World reference atlas''. New York: Dorling Kindersley. * Wynn S. (2002), "The Zambezi River - Wilderness and Tourism", ''International Journal of Wilderness'', 8, 34H. C. N. Ridley: "Early History of Road Transport in Northern Rhodesia", ''The Northern Rhodesia Journal'', Vol 2 No 5 (1954)—''Re Zambezi River Transport Service at Katombora''. * [http://www.scidev.net/en/sub-suharan-africa/news/sub-saharan-africa-news-in-brief-13-25-march.html Funding boost for cross-border conservation project] == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20041027222139/http://www.earthtrends.wri.org/maps_spatial/maps_detail_static.cfm?map_select=310&theme=2 Information and a map of the Zambezi's watershed] * [http://www.zambezi-expedition.org/index.html Zambezi Expedition - Fighting Malaria on the "River of Life"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407032231/http://www.zambezi-expedition.org/index.html |date=2008-04-07 }} * {{cite web|url=http://www.zaraho.org.zm/|publisher=[[Zambezi River Authority]]|title=Home Page|access-date=2012-09-23|archive-date=25 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025052021/http://www.zaraho.org.zm/|url-status=dead}} * [http://www.zamsoc.org/ The Zambezi Society] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050904134054/http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/publications/register/images/africa.gif Map of Africa's river basins] * [http://www.ppl.nl/bibliographies/all/?bibliography=water Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209113341/http://www.ppl.nl/bibliographies/all/?bibliography=water |date=2011-02-09 }} Peace Palace Library * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070828065809/http://www.nature.org/wherewework/greatrivers/africa/ The Nature Conservancy's Great Rivers Partnership works to conserve the Zambezi River] 3e4uwrmmn87din6i0lbd5srv7xcrpxz 0 22731 906340 681711 2026-08-22T22:19:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Albertine_Rift,_East_African_Rift_(artificial_rendering).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Albertine_Rift,_East_African_Rift_(artificial_rendering).jpg|alt=An artificial computer rendering depicting the Albertine Rift|right|thumb|300x300px|Fassarar wucin gadi na Kyautar Albertine. Abubuwan da ake gani sun hada da (daga bango zuwa gaba, kallon arewa): Tafkin Albert, tsaunukan Rwenzori, Lake Edward, tsaunukan Virunga, Tafkin Kivu, da arewacin tafkin Tanganyika]] [[Fayil:Albertine disparue (d).pdf|thumb|Albertine]] '''Kyautar Albertine''' Ita ce reshen yamma na ''Rift'' na Afirka ta Gabas, wanda ya shafi sassa na Uganda, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (DRC), Rwanda, Burundi da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://medbox.iiab.me/kiwix/wikipedia_ha_all_maxi_2019-12/A/Tsauni |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-07-31 |archive-date=2026-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260118222726/http://medbox.iiab.me/kiwix/wikipedia_ha_all_maxi_2019-12/A/Tsauni |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya faro daga ƙarshen arewacin Tafkin Albert zuwa ƙarshen ƙarshen tafkin Tanganyika. Kalmar labarin kasa ta hada kwari da tsaunukan da ke kewaye da ita.{{sfn|Owiunji|Plumptre|2011|p=164}} == Ilimin kasa == [[File:Map_of_Great_Rift_Valley.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Great_Rift_Valley.svg|left|thumb|Taswirar yankin da ke nuna Kyautar Albertine zuwa yamma]] Kyautar Albertine da tsaunuka sakamakon motsawar <nowiki>''</nowiki>tectonic<nowiki>''</nowiki> ne wanda a hankali yake raba Farantin Somaliya daga sauran kasashen Afirka. Duwatsun da ke kewaye da raƙuman sun haɗu ne da duwatsun ƙasa na <nowiki>''</nowiki>Pre-Cambrian<nowiki>''</nowiki> da aka ɗauke su, waɗanda duwatsu masu aman wuta na kwanan nan suka mamaye su. == Tabkuna da koguna == Yankin arewacin tsagewar ya ratsa ta manyan tsaunuka biyu, tsaunukan Rwenzori tsakanin Tafkin Albert da Lake Rutanzige (tsohon Lake) da [[tsaunukan Virunga]] tsakanin Tafkin Rutanziga da Tafkin Kivu. Virungas suna yin shinge tsakanin Kogin Nilu zuwa arewa da gabas da Kogin Congo zuwa yamma da kudu. Tabkin Rutenzige yana wadatar da manyan koguna da yawa, kogin Rutshuru na ɗaya ne, kuma yana malala zuwa arewa ta cikin Kogin Semliki zuwa tafkin Albert. Kogin Victoria yana gudana daga Tafkin Victoria zuwa ƙarshen tafkin Albert kuma yana fita kamar Farin Nilu daga wani ɗan kaɗan zuwa yamma, yana kwarara arewa zuwa Bahar Rum.{{sfn|Erfurt-Cooper|Cooper|2010|pp=35–36}} Kudancin Virungu, Tafkin Kivu ya malale kudu zuwa Tafkin Tanganyika ta Kogin Ruzizi. Tafkin Tanganyika sai ya malale zuwa [[Kogin Congo]] ta hanyar Kogin Lukuga.{{sfn|Erfurt-Cooper|Cooper|2010|p=35-36}} Da alama akwai tsarin tsarin halittar ruwa na yanzu da aka kafa kwanan nan lokacin da dutsen tsaunuka na Virunga ya fashe ya toshe ambaliyar ruwa ta arewa daga Tafkin Kivu zuwa Tafkin Edward, wanda ya haifar da hakan a maimakon yabar kudu zuwa Tafkin Tanganyika. Kafin wannan Tafkin Tanganyika, ko kuma wasu keɓaɓɓun tafki a cikin abin da yake yanzu tafkin, ƙila ba su da wata hanyar fita sai dai yanayin ƙoshin ruwa.{{sfn|Clark|1969|p=35}} Lukuga ya samo asali kwanan nan, yana ba da hanyar da jinsunan ruwa na Kogin Kongo za su iya mallakar Tafkin Tanganyika, wanda a da yake da dabbobi iri daban-daban.{{sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992|p=562}} == Duwatsu == [[File:Mount_Stanley.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Stanley.jpg|thumb|260x260px|Dutsen Stanley a cikin zangon Rwenzori. Tare da hawan 5,109 m (16,763 ft), shine tsauni mafi tsayi a cikin Kyautar Albertine kuma na uku mafi tsayi a Afirka.]] Daga arewa zuwa kudu tsaunukan sun hada da Lendu Plateau, tsaunukan Rwenzori, [[Tsaunukan Virunga|Tsaunukan]] Virunga da tsaunukan Itombwe.<ref name="WWF">{{WWF ecoregion|ref={{harvid|WWF}}|id=at0101|name=Albertine Rift montane forests|access-date=2011-12-19}}</ref> An gano tsaunukan Ruwenzori da "Dutsen Wata" na Ptolemy. Yankin ya mamaye yanki mai nisan kilomita 120 (75 mi) a gun tsawo da kilomita 65 (40 mi) fadi. Wannan zangon ya hada da Dutsen Stanley mita 5,119 (16,795 ft), Dutsen Speke mita 4,890 (16,040 ft) da Dutsen Baker mita 4,843 (15,889 ft).{{sfn|Erfurt-Cooper|Cooper|2010|p=37}} Virunga Massif da ke kan iyakar tsakanin Ruwanda da DRC ya ƙunshi duwatsu masu aman wuta guda takwas. Biyu daga cikin waɗannan, [[Nyamuragira]] da Nyiragongo, har yanzu suna aiki sosai.{{sfn|Erfurt-Cooper|Cooper|2010|p=36}} Wuraren da suka keɓe daga kudu zuwa kudu sun haɗa da Dutsen Bururi da ke kudancin Burundi, da tsaunukan Kungwe-Mahale da ke yammacin Tanzania, da Dutsen Kabobo da tsaunukan Marungu a cikin DRC a gefen Tafkin Tanganyika.<ref name="WWF2">{{WWF ecoregion|ref={{harvid|WWF}}|id=at0101|name=Albertine Rift montane forests|access-date=2011-12-19}}</ref> Mafi yawa daga cikin manyan mutane suna tashi zuwa tsakanin mita 2,000 (6,600 ft) da mita 3,500 (11,500 ft). == Ilimin Lafiya == Dazukan tsaunukan Kyautar Albertine suna da mahimman yankuna masu fa'ida.<ref name="WWF3">{{WWF ecoregion|ref={{harvid|WWF}}|id=at0101|name=Albertine Rift montane forests|access-date=2011-12-19}}</ref> Ana samun gandun daji na tsaka-tsakin, matsakaici tsakanin tsaunuka masu tsaurara da tsaunuka, daga tsawan mita 1,000 (3,300 ft) zuwa mita 1,750 (5,740 ft). Gandun dajin Montane ya rufe gangara daga kusan mita 1,600 (5,200 ft) zuwa mita 3,500 (kafa 11,500). A saman mita 2,400 (7,900 ft) akwai yankunan bamboo da gandun daji na elfin. Yankin zafi da ciyayi sun mamaye sama da mita 3,500 (kafa 11,500). Ilimin halittu yana fuskantar barazana ta hanyar sare dazuzzuka yayin da karuwar yawan jama'a ke neman sabuwar kasar noma. Fitar da katako ba bisa ƙa'ida ba wata babbar matsala ce, kuma hakar gwal na haifar da wasu lahani na cikin gida.{{sfn|Birdlife}} == Manazarta == <references /> == Majiya == {{refbegin|24em}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/ebafactsheet.php?id=97|title=Albertine Rift mountains|last=Birdlife|publisher=Birdlife International|access-date=2011-12-19|archive-date=2012-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604022238/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/ebafactsheet.php?id=97|url-status=dead}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|title=Kalambo Falls prehistoric site, Volume 1|first=John Desmond|last=Clark|publisher=CUP Archive|year=1969}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RjWPbnRuWk8C&pg=PA35|title=Volcano and Geothermal Tourism: Sustainable Geo-Resources for Leisure and Recreation|first1=Patricia|last1=Erfurt-Cooper|first2=Malcolm|last2=Cooper|publisher=Earthscan|year=2010|ISBN=1-84407-870-1}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA562|title=A directory of African wetlands|first1=R. H.|last1=Hughes|first2=J. S.|last2=Hughes|publisher=IUCN|year=1992|ISBN=2-88032-949-3}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6FkwMnSX8EC&pg=PA164|chapter=The importance of cloud forest sites in the conservation of endemic and threatened species of the Albertine Rift|first1=I.|last1=Owiunji|first2=A.J.|last2=Plumptre|title=Tropical Montane Cloud Forests: Science for Conservation and Management|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2011|ISBN=0521760356}} {{refend}} khlxw189jdx4bb71q0552hmdm9vm5f3 0 23834 906255 571380 2026-08-22T14:56:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Queen Victoria trade card (W500) MET DPB881657.jpg|thumb]] '''Kobi Hemaa Osisiadan-Bekoe''' (an haifi 30 Nuwamba 1983) yar kasuwa ce 'yar Ghana, mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin kuma kwararriyar sadarwa. Ta shafe shekaru sama da goma tana aikin jarida.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.openboxgh.com/2017/04/11/kobi-hemaa-celebrates-10years-media-package-needy/|title=Kobi Hemaa Celebrates 10years in media with a Package to the Needy|date=2017-04-11|website=Openbox gh|access-date=2017-08-12|last3=Writers|first3=Social|archive-date=2017-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813103459/http://www.openboxgh.com/2017/04/11/kobi-hemaa-celebrates-10years-media-package-needy/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A halin yanzu ita ce shugabar sadarwar kamfanoni a Ghana Post Company Limited<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/897222/ghanapost-encourages-the-public-to-take-it-upon-themselves-a.html|title=GhanaPost Encourages The Public To Take It Upon Themselves And Generate Their Own Digital Addresses|website=Modern Ghana|language=en|access-date=2018-12-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Ghana-Post-joins-Greater-Accra-Regional-hospital-to-celebrate-Emergency-Week-705110|title=Ghana Post joins Greater Accra Regional hospital to celebrate Emergency Week {{!}} Health News 2018-12-01|website=www.ghanaweb.com|access-date=2018-12-15}}</ref> kuma ita ce ta kafa Gidauniyar Angeles<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/news/201706/316989.php|title=Angeles Foundation Begins GHC100000 Training Project|last=Online|first=Peace FM|website=www.peacefmonline.com|access-date=2018-12-15|archive-date=2018-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216032057/http://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/news/201706/316989.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> wata hukuma wacce ke mai da hankali kan karfafawa yaro-yaro da dabarun kasuwanci. == Ilimi == Ta yi digirin ta a fannin lissafi da tsarin bayanai a Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jami'ar Regent, a Accra daga 2006 zuwa 2010, sannan ta ci gaba da bin MBA a Dabarun Kamfanoni da Manufofin Tattalin Arziki a Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Datus<ref name="wwwuytb">{{cite news|last1=Kokuro|first1=Naomi|title=DDD X|work=Broadcaster|agency=Graphic online|issue=spelling mistake|publisher=Jibril Anwar|ref=gctyrtgh55}}</ref> a Netherlands daga 2011 zuwa 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://regent.edu.gh/index.php/about-regent/news-publications/827-two-regent-alumni-rated-among-top-5-female-show-hosts-in-ghana|title=Two Regent Alumni rated among Top 5 Female morning show hosts in Ghana|last=Administrator|website=Regent University College of Science and Technology|language=en-US|access-date=2017-08-12|archive-date=2017-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813060800/http://regent.edu.gh/index.php/about-regent/news-publications/827-two-regent-alumni-rated-among-top-5-female-show-hosts-in-ghana|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Aiki == Ta nufi Multi TV a 2014 tare da wani shiri mai suna "Exclusive to Cancer". A cikin 2015 a Light TV ta zama manajan shirin kuma a halin yanzu tana Homebase TV inda ta ninka matsayin mai gabatar da shirin safe da shugaban sashin TV.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/celebrity/i-want-to-cause-a-change-in-society-ohemaa.html|title=Ghana news: I want to cause a change in society — Ohemaa - Graphic Online|last=Duah|first=Kofi|work=Graphic Online|access-date=2017-08-12|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ita ce Daraktan TV a gidan talabijin na Homebase har zuwa Maris 2018,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/49332/kobi-hemaa-leaves-homebase-tv.html|title=Kobi Hemaa Leaves Homebase TV|website=Modern Ghana|language=en|access-date=2018-12-15}}</ref> Kobi Hemaa ta biya ta hakkokin ta a fagen watsa labarai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.profileability.com/top-5-best-female-morning-show-hosts-in-ghana/|title=Top 5 Best Female Morning Show Hosts in Ghana - ProfileAbility Blog|website=blog.profileability.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-08-12|archive-date=2017-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813060653/https://blog.profileability.com/top-5-best-female-morning-show-hosts-in-ghana/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta hada shirye-shiryen safe na gidan talabijin na Homebase da aka sani da Eboboba<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.eveyo.com/stories/198983-meet-the-top-5-female-morning-show-hosts-in-ghana.html|title=Meet the top 5 female morning show hosts in Ghana - Eveyo.com|date=2016-09-12|work=Eveyo.com|access-date=2017-08-12|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813055637/http://www.eveyo.com/stories/198983-meet-the-top-5-female-morning-show-hosts-in-ghana.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> har sai da ta fito da wani shiri mai suna ‘Beyond the Ballot’ wanda shi ne shirin siyasa na zamantakewa wanda ke fitowa a talabijin kowace Laraba da karfe 8 na dare zuwa 10 na dare.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ghmediafillas.blogspot.com/2017/05/beyond-ballot-premieres-on-homebase-tv.html|title=[Media Fillas GH]: "BEYOND THE BALLOT" premieres on Homebase TV|last=Ofori|first=Evans|date=2017-05-11|website=[Media Fillas GH]|access-date=2017-08-12}}</ref> An shahara da Kobi Hemaa Osisiadan a matsayin muryar da ke haɓaka samfuran Made-in-Ghana kuma tana magance batutuwan da yawa na al'umma.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ghananewsagency.org/health/ghanaians-need-education-on-health-implications-of-make-up-120880|title=Ghanaians need education on health implications of make-up|access-date=2017-08-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/health/Ghanaians-need-education-on-health-implications-of-make-up-Ohemaa-Osisiadan-Bekoe-568874|title=Ghanaians need education on health implications of make-up - Ohemaa Osisiadan-Bekoe|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|access-date=2017-08-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rawgist.com/attend-to-psycolological-needs-of-wards-kobi-hemaa/|title=Attend to Psychological needs of wards - Kobi Hemaa — Raw Gist|work=Raw Gist|access-date=2017-08-12|language=en-US}}</ref> Ta yi bikin cika shekaru 10 a watan Afrilu 2017 kuma a matsayin wani bangare na bikin, ta fara gidauniyar da aka sani da Gidauniyar Angeles<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/news/201706/316993.php|title=Kobi Hemaa Osisiadan Launches 'Angeles Foundation' In Colours|last=Online|first=Peace FM|access-date=2017-08-12}}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> wacce ke mai da hankali kan karfafawa yaro-yaro, ilimin cutar kansa da haɓaka dabarun kasuwanci.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.swagofafrica.news/angeles-foundation-begins-gh100000-training-project/|title=Angeles Foundation begins GH100,000 training project {{!}} Swag Of Africa|website=www.swagofafrica.news|language=en-US|access-date=2017-08-12|archive-date=2017-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813103914/https://www.swagofafrica.news/angeles-foundation-begins-gh100000-training-project/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.openboxgh.com/2017/04/11/kobi-hemaa-celebrates-10years-media-package-needy/|title=Kobi Hemaa Celebrates 10years in media with a Package to the Needy|date=2017-04-11|website=Openbox gh|access-date=2017-08-12|last3=Writers|first3=Social|archive-date=2017-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813103459/http://www.openboxgh.com/2017/04/11/kobi-hemaa-celebrates-10years-media-package-needy/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://razzonline.com/good-move-tv-hostess-kobi-ohemaa-sets-up-foundation-to-empower-boys/|title=GOOD MOVE! TV Hostess Kobi Hemaa Sets Up Foundation To Empower Boys.|last=razzonline|date=2017-05-02|work=RazzOnline|access-date=2017-08-12|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813061023/http://razzonline.com/good-move-tv-hostess-kobi-ohemaa-sets-up-foundation-to-empower-boys/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atinkaonline.com/fm/single-mothers-are-presented-with-a-step-by-step-approach-to-building-emotional-resilience/|title=Single mothers undergo emotional intelligence training – Atinka FM|website=www.atinkaonline.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-08-12}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A halin yanzu ita ce shugabar sadarwa ta kamfanin Ghana Post Company Limited.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://classfmonline.com/1.11764570|title=We're not sacking 900 staff – GhanaPost|last=Nartey|first=Laud|website=www.classfmonline.com|language=en|access-date=2018-12-15|archive-date=2018-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031433/https://www.classfmonline.com/1.11764570|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://starrfmonline.com/2018/11/volta-regional-minister-joins-digital-address-campaign/|title=Volta Regional Minister joins Digital Address campaign {{!}} Starr Fm|last=Starrfmonline|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-15|archive-date=2018-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216030939/https://starrfmonline.com/2018/11/volta-regional-minister-joins-digital-address-campaign/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwar mutum == Kobi Hemaa Osisiadan ita ce ta hudu cikin yara biyar na Sylvia Ofori da Yarima Anane-Acheampong Osisiadan. Ta yi aure da yara uku ga Mista Emmanuel Bekoe wanda Editan Labarai ne a Peace FM.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globentertainment.uk/?p=3866|title=My Date With Destiny -Serwaa Osisiadan Bekoe - Globe Entertainment|website=www.globentertainment.uk|language=en-US|access-date=2017-08-12|archive-date=2017-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813055745/http://www.globentertainment.uk/?p=3866|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newsghana.com.gh/glamorous-wedding-not-the-source-of-happy-marriage/|title=GLAMOROUS WEDDING NOT THE SOURCE OF HAPPY MARRIAGE {{!}} News Ghana|date=2012-02-14|work=News Ghana|access-date=2017-08-12|language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == 6g0wegzsxcjczm2wv2yfs6ciew9mj5q 0 23870 906414 901233 2026-08-23T04:50:32Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906414 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:New_afforestation_looking_into_Rand_Wood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_329908.jpg|thumb| Wani aikin dazuzzuka a Rand Wood, Lincolnshire, Ingila]] '''Dasa Bishiyoyi''' shine kafa gandun daji ko tsayayyun bishiyoyi ( daji ) a yankin da babu wani itace da ya gabata. Yawancin ƙungiyoyin masu zaman kansu kai tsaye suna shiga shiryen daji don ƙirƙirar gandun daji da ƙara kamawar carbon. kaunar dazuzzuka wata hanya ce da ake nema don yaƙi da damuwar yanayi, kamar yadda aka sani don haɓaka ƙimar ƙasa da matakan carbon a cikin ƙasa, guje wa kwararowar hamada. [[Fayil:Wandelen over de Planken Wambuis vanuit Mossel 069 A.jpg|thumb]] Adadin asarar gandun daji ya ragu sosai a tsakanin shekarun alif 1990-2020 saboda sare bishiyoyi a daji a wasu ƙasashe, da ƙari a yankin gandun daji,a wasu ta hanyar noman dazuzzuka da kuma faɗaɗa dazuzzuka na halitta. A shekarar alib na 2019, binciken da duniya mayar da itacen da aka sare ya nuna cewa akwai sarari ga akalla miliyan 9km ² na sabon gandun daji a duniya, wanda yake shine kashi 25% da ke karuwa daga yanayin yanzu. Wannan yankin dazuzzuka zai iya adana har zuwa gigatons 205 na sinadarin carbon ko kaso 25% na tafkin carbon na yanayi ta rage CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a cikin yanayi da kuma gabatar da ƙarin O ₂. == Tsarin aiki == Tsarin dasa bishiyoyi yana farawa ne tare da zaɓin gurin aikin ne. Yawancin abubuwan muhalli na gurin da aka zaba dole ne a bincikar su, gami da yanayi, [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]], ciyayi, da ayyukan ɗan adam.<ref name=":05">{{Citation|last=Duan|first=Jie|title=Basic Theory and Methods of Afforestation|date=2021-03-10|url=https://www.intechopen.com/books/silviculture/basic-theory-and-methods-of-afforestation|work=Silviculture|editor-last=Cristina Gonçalves|editor-first=Ana|publisher=IntechOpen|language=en|doi=10.5772/intechopen.96164|isbn=978-1-83968-448-7|access-date=2021-03-25|last2=Abduwali|first2=Dilnur|doi-access=free}}</ref> Waɗannan abubuwan ne zasu tabbatar da ingancin gurin, wadanne irin bishiyoyi ne yakamata a dasa, da kuma wani hanyoyi za a bi don shuke shuke. <ref name=":05" /> Bayan an kimanta gurin dajin, dole ne a shirya yankin don [[shuka]]. Shiri na iya ƙunsar nau'ikan hanyoyin inji ko na sinadarai, kamar sara, mounding, shimfida, magungunan kashe [[ciyawa]], da kone-kone da aka tsara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Knapp|first=Benjamin O.|last2=Wang|first2=G. Geoff|last3=Walker|first3=Joan L.|last4=Cohen|first4=Susan|date=2006-05-01|title=Effects of site preparation treatments on early growth and survival of planted longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings in North Carolina|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112706000569|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|language=en|volume=226|issue=1|pages=122–128|doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2006.01.029|issn=0378-1127}}</ref> Da zarar an shirya gurin aikin, ana iya dasa shukokin., wanda ya haɗa da shuka iri kai tsaye zuwa cikin dajin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Grossnickle|first=Steven C.|last2=Ivetić|first2=Vladan|date=2017-12-30|title=Direct Seeding in Reforestation – A Field Performance Review|url=https://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/view/76|journal=REFORESTA|language=en|issue=4|pages=94–142|doi=10.21750/REFOR.4.07.46|issn=2466-4367|doi-access=free|access-date=2023-02-26|archive-date=2021-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305231703/https://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/view/76|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wani kuma shine dasa shukar, wanda yayi kama da shuka kai tsaye sai dai cewa iri-(seedlings) sun riga sunada tsarin tushe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dey|first=Daniel C.|last2=Jacobs|first2=Douglass|last3=McNabb|first3=Ken|last4=Miller|first4=Gary|last5=Baldwin|first5=V.|last6=Foster|first6=G.|date=2008-02-01|title=Artificial Regeneration of Major Oak (Quercus) Species in the Eastern United States—A Review of the Literature|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/54.1.77|journal=Forest Science|volume=54|issue=1|pages=77–106|doi=10.1093/forestscience/54.1.77|issn=0015-749X|doi-access=free}}</ref> Bushewar bishiyoyi ta yankan wani zaɓi ne ga nau'in bishiyoyi waɗanda zasu iya haifa ba tare da wata matsala ba, inda za'a iya dasa wani ɗan itace, reshe, tushe, ko ganye a saman dajin kuma yayi tsiro cikin nasara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kauffman|first=J. Boone|date=1991|title=Survival by Sprouting Following Fire in Tropical Forests of the Eastern Amazon|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2388198|journal=Biotropica|volume=23|issue=3|pages=219–224|doi=10.2307/2388198|issn=0006-3606}}</ref> Wasu lokuta ana amfani da kayan aiki na musamman, kamar sandar dasa [[bishiya]], don sa dashen bishiyoyi cikin sauƙi da sauri.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sweeney|first=Bernard W.|last2=Czapka|first2=Stephen J.|last3=Petrow|first3=L. Carol A.|date=2007-05-01|title=How Planting Method, Weed Abatement, and Herbivory Affect Afforestation Success|url=https://academic.oup.com/sjaf/article/31/2/85/4782466|journal=Southern Journal of Applied Forestry|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=85–92|doi=10.1093/sjaf/31.2.85|issn=0148-4419|doi-access=free}}</ref>'' == Babban fa'ida ga dasa bishiyoyi: gandun daji na jawo ruwan sama == Gandun dazuzzuka yana alfahari da fa'idodi masu alaƙa da yanayi. Sabbin bincike da yawa sun nuna cewa gandun daji na jan ruwa sosai , wanda zai iya bayyana dalilin da yasa fari watau rashin abinci da ke yawan faruwa a wasu sassan duniya kamar yammacin Afirka, inda bishiyoyi basu da yawa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} Wani sabon binciken da Carol Rasmussen,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} Laboratory Nata na Jet Propulsion Laboratory ta ba da shaidar farko ta lura cewa gandun dajin kudancin Amazon yana haifar da nasa lokacin damina ta amfani da tururin ruwa daga ganyen shuke-shuke, wanda daga nan ya samar da gajimare a samansa. Wadannan binciken sun taimaka wajan bayyana dalilin da yasa [[Gandun daji|ake alakanta sare dazuzzuka]] a wannan yankin da rage ruwan sama. Nazarin Douglas Sheil da Daniel Murdiyarso{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} yana nuna cewa murfin gandun daji yana taka rawa sosai wajen tantance ruwan sama da yadda aka sani a baya. Tana bayanin yadda yankuna dazuzzuka ke samar da kwararar ruwa mai yawa a cikin tururin ruwa mai iska kuma hakan yana kara fa'idar amfanin dazuzzuka a yankuna na duniya. == Kasashe da yankuna == === Ostiraliya === A [[Adelaide]], Kudancin Ostiraliya (birni ne da ya kai miliyan 1.3 har zuwa watan Yunin 2016), Firayim Minista Mike Rann (2002 zuwa 2011) ya ƙaddamar da shirin gandun daji na birane a 2003 don dasa bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi miliyan 3 na shekara na 2014 a kan wuraren aikin 300 a ƙetaren metro. . Dubunnan 'yan asalin Adelaide sun halarci ranakun dasa al'umma a wuraren da suka hada da wuraren shakatawa, wuraren ajiye kaya, kofofin safara, makarantu, kwasa-kwasan ruwa da bakin teku. Itatuwa ce kawai aka dasa don tabbatar da ingancin kwayar halitta. Ya ce aikin an yi shi ne domin kawata garin da sanyaya shi da kuma sanya shi zama abin more rayuwa, inganta iska da ruwa, da rage hayakin Adelaide da ke fitar da hayaki mai dauke da tan 600,000 na CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a shekara. === Kanada === A shekarar alib na 2003, gwamnatin kasar [[Kanada|Kanada ta]] kirkiro da wani shiri na tsawon shekaru hudu da ake kira Initiative Development and Assessment Initiative a turance, wanda ya hada da dasa shukoki 6000 na gandun daji masu saurin girma a kasashen da basu da gandun daji a duk fadin kasar. Anyi amfani da wadannan gonakin ne don yin nazarin yadda noman dazuzzuka zai iya taimakawa wajen kara yaduwar carbon da kuma rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli (GHG) yayin da kuma yayi la’akari da kwarin gwiwar tattalin arziki da saka jari. Sakamakon wannan shirin ya nuna cewa duk da cewa babu wadataccen fili a cikin Kanada don daidaita abubuwan da GHG ke fitarwa na ƙasar gaba ɗaya, noman dazuzzuka na iya zama dabarun rage amfani da GHG don cimma burin fitar da GHG, musamman har sai dindin, fasahar ci gaba ta ajiyar carbon ta kasance. A ranar 14 ga Disamba, 2020, Ministan Albarkatun Kasa na Kanada Seamus O'Regan ya ba da sanarwar zuba jarin gwamnatin tarayya na dala biliyan 3.16 don dasa bishiyoyi biliyan biyu nan da shekaru 10 masu zuwa. Wannan shirin yana nufin rage hayaki mai gurbata muhalli da kimanin megatonnes 12 nan da shekarar 2050. === China === [[File:Jiayu_County_-_Panjiawan_-_on_the_Yangtze_embankment_-_P1540267.JPG|thumb| Tube na gandun daji ana shuka tare daruruwan kilomita na Yangtze levees a Hubei lardin ]] Wata doka da aka fitar a 1981 ta buƙaci kowane ɗalibin makaranta da ya haura shekaru 11 da shuka akalla itace ɗaya a shekara. A sakamakon haka, kasar Sin tana da mafi girman yawan gandun daji na kowace kasa ko yanki a duniya, tare da fadin murabba'in kilomita 47,000 a shekarar alib na 2008. Duk da haka, yankin gandun daji a kowace ƙasa ya yi ƙasa da matsakaicin ƙasashen duniya. A cewar Carbon Brief, kasar Sin ta dasa mafi yawan sabbin gandun daji daga kowace kasa tsakanin 1990 zuwa 2015, wanda shirin Grain for Green na kasar ya fara a 1999, ta hanyar saka hannun jari sama da dala biliyan 100 a shirye -shiryen dazuka da dasa bishiyoyi sama da biliyan 35. a fadin larduna 12. Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, yawan gandun dajin da aka shuka a kasar Sin ya kai hekta miliyan 79. Daga 2011–2016, birnin Dongying a lardin Shandong ya gandun daji sama da hectare 13,800 na ƙasa mai gishiri ta hanyar Shandong Ecological Afforestation Project, wanda aka ƙaddamar tare da tallafi daga [[Bankin Duniya]] . A shekara ta 2017, Kungiyar Saihanba Afforestation Community ta lashe Gwarzon Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Gwarzon Duniya a cikin Inspiration and Action category don "canza kasa mai lalacewa zuwa aljanna mai dadi". === Turai === [[File:Afforestation_on_former_colliery_land_near_Cwm-hwnt_-_geograph.org.uk_-_913687.jpg|thumb| Foreaddamar da bishiyoyi a kan tsohuwar gonar kwalliya kusa da Cwm-Hwnt, Wales]] Turai ta lalata da yawa daga gandun daji na tarihi. Kungiyar [[Tarayyar Turai]] (EU) ta biya manoma kudaden da suka samu gandun daji tun daga shekarar 1990, inda suka ba da tallafi don mayar da gonar ta zama daji da kuma biyan kudaden gudanar da gandun daji. Wani shirin EU, wanda ke gudana tsakanin 2000 da 2006, ya killace fiye da kilomita murabba'in 1,000 (ƙididdigar lissafi da ba a riga ta samo ba). Wani irin wannan shirin ya fara a 2007. Dazukan Turai suna girma da murabba'in kilomita 8,000 a shekara saboda waɗannan shirye-shiryen. Dangane da ƙididdigar Organizationungiyar Agricultureungiyar Abinci da Noma [[Ispaniya|, Spain ta]] kasance ta uku cikin saurin ɓarkewar daji a Turai a cikin lokacin 1990-2005, bayan Iceland da Ireland. A cikin wadancan shekarun, gaba daya an fadada kilomita murabba'i 44,360, kuma gaba daya fadin daji ya tashi daga hekta miliyan 13.5 zuwa 17.9. A cikin 1990, gandun daji ya rufe 26.6% na yankin Sifen. Ya zuwa 2007, wannan adadi ya haura zuwa 36.6% . Spain a yau tana da yanki na biyar mafi girma a cikin Tarayyar Turai. A watan Janairun 2013, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta sanya wani buri na 12% na katako a Ingila ta 2060, daga kashi 10% na wancan lokacin. A cikin Wales Majalisar kasa ta Wales ta sanya kashi 19% woodland cover, daga kaso 15% . Manufofin da gwamnati ke tallafawa kamar su Kundin Kayan Carbon Woodland ana da niyyar tallafawa wannan burin ta hanyar ƙarfafa hukumomi da masu mallakar ƙasa don ƙirƙirar sabon dazuzzuka don daidaita haɓakar hayaƙin. Kungiyoyin agaji kamar Trees for Life (Scotland) suma suna ba da gudummawa ga dasa itacen daji da kuma ƙoƙarin sake dasa bishiyoyi a cikin Burtaniya. === Indiya === [[File:Marebilli_forest.jpg|thumb| Kashe bishiyoyi a Kudancin Indiya]] Kaso 23% na Indiya an rufe shi da gandun daji{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} . A 2018, jimlar daji da bishiyar Indiya sun karu zuwa 24.39% ko 8,020. 88&nbsp;km ² . An haɗu da gandun daji na Indiya zuwa manyan rukuni 5 da nau'ikan 16 bisa laákari da ƙa'idodin rayuwa . An rarraba 38% na gandun daji a zaman busasshiyar ƙasa kuma 30% a matsayin masu bushewar zafi na wurare masu zafi da sauran ƙananan ƙungiyoyi. Nau'in gida ne kawai aka dasa a wani yanki. An fifita bishiyoyi masu ɗauke da Mayan marmari itace duk inda zai yiwu saboda aikin su azaman tushen abinci. A shekarar 2019, Indiyawa sun dasa bishiyoyi Miliyan 220 a rana guda a jihar [[Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh ta Indiya]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} A ranar Alhamis, 29 Agusta 2019, firayin ministan kasar [[Indiya|India]] Mr. Narendra Modi saki ₹ 47, 436 crores (a kan biliyan 6.6 USD ) zuwa daban-daban jihohin wajibi ne ayyukan dasa bishiyoyi. Ana iya amfani da kudaden don maganin wuraren kamun kifi, taimakawa tsari na halitta, kula da gandun daji, kare namun daji da kuma kula da su, sauya kauyuka daga yankunan da aka kiyaye, gudanar da rikice-rikicen mutane da namun daji, horo da samar da wayar da kai, samar da na’urorin adana itace da ayyukan hadin gwiwa. Karuwaritace zai taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar ƙarin bututun carbon don saduwa da manufofin ƙasar (INDC) na tan biliyan 2.5 zuwa 3 na carbon dioxide kwatankwacin ƙarin gandun daji da kariyar bishiyoyi a shekara ta 2030 - ɓangare na ƙoƙarin Indiya na yaƙi da yanayin canza Gwamnatin [[Maharashtra]] ta shuka kusan iri dubu 20,000 a duk fadin jihar, kuma za ta yi alkawarin dasa wasu 30,000,000 a shekara mai zuwa. A cewar The Telegraph, gwamnatin Indiya ta danganta dala biliyan 6.2 don dashen bishiyoyi domin kara “gandun daji daidai da yarjejeniyoyin da aka yi a taron kolin canjin yanayi na Paris a 2015.” Gwamnatin Indiya ta kuma zartar da dokar CAMPA ( Hukumar Kula da Asusun Tallafawa da Ba da Tallafi), wanda zai ba da damar rupees dubu 40 (kusan Dala Biliyan 6) za su je jihohin Indiya don dashen itatuwa . === Iran === [[File:The_fourth_year_of_a_genetically_modified_forest_in_Iran_by_Aras_GED_part_of_commercial_afforestation_in_Iran.jpg|thumb| Shekaru na huɗu na gandun dajin da aka canzawa dabi'a a cikin Iran, wanda kamfanin Aras GED ya dasa ta ta hanyar dasa itacen kasuwanci]] [[Iran]] ana ɗaukarta a matsayin yanki mai ƙarancin gandun daji na duniya tare da kariya yanzu yana kimanin kusan kashi bakwai na yankin ƙasar. Wannan ƙimar da aka rage zuwa kimanin kadada miliyan shida na gandun dajin budurwa, wanda ya haɗa da itacen oak, almond da pistachio . Saboda haka, yana da wuya a sami noman dazuzzuka a wani babban sikeli idan aka kwatanta da sauran yankuna masu yanayin yanayi waɗanda aka basu yanayin ƙasa mai dausayi da ƙarancin dutse da kuma busasshiyar ƙasa. Dangane da takamaiman kididdigar dazuzzuka, Yankin Gudun Hijira da Hukumar Gudanar da Ruwa na Iran, a kowace shekara, ta yin amfani da hanyoyin da suka dace da nau'ikan itatuwa na asali a kowane yanki, an yi dazuzzuka da yawa, wanda ya haifar da kwanciyar hankali na halitta. === Isra'ila === [[File:Jewish_National_Fund_trees_in_The_Negev.jpg|thumb| Bishiyoyin JNF a cikin Jejin Negev . Dunes da aka yi da mutum (a nan liman ) suna taimakawa kiyayewa a cikin [[ruwan sama]], yana haifar da dausayi .]] Tare da bishiyoyin da aka shuka sama da miliyan 240, [[Isra'ila]] na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe biyu kacal da suka shiga karni na 21 tare da samun riba mai yawa a cikin adadin bishiyoyin, saboda manyan ayyukan da ake yi na sare itatuwa. Yawancin dazuzzukan Isra’ila sun samo asali ne daga babban yaƙin da ake yi da Asusun Ƙasar Yahudawa (JNF). ^{[ ''abin da ake buƙata'' ]} === Arewacin Afirka === Yawancin kasashen Afirka da ke kan iyaka da hamadar Sahara suna aiki tare da aikin Babbar Ganye . Aikin dala biliyan 8 na niyyar dawo da hekta miliyan 100 na kaskantaccen kasa nan da shekarar 2030. Hakanan a Arewacin Afirka, an gabatar da Aikin Gandun Sahara tare da Ruwan Teku na Ruwa . An kuma ƙaddamar da wasu ayyukan a ƙasashe kamar [[Senegal]] don sake mayar da hamada. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010, shugabannin Afirka suna tattaunawa game da haɗa albarkatun ƙasa don haɓaka tasiri. Bugu da kari, sauran ayyukan kamar aikin Keita a Neja an fara su a baya, kuma sun sami damar dawo da barnar da kwararowar hamada ta yi a cikin gida. === Amurka === Kasar Amurka tana da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku wanda aka rufe a cikin gandun daji da daji. ^{[ ''ana bukatar'' ]} Duk da haka, yankuna a Amurka sun kasance suna da muhimmancin dasa bishiyoyi. A cikin 1800s mutane suna matsawa yamma sun haɗu da Manyan filayen - ƙasa mai ƙasa mai kyau, yawan mutane da buƙatar katako amma tare da dashen bishiyoyi don samar da shi. Don haka an karfafa dasa bishiyoyi tare da gidaje. An kafa ranar Arbor a cikin 1872 ta Julius Sterling Morton a Nebraska City, Nebraska. Ta hanyar 1930s bala'in muhalli na Dust Bowl ya nuna dalili don muhimmin sabon kariyar itace. Shirye-shiryen ayyukan jama'a a karkashin Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar sun ga dasa mil 18,000 na iska mai fadada daga [[North Dakota]] zuwa [[Texas]] don yaƙi da zaizayar ƙasa (duba Great Plains Shelterbelt ). == Fa'idodi == Dasa bishiyoyi na taimaka wajan rage [[Canjin yanayi|dumamar yanayi]] ta hanyar rage CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a cikin yanayi da gabatar da ƙarin O <nowiki><sub id="mwxA">2</sub></nowiki> . Bishiyoyi sune rarar carbon da ke cire CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO daga yanayin ta hanyar hotynthesis kuma jujjuya shi zuwa biomass . Gandun dazuzzuka yana ba da wasu fa'idodin muhalli, gami da haɓaka ƙimar ƙasa da matakan ƙirar carbon a cikin ƙasa, guje wa zaizayar ƙasa da hamada . Dasa bishiyoyi a cikin birane kuma na iya rage gurɓatar iska ta hanyar shan bishiyoyi da kuma tace abubuwa masu gurɓatawa, gami da carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, da ozone, ban da CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO . == Suka == === Dashen ciyawar daji === Ana sukar kamfen din dasa bishiyoyi saboda wani lokaci ana niyya ga yankunan da dazuka ba zai faru ba, kamar su ciyawar ciyawa da tsiron savanna === Tasiri kan halittu masu yawa === Dashen bishiyoyi na iya shafar yawancin halittu ta hanyar ƙara yawan rarrabuwa da kuma tasirin tasiri ga mazaunin da ya rage a wajen yankin da aka shuka. Sabon gandun daji plantations iya gabatar da generalist da yara da zai in ba haka ba ba za a samu a bude mazauninsu cikin rufe yanki, wanda zai iya gurbatarwa kara predation rates a kan 'yan qasar jinsunan yankin. === Surface albedo === Hakanan an gabatar da tambayoyi a cikin masana kimiyya game da yadda gandun daji na duniya zai iya shafar albedo na Duniya. Murfin rufin bishiyar bishiyoyi na iya sa albedo ya zama duhu, wanda ke sa ƙarin zafin wuta ya kamu, da yiwuwar ƙara zafin duniyar. == Duba kuma == == Majiya == {{Free-content attribution|title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings|author=FAO|publisher=FAO|page numbers=|source=|documentURL=http://www.fao.org/3/CA8753EN/CA8753EN.pdf|license statement URL=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Global_Forest_Resources_Assessment_2020_%E2%80%93_Key_findings.pdf|license=CC BY-SA 3.0}} == Bayani == === Bayanan kula ===   === Bibliography === * Buendia C, Batalla RJ, Sabater S, Palau A, Marce R. (2016). Yanayin Gudun Gudun Jirgin Sama da Yanayi da Safiyar Itatuwa a cikin Kogin Pyrenean. Rushewar ƙasa & Ci gaba. {{Doi|10.1002/ldr.2384}} * Buendia C, Bussi G, Tuset J, Vericat D, Sabater S, Palau A, Batalla RJ. (2016). Illolin dazuzzuka dazuzzuka a kan kwararar ruwa da ɗakunan kaya a cikin rafin Bahar Rum. Kimiyya na Yanayin Yanayi. {{Doi|10.1016/jscitotenv.2015.07.005}} * Cattaneo, Andrea (2002) ''Daidaita Bunkasar Noma da Kawar dazuzzuka a cikin Amazon na Brazil'', Tsarin Abincin Abinci na Int Inst Res IFPRI, shafuka 146  * Heil, Gerrit W., Bart Muys da Karin Hansen (2007) ''Tasirin Muhalli na foreaukar Ido a Arewacin Yammacin Turai'', Springer, shafuka 320  * Halldorsson G., Oddsdottir, ES da Sigurdsson BD (2008) ''AFFORNORD Sakamakon Afforestation akan Tsarin'' Yanayi, Yanayin Kasa da Raya Karkara, TemaNord 2008: 562, shafuka 120  * Halldorsson G., Oddsdottir, ES da Eggertsson O (2007) Tasirin Tsage Tsuntsauran Tsari a Kan Tsarin Yanayi, Yanayin ''Kasa da Ci gaban Karkara.'' ''Ayyukan taron AFFORNORD, Reykholt, Iceland, Yuni 18-22, 2005'', TemaNord 2007: 508, 343pages  * McBeath, Gerald A., da Tse-Kang Leng (2006) ''Gudanar da kiyaye halittu daban-daban a China da Taiwan'', Edward Elgar Publishing, shafuka 242.  * Stanturf, John A. da Palle Madsen (2004) ''Maido da Boreal da Temperate Forests'', CRC Press, shafuka 569  * Wilson, EO (2002) ''Rayuwar Rayuwa'', Vintage  == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Raunet Michel da Naudin Krishna, 2006.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Yaki da kwararowar hamada ta hanyar tsarin shuka shukar kai tsaye (DMC).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Les dossiers wanda aka fi sani da CSFD.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Fitowa ta 4. 40 pp.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} * [https://cendyliu.medium.com/top-10-golden-rules-of-reforestation-2021-a78df97bd0f2 Manyan Dokokin Zinare guda 10 na Sashen Dazuzzuka] ==Manazarta== [[Category:Gandun-daji]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] dpnwarr2evbld96uhukfrnoyhge667d 906415 906414 2026-08-23T04:50:46Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906415 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:New_afforestation_looking_into_Rand_Wood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_329908.jpg|thumb| Wani aikin dazuzzuka a Rand Wood, Lincolnshire, Ingila]] '''Dasa Bishiyoyi''' shine kafa gandun daji ko tsayayyun bishiyoyi ( daji ) a yankin da babu wani itace da ya gabata. Yawancin ƙungiyoyin masu zaman kansu kai tsaye suna shiga shiryen daji don ƙirƙirar gandun daji da ƙara kamawar carbon. ƙaunar dazuzzuka wata hanya ce da ake nema don yaƙi da damuwar yanayi, kamar yadda aka sani don haɓaka ƙimar ƙasa da matakan carbon a cikin ƙasa, guje wa kwararowar hamada. [[Fayil:Wandelen over de Planken Wambuis vanuit Mossel 069 A.jpg|thumb]] Adadin asarar gandun daji ya ragu sosai a tsakanin shekarun alif 1990-2020 saboda sare bishiyoyi a daji a wasu ƙasashe, da ƙari a yankin gandun daji,a wasu ta hanyar noman dazuzzuka da kuma faɗaɗa dazuzzuka na halitta. A shekarar alib na 2019, binciken da duniya mayar da itacen da aka sare ya nuna cewa akwai sarari ga akalla miliyan 9km ² na sabon gandun daji a duniya, wanda yake shine kashi 25% da ke karuwa daga yanayin yanzu. Wannan yankin dazuzzuka zai iya adana har zuwa gigatons 205 na sinadarin carbon ko kaso 25% na tafkin carbon na yanayi ta rage CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a cikin yanayi da kuma gabatar da ƙarin O ₂. == Tsarin aiki == Tsarin dasa bishiyoyi yana farawa ne tare da zaɓin gurin aikin ne. Yawancin abubuwan muhalli na gurin da aka zaba dole ne a bincikar su, gami da yanayi, [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]], ciyayi, da ayyukan ɗan adam.<ref name=":05">{{Citation|last=Duan|first=Jie|title=Basic Theory and Methods of Afforestation|date=2021-03-10|url=https://www.intechopen.com/books/silviculture/basic-theory-and-methods-of-afforestation|work=Silviculture|editor-last=Cristina Gonçalves|editor-first=Ana|publisher=IntechOpen|language=en|doi=10.5772/intechopen.96164|isbn=978-1-83968-448-7|access-date=2021-03-25|last2=Abduwali|first2=Dilnur|doi-access=free}}</ref> Waɗannan abubuwan ne zasu tabbatar da ingancin gurin, wadanne irin bishiyoyi ne yakamata a dasa, da kuma wani hanyoyi za a bi don shuke shuke. <ref name=":05" /> Bayan an kimanta gurin dajin, dole ne a shirya yankin don [[shuka]]. Shiri na iya ƙunsar nau'ikan hanyoyin inji ko na sinadarai, kamar sara, mounding, shimfida, magungunan kashe [[ciyawa]], da kone-kone da aka tsara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Knapp|first=Benjamin O.|last2=Wang|first2=G. Geoff|last3=Walker|first3=Joan L.|last4=Cohen|first4=Susan|date=2006-05-01|title=Effects of site preparation treatments on early growth and survival of planted longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings in North Carolina|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112706000569|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|language=en|volume=226|issue=1|pages=122–128|doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2006.01.029|issn=0378-1127}}</ref> Da zarar an shirya gurin aikin, ana iya dasa shukokin., wanda ya haɗa da shuka iri kai tsaye zuwa cikin dajin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Grossnickle|first=Steven C.|last2=Ivetić|first2=Vladan|date=2017-12-30|title=Direct Seeding in Reforestation – A Field Performance Review|url=https://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/view/76|journal=REFORESTA|language=en|issue=4|pages=94–142|doi=10.21750/REFOR.4.07.46|issn=2466-4367|doi-access=free|access-date=2023-02-26|archive-date=2021-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305231703/https://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/view/76|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wani kuma shine dasa shukar, wanda yayi kama da shuka kai tsaye sai dai cewa iri-(seedlings) sun riga sunada tsarin tushe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dey|first=Daniel C.|last2=Jacobs|first2=Douglass|last3=McNabb|first3=Ken|last4=Miller|first4=Gary|last5=Baldwin|first5=V.|last6=Foster|first6=G.|date=2008-02-01|title=Artificial Regeneration of Major Oak (Quercus) Species in the Eastern United States—A Review of the Literature|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/54.1.77|journal=Forest Science|volume=54|issue=1|pages=77–106|doi=10.1093/forestscience/54.1.77|issn=0015-749X|doi-access=free}}</ref> Bushewar bishiyoyi ta yankan wani zaɓi ne ga nau'in bishiyoyi waɗanda zasu iya haifa ba tare da wata matsala ba, inda za'a iya dasa wani ɗan itace, reshe, tushe, ko ganye a saman dajin kuma yayi tsiro cikin nasara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kauffman|first=J. Boone|date=1991|title=Survival by Sprouting Following Fire in Tropical Forests of the Eastern Amazon|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2388198|journal=Biotropica|volume=23|issue=3|pages=219–224|doi=10.2307/2388198|issn=0006-3606}}</ref> Wasu lokuta ana amfani da kayan aiki na musamman, kamar sandar dasa [[bishiya]], don sa dashen bishiyoyi cikin sauƙi da sauri.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sweeney|first=Bernard W.|last2=Czapka|first2=Stephen J.|last3=Petrow|first3=L. Carol A.|date=2007-05-01|title=How Planting Method, Weed Abatement, and Herbivory Affect Afforestation Success|url=https://academic.oup.com/sjaf/article/31/2/85/4782466|journal=Southern Journal of Applied Forestry|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=85–92|doi=10.1093/sjaf/31.2.85|issn=0148-4419|doi-access=free}}</ref>'' == Babban fa'ida ga dasa bishiyoyi: gandun daji na jawo ruwan sama == Gandun dazuzzuka yana alfahari da fa'idodi masu alaƙa da yanayi. Sabbin bincike da yawa sun nuna cewa gandun daji na jan ruwa sosai , wanda zai iya bayyana dalilin da yasa fari watau rashin abinci da ke yawan faruwa a wasu sassan duniya kamar yammacin Afirka, inda bishiyoyi basu da yawa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} Wani sabon binciken da Carol Rasmussen,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} Laboratory Nata na Jet Propulsion Laboratory ta ba da shaidar farko ta lura cewa gandun dajin kudancin Amazon yana haifar da nasa lokacin damina ta amfani da tururin ruwa daga ganyen shuke-shuke, wanda daga nan ya samar da gajimare a samansa. Wadannan binciken sun taimaka wajan bayyana dalilin da yasa [[Gandun daji|ake alakanta sare dazuzzuka]] a wannan yankin da rage ruwan sama. Nazarin Douglas Sheil da Daniel Murdiyarso{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} yana nuna cewa murfin gandun daji yana taka rawa sosai wajen tantance ruwan sama da yadda aka sani a baya. Tana bayanin yadda yankuna dazuzzuka ke samar da kwararar ruwa mai yawa a cikin tururin ruwa mai iska kuma hakan yana kara fa'idar amfanin dazuzzuka a yankuna na duniya. == Kasashe da yankuna == === Ostiraliya === A [[Adelaide]], Kudancin Ostiraliya (birni ne da ya kai miliyan 1.3 har zuwa watan Yunin 2016), Firayim Minista Mike Rann (2002 zuwa 2011) ya ƙaddamar da shirin gandun daji na birane a 2003 don dasa bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi miliyan 3 na shekara na 2014 a kan wuraren aikin 300 a ƙetaren metro. . Dubunnan 'yan asalin Adelaide sun halarci ranakun dasa al'umma a wuraren da suka hada da wuraren shakatawa, wuraren ajiye kaya, kofofin safara, makarantu, kwasa-kwasan ruwa da bakin teku. Itatuwa ce kawai aka dasa don tabbatar da ingancin kwayar halitta. Ya ce aikin an yi shi ne domin kawata garin da sanyaya shi da kuma sanya shi zama abin more rayuwa, inganta iska da ruwa, da rage hayakin Adelaide da ke fitar da hayaki mai dauke da tan 600,000 na CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a shekara. === Kanada === A shekarar alib na 2003, gwamnatin kasar [[Kanada|Kanada ta]] kirkiro da wani shiri na tsawon shekaru hudu da ake kira Initiative Development and Assessment Initiative a turance, wanda ya hada da dasa shukoki 6000 na gandun daji masu saurin girma a kasashen da basu da gandun daji a duk fadin kasar. Anyi amfani da wadannan gonakin ne don yin nazarin yadda noman dazuzzuka zai iya taimakawa wajen kara yaduwar carbon da kuma rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli (GHG) yayin da kuma yayi la’akari da kwarin gwiwar tattalin arziki da saka jari. Sakamakon wannan shirin ya nuna cewa duk da cewa babu wadataccen fili a cikin Kanada don daidaita abubuwan da GHG ke fitarwa na ƙasar gaba ɗaya, noman dazuzzuka na iya zama dabarun rage amfani da GHG don cimma burin fitar da GHG, musamman har sai dindin, fasahar ci gaba ta ajiyar carbon ta kasance. A ranar 14 ga Disamba, 2020, Ministan Albarkatun Kasa na Kanada Seamus O'Regan ya ba da sanarwar zuba jarin gwamnatin tarayya na dala biliyan 3.16 don dasa bishiyoyi biliyan biyu nan da shekaru 10 masu zuwa. Wannan shirin yana nufin rage hayaki mai gurbata muhalli da kimanin megatonnes 12 nan da shekarar 2050. === China === [[File:Jiayu_County_-_Panjiawan_-_on_the_Yangtze_embankment_-_P1540267.JPG|thumb| Tube na gandun daji ana shuka tare daruruwan kilomita na Yangtze levees a Hubei lardin ]] Wata doka da aka fitar a 1981 ta buƙaci kowane ɗalibin makaranta da ya haura shekaru 11 da shuka akalla itace ɗaya a shekara. A sakamakon haka, kasar Sin tana da mafi girman yawan gandun daji na kowace kasa ko yanki a duniya, tare da fadin murabba'in kilomita 47,000 a shekarar alib na 2008. Duk da haka, yankin gandun daji a kowace ƙasa ya yi ƙasa da matsakaicin ƙasashen duniya. A cewar Carbon Brief, kasar Sin ta dasa mafi yawan sabbin gandun daji daga kowace kasa tsakanin 1990 zuwa 2015, wanda shirin Grain for Green na kasar ya fara a 1999, ta hanyar saka hannun jari sama da dala biliyan 100 a shirye -shiryen dazuka da dasa bishiyoyi sama da biliyan 35. a fadin larduna 12. Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, yawan gandun dajin da aka shuka a kasar Sin ya kai hekta miliyan 79. Daga 2011–2016, birnin Dongying a lardin Shandong ya gandun daji sama da hectare 13,800 na ƙasa mai gishiri ta hanyar Shandong Ecological Afforestation Project, wanda aka ƙaddamar tare da tallafi daga [[Bankin Duniya]] . A shekara ta 2017, Kungiyar Saihanba Afforestation Community ta lashe Gwarzon Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Gwarzon Duniya a cikin Inspiration and Action category don "canza kasa mai lalacewa zuwa aljanna mai dadi". === Turai === [[File:Afforestation_on_former_colliery_land_near_Cwm-hwnt_-_geograph.org.uk_-_913687.jpg|thumb| Foreaddamar da bishiyoyi a kan tsohuwar gonar kwalliya kusa da Cwm-Hwnt, Wales]] Turai ta lalata da yawa daga gandun daji na tarihi. Kungiyar [[Tarayyar Turai]] (EU) ta biya manoma kudaden da suka samu gandun daji tun daga shekarar 1990, inda suka ba da tallafi don mayar da gonar ta zama daji da kuma biyan kudaden gudanar da gandun daji. Wani shirin EU, wanda ke gudana tsakanin 2000 da 2006, ya killace fiye da kilomita murabba'in 1,000 (ƙididdigar lissafi da ba a riga ta samo ba). Wani irin wannan shirin ya fara a 2007. Dazukan Turai suna girma da murabba'in kilomita 8,000 a shekara saboda waɗannan shirye-shiryen. Dangane da ƙididdigar Organizationungiyar Agricultureungiyar Abinci da Noma [[Ispaniya|, Spain ta]] kasance ta uku cikin saurin ɓarkewar daji a Turai a cikin lokacin 1990-2005, bayan Iceland da Ireland. A cikin wadancan shekarun, gaba daya an fadada kilomita murabba'i 44,360, kuma gaba daya fadin daji ya tashi daga hekta miliyan 13.5 zuwa 17.9. A cikin 1990, gandun daji ya rufe 26.6% na yankin Sifen. Ya zuwa 2007, wannan adadi ya haura zuwa 36.6% . Spain a yau tana da yanki na biyar mafi girma a cikin Tarayyar Turai. A watan Janairun 2013, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta sanya wani buri na 12% na katako a Ingila ta 2060, daga kashi 10% na wancan lokacin. A cikin Wales Majalisar kasa ta Wales ta sanya kashi 19% woodland cover, daga kaso 15% . Manufofin da gwamnati ke tallafawa kamar su Kundin Kayan Carbon Woodland ana da niyyar tallafawa wannan burin ta hanyar ƙarfafa hukumomi da masu mallakar ƙasa don ƙirƙirar sabon dazuzzuka don daidaita haɓakar hayaƙin. Kungiyoyin agaji kamar Trees for Life (Scotland) suma suna ba da gudummawa ga dasa itacen daji da kuma ƙoƙarin sake dasa bishiyoyi a cikin Burtaniya. === Indiya === [[File:Marebilli_forest.jpg|thumb| Kashe bishiyoyi a Kudancin Indiya]] Kaso 23% na Indiya an rufe shi da gandun daji{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} . A 2018, jimlar daji da bishiyar Indiya sun karu zuwa 24.39% ko 8,020. 88&nbsp;km ² . An haɗu da gandun daji na Indiya zuwa manyan rukuni 5 da nau'ikan 16 bisa laákari da ƙa'idodin rayuwa . An rarraba 38% na gandun daji a zaman busasshiyar ƙasa kuma 30% a matsayin masu bushewar zafi na wurare masu zafi da sauran ƙananan ƙungiyoyi. Nau'in gida ne kawai aka dasa a wani yanki. An fifita bishiyoyi masu ɗauke da Mayan marmari itace duk inda zai yiwu saboda aikin su azaman tushen abinci. A shekarar 2019, Indiyawa sun dasa bishiyoyi Miliyan 220 a rana guda a jihar [[Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh ta Indiya]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} A ranar Alhamis, 29 Agusta 2019, firayin ministan kasar [[Indiya|India]] Mr. Narendra Modi saki ₹ 47, 436 crores (a kan biliyan 6.6 USD ) zuwa daban-daban jihohin wajibi ne ayyukan dasa bishiyoyi. Ana iya amfani da kudaden don maganin wuraren kamun kifi, taimakawa tsari na halitta, kula da gandun daji, kare namun daji da kuma kula da su, sauya kauyuka daga yankunan da aka kiyaye, gudanar da rikice-rikicen mutane da namun daji, horo da samar da wayar da kai, samar da na’urorin adana itace da ayyukan hadin gwiwa. Karuwaritace zai taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar ƙarin bututun carbon don saduwa da manufofin ƙasar (INDC) na tan biliyan 2.5 zuwa 3 na carbon dioxide kwatankwacin ƙarin gandun daji da kariyar bishiyoyi a shekara ta 2030 - ɓangare na ƙoƙarin Indiya na yaƙi da yanayin canza Gwamnatin [[Maharashtra]] ta shuka kusan iri dubu 20,000 a duk fadin jihar, kuma za ta yi alkawarin dasa wasu 30,000,000 a shekara mai zuwa. A cewar The Telegraph, gwamnatin Indiya ta danganta dala biliyan 6.2 don dashen bishiyoyi domin kara “gandun daji daidai da yarjejeniyoyin da aka yi a taron kolin canjin yanayi na Paris a 2015.” Gwamnatin Indiya ta kuma zartar da dokar CAMPA ( Hukumar Kula da Asusun Tallafawa da Ba da Tallafi), wanda zai ba da damar rupees dubu 40 (kusan Dala Biliyan 6) za su je jihohin Indiya don dashen itatuwa . === Iran === [[File:The_fourth_year_of_a_genetically_modified_forest_in_Iran_by_Aras_GED_part_of_commercial_afforestation_in_Iran.jpg|thumb| Shekaru na huɗu na gandun dajin da aka canzawa dabi'a a cikin Iran, wanda kamfanin Aras GED ya dasa ta ta hanyar dasa itacen kasuwanci]] [[Iran]] ana ɗaukarta a matsayin yanki mai ƙarancin gandun daji na duniya tare da kariya yanzu yana kimanin kusan kashi bakwai na yankin ƙasar. Wannan ƙimar da aka rage zuwa kimanin kadada miliyan shida na gandun dajin budurwa, wanda ya haɗa da itacen oak, almond da pistachio . Saboda haka, yana da wuya a sami noman dazuzzuka a wani babban sikeli idan aka kwatanta da sauran yankuna masu yanayin yanayi waɗanda aka basu yanayin ƙasa mai dausayi da ƙarancin dutse da kuma busasshiyar ƙasa. Dangane da takamaiman kididdigar dazuzzuka, Yankin Gudun Hijira da Hukumar Gudanar da Ruwa na Iran, a kowace shekara, ta yin amfani da hanyoyin da suka dace da nau'ikan itatuwa na asali a kowane yanki, an yi dazuzzuka da yawa, wanda ya haifar da kwanciyar hankali na halitta. === Isra'ila === [[File:Jewish_National_Fund_trees_in_The_Negev.jpg|thumb| Bishiyoyin JNF a cikin Jejin Negev . Dunes da aka yi da mutum (a nan liman ) suna taimakawa kiyayewa a cikin [[ruwan sama]], yana haifar da dausayi .]] Tare da bishiyoyin da aka shuka sama da miliyan 240, [[Isra'ila]] na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe biyu kacal da suka shiga karni na 21 tare da samun riba mai yawa a cikin adadin bishiyoyin, saboda manyan ayyukan da ake yi na sare itatuwa. Yawancin dazuzzukan Isra’ila sun samo asali ne daga babban yaƙin da ake yi da Asusun Ƙasar Yahudawa (JNF). ^{[ ''abin da ake buƙata'' ]} === Arewacin Afirka === Yawancin kasashen Afirka da ke kan iyaka da hamadar Sahara suna aiki tare da aikin Babbar Ganye . Aikin dala biliyan 8 na niyyar dawo da hekta miliyan 100 na kaskantaccen kasa nan da shekarar 2030. Hakanan a Arewacin Afirka, an gabatar da Aikin Gandun Sahara tare da Ruwan Teku na Ruwa . An kuma ƙaddamar da wasu ayyukan a ƙasashe kamar [[Senegal]] don sake mayar da hamada. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010, shugabannin Afirka suna tattaunawa game da haɗa albarkatun ƙasa don haɓaka tasiri. Bugu da kari, sauran ayyukan kamar aikin Keita a Neja an fara su a baya, kuma sun sami damar dawo da barnar da kwararowar hamada ta yi a cikin gida. === Amurka === Kasar Amurka tana da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku wanda aka rufe a cikin gandun daji da daji. ^{[ ''ana bukatar'' ]} Duk da haka, yankuna a Amurka sun kasance suna da muhimmancin dasa bishiyoyi. A cikin 1800s mutane suna matsawa yamma sun haɗu da Manyan filayen - ƙasa mai ƙasa mai kyau, yawan mutane da buƙatar katako amma tare da dashen bishiyoyi don samar da shi. Don haka an karfafa dasa bishiyoyi tare da gidaje. An kafa ranar Arbor a cikin 1872 ta Julius Sterling Morton a Nebraska City, Nebraska. Ta hanyar 1930s bala'in muhalli na Dust Bowl ya nuna dalili don muhimmin sabon kariyar itace. Shirye-shiryen ayyukan jama'a a karkashin Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar sun ga dasa mil 18,000 na iska mai fadada daga [[North Dakota]] zuwa [[Texas]] don yaƙi da zaizayar ƙasa (duba Great Plains Shelterbelt ). == Fa'idodi == Dasa bishiyoyi na taimaka wajan rage [[Canjin yanayi|dumamar yanayi]] ta hanyar rage CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a cikin yanayi da gabatar da ƙarin O <nowiki><sub id="mwxA">2</sub></nowiki> . Bishiyoyi sune rarar carbon da ke cire CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO daga yanayin ta hanyar hotynthesis kuma jujjuya shi zuwa biomass . Gandun dazuzzuka yana ba da wasu fa'idodin muhalli, gami da haɓaka ƙimar ƙasa da matakan ƙirar carbon a cikin ƙasa, guje wa zaizayar ƙasa da hamada . Dasa bishiyoyi a cikin birane kuma na iya rage gurɓatar iska ta hanyar shan bishiyoyi da kuma tace abubuwa masu gurɓatawa, gami da carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, da ozone, ban da CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO . == Suka == === Dashen ciyawar daji === Ana sukar kamfen din dasa bishiyoyi saboda wani lokaci ana niyya ga yankunan da dazuka ba zai faru ba, kamar su ciyawar ciyawa da tsiron savanna === Tasiri kan halittu masu yawa === Dashen bishiyoyi na iya shafar yawancin halittu ta hanyar ƙara yawan rarrabuwa da kuma tasirin tasiri ga mazaunin da ya rage a wajen yankin da aka shuka. Sabon gandun daji plantations iya gabatar da generalist da yara da zai in ba haka ba ba za a samu a bude mazauninsu cikin rufe yanki, wanda zai iya gurbatarwa kara predation rates a kan 'yan qasar jinsunan yankin. === Surface albedo === Hakanan an gabatar da tambayoyi a cikin masana kimiyya game da yadda gandun daji na duniya zai iya shafar albedo na Duniya. Murfin rufin bishiyar bishiyoyi na iya sa albedo ya zama duhu, wanda ke sa ƙarin zafin wuta ya kamu, da yiwuwar ƙara zafin duniyar. == Duba kuma == == Majiya == {{Free-content attribution|title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings|author=FAO|publisher=FAO|page numbers=|source=|documentURL=http://www.fao.org/3/CA8753EN/CA8753EN.pdf|license statement URL=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Global_Forest_Resources_Assessment_2020_%E2%80%93_Key_findings.pdf|license=CC BY-SA 3.0}} == Bayani == === Bayanan kula ===   === Bibliography === * Buendia C, Batalla RJ, Sabater S, Palau A, Marce R. (2016). Yanayin Gudun Gudun Jirgin Sama da Yanayi da Safiyar Itatuwa a cikin Kogin Pyrenean. Rushewar ƙasa & Ci gaba. {{Doi|10.1002/ldr.2384}} * Buendia C, Bussi G, Tuset J, Vericat D, Sabater S, Palau A, Batalla RJ. (2016). Illolin dazuzzuka dazuzzuka a kan kwararar ruwa da ɗakunan kaya a cikin rafin Bahar Rum. Kimiyya na Yanayin Yanayi. {{Doi|10.1016/jscitotenv.2015.07.005}} * Cattaneo, Andrea (2002) ''Daidaita Bunkasar Noma da Kawar dazuzzuka a cikin Amazon na Brazil'', Tsarin Abincin Abinci na Int Inst Res IFPRI, shafuka 146  * Heil, Gerrit W., Bart Muys da Karin Hansen (2007) ''Tasirin Muhalli na foreaukar Ido a Arewacin Yammacin Turai'', Springer, shafuka 320  * Halldorsson G., Oddsdottir, ES da Sigurdsson BD (2008) ''AFFORNORD Sakamakon Afforestation akan Tsarin'' Yanayi, Yanayin Kasa da Raya Karkara, TemaNord 2008: 562, shafuka 120  * Halldorsson G., Oddsdottir, ES da Eggertsson O (2007) Tasirin Tsage Tsuntsauran Tsari a Kan Tsarin Yanayi, Yanayin ''Kasa da Ci gaban Karkara.'' ''Ayyukan taron AFFORNORD, Reykholt, Iceland, Yuni 18-22, 2005'', TemaNord 2007: 508, 343pages  * McBeath, Gerald A., da Tse-Kang Leng (2006) ''Gudanar da kiyaye halittu daban-daban a China da Taiwan'', Edward Elgar Publishing, shafuka 242.  * Stanturf, John A. da Palle Madsen (2004) ''Maido da Boreal da Temperate Forests'', CRC Press, shafuka 569  * Wilson, EO (2002) ''Rayuwar Rayuwa'', Vintage  == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Raunet Michel da Naudin Krishna, 2006.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Yaki da kwararowar hamada ta hanyar tsarin shuka shukar kai tsaye (DMC).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Les dossiers wanda aka fi sani da CSFD.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Fitowa ta 4. 40 pp.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} * [https://cendyliu.medium.com/top-10-golden-rules-of-reforestation-2021-a78df97bd0f2 Manyan Dokokin Zinare guda 10 na Sashen Dazuzzuka] ==Manazarta== [[Category:Gandun-daji]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ks5puikj2prbe1jj8exsszdxmdiaio9 906416 906415 2026-08-23T04:51:15Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:New_afforestation_looking_into_Rand_Wood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_329908.jpg|thumb| Wani aikin dazuzzuka a Rand Wood, Lincolnshire, Ingila]] '''Dasa Bishiyoyi''' shine kafa gandun daji ko tsayayyun bishiyoyi ( daji ) a yankin da babu wani itace da ya gabata. Yawancin ƙungiyoyin masu zaman kansu kai tsaye suna shiga shiryen daji don ƙirƙirar gandun daji da ƙara kamawar carbon. ƙaunar dazuzzuka wata hanya ce da ake nema don yaƙi da damuwar yanayi, kamar yadda aka sani don haɓaka ƙimar ƙasa da matakan carbon a cikin ƙasa, guje wa kwararowar hamada. [[Fayil:Wandelen over de Planken Wambuis vanuit Mossel 069 A.jpg|thumb]] Adadin asarar gandun daji ya ragu sosai a tsakanin shekarun alif 1990-2020 saboda sare bishiyoyi a daji a wasu ƙasashe, da ƙari a yankin gandun daji,a wasu ta hanyar noman dazuzzuka da kuma faɗaɗa dazuzzuka na halitta. A shekarar alib na 2019, binciken da duniya mayar da itacen da aka sare ya nuna cewa akwai sarari ga akalla miliyan 9km ² na sabon gandun daji a duniya, wanda yake shine kashi 25% da ke karuwa daga yanayin yanzu. Wannan yankin dazuzzuka zai iya adana har zuwa gigatons 205 na sinadarin carbon ko kaso 25% na tafkin carbon na yanayi ta rage CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a cikin yanayi da kuma gabatar da ƙarin O ₂. == Tsarin aiki == Tsarin dasa bishiyoyi yana farawa ne tare da zaɓin gurin aikin ne. Yawancin abubuwan muhalli na gurin da aka zaɓa dole ne a bincikar su, gami da yanayi, [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]], ciyayi, da ayyukan ɗan adam.<ref name=":05">{{Citation|last=Duan|first=Jie|title=Basic Theory and Methods of Afforestation|date=2021-03-10|url=https://www.intechopen.com/books/silviculture/basic-theory-and-methods-of-afforestation|work=Silviculture|editor-last=Cristina Gonçalves|editor-first=Ana|publisher=IntechOpen|language=en|doi=10.5772/intechopen.96164|isbn=978-1-83968-448-7|access-date=2021-03-25|last2=Abduwali|first2=Dilnur|doi-access=free}}</ref> Waɗannan abubuwan ne zasu tabbatar da ingancin gurin, wadanne irin bishiyoyi ne yakamata a dasa, da kuma wani hanyoyi za a bi don shuke shuke. <ref name=":05" /> Bayan an kimanta gurin dajin, dole ne a shirya yankin don [[shuka]]. Shiri na iya ƙunsar nau'ikan hanyoyin inji ko na sinadarai, kamar sara, mounding, shimfida, magungunan kashe [[ciyawa]], da kone-kone da aka tsara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Knapp|first=Benjamin O.|last2=Wang|first2=G. Geoff|last3=Walker|first3=Joan L.|last4=Cohen|first4=Susan|date=2006-05-01|title=Effects of site preparation treatments on early growth and survival of planted longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings in North Carolina|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112706000569|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|language=en|volume=226|issue=1|pages=122–128|doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2006.01.029|issn=0378-1127}}</ref> Da zarar an shirya gurin aikin, ana iya dasa shukokin., wanda ya haɗa da shuka iri kai tsaye zuwa cikin dajin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Grossnickle|first=Steven C.|last2=Ivetić|first2=Vladan|date=2017-12-30|title=Direct Seeding in Reforestation – A Field Performance Review|url=https://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/view/76|journal=REFORESTA|language=en|issue=4|pages=94–142|doi=10.21750/REFOR.4.07.46|issn=2466-4367|doi-access=free|access-date=2023-02-26|archive-date=2021-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305231703/https://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/view/76|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wani kuma shine dasa shukar, wanda yayi kama da shuka kai tsaye sai dai cewa iri-(seedlings) sun riga sunada tsarin tushe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dey|first=Daniel C.|last2=Jacobs|first2=Douglass|last3=McNabb|first3=Ken|last4=Miller|first4=Gary|last5=Baldwin|first5=V.|last6=Foster|first6=G.|date=2008-02-01|title=Artificial Regeneration of Major Oak (Quercus) Species in the Eastern United States—A Review of the Literature|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/54.1.77|journal=Forest Science|volume=54|issue=1|pages=77–106|doi=10.1093/forestscience/54.1.77|issn=0015-749X|doi-access=free}}</ref> Bushewar bishiyoyi ta yankan wani zaɓi ne ga nau'in bishiyoyi waɗanda zasu iya haifa ba tare da wata matsala ba, inda za'a iya dasa wani ɗan itace, reshe, tushe, ko ganye a saman dajin kuma yayi tsiro cikin nasara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kauffman|first=J. Boone|date=1991|title=Survival by Sprouting Following Fire in Tropical Forests of the Eastern Amazon|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2388198|journal=Biotropica|volume=23|issue=3|pages=219–224|doi=10.2307/2388198|issn=0006-3606}}</ref> Wasu lokuta ana amfani da kayan aiki na musamman, kamar sandar dasa [[bishiya]], don sa dashen bishiyoyi cikin sauƙi da sauri.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sweeney|first=Bernard W.|last2=Czapka|first2=Stephen J.|last3=Petrow|first3=L. Carol A.|date=2007-05-01|title=How Planting Method, Weed Abatement, and Herbivory Affect Afforestation Success|url=https://academic.oup.com/sjaf/article/31/2/85/4782466|journal=Southern Journal of Applied Forestry|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=85–92|doi=10.1093/sjaf/31.2.85|issn=0148-4419|doi-access=free}}</ref>'' == Babban fa'ida ga dasa bishiyoyi: gandun daji na jawo ruwan sama == Gandun dazuzzuka yana alfahari da fa'idodi masu alaƙa da yanayi. Sabbin bincike da yawa sun nuna cewa gandun daji na jan ruwa sosai , wanda zai iya bayyana dalilin da yasa fari watau rashin abinci da ke yawan faruwa a wasu sassan duniya kamar yammacin Afirka, inda bishiyoyi basu da yawa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} Wani sabon binciken da Carol Rasmussen,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} Laboratory Nata na Jet Propulsion Laboratory ta ba da shaidar farko ta lura cewa gandun dajin kudancin Amazon yana haifar da nasa lokacin damina ta amfani da tururin ruwa daga ganyen shuke-shuke, wanda daga nan ya samar da gajimare a samansa. Wadannan binciken sun taimaka wajan bayyana dalilin da yasa [[Gandun daji|ake alakanta sare dazuzzuka]] a wannan yankin da rage ruwan sama. Nazarin Douglas Sheil da Daniel Murdiyarso{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} yana nuna cewa murfin gandun daji yana taka rawa sosai wajen tantance ruwan sama da yadda aka sani a baya. Tana bayanin yadda yankuna dazuzzuka ke samar da kwararar ruwa mai yawa a cikin tururin ruwa mai iska kuma hakan yana kara fa'idar amfanin dazuzzuka a yankuna na duniya. == Kasashe da yankuna == === Ostiraliya === A [[Adelaide]], Kudancin Ostiraliya (birni ne da ya kai miliyan 1.3 har zuwa watan Yunin 2016), Firayim Minista Mike Rann (2002 zuwa 2011) ya ƙaddamar da shirin gandun daji na birane a 2003 don dasa bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi miliyan 3 na shekara na 2014 a kan wuraren aikin 300 a ƙetaren metro. . Dubunnan 'yan asalin Adelaide sun halarci ranakun dasa al'umma a wuraren da suka hada da wuraren shakatawa, wuraren ajiye kaya, kofofin safara, makarantu, kwasa-kwasan ruwa da bakin teku. Itatuwa ce kawai aka dasa don tabbatar da ingancin kwayar halitta. Ya ce aikin an yi shi ne domin kawata garin da sanyaya shi da kuma sanya shi zama abin more rayuwa, inganta iska da ruwa, da rage hayakin Adelaide da ke fitar da hayaki mai dauke da tan 600,000 na CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a shekara. === Kanada === A shekarar alib na 2003, gwamnatin kasar [[Kanada|Kanada ta]] kirkiro da wani shiri na tsawon shekaru hudu da ake kira Initiative Development and Assessment Initiative a turance, wanda ya hada da dasa shukoki 6000 na gandun daji masu saurin girma a kasashen da basu da gandun daji a duk fadin kasar. Anyi amfani da wadannan gonakin ne don yin nazarin yadda noman dazuzzuka zai iya taimakawa wajen kara yaduwar carbon da kuma rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli (GHG) yayin da kuma yayi la’akari da kwarin gwiwar tattalin arziki da saka jari. Sakamakon wannan shirin ya nuna cewa duk da cewa babu wadataccen fili a cikin Kanada don daidaita abubuwan da GHG ke fitarwa na ƙasar gaba ɗaya, noman dazuzzuka na iya zama dabarun rage amfani da GHG don cimma burin fitar da GHG, musamman har sai dindin, fasahar ci gaba ta ajiyar carbon ta kasance. A ranar 14 ga Disamba, 2020, Ministan Albarkatun Kasa na Kanada Seamus O'Regan ya ba da sanarwar zuba jarin gwamnatin tarayya na dala biliyan 3.16 don dasa bishiyoyi biliyan biyu nan da shekaru 10 masu zuwa. Wannan shirin yana nufin rage hayaki mai gurbata muhalli da kimanin megatonnes 12 nan da shekarar 2050. === China === [[File:Jiayu_County_-_Panjiawan_-_on_the_Yangtze_embankment_-_P1540267.JPG|thumb| Tube na gandun daji ana shuka tare daruruwan kilomita na Yangtze levees a Hubei lardin ]] Wata doka da aka fitar a 1981 ta buƙaci kowane ɗalibin makaranta da ya haura shekaru 11 da shuka akalla itace ɗaya a shekara. A sakamakon haka, kasar Sin tana da mafi girman yawan gandun daji na kowace kasa ko yanki a duniya, tare da fadin murabba'in kilomita 47,000 a shekarar alib na 2008. Duk da haka, yankin gandun daji a kowace ƙasa ya yi ƙasa da matsakaicin ƙasashen duniya. A cewar Carbon Brief, kasar Sin ta dasa mafi yawan sabbin gandun daji daga kowace kasa tsakanin 1990 zuwa 2015, wanda shirin Grain for Green na kasar ya fara a 1999, ta hanyar saka hannun jari sama da dala biliyan 100 a shirye -shiryen dazuka da dasa bishiyoyi sama da biliyan 35. a fadin larduna 12. Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, yawan gandun dajin da aka shuka a kasar Sin ya kai hekta miliyan 79. Daga 2011–2016, birnin Dongying a lardin Shandong ya gandun daji sama da hectare 13,800 na ƙasa mai gishiri ta hanyar Shandong Ecological Afforestation Project, wanda aka ƙaddamar tare da tallafi daga [[Bankin Duniya]] . A shekara ta 2017, Kungiyar Saihanba Afforestation Community ta lashe Gwarzon Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Gwarzon Duniya a cikin Inspiration and Action category don "canza kasa mai lalacewa zuwa aljanna mai dadi". === Turai === [[File:Afforestation_on_former_colliery_land_near_Cwm-hwnt_-_geograph.org.uk_-_913687.jpg|thumb| Foreaddamar da bishiyoyi a kan tsohuwar gonar kwalliya kusa da Cwm-Hwnt, Wales]] Turai ta lalata da yawa daga gandun daji na tarihi. Kungiyar [[Tarayyar Turai]] (EU) ta biya manoma kudaden da suka samu gandun daji tun daga shekarar 1990, inda suka ba da tallafi don mayar da gonar ta zama daji da kuma biyan kudaden gudanar da gandun daji. Wani shirin EU, wanda ke gudana tsakanin 2000 da 2006, ya killace fiye da kilomita murabba'in 1,000 (ƙididdigar lissafi da ba a riga ta samo ba). Wani irin wannan shirin ya fara a 2007. Dazukan Turai suna girma da murabba'in kilomita 8,000 a shekara saboda waɗannan shirye-shiryen. Dangane da ƙididdigar Organizationungiyar Agricultureungiyar Abinci da Noma [[Ispaniya|, Spain ta]] kasance ta uku cikin saurin ɓarkewar daji a Turai a cikin lokacin 1990-2005, bayan Iceland da Ireland. A cikin wadancan shekarun, gaba daya an fadada kilomita murabba'i 44,360, kuma gaba daya fadin daji ya tashi daga hekta miliyan 13.5 zuwa 17.9. A cikin 1990, gandun daji ya rufe 26.6% na yankin Sifen. Ya zuwa 2007, wannan adadi ya haura zuwa 36.6% . Spain a yau tana da yanki na biyar mafi girma a cikin Tarayyar Turai. A watan Janairun 2013, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta sanya wani buri na 12% na katako a Ingila ta 2060, daga kashi 10% na wancan lokacin. A cikin Wales Majalisar kasa ta Wales ta sanya kashi 19% woodland cover, daga kaso 15% . Manufofin da gwamnati ke tallafawa kamar su Kundin Kayan Carbon Woodland ana da niyyar tallafawa wannan burin ta hanyar ƙarfafa hukumomi da masu mallakar ƙasa don ƙirƙirar sabon dazuzzuka don daidaita haɓakar hayaƙin. Kungiyoyin agaji kamar Trees for Life (Scotland) suma suna ba da gudummawa ga dasa itacen daji da kuma ƙoƙarin sake dasa bishiyoyi a cikin Burtaniya. === Indiya === [[File:Marebilli_forest.jpg|thumb| Kashe bishiyoyi a Kudancin Indiya]] Kaso 23% na Indiya an rufe shi da gandun daji{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} . A 2018, jimlar daji da bishiyar Indiya sun karu zuwa 24.39% ko 8,020. 88&nbsp;km ² . An haɗu da gandun daji na Indiya zuwa manyan rukuni 5 da nau'ikan 16 bisa laákari da ƙa'idodin rayuwa . An rarraba 38% na gandun daji a zaman busasshiyar ƙasa kuma 30% a matsayin masu bushewar zafi na wurare masu zafi da sauran ƙananan ƙungiyoyi. Nau'in gida ne kawai aka dasa a wani yanki. An fifita bishiyoyi masu ɗauke da Mayan marmari itace duk inda zai yiwu saboda aikin su azaman tushen abinci. A shekarar 2019, Indiyawa sun dasa bishiyoyi Miliyan 220 a rana guda a jihar [[Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh ta Indiya]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} A ranar Alhamis, 29 Agusta 2019, firayin ministan kasar [[Indiya|India]] Mr. Narendra Modi saki ₹ 47, 436 crores (a kan biliyan 6.6 USD ) zuwa daban-daban jihohin wajibi ne ayyukan dasa bishiyoyi. Ana iya amfani da kudaden don maganin wuraren kamun kifi, taimakawa tsari na halitta, kula da gandun daji, kare namun daji da kuma kula da su, sauya kauyuka daga yankunan da aka kiyaye, gudanar da rikice-rikicen mutane da namun daji, horo da samar da wayar da kai, samar da na’urorin adana itace da ayyukan hadin gwiwa. Karuwaritace zai taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar ƙarin bututun carbon don saduwa da manufofin ƙasar (INDC) na tan biliyan 2.5 zuwa 3 na carbon dioxide kwatankwacin ƙarin gandun daji da kariyar bishiyoyi a shekara ta 2030 - ɓangare na ƙoƙarin Indiya na yaƙi da yanayin canza Gwamnatin [[Maharashtra]] ta shuka kusan iri dubu 20,000 a duk fadin jihar, kuma za ta yi alkawarin dasa wasu 30,000,000 a shekara mai zuwa. A cewar The Telegraph, gwamnatin Indiya ta danganta dala biliyan 6.2 don dashen bishiyoyi domin kara “gandun daji daidai da yarjejeniyoyin da aka yi a taron kolin canjin yanayi na Paris a 2015.” Gwamnatin Indiya ta kuma zartar da dokar CAMPA ( Hukumar Kula da Asusun Tallafawa da Ba da Tallafi), wanda zai ba da damar rupees dubu 40 (kusan Dala Biliyan 6) za su je jihohin Indiya don dashen itatuwa . === Iran === [[File:The_fourth_year_of_a_genetically_modified_forest_in_Iran_by_Aras_GED_part_of_commercial_afforestation_in_Iran.jpg|thumb| Shekaru na huɗu na gandun dajin da aka canzawa dabi'a a cikin Iran, wanda kamfanin Aras GED ya dasa ta ta hanyar dasa itacen kasuwanci]] [[Iran]] ana ɗaukarta a matsayin yanki mai ƙarancin gandun daji na duniya tare da kariya yanzu yana kimanin kusan kashi bakwai na yankin ƙasar. Wannan ƙimar da aka rage zuwa kimanin kadada miliyan shida na gandun dajin budurwa, wanda ya haɗa da itacen oak, almond da pistachio . Saboda haka, yana da wuya a sami noman dazuzzuka a wani babban sikeli idan aka kwatanta da sauran yankuna masu yanayin yanayi waɗanda aka basu yanayin ƙasa mai dausayi da ƙarancin dutse da kuma busasshiyar ƙasa. Dangane da takamaiman kididdigar dazuzzuka, Yankin Gudun Hijira da Hukumar Gudanar da Ruwa na Iran, a kowace shekara, ta yin amfani da hanyoyin da suka dace da nau'ikan itatuwa na asali a kowane yanki, an yi dazuzzuka da yawa, wanda ya haifar da kwanciyar hankali na halitta. === Isra'ila === [[File:Jewish_National_Fund_trees_in_The_Negev.jpg|thumb| Bishiyoyin JNF a cikin Jejin Negev . Dunes da aka yi da mutum (a nan liman ) suna taimakawa kiyayewa a cikin [[ruwan sama]], yana haifar da dausayi .]] Tare da bishiyoyin da aka shuka sama da miliyan 240, [[Isra'ila]] na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe biyu kacal da suka shiga karni na 21 tare da samun riba mai yawa a cikin adadin bishiyoyin, saboda manyan ayyukan da ake yi na sare itatuwa. Yawancin dazuzzukan Isra’ila sun samo asali ne daga babban yaƙin da ake yi da Asusun Ƙasar Yahudawa (JNF). ^{[ ''abin da ake buƙata'' ]} === Arewacin Afirka === Yawancin kasashen Afirka da ke kan iyaka da hamadar Sahara suna aiki tare da aikin Babbar Ganye . Aikin dala biliyan 8 na niyyar dawo da hekta miliyan 100 na kaskantaccen kasa nan da shekarar 2030. Hakanan a Arewacin Afirka, an gabatar da Aikin Gandun Sahara tare da Ruwan Teku na Ruwa . An kuma ƙaddamar da wasu ayyukan a ƙasashe kamar [[Senegal]] don sake mayar da hamada. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010, shugabannin Afirka suna tattaunawa game da haɗa albarkatun ƙasa don haɓaka tasiri. Bugu da kari, sauran ayyukan kamar aikin Keita a Neja an fara su a baya, kuma sun sami damar dawo da barnar da kwararowar hamada ta yi a cikin gida. === Amurka === Kasar Amurka tana da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku wanda aka rufe a cikin gandun daji da daji. ^{[ ''ana bukatar'' ]} Duk da haka, yankuna a Amurka sun kasance suna da muhimmancin dasa bishiyoyi. A cikin 1800s mutane suna matsawa yamma sun haɗu da Manyan filayen - ƙasa mai ƙasa mai kyau, yawan mutane da buƙatar katako amma tare da dashen bishiyoyi don samar da shi. Don haka an karfafa dasa bishiyoyi tare da gidaje. An kafa ranar Arbor a cikin 1872 ta Julius Sterling Morton a Nebraska City, Nebraska. Ta hanyar 1930s bala'in muhalli na Dust Bowl ya nuna dalili don muhimmin sabon kariyar itace. Shirye-shiryen ayyukan jama'a a karkashin Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar sun ga dasa mil 18,000 na iska mai fadada daga [[North Dakota]] zuwa [[Texas]] don yaƙi da zaizayar ƙasa (duba Great Plains Shelterbelt ). == Fa'idodi == Dasa bishiyoyi na taimaka wajan rage [[Canjin yanayi|dumamar yanayi]] ta hanyar rage CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a cikin yanayi da gabatar da ƙarin O <nowiki><sub id="mwxA">2</sub></nowiki> . Bishiyoyi sune rarar carbon da ke cire CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO daga yanayin ta hanyar hotynthesis kuma jujjuya shi zuwa biomass . Gandun dazuzzuka yana ba da wasu fa'idodin muhalli, gami da haɓaka ƙimar ƙasa da matakan ƙirar carbon a cikin ƙasa, guje wa zaizayar ƙasa da hamada . Dasa bishiyoyi a cikin birane kuma na iya rage gurɓatar iska ta hanyar shan bishiyoyi da kuma tace abubuwa masu gurɓatawa, gami da carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, da ozone, ban da CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO . == Suka == === Dashen ciyawar daji === Ana sukar kamfen din dasa bishiyoyi saboda wani lokaci ana niyya ga yankunan da dazuka ba zai faru ba, kamar su ciyawar ciyawa da tsiron savanna === Tasiri kan halittu masu yawa === Dashen bishiyoyi na iya shafar yawancin halittu ta hanyar ƙara yawan rarrabuwa da kuma tasirin tasiri ga mazaunin da ya rage a wajen yankin da aka shuka. Sabon gandun daji plantations iya gabatar da generalist da yara da zai in ba haka ba ba za a samu a bude mazauninsu cikin rufe yanki, wanda zai iya gurbatarwa kara predation rates a kan 'yan qasar jinsunan yankin. === Surface albedo === Hakanan an gabatar da tambayoyi a cikin masana kimiyya game da yadda gandun daji na duniya zai iya shafar albedo na Duniya. Murfin rufin bishiyar bishiyoyi na iya sa albedo ya zama duhu, wanda ke sa ƙarin zafin wuta ya kamu, da yiwuwar ƙara zafin duniyar. == Duba kuma == == Majiya == {{Free-content attribution|title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings|author=FAO|publisher=FAO|page numbers=|source=|documentURL=http://www.fao.org/3/CA8753EN/CA8753EN.pdf|license statement URL=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Global_Forest_Resources_Assessment_2020_%E2%80%93_Key_findings.pdf|license=CC BY-SA 3.0}} == Bayani == === Bayanan kula ===   === Bibliography === * Buendia C, Batalla RJ, Sabater S, Palau A, Marce R. (2016). Yanayin Gudun Gudun Jirgin Sama da Yanayi da Safiyar Itatuwa a cikin Kogin Pyrenean. Rushewar ƙasa & Ci gaba. {{Doi|10.1002/ldr.2384}} * Buendia C, Bussi G, Tuset J, Vericat D, Sabater S, Palau A, Batalla RJ. (2016). Illolin dazuzzuka dazuzzuka a kan kwararar ruwa da ɗakunan kaya a cikin rafin Bahar Rum. Kimiyya na Yanayin Yanayi. {{Doi|10.1016/jscitotenv.2015.07.005}} * Cattaneo, Andrea (2002) ''Daidaita Bunkasar Noma da Kawar dazuzzuka a cikin Amazon na Brazil'', Tsarin Abincin Abinci na Int Inst Res IFPRI, shafuka 146  * Heil, Gerrit W., Bart Muys da Karin Hansen (2007) ''Tasirin Muhalli na foreaukar Ido a Arewacin Yammacin Turai'', Springer, shafuka 320  * Halldorsson G., Oddsdottir, ES da Sigurdsson BD (2008) ''AFFORNORD Sakamakon Afforestation akan Tsarin'' Yanayi, Yanayin Kasa da Raya Karkara, TemaNord 2008: 562, shafuka 120  * Halldorsson G., Oddsdottir, ES da Eggertsson O (2007) Tasirin Tsage Tsuntsauran Tsari a Kan Tsarin Yanayi, Yanayin ''Kasa da Ci gaban Karkara.'' ''Ayyukan taron AFFORNORD, Reykholt, Iceland, Yuni 18-22, 2005'', TemaNord 2007: 508, 343pages  * McBeath, Gerald A., da Tse-Kang Leng (2006) ''Gudanar da kiyaye halittu daban-daban a China da Taiwan'', Edward Elgar Publishing, shafuka 242.  * Stanturf, John A. da Palle Madsen (2004) ''Maido da Boreal da Temperate Forests'', CRC Press, shafuka 569  * Wilson, EO (2002) ''Rayuwar Rayuwa'', Vintage  == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Raunet Michel da Naudin Krishna, 2006.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Yaki da kwararowar hamada ta hanyar tsarin shuka shukar kai tsaye (DMC).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Les dossiers wanda aka fi sani da CSFD.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Fitowa ta 4. 40 pp.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} * [https://cendyliu.medium.com/top-10-golden-rules-of-reforestation-2021-a78df97bd0f2 Manyan Dokokin Zinare guda 10 na Sashen Dazuzzuka] ==Manazarta== [[Category:Gandun-daji]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ejt611w0w76gjh91mvxt8lkcsy34yi9 906417 906416 2026-08-23T04:51:30Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906417 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:New_afforestation_looking_into_Rand_Wood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_329908.jpg|thumb| Wani aikin dazuzzuka a Rand Wood, Lincolnshire, Ingila]] '''Dasa Bishiyoyi''' shine kafa gandun daji ko tsayayyun bishiyoyi ( daji ) a yankin da babu wani itace da ya gabata. Yawancin ƙungiyoyin masu zaman kansu kai tsaye suna shiga shiryen daji don ƙirƙirar gandun daji da ƙara kamawar carbon. ƙaunar dazuzzuka wata hanya ce da ake nema don yaƙi da damuwar yanayi, kamar yadda aka sani don haɓaka ƙimar ƙasa da matakan carbon a cikin ƙasa, guje wa kwararowar hamada. [[Fayil:Wandelen over de Planken Wambuis vanuit Mossel 069 A.jpg|thumb]] Adadin asarar gandun daji ya ragu sosai a tsakanin shekarun alif 1990-2020 saboda sare bishiyoyi a daji a wasu ƙasashe, da ƙari a yankin gandun daji,a wasu ta hanyar noman dazuzzuka da kuma faɗaɗa dazuzzuka na halitta. A shekarar alib na 2019, binciken da duniya mayar da itacen da aka sare ya nuna cewa akwai sarari ga akalla miliyan 9km ² na sabon gandun daji a duniya, wanda yake shine kashi 25% da ke karuwa daga yanayin yanzu. Wannan yankin dazuzzuka zai iya adana har zuwa gigatons 205 na sinadarin carbon ko kaso 25% na tafkin carbon na yanayi ta rage CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a cikin yanayi da kuma gabatar da ƙarin O ₂. == Tsarin aiki == Tsarin dasa bishiyoyi yana farawa ne tare da zaɓin gurin aikin ne. Yawancin abubuwan muhalli na gurin da aka zaɓa dole ne a bincikar su, gami da yanayi, [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]], ciyayi, da ayyukan ɗan adam.<ref name=":05">{{Citation|last=Duan|first=Jie|title=Basic Theory and Methods of Afforestation|date=2021-03-10|url=https://www.intechopen.com/books/silviculture/basic-theory-and-methods-of-afforestation|work=Silviculture|editor-last=Cristina Gonçalves|editor-first=Ana|publisher=IntechOpen|language=en|doi=10.5772/intechopen.96164|isbn=978-1-83968-448-7|access-date=2021-03-25|last2=Abduwali|first2=Dilnur|doi-access=free}}</ref> Waɗannan abubuwan ne zasu tabbatar da ingancin gurin, wadanne irin bishiyoyi ne yakamata a dasa, da kuma wani hanyoyi za a bi don shuke shuke. <ref name=":05" /> Bayan kuma an kimanta gurin dajin, dole ne a shirya yankin don [[shuka]]. Shiri na iya ƙunsar nau'ikan hanyoyin inji ko na sinadarai, kamar sara, mounding, shimfida, magungunan kashe [[ciyawa]], da kone-kone da aka tsara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Knapp|first=Benjamin O.|last2=Wang|first2=G. Geoff|last3=Walker|first3=Joan L.|last4=Cohen|first4=Susan|date=2006-05-01|title=Effects of site preparation treatments on early growth and survival of planted longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings in North Carolina|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112706000569|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|language=en|volume=226|issue=1|pages=122–128|doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2006.01.029|issn=0378-1127}}</ref> Da zarar an shirya gurin aikin, ana iya dasa shukokin., wanda ya haɗa da shuka iri kai tsaye zuwa cikin dajin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Grossnickle|first=Steven C.|last2=Ivetić|first2=Vladan|date=2017-12-30|title=Direct Seeding in Reforestation – A Field Performance Review|url=https://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/view/76|journal=REFORESTA|language=en|issue=4|pages=94–142|doi=10.21750/REFOR.4.07.46|issn=2466-4367|doi-access=free|access-date=2023-02-26|archive-date=2021-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305231703/https://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/view/76|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wani kuma shine dasa shukar, wanda yayi kama da shuka kai tsaye sai dai cewa iri-(seedlings) sun riga sunada tsarin tushe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dey|first=Daniel C.|last2=Jacobs|first2=Douglass|last3=McNabb|first3=Ken|last4=Miller|first4=Gary|last5=Baldwin|first5=V.|last6=Foster|first6=G.|date=2008-02-01|title=Artificial Regeneration of Major Oak (Quercus) Species in the Eastern United States—A Review of the Literature|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/54.1.77|journal=Forest Science|volume=54|issue=1|pages=77–106|doi=10.1093/forestscience/54.1.77|issn=0015-749X|doi-access=free}}</ref> Bushewar bishiyoyi ta yankan wani zaɓi ne ga nau'in bishiyoyi waɗanda zasu iya haifa ba tare da wata matsala ba, inda za'a iya dasa wani ɗan itace, reshe, tushe, ko ganye a saman dajin kuma yayi tsiro cikin nasara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kauffman|first=J. Boone|date=1991|title=Survival by Sprouting Following Fire in Tropical Forests of the Eastern Amazon|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2388198|journal=Biotropica|volume=23|issue=3|pages=219–224|doi=10.2307/2388198|issn=0006-3606}}</ref> Wasu lokuta ana amfani da kayan aiki na musamman, kamar sandar dasa [[bishiya]], don sa dashen bishiyoyi cikin sauƙi da sauri.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sweeney|first=Bernard W.|last2=Czapka|first2=Stephen J.|last3=Petrow|first3=L. Carol A.|date=2007-05-01|title=How Planting Method, Weed Abatement, and Herbivory Affect Afforestation Success|url=https://academic.oup.com/sjaf/article/31/2/85/4782466|journal=Southern Journal of Applied Forestry|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=85–92|doi=10.1093/sjaf/31.2.85|issn=0148-4419|doi-access=free}}</ref>'' == Babban fa'ida ga dasa bishiyoyi: gandun daji na jawo ruwan sama == Gandun dazuzzuka yana alfahari da fa'idodi masu alaƙa da yanayi. Sabbin bincike da yawa sun nuna cewa gandun daji na jan ruwa sosai , wanda zai iya bayyana dalilin da yasa fari watau rashin abinci da ke yawan faruwa a wasu sassan duniya kamar yammacin Afirka, inda bishiyoyi basu da yawa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} Wani sabon binciken da Carol Rasmussen,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} Laboratory Nata na Jet Propulsion Laboratory ta ba da shaidar farko ta lura cewa gandun dajin kudancin Amazon yana haifar da nasa lokacin damina ta amfani da tururin ruwa daga ganyen shuke-shuke, wanda daga nan ya samar da gajimare a samansa. Wadannan binciken sun taimaka wajan bayyana dalilin da yasa [[Gandun daji|ake alakanta sare dazuzzuka]] a wannan yankin da rage ruwan sama. Nazarin Douglas Sheil da Daniel Murdiyarso{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} yana nuna cewa murfin gandun daji yana taka rawa sosai wajen tantance ruwan sama da yadda aka sani a baya. Tana bayanin yadda yankuna dazuzzuka ke samar da kwararar ruwa mai yawa a cikin tururin ruwa mai iska kuma hakan yana kara fa'idar amfanin dazuzzuka a yankuna na duniya. == Kasashe da yankuna == === Ostiraliya === A [[Adelaide]], Kudancin Ostiraliya (birni ne da ya kai miliyan 1.3 har zuwa watan Yunin 2016), Firayim Minista Mike Rann (2002 zuwa 2011) ya ƙaddamar da shirin gandun daji na birane a 2003 don dasa bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi miliyan 3 na shekara na 2014 a kan wuraren aikin 300 a ƙetaren metro. . Dubunnan 'yan asalin Adelaide sun halarci ranakun dasa al'umma a wuraren da suka hada da wuraren shakatawa, wuraren ajiye kaya, kofofin safara, makarantu, kwasa-kwasan ruwa da bakin teku. Itatuwa ce kawai aka dasa don tabbatar da ingancin kwayar halitta. Ya ce aikin an yi shi ne domin kawata garin da sanyaya shi da kuma sanya shi zama abin more rayuwa, inganta iska da ruwa, da rage hayakin Adelaide da ke fitar da hayaki mai dauke da tan 600,000 na CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a shekara. === Kanada === A shekarar alib na 2003, gwamnatin kasar [[Kanada|Kanada ta]] kirkiro da wani shiri na tsawon shekaru hudu da ake kira Initiative Development and Assessment Initiative a turance, wanda ya hada da dasa shukoki 6000 na gandun daji masu saurin girma a kasashen da basu da gandun daji a duk fadin kasar. Anyi amfani da wadannan gonakin ne don yin nazarin yadda noman dazuzzuka zai iya taimakawa wajen kara yaduwar carbon da kuma rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli (GHG) yayin da kuma yayi la’akari da kwarin gwiwar tattalin arziki da saka jari. Sakamakon wannan shirin ya nuna cewa duk da cewa babu wadataccen fili a cikin Kanada don daidaita abubuwan da GHG ke fitarwa na ƙasar gaba ɗaya, noman dazuzzuka na iya zama dabarun rage amfani da GHG don cimma burin fitar da GHG, musamman har sai dindin, fasahar ci gaba ta ajiyar carbon ta kasance. A ranar 14 ga Disamba, 2020, Ministan Albarkatun Kasa na Kanada Seamus O'Regan ya ba da sanarwar zuba jarin gwamnatin tarayya na dala biliyan 3.16 don dasa bishiyoyi biliyan biyu nan da shekaru 10 masu zuwa. Wannan shirin yana nufin rage hayaki mai gurbata muhalli da kimanin megatonnes 12 nan da shekarar 2050. === China === [[File:Jiayu_County_-_Panjiawan_-_on_the_Yangtze_embankment_-_P1540267.JPG|thumb| Tube na gandun daji ana shuka tare daruruwan kilomita na Yangtze levees a Hubei lardin ]] Wata doka da aka fitar a 1981 ta buƙaci kowane ɗalibin makaranta da ya haura shekaru 11 da shuka akalla itace ɗaya a shekara. A sakamakon haka, kasar Sin tana da mafi girman yawan gandun daji na kowace kasa ko yanki a duniya, tare da fadin murabba'in kilomita 47,000 a shekarar alib na 2008. Duk da haka, yankin gandun daji a kowace ƙasa ya yi ƙasa da matsakaicin ƙasashen duniya. A cewar Carbon Brief, kasar Sin ta dasa mafi yawan sabbin gandun daji daga kowace kasa tsakanin 1990 zuwa 2015, wanda shirin Grain for Green na kasar ya fara a 1999, ta hanyar saka hannun jari sama da dala biliyan 100 a shirye -shiryen dazuka da dasa bishiyoyi sama da biliyan 35. a fadin larduna 12. Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, yawan gandun dajin da aka shuka a kasar Sin ya kai hekta miliyan 79. Daga 2011–2016, birnin Dongying a lardin Shandong ya gandun daji sama da hectare 13,800 na ƙasa mai gishiri ta hanyar Shandong Ecological Afforestation Project, wanda aka ƙaddamar tare da tallafi daga [[Bankin Duniya]] . A shekara ta 2017, Kungiyar Saihanba Afforestation Community ta lashe Gwarzon Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Gwarzon Duniya a cikin Inspiration and Action category don "canza kasa mai lalacewa zuwa aljanna mai dadi". === Turai === [[File:Afforestation_on_former_colliery_land_near_Cwm-hwnt_-_geograph.org.uk_-_913687.jpg|thumb| Foreaddamar da bishiyoyi a kan tsohuwar gonar kwalliya kusa da Cwm-Hwnt, Wales]] Turai ta lalata da yawa daga gandun daji na tarihi. Kungiyar [[Tarayyar Turai]] (EU) ta biya manoma kudaden da suka samu gandun daji tun daga shekarar 1990, inda suka ba da tallafi don mayar da gonar ta zama daji da kuma biyan kudaden gudanar da gandun daji. Wani shirin EU, wanda ke gudana tsakanin 2000 da 2006, ya killace fiye da kilomita murabba'in 1,000 (ƙididdigar lissafi da ba a riga ta samo ba). Wani irin wannan shirin ya fara a 2007. Dazukan Turai suna girma da murabba'in kilomita 8,000 a shekara saboda waɗannan shirye-shiryen. Dangane da ƙididdigar Organizationungiyar Agricultureungiyar Abinci da Noma [[Ispaniya|, Spain ta]] kasance ta uku cikin saurin ɓarkewar daji a Turai a cikin lokacin 1990-2005, bayan Iceland da Ireland. A cikin wadancan shekarun, gaba daya an fadada kilomita murabba'i 44,360, kuma gaba daya fadin daji ya tashi daga hekta miliyan 13.5 zuwa 17.9. A cikin 1990, gandun daji ya rufe 26.6% na yankin Sifen. Ya zuwa 2007, wannan adadi ya haura zuwa 36.6% . Spain a yau tana da yanki na biyar mafi girma a cikin Tarayyar Turai. A watan Janairun 2013, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta sanya wani buri na 12% na katako a Ingila ta 2060, daga kashi 10% na wancan lokacin. A cikin Wales Majalisar kasa ta Wales ta sanya kashi 19% woodland cover, daga kaso 15% . Manufofin da gwamnati ke tallafawa kamar su Kundin Kayan Carbon Woodland ana da niyyar tallafawa wannan burin ta hanyar ƙarfafa hukumomi da masu mallakar ƙasa don ƙirƙirar sabon dazuzzuka don daidaita haɓakar hayaƙin. Kungiyoyin agaji kamar Trees for Life (Scotland) suma suna ba da gudummawa ga dasa itacen daji da kuma ƙoƙarin sake dasa bishiyoyi a cikin Burtaniya. === Indiya === [[File:Marebilli_forest.jpg|thumb| Kashe bishiyoyi a Kudancin Indiya]] Kaso 23% na Indiya an rufe shi da gandun daji{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} . A 2018, jimlar daji da bishiyar Indiya sun karu zuwa 24.39% ko 8,020. 88&nbsp;km ² . An haɗu da gandun daji na Indiya zuwa manyan rukuni 5 da nau'ikan 16 bisa laákari da ƙa'idodin rayuwa . An rarraba 38% na gandun daji a zaman busasshiyar ƙasa kuma 30% a matsayin masu bushewar zafi na wurare masu zafi da sauran ƙananan ƙungiyoyi. Nau'in gida ne kawai aka dasa a wani yanki. An fifita bishiyoyi masu ɗauke da Mayan marmari itace duk inda zai yiwu saboda aikin su azaman tushen abinci. A shekarar 2019, Indiyawa sun dasa bishiyoyi Miliyan 220 a rana guda a jihar [[Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh ta Indiya]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} A ranar Alhamis, 29 Agusta 2019, firayin ministan kasar [[Indiya|India]] Mr. Narendra Modi saki ₹ 47, 436 crores (a kan biliyan 6.6 USD ) zuwa daban-daban jihohin wajibi ne ayyukan dasa bishiyoyi. Ana iya amfani da kudaden don maganin wuraren kamun kifi, taimakawa tsari na halitta, kula da gandun daji, kare namun daji da kuma kula da su, sauya kauyuka daga yankunan da aka kiyaye, gudanar da rikice-rikicen mutane da namun daji, horo da samar da wayar da kai, samar da na’urorin adana itace da ayyukan hadin gwiwa. Karuwaritace zai taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar ƙarin bututun carbon don saduwa da manufofin ƙasar (INDC) na tan biliyan 2.5 zuwa 3 na carbon dioxide kwatankwacin ƙarin gandun daji da kariyar bishiyoyi a shekara ta 2030 - ɓangare na ƙoƙarin Indiya na yaƙi da yanayin canza Gwamnatin [[Maharashtra]] ta shuka kusan iri dubu 20,000 a duk fadin jihar, kuma za ta yi alkawarin dasa wasu 30,000,000 a shekara mai zuwa. A cewar The Telegraph, gwamnatin Indiya ta danganta dala biliyan 6.2 don dashen bishiyoyi domin kara “gandun daji daidai da yarjejeniyoyin da aka yi a taron kolin canjin yanayi na Paris a 2015.” Gwamnatin Indiya ta kuma zartar da dokar CAMPA ( Hukumar Kula da Asusun Tallafawa da Ba da Tallafi), wanda zai ba da damar rupees dubu 40 (kusan Dala Biliyan 6) za su je jihohin Indiya don dashen itatuwa . === Iran === [[File:The_fourth_year_of_a_genetically_modified_forest_in_Iran_by_Aras_GED_part_of_commercial_afforestation_in_Iran.jpg|thumb| Shekaru na huɗu na gandun dajin da aka canzawa dabi'a a cikin Iran, wanda kamfanin Aras GED ya dasa ta ta hanyar dasa itacen kasuwanci]] [[Iran]] ana ɗaukarta a matsayin yanki mai ƙarancin gandun daji na duniya tare da kariya yanzu yana kimanin kusan kashi bakwai na yankin ƙasar. Wannan ƙimar da aka rage zuwa kimanin kadada miliyan shida na gandun dajin budurwa, wanda ya haɗa da itacen oak, almond da pistachio . Saboda haka, yana da wuya a sami noman dazuzzuka a wani babban sikeli idan aka kwatanta da sauran yankuna masu yanayin yanayi waɗanda aka basu yanayin ƙasa mai dausayi da ƙarancin dutse da kuma busasshiyar ƙasa. Dangane da takamaiman kididdigar dazuzzuka, Yankin Gudun Hijira da Hukumar Gudanar da Ruwa na Iran, a kowace shekara, ta yin amfani da hanyoyin da suka dace da nau'ikan itatuwa na asali a kowane yanki, an yi dazuzzuka da yawa, wanda ya haifar da kwanciyar hankali na halitta. === Isra'ila === [[File:Jewish_National_Fund_trees_in_The_Negev.jpg|thumb| Bishiyoyin JNF a cikin Jejin Negev . Dunes da aka yi da mutum (a nan liman ) suna taimakawa kiyayewa a cikin [[ruwan sama]], yana haifar da dausayi .]] Tare da bishiyoyin da aka shuka sama da miliyan 240, [[Isra'ila]] na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe biyu kacal da suka shiga karni na 21 tare da samun riba mai yawa a cikin adadin bishiyoyin, saboda manyan ayyukan da ake yi na sare itatuwa. Yawancin dazuzzukan Isra’ila sun samo asali ne daga babban yaƙin da ake yi da Asusun Ƙasar Yahudawa (JNF). ^{[ ''abin da ake buƙata'' ]} === Arewacin Afirka === Yawancin kasashen Afirka da ke kan iyaka da hamadar Sahara suna aiki tare da aikin Babbar Ganye . Aikin dala biliyan 8 na niyyar dawo da hekta miliyan 100 na kaskantaccen kasa nan da shekarar 2030. Hakanan a Arewacin Afirka, an gabatar da Aikin Gandun Sahara tare da Ruwan Teku na Ruwa . An kuma ƙaddamar da wasu ayyukan a ƙasashe kamar [[Senegal]] don sake mayar da hamada. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010, shugabannin Afirka suna tattaunawa game da haɗa albarkatun ƙasa don haɓaka tasiri. Bugu da kari, sauran ayyukan kamar aikin Keita a Neja an fara su a baya, kuma sun sami damar dawo da barnar da kwararowar hamada ta yi a cikin gida. === Amurka === Kasar Amurka tana da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku wanda aka rufe a cikin gandun daji da daji. ^{[ ''ana bukatar'' ]} Duk da haka, yankuna a Amurka sun kasance suna da muhimmancin dasa bishiyoyi. A cikin 1800s mutane suna matsawa yamma sun haɗu da Manyan filayen - ƙasa mai ƙasa mai kyau, yawan mutane da buƙatar katako amma tare da dashen bishiyoyi don samar da shi. Don haka an karfafa dasa bishiyoyi tare da gidaje. An kafa ranar Arbor a cikin 1872 ta Julius Sterling Morton a Nebraska City, Nebraska. Ta hanyar 1930s bala'in muhalli na Dust Bowl ya nuna dalili don muhimmin sabon kariyar itace. Shirye-shiryen ayyukan jama'a a karkashin Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar sun ga dasa mil 18,000 na iska mai fadada daga [[North Dakota]] zuwa [[Texas]] don yaƙi da zaizayar ƙasa (duba Great Plains Shelterbelt ). == Fa'idodi == Dasa bishiyoyi na taimaka wajan rage [[Canjin yanayi|dumamar yanayi]] ta hanyar rage CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a cikin yanayi da gabatar da ƙarin O <nowiki><sub id="mwxA">2</sub></nowiki> . Bishiyoyi sune rarar carbon da ke cire CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO daga yanayin ta hanyar hotynthesis kuma jujjuya shi zuwa biomass . Gandun dazuzzuka yana ba da wasu fa'idodin muhalli, gami da haɓaka ƙimar ƙasa da matakan ƙirar carbon a cikin ƙasa, guje wa zaizayar ƙasa da hamada . Dasa bishiyoyi a cikin birane kuma na iya rage gurɓatar iska ta hanyar shan bishiyoyi da kuma tace abubuwa masu gurɓatawa, gami da carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, da ozone, ban da CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO . == Suka == === Dashen ciyawar daji === Ana sukar kamfen din dasa bishiyoyi saboda wani lokaci ana niyya ga yankunan da dazuka ba zai faru ba, kamar su ciyawar ciyawa da tsiron savanna === Tasiri kan halittu masu yawa === Dashen bishiyoyi na iya shafar yawancin halittu ta hanyar ƙara yawan rarrabuwa da kuma tasirin tasiri ga mazaunin da ya rage a wajen yankin da aka shuka. Sabon gandun daji plantations iya gabatar da generalist da yara da zai in ba haka ba ba za a samu a bude mazauninsu cikin rufe yanki, wanda zai iya gurbatarwa kara predation rates a kan 'yan qasar jinsunan yankin. === Surface albedo === Hakanan an gabatar da tambayoyi a cikin masana kimiyya game da yadda gandun daji na duniya zai iya shafar albedo na Duniya. Murfin rufin bishiyar bishiyoyi na iya sa albedo ya zama duhu, wanda ke sa ƙarin zafin wuta ya kamu, da yiwuwar ƙara zafin duniyar. == Duba kuma == == Majiya == {{Free-content attribution|title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings|author=FAO|publisher=FAO|page numbers=|source=|documentURL=http://www.fao.org/3/CA8753EN/CA8753EN.pdf|license statement URL=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Global_Forest_Resources_Assessment_2020_%E2%80%93_Key_findings.pdf|license=CC BY-SA 3.0}} == Bayani == === Bayanan kula ===   === Bibliography === * Buendia C, Batalla RJ, Sabater S, Palau A, Marce R. (2016). Yanayin Gudun Gudun Jirgin Sama da Yanayi da Safiyar Itatuwa a cikin Kogin Pyrenean. Rushewar ƙasa & Ci gaba. {{Doi|10.1002/ldr.2384}} * Buendia C, Bussi G, Tuset J, Vericat D, Sabater S, Palau A, Batalla RJ. (2016). Illolin dazuzzuka dazuzzuka a kan kwararar ruwa da ɗakunan kaya a cikin rafin Bahar Rum. Kimiyya na Yanayin Yanayi. {{Doi|10.1016/jscitotenv.2015.07.005}} * Cattaneo, Andrea (2002) ''Daidaita Bunkasar Noma da Kawar dazuzzuka a cikin Amazon na Brazil'', Tsarin Abincin Abinci na Int Inst Res IFPRI, shafuka 146  * Heil, Gerrit W., Bart Muys da Karin Hansen (2007) ''Tasirin Muhalli na foreaukar Ido a Arewacin Yammacin Turai'', Springer, shafuka 320  * Halldorsson G., Oddsdottir, ES da Sigurdsson BD (2008) ''AFFORNORD Sakamakon Afforestation akan Tsarin'' Yanayi, Yanayin Kasa da Raya Karkara, TemaNord 2008: 562, shafuka 120  * Halldorsson G., Oddsdottir, ES da Eggertsson O (2007) Tasirin Tsage Tsuntsauran Tsari a Kan Tsarin Yanayi, Yanayin ''Kasa da Ci gaban Karkara.'' ''Ayyukan taron AFFORNORD, Reykholt, Iceland, Yuni 18-22, 2005'', TemaNord 2007: 508, 343pages  * McBeath, Gerald A., da Tse-Kang Leng (2006) ''Gudanar da kiyaye halittu daban-daban a China da Taiwan'', Edward Elgar Publishing, shafuka 242.  * Stanturf, John A. da Palle Madsen (2004) ''Maido da Boreal da Temperate Forests'', CRC Press, shafuka 569  * Wilson, EO (2002) ''Rayuwar Rayuwa'', Vintage  == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Raunet Michel da Naudin Krishna, 2006.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Yaki da kwararowar hamada ta hanyar tsarin shuka shukar kai tsaye (DMC).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Les dossiers wanda aka fi sani da CSFD.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Fitowa ta 4. 40 pp.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} * [https://cendyliu.medium.com/top-10-golden-rules-of-reforestation-2021-a78df97bd0f2 Manyan Dokokin Zinare guda 10 na Sashen Dazuzzuka] ==Manazarta== [[Category:Gandun-daji]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fm1d1sihta5kxykr6hcyod1n7zgm5gq 906418 906417 2026-08-23T04:51:57Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906418 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:New_afforestation_looking_into_Rand_Wood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_329908.jpg|thumb| Wani aikin dazuzzuka a Rand Wood, Lincolnshire, Ingila]] '''Dasa Bishiyoyi''' shine kafa gandun daji ko tsayayyun bishiyoyi ( daji ) a yankin da babu wani itace da ya gabata. Yawancin ƙungiyoyin masu zaman kansu kai tsaye suna shiga shiryen daji don ƙirƙirar gandun daji da ƙara kamawar carbon. ƙaunar dazuzzuka wata hanya ce da ake nema don yaƙi da damuwar yanayi, kamar yadda aka sani don haɓaka ƙimar ƙasa da matakan carbon a cikin ƙasa, guje wa kwararowar hamada. [[Fayil:Wandelen over de Planken Wambuis vanuit Mossel 069 A.jpg|thumb]] Adadin asarar gandun daji ya ragu sosai a tsakanin shekarun alif 1990-2020 saboda sare bishiyoyi a daji a wasu ƙasashe, da ƙari a yankin gandun daji,a wasu ta hanyar noman dazuzzuka da kuma faɗaɗa dazuzzuka na halitta. A shekarar alib na 2019, binciken da duniya mayar da itacen da aka sare ya nuna cewa akwai sarari ga akalla miliyan 9km ² na sabon gandun daji a duniya, wanda yake shine kashi 25% da ke karuwa daga yanayin yanzu. Wannan yankin dazuzzuka zai iya adana har zuwa gigatons 205 na sinadarin carbon ko kaso 25% na tafkin carbon na yanayi ta rage CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a cikin yanayi da kuma gabatar da ƙarin O ₂. == Tsarin aiki == Tsarin dasa bishiyoyi yana farawa ne tare da zaɓin gurin aikin ne. Yawancin abubuwan muhalli na gurin da aka zaɓa dole ne a bincikar su, gami da yanayi, [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]], ciyayi, da ayyukan ɗan adam.<ref name=":05">{{Citation|last=Duan|first=Jie|title=Basic Theory and Methods of Afforestation|date=2021-03-10|url=https://www.intechopen.com/books/silviculture/basic-theory-and-methods-of-afforestation|work=Silviculture|editor-last=Cristina Gonçalves|editor-first=Ana|publisher=IntechOpen|language=en|doi=10.5772/intechopen.96164|isbn=978-1-83968-448-7|access-date=2021-03-25|last2=Abduwali|first2=Dilnur|doi-access=free}}</ref> Waɗannan abubuwan ne zasu tabbatar da ingancin gurin, wadanne irin bishiyoyi ne yakamata a dasa, da kuma wani hanyoyi za a bi don shuke shuke. <ref name=":05" /> Bayan kuma an kimanta gurin dajin, dole ne a shirya yankin don [[shuka]]. Shiri na iya ƙunsar nau'ikan hanyoyin inji ko na sinadarai, kamar sara, mounding, shimfida, magungunan kashe [[ciyawa]], da kone-kone da aka tsara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Knapp|first=Benjamin O.|last2=Wang|first2=G. Geoff|last3=Walker|first3=Joan L.|last4=Cohen|first4=Susan|date=2006-05-01|title=Effects of site preparation treatments on early growth and survival of planted longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings in North Carolina|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112706000569|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|language=en|volume=226|issue=1|pages=122–128|doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2006.01.029|issn=0378-1127}}</ref> Da zarar an shirya gurin aikin, ana iya dasa shukokin., wanda ya haɗa da shuka iri kai tsaye zuwa cikin dajin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Grossnickle|first=Steven C.|last2=Ivetić|first2=Vladan|date=2017-12-30|title=Direct Seeding in Reforestation – A Field Performance Review|url=https://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/view/76|journal=REFORESTA|language=en|issue=4|pages=94–142|doi=10.21750/REFOR.4.07.46|issn=2466-4367|doi-access=free|access-date=2023-02-26|archive-date=2021-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305231703/https://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/view/76|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wani kuma shine dasa shukar, wanda yayi kama da shuka kai tsaye sai dai cewa iri-(seedlings) sun riga sunada tsarin tushe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dey|first=Daniel C.|last2=Jacobs|first2=Douglass|last3=McNabb|first3=Ken|last4=Miller|first4=Gary|last5=Baldwin|first5=V.|last6=Foster|first6=G.|date=2008-02-01|title=Artificial Regeneration of Major Oak (Quercus) Species in the Eastern United States—A Review of the Literature|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/54.1.77|journal=Forest Science|volume=54|issue=1|pages=77–106|doi=10.1093/forestscience/54.1.77|issn=0015-749X|doi-access=free}}</ref> Bushewar bishiyoyi ta yankan wani zaɓi ne ga nau'in bishiyoyi waɗanda zasu iya haifa ba tare da wata matsala ba, inda za'a iya dasa wani ɗan itace, reshe, tushe, ko ganye a saman dajin kuma yayi tsiro cikin nasara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kauffman|first=J. Boone|date=1991|title=Survival by Sprouting Following Fire in Tropical Forests of the Eastern Amazon|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2388198|journal=Biotropica|volume=23|issue=3|pages=219–224|doi=10.2307/2388198|issn=0006-3606}}</ref> Wasu lokuta ana amfani da kayan aiki na musamman, kamar sandar dasa [[bishiya]], don sa dashen bishiyoyi cikin sauƙi da sauri.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sweeney|first=Bernard W.|last2=Czapka|first2=Stephen J.|last3=Petrow|first3=L. Carol A.|date=2007-05-01|title=How Planting Method, Weed Abatement, and Herbivory Affect Afforestation Success|url=https://academic.oup.com/sjaf/article/31/2/85/4782466|journal=Southern Journal of Applied Forestry|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=85–92|doi=10.1093/sjaf/31.2.85|issn=0148-4419|doi-access=free}}</ref>'' == Babban fa'ida ga dasa bishiyoyi: gandun daji na jawo ruwan sama == Gandun dazuzzuka yana alfahari da fa'idodi masu alaƙa da yanayi. Sabbin bincike da yawa sun nuna cewa gandun daji na jan ruwa sosai , wanda kuma zai iya bayyana dalilin da yasa fari watau rashin abinci da ke yawan faruwa a wasu sassan duniya kamar yammacin Afirka, inda bishiyoyi basu da yawa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} Wani sabon binciken da Carol Rasmussen,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} Laboratory Nata na Jet Propulsion Laboratory ta ba da shaidar farko ta lura cewa gandun dajin kudancin Amazon yana haifar da nasa lokacin damina ta amfani da tururin ruwa daga ganyen shuke-shuke, wanda daga nan ya samar da gajimare a samansa. Wadannan binciken sun taimaka wajan bayyana dalilin da yasa [[Gandun daji|ake alakanta sare dazuzzuka]] a wannan yankin da rage ruwan sama. Nazarin Douglas Sheil da Daniel Murdiyarso{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} yana nuna cewa murfin gandun daji yana taka rawa sosai wajen tantance ruwan sama da yadda aka sani a baya. Tana bayanin yadda yankuna dazuzzuka ke samar da kwararar ruwa mai yawa a cikin tururin ruwa mai iska kuma hakan yana kara fa'idar amfanin dazuzzuka a yankuna na duniya. == Kasashe da yankuna == === Ostiraliya === A [[Adelaide]], Kudancin Ostiraliya (birni ne da ya kai miliyan 1.3 har zuwa watan Yunin 2016), Firayim Minista Mike Rann (2002 zuwa 2011) ya ƙaddamar da shirin gandun daji na birane a 2003 don dasa bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi miliyan 3 na shekara na 2014 a kan wuraren aikin 300 a ƙetaren metro. . Dubunnan 'yan asalin Adelaide sun halarci ranakun dasa al'umma a wuraren da suka hada da wuraren shakatawa, wuraren ajiye kaya, kofofin safara, makarantu, kwasa-kwasan ruwa da bakin teku. Itatuwa ce kawai aka dasa don tabbatar da ingancin kwayar halitta. Ya ce aikin an yi shi ne domin kawata garin da sanyaya shi da kuma sanya shi zama abin more rayuwa, inganta iska da ruwa, da rage hayakin Adelaide da ke fitar da hayaki mai dauke da tan 600,000 na CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a shekara. === Kanada === A shekarar alib na 2003, gwamnatin kasar [[Kanada|Kanada ta]] kirkiro da wani shiri na tsawon shekaru hudu da ake kira Initiative Development and Assessment Initiative a turance, wanda ya hada da dasa shukoki 6000 na gandun daji masu saurin girma a kasashen da basu da gandun daji a duk fadin kasar. Anyi amfani da wadannan gonakin ne don yin nazarin yadda noman dazuzzuka zai iya taimakawa wajen kara yaduwar carbon da kuma rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli (GHG) yayin da kuma yayi la’akari da kwarin gwiwar tattalin arziki da saka jari. Sakamakon wannan shirin ya nuna cewa duk da cewa babu wadataccen fili a cikin Kanada don daidaita abubuwan da GHG ke fitarwa na ƙasar gaba ɗaya, noman dazuzzuka na iya zama dabarun rage amfani da GHG don cimma burin fitar da GHG, musamman har sai dindin, fasahar ci gaba ta ajiyar carbon ta kasance. A ranar 14 ga Disamba, 2020, Ministan Albarkatun Kasa na Kanada Seamus O'Regan ya ba da sanarwar zuba jarin gwamnatin tarayya na dala biliyan 3.16 don dasa bishiyoyi biliyan biyu nan da shekaru 10 masu zuwa. Wannan shirin yana nufin rage hayaki mai gurbata muhalli da kimanin megatonnes 12 nan da shekarar 2050. === China === [[File:Jiayu_County_-_Panjiawan_-_on_the_Yangtze_embankment_-_P1540267.JPG|thumb| Tube na gandun daji ana shuka tare daruruwan kilomita na Yangtze levees a Hubei lardin ]] Wata doka da aka fitar a 1981 ta buƙaci kowane ɗalibin makaranta da ya haura shekaru 11 da shuka akalla itace ɗaya a shekara. A sakamakon haka, kasar Sin tana da mafi girman yawan gandun daji na kowace kasa ko yanki a duniya, tare da fadin murabba'in kilomita 47,000 a shekarar alib na 2008. Duk da haka, yankin gandun daji a kowace ƙasa ya yi ƙasa da matsakaicin ƙasashen duniya. A cewar Carbon Brief, kasar Sin ta dasa mafi yawan sabbin gandun daji daga kowace kasa tsakanin 1990 zuwa 2015, wanda shirin Grain for Green na kasar ya fara a 1999, ta hanyar saka hannun jari sama da dala biliyan 100 a shirye -shiryen dazuka da dasa bishiyoyi sama da biliyan 35. a fadin larduna 12. Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, yawan gandun dajin da aka shuka a kasar Sin ya kai hekta miliyan 79. Daga 2011–2016, birnin Dongying a lardin Shandong ya gandun daji sama da hectare 13,800 na ƙasa mai gishiri ta hanyar Shandong Ecological Afforestation Project, wanda aka ƙaddamar tare da tallafi daga [[Bankin Duniya]] . A shekara ta 2017, Kungiyar Saihanba Afforestation Community ta lashe Gwarzon Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Gwarzon Duniya a cikin Inspiration and Action category don "canza kasa mai lalacewa zuwa aljanna mai dadi". === Turai === [[File:Afforestation_on_former_colliery_land_near_Cwm-hwnt_-_geograph.org.uk_-_913687.jpg|thumb| Foreaddamar da bishiyoyi a kan tsohuwar gonar kwalliya kusa da Cwm-Hwnt, Wales]] Turai ta lalata da yawa daga gandun daji na tarihi. Kungiyar [[Tarayyar Turai]] (EU) ta biya manoma kudaden da suka samu gandun daji tun daga shekarar 1990, inda suka ba da tallafi don mayar da gonar ta zama daji da kuma biyan kudaden gudanar da gandun daji. Wani shirin EU, wanda ke gudana tsakanin 2000 da 2006, ya killace fiye da kilomita murabba'in 1,000 (ƙididdigar lissafi da ba a riga ta samo ba). Wani irin wannan shirin ya fara a 2007. Dazukan Turai suna girma da murabba'in kilomita 8,000 a shekara saboda waɗannan shirye-shiryen. Dangane da ƙididdigar Organizationungiyar Agricultureungiyar Abinci da Noma [[Ispaniya|, Spain ta]] kasance ta uku cikin saurin ɓarkewar daji a Turai a cikin lokacin 1990-2005, bayan Iceland da Ireland. A cikin wadancan shekarun, gaba daya an fadada kilomita murabba'i 44,360, kuma gaba daya fadin daji ya tashi daga hekta miliyan 13.5 zuwa 17.9. A cikin 1990, gandun daji ya rufe 26.6% na yankin Sifen. Ya zuwa 2007, wannan adadi ya haura zuwa 36.6% . Spain a yau tana da yanki na biyar mafi girma a cikin Tarayyar Turai. A watan Janairun 2013, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta sanya wani buri na 12% na katako a Ingila ta 2060, daga kashi 10% na wancan lokacin. A cikin Wales Majalisar kasa ta Wales ta sanya kashi 19% woodland cover, daga kaso 15% . Manufofin da gwamnati ke tallafawa kamar su Kundin Kayan Carbon Woodland ana da niyyar tallafawa wannan burin ta hanyar ƙarfafa hukumomi da masu mallakar ƙasa don ƙirƙirar sabon dazuzzuka don daidaita haɓakar hayaƙin. Kungiyoyin agaji kamar Trees for Life (Scotland) suma suna ba da gudummawa ga dasa itacen daji da kuma ƙoƙarin sake dasa bishiyoyi a cikin Burtaniya. === Indiya === [[File:Marebilli_forest.jpg|thumb| Kashe bishiyoyi a Kudancin Indiya]] Kaso 23% na Indiya an rufe shi da gandun daji{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} . A 2018, jimlar daji da bishiyar Indiya sun karu zuwa 24.39% ko 8,020. 88&nbsp;km ² . An haɗu da gandun daji na Indiya zuwa manyan rukuni 5 da nau'ikan 16 bisa laákari da ƙa'idodin rayuwa . An rarraba 38% na gandun daji a zaman busasshiyar ƙasa kuma 30% a matsayin masu bushewar zafi na wurare masu zafi da sauran ƙananan ƙungiyoyi. Nau'in gida ne kawai aka dasa a wani yanki. An fifita bishiyoyi masu ɗauke da Mayan marmari itace duk inda zai yiwu saboda aikin su azaman tushen abinci. A shekarar 2019, Indiyawa sun dasa bishiyoyi Miliyan 220 a rana guda a jihar [[Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh ta Indiya]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} A ranar Alhamis, 29 Agusta 2019, firayin ministan kasar [[Indiya|India]] Mr. Narendra Modi saki ₹ 47, 436 crores (a kan biliyan 6.6 USD ) zuwa daban-daban jihohin wajibi ne ayyukan dasa bishiyoyi. Ana iya amfani da kudaden don maganin wuraren kamun kifi, taimakawa tsari na halitta, kula da gandun daji, kare namun daji da kuma kula da su, sauya kauyuka daga yankunan da aka kiyaye, gudanar da rikice-rikicen mutane da namun daji, horo da samar da wayar da kai, samar da na’urorin adana itace da ayyukan hadin gwiwa. Karuwaritace zai taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar ƙarin bututun carbon don saduwa da manufofin ƙasar (INDC) na tan biliyan 2.5 zuwa 3 na carbon dioxide kwatankwacin ƙarin gandun daji da kariyar bishiyoyi a shekara ta 2030 - ɓangare na ƙoƙarin Indiya na yaƙi da yanayin canza Gwamnatin [[Maharashtra]] ta shuka kusan iri dubu 20,000 a duk fadin jihar, kuma za ta yi alkawarin dasa wasu 30,000,000 a shekara mai zuwa. A cewar The Telegraph, gwamnatin Indiya ta danganta dala biliyan 6.2 don dashen bishiyoyi domin kara “gandun daji daidai da yarjejeniyoyin da aka yi a taron kolin canjin yanayi na Paris a 2015.” Gwamnatin Indiya ta kuma zartar da dokar CAMPA ( Hukumar Kula da Asusun Tallafawa da Ba da Tallafi), wanda zai ba da damar rupees dubu 40 (kusan Dala Biliyan 6) za su je jihohin Indiya don dashen itatuwa . === Iran === [[File:The_fourth_year_of_a_genetically_modified_forest_in_Iran_by_Aras_GED_part_of_commercial_afforestation_in_Iran.jpg|thumb| Shekaru na huɗu na gandun dajin da aka canzawa dabi'a a cikin Iran, wanda kamfanin Aras GED ya dasa ta ta hanyar dasa itacen kasuwanci]] [[Iran]] ana ɗaukarta a matsayin yanki mai ƙarancin gandun daji na duniya tare da kariya yanzu yana kimanin kusan kashi bakwai na yankin ƙasar. Wannan ƙimar da aka rage zuwa kimanin kadada miliyan shida na gandun dajin budurwa, wanda ya haɗa da itacen oak, almond da pistachio . Saboda haka, yana da wuya a sami noman dazuzzuka a wani babban sikeli idan aka kwatanta da sauran yankuna masu yanayin yanayi waɗanda aka basu yanayin ƙasa mai dausayi da ƙarancin dutse da kuma busasshiyar ƙasa. Dangane da takamaiman kididdigar dazuzzuka, Yankin Gudun Hijira da Hukumar Gudanar da Ruwa na Iran, a kowace shekara, ta yin amfani da hanyoyin da suka dace da nau'ikan itatuwa na asali a kowane yanki, an yi dazuzzuka da yawa, wanda ya haifar da kwanciyar hankali na halitta. === Isra'ila === [[File:Jewish_National_Fund_trees_in_The_Negev.jpg|thumb| Bishiyoyin JNF a cikin Jejin Negev . Dunes da aka yi da mutum (a nan liman ) suna taimakawa kiyayewa a cikin [[ruwan sama]], yana haifar da dausayi .]] Tare da bishiyoyin da aka shuka sama da miliyan 240, [[Isra'ila]] na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe biyu kacal da suka shiga karni na 21 tare da samun riba mai yawa a cikin adadin bishiyoyin, saboda manyan ayyukan da ake yi na sare itatuwa. Yawancin dazuzzukan Isra’ila sun samo asali ne daga babban yaƙin da ake yi da Asusun Ƙasar Yahudawa (JNF). ^{[ ''abin da ake buƙata'' ]} === Arewacin Afirka === Yawancin kasashen Afirka da ke kan iyaka da hamadar Sahara suna aiki tare da aikin Babbar Ganye . Aikin dala biliyan 8 na niyyar dawo da hekta miliyan 100 na kaskantaccen kasa nan da shekarar 2030. Hakanan a Arewacin Afirka, an gabatar da Aikin Gandun Sahara tare da Ruwan Teku na Ruwa . An kuma ƙaddamar da wasu ayyukan a ƙasashe kamar [[Senegal]] don sake mayar da hamada. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010, shugabannin Afirka suna tattaunawa game da haɗa albarkatun ƙasa don haɓaka tasiri. Bugu da kari, sauran ayyukan kamar aikin Keita a Neja an fara su a baya, kuma sun sami damar dawo da barnar da kwararowar hamada ta yi a cikin gida. === Amurka === Kasar Amurka tana da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku wanda aka rufe a cikin gandun daji da daji. ^{[ ''ana bukatar'' ]} Duk da haka, yankuna a Amurka sun kasance suna da muhimmancin dasa bishiyoyi. A cikin 1800s mutane suna matsawa yamma sun haɗu da Manyan filayen - ƙasa mai ƙasa mai kyau, yawan mutane da buƙatar katako amma tare da dashen bishiyoyi don samar da shi. Don haka an karfafa dasa bishiyoyi tare da gidaje. An kafa ranar Arbor a cikin 1872 ta Julius Sterling Morton a Nebraska City, Nebraska. Ta hanyar 1930s bala'in muhalli na Dust Bowl ya nuna dalili don muhimmin sabon kariyar itace. Shirye-shiryen ayyukan jama'a a karkashin Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar sun ga dasa mil 18,000 na iska mai fadada daga [[North Dakota]] zuwa [[Texas]] don yaƙi da zaizayar ƙasa (duba Great Plains Shelterbelt ). == Fa'idodi == Dasa bishiyoyi na taimaka wajan rage [[Canjin yanayi|dumamar yanayi]] ta hanyar rage CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a cikin yanayi da gabatar da ƙarin O <nowiki><sub id="mwxA">2</sub></nowiki> . Bishiyoyi sune rarar carbon da ke cire CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO daga yanayin ta hanyar hotynthesis kuma jujjuya shi zuwa biomass . Gandun dazuzzuka yana ba da wasu fa'idodin muhalli, gami da haɓaka ƙimar ƙasa da matakan ƙirar carbon a cikin ƙasa, guje wa zaizayar ƙasa da hamada . Dasa bishiyoyi a cikin birane kuma na iya rage gurɓatar iska ta hanyar shan bishiyoyi da kuma tace abubuwa masu gurɓatawa, gami da carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, da ozone, ban da CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO . == Suka == === Dashen ciyawar daji === Ana sukar kamfen din dasa bishiyoyi saboda wani lokaci ana niyya ga yankunan da dazuka ba zai faru ba, kamar su ciyawar ciyawa da tsiron savanna === Tasiri kan halittu masu yawa === Dashen bishiyoyi na iya shafar yawancin halittu ta hanyar ƙara yawan rarrabuwa da kuma tasirin tasiri ga mazaunin da ya rage a wajen yankin da aka shuka. Sabon gandun daji plantations iya gabatar da generalist da yara da zai in ba haka ba ba za a samu a bude mazauninsu cikin rufe yanki, wanda zai iya gurbatarwa kara predation rates a kan 'yan qasar jinsunan yankin. === Surface albedo === Hakanan an gabatar da tambayoyi a cikin masana kimiyya game da yadda gandun daji na duniya zai iya shafar albedo na Duniya. Murfin rufin bishiyar bishiyoyi na iya sa albedo ya zama duhu, wanda ke sa ƙarin zafin wuta ya kamu, da yiwuwar ƙara zafin duniyar. == Duba kuma == == Majiya == {{Free-content attribution|title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings|author=FAO|publisher=FAO|page numbers=|source=|documentURL=http://www.fao.org/3/CA8753EN/CA8753EN.pdf|license statement URL=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Global_Forest_Resources_Assessment_2020_%E2%80%93_Key_findings.pdf|license=CC BY-SA 3.0}} == Bayani == === Bayanan kula ===   === Bibliography === * Buendia C, Batalla RJ, Sabater S, Palau A, Marce R. (2016). Yanayin Gudun Gudun Jirgin Sama da Yanayi da Safiyar Itatuwa a cikin Kogin Pyrenean. Rushewar ƙasa & Ci gaba. {{Doi|10.1002/ldr.2384}} * Buendia C, Bussi G, Tuset J, Vericat D, Sabater S, Palau A, Batalla RJ. (2016). Illolin dazuzzuka dazuzzuka a kan kwararar ruwa da ɗakunan kaya a cikin rafin Bahar Rum. Kimiyya na Yanayin Yanayi. {{Doi|10.1016/jscitotenv.2015.07.005}} * Cattaneo, Andrea (2002) ''Daidaita Bunkasar Noma da Kawar dazuzzuka a cikin Amazon na Brazil'', Tsarin Abincin Abinci na Int Inst Res IFPRI, shafuka 146  * Heil, Gerrit W., Bart Muys da Karin Hansen (2007) ''Tasirin Muhalli na foreaukar Ido a Arewacin Yammacin Turai'', Springer, shafuka 320  * Halldorsson G., Oddsdottir, ES da Sigurdsson BD (2008) ''AFFORNORD Sakamakon Afforestation akan Tsarin'' Yanayi, Yanayin Kasa da Raya Karkara, TemaNord 2008: 562, shafuka 120  * Halldorsson G., Oddsdottir, ES da Eggertsson O (2007) Tasirin Tsage Tsuntsauran Tsari a Kan Tsarin Yanayi, Yanayin ''Kasa da Ci gaban Karkara.'' ''Ayyukan taron AFFORNORD, Reykholt, Iceland, Yuni 18-22, 2005'', TemaNord 2007: 508, 343pages  * McBeath, Gerald A., da Tse-Kang Leng (2006) ''Gudanar da kiyaye halittu daban-daban a China da Taiwan'', Edward Elgar Publishing, shafuka 242.  * Stanturf, John A. da Palle Madsen (2004) ''Maido da Boreal da Temperate Forests'', CRC Press, shafuka 569  * Wilson, EO (2002) ''Rayuwar Rayuwa'', Vintage  == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Raunet Michel da Naudin Krishna, 2006.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Yaki da kwararowar hamada ta hanyar tsarin shuka shukar kai tsaye (DMC).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Les dossiers wanda aka fi sani da CSFD.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Fitowa ta 4. 40 pp.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} * [https://cendyliu.medium.com/top-10-golden-rules-of-reforestation-2021-a78df97bd0f2 Manyan Dokokin Zinare guda 10 na Sashen Dazuzzuka] ==Manazarta== [[Category:Gandun-daji]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] snq9yq0gxxfghi8t9v7i273eeerjdz8 906419 906418 2026-08-23T04:52:11Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:New_afforestation_looking_into_Rand_Wood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_329908.jpg|thumb| Wani aikin dazuzzuka a Rand Wood, Lincolnshire, Ingila]] '''Dasa Bishiyoyi''' shine kafa gandun daji ko tsayayyun bishiyoyi ( daji ) a yankin da babu wani itace da ya gabata. Yawancin ƙungiyoyin masu zaman kansu kai tsaye suna shiga shiryen daji don ƙirƙirar gandun daji da ƙara kamawar carbon. ƙaunar dazuzzuka wata hanya ce da ake nema don yaƙi da damuwar yanayi, kamar yadda aka sani don haɓaka ƙimar ƙasa da matakan carbon a cikin ƙasa, guje wa kwararowar hamada. [[Fayil:Wandelen over de Planken Wambuis vanuit Mossel 069 A.jpg|thumb]] Adadin asarar gandun daji ya ragu sosai a tsakanin shekarun alif 1990-2020 saboda sare bishiyoyi a daji a wasu ƙasashe, da ƙari a yankin gandun daji,a wasu ta hanyar noman dazuzzuka da kuma faɗaɗa dazuzzuka na halitta. A shekarar alib na 2019, binciken da duniya mayar da itacen da aka sare ya nuna cewa akwai sarari ga akalla miliyan 9km ² na sabon gandun daji a duniya, wanda yake shine kashi 25% da ke karuwa daga yanayin yanzu. Wannan yankin dazuzzuka zai iya adana har zuwa gigatons 205 na sinadarin carbon ko kaso 25% na tafkin carbon na yanayi ta rage CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a cikin yanayi da kuma gabatar da ƙarin O ₂. == Tsarin aiki == Tsarin dasa bishiyoyi yana farawa ne tare da zaɓin gurin aikin ne. Yawancin abubuwan muhalli na gurin da aka zaɓa dole ne a bincikar su, gami da yanayi, [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]], ciyayi, da ayyukan ɗan adam.<ref name=":05">{{Citation|last=Duan|first=Jie|title=Basic Theory and Methods of Afforestation|date=2021-03-10|url=https://www.intechopen.com/books/silviculture/basic-theory-and-methods-of-afforestation|work=Silviculture|editor-last=Cristina Gonçalves|editor-first=Ana|publisher=IntechOpen|language=en|doi=10.5772/intechopen.96164|isbn=978-1-83968-448-7|access-date=2021-03-25|last2=Abduwali|first2=Dilnur|doi-access=free}}</ref> Waɗannan abubuwan ne zasu tabbatar da ingancin gurin, wadanne irin bishiyoyi ne yakamata a dasa, da kuma wani hanyoyi za a bi don shuke shuke. <ref name=":05" /> Bayan kuma an kimanta gurin dajin, dole ne a shirya yankin don [[shuka]]. Shiri na iya ƙunsar nau'ikan hanyoyin inji ko na sinadarai, kamar sara, mounding, shimfida, magungunan kashe [[ciyawa]], da kone-kone da aka tsara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Knapp|first=Benjamin O.|last2=Wang|first2=G. Geoff|last3=Walker|first3=Joan L.|last4=Cohen|first4=Susan|date=2006-05-01|title=Effects of site preparation treatments on early growth and survival of planted longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings in North Carolina|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112706000569|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|language=en|volume=226|issue=1|pages=122–128|doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2006.01.029|issn=0378-1127}}</ref> Da zarar an shirya gurin aikin, ana iya dasa shukokin., wanda ya haɗa da shuka iri kai tsaye zuwa cikin dajin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Grossnickle|first=Steven C.|last2=Ivetić|first2=Vladan|date=2017-12-30|title=Direct Seeding in Reforestation – A Field Performance Review|url=https://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/view/76|journal=REFORESTA|language=en|issue=4|pages=94–142|doi=10.21750/REFOR.4.07.46|issn=2466-4367|doi-access=free|access-date=2023-02-26|archive-date=2021-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305231703/https://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/view/76|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wani kuma shine dasa shukar, wanda yayi kama da shuka kai tsaye sai dai cewa iri-(seedlings) sun riga sunada tsarin tushe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dey|first=Daniel C.|last2=Jacobs|first2=Douglass|last3=McNabb|first3=Ken|last4=Miller|first4=Gary|last5=Baldwin|first5=V.|last6=Foster|first6=G.|date=2008-02-01|title=Artificial Regeneration of Major Oak (Quercus) Species in the Eastern United States—A Review of the Literature|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/54.1.77|journal=Forest Science|volume=54|issue=1|pages=77–106|doi=10.1093/forestscience/54.1.77|issn=0015-749X|doi-access=free}}</ref> Bushewar bishiyoyi ta yankan wani zaɓi ne ga nau'in bishiyoyi waɗanda zasu iya haifa ba tare da wata matsala ba, inda za'a iya dasa wani ɗan itace, reshe, tushe, ko ganye a saman dajin kuma yayi tsiro cikin nasara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kauffman|first=J. Boone|date=1991|title=Survival by Sprouting Following Fire in Tropical Forests of the Eastern Amazon|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2388198|journal=Biotropica|volume=23|issue=3|pages=219–224|doi=10.2307/2388198|issn=0006-3606}}</ref> Wasu lokuta ana amfani da kayan aiki na musamman, kamar sandar dasa [[bishiya]], don sa dashen bishiyoyi cikin sauƙi da sauri.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sweeney|first=Bernard W.|last2=Czapka|first2=Stephen J.|last3=Petrow|first3=L. Carol A.|date=2007-05-01|title=How Planting Method, Weed Abatement, and Herbivory Affect Afforestation Success|url=https://academic.oup.com/sjaf/article/31/2/85/4782466|journal=Southern Journal of Applied Forestry|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=85–92|doi=10.1093/sjaf/31.2.85|issn=0148-4419|doi-access=free}}</ref>'' == Babban fa'ida ga dasa bishiyoyi: gandun daji na jawo ruwan sama == Gandun dazuzzuka yana alfahari da fa'idodi masu alaƙa da yanayi. Sabbin bincike da yawa sun nuna cewa gandun daji na jan ruwa sosai , wanda kuma zai iya bayyana dalilin da yasa fari watau rashin abinci da ke yawan faruwa a wasu sassan duniya kamar yammacin Afirka, inda bishiyoyi basu da yawa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} Wani sabon binciken da Carol Rasmussen,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} Laboratory Nata na Jet Propulsion Laboratory ta ba da shaidar farko ta lura cewa gandun dajin kudancin Amazon yana haifar da nasa lokacin damina ta amfani da tururin ruwa daga ganyen shuke-shuke, wanda daga nan ya samar da gajimare a samansa. Wadannan binciken sun taimaka wajan bayyana dalilin da yasa [[Gandun daji|ake alakanta sare dazuzzuka]] a wannan yankin da rage ruwan sama. Nazarin Douglas Sheil da Daniel Murdiyarso{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} yana nuna cewa murfin gandun daji yana taka rawa sosai wajen tantance ruwan sama da yadda aka sani a baya. Tana bayanin yadda yankuna dazuzzuka ke samar da kwararar ruwa mai yawa a cikin tururin ruwa mai iska kuma hakan yana kara fa'idar amfanin dazuzzuka a yankuna na duniya. == Ƙasashe da yankuna == === Ostiraliya === A [[Adelaide]], Kudancin Ostiraliya (birni ne da ya kai miliyan 1.3 har zuwa watan Yunin 2016), Firayim Minista Mike Rann (2002 zuwa 2011) ya ƙaddamar da shirin gandun daji na birane a 2003 don dasa bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi miliyan 3 na shekara na 2014 a kan wuraren aikin 300 a ƙetaren metro. . Dubunnan 'yan asalin Adelaide sun halarci ranakun dasa al'umma a wuraren da suka hada da wuraren shakatawa, wuraren ajiye kaya, kofofin safara, makarantu, kwasa-kwasan ruwa da bakin teku. Itatuwa ce kawai aka dasa don tabbatar da ingancin kwayar halitta. Ya ce aikin an yi shi ne domin kawata garin da sanyaya shi da kuma sanya shi zama abin more rayuwa, inganta iska da ruwa, da rage hayakin Adelaide da ke fitar da hayaki mai dauke da tan 600,000 na CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a shekara. === Kanada === A shekarar alib na 2003, gwamnatin kasar [[Kanada|Kanada ta]] kirkiro da wani shiri na tsawon shekaru hudu da ake kira Initiative Development and Assessment Initiative a turance, wanda ya hada da dasa shukoki 6000 na gandun daji masu saurin girma a kasashen da basu da gandun daji a duk fadin kasar. Anyi amfani da wadannan gonakin ne don yin nazarin yadda noman dazuzzuka zai iya taimakawa wajen kara yaduwar carbon da kuma rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli (GHG) yayin da kuma yayi la’akari da kwarin gwiwar tattalin arziki da saka jari. Sakamakon wannan shirin ya nuna cewa duk da cewa babu wadataccen fili a cikin Kanada don daidaita abubuwan da GHG ke fitarwa na ƙasar gaba ɗaya, noman dazuzzuka na iya zama dabarun rage amfani da GHG don cimma burin fitar da GHG, musamman har sai dindin, fasahar ci gaba ta ajiyar carbon ta kasance. A ranar 14 ga Disamba, 2020, Ministan Albarkatun Kasa na Kanada Seamus O'Regan ya ba da sanarwar zuba jarin gwamnatin tarayya na dala biliyan 3.16 don dasa bishiyoyi biliyan biyu nan da shekaru 10 masu zuwa. Wannan shirin yana nufin rage hayaki mai gurbata muhalli da kimanin megatonnes 12 nan da shekarar 2050. === China === [[File:Jiayu_County_-_Panjiawan_-_on_the_Yangtze_embankment_-_P1540267.JPG|thumb| Tube na gandun daji ana shuka tare daruruwan kilomita na Yangtze levees a Hubei lardin ]] Wata doka da aka fitar a 1981 ta buƙaci kowane ɗalibin makaranta da ya haura shekaru 11 da shuka akalla itace ɗaya a shekara. A sakamakon haka, kasar Sin tana da mafi girman yawan gandun daji na kowace kasa ko yanki a duniya, tare da fadin murabba'in kilomita 47,000 a shekarar alib na 2008. Duk da haka, yankin gandun daji a kowace ƙasa ya yi ƙasa da matsakaicin ƙasashen duniya. A cewar Carbon Brief, kasar Sin ta dasa mafi yawan sabbin gandun daji daga kowace kasa tsakanin 1990 zuwa 2015, wanda shirin Grain for Green na kasar ya fara a 1999, ta hanyar saka hannun jari sama da dala biliyan 100 a shirye -shiryen dazuka da dasa bishiyoyi sama da biliyan 35. a fadin larduna 12. Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, yawan gandun dajin da aka shuka a kasar Sin ya kai hekta miliyan 79. Daga 2011–2016, birnin Dongying a lardin Shandong ya gandun daji sama da hectare 13,800 na ƙasa mai gishiri ta hanyar Shandong Ecological Afforestation Project, wanda aka ƙaddamar tare da tallafi daga [[Bankin Duniya]] . A shekara ta 2017, Kungiyar Saihanba Afforestation Community ta lashe Gwarzon Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Gwarzon Duniya a cikin Inspiration and Action category don "canza kasa mai lalacewa zuwa aljanna mai dadi". === Turai === [[File:Afforestation_on_former_colliery_land_near_Cwm-hwnt_-_geograph.org.uk_-_913687.jpg|thumb| Foreaddamar da bishiyoyi a kan tsohuwar gonar kwalliya kusa da Cwm-Hwnt, Wales]] Turai ta lalata da yawa daga gandun daji na tarihi. Kungiyar [[Tarayyar Turai]] (EU) ta biya manoma kudaden da suka samu gandun daji tun daga shekarar 1990, inda suka ba da tallafi don mayar da gonar ta zama daji da kuma biyan kudaden gudanar da gandun daji. Wani shirin EU, wanda ke gudana tsakanin 2000 da 2006, ya killace fiye da kilomita murabba'in 1,000 (ƙididdigar lissafi da ba a riga ta samo ba). Wani irin wannan shirin ya fara a 2007. Dazukan Turai suna girma da murabba'in kilomita 8,000 a shekara saboda waɗannan shirye-shiryen. Dangane da ƙididdigar Organizationungiyar Agricultureungiyar Abinci da Noma [[Ispaniya|, Spain ta]] kasance ta uku cikin saurin ɓarkewar daji a Turai a cikin lokacin 1990-2005, bayan Iceland da Ireland. A cikin wadancan shekarun, gaba daya an fadada kilomita murabba'i 44,360, kuma gaba daya fadin daji ya tashi daga hekta miliyan 13.5 zuwa 17.9. A cikin 1990, gandun daji ya rufe 26.6% na yankin Sifen. Ya zuwa 2007, wannan adadi ya haura zuwa 36.6% . Spain a yau tana da yanki na biyar mafi girma a cikin Tarayyar Turai. A watan Janairun 2013, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta sanya wani buri na 12% na katako a Ingila ta 2060, daga kashi 10% na wancan lokacin. A cikin Wales Majalisar kasa ta Wales ta sanya kashi 19% woodland cover, daga kaso 15% . Manufofin da gwamnati ke tallafawa kamar su Kundin Kayan Carbon Woodland ana da niyyar tallafawa wannan burin ta hanyar ƙarfafa hukumomi da masu mallakar ƙasa don ƙirƙirar sabon dazuzzuka don daidaita haɓakar hayaƙin. Kungiyoyin agaji kamar Trees for Life (Scotland) suma suna ba da gudummawa ga dasa itacen daji da kuma ƙoƙarin sake dasa bishiyoyi a cikin Burtaniya. === Indiya === [[File:Marebilli_forest.jpg|thumb| Kashe bishiyoyi a Kudancin Indiya]] Kaso 23% na Indiya an rufe shi da gandun daji{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} . A 2018, jimlar daji da bishiyar Indiya sun karu zuwa 24.39% ko 8,020. 88&nbsp;km ² . An haɗu da gandun daji na Indiya zuwa manyan rukuni 5 da nau'ikan 16 bisa laákari da ƙa'idodin rayuwa . An rarraba 38% na gandun daji a zaman busasshiyar ƙasa kuma 30% a matsayin masu bushewar zafi na wurare masu zafi da sauran ƙananan ƙungiyoyi. Nau'in gida ne kawai aka dasa a wani yanki. An fifita bishiyoyi masu ɗauke da Mayan marmari itace duk inda zai yiwu saboda aikin su azaman tushen abinci. A shekarar 2019, Indiyawa sun dasa bishiyoyi Miliyan 220 a rana guda a jihar [[Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh ta Indiya]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} A ranar Alhamis, 29 Agusta 2019, firayin ministan kasar [[Indiya|India]] Mr. Narendra Modi saki ₹ 47, 436 crores (a kan biliyan 6.6 USD ) zuwa daban-daban jihohin wajibi ne ayyukan dasa bishiyoyi. Ana iya amfani da kudaden don maganin wuraren kamun kifi, taimakawa tsari na halitta, kula da gandun daji, kare namun daji da kuma kula da su, sauya kauyuka daga yankunan da aka kiyaye, gudanar da rikice-rikicen mutane da namun daji, horo da samar da wayar da kai, samar da na’urorin adana itace da ayyukan hadin gwiwa. Karuwaritace zai taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar ƙarin bututun carbon don saduwa da manufofin ƙasar (INDC) na tan biliyan 2.5 zuwa 3 na carbon dioxide kwatankwacin ƙarin gandun daji da kariyar bishiyoyi a shekara ta 2030 - ɓangare na ƙoƙarin Indiya na yaƙi da yanayin canza Gwamnatin [[Maharashtra]] ta shuka kusan iri dubu 20,000 a duk fadin jihar, kuma za ta yi alkawarin dasa wasu 30,000,000 a shekara mai zuwa. A cewar The Telegraph, gwamnatin Indiya ta danganta dala biliyan 6.2 don dashen bishiyoyi domin kara “gandun daji daidai da yarjejeniyoyin da aka yi a taron kolin canjin yanayi na Paris a 2015.” Gwamnatin Indiya ta kuma zartar da dokar CAMPA ( Hukumar Kula da Asusun Tallafawa da Ba da Tallafi), wanda zai ba da damar rupees dubu 40 (kusan Dala Biliyan 6) za su je jihohin Indiya don dashen itatuwa . === Iran === [[File:The_fourth_year_of_a_genetically_modified_forest_in_Iran_by_Aras_GED_part_of_commercial_afforestation_in_Iran.jpg|thumb| Shekaru na huɗu na gandun dajin da aka canzawa dabi'a a cikin Iran, wanda kamfanin Aras GED ya dasa ta ta hanyar dasa itacen kasuwanci]] [[Iran]] ana ɗaukarta a matsayin yanki mai ƙarancin gandun daji na duniya tare da kariya yanzu yana kimanin kusan kashi bakwai na yankin ƙasar. Wannan ƙimar da aka rage zuwa kimanin kadada miliyan shida na gandun dajin budurwa, wanda ya haɗa da itacen oak, almond da pistachio . Saboda haka, yana da wuya a sami noman dazuzzuka a wani babban sikeli idan aka kwatanta da sauran yankuna masu yanayin yanayi waɗanda aka basu yanayin ƙasa mai dausayi da ƙarancin dutse da kuma busasshiyar ƙasa. Dangane da takamaiman kididdigar dazuzzuka, Yankin Gudun Hijira da Hukumar Gudanar da Ruwa na Iran, a kowace shekara, ta yin amfani da hanyoyin da suka dace da nau'ikan itatuwa na asali a kowane yanki, an yi dazuzzuka da yawa, wanda ya haifar da kwanciyar hankali na halitta. === Isra'ila === [[File:Jewish_National_Fund_trees_in_The_Negev.jpg|thumb| Bishiyoyin JNF a cikin Jejin Negev . Dunes da aka yi da mutum (a nan liman ) suna taimakawa kiyayewa a cikin [[ruwan sama]], yana haifar da dausayi .]] Tare da bishiyoyin da aka shuka sama da miliyan 240, [[Isra'ila]] na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe biyu kacal da suka shiga karni na 21 tare da samun riba mai yawa a cikin adadin bishiyoyin, saboda manyan ayyukan da ake yi na sare itatuwa. Yawancin dazuzzukan Isra’ila sun samo asali ne daga babban yaƙin da ake yi da Asusun Ƙasar Yahudawa (JNF). ^{[ ''abin da ake buƙata'' ]} === Arewacin Afirka === Yawancin kasashen Afirka da ke kan iyaka da hamadar Sahara suna aiki tare da aikin Babbar Ganye . Aikin dala biliyan 8 na niyyar dawo da hekta miliyan 100 na kaskantaccen kasa nan da shekarar 2030. Hakanan a Arewacin Afirka, an gabatar da Aikin Gandun Sahara tare da Ruwan Teku na Ruwa . An kuma ƙaddamar da wasu ayyukan a ƙasashe kamar [[Senegal]] don sake mayar da hamada. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010, shugabannin Afirka suna tattaunawa game da haɗa albarkatun ƙasa don haɓaka tasiri. Bugu da kari, sauran ayyukan kamar aikin Keita a Neja an fara su a baya, kuma sun sami damar dawo da barnar da kwararowar hamada ta yi a cikin gida. === Amurka === Kasar Amurka tana da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku wanda aka rufe a cikin gandun daji da daji. ^{[ ''ana bukatar'' ]} Duk da haka, yankuna a Amurka sun kasance suna da muhimmancin dasa bishiyoyi. A cikin 1800s mutane suna matsawa yamma sun haɗu da Manyan filayen - ƙasa mai ƙasa mai kyau, yawan mutane da buƙatar katako amma tare da dashen bishiyoyi don samar da shi. Don haka an karfafa dasa bishiyoyi tare da gidaje. An kafa ranar Arbor a cikin 1872 ta Julius Sterling Morton a Nebraska City, Nebraska. Ta hanyar 1930s bala'in muhalli na Dust Bowl ya nuna dalili don muhimmin sabon kariyar itace. Shirye-shiryen ayyukan jama'a a karkashin Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar sun ga dasa mil 18,000 na iska mai fadada daga [[North Dakota]] zuwa [[Texas]] don yaƙi da zaizayar ƙasa (duba Great Plains Shelterbelt ). == Fa'idodi == Dasa bishiyoyi na taimaka wajan rage [[Canjin yanayi|dumamar yanayi]] ta hanyar rage CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a cikin yanayi da gabatar da ƙarin O <nowiki><sub id="mwxA">2</sub></nowiki> . Bishiyoyi sune rarar carbon da ke cire CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO daga yanayin ta hanyar hotynthesis kuma jujjuya shi zuwa biomass . Gandun dazuzzuka yana ba da wasu fa'idodin muhalli, gami da haɓaka ƙimar ƙasa da matakan ƙirar carbon a cikin ƙasa, guje wa zaizayar ƙasa da hamada . Dasa bishiyoyi a cikin birane kuma na iya rage gurɓatar iska ta hanyar shan bishiyoyi da kuma tace abubuwa masu gurɓatawa, gami da carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, da ozone, ban da CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO . == Suka == === Dashen ciyawar daji === Ana sukar kamfen din dasa bishiyoyi saboda wani lokaci ana niyya ga yankunan da dazuka ba zai faru ba, kamar su ciyawar ciyawa da tsiron savanna === Tasiri kan halittu masu yawa === Dashen bishiyoyi na iya shafar yawancin halittu ta hanyar ƙara yawan rarrabuwa da kuma tasirin tasiri ga mazaunin da ya rage a wajen yankin da aka shuka. Sabon gandun daji plantations iya gabatar da generalist da yara da zai in ba haka ba ba za a samu a bude mazauninsu cikin rufe yanki, wanda zai iya gurbatarwa kara predation rates a kan 'yan qasar jinsunan yankin. === Surface albedo === Hakanan an gabatar da tambayoyi a cikin masana kimiyya game da yadda gandun daji na duniya zai iya shafar albedo na Duniya. Murfin rufin bishiyar bishiyoyi na iya sa albedo ya zama duhu, wanda ke sa ƙarin zafin wuta ya kamu, da yiwuwar ƙara zafin duniyar. == Duba kuma == == Majiya == {{Free-content attribution|title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings|author=FAO|publisher=FAO|page numbers=|source=|documentURL=http://www.fao.org/3/CA8753EN/CA8753EN.pdf|license statement URL=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Global_Forest_Resources_Assessment_2020_%E2%80%93_Key_findings.pdf|license=CC BY-SA 3.0}} == Bayani == === Bayanan kula ===   === Bibliography === * Buendia C, Batalla RJ, Sabater S, Palau A, Marce R. (2016). Yanayin Gudun Gudun Jirgin Sama da Yanayi da Safiyar Itatuwa a cikin Kogin Pyrenean. Rushewar ƙasa & Ci gaba. {{Doi|10.1002/ldr.2384}} * Buendia C, Bussi G, Tuset J, Vericat D, Sabater S, Palau A, Batalla RJ. (2016). Illolin dazuzzuka dazuzzuka a kan kwararar ruwa da ɗakunan kaya a cikin rafin Bahar Rum. Kimiyya na Yanayin Yanayi. {{Doi|10.1016/jscitotenv.2015.07.005}} * Cattaneo, Andrea (2002) ''Daidaita Bunkasar Noma da Kawar dazuzzuka a cikin Amazon na Brazil'', Tsarin Abincin Abinci na Int Inst Res IFPRI, shafuka 146  * Heil, Gerrit W., Bart Muys da Karin Hansen (2007) ''Tasirin Muhalli na foreaukar Ido a Arewacin Yammacin Turai'', Springer, shafuka 320  * Halldorsson G., Oddsdottir, ES da Sigurdsson BD (2008) ''AFFORNORD Sakamakon Afforestation akan Tsarin'' Yanayi, Yanayin Kasa da Raya Karkara, TemaNord 2008: 562, shafuka 120  * Halldorsson G., Oddsdottir, ES da Eggertsson O (2007) Tasirin Tsage Tsuntsauran Tsari a Kan Tsarin Yanayi, Yanayin ''Kasa da Ci gaban Karkara.'' ''Ayyukan taron AFFORNORD, Reykholt, Iceland, Yuni 18-22, 2005'', TemaNord 2007: 508, 343pages  * McBeath, Gerald A., da Tse-Kang Leng (2006) ''Gudanar da kiyaye halittu daban-daban a China da Taiwan'', Edward Elgar Publishing, shafuka 242.  * Stanturf, John A. da Palle Madsen (2004) ''Maido da Boreal da Temperate Forests'', CRC Press, shafuka 569  * Wilson, EO (2002) ''Rayuwar Rayuwa'', Vintage  == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Raunet Michel da Naudin Krishna, 2006.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Yaki da kwararowar hamada ta hanyar tsarin shuka shukar kai tsaye (DMC).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Les dossiers wanda aka fi sani da CSFD.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Fitowa ta 4. 40 pp.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} * [https://cendyliu.medium.com/top-10-golden-rules-of-reforestation-2021-a78df97bd0f2 Manyan Dokokin Zinare guda 10 na Sashen Dazuzzuka] ==Manazarta== [[Category:Gandun-daji]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] g2z7h1pu9efa26i7f1th5h2ozollo8l 906420 906419 2026-08-23T04:52:30Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906420 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:New_afforestation_looking_into_Rand_Wood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_329908.jpg|thumb| Wani aikin dazuzzuka a Rand Wood, Lincolnshire, Ingila]] '''Dasa Bishiyoyi''' shine kafa gandun daji ko tsayayyun bishiyoyi ( daji ) a yankin da babu wani itace da ya gabata. Yawancin ƙungiyoyin masu zaman kansu kai tsaye suna shiga shiryen daji don ƙirƙirar gandun daji da ƙara kamawar carbon. ƙaunar dazuzzuka wata hanya ce da ake nema don yaƙi da damuwar yanayi, kamar yadda aka sani don haɓaka ƙimar ƙasa da matakan carbon a cikin ƙasa, guje wa kwararowar hamada. [[Fayil:Wandelen over de Planken Wambuis vanuit Mossel 069 A.jpg|thumb]] Adadin asarar gandun daji ya ragu sosai a tsakanin shekarun alif 1990-2020 saboda sare bishiyoyi a daji a wasu ƙasashe, da ƙari a yankin gandun daji,a wasu ta hanyar noman dazuzzuka da kuma faɗaɗa dazuzzuka na halitta. A shekarar alib na 2019, binciken da duniya mayar da itacen da aka sare ya nuna cewa akwai sarari ga akalla miliyan 9km ² na sabon gandun daji a duniya, wanda yake shine kashi 25% da ke karuwa daga yanayin yanzu. Wannan yankin dazuzzuka zai iya adana har zuwa gigatons 205 na sinadarin carbon ko kaso 25% na tafkin carbon na yanayi ta rage CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a cikin yanayi da kuma gabatar da ƙarin O ₂. == Tsarin aiki == Tsarin dasa bishiyoyi yana farawa ne tare da zaɓin gurin aikin ne. Yawancin abubuwan muhalli na gurin da aka zaɓa dole ne a bincikar su, gami da yanayi, [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]], ciyayi, da ayyukan ɗan adam.<ref name=":05">{{Citation|last=Duan|first=Jie|title=Basic Theory and Methods of Afforestation|date=2021-03-10|url=https://www.intechopen.com/books/silviculture/basic-theory-and-methods-of-afforestation|work=Silviculture|editor-last=Cristina Gonçalves|editor-first=Ana|publisher=IntechOpen|language=en|doi=10.5772/intechopen.96164|isbn=978-1-83968-448-7|access-date=2021-03-25|last2=Abduwali|first2=Dilnur|doi-access=free}}</ref> Waɗannan abubuwan ne zasu tabbatar da ingancin gurin, wadanne irin bishiyoyi ne yakamata a dasa, da kuma wani hanyoyi za a bi don shuke shuke. <ref name=":05" /> Bayan kuma an kimanta gurin dajin, dole ne a shirya yankin don [[shuka]]. Shiri na iya ƙunsar nau'ikan hanyoyin inji ko na sinadarai, kamar sara, mounding, shimfida, magungunan kashe [[ciyawa]], da kone-kone da aka tsara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Knapp|first=Benjamin O.|last2=Wang|first2=G. Geoff|last3=Walker|first3=Joan L.|last4=Cohen|first4=Susan|date=2006-05-01|title=Effects of site preparation treatments on early growth and survival of planted longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings in North Carolina|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112706000569|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|language=en|volume=226|issue=1|pages=122–128|doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2006.01.029|issn=0378-1127}}</ref> Da zarar an shirya gurin aikin, ana iya dasa shukokin., wanda ya haɗa da shuka iri kai tsaye zuwa cikin dajin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Grossnickle|first=Steven C.|last2=Ivetić|first2=Vladan|date=2017-12-30|title=Direct Seeding in Reforestation – A Field Performance Review|url=https://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/view/76|journal=REFORESTA|language=en|issue=4|pages=94–142|doi=10.21750/REFOR.4.07.46|issn=2466-4367|doi-access=free|access-date=2023-02-26|archive-date=2021-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305231703/https://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/view/76|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wani kuma shine dasa shukar, wanda yayi kama da shuka kai tsaye sai dai cewa iri-(seedlings) sun riga sunada tsarin tushe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dey|first=Daniel C.|last2=Jacobs|first2=Douglass|last3=McNabb|first3=Ken|last4=Miller|first4=Gary|last5=Baldwin|first5=V.|last6=Foster|first6=G.|date=2008-02-01|title=Artificial Regeneration of Major Oak (Quercus) Species in the Eastern United States—A Review of the Literature|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/54.1.77|journal=Forest Science|volume=54|issue=1|pages=77–106|doi=10.1093/forestscience/54.1.77|issn=0015-749X|doi-access=free}}</ref> Bushewar bishiyoyi ta yankan wani zaɓi ne ga nau'in bishiyoyi waɗanda zasu iya haifa ba tare da wata matsala ba, inda za'a iya dasa wani ɗan itace, reshe, tushe, ko ganye a saman dajin kuma yayi tsiro cikin nasara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kauffman|first=J. Boone|date=1991|title=Survival by Sprouting Following Fire in Tropical Forests of the Eastern Amazon|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2388198|journal=Biotropica|volume=23|issue=3|pages=219–224|doi=10.2307/2388198|issn=0006-3606}}</ref> Wasu lokuta ana amfani da kayan aiki na musamman, kamar sandar dasa [[bishiya]], don sa dashen bishiyoyi cikin sauƙi da sauri.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sweeney|first=Bernard W.|last2=Czapka|first2=Stephen J.|last3=Petrow|first3=L. Carol A.|date=2007-05-01|title=How Planting Method, Weed Abatement, and Herbivory Affect Afforestation Success|url=https://academic.oup.com/sjaf/article/31/2/85/4782466|journal=Southern Journal of Applied Forestry|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=85–92|doi=10.1093/sjaf/31.2.85|issn=0148-4419|doi-access=free}}</ref>'' == Babban fa'ida ga dasa bishiyoyi: gandun daji na jawo ruwan sama == Gandun dazuzzuka yana alfahari da fa'idodi masu alaƙa da yanayi. Sabbin bincike da yawa sun nuna cewa gandun daji na jan ruwa sosai , wanda kuma zai iya bayyana dalilin da yasa fari watau rashin abinci da ke yawan faruwa a wasu sassan duniya kamar yammacin Afirka, inda bishiyoyi basu da yawa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} Wani sabon binciken da Carol Rasmussen,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} Laboratory Nata na Jet Propulsion Laboratory ta ba da shaidar farko ta lura cewa gandun dajin kudancin Amazon yana haifar da nasa lokacin damina ta amfani da tururin ruwa daga ganyen shuke-shuke, wanda daga nan ya samar da gajimare a samansa. Wadannan binciken sun taimaka wajan bayyana dalilin da yasa [[Gandun daji|ake alakanta sare dazuzzuka]] a wannan yankin da rage ruwan sama. Nazarin Douglas Sheil da Daniel Murdiyarso{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} yana nuna cewa murfin gandun daji yana taka rawa sosai wajen tantance ruwan sama da yadda aka sani a baya. Tana bayanin yadda yankuna dazuzzuka ke samar da kwararar ruwa mai yawa a cikin tururin ruwa mai iska kuma hakan yana kara fa'idar amfanin dazuzzuka a yankuna na duniya. == Ƙasashe da yankuna == === Ostiraliya === A [[Adelaide]], Kudancin Ostiraliya (birni ne da ya kai miliyan 1.3 har zuwa watan Yunin 2016), Firayim Minista Mike Rann (2002 zuwa 2011) ya ƙaddamar da shirin gandun daji na birane a shekarar 2003 don dasa bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi miliyan 3 na shekara na 2014 a kan wuraren aikin 300 a ƙetaren metro. . Dubunnan 'yan asalin Adelaide sun halarci ranakun dasa al'umma a wuraren da suka hada da wuraren shakatawa, wuraren ajiye kaya, kofofin safara, makarantu, kwasa-kwasan ruwa da bakin teku. Itatuwa ce kawai aka dasa don tabbatar da ingancin kwayar halitta. Ya ce aikin an yi shi ne domin kawata garin da sanyaya shi da kuma sanya shi zama abin more rayuwa, inganta iska da ruwa, da rage hayakin Adelaide da ke fitar da hayaki mai dauke da tan 600,000 na CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a shekara. === Kanada === A shekarar alib na 2003, gwamnatin kasar [[Kanada|Kanada ta]] kirkiro da wani shiri na tsawon shekaru hudu da ake kira Initiative Development and Assessment Initiative a turance, wanda ya hada da dasa shukoki 6000 na gandun daji masu saurin girma a kasashen da basu da gandun daji a duk fadin kasar. Anyi amfani da wadannan gonakin ne don yin nazarin yadda noman dazuzzuka zai iya taimakawa wajen kara yaduwar carbon da kuma rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli (GHG) yayin da kuma yayi la’akari da kwarin gwiwar tattalin arziki da saka jari. Sakamakon wannan shirin ya nuna cewa duk da cewa babu wadataccen fili a cikin Kanada don daidaita abubuwan da GHG ke fitarwa na ƙasar gaba ɗaya, noman dazuzzuka na iya zama dabarun rage amfani da GHG don cimma burin fitar da GHG, musamman har sai dindin, fasahar ci gaba ta ajiyar carbon ta kasance. A ranar 14 ga Disamba, 2020, Ministan Albarkatun Kasa na Kanada Seamus O'Regan ya ba da sanarwar zuba jarin gwamnatin tarayya na dala biliyan 3.16 don dasa bishiyoyi biliyan biyu nan da shekaru 10 masu zuwa. Wannan shirin yana nufin rage hayaki mai gurbata muhalli da kimanin megatonnes 12 nan da shekarar 2050. === China === [[File:Jiayu_County_-_Panjiawan_-_on_the_Yangtze_embankment_-_P1540267.JPG|thumb| Tube na gandun daji ana shuka tare daruruwan kilomita na Yangtze levees a Hubei lardin ]] Wata doka da aka fitar a 1981 ta buƙaci kowane ɗalibin makaranta da ya haura shekaru 11 da shuka akalla itace ɗaya a shekara. A sakamakon haka, kasar Sin tana da mafi girman yawan gandun daji na kowace kasa ko yanki a duniya, tare da fadin murabba'in kilomita 47,000 a shekarar alib na 2008. Duk da haka, yankin gandun daji a kowace ƙasa ya yi ƙasa da matsakaicin ƙasashen duniya. A cewar Carbon Brief, kasar Sin ta dasa mafi yawan sabbin gandun daji daga kowace kasa tsakanin 1990 zuwa 2015, wanda shirin Grain for Green na kasar ya fara a 1999, ta hanyar saka hannun jari sama da dala biliyan 100 a shirye -shiryen dazuka da dasa bishiyoyi sama da biliyan 35. a fadin larduna 12. Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, yawan gandun dajin da aka shuka a kasar Sin ya kai hekta miliyan 79. Daga 2011–2016, birnin Dongying a lardin Shandong ya gandun daji sama da hectare 13,800 na ƙasa mai gishiri ta hanyar Shandong Ecological Afforestation Project, wanda aka ƙaddamar tare da tallafi daga [[Bankin Duniya]] . A shekara ta 2017, Kungiyar Saihanba Afforestation Community ta lashe Gwarzon Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Gwarzon Duniya a cikin Inspiration and Action category don "canza kasa mai lalacewa zuwa aljanna mai dadi". === Turai === [[File:Afforestation_on_former_colliery_land_near_Cwm-hwnt_-_geograph.org.uk_-_913687.jpg|thumb| Foreaddamar da bishiyoyi a kan tsohuwar gonar kwalliya kusa da Cwm-Hwnt, Wales]] Turai ta lalata da yawa daga gandun daji na tarihi. Kungiyar [[Tarayyar Turai]] (EU) ta biya manoma kudaden da suka samu gandun daji tun daga shekarar 1990, inda suka ba da tallafi don mayar da gonar ta zama daji da kuma biyan kudaden gudanar da gandun daji. Wani shirin EU, wanda ke gudana tsakanin 2000 da 2006, ya killace fiye da kilomita murabba'in 1,000 (ƙididdigar lissafi da ba a riga ta samo ba). Wani irin wannan shirin ya fara a 2007. Dazukan Turai suna girma da murabba'in kilomita 8,000 a shekara saboda waɗannan shirye-shiryen. Dangane da ƙididdigar Organizationungiyar Agricultureungiyar Abinci da Noma [[Ispaniya|, Spain ta]] kasance ta uku cikin saurin ɓarkewar daji a Turai a cikin lokacin 1990-2005, bayan Iceland da Ireland. A cikin wadancan shekarun, gaba daya an fadada kilomita murabba'i 44,360, kuma gaba daya fadin daji ya tashi daga hekta miliyan 13.5 zuwa 17.9. A cikin 1990, gandun daji ya rufe 26.6% na yankin Sifen. Ya zuwa 2007, wannan adadi ya haura zuwa 36.6% . Spain a yau tana da yanki na biyar mafi girma a cikin Tarayyar Turai. A watan Janairun 2013, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta sanya wani buri na 12% na katako a Ingila ta 2060, daga kashi 10% na wancan lokacin. A cikin Wales Majalisar kasa ta Wales ta sanya kashi 19% woodland cover, daga kaso 15% . Manufofin da gwamnati ke tallafawa kamar su Kundin Kayan Carbon Woodland ana da niyyar tallafawa wannan burin ta hanyar ƙarfafa hukumomi da masu mallakar ƙasa don ƙirƙirar sabon dazuzzuka don daidaita haɓakar hayaƙin. Kungiyoyin agaji kamar Trees for Life (Scotland) suma suna ba da gudummawa ga dasa itacen daji da kuma ƙoƙarin sake dasa bishiyoyi a cikin Burtaniya. === Indiya === [[File:Marebilli_forest.jpg|thumb| Kashe bishiyoyi a Kudancin Indiya]] Kaso 23% na Indiya an rufe shi da gandun daji{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} . A 2018, jimlar daji da bishiyar Indiya sun karu zuwa 24.39% ko 8,020. 88&nbsp;km ² . An haɗu da gandun daji na Indiya zuwa manyan rukuni 5 da nau'ikan 16 bisa laákari da ƙa'idodin rayuwa . An rarraba 38% na gandun daji a zaman busasshiyar ƙasa kuma 30% a matsayin masu bushewar zafi na wurare masu zafi da sauran ƙananan ƙungiyoyi. Nau'in gida ne kawai aka dasa a wani yanki. An fifita bishiyoyi masu ɗauke da Mayan marmari itace duk inda zai yiwu saboda aikin su azaman tushen abinci. A shekarar 2019, Indiyawa sun dasa bishiyoyi Miliyan 220 a rana guda a jihar [[Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh ta Indiya]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} A ranar Alhamis, 29 Agusta 2019, firayin ministan kasar [[Indiya|India]] Mr. Narendra Modi saki ₹ 47, 436 crores (a kan biliyan 6.6 USD ) zuwa daban-daban jihohin wajibi ne ayyukan dasa bishiyoyi. Ana iya amfani da kudaden don maganin wuraren kamun kifi, taimakawa tsari na halitta, kula da gandun daji, kare namun daji da kuma kula da su, sauya kauyuka daga yankunan da aka kiyaye, gudanar da rikice-rikicen mutane da namun daji, horo da samar da wayar da kai, samar da na’urorin adana itace da ayyukan hadin gwiwa. Karuwaritace zai taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar ƙarin bututun carbon don saduwa da manufofin ƙasar (INDC) na tan biliyan 2.5 zuwa 3 na carbon dioxide kwatankwacin ƙarin gandun daji da kariyar bishiyoyi a shekara ta 2030 - ɓangare na ƙoƙarin Indiya na yaƙi da yanayin canza Gwamnatin [[Maharashtra]] ta shuka kusan iri dubu 20,000 a duk fadin jihar, kuma za ta yi alkawarin dasa wasu 30,000,000 a shekara mai zuwa. A cewar The Telegraph, gwamnatin Indiya ta danganta dala biliyan 6.2 don dashen bishiyoyi domin kara “gandun daji daidai da yarjejeniyoyin da aka yi a taron kolin canjin yanayi na Paris a 2015.” Gwamnatin Indiya ta kuma zartar da dokar CAMPA ( Hukumar Kula da Asusun Tallafawa da Ba da Tallafi), wanda zai ba da damar rupees dubu 40 (kusan Dala Biliyan 6) za su je jihohin Indiya don dashen itatuwa . === Iran === [[File:The_fourth_year_of_a_genetically_modified_forest_in_Iran_by_Aras_GED_part_of_commercial_afforestation_in_Iran.jpg|thumb| Shekaru na huɗu na gandun dajin da aka canzawa dabi'a a cikin Iran, wanda kamfanin Aras GED ya dasa ta ta hanyar dasa itacen kasuwanci]] [[Iran]] ana ɗaukarta a matsayin yanki mai ƙarancin gandun daji na duniya tare da kariya yanzu yana kimanin kusan kashi bakwai na yankin ƙasar. Wannan ƙimar da aka rage zuwa kimanin kadada miliyan shida na gandun dajin budurwa, wanda ya haɗa da itacen oak, almond da pistachio . Saboda haka, yana da wuya a sami noman dazuzzuka a wani babban sikeli idan aka kwatanta da sauran yankuna masu yanayin yanayi waɗanda aka basu yanayin ƙasa mai dausayi da ƙarancin dutse da kuma busasshiyar ƙasa. Dangane da takamaiman kididdigar dazuzzuka, Yankin Gudun Hijira da Hukumar Gudanar da Ruwa na Iran, a kowace shekara, ta yin amfani da hanyoyin da suka dace da nau'ikan itatuwa na asali a kowane yanki, an yi dazuzzuka da yawa, wanda ya haifar da kwanciyar hankali na halitta. === Isra'ila === [[File:Jewish_National_Fund_trees_in_The_Negev.jpg|thumb| Bishiyoyin JNF a cikin Jejin Negev . Dunes da aka yi da mutum (a nan liman ) suna taimakawa kiyayewa a cikin [[ruwan sama]], yana haifar da dausayi .]] Tare da bishiyoyin da aka shuka sama da miliyan 240, [[Isra'ila]] na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe biyu kacal da suka shiga karni na 21 tare da samun riba mai yawa a cikin adadin bishiyoyin, saboda manyan ayyukan da ake yi na sare itatuwa. Yawancin dazuzzukan Isra’ila sun samo asali ne daga babban yaƙin da ake yi da Asusun Ƙasar Yahudawa (JNF). ^{[ ''abin da ake buƙata'' ]} === Arewacin Afirka === Yawancin kasashen Afirka da ke kan iyaka da hamadar Sahara suna aiki tare da aikin Babbar Ganye . Aikin dala biliyan 8 na niyyar dawo da hekta miliyan 100 na kaskantaccen kasa nan da shekarar 2030. Hakanan a Arewacin Afirka, an gabatar da Aikin Gandun Sahara tare da Ruwan Teku na Ruwa . An kuma ƙaddamar da wasu ayyukan a ƙasashe kamar [[Senegal]] don sake mayar da hamada. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010, shugabannin Afirka suna tattaunawa game da haɗa albarkatun ƙasa don haɓaka tasiri. Bugu da kari, sauran ayyukan kamar aikin Keita a Neja an fara su a baya, kuma sun sami damar dawo da barnar da kwararowar hamada ta yi a cikin gida. === Amurka === Kasar Amurka tana da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku wanda aka rufe a cikin gandun daji da daji. ^{[ ''ana bukatar'' ]} Duk da haka, yankuna a Amurka sun kasance suna da muhimmancin dasa bishiyoyi. A cikin 1800s mutane suna matsawa yamma sun haɗu da Manyan filayen - ƙasa mai ƙasa mai kyau, yawan mutane da buƙatar katako amma tare da dashen bishiyoyi don samar da shi. Don haka an karfafa dasa bishiyoyi tare da gidaje. An kafa ranar Arbor a cikin 1872 ta Julius Sterling Morton a Nebraska City, Nebraska. Ta hanyar 1930s bala'in muhalli na Dust Bowl ya nuna dalili don muhimmin sabon kariyar itace. Shirye-shiryen ayyukan jama'a a karkashin Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar sun ga dasa mil 18,000 na iska mai fadada daga [[North Dakota]] zuwa [[Texas]] don yaƙi da zaizayar ƙasa (duba Great Plains Shelterbelt ). == Fa'idodi == Dasa bishiyoyi na taimaka wajan rage [[Canjin yanayi|dumamar yanayi]] ta hanyar rage CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a cikin yanayi da gabatar da ƙarin O <nowiki><sub id="mwxA">2</sub></nowiki> . Bishiyoyi sune rarar carbon da ke cire CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO daga yanayin ta hanyar hotynthesis kuma jujjuya shi zuwa biomass . Gandun dazuzzuka yana ba da wasu fa'idodin muhalli, gami da haɓaka ƙimar ƙasa da matakan ƙirar carbon a cikin ƙasa, guje wa zaizayar ƙasa da hamada . Dasa bishiyoyi a cikin birane kuma na iya rage gurɓatar iska ta hanyar shan bishiyoyi da kuma tace abubuwa masu gurɓatawa, gami da carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, da ozone, ban da CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO . == Suka == === Dashen ciyawar daji === Ana sukar kamfen din dasa bishiyoyi saboda wani lokaci ana niyya ga yankunan da dazuka ba zai faru ba, kamar su ciyawar ciyawa da tsiron savanna === Tasiri kan halittu masu yawa === Dashen bishiyoyi na iya shafar yawancin halittu ta hanyar ƙara yawan rarrabuwa da kuma tasirin tasiri ga mazaunin da ya rage a wajen yankin da aka shuka. Sabon gandun daji plantations iya gabatar da generalist da yara da zai in ba haka ba ba za a samu a bude mazauninsu cikin rufe yanki, wanda zai iya gurbatarwa kara predation rates a kan 'yan qasar jinsunan yankin. === Surface albedo === Hakanan an gabatar da tambayoyi a cikin masana kimiyya game da yadda gandun daji na duniya zai iya shafar albedo na Duniya. Murfin rufin bishiyar bishiyoyi na iya sa albedo ya zama duhu, wanda ke sa ƙarin zafin wuta ya kamu, da yiwuwar ƙara zafin duniyar. == Duba kuma == == Majiya == {{Free-content attribution|title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings|author=FAO|publisher=FAO|page numbers=|source=|documentURL=http://www.fao.org/3/CA8753EN/CA8753EN.pdf|license statement URL=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Global_Forest_Resources_Assessment_2020_%E2%80%93_Key_findings.pdf|license=CC BY-SA 3.0}} == Bayani == === Bayanan kula ===   === Bibliography === * Buendia C, Batalla RJ, Sabater S, Palau A, Marce R. (2016). Yanayin Gudun Gudun Jirgin Sama da Yanayi da Safiyar Itatuwa a cikin Kogin Pyrenean. Rushewar ƙasa & Ci gaba. {{Doi|10.1002/ldr.2384}} * Buendia C, Bussi G, Tuset J, Vericat D, Sabater S, Palau A, Batalla RJ. (2016). Illolin dazuzzuka dazuzzuka a kan kwararar ruwa da ɗakunan kaya a cikin rafin Bahar Rum. Kimiyya na Yanayin Yanayi. {{Doi|10.1016/jscitotenv.2015.07.005}} * Cattaneo, Andrea (2002) ''Daidaita Bunkasar Noma da Kawar dazuzzuka a cikin Amazon na Brazil'', Tsarin Abincin Abinci na Int Inst Res IFPRI, shafuka 146  * Heil, Gerrit W., Bart Muys da Karin Hansen (2007) ''Tasirin Muhalli na foreaukar Ido a Arewacin Yammacin Turai'', Springer, shafuka 320  * Halldorsson G., Oddsdottir, ES da Sigurdsson BD (2008) ''AFFORNORD Sakamakon Afforestation akan Tsarin'' Yanayi, Yanayin Kasa da Raya Karkara, TemaNord 2008: 562, shafuka 120  * Halldorsson G., Oddsdottir, ES da Eggertsson O (2007) Tasirin Tsage Tsuntsauran Tsari a Kan Tsarin Yanayi, Yanayin ''Kasa da Ci gaban Karkara.'' ''Ayyukan taron AFFORNORD, Reykholt, Iceland, Yuni 18-22, 2005'', TemaNord 2007: 508, 343pages  * McBeath, Gerald A., da Tse-Kang Leng (2006) ''Gudanar da kiyaye halittu daban-daban a China da Taiwan'', Edward Elgar Publishing, shafuka 242.  * Stanturf, John A. da Palle Madsen (2004) ''Maido da Boreal da Temperate Forests'', CRC Press, shafuka 569  * Wilson, EO (2002) ''Rayuwar Rayuwa'', Vintage  == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Raunet Michel da Naudin Krishna, 2006.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Yaki da kwararowar hamada ta hanyar tsarin shuka shukar kai tsaye (DMC).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Les dossiers wanda aka fi sani da CSFD.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Fitowa ta 4. 40 pp.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} * [https://cendyliu.medium.com/top-10-golden-rules-of-reforestation-2021-a78df97bd0f2 Manyan Dokokin Zinare guda 10 na Sashen Dazuzzuka] ==Manazarta== [[Category:Gandun-daji]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] qm6o6e876wfhvbp1tt4np1shh6s7hqc 906421 906420 2026-08-23T04:52:51Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906421 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:New_afforestation_looking_into_Rand_Wood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_329908.jpg|thumb| Wani aikin dazuzzuka a Rand Wood, Lincolnshire, Ingila]] '''Dasa Bishiyoyi''' shine kafa gandun daji ko tsayayyun bishiyoyi ( daji ) a yankin da babu wani itace da ya gabata. Yawancin ƙungiyoyin masu zaman kansu kai tsaye suna shiga shiryen daji don ƙirƙirar gandun daji da ƙara kamawar carbon. ƙaunar dazuzzuka wata hanya ce da ake nema don yaƙi da damuwar yanayi, kamar yadda aka sani don haɓaka ƙimar ƙasa da matakan carbon a cikin ƙasa, guje wa kwararowar hamada. [[Fayil:Wandelen over de Planken Wambuis vanuit Mossel 069 A.jpg|thumb]] Adadin asarar gandun daji ya ragu sosai a tsakanin shekarun alif 1990-2020 saboda sare bishiyoyi a daji a wasu ƙasashe, da ƙari a yankin gandun daji,a wasu ta hanyar noman dazuzzuka da kuma faɗaɗa dazuzzuka na halitta. A shekarar alib na 2019, binciken da duniya mayar da itacen da aka sare ya nuna cewa akwai sarari ga akalla miliyan 9km ² na sabon gandun daji a duniya, wanda yake shine kashi 25% da ke karuwa daga yanayin yanzu. Wannan yankin dazuzzuka zai iya adana har zuwa gigatons 205 na sinadarin carbon ko kaso 25% na tafkin carbon na yanayi ta rage CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a cikin yanayi da kuma gabatar da ƙarin O ₂. == Tsarin aiki == Tsarin dasa bishiyoyi yana farawa ne tare da zaɓin gurin aikin ne. Yawancin abubuwan muhalli na gurin da aka zaɓa dole ne a bincikar su, gami da yanayi, [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]], ciyayi, da ayyukan ɗan adam.<ref name=":05">{{Citation|last=Duan|first=Jie|title=Basic Theory and Methods of Afforestation|date=2021-03-10|url=https://www.intechopen.com/books/silviculture/basic-theory-and-methods-of-afforestation|work=Silviculture|editor-last=Cristina Gonçalves|editor-first=Ana|publisher=IntechOpen|language=en|doi=10.5772/intechopen.96164|isbn=978-1-83968-448-7|access-date=2021-03-25|last2=Abduwali|first2=Dilnur|doi-access=free}}</ref> Waɗannan abubuwan ne zasu tabbatar da ingancin gurin, wadanne irin bishiyoyi ne yakamata a dasa, da kuma wani hanyoyi za a bi don shuke shuke. <ref name=":05" /> Bayan kuma an kimanta gurin dajin, dole ne a shirya yankin don [[shuka]]. Shiri na iya ƙunsar nau'ikan hanyoyin inji ko na sinadarai, kamar sara, mounding, shimfida, magungunan kashe [[ciyawa]], da kone-kone da aka tsara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Knapp|first=Benjamin O.|last2=Wang|first2=G. Geoff|last3=Walker|first3=Joan L.|last4=Cohen|first4=Susan|date=2006-05-01|title=Effects of site preparation treatments on early growth and survival of planted longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings in North Carolina|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112706000569|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|language=en|volume=226|issue=1|pages=122–128|doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2006.01.029|issn=0378-1127}}</ref> Da zarar an shirya gurin aikin, ana iya dasa shukokin., wanda ya haɗa da shuka iri kai tsaye zuwa cikin dajin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Grossnickle|first=Steven C.|last2=Ivetić|first2=Vladan|date=2017-12-30|title=Direct Seeding in Reforestation – A Field Performance Review|url=https://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/view/76|journal=REFORESTA|language=en|issue=4|pages=94–142|doi=10.21750/REFOR.4.07.46|issn=2466-4367|doi-access=free|access-date=2023-02-26|archive-date=2021-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305231703/https://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/view/76|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wani kuma shine dasa shukar, wanda yayi kama da shuka kai tsaye sai dai cewa iri-(seedlings) sun riga sunada tsarin tushe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dey|first=Daniel C.|last2=Jacobs|first2=Douglass|last3=McNabb|first3=Ken|last4=Miller|first4=Gary|last5=Baldwin|first5=V.|last6=Foster|first6=G.|date=2008-02-01|title=Artificial Regeneration of Major Oak (Quercus) Species in the Eastern United States—A Review of the Literature|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/54.1.77|journal=Forest Science|volume=54|issue=1|pages=77–106|doi=10.1093/forestscience/54.1.77|issn=0015-749X|doi-access=free}}</ref> Bushewar bishiyoyi ta yankan wani zaɓi ne ga nau'in bishiyoyi waɗanda zasu iya haifa ba tare da wata matsala ba, inda za'a iya dasa wani ɗan itace, reshe, tushe, ko ganye a saman dajin kuma yayi tsiro cikin nasara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kauffman|first=J. Boone|date=1991|title=Survival by Sprouting Following Fire in Tropical Forests of the Eastern Amazon|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2388198|journal=Biotropica|volume=23|issue=3|pages=219–224|doi=10.2307/2388198|issn=0006-3606}}</ref> Wasu lokuta ana amfani da kayan aiki na musamman, kamar sandar dasa [[bishiya]], don sa dashen bishiyoyi cikin sauƙi da sauri.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sweeney|first=Bernard W.|last2=Czapka|first2=Stephen J.|last3=Petrow|first3=L. Carol A.|date=2007-05-01|title=How Planting Method, Weed Abatement, and Herbivory Affect Afforestation Success|url=https://academic.oup.com/sjaf/article/31/2/85/4782466|journal=Southern Journal of Applied Forestry|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=85–92|doi=10.1093/sjaf/31.2.85|issn=0148-4419|doi-access=free}}</ref>'' == Babban fa'ida ga dasa bishiyoyi: gandun daji na jawo ruwan sama == Gandun dazuzzuka yana alfahari da fa'idodi masu alaƙa da yanayi. Sabbin bincike da yawa sun nuna cewa gandun daji na jan ruwa sosai , wanda kuma zai iya bayyana dalilin da yasa fari watau rashin abinci da ke yawan faruwa a wasu sassan duniya kamar yammacin Afirka, inda bishiyoyi basu da yawa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} Wani sabon binciken da Carol Rasmussen,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} Laboratory Nata na Jet Propulsion Laboratory ta ba da shaidar farko ta lura cewa gandun dajin kudancin Amazon yana haifar da nasa lokacin damina ta amfani da tururin ruwa daga ganyen shuke-shuke, wanda daga nan ya samar da gajimare a samansa. Wadannan binciken sun taimaka wajan bayyana dalilin da yasa [[Gandun daji|ake alakanta sare dazuzzuka]] a wannan yankin da rage ruwan sama. Nazarin Douglas Sheil da Daniel Murdiyarso{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} yana nuna cewa murfin gandun daji yana taka rawa sosai wajen tantance ruwan sama da yadda aka sani a baya. Tana bayanin yadda yankuna dazuzzuka ke samar da kwararar ruwa mai yawa a cikin tururin ruwa mai iska kuma hakan yana kara fa'idar amfanin dazuzzuka a yankuna na duniya. == Ƙasashe da yankuna == === Ostiraliya === A [[Adelaide]], Kudancin Ostiraliya (birni ne da ya kai miliyan 1.3 har zuwa watan Yunin 2016), Firayim Minista Mike Rann (2002 zuwa 2011) ya ƙaddamar da shirin gandun daji na birane a shekarar 2003 don dasa bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi miliyan 3 na shekara na 2014 a kan wuraren aikin 300 a ƙetaren metro. . Dubunnan 'yan asalin Adelaide sun halarci ranakun dasa al'umma a wuraren da suka hada da wuraren shakatawa, wuraren ajiye kaya, kofofin safara, makarantu, kwasa-kwasan ruwa da bakin teku. Itatuwa ce kawai aka dasa don tabbatar da ingancin kwayar halitta. Ya ce aikin an yi shi ne domin kawata garin da sanyaya shi da kuma sanya shi zama abin more rayuwa, inganta iska da ruwa, da rage hayakin Adelaide da ke fitar da hayaki mai dauke da tan 600,000 na CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a shekara. === Kanada === A shekarar alib na 2003, gwamnatin ƙasar [[Kanada|Kanada ta]] kirkiro da wani shiri na tsawon shekaru hudu da ake kira Initiative Development and Assessment Initiative a turance, wanda ya hada da dasa shukoki 6000 na gandun daji masu saurin girma a kasashen da basu da gandun daji a duk fadin kasar. Anyi amfani da wadannan gonakin ne don yin nazarin yadda noman dazuzzuka zai iya taimakawa wajen kara yaduwar carbon da kuma rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli (GHG) yayin da kuma yayi la’akari da kwarin gwiwar tattalin arziki da saka jari. Sakamakon wannan shirin ya nuna cewa duk da cewa babu wadataccen fili a cikin Kanada don daidaita abubuwan da GHG ke fitarwa na ƙasar gaba ɗaya, noman dazuzzuka na iya zama dabarun rage amfani da GHG don cimma burin fitar da GHG, musamman har sai dindin, fasahar ci gaba ta ajiyar carbon ta kasance. A ranar 14 ga Disamba, 2020, Ministan Albarkatun Kasa na Kanada Seamus O'Regan ya ba da sanarwar zuba jarin gwamnatin tarayya na dala biliyan 3.16 don dasa bishiyoyi biliyan biyu nan da shekaru 10 masu zuwa. Wannan shirin yana nufin rage hayaki mai gurbata muhalli da kimanin megatonnes 12 nan da shekarar 2050. === China === [[File:Jiayu_County_-_Panjiawan_-_on_the_Yangtze_embankment_-_P1540267.JPG|thumb| Tube na gandun daji ana shuka tare daruruwan kilomita na Yangtze levees a Hubei lardin ]] Wata doka da aka fitar a 1981 ta buƙaci kowane ɗalibin makaranta da ya haura shekaru 11 da shuka akalla itace ɗaya a shekara. A sakamakon haka, kasar Sin tana da mafi girman yawan gandun daji na kowace kasa ko yanki a duniya, tare da fadin murabba'in kilomita 47,000 a shekarar alib na 2008. Duk da haka, yankin gandun daji a kowace ƙasa ya yi ƙasa da matsakaicin ƙasashen duniya. A cewar Carbon Brief, kasar Sin ta dasa mafi yawan sabbin gandun daji daga kowace kasa tsakanin 1990 zuwa 2015, wanda shirin Grain for Green na kasar ya fara a 1999, ta hanyar saka hannun jari sama da dala biliyan 100 a shirye -shiryen dazuka da dasa bishiyoyi sama da biliyan 35. a fadin larduna 12. Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, yawan gandun dajin da aka shuka a kasar Sin ya kai hekta miliyan 79. Daga 2011–2016, birnin Dongying a lardin Shandong ya gandun daji sama da hectare 13,800 na ƙasa mai gishiri ta hanyar Shandong Ecological Afforestation Project, wanda aka ƙaddamar tare da tallafi daga [[Bankin Duniya]] . A shekara ta 2017, Kungiyar Saihanba Afforestation Community ta lashe Gwarzon Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Gwarzon Duniya a cikin Inspiration and Action category don "canza kasa mai lalacewa zuwa aljanna mai dadi". === Turai === [[File:Afforestation_on_former_colliery_land_near_Cwm-hwnt_-_geograph.org.uk_-_913687.jpg|thumb| Foreaddamar da bishiyoyi a kan tsohuwar gonar kwalliya kusa da Cwm-Hwnt, Wales]] Turai ta lalata da yawa daga gandun daji na tarihi. Kungiyar [[Tarayyar Turai]] (EU) ta biya manoma kudaden da suka samu gandun daji tun daga shekarar 1990, inda suka ba da tallafi don mayar da gonar ta zama daji da kuma biyan kudaden gudanar da gandun daji. Wani shirin EU, wanda ke gudana tsakanin 2000 da 2006, ya killace fiye da kilomita murabba'in 1,000 (ƙididdigar lissafi da ba a riga ta samo ba). Wani irin wannan shirin ya fara a 2007. Dazukan Turai suna girma da murabba'in kilomita 8,000 a shekara saboda waɗannan shirye-shiryen. Dangane da ƙididdigar Organizationungiyar Agricultureungiyar Abinci da Noma [[Ispaniya|, Spain ta]] kasance ta uku cikin saurin ɓarkewar daji a Turai a cikin lokacin 1990-2005, bayan Iceland da Ireland. A cikin wadancan shekarun, gaba daya an fadada kilomita murabba'i 44,360, kuma gaba daya fadin daji ya tashi daga hekta miliyan 13.5 zuwa 17.9. A cikin 1990, gandun daji ya rufe 26.6% na yankin Sifen. Ya zuwa 2007, wannan adadi ya haura zuwa 36.6% . Spain a yau tana da yanki na biyar mafi girma a cikin Tarayyar Turai. A watan Janairun 2013, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta sanya wani buri na 12% na katako a Ingila ta 2060, daga kashi 10% na wancan lokacin. A cikin Wales Majalisar kasa ta Wales ta sanya kashi 19% woodland cover, daga kaso 15% . Manufofin da gwamnati ke tallafawa kamar su Kundin Kayan Carbon Woodland ana da niyyar tallafawa wannan burin ta hanyar ƙarfafa hukumomi da masu mallakar ƙasa don ƙirƙirar sabon dazuzzuka don daidaita haɓakar hayaƙin. Kungiyoyin agaji kamar Trees for Life (Scotland) suma suna ba da gudummawa ga dasa itacen daji da kuma ƙoƙarin sake dasa bishiyoyi a cikin Burtaniya. === Indiya === [[File:Marebilli_forest.jpg|thumb| Kashe bishiyoyi a Kudancin Indiya]] Kaso 23% na Indiya an rufe shi da gandun daji{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} . A 2018, jimlar daji da bishiyar Indiya sun karu zuwa 24.39% ko 8,020. 88&nbsp;km ² . An haɗu da gandun daji na Indiya zuwa manyan rukuni 5 da nau'ikan 16 bisa laákari da ƙa'idodin rayuwa . An rarraba 38% na gandun daji a zaman busasshiyar ƙasa kuma 30% a matsayin masu bushewar zafi na wurare masu zafi da sauran ƙananan ƙungiyoyi. Nau'in gida ne kawai aka dasa a wani yanki. An fifita bishiyoyi masu ɗauke da Mayan marmari itace duk inda zai yiwu saboda aikin su azaman tushen abinci. A shekarar 2019, Indiyawa sun dasa bishiyoyi Miliyan 220 a rana guda a jihar [[Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh ta Indiya]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} A ranar Alhamis, 29 Agusta 2019, firayin ministan kasar [[Indiya|India]] Mr. Narendra Modi saki ₹ 47, 436 crores (a kan biliyan 6.6 USD ) zuwa daban-daban jihohin wajibi ne ayyukan dasa bishiyoyi. Ana iya amfani da kudaden don maganin wuraren kamun kifi, taimakawa tsari na halitta, kula da gandun daji, kare namun daji da kuma kula da su, sauya kauyuka daga yankunan da aka kiyaye, gudanar da rikice-rikicen mutane da namun daji, horo da samar da wayar da kai, samar da na’urorin adana itace da ayyukan hadin gwiwa. Karuwaritace zai taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar ƙarin bututun carbon don saduwa da manufofin ƙasar (INDC) na tan biliyan 2.5 zuwa 3 na carbon dioxide kwatankwacin ƙarin gandun daji da kariyar bishiyoyi a shekara ta 2030 - ɓangare na ƙoƙarin Indiya na yaƙi da yanayin canza Gwamnatin [[Maharashtra]] ta shuka kusan iri dubu 20,000 a duk fadin jihar, kuma za ta yi alkawarin dasa wasu 30,000,000 a shekara mai zuwa. A cewar The Telegraph, gwamnatin Indiya ta danganta dala biliyan 6.2 don dashen bishiyoyi domin kara “gandun daji daidai da yarjejeniyoyin da aka yi a taron kolin canjin yanayi na Paris a 2015.” Gwamnatin Indiya ta kuma zartar da dokar CAMPA ( Hukumar Kula da Asusun Tallafawa da Ba da Tallafi), wanda zai ba da damar rupees dubu 40 (kusan Dala Biliyan 6) za su je jihohin Indiya don dashen itatuwa . === Iran === [[File:The_fourth_year_of_a_genetically_modified_forest_in_Iran_by_Aras_GED_part_of_commercial_afforestation_in_Iran.jpg|thumb| Shekaru na huɗu na gandun dajin da aka canzawa dabi'a a cikin Iran, wanda kamfanin Aras GED ya dasa ta ta hanyar dasa itacen kasuwanci]] [[Iran]] ana ɗaukarta a matsayin yanki mai ƙarancin gandun daji na duniya tare da kariya yanzu yana kimanin kusan kashi bakwai na yankin ƙasar. Wannan ƙimar da aka rage zuwa kimanin kadada miliyan shida na gandun dajin budurwa, wanda ya haɗa da itacen oak, almond da pistachio . Saboda haka, yana da wuya a sami noman dazuzzuka a wani babban sikeli idan aka kwatanta da sauran yankuna masu yanayin yanayi waɗanda aka basu yanayin ƙasa mai dausayi da ƙarancin dutse da kuma busasshiyar ƙasa. Dangane da takamaiman kididdigar dazuzzuka, Yankin Gudun Hijira da Hukumar Gudanar da Ruwa na Iran, a kowace shekara, ta yin amfani da hanyoyin da suka dace da nau'ikan itatuwa na asali a kowane yanki, an yi dazuzzuka da yawa, wanda ya haifar da kwanciyar hankali na halitta. === Isra'ila === [[File:Jewish_National_Fund_trees_in_The_Negev.jpg|thumb| Bishiyoyin JNF a cikin Jejin Negev . Dunes da aka yi da mutum (a nan liman ) suna taimakawa kiyayewa a cikin [[ruwan sama]], yana haifar da dausayi .]] Tare da bishiyoyin da aka shuka sama da miliyan 240, [[Isra'ila]] na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe biyu kacal da suka shiga karni na 21 tare da samun riba mai yawa a cikin adadin bishiyoyin, saboda manyan ayyukan da ake yi na sare itatuwa. Yawancin dazuzzukan Isra’ila sun samo asali ne daga babban yaƙin da ake yi da Asusun Ƙasar Yahudawa (JNF). ^{[ ''abin da ake buƙata'' ]} === Arewacin Afirka === Yawancin kasashen Afirka da ke kan iyaka da hamadar Sahara suna aiki tare da aikin Babbar Ganye . Aikin dala biliyan 8 na niyyar dawo da hekta miliyan 100 na kaskantaccen kasa nan da shekarar 2030. Hakanan a Arewacin Afirka, an gabatar da Aikin Gandun Sahara tare da Ruwan Teku na Ruwa . An kuma ƙaddamar da wasu ayyukan a ƙasashe kamar [[Senegal]] don sake mayar da hamada. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010, shugabannin Afirka suna tattaunawa game da haɗa albarkatun ƙasa don haɓaka tasiri. Bugu da kari, sauran ayyukan kamar aikin Keita a Neja an fara su a baya, kuma sun sami damar dawo da barnar da kwararowar hamada ta yi a cikin gida. === Amurka === Kasar Amurka tana da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku wanda aka rufe a cikin gandun daji da daji. ^{[ ''ana bukatar'' ]} Duk da haka, yankuna a Amurka sun kasance suna da muhimmancin dasa bishiyoyi. A cikin 1800s mutane suna matsawa yamma sun haɗu da Manyan filayen - ƙasa mai ƙasa mai kyau, yawan mutane da buƙatar katako amma tare da dashen bishiyoyi don samar da shi. Don haka an karfafa dasa bishiyoyi tare da gidaje. An kafa ranar Arbor a cikin 1872 ta Julius Sterling Morton a Nebraska City, Nebraska. Ta hanyar 1930s bala'in muhalli na Dust Bowl ya nuna dalili don muhimmin sabon kariyar itace. Shirye-shiryen ayyukan jama'a a karkashin Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar sun ga dasa mil 18,000 na iska mai fadada daga [[North Dakota]] zuwa [[Texas]] don yaƙi da zaizayar ƙasa (duba Great Plains Shelterbelt ). == Fa'idodi == Dasa bishiyoyi na taimaka wajan rage [[Canjin yanayi|dumamar yanayi]] ta hanyar rage CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a cikin yanayi da gabatar da ƙarin O <nowiki><sub id="mwxA">2</sub></nowiki> . Bishiyoyi sune rarar carbon da ke cire CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO daga yanayin ta hanyar hotynthesis kuma jujjuya shi zuwa biomass . Gandun dazuzzuka yana ba da wasu fa'idodin muhalli, gami da haɓaka ƙimar ƙasa da matakan ƙirar carbon a cikin ƙasa, guje wa zaizayar ƙasa da hamada . Dasa bishiyoyi a cikin birane kuma na iya rage gurɓatar iska ta hanyar shan bishiyoyi da kuma tace abubuwa masu gurɓatawa, gami da carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, da ozone, ban da CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO . == Suka == === Dashen ciyawar daji === Ana sukar kamfen din dasa bishiyoyi saboda wani lokaci ana niyya ga yankunan da dazuka ba zai faru ba, kamar su ciyawar ciyawa da tsiron savanna === Tasiri kan halittu masu yawa === Dashen bishiyoyi na iya shafar yawancin halittu ta hanyar ƙara yawan rarrabuwa da kuma tasirin tasiri ga mazaunin da ya rage a wajen yankin da aka shuka. Sabon gandun daji plantations iya gabatar da generalist da yara da zai in ba haka ba ba za a samu a bude mazauninsu cikin rufe yanki, wanda zai iya gurbatarwa kara predation rates a kan 'yan qasar jinsunan yankin. === Surface albedo === Hakanan an gabatar da tambayoyi a cikin masana kimiyya game da yadda gandun daji na duniya zai iya shafar albedo na Duniya. Murfin rufin bishiyar bishiyoyi na iya sa albedo ya zama duhu, wanda ke sa ƙarin zafin wuta ya kamu, da yiwuwar ƙara zafin duniyar. == Duba kuma == == Majiya == {{Free-content attribution|title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings|author=FAO|publisher=FAO|page numbers=|source=|documentURL=http://www.fao.org/3/CA8753EN/CA8753EN.pdf|license statement URL=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Global_Forest_Resources_Assessment_2020_%E2%80%93_Key_findings.pdf|license=CC BY-SA 3.0}} == Bayani == === Bayanan kula ===   === Bibliography === * Buendia C, Batalla RJ, Sabater S, Palau A, Marce R. (2016). Yanayin Gudun Gudun Jirgin Sama da Yanayi da Safiyar Itatuwa a cikin Kogin Pyrenean. Rushewar ƙasa & Ci gaba. {{Doi|10.1002/ldr.2384}} * Buendia C, Bussi G, Tuset J, Vericat D, Sabater S, Palau A, Batalla RJ. (2016). Illolin dazuzzuka dazuzzuka a kan kwararar ruwa da ɗakunan kaya a cikin rafin Bahar Rum. Kimiyya na Yanayin Yanayi. {{Doi|10.1016/jscitotenv.2015.07.005}} * Cattaneo, Andrea (2002) ''Daidaita Bunkasar Noma da Kawar dazuzzuka a cikin Amazon na Brazil'', Tsarin Abincin Abinci na Int Inst Res IFPRI, shafuka 146  * Heil, Gerrit W., Bart Muys da Karin Hansen (2007) ''Tasirin Muhalli na foreaukar Ido a Arewacin Yammacin Turai'', Springer, shafuka 320  * Halldorsson G., Oddsdottir, ES da Sigurdsson BD (2008) ''AFFORNORD Sakamakon Afforestation akan Tsarin'' Yanayi, Yanayin Kasa da Raya Karkara, TemaNord 2008: 562, shafuka 120  * Halldorsson G., Oddsdottir, ES da Eggertsson O (2007) Tasirin Tsage Tsuntsauran Tsari a Kan Tsarin Yanayi, Yanayin ''Kasa da Ci gaban Karkara.'' ''Ayyukan taron AFFORNORD, Reykholt, Iceland, Yuni 18-22, 2005'', TemaNord 2007: 508, 343pages  * McBeath, Gerald A., da Tse-Kang Leng (2006) ''Gudanar da kiyaye halittu daban-daban a China da Taiwan'', Edward Elgar Publishing, shafuka 242.  * Stanturf, John A. da Palle Madsen (2004) ''Maido da Boreal da Temperate Forests'', CRC Press, shafuka 569  * Wilson, EO (2002) ''Rayuwar Rayuwa'', Vintage  == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Raunet Michel da Naudin Krishna, 2006.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Yaki da kwararowar hamada ta hanyar tsarin shuka shukar kai tsaye (DMC).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Les dossiers wanda aka fi sani da CSFD.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Fitowa ta 4. 40 pp.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} * [https://cendyliu.medium.com/top-10-golden-rules-of-reforestation-2021-a78df97bd0f2 Manyan Dokokin Zinare guda 10 na Sashen Dazuzzuka] ==Manazarta== [[Category:Gandun-daji]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] bwa3q4asppwfkedyg0fbqx71twyvft3 906422 906421 2026-08-23T04:53:12Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:New_afforestation_looking_into_Rand_Wood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_329908.jpg|thumb| Wani aikin dazuzzuka a Rand Wood, Lincolnshire, Ingila]] '''Dasa Bishiyoyi''' shine kafa gandun daji ko tsayayyun bishiyoyi ( daji ) a yankin da babu wani itace da ya gabata. Yawancin ƙungiyoyin masu zaman kansu kai tsaye suna shiga shiryen daji don ƙirƙirar gandun daji da ƙara kamawar carbon. ƙaunar dazuzzuka wata hanya ce da ake nema don yaƙi da damuwar yanayi, kamar yadda aka sani don haɓaka ƙimar ƙasa da matakan carbon a cikin ƙasa, guje wa kwararowar hamada. [[Fayil:Wandelen over de Planken Wambuis vanuit Mossel 069 A.jpg|thumb]] Adadin asarar gandun daji ya ragu sosai a tsakanin shekarun alif 1990-2020 saboda sare bishiyoyi a daji a wasu ƙasashe, da ƙari a yankin gandun daji,a wasu ta hanyar noman dazuzzuka da kuma faɗaɗa dazuzzuka na halitta. A shekarar alib na 2019, binciken da duniya mayar da itacen da aka sare ya nuna cewa akwai sarari ga akalla miliyan 9km ² na sabon gandun daji a duniya, wanda yake shine kashi 25% da ke karuwa daga yanayin yanzu. Wannan yankin dazuzzuka zai iya adana har zuwa gigatons 205 na sinadarin carbon ko kaso 25% na tafkin carbon na yanayi ta rage CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a cikin yanayi da kuma gabatar da ƙarin O ₂. == Tsarin aiki == Tsarin dasa bishiyoyi yana farawa ne tare da zaɓin gurin aikin ne. Yawancin abubuwan muhalli na gurin da aka zaɓa dole ne a bincikar su, gami da yanayi, [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]], ciyayi, da ayyukan ɗan adam.<ref name=":05">{{Citation|last=Duan|first=Jie|title=Basic Theory and Methods of Afforestation|date=2021-03-10|url=https://www.intechopen.com/books/silviculture/basic-theory-and-methods-of-afforestation|work=Silviculture|editor-last=Cristina Gonçalves|editor-first=Ana|publisher=IntechOpen|language=en|doi=10.5772/intechopen.96164|isbn=978-1-83968-448-7|access-date=2021-03-25|last2=Abduwali|first2=Dilnur|doi-access=free}}</ref> Waɗannan abubuwan ne zasu tabbatar da ingancin gurin, wadanne irin bishiyoyi ne yakamata a dasa, da kuma wani hanyoyi za a bi don shuke shuke. <ref name=":05" /> Bayan kuma an kimanta gurin dajin, dole ne a shirya yankin don [[shuka]]. Shiri na iya ƙunsar nau'ikan hanyoyin inji ko na sinadarai, kamar sara, mounding, shimfida, magungunan kashe [[ciyawa]], da kone-kone da aka tsara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Knapp|first=Benjamin O.|last2=Wang|first2=G. Geoff|last3=Walker|first3=Joan L.|last4=Cohen|first4=Susan|date=2006-05-01|title=Effects of site preparation treatments on early growth and survival of planted longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings in North Carolina|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112706000569|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|language=en|volume=226|issue=1|pages=122–128|doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2006.01.029|issn=0378-1127}}</ref> Da zarar an shirya gurin aikin, ana iya dasa shukokin., wanda ya haɗa da shuka iri kai tsaye zuwa cikin dajin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Grossnickle|first=Steven C.|last2=Ivetić|first2=Vladan|date=2017-12-30|title=Direct Seeding in Reforestation – A Field Performance Review|url=https://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/view/76|journal=REFORESTA|language=en|issue=4|pages=94–142|doi=10.21750/REFOR.4.07.46|issn=2466-4367|doi-access=free|access-date=2023-02-26|archive-date=2021-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305231703/https://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/view/76|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wani kuma shine dasa shukar, wanda yayi kama da shuka kai tsaye sai dai cewa iri-(seedlings) sun riga sunada tsarin tushe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dey|first=Daniel C.|last2=Jacobs|first2=Douglass|last3=McNabb|first3=Ken|last4=Miller|first4=Gary|last5=Baldwin|first5=V.|last6=Foster|first6=G.|date=2008-02-01|title=Artificial Regeneration of Major Oak (Quercus) Species in the Eastern United States—A Review of the Literature|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/54.1.77|journal=Forest Science|volume=54|issue=1|pages=77–106|doi=10.1093/forestscience/54.1.77|issn=0015-749X|doi-access=free}}</ref> Bushewar bishiyoyi ta yankan wani zaɓi ne ga nau'in bishiyoyi waɗanda zasu iya haifa ba tare da wata matsala ba, inda za'a iya dasa wani ɗan itace, reshe, tushe, ko ganye a saman dajin kuma yayi tsiro cikin nasara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kauffman|first=J. Boone|date=1991|title=Survival by Sprouting Following Fire in Tropical Forests of the Eastern Amazon|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2388198|journal=Biotropica|volume=23|issue=3|pages=219–224|doi=10.2307/2388198|issn=0006-3606}}</ref> Wasu lokuta ana amfani da kayan aiki na musamman, kamar sandar dasa [[bishiya]], don sa dashen bishiyoyi cikin sauƙi da sauri.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sweeney|first=Bernard W.|last2=Czapka|first2=Stephen J.|last3=Petrow|first3=L. Carol A.|date=2007-05-01|title=How Planting Method, Weed Abatement, and Herbivory Affect Afforestation Success|url=https://academic.oup.com/sjaf/article/31/2/85/4782466|journal=Southern Journal of Applied Forestry|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=85–92|doi=10.1093/sjaf/31.2.85|issn=0148-4419|doi-access=free}}</ref>'' == Babban fa'ida ga dasa bishiyoyi: gandun daji na jawo ruwan sama == Gandun dazuzzuka yana alfahari da fa'idodi masu alaƙa da yanayi. Sabbin bincike da yawa sun nuna cewa gandun daji na jan ruwa sosai , wanda kuma zai iya bayyana dalilin da yasa fari watau rashin abinci da ke yawan faruwa a wasu sassan duniya kamar yammacin Afirka, inda bishiyoyi basu da yawa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} Wani sabon binciken da Carol Rasmussen,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} Laboratory Nata na Jet Propulsion Laboratory ta ba da shaidar farko ta lura cewa gandun dajin kudancin Amazon yana haifar da nasa lokacin damina ta amfani da tururin ruwa daga ganyen shuke-shuke, wanda daga nan ya samar da gajimare a samansa. Wadannan binciken sun taimaka wajan bayyana dalilin da yasa [[Gandun daji|ake alakanta sare dazuzzuka]] a wannan yankin da rage ruwan sama. Nazarin Douglas Sheil da Daniel Murdiyarso{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} yana nuna cewa murfin gandun daji yana taka rawa sosai wajen tantance ruwan sama da yadda aka sani a baya. Tana bayanin yadda yankuna dazuzzuka ke samar da kwararar ruwa mai yawa a cikin tururin ruwa mai iska kuma hakan yana kara fa'idar amfanin dazuzzuka a yankuna na duniya. == Ƙasashe da yankuna == === Ostiraliya === A [[Adelaide]], Kudancin Ostiraliya (birni ne da ya kai miliyan 1.3 har zuwa watan Yunin 2016), Firayim Minista Mike Rann (2002 zuwa 2011) ya ƙaddamar da shirin gandun daji na birane a shekarar 2003 don dasa bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi miliyan 3 na shekara na 2014 a kan wuraren aikin 300 a ƙetaren metro. . Dubunnan 'yan asalin Adelaide sun halarci ranakun dasa al'umma a wuraren da suka hada da wuraren shakatawa, wuraren ajiye kaya, kofofin safara, makarantu, kwasa-kwasan ruwa da bakin teku. Itatuwa ce kawai aka dasa don tabbatar da ingancin kwayar halitta. Ya ce aikin an yi shi ne domin kawata garin da sanyaya shi da kuma sanya shi zama abin more rayuwa, inganta iska da ruwa, da rage hayakin Adelaide da ke fitar da hayaki mai dauke da tan 600,000 na CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a shekara. === Kanada === A shekarar alib na 2003, gwamnatin ƙasar [[Kanada|Kanada ta]] kirkiro da wani shiri na tsawon shekaru hudu da ake kira Initiative Development and Assessment Initiative a turance, wanda ya hada da dasa shukoki 6000 na gandun daji masu saurin girma a kasashen da basu da gandun daji a duk fadin kasar. Anyi amfani da wadannan gonakin ne don yin nazarin yadda noman dazuzzuka zai iya taimakawa wajen kara yaduwar carbon da kuma rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli (GHG) yayin da kuma yayi la’akari da kwarin gwiwar tattalin arziki da saka jari. Sakamakon wannan shirin ya nuna cewa duk da cewa babu wadataccen fili a cikin Kanada don daidaita abubuwan da GHG ke fitarwa na ƙasar gaba ɗaya, noman dazuzzuka na iya zama dabarun rage amfani da GHG don cimma burin fitar da GHG, musamman har sai dindin, fasahar ci gaba ta ajiyar carbon ta kasance. A ranar 14 ga Disamban shekarar 2020, Ministan Albarkatun Kasa na Kanada Seamus O'Regan ya ba da sanarwar zuba jarin gwamnatin tarayya na dala biliyan 3.16 don dasa bishiyoyi biliyan biyu nan da shekaru 10 masu zuwa. Wannan shirin yana nufin rage hayaki mai gurbata muhalli da kimanin megatonnes 12 nan da shekarar 2050. === China === [[File:Jiayu_County_-_Panjiawan_-_on_the_Yangtze_embankment_-_P1540267.JPG|thumb| Tube na gandun daji ana shuka tare daruruwan kilomita na Yangtze levees a Hubei lardin ]] Wata doka da aka fitar a 1981 ta buƙaci kowane ɗalibin makaranta da ya haura shekaru 11 da shuka akalla itace ɗaya a shekara. A sakamakon haka, kasar Sin tana da mafi girman yawan gandun daji na kowace kasa ko yanki a duniya, tare da fadin murabba'in kilomita 47,000 a shekarar alib na 2008. Duk da haka, yankin gandun daji a kowace ƙasa ya yi ƙasa da matsakaicin ƙasashen duniya. A cewar Carbon Brief, kasar Sin ta dasa mafi yawan sabbin gandun daji daga kowace kasa tsakanin 1990 zuwa 2015, wanda shirin Grain for Green na kasar ya fara a 1999, ta hanyar saka hannun jari sama da dala biliyan 100 a shirye -shiryen dazuka da dasa bishiyoyi sama da biliyan 35. a fadin larduna 12. Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, yawan gandun dajin da aka shuka a kasar Sin ya kai hekta miliyan 79. Daga 2011–2016, birnin Dongying a lardin Shandong ya gandun daji sama da hectare 13,800 na ƙasa mai gishiri ta hanyar Shandong Ecological Afforestation Project, wanda aka ƙaddamar tare da tallafi daga [[Bankin Duniya]] . A shekara ta 2017, Kungiyar Saihanba Afforestation Community ta lashe Gwarzon Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Gwarzon Duniya a cikin Inspiration and Action category don "canza kasa mai lalacewa zuwa aljanna mai dadi". === Turai === [[File:Afforestation_on_former_colliery_land_near_Cwm-hwnt_-_geograph.org.uk_-_913687.jpg|thumb| Foreaddamar da bishiyoyi a kan tsohuwar gonar kwalliya kusa da Cwm-Hwnt, Wales]] Turai ta lalata da yawa daga gandun daji na tarihi. Kungiyar [[Tarayyar Turai]] (EU) ta biya manoma kudaden da suka samu gandun daji tun daga shekarar 1990, inda suka ba da tallafi don mayar da gonar ta zama daji da kuma biyan kudaden gudanar da gandun daji. Wani shirin EU, wanda ke gudana tsakanin 2000 da 2006, ya killace fiye da kilomita murabba'in 1,000 (ƙididdigar lissafi da ba a riga ta samo ba). Wani irin wannan shirin ya fara a 2007. Dazukan Turai suna girma da murabba'in kilomita 8,000 a shekara saboda waɗannan shirye-shiryen. Dangane da ƙididdigar Organizationungiyar Agricultureungiyar Abinci da Noma [[Ispaniya|, Spain ta]] kasance ta uku cikin saurin ɓarkewar daji a Turai a cikin lokacin 1990-2005, bayan Iceland da Ireland. A cikin wadancan shekarun, gaba daya an fadada kilomita murabba'i 44,360, kuma gaba daya fadin daji ya tashi daga hekta miliyan 13.5 zuwa 17.9. A cikin 1990, gandun daji ya rufe 26.6% na yankin Sifen. Ya zuwa 2007, wannan adadi ya haura zuwa 36.6% . Spain a yau tana da yanki na biyar mafi girma a cikin Tarayyar Turai. A watan Janairun 2013, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta sanya wani buri na 12% na katako a Ingila ta 2060, daga kashi 10% na wancan lokacin. A cikin Wales Majalisar kasa ta Wales ta sanya kashi 19% woodland cover, daga kaso 15% . Manufofin da gwamnati ke tallafawa kamar su Kundin Kayan Carbon Woodland ana da niyyar tallafawa wannan burin ta hanyar ƙarfafa hukumomi da masu mallakar ƙasa don ƙirƙirar sabon dazuzzuka don daidaita haɓakar hayaƙin. Kungiyoyin agaji kamar Trees for Life (Scotland) suma suna ba da gudummawa ga dasa itacen daji da kuma ƙoƙarin sake dasa bishiyoyi a cikin Burtaniya. === Indiya === [[File:Marebilli_forest.jpg|thumb| Kashe bishiyoyi a Kudancin Indiya]] Kaso 23% na Indiya an rufe shi da gandun daji{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} . A 2018, jimlar daji da bishiyar Indiya sun karu zuwa 24.39% ko 8,020. 88&nbsp;km ² . An haɗu da gandun daji na Indiya zuwa manyan rukuni 5 da nau'ikan 16 bisa laákari da ƙa'idodin rayuwa . An rarraba 38% na gandun daji a zaman busasshiyar ƙasa kuma 30% a matsayin masu bushewar zafi na wurare masu zafi da sauran ƙananan ƙungiyoyi. Nau'in gida ne kawai aka dasa a wani yanki. An fifita bishiyoyi masu ɗauke da Mayan marmari itace duk inda zai yiwu saboda aikin su azaman tushen abinci. A shekarar 2019, Indiyawa sun dasa bishiyoyi Miliyan 220 a rana guda a jihar [[Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh ta Indiya]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} A ranar Alhamis, 29 Agusta 2019, firayin ministan kasar [[Indiya|India]] Mr. Narendra Modi saki ₹ 47, 436 crores (a kan biliyan 6.6 USD ) zuwa daban-daban jihohin wajibi ne ayyukan dasa bishiyoyi. Ana iya amfani da kudaden don maganin wuraren kamun kifi, taimakawa tsari na halitta, kula da gandun daji, kare namun daji da kuma kula da su, sauya kauyuka daga yankunan da aka kiyaye, gudanar da rikice-rikicen mutane da namun daji, horo da samar da wayar da kai, samar da na’urorin adana itace da ayyukan hadin gwiwa. Karuwaritace zai taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar ƙarin bututun carbon don saduwa da manufofin ƙasar (INDC) na tan biliyan 2.5 zuwa 3 na carbon dioxide kwatankwacin ƙarin gandun daji da kariyar bishiyoyi a shekara ta 2030 - ɓangare na ƙoƙarin Indiya na yaƙi da yanayin canza Gwamnatin [[Maharashtra]] ta shuka kusan iri dubu 20,000 a duk fadin jihar, kuma za ta yi alkawarin dasa wasu 30,000,000 a shekara mai zuwa. A cewar The Telegraph, gwamnatin Indiya ta danganta dala biliyan 6.2 don dashen bishiyoyi domin kara “gandun daji daidai da yarjejeniyoyin da aka yi a taron kolin canjin yanayi na Paris a 2015.” Gwamnatin Indiya ta kuma zartar da dokar CAMPA ( Hukumar Kula da Asusun Tallafawa da Ba da Tallafi), wanda zai ba da damar rupees dubu 40 (kusan Dala Biliyan 6) za su je jihohin Indiya don dashen itatuwa . === Iran === [[File:The_fourth_year_of_a_genetically_modified_forest_in_Iran_by_Aras_GED_part_of_commercial_afforestation_in_Iran.jpg|thumb| Shekaru na huɗu na gandun dajin da aka canzawa dabi'a a cikin Iran, wanda kamfanin Aras GED ya dasa ta ta hanyar dasa itacen kasuwanci]] [[Iran]] ana ɗaukarta a matsayin yanki mai ƙarancin gandun daji na duniya tare da kariya yanzu yana kimanin kusan kashi bakwai na yankin ƙasar. Wannan ƙimar da aka rage zuwa kimanin kadada miliyan shida na gandun dajin budurwa, wanda ya haɗa da itacen oak, almond da pistachio . Saboda haka, yana da wuya a sami noman dazuzzuka a wani babban sikeli idan aka kwatanta da sauran yankuna masu yanayin yanayi waɗanda aka basu yanayin ƙasa mai dausayi da ƙarancin dutse da kuma busasshiyar ƙasa. Dangane da takamaiman kididdigar dazuzzuka, Yankin Gudun Hijira da Hukumar Gudanar da Ruwa na Iran, a kowace shekara, ta yin amfani da hanyoyin da suka dace da nau'ikan itatuwa na asali a kowane yanki, an yi dazuzzuka da yawa, wanda ya haifar da kwanciyar hankali na halitta. === Isra'ila === [[File:Jewish_National_Fund_trees_in_The_Negev.jpg|thumb| Bishiyoyin JNF a cikin Jejin Negev . Dunes da aka yi da mutum (a nan liman ) suna taimakawa kiyayewa a cikin [[ruwan sama]], yana haifar da dausayi .]] Tare da bishiyoyin da aka shuka sama da miliyan 240, [[Isra'ila]] na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe biyu kacal da suka shiga karni na 21 tare da samun riba mai yawa a cikin adadin bishiyoyin, saboda manyan ayyukan da ake yi na sare itatuwa. Yawancin dazuzzukan Isra’ila sun samo asali ne daga babban yaƙin da ake yi da Asusun Ƙasar Yahudawa (JNF). ^{[ ''abin da ake buƙata'' ]} === Arewacin Afirka === Yawancin kasashen Afirka da ke kan iyaka da hamadar Sahara suna aiki tare da aikin Babbar Ganye . Aikin dala biliyan 8 na niyyar dawo da hekta miliyan 100 na kaskantaccen kasa nan da shekarar 2030. Hakanan a Arewacin Afirka, an gabatar da Aikin Gandun Sahara tare da Ruwan Teku na Ruwa . An kuma ƙaddamar da wasu ayyukan a ƙasashe kamar [[Senegal]] don sake mayar da hamada. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010, shugabannin Afirka suna tattaunawa game da haɗa albarkatun ƙasa don haɓaka tasiri. Bugu da kari, sauran ayyukan kamar aikin Keita a Neja an fara su a baya, kuma sun sami damar dawo da barnar da kwararowar hamada ta yi a cikin gida. === Amurka === Kasar Amurka tana da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku wanda aka rufe a cikin gandun daji da daji. ^{[ ''ana bukatar'' ]} Duk da haka, yankuna a Amurka sun kasance suna da muhimmancin dasa bishiyoyi. A cikin 1800s mutane suna matsawa yamma sun haɗu da Manyan filayen - ƙasa mai ƙasa mai kyau, yawan mutane da buƙatar katako amma tare da dashen bishiyoyi don samar da shi. Don haka an karfafa dasa bishiyoyi tare da gidaje. An kafa ranar Arbor a cikin 1872 ta Julius Sterling Morton a Nebraska City, Nebraska. Ta hanyar 1930s bala'in muhalli na Dust Bowl ya nuna dalili don muhimmin sabon kariyar itace. Shirye-shiryen ayyukan jama'a a karkashin Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar sun ga dasa mil 18,000 na iska mai fadada daga [[North Dakota]] zuwa [[Texas]] don yaƙi da zaizayar ƙasa (duba Great Plains Shelterbelt ). == Fa'idodi == Dasa bishiyoyi na taimaka wajan rage [[Canjin yanayi|dumamar yanayi]] ta hanyar rage CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a cikin yanayi da gabatar da ƙarin O <nowiki><sub id="mwxA">2</sub></nowiki> . Bishiyoyi sune rarar carbon da ke cire CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO daga yanayin ta hanyar hotynthesis kuma jujjuya shi zuwa biomass . Gandun dazuzzuka yana ba da wasu fa'idodin muhalli, gami da haɓaka ƙimar ƙasa da matakan ƙirar carbon a cikin ƙasa, guje wa zaizayar ƙasa da hamada . Dasa bishiyoyi a cikin birane kuma na iya rage gurɓatar iska ta hanyar shan bishiyoyi da kuma tace abubuwa masu gurɓatawa, gami da carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, da ozone, ban da CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO . == Suka == === Dashen ciyawar daji === Ana sukar kamfen din dasa bishiyoyi saboda wani lokaci ana niyya ga yankunan da dazuka ba zai faru ba, kamar su ciyawar ciyawa da tsiron savanna === Tasiri kan halittu masu yawa === Dashen bishiyoyi na iya shafar yawancin halittu ta hanyar ƙara yawan rarrabuwa da kuma tasirin tasiri ga mazaunin da ya rage a wajen yankin da aka shuka. Sabon gandun daji plantations iya gabatar da generalist da yara da zai in ba haka ba ba za a samu a bude mazauninsu cikin rufe yanki, wanda zai iya gurbatarwa kara predation rates a kan 'yan qasar jinsunan yankin. === Surface albedo === Hakanan an gabatar da tambayoyi a cikin masana kimiyya game da yadda gandun daji na duniya zai iya shafar albedo na Duniya. Murfin rufin bishiyar bishiyoyi na iya sa albedo ya zama duhu, wanda ke sa ƙarin zafin wuta ya kamu, da yiwuwar ƙara zafin duniyar. == Duba kuma == == Majiya == {{Free-content attribution|title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings|author=FAO|publisher=FAO|page numbers=|source=|documentURL=http://www.fao.org/3/CA8753EN/CA8753EN.pdf|license statement URL=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Global_Forest_Resources_Assessment_2020_%E2%80%93_Key_findings.pdf|license=CC BY-SA 3.0}} == Bayani == === Bayanan kula ===   === Bibliography === * Buendia C, Batalla RJ, Sabater S, Palau A, Marce R. (2016). Yanayin Gudun Gudun Jirgin Sama da Yanayi da Safiyar Itatuwa a cikin Kogin Pyrenean. Rushewar ƙasa & Ci gaba. {{Doi|10.1002/ldr.2384}} * Buendia C, Bussi G, Tuset J, Vericat D, Sabater S, Palau A, Batalla RJ. (2016). Illolin dazuzzuka dazuzzuka a kan kwararar ruwa da ɗakunan kaya a cikin rafin Bahar Rum. Kimiyya na Yanayin Yanayi. {{Doi|10.1016/jscitotenv.2015.07.005}} * Cattaneo, Andrea (2002) ''Daidaita Bunkasar Noma da Kawar dazuzzuka a cikin Amazon na Brazil'', Tsarin Abincin Abinci na Int Inst Res IFPRI, shafuka 146  * Heil, Gerrit W., Bart Muys da Karin Hansen (2007) ''Tasirin Muhalli na foreaukar Ido a Arewacin Yammacin Turai'', Springer, shafuka 320  * Halldorsson G., Oddsdottir, ES da Sigurdsson BD (2008) ''AFFORNORD Sakamakon Afforestation akan Tsarin'' Yanayi, Yanayin Kasa da Raya Karkara, TemaNord 2008: 562, shafuka 120  * Halldorsson G., Oddsdottir, ES da Eggertsson O (2007) Tasirin Tsage Tsuntsauran Tsari a Kan Tsarin Yanayi, Yanayin ''Kasa da Ci gaban Karkara.'' ''Ayyukan taron AFFORNORD, Reykholt, Iceland, Yuni 18-22, 2005'', TemaNord 2007: 508, 343pages  * McBeath, Gerald A., da Tse-Kang Leng (2006) ''Gudanar da kiyaye halittu daban-daban a China da Taiwan'', Edward Elgar Publishing, shafuka 242.  * Stanturf, John A. da Palle Madsen (2004) ''Maido da Boreal da Temperate Forests'', CRC Press, shafuka 569  * Wilson, EO (2002) ''Rayuwar Rayuwa'', Vintage  == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Raunet Michel da Naudin Krishna, 2006.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Yaki da kwararowar hamada ta hanyar tsarin shuka shukar kai tsaye (DMC).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Les dossiers wanda aka fi sani da CSFD.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Fitowa ta 4. 40 pp.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} * [https://cendyliu.medium.com/top-10-golden-rules-of-reforestation-2021-a78df97bd0f2 Manyan Dokokin Zinare guda 10 na Sashen Dazuzzuka] ==Manazarta== [[Category:Gandun-daji]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 50h9pxan7a9e3qyar50wnuudau1yz8v 906423 906422 2026-08-23T04:53:27Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:New_afforestation_looking_into_Rand_Wood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_329908.jpg|thumb| Wani aikin dazuzzuka a Rand Wood, Lincolnshire, Ingila]] '''Dasa Bishiyoyi''' shine kafa gandun daji ko tsayayyun bishiyoyi ( daji ) a yankin da babu wani itace da ya gabata. Yawancin ƙungiyoyin masu zaman kansu kai tsaye suna shiga shiryen daji don ƙirƙirar gandun daji da ƙara kamawar carbon. ƙaunar dazuzzuka wata hanya ce da ake nema don yaƙi da damuwar yanayi, kamar yadda aka sani don haɓaka ƙimar ƙasa da matakan carbon a cikin ƙasa, guje wa kwararowar hamada. [[Fayil:Wandelen over de Planken Wambuis vanuit Mossel 069 A.jpg|thumb]] Adadin asarar gandun daji ya ragu sosai a tsakanin shekarun alif 1990-2020 saboda sare bishiyoyi a daji a wasu ƙasashe, da ƙari a yankin gandun daji,a wasu ta hanyar noman dazuzzuka da kuma faɗaɗa dazuzzuka na halitta. A shekarar alib na 2019, binciken da duniya mayar da itacen da aka sare ya nuna cewa akwai sarari ga akalla miliyan 9km ² na sabon gandun daji a duniya, wanda yake shine kashi 25% da ke karuwa daga yanayin yanzu. Wannan yankin dazuzzuka zai iya adana har zuwa gigatons 205 na sinadarin carbon ko kaso 25% na tafkin carbon na yanayi ta rage CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a cikin yanayi da kuma gabatar da ƙarin O ₂. == Tsarin aiki == Tsarin dasa bishiyoyi yana farawa ne tare da zaɓin gurin aikin ne. Yawancin abubuwan muhalli na gurin da aka zaɓa dole ne a bincikar su, gami da yanayi, [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]], ciyayi, da ayyukan ɗan adam.<ref name=":05">{{Citation|last=Duan|first=Jie|title=Basic Theory and Methods of Afforestation|date=2021-03-10|url=https://www.intechopen.com/books/silviculture/basic-theory-and-methods-of-afforestation|work=Silviculture|editor-last=Cristina Gonçalves|editor-first=Ana|publisher=IntechOpen|language=en|doi=10.5772/intechopen.96164|isbn=978-1-83968-448-7|access-date=2021-03-25|last2=Abduwali|first2=Dilnur|doi-access=free}}</ref> Waɗannan abubuwan ne zasu tabbatar da ingancin gurin, wadanne irin bishiyoyi ne yakamata a dasa, da kuma wani hanyoyi za a bi don shuke shuke. <ref name=":05" /> Bayan kuma an kimanta gurin dajin, dole ne a shirya yankin don [[shuka]]. Shiri na iya ƙunsar nau'ikan hanyoyin inji ko na sinadarai, kamar sara, mounding, shimfida, magungunan kashe [[ciyawa]], da kone-kone da aka tsara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Knapp|first=Benjamin O.|last2=Wang|first2=G. Geoff|last3=Walker|first3=Joan L.|last4=Cohen|first4=Susan|date=2006-05-01|title=Effects of site preparation treatments on early growth and survival of planted longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings in North Carolina|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112706000569|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|language=en|volume=226|issue=1|pages=122–128|doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2006.01.029|issn=0378-1127}}</ref> Da zarar an shirya gurin aikin, ana iya dasa shukokin., wanda ya haɗa da shuka iri kai tsaye zuwa cikin dajin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Grossnickle|first=Steven C.|last2=Ivetić|first2=Vladan|date=2017-12-30|title=Direct Seeding in Reforestation – A Field Performance Review|url=https://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/view/76|journal=REFORESTA|language=en|issue=4|pages=94–142|doi=10.21750/REFOR.4.07.46|issn=2466-4367|doi-access=free|access-date=2023-02-26|archive-date=2021-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305231703/https://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/view/76|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wani kuma shine dasa shukar, wanda yayi kama da shuka kai tsaye sai dai cewa iri-(seedlings) sun riga sunada tsarin tushe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dey|first=Daniel C.|last2=Jacobs|first2=Douglass|last3=McNabb|first3=Ken|last4=Miller|first4=Gary|last5=Baldwin|first5=V.|last6=Foster|first6=G.|date=2008-02-01|title=Artificial Regeneration of Major Oak (Quercus) Species in the Eastern United States—A Review of the Literature|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/54.1.77|journal=Forest Science|volume=54|issue=1|pages=77–106|doi=10.1093/forestscience/54.1.77|issn=0015-749X|doi-access=free}}</ref> Bushewar bishiyoyi ta yankan wani zaɓi ne ga nau'in bishiyoyi waɗanda zasu iya haifa ba tare da wata matsala ba, inda za'a iya dasa wani ɗan itace, reshe, tushe, ko ganye a saman dajin kuma yayi tsiro cikin nasara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kauffman|first=J. Boone|date=1991|title=Survival by Sprouting Following Fire in Tropical Forests of the Eastern Amazon|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2388198|journal=Biotropica|volume=23|issue=3|pages=219–224|doi=10.2307/2388198|issn=0006-3606}}</ref> Wasu lokuta ana amfani da kayan aiki na musamman, kamar sandar dasa [[bishiya]], don sa dashen bishiyoyi cikin sauƙi da sauri.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sweeney|first=Bernard W.|last2=Czapka|first2=Stephen J.|last3=Petrow|first3=L. Carol A.|date=2007-05-01|title=How Planting Method, Weed Abatement, and Herbivory Affect Afforestation Success|url=https://academic.oup.com/sjaf/article/31/2/85/4782466|journal=Southern Journal of Applied Forestry|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=85–92|doi=10.1093/sjaf/31.2.85|issn=0148-4419|doi-access=free}}</ref>'' == Babban fa'ida ga dasa bishiyoyi: gandun daji na jawo ruwan sama == Gandun dazuzzuka yana alfahari da fa'idodi masu alaƙa da yanayi. Sabbin bincike da yawa sun nuna cewa gandun daji na jan ruwa sosai , wanda kuma zai iya bayyana dalilin da yasa fari watau rashin abinci da ke yawan faruwa a wasu sassan duniya kamar yammacin Afirka, inda bishiyoyi basu da yawa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} Wani sabon binciken da Carol Rasmussen,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} Laboratory Nata na Jet Propulsion Laboratory ta ba da shaidar farko ta lura cewa gandun dajin kudancin Amazon yana haifar da nasa lokacin damina ta amfani da tururin ruwa daga ganyen shuke-shuke, wanda daga nan ya samar da gajimare a samansa. Wadannan binciken sun taimaka wajan bayyana dalilin da yasa [[Gandun daji|ake alakanta sare dazuzzuka]] a wannan yankin da rage ruwan sama. Nazarin Douglas Sheil da Daniel Murdiyarso{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} yana nuna cewa murfin gandun daji yana taka rawa sosai wajen tantance ruwan sama da yadda aka sani a baya. Tana bayanin yadda yankuna dazuzzuka ke samar da kwararar ruwa mai yawa a cikin tururin ruwa mai iska kuma hakan yana kara fa'idar amfanin dazuzzuka a yankuna na duniya. == Ƙasashe da yankuna == === Ostiraliya === A [[Adelaide]], Kudancin Ostiraliya (birni ne da ya kai miliyan 1.3 har zuwa watan Yunin 2016), Firayim Minista Mike Rann (2002 zuwa 2011) ya ƙaddamar da shirin gandun daji na birane a shekarar 2003 don dasa bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi miliyan 3 na shekara na 2014 a kan wuraren aikin 300 a ƙetaren metro. . Dubunnan 'yan asalin Adelaide sun halarci ranakun dasa al'umma a wuraren da suka hada da wuraren shakatawa, wuraren ajiye kaya, kofofin safara, makarantu, kwasa-kwasan ruwa da bakin teku. Itatuwa ce kawai aka dasa don tabbatar da ingancin kwayar halitta. Ya ce aikin an yi shi ne domin kawata garin da sanyaya shi da kuma sanya shi zama abin more rayuwa, inganta iska da ruwa, da rage hayakin Adelaide da ke fitar da hayaki mai dauke da tan 600,000 na CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a shekara. === Kanada === A shekarar alib na 2003, gwamnatin ƙasar [[Kanada|Kanada ta]] kirkiro da wani shiri na tsawon shekaru hudu da ake kira Initiative Development and Assessment Initiative a turance, wanda ya hada da dasa shukoki 6000 na gandun daji masu saurin girma a kasashen da basu da gandun daji a duk fadin kasar. Anyi amfani da wadannan gonakin ne don yin nazarin yadda noman dazuzzuka zai iya taimakawa wajen kara yaduwar carbon da kuma rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli (GHG) yayin da kuma yayi la’akari da kwarin gwiwar tattalin arziki da saka jari. Sakamakon wannan shirin ya nuna cewa duk da cewa babu wadataccen fili a cikin Kanada don daidaita abubuwan da GHG ke fitarwa na ƙasar gaba ɗaya, noman dazuzzuka na iya zama dabarun rage amfani da GHG don cimma burin fitar da GHG, musamman har sai dindin, fasahar ci gaba ta ajiyar carbon ta kasance. A ranar 14 ga Disamban shekarar 2020, Ministan Albarkatun Kasa na Kanada Seamus O'Regan ya ba da sanarwar zuba jarin gwamnatin tarayya na dala biliyan 3.16 don dasa bishiyoyi biliyan biyu nan da shekaru 10 masu zuwa. Wannan shirin yana nufin rage hayaki mai gurbata muhalli da kimanin megatonnes 12 nan da shekarar 2050. === China === [[File:Jiayu_County_-_Panjiawan_-_on_the_Yangtze_embankment_-_P1540267.JPG|thumb| Tube na gandun daji ana shuka tare daruruwan kilomita na Yangtze levees a Hubei lardin ]] Wata doka da aka fitar a shekarar 1981 ta buƙaci kowane ɗalibin makaranta da ya haura shekaru 11 da shuka akalla itace ɗaya a shekara. A sakamakon haka, kasar Sin tana da mafi girman yawan gandun daji na kowace kasa ko yanki a duniya, tare da fadin murabba'in kilomita 47,000 a shekarar alib na 2008. Duk da haka, yankin gandun daji a kowace ƙasa ya yi ƙasa da matsakaicin ƙasashen duniya. A cewar Carbon Brief, kasar Sin ta dasa mafi yawan sabbin gandun daji daga kowace kasa tsakanin 1990 zuwa 2015, wanda shirin Grain for Green na kasar ya fara a 1999, ta hanyar saka hannun jari sama da dala biliyan 100 a shirye -shiryen dazuka da dasa bishiyoyi sama da biliyan 35. a fadin larduna 12. Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, yawan gandun dajin da aka shuka a kasar Sin ya kai hekta miliyan 79. Daga 2011–2016, birnin Dongying a lardin Shandong ya gandun daji sama da hectare 13,800 na ƙasa mai gishiri ta hanyar Shandong Ecological Afforestation Project, wanda aka ƙaddamar tare da tallafi daga [[Bankin Duniya]] . A shekara ta 2017, Kungiyar Saihanba Afforestation Community ta lashe Gwarzon Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Gwarzon Duniya a cikin Inspiration and Action category don "canza kasa mai lalacewa zuwa aljanna mai dadi". === Turai === [[File:Afforestation_on_former_colliery_land_near_Cwm-hwnt_-_geograph.org.uk_-_913687.jpg|thumb| Foreaddamar da bishiyoyi a kan tsohuwar gonar kwalliya kusa da Cwm-Hwnt, Wales]] Turai ta lalata da yawa daga gandun daji na tarihi. Kungiyar [[Tarayyar Turai]] (EU) ta biya manoma kudaden da suka samu gandun daji tun daga shekarar 1990, inda suka ba da tallafi don mayar da gonar ta zama daji da kuma biyan kudaden gudanar da gandun daji. Wani shirin EU, wanda ke gudana tsakanin 2000 da 2006, ya killace fiye da kilomita murabba'in 1,000 (ƙididdigar lissafi da ba a riga ta samo ba). Wani irin wannan shirin ya fara a 2007. Dazukan Turai suna girma da murabba'in kilomita 8,000 a shekara saboda waɗannan shirye-shiryen. Dangane da ƙididdigar Organizationungiyar Agricultureungiyar Abinci da Noma [[Ispaniya|, Spain ta]] kasance ta uku cikin saurin ɓarkewar daji a Turai a cikin lokacin 1990-2005, bayan Iceland da Ireland. A cikin wadancan shekarun, gaba daya an fadada kilomita murabba'i 44,360, kuma gaba daya fadin daji ya tashi daga hekta miliyan 13.5 zuwa 17.9. A cikin 1990, gandun daji ya rufe 26.6% na yankin Sifen. Ya zuwa 2007, wannan adadi ya haura zuwa 36.6% . Spain a yau tana da yanki na biyar mafi girma a cikin Tarayyar Turai. A watan Janairun 2013, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta sanya wani buri na 12% na katako a Ingila ta 2060, daga kashi 10% na wancan lokacin. A cikin Wales Majalisar kasa ta Wales ta sanya kashi 19% woodland cover, daga kaso 15% . Manufofin da gwamnati ke tallafawa kamar su Kundin Kayan Carbon Woodland ana da niyyar tallafawa wannan burin ta hanyar ƙarfafa hukumomi da masu mallakar ƙasa don ƙirƙirar sabon dazuzzuka don daidaita haɓakar hayaƙin. Kungiyoyin agaji kamar Trees for Life (Scotland) suma suna ba da gudummawa ga dasa itacen daji da kuma ƙoƙarin sake dasa bishiyoyi a cikin Burtaniya. === Indiya === [[File:Marebilli_forest.jpg|thumb| Kashe bishiyoyi a Kudancin Indiya]] Kaso 23% na Indiya an rufe shi da gandun daji{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} . A 2018, jimlar daji da bishiyar Indiya sun karu zuwa 24.39% ko 8,020. 88&nbsp;km ² . An haɗu da gandun daji na Indiya zuwa manyan rukuni 5 da nau'ikan 16 bisa laákari da ƙa'idodin rayuwa . An rarraba 38% na gandun daji a zaman busasshiyar ƙasa kuma 30% a matsayin masu bushewar zafi na wurare masu zafi da sauran ƙananan ƙungiyoyi. Nau'in gida ne kawai aka dasa a wani yanki. An fifita bishiyoyi masu ɗauke da Mayan marmari itace duk inda zai yiwu saboda aikin su azaman tushen abinci. A shekarar 2019, Indiyawa sun dasa bishiyoyi Miliyan 220 a rana guda a jihar [[Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh ta Indiya]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} A ranar Alhamis, 29 Agusta 2019, firayin ministan kasar [[Indiya|India]] Mr. Narendra Modi saki ₹ 47, 436 crores (a kan biliyan 6.6 USD ) zuwa daban-daban jihohin wajibi ne ayyukan dasa bishiyoyi. Ana iya amfani da kudaden don maganin wuraren kamun kifi, taimakawa tsari na halitta, kula da gandun daji, kare namun daji da kuma kula da su, sauya kauyuka daga yankunan da aka kiyaye, gudanar da rikice-rikicen mutane da namun daji, horo da samar da wayar da kai, samar da na’urorin adana itace da ayyukan hadin gwiwa. Karuwaritace zai taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar ƙarin bututun carbon don saduwa da manufofin ƙasar (INDC) na tan biliyan 2.5 zuwa 3 na carbon dioxide kwatankwacin ƙarin gandun daji da kariyar bishiyoyi a shekara ta 2030 - ɓangare na ƙoƙarin Indiya na yaƙi da yanayin canza Gwamnatin [[Maharashtra]] ta shuka kusan iri dubu 20,000 a duk fadin jihar, kuma za ta yi alkawarin dasa wasu 30,000,000 a shekara mai zuwa. A cewar The Telegraph, gwamnatin Indiya ta danganta dala biliyan 6.2 don dashen bishiyoyi domin kara “gandun daji daidai da yarjejeniyoyin da aka yi a taron kolin canjin yanayi na Paris a 2015.” Gwamnatin Indiya ta kuma zartar da dokar CAMPA ( Hukumar Kula da Asusun Tallafawa da Ba da Tallafi), wanda zai ba da damar rupees dubu 40 (kusan Dala Biliyan 6) za su je jihohin Indiya don dashen itatuwa . === Iran === [[File:The_fourth_year_of_a_genetically_modified_forest_in_Iran_by_Aras_GED_part_of_commercial_afforestation_in_Iran.jpg|thumb| Shekaru na huɗu na gandun dajin da aka canzawa dabi'a a cikin Iran, wanda kamfanin Aras GED ya dasa ta ta hanyar dasa itacen kasuwanci]] [[Iran]] ana ɗaukarta a matsayin yanki mai ƙarancin gandun daji na duniya tare da kariya yanzu yana kimanin kusan kashi bakwai na yankin ƙasar. Wannan ƙimar da aka rage zuwa kimanin kadada miliyan shida na gandun dajin budurwa, wanda ya haɗa da itacen oak, almond da pistachio . Saboda haka, yana da wuya a sami noman dazuzzuka a wani babban sikeli idan aka kwatanta da sauran yankuna masu yanayin yanayi waɗanda aka basu yanayin ƙasa mai dausayi da ƙarancin dutse da kuma busasshiyar ƙasa. Dangane da takamaiman kididdigar dazuzzuka, Yankin Gudun Hijira da Hukumar Gudanar da Ruwa na Iran, a kowace shekara, ta yin amfani da hanyoyin da suka dace da nau'ikan itatuwa na asali a kowane yanki, an yi dazuzzuka da yawa, wanda ya haifar da kwanciyar hankali na halitta. === Isra'ila === [[File:Jewish_National_Fund_trees_in_The_Negev.jpg|thumb| Bishiyoyin JNF a cikin Jejin Negev . Dunes da aka yi da mutum (a nan liman ) suna taimakawa kiyayewa a cikin [[ruwan sama]], yana haifar da dausayi .]] Tare da bishiyoyin da aka shuka sama da miliyan 240, [[Isra'ila]] na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe biyu kacal da suka shiga karni na 21 tare da samun riba mai yawa a cikin adadin bishiyoyin, saboda manyan ayyukan da ake yi na sare itatuwa. Yawancin dazuzzukan Isra’ila sun samo asali ne daga babban yaƙin da ake yi da Asusun Ƙasar Yahudawa (JNF). ^{[ ''abin da ake buƙata'' ]} === Arewacin Afirka === Yawancin kasashen Afirka da ke kan iyaka da hamadar Sahara suna aiki tare da aikin Babbar Ganye . Aikin dala biliyan 8 na niyyar dawo da hekta miliyan 100 na kaskantaccen kasa nan da shekarar 2030. Hakanan a Arewacin Afirka, an gabatar da Aikin Gandun Sahara tare da Ruwan Teku na Ruwa . An kuma ƙaddamar da wasu ayyukan a ƙasashe kamar [[Senegal]] don sake mayar da hamada. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010, shugabannin Afirka suna tattaunawa game da haɗa albarkatun ƙasa don haɓaka tasiri. Bugu da kari, sauran ayyukan kamar aikin Keita a Neja an fara su a baya, kuma sun sami damar dawo da barnar da kwararowar hamada ta yi a cikin gida. === Amurka === Kasar Amurka tana da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku wanda aka rufe a cikin gandun daji da daji. ^{[ ''ana bukatar'' ]} Duk da haka, yankuna a Amurka sun kasance suna da muhimmancin dasa bishiyoyi. A cikin 1800s mutane suna matsawa yamma sun haɗu da Manyan filayen - ƙasa mai ƙasa mai kyau, yawan mutane da buƙatar katako amma tare da dashen bishiyoyi don samar da shi. Don haka an karfafa dasa bishiyoyi tare da gidaje. An kafa ranar Arbor a cikin 1872 ta Julius Sterling Morton a Nebraska City, Nebraska. Ta hanyar 1930s bala'in muhalli na Dust Bowl ya nuna dalili don muhimmin sabon kariyar itace. Shirye-shiryen ayyukan jama'a a karkashin Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar sun ga dasa mil 18,000 na iska mai fadada daga [[North Dakota]] zuwa [[Texas]] don yaƙi da zaizayar ƙasa (duba Great Plains Shelterbelt ). == Fa'idodi == Dasa bishiyoyi na taimaka wajan rage [[Canjin yanayi|dumamar yanayi]] ta hanyar rage CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a cikin yanayi da gabatar da ƙarin O <nowiki><sub id="mwxA">2</sub></nowiki> . Bishiyoyi sune rarar carbon da ke cire CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO daga yanayin ta hanyar hotynthesis kuma jujjuya shi zuwa biomass . Gandun dazuzzuka yana ba da wasu fa'idodin muhalli, gami da haɓaka ƙimar ƙasa da matakan ƙirar carbon a cikin ƙasa, guje wa zaizayar ƙasa da hamada . Dasa bishiyoyi a cikin birane kuma na iya rage gurɓatar iska ta hanyar shan bishiyoyi da kuma tace abubuwa masu gurɓatawa, gami da carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, da ozone, ban da CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO . == Suka == === Dashen ciyawar daji === Ana sukar kamfen din dasa bishiyoyi saboda wani lokaci ana niyya ga yankunan da dazuka ba zai faru ba, kamar su ciyawar ciyawa da tsiron savanna === Tasiri kan halittu masu yawa === Dashen bishiyoyi na iya shafar yawancin halittu ta hanyar ƙara yawan rarrabuwa da kuma tasirin tasiri ga mazaunin da ya rage a wajen yankin da aka shuka. Sabon gandun daji plantations iya gabatar da generalist da yara da zai in ba haka ba ba za a samu a bude mazauninsu cikin rufe yanki, wanda zai iya gurbatarwa kara predation rates a kan 'yan qasar jinsunan yankin. === Surface albedo === Hakanan an gabatar da tambayoyi a cikin masana kimiyya game da yadda gandun daji na duniya zai iya shafar albedo na Duniya. Murfin rufin bishiyar bishiyoyi na iya sa albedo ya zama duhu, wanda ke sa ƙarin zafin wuta ya kamu, da yiwuwar ƙara zafin duniyar. == Duba kuma == == Majiya == {{Free-content attribution|title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings|author=FAO|publisher=FAO|page numbers=|source=|documentURL=http://www.fao.org/3/CA8753EN/CA8753EN.pdf|license statement URL=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Global_Forest_Resources_Assessment_2020_%E2%80%93_Key_findings.pdf|license=CC BY-SA 3.0}} == Bayani == === Bayanan kula ===   === Bibliography === * Buendia C, Batalla RJ, Sabater S, Palau A, Marce R. (2016). Yanayin Gudun Gudun Jirgin Sama da Yanayi da Safiyar Itatuwa a cikin Kogin Pyrenean. Rushewar ƙasa & Ci gaba. {{Doi|10.1002/ldr.2384}} * Buendia C, Bussi G, Tuset J, Vericat D, Sabater S, Palau A, Batalla RJ. (2016). Illolin dazuzzuka dazuzzuka a kan kwararar ruwa da ɗakunan kaya a cikin rafin Bahar Rum. Kimiyya na Yanayin Yanayi. {{Doi|10.1016/jscitotenv.2015.07.005}} * Cattaneo, Andrea (2002) ''Daidaita Bunkasar Noma da Kawar dazuzzuka a cikin Amazon na Brazil'', Tsarin Abincin Abinci na Int Inst Res IFPRI, shafuka 146  * Heil, Gerrit W., Bart Muys da Karin Hansen (2007) ''Tasirin Muhalli na foreaukar Ido a Arewacin Yammacin Turai'', Springer, shafuka 320  * Halldorsson G., Oddsdottir, ES da Sigurdsson BD (2008) ''AFFORNORD Sakamakon Afforestation akan Tsarin'' Yanayi, Yanayin Kasa da Raya Karkara, TemaNord 2008: 562, shafuka 120  * Halldorsson G., Oddsdottir, ES da Eggertsson O (2007) Tasirin Tsage Tsuntsauran Tsari a Kan Tsarin Yanayi, Yanayin ''Kasa da Ci gaban Karkara.'' ''Ayyukan taron AFFORNORD, Reykholt, Iceland, Yuni 18-22, 2005'', TemaNord 2007: 508, 343pages  * McBeath, Gerald A., da Tse-Kang Leng (2006) ''Gudanar da kiyaye halittu daban-daban a China da Taiwan'', Edward Elgar Publishing, shafuka 242.  * Stanturf, John A. da Palle Madsen (2004) ''Maido da Boreal da Temperate Forests'', CRC Press, shafuka 569  * Wilson, EO (2002) ''Rayuwar Rayuwa'', Vintage  == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Raunet Michel da Naudin Krishna, 2006.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Yaki da kwararowar hamada ta hanyar tsarin shuka shukar kai tsaye (DMC).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Les dossiers wanda aka fi sani da CSFD.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Fitowa ta 4. 40 pp.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} * [https://cendyliu.medium.com/top-10-golden-rules-of-reforestation-2021-a78df97bd0f2 Manyan Dokokin Zinare guda 10 na Sashen Dazuzzuka] ==Manazarta== [[Category:Gandun-daji]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] a0qxw7rtwbliisd7mk8plxlr2gcoggl 906424 906423 2026-08-23T04:53:47Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906424 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:New_afforestation_looking_into_Rand_Wood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_329908.jpg|thumb| Wani aikin dazuzzuka a Rand Wood, Lincolnshire, Ingila]] '''Dasa Bishiyoyi''' shine kafa gandun daji ko tsayayyun bishiyoyi ( daji ) a yankin da babu wani itace da ya gabata. Yawancin ƙungiyoyin masu zaman kansu kai tsaye suna shiga shiryen daji don ƙirƙirar gandun daji da ƙara kamawar carbon. ƙaunar dazuzzuka wata hanya ce da ake nema don yaƙi da damuwar yanayi, kamar yadda aka sani don haɓaka ƙimar ƙasa da matakan carbon a cikin ƙasa, guje wa kwararowar hamada. [[Fayil:Wandelen over de Planken Wambuis vanuit Mossel 069 A.jpg|thumb]] Adadin asarar gandun daji ya ragu sosai a tsakanin shekarun alif 1990-2020 saboda sare bishiyoyi a daji a wasu ƙasashe, da ƙari a yankin gandun daji,a wasu ta hanyar noman dazuzzuka da kuma faɗaɗa dazuzzuka na halitta. A shekarar alib na 2019, binciken da duniya mayar da itacen da aka sare ya nuna cewa akwai sarari ga akalla miliyan 9km ² na sabon gandun daji a duniya, wanda yake shine kashi 25% da ke karuwa daga yanayin yanzu. Wannan yankin dazuzzuka zai iya adana har zuwa gigatons 205 na sinadarin carbon ko kaso 25% na tafkin carbon na yanayi ta rage CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a cikin yanayi da kuma gabatar da ƙarin O ₂. == Tsarin aiki == Tsarin dasa bishiyoyi yana farawa ne tare da zaɓin gurin aikin ne. Yawancin abubuwan muhalli na gurin da aka zaɓa dole ne a bincikar su, gami da yanayi, [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]], ciyayi, da ayyukan ɗan adam.<ref name=":05">{{Citation|last=Duan|first=Jie|title=Basic Theory and Methods of Afforestation|date=2021-03-10|url=https://www.intechopen.com/books/silviculture/basic-theory-and-methods-of-afforestation|work=Silviculture|editor-last=Cristina Gonçalves|editor-first=Ana|publisher=IntechOpen|language=en|doi=10.5772/intechopen.96164|isbn=978-1-83968-448-7|access-date=2021-03-25|last2=Abduwali|first2=Dilnur|doi-access=free}}</ref> Waɗannan abubuwan ne zasu tabbatar da ingancin gurin, wadanne irin bishiyoyi ne yakamata a dasa, da kuma wani hanyoyi za a bi don shuke shuke. <ref name=":05" /> Bayan kuma an kimanta gurin dajin, dole ne a shirya yankin don [[shuka]]. Shiri na iya ƙunsar nau'ikan hanyoyin inji ko na sinadarai, kamar sara, mounding, shimfida, magungunan kashe [[ciyawa]], da kone-kone da aka tsara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Knapp|first=Benjamin O.|last2=Wang|first2=G. Geoff|last3=Walker|first3=Joan L.|last4=Cohen|first4=Susan|date=2006-05-01|title=Effects of site preparation treatments on early growth and survival of planted longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings in North Carolina|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112706000569|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|language=en|volume=226|issue=1|pages=122–128|doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2006.01.029|issn=0378-1127}}</ref> Da zarar an shirya gurin aikin, ana iya dasa shukokin., wanda ya haɗa da shuka iri kai tsaye zuwa cikin dajin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Grossnickle|first=Steven C.|last2=Ivetić|first2=Vladan|date=2017-12-30|title=Direct Seeding in Reforestation – A Field Performance Review|url=https://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/view/76|journal=REFORESTA|language=en|issue=4|pages=94–142|doi=10.21750/REFOR.4.07.46|issn=2466-4367|doi-access=free|access-date=2023-02-26|archive-date=2021-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305231703/https://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/view/76|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wani kuma shine dasa shukar, wanda yayi kama da shuka kai tsaye sai dai cewa iri-(seedlings) sun riga sunada tsarin tushe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dey|first=Daniel C.|last2=Jacobs|first2=Douglass|last3=McNabb|first3=Ken|last4=Miller|first4=Gary|last5=Baldwin|first5=V.|last6=Foster|first6=G.|date=2008-02-01|title=Artificial Regeneration of Major Oak (Quercus) Species in the Eastern United States—A Review of the Literature|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/54.1.77|journal=Forest Science|volume=54|issue=1|pages=77–106|doi=10.1093/forestscience/54.1.77|issn=0015-749X|doi-access=free}}</ref> Bushewar bishiyoyi ta yankan wani zaɓi ne ga nau'in bishiyoyi waɗanda zasu iya haifa ba tare da wata matsala ba, inda za'a iya dasa wani ɗan itace, reshe, tushe, ko ganye a saman dajin kuma yayi tsiro cikin nasara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kauffman|first=J. Boone|date=1991|title=Survival by Sprouting Following Fire in Tropical Forests of the Eastern Amazon|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2388198|journal=Biotropica|volume=23|issue=3|pages=219–224|doi=10.2307/2388198|issn=0006-3606}}</ref> Wasu lokuta ana amfani da kayan aiki na musamman, kamar sandar dasa [[bishiya]], don sa dashen bishiyoyi cikin sauƙi da sauri.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sweeney|first=Bernard W.|last2=Czapka|first2=Stephen J.|last3=Petrow|first3=L. Carol A.|date=2007-05-01|title=How Planting Method, Weed Abatement, and Herbivory Affect Afforestation Success|url=https://academic.oup.com/sjaf/article/31/2/85/4782466|journal=Southern Journal of Applied Forestry|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=85–92|doi=10.1093/sjaf/31.2.85|issn=0148-4419|doi-access=free}}</ref>'' == Babban fa'ida ga dasa bishiyoyi: gandun daji na jawo ruwan sama == Gandun dazuzzuka yana alfahari da fa'idodi masu alaƙa da yanayi. Sabbin bincike da yawa sun nuna cewa gandun daji na jan ruwa sosai , wanda kuma zai iya bayyana dalilin da yasa fari watau rashin abinci da ke yawan faruwa a wasu sassan duniya kamar yammacin Afirka, inda bishiyoyi basu da yawa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} Wani sabon binciken da Carol Rasmussen,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} Laboratory Nata na Jet Propulsion Laboratory ta ba da shaidar farko ta lura cewa gandun dajin kudancin Amazon yana haifar da nasa lokacin damina ta amfani da tururin ruwa daga ganyen shuke-shuke, wanda daga nan ya samar da gajimare a samansa. Wadannan binciken sun taimaka wajan bayyana dalilin da yasa [[Gandun daji|ake alakanta sare dazuzzuka]] a wannan yankin da rage ruwan sama. Nazarin Douglas Sheil da Daniel Murdiyarso{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} yana nuna cewa murfin gandun daji yana taka rawa sosai wajen tantance ruwan sama da yadda aka sani a baya. Tana bayanin yadda yankuna dazuzzuka ke samar da kwararar ruwa mai yawa a cikin tururin ruwa mai iska kuma hakan yana kara fa'idar amfanin dazuzzuka a yankuna na duniya. == Ƙasashe da yankuna == === Ostiraliya === A [[Adelaide]], Kudancin Ostiraliya (birni ne da ya kai miliyan 1.3 har zuwa watan Yunin 2016), Firayim Minista Mike Rann (2002 zuwa 2011) ya ƙaddamar da shirin gandun daji na birane a shekarar 2003 don dasa bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi miliyan 3 na shekara na 2014 a kan wuraren aikin 300 a ƙetaren metro. . Dubunnan 'yan asalin Adelaide sun halarci ranakun dasa al'umma a wuraren da suka hada da wuraren shakatawa, wuraren ajiye kaya, kofofin safara, makarantu, kwasa-kwasan ruwa da bakin teku. Itatuwa ce kawai aka dasa don tabbatar da ingancin kwayar halitta. Ya ce aikin an yi shi ne domin kawata garin da sanyaya shi da kuma sanya shi zama abin more rayuwa, inganta iska da ruwa, da rage hayakin Adelaide da ke fitar da hayaki mai dauke da tan 600,000 na CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a shekara. === Kanada === A shekarar alib na 2003, gwamnatin ƙasar [[Kanada|Kanada ta]] kirkiro da wani shiri na tsawon shekaru hudu da ake kira Initiative Development and Assessment Initiative a turance, wanda ya hada da dasa shukoki 6000 na gandun daji masu saurin girma a kasashen da basu da gandun daji a duk fadin kasar. Anyi amfani da wadannan gonakin ne don yin nazarin yadda noman dazuzzuka zai iya taimakawa wajen kara yaduwar carbon da kuma rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli (GHG) yayin da kuma yayi la’akari da kwarin gwiwar tattalin arziki da saka jari. Sakamakon wannan shirin ya nuna cewa duk da cewa babu wadataccen fili a cikin Kanada don daidaita abubuwan da GHG ke fitarwa na ƙasar gaba ɗaya, noman dazuzzuka na iya zama dabarun rage amfani da GHG don cimma burin fitar da GHG, musamman har sai dindin, fasahar ci gaba ta ajiyar carbon ta kasance. A ranar 14 ga Disamban shekarar 2020, Ministan Albarkatun Kasa na Kanada Seamus O'Regan ya ba da sanarwar zuba jarin gwamnatin tarayya na dala biliyan 3.16 don dasa bishiyoyi biliyan biyu nan da shekaru 10 masu zuwa. Wannan shirin yana nufin rage hayaki mai gurbata muhalli da kimanin megatonnes 12 nan da shekarar 2050. === China === [[File:Jiayu_County_-_Panjiawan_-_on_the_Yangtze_embankment_-_P1540267.JPG|thumb| Tube na gandun daji ana shuka tare daruruwan kilomita na Yangtze levees a Hubei lardin ]] Wata doka da aka fitar a shekarar 1981 ta buƙaci kowane ɗalibin makaranta da ya haura shekaru 11 da shuka akalla itace ɗaya a shekara. A sakamakon haka, kasar Sin tana da mafi girman yawan gandun daji na kowace kasa ko yanki a duniya, tare da fadin murabba'in kilomita 47,000 a shekarar alib na 2008. Duk da haka, yankin gandun daji a kowace ƙasa ya yi ƙasa da matsakaicin ƙasashen duniya. A cewar Carbon Brief, kasar Sin ta dasa mafi yawan sabbin gandun daji daga kowace kasa tsakanin 1990 zuwa 2015, wanda shirin Grain for Green na kasar ya fara a shekarar 1999, ta hanyar saka hannun jari sama da dala biliyan 100 a shirye -shiryen dazuka da dasa bishiyoyi sama da biliyan 35. a fadin larduna 12. Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, yawan gandun dajin da aka shuka a kasar Sin ya kai hekta miliyan 79. Daga 2011–2016, birnin Dongying a lardin Shandong ya gandun daji sama da hectare 13,800 na ƙasa mai gishiri ta hanyar Shandong Ecological Afforestation Project, wanda aka ƙaddamar tare da tallafi daga [[Bankin Duniya]] . A shekara ta 2017, Kungiyar Saihanba Afforestation Community ta lashe Gwarzon Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Gwarzon Duniya a cikin Inspiration and Action category don "canza kasa mai lalacewa zuwa aljanna mai dadi". === Turai === [[File:Afforestation_on_former_colliery_land_near_Cwm-hwnt_-_geograph.org.uk_-_913687.jpg|thumb| Foreaddamar da bishiyoyi a kan tsohuwar gonar kwalliya kusa da Cwm-Hwnt, Wales]] Turai ta lalata da yawa daga gandun daji na tarihi. Kungiyar [[Tarayyar Turai]] (EU) ta biya manoma kudaden da suka samu gandun daji tun daga shekarar 1990, inda suka ba da tallafi don mayar da gonar ta zama daji da kuma biyan kudaden gudanar da gandun daji. Wani shirin EU, wanda ke gudana tsakanin 2000 da 2006, ya killace fiye da kilomita murabba'in 1,000 (ƙididdigar lissafi da ba a riga ta samo ba). Wani irin wannan shirin ya fara a 2007. Dazukan Turai suna girma da murabba'in kilomita 8,000 a shekara saboda waɗannan shirye-shiryen. Dangane da ƙididdigar Organizationungiyar Agricultureungiyar Abinci da Noma [[Ispaniya|, Spain ta]] kasance ta uku cikin saurin ɓarkewar daji a Turai a cikin lokacin 1990-2005, bayan Iceland da Ireland. A cikin wadancan shekarun, gaba daya an fadada kilomita murabba'i 44,360, kuma gaba daya fadin daji ya tashi daga hekta miliyan 13.5 zuwa 17.9. A cikin 1990, gandun daji ya rufe 26.6% na yankin Sifen. Ya zuwa 2007, wannan adadi ya haura zuwa 36.6% . Spain a yau tana da yanki na biyar mafi girma a cikin Tarayyar Turai. A watan Janairun 2013, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta sanya wani buri na 12% na katako a Ingila ta 2060, daga kashi 10% na wancan lokacin. A cikin Wales Majalisar kasa ta Wales ta sanya kashi 19% woodland cover, daga kaso 15% . Manufofin da gwamnati ke tallafawa kamar su Kundin Kayan Carbon Woodland ana da niyyar tallafawa wannan burin ta hanyar ƙarfafa hukumomi da masu mallakar ƙasa don ƙirƙirar sabon dazuzzuka don daidaita haɓakar hayaƙin. Kungiyoyin agaji kamar Trees for Life (Scotland) suma suna ba da gudummawa ga dasa itacen daji da kuma ƙoƙarin sake dasa bishiyoyi a cikin Burtaniya. === Indiya === [[File:Marebilli_forest.jpg|thumb| Kashe bishiyoyi a Kudancin Indiya]] Kaso 23% na Indiya an rufe shi da gandun daji{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} . A 2018, jimlar daji da bishiyar Indiya sun karu zuwa 24.39% ko 8,020. 88&nbsp;km ² . An haɗu da gandun daji na Indiya zuwa manyan rukuni 5 da nau'ikan 16 bisa laákari da ƙa'idodin rayuwa . An rarraba 38% na gandun daji a zaman busasshiyar ƙasa kuma 30% a matsayin masu bushewar zafi na wurare masu zafi da sauran ƙananan ƙungiyoyi. Nau'in gida ne kawai aka dasa a wani yanki. An fifita bishiyoyi masu ɗauke da Mayan marmari itace duk inda zai yiwu saboda aikin su azaman tushen abinci. A shekarar 2019, Indiyawa sun dasa bishiyoyi Miliyan 220 a rana guda a jihar [[Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh ta Indiya]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} A ranar Alhamis, 29 Agusta 2019, firayin ministan kasar [[Indiya|India]] Mr. Narendra Modi saki ₹ 47, 436 crores (a kan biliyan 6.6 USD ) zuwa daban-daban jihohin wajibi ne ayyukan dasa bishiyoyi. Ana iya amfani da kudaden don maganin wuraren kamun kifi, taimakawa tsari na halitta, kula da gandun daji, kare namun daji da kuma kula da su, sauya kauyuka daga yankunan da aka kiyaye, gudanar da rikice-rikicen mutane da namun daji, horo da samar da wayar da kai, samar da na’urorin adana itace da ayyukan hadin gwiwa. Karuwaritace zai taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar ƙarin bututun carbon don saduwa da manufofin ƙasar (INDC) na tan biliyan 2.5 zuwa 3 na carbon dioxide kwatankwacin ƙarin gandun daji da kariyar bishiyoyi a shekara ta 2030 - ɓangare na ƙoƙarin Indiya na yaƙi da yanayin canza Gwamnatin [[Maharashtra]] ta shuka kusan iri dubu 20,000 a duk fadin jihar, kuma za ta yi alkawarin dasa wasu 30,000,000 a shekara mai zuwa. A cewar The Telegraph, gwamnatin Indiya ta danganta dala biliyan 6.2 don dashen bishiyoyi domin kara “gandun daji daidai da yarjejeniyoyin da aka yi a taron kolin canjin yanayi na Paris a 2015.” Gwamnatin Indiya ta kuma zartar da dokar CAMPA ( Hukumar Kula da Asusun Tallafawa da Ba da Tallafi), wanda zai ba da damar rupees dubu 40 (kusan Dala Biliyan 6) za su je jihohin Indiya don dashen itatuwa . === Iran === [[File:The_fourth_year_of_a_genetically_modified_forest_in_Iran_by_Aras_GED_part_of_commercial_afforestation_in_Iran.jpg|thumb| Shekaru na huɗu na gandun dajin da aka canzawa dabi'a a cikin Iran, wanda kamfanin Aras GED ya dasa ta ta hanyar dasa itacen kasuwanci]] [[Iran]] ana ɗaukarta a matsayin yanki mai ƙarancin gandun daji na duniya tare da kariya yanzu yana kimanin kusan kashi bakwai na yankin ƙasar. Wannan ƙimar da aka rage zuwa kimanin kadada miliyan shida na gandun dajin budurwa, wanda ya haɗa da itacen oak, almond da pistachio . Saboda haka, yana da wuya a sami noman dazuzzuka a wani babban sikeli idan aka kwatanta da sauran yankuna masu yanayin yanayi waɗanda aka basu yanayin ƙasa mai dausayi da ƙarancin dutse da kuma busasshiyar ƙasa. Dangane da takamaiman kididdigar dazuzzuka, Yankin Gudun Hijira da Hukumar Gudanar da Ruwa na Iran, a kowace shekara, ta yin amfani da hanyoyin da suka dace da nau'ikan itatuwa na asali a kowane yanki, an yi dazuzzuka da yawa, wanda ya haifar da kwanciyar hankali na halitta. === Isra'ila === [[File:Jewish_National_Fund_trees_in_The_Negev.jpg|thumb| Bishiyoyin JNF a cikin Jejin Negev . Dunes da aka yi da mutum (a nan liman ) suna taimakawa kiyayewa a cikin [[ruwan sama]], yana haifar da dausayi .]] Tare da bishiyoyin da aka shuka sama da miliyan 240, [[Isra'ila]] na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe biyu kacal da suka shiga karni na 21 tare da samun riba mai yawa a cikin adadin bishiyoyin, saboda manyan ayyukan da ake yi na sare itatuwa. Yawancin dazuzzukan Isra’ila sun samo asali ne daga babban yaƙin da ake yi da Asusun Ƙasar Yahudawa (JNF). ^{[ ''abin da ake buƙata'' ]} === Arewacin Afirka === Yawancin kasashen Afirka da ke kan iyaka da hamadar Sahara suna aiki tare da aikin Babbar Ganye . Aikin dala biliyan 8 na niyyar dawo da hekta miliyan 100 na kaskantaccen kasa nan da shekarar 2030. Hakanan a Arewacin Afirka, an gabatar da Aikin Gandun Sahara tare da Ruwan Teku na Ruwa . An kuma ƙaddamar da wasu ayyukan a ƙasashe kamar [[Senegal]] don sake mayar da hamada. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010, shugabannin Afirka suna tattaunawa game da haɗa albarkatun ƙasa don haɓaka tasiri. Bugu da kari, sauran ayyukan kamar aikin Keita a Neja an fara su a baya, kuma sun sami damar dawo da barnar da kwararowar hamada ta yi a cikin gida. === Amurka === Kasar Amurka tana da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku wanda aka rufe a cikin gandun daji da daji. ^{[ ''ana bukatar'' ]} Duk da haka, yankuna a Amurka sun kasance suna da muhimmancin dasa bishiyoyi. A cikin 1800s mutane suna matsawa yamma sun haɗu da Manyan filayen - ƙasa mai ƙasa mai kyau, yawan mutane da buƙatar katako amma tare da dashen bishiyoyi don samar da shi. Don haka an karfafa dasa bishiyoyi tare da gidaje. An kafa ranar Arbor a cikin 1872 ta Julius Sterling Morton a Nebraska City, Nebraska. Ta hanyar 1930s bala'in muhalli na Dust Bowl ya nuna dalili don muhimmin sabon kariyar itace. Shirye-shiryen ayyukan jama'a a karkashin Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar sun ga dasa mil 18,000 na iska mai fadada daga [[North Dakota]] zuwa [[Texas]] don yaƙi da zaizayar ƙasa (duba Great Plains Shelterbelt ). == Fa'idodi == Dasa bishiyoyi na taimaka wajan rage [[Canjin yanayi|dumamar yanayi]] ta hanyar rage CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a cikin yanayi da gabatar da ƙarin O <nowiki><sub id="mwxA">2</sub></nowiki> . Bishiyoyi sune rarar carbon da ke cire CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO daga yanayin ta hanyar hotynthesis kuma jujjuya shi zuwa biomass . Gandun dazuzzuka yana ba da wasu fa'idodin muhalli, gami da haɓaka ƙimar ƙasa da matakan ƙirar carbon a cikin ƙasa, guje wa zaizayar ƙasa da hamada . Dasa bishiyoyi a cikin birane kuma na iya rage gurɓatar iska ta hanyar shan bishiyoyi da kuma tace abubuwa masu gurɓatawa, gami da carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, da ozone, ban da CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO . == Suka == === Dashen ciyawar daji === Ana sukar kamfen din dasa bishiyoyi saboda wani lokaci ana niyya ga yankunan da dazuka ba zai faru ba, kamar su ciyawar ciyawa da tsiron savanna === Tasiri kan halittu masu yawa === Dashen bishiyoyi na iya shafar yawancin halittu ta hanyar ƙara yawan rarrabuwa da kuma tasirin tasiri ga mazaunin da ya rage a wajen yankin da aka shuka. Sabon gandun daji plantations iya gabatar da generalist da yara da zai in ba haka ba ba za a samu a bude mazauninsu cikin rufe yanki, wanda zai iya gurbatarwa kara predation rates a kan 'yan qasar jinsunan yankin. === Surface albedo === Hakanan an gabatar da tambayoyi a cikin masana kimiyya game da yadda gandun daji na duniya zai iya shafar albedo na Duniya. Murfin rufin bishiyar bishiyoyi na iya sa albedo ya zama duhu, wanda ke sa ƙarin zafin wuta ya kamu, da yiwuwar ƙara zafin duniyar. == Duba kuma == == Majiya == {{Free-content attribution|title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings|author=FAO|publisher=FAO|page numbers=|source=|documentURL=http://www.fao.org/3/CA8753EN/CA8753EN.pdf|license statement URL=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Global_Forest_Resources_Assessment_2020_%E2%80%93_Key_findings.pdf|license=CC BY-SA 3.0}} == Bayani == === Bayanan kula ===   === Bibliography === * Buendia C, Batalla RJ, Sabater S, Palau A, Marce R. (2016). Yanayin Gudun Gudun Jirgin Sama da Yanayi da Safiyar Itatuwa a cikin Kogin Pyrenean. Rushewar ƙasa & Ci gaba. {{Doi|10.1002/ldr.2384}} * Buendia C, Bussi G, Tuset J, Vericat D, Sabater S, Palau A, Batalla RJ. (2016). Illolin dazuzzuka dazuzzuka a kan kwararar ruwa da ɗakunan kaya a cikin rafin Bahar Rum. Kimiyya na Yanayin Yanayi. {{Doi|10.1016/jscitotenv.2015.07.005}} * Cattaneo, Andrea (2002) ''Daidaita Bunkasar Noma da Kawar dazuzzuka a cikin Amazon na Brazil'', Tsarin Abincin Abinci na Int Inst Res IFPRI, shafuka 146  * Heil, Gerrit W., Bart Muys da Karin Hansen (2007) ''Tasirin Muhalli na foreaukar Ido a Arewacin Yammacin Turai'', Springer, shafuka 320  * Halldorsson G., Oddsdottir, ES da Sigurdsson BD (2008) ''AFFORNORD Sakamakon Afforestation akan Tsarin'' Yanayi, Yanayin Kasa da Raya Karkara, TemaNord 2008: 562, shafuka 120  * Halldorsson G., Oddsdottir, ES da Eggertsson O (2007) Tasirin Tsage Tsuntsauran Tsari a Kan Tsarin Yanayi, Yanayin ''Kasa da Ci gaban Karkara.'' ''Ayyukan taron AFFORNORD, Reykholt, Iceland, Yuni 18-22, 2005'', TemaNord 2007: 508, 343pages  * McBeath, Gerald A., da Tse-Kang Leng (2006) ''Gudanar da kiyaye halittu daban-daban a China da Taiwan'', Edward Elgar Publishing, shafuka 242.  * Stanturf, John A. da Palle Madsen (2004) ''Maido da Boreal da Temperate Forests'', CRC Press, shafuka 569  * Wilson, EO (2002) ''Rayuwar Rayuwa'', Vintage  == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Raunet Michel da Naudin Krishna, 2006.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Yaki da kwararowar hamada ta hanyar tsarin shuka shukar kai tsaye (DMC).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Les dossiers wanda aka fi sani da CSFD.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Fitowa ta 4. 40 pp.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} * [https://cendyliu.medium.com/top-10-golden-rules-of-reforestation-2021-a78df97bd0f2 Manyan Dokokin Zinare guda 10 na Sashen Dazuzzuka] ==Manazarta== [[Category:Gandun-daji]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6p1oq1lbpp6zn8vy6m40n52vhf2a77t 906425 906424 2026-08-23T04:54:15Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906425 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:New_afforestation_looking_into_Rand_Wood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_329908.jpg|thumb| Wani aikin dazuzzuka a Rand Wood, Lincolnshire, Ingila]] '''Dasa Bishiyoyi''' shine kafa gandun daji ko tsayayyun bishiyoyi ( daji ) a yankin da babu wani itace da ya gabata. Yawancin ƙungiyoyin masu zaman kansu kai tsaye suna shiga shiryen daji don ƙirƙirar gandun daji da ƙara kamawar carbon. ƙaunar dazuzzuka wata hanya ce da ake nema don yaƙi da damuwar yanayi, kamar yadda aka sani don haɓaka ƙimar ƙasa da matakan carbon a cikin ƙasa, guje wa kwararowar hamada. [[Fayil:Wandelen over de Planken Wambuis vanuit Mossel 069 A.jpg|thumb]] Adadin asarar gandun daji ya ragu sosai a tsakanin shekarun alif 1990-2020 saboda sare bishiyoyi a daji a wasu ƙasashe, da ƙari a yankin gandun daji,a wasu ta hanyar noman dazuzzuka da kuma faɗaɗa dazuzzuka na halitta. A shekarar alib na 2019, binciken da duniya mayar da itacen da aka sare ya nuna cewa akwai sarari ga akalla miliyan 9km ² na sabon gandun daji a duniya, wanda yake shine kashi 25% da ke karuwa daga yanayin yanzu. Wannan yankin dazuzzuka zai iya adana har zuwa gigatons 205 na sinadarin carbon ko kaso 25% na tafkin carbon na yanayi ta rage CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a cikin yanayi da kuma gabatar da ƙarin O ₂. == Tsarin aiki == Tsarin dasa bishiyoyi yana farawa ne tare da zaɓin gurin aikin ne. Yawancin abubuwan muhalli na gurin da aka zaɓa dole ne a bincikar su, gami da yanayi, [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]], ciyayi, da ayyukan ɗan adam.<ref name=":05">{{Citation|last=Duan|first=Jie|title=Basic Theory and Methods of Afforestation|date=2021-03-10|url=https://www.intechopen.com/books/silviculture/basic-theory-and-methods-of-afforestation|work=Silviculture|editor-last=Cristina Gonçalves|editor-first=Ana|publisher=IntechOpen|language=en|doi=10.5772/intechopen.96164|isbn=978-1-83968-448-7|access-date=2021-03-25|last2=Abduwali|first2=Dilnur|doi-access=free}}</ref> Waɗannan abubuwan ne zasu tabbatar da ingancin gurin, wadanne irin bishiyoyi ne yakamata a dasa, da kuma wani hanyoyi za a bi don shuke shuke. <ref name=":05" /> Bayan kuma an kimanta gurin dajin, dole ne a shirya yankin don [[shuka]]. Shiri na iya ƙunsar nau'ikan hanyoyin inji ko na sinadarai, kamar sara, mounding, shimfida, magungunan kashe [[ciyawa]], da kone-kone da aka tsara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Knapp|first=Benjamin O.|last2=Wang|first2=G. Geoff|last3=Walker|first3=Joan L.|last4=Cohen|first4=Susan|date=2006-05-01|title=Effects of site preparation treatments on early growth and survival of planted longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings in North Carolina|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112706000569|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|language=en|volume=226|issue=1|pages=122–128|doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2006.01.029|issn=0378-1127}}</ref> Da zarar an shirya gurin aikin, ana iya dasa shukokin., wanda ya haɗa da shuka iri kai tsaye zuwa cikin dajin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Grossnickle|first=Steven C.|last2=Ivetić|first2=Vladan|date=2017-12-30|title=Direct Seeding in Reforestation – A Field Performance Review|url=https://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/view/76|journal=REFORESTA|language=en|issue=4|pages=94–142|doi=10.21750/REFOR.4.07.46|issn=2466-4367|doi-access=free|access-date=2023-02-26|archive-date=2021-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305231703/https://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/view/76|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wani kuma shine dasa shukar, wanda yayi kama da shuka kai tsaye sai dai cewa iri-(seedlings) sun riga sunada tsarin tushe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dey|first=Daniel C.|last2=Jacobs|first2=Douglass|last3=McNabb|first3=Ken|last4=Miller|first4=Gary|last5=Baldwin|first5=V.|last6=Foster|first6=G.|date=2008-02-01|title=Artificial Regeneration of Major Oak (Quercus) Species in the Eastern United States—A Review of the Literature|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/54.1.77|journal=Forest Science|volume=54|issue=1|pages=77–106|doi=10.1093/forestscience/54.1.77|issn=0015-749X|doi-access=free}}</ref> Bushewar bishiyoyi ta yankan wani zaɓi ne ga nau'in bishiyoyi waɗanda zasu iya haifa ba tare da wata matsala ba, inda za'a iya dasa wani ɗan itace, reshe, tushe, ko ganye a saman dajin kuma yayi tsiro cikin nasara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kauffman|first=J. Boone|date=1991|title=Survival by Sprouting Following Fire in Tropical Forests of the Eastern Amazon|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2388198|journal=Biotropica|volume=23|issue=3|pages=219–224|doi=10.2307/2388198|issn=0006-3606}}</ref> Wasu lokuta ana amfani da kayan aiki na musamman, kamar sandar dasa [[bishiya]], don sa dashen bishiyoyi cikin sauƙi da sauri.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sweeney|first=Bernard W.|last2=Czapka|first2=Stephen J.|last3=Petrow|first3=L. Carol A.|date=2007-05-01|title=How Planting Method, Weed Abatement, and Herbivory Affect Afforestation Success|url=https://academic.oup.com/sjaf/article/31/2/85/4782466|journal=Southern Journal of Applied Forestry|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=85–92|doi=10.1093/sjaf/31.2.85|issn=0148-4419|doi-access=free}}</ref>'' == Babban fa'ida ga dasa bishiyoyi: gandun daji na jawo ruwan sama == Gandun dazuzzuka yana alfahari da fa'idodi masu alaƙa da yanayi. Sabbin bincike da yawa sun nuna cewa gandun daji na jan ruwa sosai , wanda kuma zai iya bayyana dalilin da yasa fari watau rashin abinci da ke yawan faruwa a wasu sassan duniya kamar yammacin Afirka, inda bishiyoyi basu da yawa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} Wani sabon binciken da Carol Rasmussen,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} Laboratory Nata na Jet Propulsion Laboratory ta ba da shaidar farko ta lura cewa gandun dajin kudancin Amazon yana haifar da nasa lokacin damina ta amfani da tururin ruwa daga ganyen shuke-shuke, wanda daga nan ya samar da gajimare a samansa. Wadannan binciken sun taimaka wajan bayyana dalilin da yasa [[Gandun daji|ake alakanta sare dazuzzuka]] a wannan yankin da rage ruwan sama. Nazarin Douglas Sheil da Daniel Murdiyarso{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} yana nuna cewa murfin gandun daji yana taka rawa sosai wajen tantance ruwan sama da yadda aka sani a baya. Tana bayanin yadda yankuna dazuzzuka ke samar da kwararar ruwa mai yawa a cikin tururin ruwa mai iska kuma hakan yana kara fa'idar amfanin dazuzzuka a yankuna na duniya. == Ƙasashe da yankuna == === Ostiraliya === A [[Adelaide]], Kudancin Ostiraliya (birni ne da ya kai miliyan 1.3 har zuwa watan Yunin 2016), Firayim Minista Mike Rann (2002 zuwa 2011) ya ƙaddamar da shirin gandun daji na birane a shekarar 2003 don dasa bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi miliyan 3 na shekara na 2014 a kan wuraren aikin 300 a ƙetaren metro. . Dubunnan 'yan asalin Adelaide sun halarci ranakun dasa al'umma a wuraren da suka hada da wuraren shakatawa, wuraren ajiye kaya, kofofin safara, makarantu, kwasa-kwasan ruwa da bakin teku. Itatuwa ce kawai aka dasa don tabbatar da ingancin kwayar halitta. Ya ce aikin an yi shi ne domin kawata garin da sanyaya shi da kuma sanya shi zama abin more rayuwa, inganta iska da ruwa, da rage hayakin Adelaide da ke fitar da hayaki mai dauke da tan 600,000 na CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a shekara. === Kanada === A shekarar alib na 2003, gwamnatin ƙasar [[Kanada|Kanada ta]] kirkiro da wani shiri na tsawon shekaru hudu da ake kira Initiative Development and Assessment Initiative a turance, wanda ya hada da dasa shukoki 6000 na gandun daji masu saurin girma a kasashen da basu da gandun daji a duk fadin kasar. Anyi amfani da wadannan gonakin ne don yin nazarin yadda noman dazuzzuka zai iya taimakawa wajen kara yaduwar carbon da kuma rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli (GHG) yayin da kuma yayi la’akari da kwarin gwiwar tattalin arziki da saka jari. Sakamakon wannan shirin ya nuna cewa duk da cewa babu wadataccen fili a cikin Kanada don daidaita abubuwan da GHG ke fitarwa na ƙasar gaba ɗaya, noman dazuzzuka na iya zama dabarun rage amfani da GHG don cimma burin fitar da GHG, musamman har sai dindin, fasahar ci gaba ta ajiyar carbon ta kasance. A ranar 14 ga Disamban shekarar 2020, Ministan Albarkatun Kasa na Kanada Seamus O'Regan ya ba da sanarwar zuba jarin gwamnatin tarayya na dala biliyan 3.16 don dasa bishiyoyi biliyan biyu nan da shekaru 10 masu zuwa. Wannan shirin yana nufin rage hayaki mai gurbata muhalli da kimanin megatonnes 12 nan da shekarar 2050. === China === [[File:Jiayu_County_-_Panjiawan_-_on_the_Yangtze_embankment_-_P1540267.JPG|thumb| Tube na gandun daji ana shuka tare daruruwan kilomita na Yangtze levees a Hubei lardin ]] Wata doka da aka fitar a shekarar 1981 ta buƙaci kowane ɗalibin makaranta da ya haura shekaru 11 da shuka akalla itace ɗaya a shekara. A sakamakon haka, kasar Sin tana da mafi girman yawan gandun daji na kowace kasa ko yanki a duniya, tare da fadin murabba'in kilomita 47,000 a shekarar alib na 2008. Duk da haka, yankin gandun daji a kowace ƙasa ya yi ƙasa da matsakaicin ƙasashen duniya. A cewar Carbon Brief, kasar Sin ta dasa mafi yawan sabbin gandun daji daga kowace kasa tsakanin 1990 zuwa 2015, wanda shirin Grain for Green na ƙasar ya fara a shekarar 1999, ta hanyar saka hannun jari sama da dala biliyan 100 a shirye -shiryen dazuka da dasa bishiyoyi sama da biliyan 35. a faɗin larduna 12. Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, yawan gandun dajin da aka shuka a ƙasar Sin ya kai hekta miliyan 79. Daga 2011–2016, birnin Dongying a lardin Shandong ya gandun daji sama da hectare 13,800 na ƙasa mai gishiri ta hanyar Shandong Ecological Afforestation Project, wanda aka ƙaddamar tare da tallafi daga [[Bankin Duniya]] . A shekara ta 2017, Kungiyar Saihanba Afforestation Community ta lashe Gwarzon Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Gwarzon Duniya a cikin Inspiration and Action category don "canza ƙasa mai lalacewa zuwa aljanna mai dadi". === Turai === [[File:Afforestation_on_former_colliery_land_near_Cwm-hwnt_-_geograph.org.uk_-_913687.jpg|thumb| Foreaddamar da bishiyoyi a kan tsohuwar gonar kwalliya kusa da Cwm-Hwnt, Wales]] Turai ta lalata da yawa daga gandun daji na tarihi. Kungiyar [[Tarayyar Turai]] (EU) ta biya manoma kudaden da suka samu gandun daji tun daga shekarar 1990, inda suka ba da tallafi don mayar da gonar ta zama daji da kuma biyan kudaden gudanar da gandun daji. Wani shirin EU, wanda ke gudana tsakanin 2000 da 2006, ya killace fiye da kilomita murabba'in 1,000 (ƙididdigar lissafi da ba a riga ta samo ba). Wani irin wannan shirin ya fara a 2007. Dazukan Turai suna girma da murabba'in kilomita 8,000 a shekara saboda waɗannan shirye-shiryen. Dangane da ƙididdigar Organizationungiyar Agricultureungiyar Abinci da Noma [[Ispaniya|, Spain ta]] kasance ta uku cikin saurin ɓarkewar daji a Turai a cikin lokacin 1990-2005, bayan Iceland da Ireland. A cikin wadancan shekarun, gaba daya an fadada kilomita murabba'i 44,360, kuma gaba daya fadin daji ya tashi daga hekta miliyan 13.5 zuwa 17.9. A cikin 1990, gandun daji ya rufe 26.6% na yankin Sifen. Ya zuwa 2007, wannan adadi ya haura zuwa 36.6% . Spain a yau tana da yanki na biyar mafi girma a cikin Tarayyar Turai. A watan Janairun 2013, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta sanya wani buri na 12% na katako a Ingila ta 2060, daga kashi 10% na wancan lokacin. A cikin Wales Majalisar kasa ta Wales ta sanya kashi 19% woodland cover, daga kaso 15% . Manufofin da gwamnati ke tallafawa kamar su Kundin Kayan Carbon Woodland ana da niyyar tallafawa wannan burin ta hanyar ƙarfafa hukumomi da masu mallakar ƙasa don ƙirƙirar sabon dazuzzuka don daidaita haɓakar hayaƙin. Kungiyoyin agaji kamar Trees for Life (Scotland) suma suna ba da gudummawa ga dasa itacen daji da kuma ƙoƙarin sake dasa bishiyoyi a cikin Burtaniya. === Indiya === [[File:Marebilli_forest.jpg|thumb| Kashe bishiyoyi a Kudancin Indiya]] Kaso 23% na Indiya an rufe shi da gandun daji{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} . A 2018, jimlar daji da bishiyar Indiya sun karu zuwa 24.39% ko 8,020. 88&nbsp;km ² . An haɗu da gandun daji na Indiya zuwa manyan rukuni 5 da nau'ikan 16 bisa laákari da ƙa'idodin rayuwa . An rarraba 38% na gandun daji a zaman busasshiyar ƙasa kuma 30% a matsayin masu bushewar zafi na wurare masu zafi da sauran ƙananan ƙungiyoyi. Nau'in gida ne kawai aka dasa a wani yanki. An fifita bishiyoyi masu ɗauke da Mayan marmari itace duk inda zai yiwu saboda aikin su azaman tushen abinci. A shekarar 2019, Indiyawa sun dasa bishiyoyi Miliyan 220 a rana guda a jihar [[Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh ta Indiya]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} A ranar Alhamis, 29 Agusta 2019, firayin ministan kasar [[Indiya|India]] Mr. Narendra Modi saki ₹ 47, 436 crores (a kan biliyan 6.6 USD ) zuwa daban-daban jihohin wajibi ne ayyukan dasa bishiyoyi. Ana iya amfani da kudaden don maganin wuraren kamun kifi, taimakawa tsari na halitta, kula da gandun daji, kare namun daji da kuma kula da su, sauya kauyuka daga yankunan da aka kiyaye, gudanar da rikice-rikicen mutane da namun daji, horo da samar da wayar da kai, samar da na’urorin adana itace da ayyukan hadin gwiwa. Karuwaritace zai taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar ƙarin bututun carbon don saduwa da manufofin ƙasar (INDC) na tan biliyan 2.5 zuwa 3 na carbon dioxide kwatankwacin ƙarin gandun daji da kariyar bishiyoyi a shekara ta 2030 - ɓangare na ƙoƙarin Indiya na yaƙi da yanayin canza Gwamnatin [[Maharashtra]] ta shuka kusan iri dubu 20,000 a duk fadin jihar, kuma za ta yi alkawarin dasa wasu 30,000,000 a shekara mai zuwa. A cewar The Telegraph, gwamnatin Indiya ta danganta dala biliyan 6.2 don dashen bishiyoyi domin kara “gandun daji daidai da yarjejeniyoyin da aka yi a taron kolin canjin yanayi na Paris a 2015.” Gwamnatin Indiya ta kuma zartar da dokar CAMPA ( Hukumar Kula da Asusun Tallafawa da Ba da Tallafi), wanda zai ba da damar rupees dubu 40 (kusan Dala Biliyan 6) za su je jihohin Indiya don dashen itatuwa . === Iran === [[File:The_fourth_year_of_a_genetically_modified_forest_in_Iran_by_Aras_GED_part_of_commercial_afforestation_in_Iran.jpg|thumb| Shekaru na huɗu na gandun dajin da aka canzawa dabi'a a cikin Iran, wanda kamfanin Aras GED ya dasa ta ta hanyar dasa itacen kasuwanci]] [[Iran]] ana ɗaukarta a matsayin yanki mai ƙarancin gandun daji na duniya tare da kariya yanzu yana kimanin kusan kashi bakwai na yankin ƙasar. Wannan ƙimar da aka rage zuwa kimanin kadada miliyan shida na gandun dajin budurwa, wanda ya haɗa da itacen oak, almond da pistachio . Saboda haka, yana da wuya a sami noman dazuzzuka a wani babban sikeli idan aka kwatanta da sauran yankuna masu yanayin yanayi waɗanda aka basu yanayin ƙasa mai dausayi da ƙarancin dutse da kuma busasshiyar ƙasa. Dangane da takamaiman kididdigar dazuzzuka, Yankin Gudun Hijira da Hukumar Gudanar da Ruwa na Iran, a kowace shekara, ta yin amfani da hanyoyin da suka dace da nau'ikan itatuwa na asali a kowane yanki, an yi dazuzzuka da yawa, wanda ya haifar da kwanciyar hankali na halitta. === Isra'ila === [[File:Jewish_National_Fund_trees_in_The_Negev.jpg|thumb| Bishiyoyin JNF a cikin Jejin Negev . Dunes da aka yi da mutum (a nan liman ) suna taimakawa kiyayewa a cikin [[ruwan sama]], yana haifar da dausayi .]] Tare da bishiyoyin da aka shuka sama da miliyan 240, [[Isra'ila]] na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe biyu kacal da suka shiga karni na 21 tare da samun riba mai yawa a cikin adadin bishiyoyin, saboda manyan ayyukan da ake yi na sare itatuwa. Yawancin dazuzzukan Isra’ila sun samo asali ne daga babban yaƙin da ake yi da Asusun Ƙasar Yahudawa (JNF). ^{[ ''abin da ake buƙata'' ]} === Arewacin Afirka === Yawancin kasashen Afirka da ke kan iyaka da hamadar Sahara suna aiki tare da aikin Babbar Ganye . Aikin dala biliyan 8 na niyyar dawo da hekta miliyan 100 na kaskantaccen kasa nan da shekarar 2030. Hakanan a Arewacin Afirka, an gabatar da Aikin Gandun Sahara tare da Ruwan Teku na Ruwa . An kuma ƙaddamar da wasu ayyukan a ƙasashe kamar [[Senegal]] don sake mayar da hamada. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010, shugabannin Afirka suna tattaunawa game da haɗa albarkatun ƙasa don haɓaka tasiri. Bugu da kari, sauran ayyukan kamar aikin Keita a Neja an fara su a baya, kuma sun sami damar dawo da barnar da kwararowar hamada ta yi a cikin gida. === Amurka === Kasar Amurka tana da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku wanda aka rufe a cikin gandun daji da daji. ^{[ ''ana bukatar'' ]} Duk da haka, yankuna a Amurka sun kasance suna da muhimmancin dasa bishiyoyi. A cikin 1800s mutane suna matsawa yamma sun haɗu da Manyan filayen - ƙasa mai ƙasa mai kyau, yawan mutane da buƙatar katako amma tare da dashen bishiyoyi don samar da shi. Don haka an karfafa dasa bishiyoyi tare da gidaje. An kafa ranar Arbor a cikin 1872 ta Julius Sterling Morton a Nebraska City, Nebraska. Ta hanyar 1930s bala'in muhalli na Dust Bowl ya nuna dalili don muhimmin sabon kariyar itace. Shirye-shiryen ayyukan jama'a a karkashin Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar sun ga dasa mil 18,000 na iska mai fadada daga [[North Dakota]] zuwa [[Texas]] don yaƙi da zaizayar ƙasa (duba Great Plains Shelterbelt ). == Fa'idodi == Dasa bishiyoyi na taimaka wajan rage [[Canjin yanayi|dumamar yanayi]] ta hanyar rage CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a cikin yanayi da gabatar da ƙarin O <nowiki><sub id="mwxA">2</sub></nowiki> . Bishiyoyi sune rarar carbon da ke cire CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO daga yanayin ta hanyar hotynthesis kuma jujjuya shi zuwa biomass . Gandun dazuzzuka yana ba da wasu fa'idodin muhalli, gami da haɓaka ƙimar ƙasa da matakan ƙirar carbon a cikin ƙasa, guje wa zaizayar ƙasa da hamada . Dasa bishiyoyi a cikin birane kuma na iya rage gurɓatar iska ta hanyar shan bishiyoyi da kuma tace abubuwa masu gurɓatawa, gami da carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, da ozone, ban da CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO . == Suka == === Dashen ciyawar daji === Ana sukar kamfen din dasa bishiyoyi saboda wani lokaci ana niyya ga yankunan da dazuka ba zai faru ba, kamar su ciyawar ciyawa da tsiron savanna === Tasiri kan halittu masu yawa === Dashen bishiyoyi na iya shafar yawancin halittu ta hanyar ƙara yawan rarrabuwa da kuma tasirin tasiri ga mazaunin da ya rage a wajen yankin da aka shuka. Sabon gandun daji plantations iya gabatar da generalist da yara da zai in ba haka ba ba za a samu a bude mazauninsu cikin rufe yanki, wanda zai iya gurbatarwa kara predation rates a kan 'yan qasar jinsunan yankin. === Surface albedo === Hakanan an gabatar da tambayoyi a cikin masana kimiyya game da yadda gandun daji na duniya zai iya shafar albedo na Duniya. Murfin rufin bishiyar bishiyoyi na iya sa albedo ya zama duhu, wanda ke sa ƙarin zafin wuta ya kamu, da yiwuwar ƙara zafin duniyar. == Duba kuma == == Majiya == {{Free-content attribution|title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings|author=FAO|publisher=FAO|page numbers=|source=|documentURL=http://www.fao.org/3/CA8753EN/CA8753EN.pdf|license statement URL=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Global_Forest_Resources_Assessment_2020_%E2%80%93_Key_findings.pdf|license=CC BY-SA 3.0}} == Bayani == === Bayanan kula ===   === Bibliography === * Buendia C, Batalla RJ, Sabater S, Palau A, Marce R. (2016). Yanayin Gudun Gudun Jirgin Sama da Yanayi da Safiyar Itatuwa a cikin Kogin Pyrenean. Rushewar ƙasa & Ci gaba. {{Doi|10.1002/ldr.2384}} * Buendia C, Bussi G, Tuset J, Vericat D, Sabater S, Palau A, Batalla RJ. (2016). Illolin dazuzzuka dazuzzuka a kan kwararar ruwa da ɗakunan kaya a cikin rafin Bahar Rum. Kimiyya na Yanayin Yanayi. {{Doi|10.1016/jscitotenv.2015.07.005}} * Cattaneo, Andrea (2002) ''Daidaita Bunkasar Noma da Kawar dazuzzuka a cikin Amazon na Brazil'', Tsarin Abincin Abinci na Int Inst Res IFPRI, shafuka 146  * Heil, Gerrit W., Bart Muys da Karin Hansen (2007) ''Tasirin Muhalli na foreaukar Ido a Arewacin Yammacin Turai'', Springer, shafuka 320  * Halldorsson G., Oddsdottir, ES da Sigurdsson BD (2008) ''AFFORNORD Sakamakon Afforestation akan Tsarin'' Yanayi, Yanayin Kasa da Raya Karkara, TemaNord 2008: 562, shafuka 120  * Halldorsson G., Oddsdottir, ES da Eggertsson O (2007) Tasirin Tsage Tsuntsauran Tsari a Kan Tsarin Yanayi, Yanayin ''Kasa da Ci gaban Karkara.'' ''Ayyukan taron AFFORNORD, Reykholt, Iceland, Yuni 18-22, 2005'', TemaNord 2007: 508, 343pages  * McBeath, Gerald A., da Tse-Kang Leng (2006) ''Gudanar da kiyaye halittu daban-daban a China da Taiwan'', Edward Elgar Publishing, shafuka 242.  * Stanturf, John A. da Palle Madsen (2004) ''Maido da Boreal da Temperate Forests'', CRC Press, shafuka 569  * Wilson, EO (2002) ''Rayuwar Rayuwa'', Vintage  == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Raunet Michel da Naudin Krishna, 2006.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Yaki da kwararowar hamada ta hanyar tsarin shuka shukar kai tsaye (DMC).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Les dossiers wanda aka fi sani da CSFD.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Fitowa ta 4. 40 pp.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} * [https://cendyliu.medium.com/top-10-golden-rules-of-reforestation-2021-a78df97bd0f2 Manyan Dokokin Zinare guda 10 na Sashen Dazuzzuka] ==Manazarta== [[Category:Gandun-daji]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fxq6gl0tau3db1869nf4u7daj4gfqlc 906426 906425 2026-08-23T04:54:36Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:New_afforestation_looking_into_Rand_Wood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_329908.jpg|thumb| Wani aikin dazuzzuka a Rand Wood, Lincolnshire, Ingila]] '''Dasa Bishiyoyi''' shine kafa gandun daji ko tsayayyun bishiyoyi ( daji ) a yankin da babu wani itace da ya gabata. Yawancin ƙungiyoyin masu zaman kansu kai tsaye suna shiga shiryen daji don ƙirƙirar gandun daji da ƙara kamawar carbon. ƙaunar dazuzzuka wata hanya ce da ake nema don yaƙi da damuwar yanayi, kamar yadda aka sani don haɓaka ƙimar ƙasa da matakan carbon a cikin ƙasa, guje wa kwararowar hamada. [[Fayil:Wandelen over de Planken Wambuis vanuit Mossel 069 A.jpg|thumb]] Adadin asarar gandun daji ya ragu sosai a tsakanin shekarun alif 1990-2020 saboda sare bishiyoyi a daji a wasu ƙasashe, da ƙari a yankin gandun daji,a wasu ta hanyar noman dazuzzuka da kuma faɗaɗa dazuzzuka na halitta. A shekarar alib na 2019, binciken da duniya mayar da itacen da aka sare ya nuna cewa akwai sarari ga akalla miliyan 9km ² na sabon gandun daji a duniya, wanda yake shine kashi 25% da ke karuwa daga yanayin yanzu. Wannan yankin dazuzzuka zai iya adana har zuwa gigatons 205 na sinadarin carbon ko kaso 25% na tafkin carbon na yanayi ta rage CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a cikin yanayi da kuma gabatar da ƙarin O ₂. == Tsarin aiki == Tsarin dasa bishiyoyi yana farawa ne tare da zaɓin gurin aikin ne. Yawancin abubuwan muhalli na gurin da aka zaɓa dole ne a bincikar su, gami da yanayi, [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]], ciyayi, da ayyukan ɗan adam.<ref name=":05">{{Citation|last=Duan|first=Jie|title=Basic Theory and Methods of Afforestation|date=2021-03-10|url=https://www.intechopen.com/books/silviculture/basic-theory-and-methods-of-afforestation|work=Silviculture|editor-last=Cristina Gonçalves|editor-first=Ana|publisher=IntechOpen|language=en|doi=10.5772/intechopen.96164|isbn=978-1-83968-448-7|access-date=2021-03-25|last2=Abduwali|first2=Dilnur|doi-access=free}}</ref> Waɗannan abubuwan ne zasu tabbatar da ingancin gurin, wadanne irin bishiyoyi ne yakamata a dasa, da kuma wani hanyoyi za a bi don shuke shuke. <ref name=":05" /> Bayan kuma an kimanta gurin dajin, dole ne a shirya yankin don [[shuka]]. Shiri na iya ƙunsar nau'ikan hanyoyin inji ko na sinadarai, kamar sara, mounding, shimfida, magungunan kashe [[ciyawa]], da kone-kone da aka tsara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Knapp|first=Benjamin O.|last2=Wang|first2=G. Geoff|last3=Walker|first3=Joan L.|last4=Cohen|first4=Susan|date=2006-05-01|title=Effects of site preparation treatments on early growth and survival of planted longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings in North Carolina|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112706000569|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|language=en|volume=226|issue=1|pages=122–128|doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2006.01.029|issn=0378-1127}}</ref> Da zarar an shirya gurin aikin, ana iya dasa shukokin., wanda ya haɗa da shuka iri kai tsaye zuwa cikin dajin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Grossnickle|first=Steven C.|last2=Ivetić|first2=Vladan|date=2017-12-30|title=Direct Seeding in Reforestation – A Field Performance Review|url=https://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/view/76|journal=REFORESTA|language=en|issue=4|pages=94–142|doi=10.21750/REFOR.4.07.46|issn=2466-4367|doi-access=free|access-date=2023-02-26|archive-date=2021-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305231703/https://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/view/76|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wani kuma shine dasa shukar, wanda yayi kama da shuka kai tsaye sai dai cewa iri-(seedlings) sun riga sunada tsarin tushe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dey|first=Daniel C.|last2=Jacobs|first2=Douglass|last3=McNabb|first3=Ken|last4=Miller|first4=Gary|last5=Baldwin|first5=V.|last6=Foster|first6=G.|date=2008-02-01|title=Artificial Regeneration of Major Oak (Quercus) Species in the Eastern United States—A Review of the Literature|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/54.1.77|journal=Forest Science|volume=54|issue=1|pages=77–106|doi=10.1093/forestscience/54.1.77|issn=0015-749X|doi-access=free}}</ref> Bushewar bishiyoyi ta yankan wani zaɓi ne ga nau'in bishiyoyi waɗanda zasu iya haifa ba tare da wata matsala ba, inda za'a iya dasa wani ɗan itace, reshe, tushe, ko ganye a saman dajin kuma yayi tsiro cikin nasara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kauffman|first=J. Boone|date=1991|title=Survival by Sprouting Following Fire in Tropical Forests of the Eastern Amazon|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2388198|journal=Biotropica|volume=23|issue=3|pages=219–224|doi=10.2307/2388198|issn=0006-3606}}</ref> Wasu lokuta ana amfani da kayan aiki na musamman, kamar sandar dasa [[bishiya]], don sa dashen bishiyoyi cikin sauƙi da sauri.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sweeney|first=Bernard W.|last2=Czapka|first2=Stephen J.|last3=Petrow|first3=L. Carol A.|date=2007-05-01|title=How Planting Method, Weed Abatement, and Herbivory Affect Afforestation Success|url=https://academic.oup.com/sjaf/article/31/2/85/4782466|journal=Southern Journal of Applied Forestry|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=85–92|doi=10.1093/sjaf/31.2.85|issn=0148-4419|doi-access=free}}</ref>'' == Babban fa'ida ga dasa bishiyoyi: gandun daji na jawo ruwan sama == Gandun dazuzzuka yana alfahari da fa'idodi masu alaƙa da yanayi. Sabbin bincike da yawa sun nuna cewa gandun daji na jan ruwa sosai , wanda kuma zai iya bayyana dalilin da yasa fari watau rashin abinci da ke yawan faruwa a wasu sassan duniya kamar yammacin Afirka, inda bishiyoyi basu da yawa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} Wani sabon binciken da Carol Rasmussen,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} Laboratory Nata na Jet Propulsion Laboratory ta ba da shaidar farko ta lura cewa gandun dajin kudancin Amazon yana haifar da nasa lokacin damina ta amfani da tururin ruwa daga ganyen shuke-shuke, wanda daga nan ya samar da gajimare a samansa. Wadannan binciken sun taimaka wajan bayyana dalilin da yasa [[Gandun daji|ake alakanta sare dazuzzuka]] a wannan yankin da rage ruwan sama. Nazarin Douglas Sheil da Daniel Murdiyarso{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} yana nuna cewa murfin gandun daji yana taka rawa sosai wajen tantance ruwan sama da yadda aka sani a baya. Tana bayanin yadda yankuna dazuzzuka ke samar da kwararar ruwa mai yawa a cikin tururin ruwa mai iska kuma hakan yana kara fa'idar amfanin dazuzzuka a yankuna na duniya. == Ƙasashe da yankuna == === Ostiraliya === A [[Adelaide]], Kudancin Ostiraliya (birni ne da ya kai miliyan 1.3 har zuwa watan Yunin 2016), Firayim Minista Mike Rann (2002 zuwa 2011) ya ƙaddamar da shirin gandun daji na birane a shekarar 2003 don dasa bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi miliyan 3 na shekara na 2014 a kan wuraren aikin 300 a ƙetaren metro. . Dubunnan 'yan asalin Adelaide sun halarci ranakun dasa al'umma a wuraren da suka hada da wuraren shakatawa, wuraren ajiye kaya, kofofin safara, makarantu, kwasa-kwasan ruwa da bakin teku. Itatuwa ce kawai aka dasa don tabbatar da ingancin kwayar halitta. Ya ce aikin an yi shi ne domin kawata garin da sanyaya shi da kuma sanya shi zama abin more rayuwa, inganta iska da ruwa, da rage hayakin Adelaide da ke fitar da hayaki mai dauke da tan 600,000 na CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a shekara. === Kanada === A shekarar alib na 2003, gwamnatin ƙasar [[Kanada|Kanada ta]] kirkiro da wani shiri na tsawon shekaru hudu da ake kira Initiative Development and Assessment Initiative a turance, wanda ya hada da dasa shukoki 6000 na gandun daji masu saurin girma a kasashen da basu da gandun daji a duk fadin kasar. Anyi amfani da wadannan gonakin ne don yin nazarin yadda noman dazuzzuka zai iya taimakawa wajen kara yaduwar carbon da kuma rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli (GHG) yayin da kuma yayi la’akari da kwarin gwiwar tattalin arziki da saka jari. Sakamakon wannan shirin ya nuna cewa duk da cewa babu wadataccen fili a cikin Kanada don daidaita abubuwan da GHG ke fitarwa na ƙasar gaba ɗaya, noman dazuzzuka na iya zama dabarun rage amfani da GHG don cimma burin fitar da GHG, musamman har sai dindin, fasahar ci gaba ta ajiyar carbon ta kasance. A ranar 14 ga Disamban shekarar 2020, Ministan Albarkatun Kasa na Kanada Seamus O'Regan ya ba da sanarwar zuba jarin gwamnatin tarayya na dala biliyan 3.16 don dasa bishiyoyi biliyan biyu nan da shekaru 10 masu zuwa. Wannan shirin yana nufin rage hayaki mai gurbata muhalli da kimanin megatonnes 12 nan da shekarar 2050. === China === [[File:Jiayu_County_-_Panjiawan_-_on_the_Yangtze_embankment_-_P1540267.JPG|thumb| Tube na gandun daji ana shuka tare daruruwan kilomita na Yangtze levees a Hubei lardin ]] Wata doka da aka fitar a shekarar 1981 ta buƙaci kowane ɗalibin makaranta da ya haura shekaru 11 da shuka akalla itace ɗaya a shekara. A sakamakon haka, kasar Sin tana da mafi girman yawan gandun daji na kowace kasa ko yanki a duniya, tare da fadin murabba'in kilomita 47,000 a shekarar alib na 2008. Duk da haka, yankin gandun daji a kowace ƙasa ya yi ƙasa da matsakaicin ƙasashen duniya. A cewar Carbon Brief, kasar Sin ta dasa mafi yawan sabbin gandun daji daga kowace kasa tsakanin 1990 zuwa 2015, wanda shirin Grain for Green na ƙasar ya fara a shekarar 1999, ta hanyar saka hannun jari sama da dala biliyan 100 a shirye -shiryen dazuka da dasa bishiyoyi sama da biliyan 35. a faɗin larduna 12. Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, yawan gandun dajin da aka shuka a ƙasar Sin ya kai hekta miliyan 79. Daga 2011–2016, birnin Dongying a lardin Shandong ya gandun daji sama da hectare 13,800 na ƙasa mai gishiri ta hanyar Shandong Ecological Afforestation Project, wanda aka ƙaddamar tare da tallafi daga [[Bankin Duniya]] . A shekara ta 2017, Kungiyar Saihanba Afforestation Community ta lashe Gwarzon Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Gwarzon Duniya a cikin Inspiration and Action category don "canza ƙasa mai lalacewa zuwa aljanna mai dadi". === Turai === [[File:Afforestation_on_former_colliery_land_near_Cwm-hwnt_-_geograph.org.uk_-_913687.jpg|thumb| Foreaddamar da bishiyoyi a kan tsohuwar gonar kwalliya kusa da Cwm-Hwnt, Wales]] Turai ta lalata da yawa daga gandun daji na tarihi. Kungiyar [[Tarayyar Turai]] (EU) ta biya manoma kudaden da suka samu gandun daji tun daga shekarar 1990, inda suka ba da tallafi don mayar da gonar ta zama daji da kuma biyan kuɗaɗen gudanar da gandun daji. Wani shirin EU, wanda ke gudana tsakanin shekarar 2000 da 2006, ya killace fiye da kilomita murabba'in 1,000 (ƙididdigar lissafi da ba a riga ta samo ba). Wani irin wannan shirin ya fara a 2007. Dazukan Turai suna girma da murabba'in kilomita 8,000 a shekara saboda waɗannan shirye-shiryen. Dangane da ƙididdigar Organizationungiyar Agricultureungiyar Abinci da Noma [[Ispaniya|, Spain ta]] kasance ta uku cikin saurin ɓarkewar daji a Turai a cikin lokacin 1990-2005, bayan Iceland da Ireland. A cikin wadancan shekarun, gaba daya an fadada kilomita murabba'i 44,360, kuma gaba daya fadin daji ya tashi daga hekta miliyan 13.5 zuwa 17.9. A cikin 1990, gandun daji ya rufe 26.6% na yankin Sifen. Ya zuwa 2007, wannan adadi ya haura zuwa 36.6% . Spain a yau tana da yanki na biyar mafi girma a cikin Tarayyar Turai. A watan Janairun 2013, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta sanya wani buri na 12% na katako a Ingila ta 2060, daga kashi 10% na wancan lokacin. A cikin Wales Majalisar kasa ta Wales ta sanya kashi 19% woodland cover, daga kaso 15% . Manufofin da gwamnati ke tallafawa kamar su Kundin Kayan Carbon Woodland ana da niyyar tallafawa wannan burin ta hanyar ƙarfafa hukumomi da masu mallakar ƙasa don ƙirƙirar sabon dazuzzuka don daidaita haɓakar hayaƙin. Kungiyoyin agaji kamar Trees for Life (Scotland) suma suna ba da gudummawa ga dasa itacen daji da kuma ƙoƙarin sake dasa bishiyoyi a cikin Burtaniya. === Indiya === [[File:Marebilli_forest.jpg|thumb| Kashe bishiyoyi a Kudancin Indiya]] Kaso 23% na Indiya an rufe shi da gandun daji{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} . A 2018, jimlar daji da bishiyar Indiya sun karu zuwa 24.39% ko 8,020. 88&nbsp;km ² . An haɗu da gandun daji na Indiya zuwa manyan rukuni 5 da nau'ikan 16 bisa laákari da ƙa'idodin rayuwa . An rarraba 38% na gandun daji a zaman busasshiyar ƙasa kuma 30% a matsayin masu bushewar zafi na wurare masu zafi da sauran ƙananan ƙungiyoyi. Nau'in gida ne kawai aka dasa a wani yanki. An fifita bishiyoyi masu ɗauke da Mayan marmari itace duk inda zai yiwu saboda aikin su azaman tushen abinci. A shekarar 2019, Indiyawa sun dasa bishiyoyi Miliyan 220 a rana guda a jihar [[Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh ta Indiya]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} A ranar Alhamis, 29 Agusta 2019, firayin ministan kasar [[Indiya|India]] Mr. Narendra Modi saki ₹ 47, 436 crores (a kan biliyan 6.6 USD ) zuwa daban-daban jihohin wajibi ne ayyukan dasa bishiyoyi. Ana iya amfani da kudaden don maganin wuraren kamun kifi, taimakawa tsari na halitta, kula da gandun daji, kare namun daji da kuma kula da su, sauya kauyuka daga yankunan da aka kiyaye, gudanar da rikice-rikicen mutane da namun daji, horo da samar da wayar da kai, samar da na’urorin adana itace da ayyukan hadin gwiwa. Karuwaritace zai taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar ƙarin bututun carbon don saduwa da manufofin ƙasar (INDC) na tan biliyan 2.5 zuwa 3 na carbon dioxide kwatankwacin ƙarin gandun daji da kariyar bishiyoyi a shekara ta 2030 - ɓangare na ƙoƙarin Indiya na yaƙi da yanayin canza Gwamnatin [[Maharashtra]] ta shuka kusan iri dubu 20,000 a duk fadin jihar, kuma za ta yi alkawarin dasa wasu 30,000,000 a shekara mai zuwa. A cewar The Telegraph, gwamnatin Indiya ta danganta dala biliyan 6.2 don dashen bishiyoyi domin kara “gandun daji daidai da yarjejeniyoyin da aka yi a taron kolin canjin yanayi na Paris a 2015.” Gwamnatin Indiya ta kuma zartar da dokar CAMPA ( Hukumar Kula da Asusun Tallafawa da Ba da Tallafi), wanda zai ba da damar rupees dubu 40 (kusan Dala Biliyan 6) za su je jihohin Indiya don dashen itatuwa . === Iran === [[File:The_fourth_year_of_a_genetically_modified_forest_in_Iran_by_Aras_GED_part_of_commercial_afforestation_in_Iran.jpg|thumb| Shekaru na huɗu na gandun dajin da aka canzawa dabi'a a cikin Iran, wanda kamfanin Aras GED ya dasa ta ta hanyar dasa itacen kasuwanci]] [[Iran]] ana ɗaukarta a matsayin yanki mai ƙarancin gandun daji na duniya tare da kariya yanzu yana kimanin kusan kashi bakwai na yankin ƙasar. Wannan ƙimar da aka rage zuwa kimanin kadada miliyan shida na gandun dajin budurwa, wanda ya haɗa da itacen oak, almond da pistachio . Saboda haka, yana da wuya a sami noman dazuzzuka a wani babban sikeli idan aka kwatanta da sauran yankuna masu yanayin yanayi waɗanda aka basu yanayin ƙasa mai dausayi da ƙarancin dutse da kuma busasshiyar ƙasa. Dangane da takamaiman kididdigar dazuzzuka, Yankin Gudun Hijira da Hukumar Gudanar da Ruwa na Iran, a kowace shekara, ta yin amfani da hanyoyin da suka dace da nau'ikan itatuwa na asali a kowane yanki, an yi dazuzzuka da yawa, wanda ya haifar da kwanciyar hankali na halitta. === Isra'ila === [[File:Jewish_National_Fund_trees_in_The_Negev.jpg|thumb| Bishiyoyin JNF a cikin Jejin Negev . Dunes da aka yi da mutum (a nan liman ) suna taimakawa kiyayewa a cikin [[ruwan sama]], yana haifar da dausayi .]] Tare da bishiyoyin da aka shuka sama da miliyan 240, [[Isra'ila]] na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe biyu kacal da suka shiga karni na 21 tare da samun riba mai yawa a cikin adadin bishiyoyin, saboda manyan ayyukan da ake yi na sare itatuwa. Yawancin dazuzzukan Isra’ila sun samo asali ne daga babban yaƙin da ake yi da Asusun Ƙasar Yahudawa (JNF). ^{[ ''abin da ake buƙata'' ]} === Arewacin Afirka === Yawancin kasashen Afirka da ke kan iyaka da hamadar Sahara suna aiki tare da aikin Babbar Ganye . Aikin dala biliyan 8 na niyyar dawo da hekta miliyan 100 na kaskantaccen kasa nan da shekarar 2030. Hakanan a Arewacin Afirka, an gabatar da Aikin Gandun Sahara tare da Ruwan Teku na Ruwa . An kuma ƙaddamar da wasu ayyukan a ƙasashe kamar [[Senegal]] don sake mayar da hamada. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010, shugabannin Afirka suna tattaunawa game da haɗa albarkatun ƙasa don haɓaka tasiri. Bugu da kari, sauran ayyukan kamar aikin Keita a Neja an fara su a baya, kuma sun sami damar dawo da barnar da kwararowar hamada ta yi a cikin gida. === Amurka === Kasar Amurka tana da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku wanda aka rufe a cikin gandun daji da daji. ^{[ ''ana bukatar'' ]} Duk da haka, yankuna a Amurka sun kasance suna da muhimmancin dasa bishiyoyi. A cikin 1800s mutane suna matsawa yamma sun haɗu da Manyan filayen - ƙasa mai ƙasa mai kyau, yawan mutane da buƙatar katako amma tare da dashen bishiyoyi don samar da shi. Don haka an karfafa dasa bishiyoyi tare da gidaje. An kafa ranar Arbor a cikin 1872 ta Julius Sterling Morton a Nebraska City, Nebraska. Ta hanyar 1930s bala'in muhalli na Dust Bowl ya nuna dalili don muhimmin sabon kariyar itace. Shirye-shiryen ayyukan jama'a a karkashin Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar sun ga dasa mil 18,000 na iska mai fadada daga [[North Dakota]] zuwa [[Texas]] don yaƙi da zaizayar ƙasa (duba Great Plains Shelterbelt ). == Fa'idodi == Dasa bishiyoyi na taimaka wajan rage [[Canjin yanayi|dumamar yanayi]] ta hanyar rage CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a cikin yanayi da gabatar da ƙarin O <nowiki><sub id="mwxA">2</sub></nowiki> . Bishiyoyi sune rarar carbon da ke cire CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO daga yanayin ta hanyar hotynthesis kuma jujjuya shi zuwa biomass . Gandun dazuzzuka yana ba da wasu fa'idodin muhalli, gami da haɓaka ƙimar ƙasa da matakan ƙirar carbon a cikin ƙasa, guje wa zaizayar ƙasa da hamada . Dasa bishiyoyi a cikin birane kuma na iya rage gurɓatar iska ta hanyar shan bishiyoyi da kuma tace abubuwa masu gurɓatawa, gami da carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, da ozone, ban da CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO . == Suka == === Dashen ciyawar daji === Ana sukar kamfen din dasa bishiyoyi saboda wani lokaci ana niyya ga yankunan da dazuka ba zai faru ba, kamar su ciyawar ciyawa da tsiron savanna === Tasiri kan halittu masu yawa === Dashen bishiyoyi na iya shafar yawancin halittu ta hanyar ƙara yawan rarrabuwa da kuma tasirin tasiri ga mazaunin da ya rage a wajen yankin da aka shuka. Sabon gandun daji plantations iya gabatar da generalist da yara da zai in ba haka ba ba za a samu a bude mazauninsu cikin rufe yanki, wanda zai iya gurbatarwa kara predation rates a kan 'yan qasar jinsunan yankin. === Surface albedo === Hakanan an gabatar da tambayoyi a cikin masana kimiyya game da yadda gandun daji na duniya zai iya shafar albedo na Duniya. Murfin rufin bishiyar bishiyoyi na iya sa albedo ya zama duhu, wanda ke sa ƙarin zafin wuta ya kamu, da yiwuwar ƙara zafin duniyar. == Duba kuma == == Majiya == {{Free-content attribution|title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings|author=FAO|publisher=FAO|page numbers=|source=|documentURL=http://www.fao.org/3/CA8753EN/CA8753EN.pdf|license statement URL=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Global_Forest_Resources_Assessment_2020_%E2%80%93_Key_findings.pdf|license=CC BY-SA 3.0}} == Bayani == === Bayanan kula ===   === Bibliography === * Buendia C, Batalla RJ, Sabater S, Palau A, Marce R. (2016). Yanayin Gudun Gudun Jirgin Sama da Yanayi da Safiyar Itatuwa a cikin Kogin Pyrenean. Rushewar ƙasa & Ci gaba. {{Doi|10.1002/ldr.2384}} * Buendia C, Bussi G, Tuset J, Vericat D, Sabater S, Palau A, Batalla RJ. (2016). Illolin dazuzzuka dazuzzuka a kan kwararar ruwa da ɗakunan kaya a cikin rafin Bahar Rum. Kimiyya na Yanayin Yanayi. {{Doi|10.1016/jscitotenv.2015.07.005}} * Cattaneo, Andrea (2002) ''Daidaita Bunkasar Noma da Kawar dazuzzuka a cikin Amazon na Brazil'', Tsarin Abincin Abinci na Int Inst Res IFPRI, shafuka 146  * Heil, Gerrit W., Bart Muys da Karin Hansen (2007) ''Tasirin Muhalli na foreaukar Ido a Arewacin Yammacin Turai'', Springer, shafuka 320  * Halldorsson G., Oddsdottir, ES da Sigurdsson BD (2008) ''AFFORNORD Sakamakon Afforestation akan Tsarin'' Yanayi, Yanayin Kasa da Raya Karkara, TemaNord 2008: 562, shafuka 120  * Halldorsson G., Oddsdottir, ES da Eggertsson O (2007) Tasirin Tsage Tsuntsauran Tsari a Kan Tsarin Yanayi, Yanayin ''Kasa da Ci gaban Karkara.'' ''Ayyukan taron AFFORNORD, Reykholt, Iceland, Yuni 18-22, 2005'', TemaNord 2007: 508, 343pages  * McBeath, Gerald A., da Tse-Kang Leng (2006) ''Gudanar da kiyaye halittu daban-daban a China da Taiwan'', Edward Elgar Publishing, shafuka 242.  * Stanturf, John A. da Palle Madsen (2004) ''Maido da Boreal da Temperate Forests'', CRC Press, shafuka 569  * Wilson, EO (2002) ''Rayuwar Rayuwa'', Vintage  == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Raunet Michel da Naudin Krishna, 2006.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Yaki da kwararowar hamada ta hanyar tsarin shuka shukar kai tsaye (DMC).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Les dossiers wanda aka fi sani da CSFD.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Fitowa ta 4. 40 pp.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} * [https://cendyliu.medium.com/top-10-golden-rules-of-reforestation-2021-a78df97bd0f2 Manyan Dokokin Zinare guda 10 na Sashen Dazuzzuka] ==Manazarta== [[Category:Gandun-daji]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] a894q8nspqw0b953uailda7tvrl4xxj 906427 906426 2026-08-23T04:54:51Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:New_afforestation_looking_into_Rand_Wood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_329908.jpg|thumb| Wani aikin dazuzzuka a Rand Wood, Lincolnshire, Ingila]] '''Dasa Bishiyoyi''' shine kafa gandun daji ko tsayayyun bishiyoyi ( daji ) a yankin da babu wani itace da ya gabata. Yawancin ƙungiyoyin masu zaman kansu kai tsaye suna shiga shiryen daji don ƙirƙirar gandun daji da ƙara kamawar carbon. ƙaunar dazuzzuka wata hanya ce da ake nema don yaƙi da damuwar yanayi, kamar yadda aka sani don haɓaka ƙimar ƙasa da matakan carbon a cikin ƙasa, guje wa kwararowar hamada. [[Fayil:Wandelen over de Planken Wambuis vanuit Mossel 069 A.jpg|thumb]] Adadin asarar gandun daji ya ragu sosai a tsakanin shekarun alif 1990-2020 saboda sare bishiyoyi a daji a wasu ƙasashe, da ƙari a yankin gandun daji,a wasu ta hanyar noman dazuzzuka da kuma faɗaɗa dazuzzuka na halitta. A shekarar alib na 2019, binciken da duniya mayar da itacen da aka sare ya nuna cewa akwai sarari ga akalla miliyan 9km ² na sabon gandun daji a duniya, wanda yake shine kashi 25% da ke karuwa daga yanayin yanzu. Wannan yankin dazuzzuka zai iya adana har zuwa gigatons 205 na sinadarin carbon ko kaso 25% na tafkin carbon na yanayi ta rage CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a cikin yanayi da kuma gabatar da ƙarin O ₂. == Tsarin aiki == Tsarin dasa bishiyoyi yana farawa ne tare da zaɓin gurin aikin ne. Yawancin abubuwan muhalli na gurin da aka zaɓa dole ne a bincikar su, gami da yanayi, [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]], ciyayi, da ayyukan ɗan adam.<ref name=":05">{{Citation|last=Duan|first=Jie|title=Basic Theory and Methods of Afforestation|date=2021-03-10|url=https://www.intechopen.com/books/silviculture/basic-theory-and-methods-of-afforestation|work=Silviculture|editor-last=Cristina Gonçalves|editor-first=Ana|publisher=IntechOpen|language=en|doi=10.5772/intechopen.96164|isbn=978-1-83968-448-7|access-date=2021-03-25|last2=Abduwali|first2=Dilnur|doi-access=free}}</ref> Waɗannan abubuwan ne zasu tabbatar da ingancin gurin, wadanne irin bishiyoyi ne yakamata a dasa, da kuma wani hanyoyi za a bi don shuke shuke. <ref name=":05" /> Bayan kuma an kimanta gurin dajin, dole ne a shirya yankin don [[shuka]]. Shiri na iya ƙunsar nau'ikan hanyoyin inji ko na sinadarai, kamar sara, mounding, shimfida, magungunan kashe [[ciyawa]], da kone-kone da aka tsara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Knapp|first=Benjamin O.|last2=Wang|first2=G. Geoff|last3=Walker|first3=Joan L.|last4=Cohen|first4=Susan|date=2006-05-01|title=Effects of site preparation treatments on early growth and survival of planted longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings in North Carolina|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112706000569|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|language=en|volume=226|issue=1|pages=122–128|doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2006.01.029|issn=0378-1127}}</ref> Da zarar an shirya gurin aikin, ana iya dasa shukokin., wanda ya haɗa da shuka iri kai tsaye zuwa cikin dajin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Grossnickle|first=Steven C.|last2=Ivetić|first2=Vladan|date=2017-12-30|title=Direct Seeding in Reforestation – A Field Performance Review|url=https://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/view/76|journal=REFORESTA|language=en|issue=4|pages=94–142|doi=10.21750/REFOR.4.07.46|issn=2466-4367|doi-access=free|access-date=2023-02-26|archive-date=2021-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305231703/https://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/view/76|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wani kuma shine dasa shukar, wanda yayi kama da shuka kai tsaye sai dai cewa iri-(seedlings) sun riga sunada tsarin tushe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dey|first=Daniel C.|last2=Jacobs|first2=Douglass|last3=McNabb|first3=Ken|last4=Miller|first4=Gary|last5=Baldwin|first5=V.|last6=Foster|first6=G.|date=2008-02-01|title=Artificial Regeneration of Major Oak (Quercus) Species in the Eastern United States—A Review of the Literature|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/54.1.77|journal=Forest Science|volume=54|issue=1|pages=77–106|doi=10.1093/forestscience/54.1.77|issn=0015-749X|doi-access=free}}</ref> Bushewar bishiyoyi ta yankan wani zaɓi ne ga nau'in bishiyoyi waɗanda zasu iya haifa ba tare da wata matsala ba, inda za'a iya dasa wani ɗan itace, reshe, tushe, ko ganye a saman dajin kuma yayi tsiro cikin nasara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kauffman|first=J. Boone|date=1991|title=Survival by Sprouting Following Fire in Tropical Forests of the Eastern Amazon|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2388198|journal=Biotropica|volume=23|issue=3|pages=219–224|doi=10.2307/2388198|issn=0006-3606}}</ref> Wasu lokuta ana amfani da kayan aiki na musamman, kamar sandar dasa [[bishiya]], don sa dashen bishiyoyi cikin sauƙi da sauri.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sweeney|first=Bernard W.|last2=Czapka|first2=Stephen J.|last3=Petrow|first3=L. Carol A.|date=2007-05-01|title=How Planting Method, Weed Abatement, and Herbivory Affect Afforestation Success|url=https://academic.oup.com/sjaf/article/31/2/85/4782466|journal=Southern Journal of Applied Forestry|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=85–92|doi=10.1093/sjaf/31.2.85|issn=0148-4419|doi-access=free}}</ref>'' == Babban fa'ida ga dasa bishiyoyi: gandun daji na jawo ruwan sama == Gandun dazuzzuka yana alfahari da fa'idodi masu alaƙa da yanayi. Sabbin bincike da yawa sun nuna cewa gandun daji na jan ruwa sosai , wanda kuma zai iya bayyana dalilin da yasa fari watau rashin abinci da ke yawan faruwa a wasu sassan duniya kamar yammacin Afirka, inda bishiyoyi basu da yawa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} Wani sabon binciken da Carol Rasmussen,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} Laboratory Nata na Jet Propulsion Laboratory ta ba da shaidar farko ta lura cewa gandun dajin kudancin Amazon yana haifar da nasa lokacin damina ta amfani da tururin ruwa daga ganyen shuke-shuke, wanda daga nan ya samar da gajimare a samansa. Wadannan binciken sun taimaka wajan bayyana dalilin da yasa [[Gandun daji|ake alakanta sare dazuzzuka]] a wannan yankin da rage ruwan sama. Nazarin Douglas Sheil da Daniel Murdiyarso{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} yana nuna cewa murfin gandun daji yana taka rawa sosai wajen tantance ruwan sama da yadda aka sani a baya. Tana bayanin yadda yankuna dazuzzuka ke samar da kwararar ruwa mai yawa a cikin tururin ruwa mai iska kuma hakan yana kara fa'idar amfanin dazuzzuka a yankuna na duniya. == Ƙasashe da yankuna == === Ostiraliya === A [[Adelaide]], Kudancin Ostiraliya (birni ne da ya kai miliyan 1.3 har zuwa watan Yunin 2016), Firayim Minista Mike Rann (2002 zuwa 2011) ya ƙaddamar da shirin gandun daji na birane a shekarar 2003 don dasa bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi miliyan 3 na shekara na 2014 a kan wuraren aikin 300 a ƙetaren metro. . Dubunnan 'yan asalin Adelaide sun halarci ranakun dasa al'umma a wuraren da suka hada da wuraren shakatawa, wuraren ajiye kaya, kofofin safara, makarantu, kwasa-kwasan ruwa da bakin teku. Itatuwa ce kawai aka dasa don tabbatar da ingancin kwayar halitta. Ya ce aikin an yi shi ne domin kawata garin da sanyaya shi da kuma sanya shi zama abin more rayuwa, inganta iska da ruwa, da rage hayakin Adelaide da ke fitar da hayaki mai dauke da tan 600,000 na CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a shekara. === Kanada === A shekarar alib na 2003, gwamnatin ƙasar [[Kanada|Kanada ta]] kirkiro da wani shiri na tsawon shekaru hudu da ake kira Initiative Development and Assessment Initiative a turance, wanda ya hada da dasa shukoki 6000 na gandun daji masu saurin girma a kasashen da basu da gandun daji a duk fadin kasar. Anyi amfani da wadannan gonakin ne don yin nazarin yadda noman dazuzzuka zai iya taimakawa wajen kara yaduwar carbon da kuma rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli (GHG) yayin da kuma yayi la’akari da kwarin gwiwar tattalin arziki da saka jari. Sakamakon wannan shirin ya nuna cewa duk da cewa babu wadataccen fili a cikin Kanada don daidaita abubuwan da GHG ke fitarwa na ƙasar gaba ɗaya, noman dazuzzuka na iya zama dabarun rage amfani da GHG don cimma burin fitar da GHG, musamman har sai dindin, fasahar ci gaba ta ajiyar carbon ta kasance. A ranar 14 ga Disamban shekarar 2020, Ministan Albarkatun Kasa na Kanada Seamus O'Regan ya ba da sanarwar zuba jarin gwamnatin tarayya na dala biliyan 3.16 don dasa bishiyoyi biliyan biyu nan da shekaru 10 masu zuwa. Wannan shirin yana nufin rage hayaki mai gurbata muhalli da kimanin megatonnes 12 nan da shekarar 2050. === China === [[File:Jiayu_County_-_Panjiawan_-_on_the_Yangtze_embankment_-_P1540267.JPG|thumb| Tube na gandun daji ana shuka tare daruruwan kilomita na Yangtze levees a Hubei lardin ]] Wata doka da aka fitar a shekarar 1981 ta buƙaci kowane ɗalibin makaranta da ya haura shekaru 11 da shuka akalla itace ɗaya a shekara. A sakamakon haka, kasar Sin tana da mafi girman yawan gandun daji na kowace kasa ko yanki a duniya, tare da fadin murabba'in kilomita 47,000 a shekarar alib na 2008. Duk da haka, yankin gandun daji a kowace ƙasa ya yi ƙasa da matsakaicin ƙasashen duniya. A cewar Carbon Brief, kasar Sin ta dasa mafi yawan sabbin gandun daji daga kowace kasa tsakanin 1990 zuwa 2015, wanda shirin Grain for Green na ƙasar ya fara a shekarar 1999, ta hanyar saka hannun jari sama da dala biliyan 100 a shirye -shiryen dazuka da dasa bishiyoyi sama da biliyan 35. a faɗin larduna 12. Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, yawan gandun dajin da aka shuka a ƙasar Sin ya kai hekta miliyan 79. Daga 2011–2016, birnin Dongying a lardin Shandong ya gandun daji sama da hectare 13,800 na ƙasa mai gishiri ta hanyar Shandong Ecological Afforestation Project, wanda aka ƙaddamar tare da tallafi daga [[Bankin Duniya]] . A shekara ta 2017, Kungiyar Saihanba Afforestation Community ta lashe Gwarzon Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Gwarzon Duniya a cikin Inspiration and Action category don "canza ƙasa mai lalacewa zuwa aljanna mai dadi". === Turai === [[File:Afforestation_on_former_colliery_land_near_Cwm-hwnt_-_geograph.org.uk_-_913687.jpg|thumb| Foreaddamar da bishiyoyi a kan tsohuwar gonar kwalliya kusa da Cwm-Hwnt, Wales]] Turai ta lalata da yawa daga gandun daji na tarihi. Kungiyar [[Tarayyar Turai]] (EU) ta biya manoma kudaden da suka samu gandun daji tun daga shekarar 1990, inda suka ba da tallafi don mayar da gonar ta zama daji da kuma biyan kuɗaɗen gudanar da gandun daji. Wani shirin EU, wanda ke gudana tsakanin shekarar 2000 da 2006, ya killace fiye da kilomita murabba'in 1,000 (ƙididdigar lissafi da ba a riga ta samo ba). Wani irin wannan shirin ya fara a shekarar 2007. Dazukan Turai suna girma da murabba'in kilomita 8,000 a shekara saboda waɗannan shirye-shiryen. Dangane da ƙididdigar Organizationungiyar Agricultureungiyar Abinci da Noma [[Ispaniya|, Spain ta]] kasance ta uku cikin saurin ɓarkewar daji a Turai a cikin lokacin 1990-2005, bayan Iceland da Ireland. A cikin wadancan shekarun, gaba daya an fadada kilomita murabba'i 44,360, kuma gaba daya fadin daji ya tashi daga hekta miliyan 13.5 zuwa 17.9. A cikin 1990, gandun daji ya rufe 26.6% na yankin Sifen. Ya zuwa 2007, wannan adadi ya haura zuwa 36.6% . Spain a yau tana da yanki na biyar mafi girma a cikin Tarayyar Turai. A watan Janairun 2013, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta sanya wani buri na 12% na katako a Ingila ta 2060, daga kashi 10% na wancan lokacin. A cikin Wales Majalisar kasa ta Wales ta sanya kashi 19% woodland cover, daga kaso 15% . Manufofin da gwamnati ke tallafawa kamar su Kundin Kayan Carbon Woodland ana da niyyar tallafawa wannan burin ta hanyar ƙarfafa hukumomi da masu mallakar ƙasa don ƙirƙirar sabon dazuzzuka don daidaita haɓakar hayaƙin. Kungiyoyin agaji kamar Trees for Life (Scotland) suma suna ba da gudummawa ga dasa itacen daji da kuma ƙoƙarin sake dasa bishiyoyi a cikin Burtaniya. === Indiya === [[File:Marebilli_forest.jpg|thumb| Kashe bishiyoyi a Kudancin Indiya]] Kaso 23% na Indiya an rufe shi da gandun daji{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} . A 2018, jimlar daji da bishiyar Indiya sun karu zuwa 24.39% ko 8,020. 88&nbsp;km ² . An haɗu da gandun daji na Indiya zuwa manyan rukuni 5 da nau'ikan 16 bisa laákari da ƙa'idodin rayuwa . An rarraba 38% na gandun daji a zaman busasshiyar ƙasa kuma 30% a matsayin masu bushewar zafi na wurare masu zafi da sauran ƙananan ƙungiyoyi. Nau'in gida ne kawai aka dasa a wani yanki. An fifita bishiyoyi masu ɗauke da Mayan marmari itace duk inda zai yiwu saboda aikin su azaman tushen abinci. A shekarar 2019, Indiyawa sun dasa bishiyoyi Miliyan 220 a rana guda a jihar [[Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh ta Indiya]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} A ranar Alhamis, 29 Agusta 2019, firayin ministan kasar [[Indiya|India]] Mr. Narendra Modi saki ₹ 47, 436 crores (a kan biliyan 6.6 USD ) zuwa daban-daban jihohin wajibi ne ayyukan dasa bishiyoyi. Ana iya amfani da kudaden don maganin wuraren kamun kifi, taimakawa tsari na halitta, kula da gandun daji, kare namun daji da kuma kula da su, sauya kauyuka daga yankunan da aka kiyaye, gudanar da rikice-rikicen mutane da namun daji, horo da samar da wayar da kai, samar da na’urorin adana itace da ayyukan hadin gwiwa. Karuwaritace zai taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar ƙarin bututun carbon don saduwa da manufofin ƙasar (INDC) na tan biliyan 2.5 zuwa 3 na carbon dioxide kwatankwacin ƙarin gandun daji da kariyar bishiyoyi a shekara ta 2030 - ɓangare na ƙoƙarin Indiya na yaƙi da yanayin canza Gwamnatin [[Maharashtra]] ta shuka kusan iri dubu 20,000 a duk fadin jihar, kuma za ta yi alkawarin dasa wasu 30,000,000 a shekara mai zuwa. A cewar The Telegraph, gwamnatin Indiya ta danganta dala biliyan 6.2 don dashen bishiyoyi domin kara “gandun daji daidai da yarjejeniyoyin da aka yi a taron kolin canjin yanayi na Paris a 2015.” Gwamnatin Indiya ta kuma zartar da dokar CAMPA ( Hukumar Kula da Asusun Tallafawa da Ba da Tallafi), wanda zai ba da damar rupees dubu 40 (kusan Dala Biliyan 6) za su je jihohin Indiya don dashen itatuwa . === Iran === [[File:The_fourth_year_of_a_genetically_modified_forest_in_Iran_by_Aras_GED_part_of_commercial_afforestation_in_Iran.jpg|thumb| Shekaru na huɗu na gandun dajin da aka canzawa dabi'a a cikin Iran, wanda kamfanin Aras GED ya dasa ta ta hanyar dasa itacen kasuwanci]] [[Iran]] ana ɗaukarta a matsayin yanki mai ƙarancin gandun daji na duniya tare da kariya yanzu yana kimanin kusan kashi bakwai na yankin ƙasar. Wannan ƙimar da aka rage zuwa kimanin kadada miliyan shida na gandun dajin budurwa, wanda ya haɗa da itacen oak, almond da pistachio . Saboda haka, yana da wuya a sami noman dazuzzuka a wani babban sikeli idan aka kwatanta da sauran yankuna masu yanayin yanayi waɗanda aka basu yanayin ƙasa mai dausayi da ƙarancin dutse da kuma busasshiyar ƙasa. Dangane da takamaiman kididdigar dazuzzuka, Yankin Gudun Hijira da Hukumar Gudanar da Ruwa na Iran, a kowace shekara, ta yin amfani da hanyoyin da suka dace da nau'ikan itatuwa na asali a kowane yanki, an yi dazuzzuka da yawa, wanda ya haifar da kwanciyar hankali na halitta. === Isra'ila === [[File:Jewish_National_Fund_trees_in_The_Negev.jpg|thumb| Bishiyoyin JNF a cikin Jejin Negev . Dunes da aka yi da mutum (a nan liman ) suna taimakawa kiyayewa a cikin [[ruwan sama]], yana haifar da dausayi .]] Tare da bishiyoyin da aka shuka sama da miliyan 240, [[Isra'ila]] na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe biyu kacal da suka shiga karni na 21 tare da samun riba mai yawa a cikin adadin bishiyoyin, saboda manyan ayyukan da ake yi na sare itatuwa. Yawancin dazuzzukan Isra’ila sun samo asali ne daga babban yaƙin da ake yi da Asusun Ƙasar Yahudawa (JNF). ^{[ ''abin da ake buƙata'' ]} === Arewacin Afirka === Yawancin kasashen Afirka da ke kan iyaka da hamadar Sahara suna aiki tare da aikin Babbar Ganye . Aikin dala biliyan 8 na niyyar dawo da hekta miliyan 100 na kaskantaccen kasa nan da shekarar 2030. Hakanan a Arewacin Afirka, an gabatar da Aikin Gandun Sahara tare da Ruwan Teku na Ruwa . An kuma ƙaddamar da wasu ayyukan a ƙasashe kamar [[Senegal]] don sake mayar da hamada. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010, shugabannin Afirka suna tattaunawa game da haɗa albarkatun ƙasa don haɓaka tasiri. Bugu da kari, sauran ayyukan kamar aikin Keita a Neja an fara su a baya, kuma sun sami damar dawo da barnar da kwararowar hamada ta yi a cikin gida. === Amurka === Kasar Amurka tana da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku wanda aka rufe a cikin gandun daji da daji. ^{[ ''ana bukatar'' ]} Duk da haka, yankuna a Amurka sun kasance suna da muhimmancin dasa bishiyoyi. A cikin 1800s mutane suna matsawa yamma sun haɗu da Manyan filayen - ƙasa mai ƙasa mai kyau, yawan mutane da buƙatar katako amma tare da dashen bishiyoyi don samar da shi. Don haka an karfafa dasa bishiyoyi tare da gidaje. An kafa ranar Arbor a cikin 1872 ta Julius Sterling Morton a Nebraska City, Nebraska. Ta hanyar 1930s bala'in muhalli na Dust Bowl ya nuna dalili don muhimmin sabon kariyar itace. Shirye-shiryen ayyukan jama'a a karkashin Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar sun ga dasa mil 18,000 na iska mai fadada daga [[North Dakota]] zuwa [[Texas]] don yaƙi da zaizayar ƙasa (duba Great Plains Shelterbelt ). == Fa'idodi == Dasa bishiyoyi na taimaka wajan rage [[Canjin yanayi|dumamar yanayi]] ta hanyar rage CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a cikin yanayi da gabatar da ƙarin O <nowiki><sub id="mwxA">2</sub></nowiki> . Bishiyoyi sune rarar carbon da ke cire CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO daga yanayin ta hanyar hotynthesis kuma jujjuya shi zuwa biomass . Gandun dazuzzuka yana ba da wasu fa'idodin muhalli, gami da haɓaka ƙimar ƙasa da matakan ƙirar carbon a cikin ƙasa, guje wa zaizayar ƙasa da hamada . Dasa bishiyoyi a cikin birane kuma na iya rage gurɓatar iska ta hanyar shan bishiyoyi da kuma tace abubuwa masu gurɓatawa, gami da carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, da ozone, ban da CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO . == Suka == === Dashen ciyawar daji === Ana sukar kamfen din dasa bishiyoyi saboda wani lokaci ana niyya ga yankunan da dazuka ba zai faru ba, kamar su ciyawar ciyawa da tsiron savanna === Tasiri kan halittu masu yawa === Dashen bishiyoyi na iya shafar yawancin halittu ta hanyar ƙara yawan rarrabuwa da kuma tasirin tasiri ga mazaunin da ya rage a wajen yankin da aka shuka. Sabon gandun daji plantations iya gabatar da generalist da yara da zai in ba haka ba ba za a samu a bude mazauninsu cikin rufe yanki, wanda zai iya gurbatarwa kara predation rates a kan 'yan qasar jinsunan yankin. === Surface albedo === Hakanan an gabatar da tambayoyi a cikin masana kimiyya game da yadda gandun daji na duniya zai iya shafar albedo na Duniya. Murfin rufin bishiyar bishiyoyi na iya sa albedo ya zama duhu, wanda ke sa ƙarin zafin wuta ya kamu, da yiwuwar ƙara zafin duniyar. == Duba kuma == == Majiya == {{Free-content attribution|title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings|author=FAO|publisher=FAO|page numbers=|source=|documentURL=http://www.fao.org/3/CA8753EN/CA8753EN.pdf|license statement URL=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Global_Forest_Resources_Assessment_2020_%E2%80%93_Key_findings.pdf|license=CC BY-SA 3.0}} == Bayani == === Bayanan kula ===   === Bibliography === * Buendia C, Batalla RJ, Sabater S, Palau A, Marce R. (2016). Yanayin Gudun Gudun Jirgin Sama da Yanayi da Safiyar Itatuwa a cikin Kogin Pyrenean. Rushewar ƙasa & Ci gaba. {{Doi|10.1002/ldr.2384}} * Buendia C, Bussi G, Tuset J, Vericat D, Sabater S, Palau A, Batalla RJ. (2016). Illolin dazuzzuka dazuzzuka a kan kwararar ruwa da ɗakunan kaya a cikin rafin Bahar Rum. Kimiyya na Yanayin Yanayi. {{Doi|10.1016/jscitotenv.2015.07.005}} * Cattaneo, Andrea (2002) ''Daidaita Bunkasar Noma da Kawar dazuzzuka a cikin Amazon na Brazil'', Tsarin Abincin Abinci na Int Inst Res IFPRI, shafuka 146  * Heil, Gerrit W., Bart Muys da Karin Hansen (2007) ''Tasirin Muhalli na foreaukar Ido a Arewacin Yammacin Turai'', Springer, shafuka 320  * Halldorsson G., Oddsdottir, ES da Sigurdsson BD (2008) ''AFFORNORD Sakamakon Afforestation akan Tsarin'' Yanayi, Yanayin Kasa da Raya Karkara, TemaNord 2008: 562, shafuka 120  * Halldorsson G., Oddsdottir, ES da Eggertsson O (2007) Tasirin Tsage Tsuntsauran Tsari a Kan Tsarin Yanayi, Yanayin ''Kasa da Ci gaban Karkara.'' ''Ayyukan taron AFFORNORD, Reykholt, Iceland, Yuni 18-22, 2005'', TemaNord 2007: 508, 343pages  * McBeath, Gerald A., da Tse-Kang Leng (2006) ''Gudanar da kiyaye halittu daban-daban a China da Taiwan'', Edward Elgar Publishing, shafuka 242.  * Stanturf, John A. da Palle Madsen (2004) ''Maido da Boreal da Temperate Forests'', CRC Press, shafuka 569  * Wilson, EO (2002) ''Rayuwar Rayuwa'', Vintage  == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Raunet Michel da Naudin Krishna, 2006.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Yaki da kwararowar hamada ta hanyar tsarin shuka shukar kai tsaye (DMC).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Les dossiers wanda aka fi sani da CSFD.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Fitowa ta 4. 40 pp.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} * [https://cendyliu.medium.com/top-10-golden-rules-of-reforestation-2021-a78df97bd0f2 Manyan Dokokin Zinare guda 10 na Sashen Dazuzzuka] ==Manazarta== [[Category:Gandun-daji]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] samosjzch7hgk2g67j4wuios422s95f 906428 906427 2026-08-23T04:55:07Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906428 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:New_afforestation_looking_into_Rand_Wood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_329908.jpg|thumb| Wani aikin dazuzzuka a Rand Wood, Lincolnshire, Ingila]] '''Dasa Bishiyoyi''' shine kafa gandun daji ko tsayayyun bishiyoyi ( daji ) a yankin da babu wani itace da ya gabata. Yawancin ƙungiyoyin masu zaman kansu kai tsaye suna shiga shiryen daji don ƙirƙirar gandun daji da ƙara kamawar carbon. ƙaunar dazuzzuka wata hanya ce da ake nema don yaƙi da damuwar yanayi, kamar yadda aka sani don haɓaka ƙimar ƙasa da matakan carbon a cikin ƙasa, guje wa kwararowar hamada. [[Fayil:Wandelen over de Planken Wambuis vanuit Mossel 069 A.jpg|thumb]] Adadin asarar gandun daji ya ragu sosai a tsakanin shekarun alif 1990-2020 saboda sare bishiyoyi a daji a wasu ƙasashe, da ƙari a yankin gandun daji,a wasu ta hanyar noman dazuzzuka da kuma faɗaɗa dazuzzuka na halitta. A shekarar alib na 2019, binciken da duniya mayar da itacen da aka sare ya nuna cewa akwai sarari ga akalla miliyan 9km ² na sabon gandun daji a duniya, wanda yake shine kashi 25% da ke karuwa daga yanayin yanzu. Wannan yankin dazuzzuka zai iya adana har zuwa gigatons 205 na sinadarin carbon ko kaso 25% na tafkin carbon na yanayi ta rage CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a cikin yanayi da kuma gabatar da ƙarin O ₂. == Tsarin aiki == Tsarin dasa bishiyoyi yana farawa ne tare da zaɓin gurin aikin ne. Yawancin abubuwan muhalli na gurin da aka zaɓa dole ne a bincikar su, gami da yanayi, [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]], ciyayi, da ayyukan ɗan adam.<ref name=":05">{{Citation|last=Duan|first=Jie|title=Basic Theory and Methods of Afforestation|date=2021-03-10|url=https://www.intechopen.com/books/silviculture/basic-theory-and-methods-of-afforestation|work=Silviculture|editor-last=Cristina Gonçalves|editor-first=Ana|publisher=IntechOpen|language=en|doi=10.5772/intechopen.96164|isbn=978-1-83968-448-7|access-date=2021-03-25|last2=Abduwali|first2=Dilnur|doi-access=free}}</ref> Waɗannan abubuwan ne zasu tabbatar da ingancin gurin, wadanne irin bishiyoyi ne yakamata a dasa, da kuma wani hanyoyi za a bi don shuke shuke. <ref name=":05" /> Bayan kuma an kimanta gurin dajin, dole ne a shirya yankin don [[shuka]]. Shiri na iya ƙunsar nau'ikan hanyoyin inji ko na sinadarai, kamar sara, mounding, shimfida, magungunan kashe [[ciyawa]], da kone-kone da aka tsara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Knapp|first=Benjamin O.|last2=Wang|first2=G. Geoff|last3=Walker|first3=Joan L.|last4=Cohen|first4=Susan|date=2006-05-01|title=Effects of site preparation treatments on early growth and survival of planted longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings in North Carolina|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112706000569|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|language=en|volume=226|issue=1|pages=122–128|doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2006.01.029|issn=0378-1127}}</ref> Da zarar an shirya gurin aikin, ana iya dasa shukokin., wanda ya haɗa da shuka iri kai tsaye zuwa cikin dajin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Grossnickle|first=Steven C.|last2=Ivetić|first2=Vladan|date=2017-12-30|title=Direct Seeding in Reforestation – A Field Performance Review|url=https://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/view/76|journal=REFORESTA|language=en|issue=4|pages=94–142|doi=10.21750/REFOR.4.07.46|issn=2466-4367|doi-access=free|access-date=2023-02-26|archive-date=2021-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305231703/https://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/view/76|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wani kuma shine dasa shukar, wanda yayi kama da shuka kai tsaye sai dai cewa iri-(seedlings) sun riga sunada tsarin tushe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dey|first=Daniel C.|last2=Jacobs|first2=Douglass|last3=McNabb|first3=Ken|last4=Miller|first4=Gary|last5=Baldwin|first5=V.|last6=Foster|first6=G.|date=2008-02-01|title=Artificial Regeneration of Major Oak (Quercus) Species in the Eastern United States—A Review of the Literature|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/54.1.77|journal=Forest Science|volume=54|issue=1|pages=77–106|doi=10.1093/forestscience/54.1.77|issn=0015-749X|doi-access=free}}</ref> Bushewar bishiyoyi ta yankan wani zaɓi ne ga nau'in bishiyoyi waɗanda zasu iya haifa ba tare da wata matsala ba, inda za'a iya dasa wani ɗan itace, reshe, tushe, ko ganye a saman dajin kuma yayi tsiro cikin nasara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kauffman|first=J. Boone|date=1991|title=Survival by Sprouting Following Fire in Tropical Forests of the Eastern Amazon|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2388198|journal=Biotropica|volume=23|issue=3|pages=219–224|doi=10.2307/2388198|issn=0006-3606}}</ref> Wasu lokuta ana amfani da kayan aiki na musamman, kamar sandar dasa [[bishiya]], don sa dashen bishiyoyi cikin sauƙi da sauri.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sweeney|first=Bernard W.|last2=Czapka|first2=Stephen J.|last3=Petrow|first3=L. Carol A.|date=2007-05-01|title=How Planting Method, Weed Abatement, and Herbivory Affect Afforestation Success|url=https://academic.oup.com/sjaf/article/31/2/85/4782466|journal=Southern Journal of Applied Forestry|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=85–92|doi=10.1093/sjaf/31.2.85|issn=0148-4419|doi-access=free}}</ref>'' == Babban fa'ida ga dasa bishiyoyi: gandun daji na jawo ruwan sama == Gandun dazuzzuka yana alfahari da fa'idodi masu alaƙa da yanayi. Sabbin bincike da yawa sun nuna cewa gandun daji na jan ruwa sosai , wanda kuma zai iya bayyana dalilin da yasa fari watau rashin abinci da ke yawan faruwa a wasu sassan duniya kamar yammacin Afirka, inda bishiyoyi basu da yawa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} Wani sabon binciken da Carol Rasmussen,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} Laboratory Nata na Jet Propulsion Laboratory ta ba da shaidar farko ta lura cewa gandun dajin kudancin Amazon yana haifar da nasa lokacin damina ta amfani da tururin ruwa daga ganyen shuke-shuke, wanda daga nan ya samar da gajimare a samansa. Wadannan binciken sun taimaka wajan bayyana dalilin da yasa [[Gandun daji|ake alakanta sare dazuzzuka]] a wannan yankin da rage ruwan sama. Nazarin Douglas Sheil da Daniel Murdiyarso{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} yana nuna cewa murfin gandun daji yana taka rawa sosai wajen tantance ruwan sama da yadda aka sani a baya. Tana bayanin yadda yankuna dazuzzuka ke samar da kwararar ruwa mai yawa a cikin tururin ruwa mai iska kuma hakan yana kara fa'idar amfanin dazuzzuka a yankuna na duniya. == Ƙasashe da yankuna == === Ostiraliya === A [[Adelaide]], Kudancin Ostiraliya (birni ne da ya kai miliyan 1.3 har zuwa watan Yunin 2016), Firayim Minista Mike Rann (2002 zuwa 2011) ya ƙaddamar da shirin gandun daji na birane a shekarar 2003 don dasa bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi miliyan 3 na shekara na 2014 a kan wuraren aikin 300 a ƙetaren metro. . Dubunnan 'yan asalin Adelaide sun halarci ranakun dasa al'umma a wuraren da suka hada da wuraren shakatawa, wuraren ajiye kaya, kofofin safara, makarantu, kwasa-kwasan ruwa da bakin teku. Itatuwa ce kawai aka dasa don tabbatar da ingancin kwayar halitta. Ya ce aikin an yi shi ne domin kawata garin da sanyaya shi da kuma sanya shi zama abin more rayuwa, inganta iska da ruwa, da rage hayakin Adelaide da ke fitar da hayaki mai dauke da tan 600,000 na CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a shekara. === Kanada === A shekarar alib na 2003, gwamnatin ƙasar [[Kanada|Kanada ta]] kirkiro da wani shiri na tsawon shekaru hudu da ake kira Initiative Development and Assessment Initiative a turance, wanda ya hada da dasa shukoki 6000 na gandun daji masu saurin girma a kasashen da basu da gandun daji a duk fadin kasar. Anyi amfani da wadannan gonakin ne don yin nazarin yadda noman dazuzzuka zai iya taimakawa wajen kara yaduwar carbon da kuma rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli (GHG) yayin da kuma yayi la’akari da kwarin gwiwar tattalin arziki da saka jari. Sakamakon wannan shirin ya nuna cewa duk da cewa babu wadataccen fili a cikin Kanada don daidaita abubuwan da GHG ke fitarwa na ƙasar gaba ɗaya, noman dazuzzuka na iya zama dabarun rage amfani da GHG don cimma burin fitar da GHG, musamman har sai dindin, fasahar ci gaba ta ajiyar carbon ta kasance. A ranar 14 ga Disamban shekarar 2020, Ministan Albarkatun Kasa na Kanada Seamus O'Regan ya ba da sanarwar zuba jarin gwamnatin tarayya na dala biliyan 3.16 don dasa bishiyoyi biliyan biyu nan da shekaru 10 masu zuwa. Wannan shirin yana nufin rage hayaki mai gurbata muhalli da kimanin megatonnes 12 nan da shekarar 2050. === China === [[File:Jiayu_County_-_Panjiawan_-_on_the_Yangtze_embankment_-_P1540267.JPG|thumb| Tube na gandun daji ana shuka tare daruruwan kilomita na Yangtze levees a Hubei lardin ]] Wata doka da aka fitar a shekarar 1981 ta buƙaci kowane ɗalibin makaranta da ya haura shekaru 11 da shuka akalla itace ɗaya a shekara. A sakamakon haka, kasar Sin tana da mafi girman yawan gandun daji na kowace kasa ko yanki a duniya, tare da fadin murabba'in kilomita 47,000 a shekarar alib na 2008. Duk da haka, yankin gandun daji a kowace ƙasa ya yi ƙasa da matsakaicin ƙasashen duniya. A cewar Carbon Brief, kasar Sin ta dasa mafi yawan sabbin gandun daji daga kowace kasa tsakanin 1990 zuwa 2015, wanda shirin Grain for Green na ƙasar ya fara a shekarar 1999, ta hanyar saka hannun jari sama da dala biliyan 100 a shirye -shiryen dazuka da dasa bishiyoyi sama da biliyan 35. a faɗin larduna 12. Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, yawan gandun dajin da aka shuka a ƙasar Sin ya kai hekta miliyan 79. Daga 2011–2016, birnin Dongying a lardin Shandong ya gandun daji sama da hectare 13,800 na ƙasa mai gishiri ta hanyar Shandong Ecological Afforestation Project, wanda aka ƙaddamar tare da tallafi daga [[Bankin Duniya]] . A shekara ta 2017, Kungiyar Saihanba Afforestation Community ta lashe Gwarzon Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Gwarzon Duniya a cikin Inspiration and Action category don "canza ƙasa mai lalacewa zuwa aljanna mai dadi". === Turai === [[File:Afforestation_on_former_colliery_land_near_Cwm-hwnt_-_geograph.org.uk_-_913687.jpg|thumb| Foreaddamar da bishiyoyi a kan tsohuwar gonar kwalliya kusa da Cwm-Hwnt, Wales]] Turai ta lalata da yawa daga gandun daji na tarihi. Kungiyar [[Tarayyar Turai]] (EU) ta biya manoma kudaden da suka samu gandun daji tun daga shekarar 1990, inda suka ba da tallafi don mayar da gonar ta zama daji da kuma biyan kuɗaɗen gudanar da gandun daji. Wani shirin EU, wanda ke gudana tsakanin shekarar 2000 da 2006, ya killace fiye da kilomita murabba'in 1,000 (ƙididdigar lissafi da ba a riga ta samo ba). Wani irin wannan shirin ya fara a shekarar 2007. Dazukan Turai suna girma da murabba'in kilomita 8,000 a shekara saboda waɗannan shirye-shiryen. Dangane da ƙididdigar Organizationungiyar Agricultureungiyar Abinci da Noma [[Ispaniya|, Spain ta]] kasance ta uku cikin saurin ɓarkewar daji a Turai a cikin lokacin 1990-2005, bayan Iceland da Ireland. A cikin wadancan shekarun, gaba ɗaya an faɗaɗa kilomita murabba'i 44,360, kuma gaba daya fadin daji ya tashi daga hekta miliyan 13.5 zuwa 17.9. A cikin 1990, gandun daji ya rufe 26.6% na yankin Sifen. Ya zuwa 2007, wannan adadi ya haura zuwa 36.6% . Spain a yau tana da yanki na biyar mafi girma a cikin Tarayyar Turai. A watan Janairun 2013, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta sanya wani buri na 12% na katako a Ingila ta 2060, daga kashi 10% na wancan lokacin. A cikin Wales Majalisar kasa ta Wales ta sanya kashi 19% woodland cover, daga kaso 15% . Manufofin da gwamnati ke tallafawa kamar su Kundin Kayan Carbon Woodland ana da niyyar tallafawa wannan burin ta hanyar ƙarfafa hukumomi da masu mallakar ƙasa don ƙirƙirar sabon dazuzzuka don daidaita haɓakar hayaƙin. Kungiyoyin agaji kamar Trees for Life (Scotland) suma suna ba da gudummawa ga dasa itacen daji da kuma ƙoƙarin sake dasa bishiyoyi a cikin Burtaniya. === Indiya === [[File:Marebilli_forest.jpg|thumb| Kashe bishiyoyi a Kudancin Indiya]] Kaso 23% na Indiya an rufe shi da gandun daji{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} . A 2018, jimlar daji da bishiyar Indiya sun karu zuwa 24.39% ko 8,020. 88&nbsp;km ² . An haɗu da gandun daji na Indiya zuwa manyan rukuni 5 da nau'ikan 16 bisa laákari da ƙa'idodin rayuwa . An rarraba 38% na gandun daji a zaman busasshiyar ƙasa kuma 30% a matsayin masu bushewar zafi na wurare masu zafi da sauran ƙananan ƙungiyoyi. Nau'in gida ne kawai aka dasa a wani yanki. An fifita bishiyoyi masu ɗauke da Mayan marmari itace duk inda zai yiwu saboda aikin su azaman tushen abinci. A shekarar 2019, Indiyawa sun dasa bishiyoyi Miliyan 220 a rana guda a jihar [[Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh ta Indiya]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} A ranar Alhamis, 29 Agusta 2019, firayin ministan kasar [[Indiya|India]] Mr. Narendra Modi saki ₹ 47, 436 crores (a kan biliyan 6.6 USD ) zuwa daban-daban jihohin wajibi ne ayyukan dasa bishiyoyi. Ana iya amfani da kudaden don maganin wuraren kamun kifi, taimakawa tsari na halitta, kula da gandun daji, kare namun daji da kuma kula da su, sauya kauyuka daga yankunan da aka kiyaye, gudanar da rikice-rikicen mutane da namun daji, horo da samar da wayar da kai, samar da na’urorin adana itace da ayyukan hadin gwiwa. Karuwaritace zai taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar ƙarin bututun carbon don saduwa da manufofin ƙasar (INDC) na tan biliyan 2.5 zuwa 3 na carbon dioxide kwatankwacin ƙarin gandun daji da kariyar bishiyoyi a shekara ta 2030 - ɓangare na ƙoƙarin Indiya na yaƙi da yanayin canza Gwamnatin [[Maharashtra]] ta shuka kusan iri dubu 20,000 a duk fadin jihar, kuma za ta yi alkawarin dasa wasu 30,000,000 a shekara mai zuwa. A cewar The Telegraph, gwamnatin Indiya ta danganta dala biliyan 6.2 don dashen bishiyoyi domin kara “gandun daji daidai da yarjejeniyoyin da aka yi a taron kolin canjin yanayi na Paris a 2015.” Gwamnatin Indiya ta kuma zartar da dokar CAMPA ( Hukumar Kula da Asusun Tallafawa da Ba da Tallafi), wanda zai ba da damar rupees dubu 40 (kusan Dala Biliyan 6) za su je jihohin Indiya don dashen itatuwa . === Iran === [[File:The_fourth_year_of_a_genetically_modified_forest_in_Iran_by_Aras_GED_part_of_commercial_afforestation_in_Iran.jpg|thumb| Shekaru na huɗu na gandun dajin da aka canzawa dabi'a a cikin Iran, wanda kamfanin Aras GED ya dasa ta ta hanyar dasa itacen kasuwanci]] [[Iran]] ana ɗaukarta a matsayin yanki mai ƙarancin gandun daji na duniya tare da kariya yanzu yana kimanin kusan kashi bakwai na yankin ƙasar. Wannan ƙimar da aka rage zuwa kimanin kadada miliyan shida na gandun dajin budurwa, wanda ya haɗa da itacen oak, almond da pistachio . Saboda haka, yana da wuya a sami noman dazuzzuka a wani babban sikeli idan aka kwatanta da sauran yankuna masu yanayin yanayi waɗanda aka basu yanayin ƙasa mai dausayi da ƙarancin dutse da kuma busasshiyar ƙasa. Dangane da takamaiman kididdigar dazuzzuka, Yankin Gudun Hijira da Hukumar Gudanar da Ruwa na Iran, a kowace shekara, ta yin amfani da hanyoyin da suka dace da nau'ikan itatuwa na asali a kowane yanki, an yi dazuzzuka da yawa, wanda ya haifar da kwanciyar hankali na halitta. === Isra'ila === [[File:Jewish_National_Fund_trees_in_The_Negev.jpg|thumb| Bishiyoyin JNF a cikin Jejin Negev . Dunes da aka yi da mutum (a nan liman ) suna taimakawa kiyayewa a cikin [[ruwan sama]], yana haifar da dausayi .]] Tare da bishiyoyin da aka shuka sama da miliyan 240, [[Isra'ila]] na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe biyu kacal da suka shiga karni na 21 tare da samun riba mai yawa a cikin adadin bishiyoyin, saboda manyan ayyukan da ake yi na sare itatuwa. Yawancin dazuzzukan Isra’ila sun samo asali ne daga babban yaƙin da ake yi da Asusun Ƙasar Yahudawa (JNF). ^{[ ''abin da ake buƙata'' ]} === Arewacin Afirka === Yawancin kasashen Afirka da ke kan iyaka da hamadar Sahara suna aiki tare da aikin Babbar Ganye . Aikin dala biliyan 8 na niyyar dawo da hekta miliyan 100 na kaskantaccen kasa nan da shekarar 2030. Hakanan a Arewacin Afirka, an gabatar da Aikin Gandun Sahara tare da Ruwan Teku na Ruwa . An kuma ƙaddamar da wasu ayyukan a ƙasashe kamar [[Senegal]] don sake mayar da hamada. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010, shugabannin Afirka suna tattaunawa game da haɗa albarkatun ƙasa don haɓaka tasiri. Bugu da kari, sauran ayyukan kamar aikin Keita a Neja an fara su a baya, kuma sun sami damar dawo da barnar da kwararowar hamada ta yi a cikin gida. === Amurka === Kasar Amurka tana da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku wanda aka rufe a cikin gandun daji da daji. ^{[ ''ana bukatar'' ]} Duk da haka, yankuna a Amurka sun kasance suna da muhimmancin dasa bishiyoyi. A cikin 1800s mutane suna matsawa yamma sun haɗu da Manyan filayen - ƙasa mai ƙasa mai kyau, yawan mutane da buƙatar katako amma tare da dashen bishiyoyi don samar da shi. Don haka an karfafa dasa bishiyoyi tare da gidaje. An kafa ranar Arbor a cikin 1872 ta Julius Sterling Morton a Nebraska City, Nebraska. Ta hanyar 1930s bala'in muhalli na Dust Bowl ya nuna dalili don muhimmin sabon kariyar itace. Shirye-shiryen ayyukan jama'a a karkashin Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar sun ga dasa mil 18,000 na iska mai fadada daga [[North Dakota]] zuwa [[Texas]] don yaƙi da zaizayar ƙasa (duba Great Plains Shelterbelt ). == Fa'idodi == Dasa bishiyoyi na taimaka wajan rage [[Canjin yanayi|dumamar yanayi]] ta hanyar rage CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a cikin yanayi da gabatar da ƙarin O <nowiki><sub id="mwxA">2</sub></nowiki> . Bishiyoyi sune rarar carbon da ke cire CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO daga yanayin ta hanyar hotynthesis kuma jujjuya shi zuwa biomass . Gandun dazuzzuka yana ba da wasu fa'idodin muhalli, gami da haɓaka ƙimar ƙasa da matakan ƙirar carbon a cikin ƙasa, guje wa zaizayar ƙasa da hamada . Dasa bishiyoyi a cikin birane kuma na iya rage gurɓatar iska ta hanyar shan bishiyoyi da kuma tace abubuwa masu gurɓatawa, gami da carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, da ozone, ban da CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO . == Suka == === Dashen ciyawar daji === Ana sukar kamfen din dasa bishiyoyi saboda wani lokaci ana niyya ga yankunan da dazuka ba zai faru ba, kamar su ciyawar ciyawa da tsiron savanna === Tasiri kan halittu masu yawa === Dashen bishiyoyi na iya shafar yawancin halittu ta hanyar ƙara yawan rarrabuwa da kuma tasirin tasiri ga mazaunin da ya rage a wajen yankin da aka shuka. Sabon gandun daji plantations iya gabatar da generalist da yara da zai in ba haka ba ba za a samu a bude mazauninsu cikin rufe yanki, wanda zai iya gurbatarwa kara predation rates a kan 'yan qasar jinsunan yankin. === Surface albedo === Hakanan an gabatar da tambayoyi a cikin masana kimiyya game da yadda gandun daji na duniya zai iya shafar albedo na Duniya. Murfin rufin bishiyar bishiyoyi na iya sa albedo ya zama duhu, wanda ke sa ƙarin zafin wuta ya kamu, da yiwuwar ƙara zafin duniyar. == Duba kuma == == Majiya == {{Free-content attribution|title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings|author=FAO|publisher=FAO|page numbers=|source=|documentURL=http://www.fao.org/3/CA8753EN/CA8753EN.pdf|license statement URL=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Global_Forest_Resources_Assessment_2020_%E2%80%93_Key_findings.pdf|license=CC BY-SA 3.0}} == Bayani == === Bayanan kula ===   === Bibliography === * Buendia C, Batalla RJ, Sabater S, Palau A, Marce R. (2016). Yanayin Gudun Gudun Jirgin Sama da Yanayi da Safiyar Itatuwa a cikin Kogin Pyrenean. Rushewar ƙasa & Ci gaba. {{Doi|10.1002/ldr.2384}} * Buendia C, Bussi G, Tuset J, Vericat D, Sabater S, Palau A, Batalla RJ. (2016). Illolin dazuzzuka dazuzzuka a kan kwararar ruwa da ɗakunan kaya a cikin rafin Bahar Rum. Kimiyya na Yanayin Yanayi. {{Doi|10.1016/jscitotenv.2015.07.005}} * Cattaneo, Andrea (2002) ''Daidaita Bunkasar Noma da Kawar dazuzzuka a cikin Amazon na Brazil'', Tsarin Abincin Abinci na Int Inst Res IFPRI, shafuka 146  * Heil, Gerrit W., Bart Muys da Karin Hansen (2007) ''Tasirin Muhalli na foreaukar Ido a Arewacin Yammacin Turai'', Springer, shafuka 320  * Halldorsson G., Oddsdottir, ES da Sigurdsson BD (2008) ''AFFORNORD Sakamakon Afforestation akan Tsarin'' Yanayi, Yanayin Kasa da Raya Karkara, TemaNord 2008: 562, shafuka 120  * Halldorsson G., Oddsdottir, ES da Eggertsson O (2007) Tasirin Tsage Tsuntsauran Tsari a Kan Tsarin Yanayi, Yanayin ''Kasa da Ci gaban Karkara.'' ''Ayyukan taron AFFORNORD, Reykholt, Iceland, Yuni 18-22, 2005'', TemaNord 2007: 508, 343pages  * McBeath, Gerald A., da Tse-Kang Leng (2006) ''Gudanar da kiyaye halittu daban-daban a China da Taiwan'', Edward Elgar Publishing, shafuka 242.  * Stanturf, John A. da Palle Madsen (2004) ''Maido da Boreal da Temperate Forests'', CRC Press, shafuka 569  * Wilson, EO (2002) ''Rayuwar Rayuwa'', Vintage  == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Raunet Michel da Naudin Krishna, 2006.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Yaki da kwararowar hamada ta hanyar tsarin shuka shukar kai tsaye (DMC).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Les dossiers wanda aka fi sani da CSFD.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Fitowa ta 4. 40 pp.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} * [https://cendyliu.medium.com/top-10-golden-rules-of-reforestation-2021-a78df97bd0f2 Manyan Dokokin Zinare guda 10 na Sashen Dazuzzuka] ==Manazarta== [[Category:Gandun-daji]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] h825uqaebrc7wcr1jnvhpiq674nxgfo 906429 906428 2026-08-23T04:55:23Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:New_afforestation_looking_into_Rand_Wood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_329908.jpg|thumb| Wani aikin dazuzzuka a Rand Wood, Lincolnshire, Ingila]] '''Dasa Bishiyoyi''' shine kafa gandun daji ko tsayayyun bishiyoyi ( daji ) a yankin da babu wani itace da ya gabata. Yawancin ƙungiyoyin masu zaman kansu kai tsaye suna shiga shiryen daji don ƙirƙirar gandun daji da ƙara kamawar carbon. ƙaunar dazuzzuka wata hanya ce da ake nema don yaƙi da damuwar yanayi, kamar yadda aka sani don haɓaka ƙimar ƙasa da matakan carbon a cikin ƙasa, guje wa kwararowar hamada. [[Fayil:Wandelen over de Planken Wambuis vanuit Mossel 069 A.jpg|thumb]] Adadin asarar gandun daji ya ragu sosai a tsakanin shekarun alif 1990-2020 saboda sare bishiyoyi a daji a wasu ƙasashe, da ƙari a yankin gandun daji,a wasu ta hanyar noman dazuzzuka da kuma faɗaɗa dazuzzuka na halitta. A shekarar alib na 2019, binciken da duniya mayar da itacen da aka sare ya nuna cewa akwai sarari ga akalla miliyan 9km ² na sabon gandun daji a duniya, wanda yake shine kashi 25% da ke karuwa daga yanayin yanzu. Wannan yankin dazuzzuka zai iya adana har zuwa gigatons 205 na sinadarin carbon ko kaso 25% na tafkin carbon na yanayi ta rage CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a cikin yanayi da kuma gabatar da ƙarin O ₂. == Tsarin aiki == Tsarin dasa bishiyoyi yana farawa ne tare da zaɓin gurin aikin ne. Yawancin abubuwan muhalli na gurin da aka zaɓa dole ne a bincikar su, gami da yanayi, [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]], ciyayi, da ayyukan ɗan adam.<ref name=":05">{{Citation|last=Duan|first=Jie|title=Basic Theory and Methods of Afforestation|date=2021-03-10|url=https://www.intechopen.com/books/silviculture/basic-theory-and-methods-of-afforestation|work=Silviculture|editor-last=Cristina Gonçalves|editor-first=Ana|publisher=IntechOpen|language=en|doi=10.5772/intechopen.96164|isbn=978-1-83968-448-7|access-date=2021-03-25|last2=Abduwali|first2=Dilnur|doi-access=free}}</ref> Waɗannan abubuwan ne zasu tabbatar da ingancin gurin, wadanne irin bishiyoyi ne yakamata a dasa, da kuma wani hanyoyi za a bi don shuke shuke. <ref name=":05" /> Bayan kuma an kimanta gurin dajin, dole ne a shirya yankin don [[shuka]]. Shiri na iya ƙunsar nau'ikan hanyoyin inji ko na sinadarai, kamar sara, mounding, shimfida, magungunan kashe [[ciyawa]], da kone-kone da aka tsara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Knapp|first=Benjamin O.|last2=Wang|first2=G. Geoff|last3=Walker|first3=Joan L.|last4=Cohen|first4=Susan|date=2006-05-01|title=Effects of site preparation treatments on early growth and survival of planted longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings in North Carolina|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112706000569|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|language=en|volume=226|issue=1|pages=122–128|doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2006.01.029|issn=0378-1127}}</ref> Da zarar an shirya gurin aikin, ana iya dasa shukokin., wanda ya haɗa da shuka iri kai tsaye zuwa cikin dajin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Grossnickle|first=Steven C.|last2=Ivetić|first2=Vladan|date=2017-12-30|title=Direct Seeding in Reforestation – A Field Performance Review|url=https://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/view/76|journal=REFORESTA|language=en|issue=4|pages=94–142|doi=10.21750/REFOR.4.07.46|issn=2466-4367|doi-access=free|access-date=2023-02-26|archive-date=2021-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305231703/https://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/view/76|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wani kuma shine dasa shukar, wanda yayi kama da shuka kai tsaye sai dai cewa iri-(seedlings) sun riga sunada tsarin tushe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dey|first=Daniel C.|last2=Jacobs|first2=Douglass|last3=McNabb|first3=Ken|last4=Miller|first4=Gary|last5=Baldwin|first5=V.|last6=Foster|first6=G.|date=2008-02-01|title=Artificial Regeneration of Major Oak (Quercus) Species in the Eastern United States—A Review of the Literature|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/54.1.77|journal=Forest Science|volume=54|issue=1|pages=77–106|doi=10.1093/forestscience/54.1.77|issn=0015-749X|doi-access=free}}</ref> Bushewar bishiyoyi ta yankan wani zaɓi ne ga nau'in bishiyoyi waɗanda zasu iya haifa ba tare da wata matsala ba, inda za'a iya dasa wani ɗan itace, reshe, tushe, ko ganye a saman dajin kuma yayi tsiro cikin nasara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kauffman|first=J. Boone|date=1991|title=Survival by Sprouting Following Fire in Tropical Forests of the Eastern Amazon|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2388198|journal=Biotropica|volume=23|issue=3|pages=219–224|doi=10.2307/2388198|issn=0006-3606}}</ref> Wasu lokuta ana amfani da kayan aiki na musamman, kamar sandar dasa [[bishiya]], don sa dashen bishiyoyi cikin sauƙi da sauri.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sweeney|first=Bernard W.|last2=Czapka|first2=Stephen J.|last3=Petrow|first3=L. Carol A.|date=2007-05-01|title=How Planting Method, Weed Abatement, and Herbivory Affect Afforestation Success|url=https://academic.oup.com/sjaf/article/31/2/85/4782466|journal=Southern Journal of Applied Forestry|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=85–92|doi=10.1093/sjaf/31.2.85|issn=0148-4419|doi-access=free}}</ref>'' == Babban fa'ida ga dasa bishiyoyi: gandun daji na jawo ruwan sama == Gandun dazuzzuka yana alfahari da fa'idodi masu alaƙa da yanayi. Sabbin bincike da yawa sun nuna cewa gandun daji na jan ruwa sosai , wanda kuma zai iya bayyana dalilin da yasa fari watau rashin abinci da ke yawan faruwa a wasu sassan duniya kamar yammacin Afirka, inda bishiyoyi basu da yawa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} Wani sabon binciken da Carol Rasmussen,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} Laboratory Nata na Jet Propulsion Laboratory ta ba da shaidar farko ta lura cewa gandun dajin kudancin Amazon yana haifar da nasa lokacin damina ta amfani da tururin ruwa daga ganyen shuke-shuke, wanda daga nan ya samar da gajimare a samansa. Wadannan binciken sun taimaka wajan bayyana dalilin da yasa [[Gandun daji|ake alakanta sare dazuzzuka]] a wannan yankin da rage ruwan sama. Nazarin Douglas Sheil da Daniel Murdiyarso{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} yana nuna cewa murfin gandun daji yana taka rawa sosai wajen tantance ruwan sama da yadda aka sani a baya. Tana bayanin yadda yankuna dazuzzuka ke samar da kwararar ruwa mai yawa a cikin tururin ruwa mai iska kuma hakan yana kara fa'idar amfanin dazuzzuka a yankuna na duniya. == Ƙasashe da yankuna == === Ostiraliya === A [[Adelaide]], Kudancin Ostiraliya (birni ne da ya kai miliyan 1.3 har zuwa watan Yunin 2016), Firayim Minista Mike Rann (2002 zuwa 2011) ya ƙaddamar da shirin gandun daji na birane a shekarar 2003 don dasa bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi miliyan 3 na shekara na 2014 a kan wuraren aikin 300 a ƙetaren metro. . Dubunnan 'yan asalin Adelaide sun halarci ranakun dasa al'umma a wuraren da suka hada da wuraren shakatawa, wuraren ajiye kaya, kofofin safara, makarantu, kwasa-kwasan ruwa da bakin teku. Itatuwa ce kawai aka dasa don tabbatar da ingancin kwayar halitta. Ya ce aikin an yi shi ne domin kawata garin da sanyaya shi da kuma sanya shi zama abin more rayuwa, inganta iska da ruwa, da rage hayakin Adelaide da ke fitar da hayaki mai dauke da tan 600,000 na CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a shekara. === Kanada === A shekarar alib na 2003, gwamnatin ƙasar [[Kanada|Kanada ta]] kirkiro da wani shiri na tsawon shekaru hudu da ake kira Initiative Development and Assessment Initiative a turance, wanda ya hada da dasa shukoki 6000 na gandun daji masu saurin girma a kasashen da basu da gandun daji a duk fadin kasar. Anyi amfani da wadannan gonakin ne don yin nazarin yadda noman dazuzzuka zai iya taimakawa wajen kara yaduwar carbon da kuma rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli (GHG) yayin da kuma yayi la’akari da kwarin gwiwar tattalin arziki da saka jari. Sakamakon wannan shirin ya nuna cewa duk da cewa babu wadataccen fili a cikin Kanada don daidaita abubuwan da GHG ke fitarwa na ƙasar gaba ɗaya, noman dazuzzuka na iya zama dabarun rage amfani da GHG don cimma burin fitar da GHG, musamman har sai dindin, fasahar ci gaba ta ajiyar carbon ta kasance. A ranar 14 ga Disamban shekarar 2020, Ministan Albarkatun Kasa na Kanada Seamus O'Regan ya ba da sanarwar zuba jarin gwamnatin tarayya na dala biliyan 3.16 don dasa bishiyoyi biliyan biyu nan da shekaru 10 masu zuwa. Wannan shirin yana nufin rage hayaki mai gurbata muhalli da kimanin megatonnes 12 nan da shekarar 2050. === China === [[File:Jiayu_County_-_Panjiawan_-_on_the_Yangtze_embankment_-_P1540267.JPG|thumb| Tube na gandun daji ana shuka tare daruruwan kilomita na Yangtze levees a Hubei lardin ]] Wata doka da aka fitar a shekarar 1981 ta buƙaci kowane ɗalibin makaranta da ya haura shekaru 11 da shuka akalla itace ɗaya a shekara. A sakamakon haka, kasar Sin tana da mafi girman yawan gandun daji na kowace kasa ko yanki a duniya, tare da fadin murabba'in kilomita 47,000 a shekarar alib na 2008. Duk da haka, yankin gandun daji a kowace ƙasa ya yi ƙasa da matsakaicin ƙasashen duniya. A cewar Carbon Brief, kasar Sin ta dasa mafi yawan sabbin gandun daji daga kowace kasa tsakanin 1990 zuwa 2015, wanda shirin Grain for Green na ƙasar ya fara a shekarar 1999, ta hanyar saka hannun jari sama da dala biliyan 100 a shirye -shiryen dazuka da dasa bishiyoyi sama da biliyan 35. a faɗin larduna 12. Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, yawan gandun dajin da aka shuka a ƙasar Sin ya kai hekta miliyan 79. Daga 2011–2016, birnin Dongying a lardin Shandong ya gandun daji sama da hectare 13,800 na ƙasa mai gishiri ta hanyar Shandong Ecological Afforestation Project, wanda aka ƙaddamar tare da tallafi daga [[Bankin Duniya]] . A shekara ta 2017, Kungiyar Saihanba Afforestation Community ta lashe Gwarzon Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Gwarzon Duniya a cikin Inspiration and Action category don "canza ƙasa mai lalacewa zuwa aljanna mai dadi". === Turai === [[File:Afforestation_on_former_colliery_land_near_Cwm-hwnt_-_geograph.org.uk_-_913687.jpg|thumb| Foreaddamar da bishiyoyi a kan tsohuwar gonar kwalliya kusa da Cwm-Hwnt, Wales]] Turai ta lalata da yawa daga gandun daji na tarihi. Kungiyar [[Tarayyar Turai]] (EU) ta biya manoma kudaden da suka samu gandun daji tun daga shekarar 1990, inda suka ba da tallafi don mayar da gonar ta zama daji da kuma biyan kuɗaɗen gudanar da gandun daji. Wani shirin EU, wanda ke gudana tsakanin shekarar 2000 da 2006, ya killace fiye da kilomita murabba'in 1,000 (ƙididdigar lissafi da ba a riga ta samo ba). Wani irin wannan shirin ya fara a shekarar 2007. Dazukan Turai suna girma da murabba'in kilomita 8,000 a shekara saboda waɗannan shirye-shiryen. Dangane da ƙididdigar Organizationungiyar Agricultureungiyar Abinci da Noma [[Ispaniya|, Spain ta]] kasance ta uku cikin saurin ɓarkewar daji a Turai a cikin lokacin 1990-2005, bayan Iceland da Ireland. A cikin wadancan shekarun, gaba ɗaya an faɗaɗa kilomita murabba'i 44,360, kuma gaba daya fadin daji ya tashi daga hekta miliyan 13.5 zuwa 17.9. A cikin 1990, gandun daji ya rufe 26.6% na yankin Sifen. Ya zuwa 2007, wannan adadi ya haura zuwa 36.6% . Spain a yau tana da yanki na biyar mafi girma a cikin Tarayyar Turai. A watan Janairun shekarar 2013, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta sanya wani buri na 12% na katako a Ingila ta 2060, daga kashi 10% na wancan lokacin. A cikin Wales Majalisar ƙasa ta Wales ta sanya kashi 19% woodland cover, daga kaso 15% . Manufofin da gwamnati ke tallafawa kamar su Kundin Kayan Carbon Woodland ana da niyyar tallafawa wannan burin ta hanyar ƙarfafa hukumomi da masu mallakar ƙasa don ƙirƙirar sabon dazuzzuka don daidaita haɓakar hayaƙin. Kungiyoyin agaji kamar Trees for Life (Scotland) suma suna ba da gudummawa ga dasa itacen daji da kuma ƙoƙarin sake dasa bishiyoyi a cikin Burtaniya. === Indiya === [[File:Marebilli_forest.jpg|thumb| Kashe bishiyoyi a Kudancin Indiya]] Kaso 23% na Indiya an rufe shi da gandun daji{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} . A 2018, jimlar daji da bishiyar Indiya sun karu zuwa 24.39% ko 8,020. 88&nbsp;km ² . An haɗu da gandun daji na Indiya zuwa manyan rukuni 5 da nau'ikan 16 bisa laákari da ƙa'idodin rayuwa . An rarraba 38% na gandun daji a zaman busasshiyar ƙasa kuma 30% a matsayin masu bushewar zafi na wurare masu zafi da sauran ƙananan ƙungiyoyi. Nau'in gida ne kawai aka dasa a wani yanki. An fifita bishiyoyi masu ɗauke da Mayan marmari itace duk inda zai yiwu saboda aikin su azaman tushen abinci. A shekarar 2019, Indiyawa sun dasa bishiyoyi Miliyan 220 a rana guda a jihar [[Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh ta Indiya]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} A ranar Alhamis, 29 Agusta 2019, firayin ministan kasar [[Indiya|India]] Mr. Narendra Modi saki ₹ 47, 436 crores (a kan biliyan 6.6 USD ) zuwa daban-daban jihohin wajibi ne ayyukan dasa bishiyoyi. Ana iya amfani da kudaden don maganin wuraren kamun kifi, taimakawa tsari na halitta, kula da gandun daji, kare namun daji da kuma kula da su, sauya kauyuka daga yankunan da aka kiyaye, gudanar da rikice-rikicen mutane da namun daji, horo da samar da wayar da kai, samar da na’urorin adana itace da ayyukan hadin gwiwa. Karuwaritace zai taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar ƙarin bututun carbon don saduwa da manufofin ƙasar (INDC) na tan biliyan 2.5 zuwa 3 na carbon dioxide kwatankwacin ƙarin gandun daji da kariyar bishiyoyi a shekara ta 2030 - ɓangare na ƙoƙarin Indiya na yaƙi da yanayin canza Gwamnatin [[Maharashtra]] ta shuka kusan iri dubu 20,000 a duk fadin jihar, kuma za ta yi alkawarin dasa wasu 30,000,000 a shekara mai zuwa. A cewar The Telegraph, gwamnatin Indiya ta danganta dala biliyan 6.2 don dashen bishiyoyi domin kara “gandun daji daidai da yarjejeniyoyin da aka yi a taron kolin canjin yanayi na Paris a 2015.” Gwamnatin Indiya ta kuma zartar da dokar CAMPA ( Hukumar Kula da Asusun Tallafawa da Ba da Tallafi), wanda zai ba da damar rupees dubu 40 (kusan Dala Biliyan 6) za su je jihohin Indiya don dashen itatuwa . === Iran === [[File:The_fourth_year_of_a_genetically_modified_forest_in_Iran_by_Aras_GED_part_of_commercial_afforestation_in_Iran.jpg|thumb| Shekaru na huɗu na gandun dajin da aka canzawa dabi'a a cikin Iran, wanda kamfanin Aras GED ya dasa ta ta hanyar dasa itacen kasuwanci]] [[Iran]] ana ɗaukarta a matsayin yanki mai ƙarancin gandun daji na duniya tare da kariya yanzu yana kimanin kusan kashi bakwai na yankin ƙasar. Wannan ƙimar da aka rage zuwa kimanin kadada miliyan shida na gandun dajin budurwa, wanda ya haɗa da itacen oak, almond da pistachio . Saboda haka, yana da wuya a sami noman dazuzzuka a wani babban sikeli idan aka kwatanta da sauran yankuna masu yanayin yanayi waɗanda aka basu yanayin ƙasa mai dausayi da ƙarancin dutse da kuma busasshiyar ƙasa. Dangane da takamaiman kididdigar dazuzzuka, Yankin Gudun Hijira da Hukumar Gudanar da Ruwa na Iran, a kowace shekara, ta yin amfani da hanyoyin da suka dace da nau'ikan itatuwa na asali a kowane yanki, an yi dazuzzuka da yawa, wanda ya haifar da kwanciyar hankali na halitta. === Isra'ila === [[File:Jewish_National_Fund_trees_in_The_Negev.jpg|thumb| Bishiyoyin JNF a cikin Jejin Negev . Dunes da aka yi da mutum (a nan liman ) suna taimakawa kiyayewa a cikin [[ruwan sama]], yana haifar da dausayi .]] Tare da bishiyoyin da aka shuka sama da miliyan 240, [[Isra'ila]] na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe biyu kacal da suka shiga karni na 21 tare da samun riba mai yawa a cikin adadin bishiyoyin, saboda manyan ayyukan da ake yi na sare itatuwa. Yawancin dazuzzukan Isra’ila sun samo asali ne daga babban yaƙin da ake yi da Asusun Ƙasar Yahudawa (JNF). ^{[ ''abin da ake buƙata'' ]} === Arewacin Afirka === Yawancin kasashen Afirka da ke kan iyaka da hamadar Sahara suna aiki tare da aikin Babbar Ganye . Aikin dala biliyan 8 na niyyar dawo da hekta miliyan 100 na kaskantaccen kasa nan da shekarar 2030. Hakanan a Arewacin Afirka, an gabatar da Aikin Gandun Sahara tare da Ruwan Teku na Ruwa . An kuma ƙaddamar da wasu ayyukan a ƙasashe kamar [[Senegal]] don sake mayar da hamada. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010, shugabannin Afirka suna tattaunawa game da haɗa albarkatun ƙasa don haɓaka tasiri. Bugu da kari, sauran ayyukan kamar aikin Keita a Neja an fara su a baya, kuma sun sami damar dawo da barnar da kwararowar hamada ta yi a cikin gida. === Amurka === Kasar Amurka tana da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku wanda aka rufe a cikin gandun daji da daji. ^{[ ''ana bukatar'' ]} Duk da haka, yankuna a Amurka sun kasance suna da muhimmancin dasa bishiyoyi. A cikin 1800s mutane suna matsawa yamma sun haɗu da Manyan filayen - ƙasa mai ƙasa mai kyau, yawan mutane da buƙatar katako amma tare da dashen bishiyoyi don samar da shi. Don haka an karfafa dasa bishiyoyi tare da gidaje. An kafa ranar Arbor a cikin 1872 ta Julius Sterling Morton a Nebraska City, Nebraska. Ta hanyar 1930s bala'in muhalli na Dust Bowl ya nuna dalili don muhimmin sabon kariyar itace. Shirye-shiryen ayyukan jama'a a karkashin Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar sun ga dasa mil 18,000 na iska mai fadada daga [[North Dakota]] zuwa [[Texas]] don yaƙi da zaizayar ƙasa (duba Great Plains Shelterbelt ). == Fa'idodi == Dasa bishiyoyi na taimaka wajan rage [[Canjin yanayi|dumamar yanayi]] ta hanyar rage CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO a cikin yanayi da gabatar da ƙarin O <nowiki><sub id="mwxA">2</sub></nowiki> . Bishiyoyi sune rarar carbon da ke cire CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO daga yanayin ta hanyar hotynthesis kuma jujjuya shi zuwa biomass . Gandun dazuzzuka yana ba da wasu fa'idodin muhalli, gami da haɓaka ƙimar ƙasa da matakan ƙirar carbon a cikin ƙasa, guje wa zaizayar ƙasa da hamada . Dasa bishiyoyi a cikin birane kuma na iya rage gurɓatar iska ta hanyar shan bishiyoyi da kuma tace abubuwa masu gurɓatawa, gami da carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, da ozone, ban da CO<nowiki></br></nowiki> CO . == Suka == === Dashen ciyawar daji === Ana sukar kamfen din dasa bishiyoyi saboda wani lokaci ana niyya ga yankunan da dazuka ba zai faru ba, kamar su ciyawar ciyawa da tsiron savanna === Tasiri kan halittu masu yawa === Dashen bishiyoyi na iya shafar yawancin halittu ta hanyar ƙara yawan rarrabuwa da kuma tasirin tasiri ga mazaunin da ya rage a wajen yankin da aka shuka. Sabon gandun daji plantations iya gabatar da generalist da yara da zai in ba haka ba ba za a samu a bude mazauninsu cikin rufe yanki, wanda zai iya gurbatarwa kara predation rates a kan 'yan qasar jinsunan yankin. === Surface albedo === Hakanan an gabatar da tambayoyi a cikin masana kimiyya game da yadda gandun daji na duniya zai iya shafar albedo na Duniya. Murfin rufin bishiyar bishiyoyi na iya sa albedo ya zama duhu, wanda ke sa ƙarin zafin wuta ya kamu, da yiwuwar ƙara zafin duniyar. == Duba kuma == == Majiya == {{Free-content attribution|title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings|author=FAO|publisher=FAO|page numbers=|source=|documentURL=http://www.fao.org/3/CA8753EN/CA8753EN.pdf|license statement URL=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Global_Forest_Resources_Assessment_2020_%E2%80%93_Key_findings.pdf|license=CC BY-SA 3.0}} == Bayani == === Bayanan kula ===   === Bibliography === * Buendia C, Batalla RJ, Sabater S, Palau A, Marce R. (2016). Yanayin Gudun Gudun Jirgin Sama da Yanayi da Safiyar Itatuwa a cikin Kogin Pyrenean. Rushewar ƙasa & Ci gaba. {{Doi|10.1002/ldr.2384}} * Buendia C, Bussi G, Tuset J, Vericat D, Sabater S, Palau A, Batalla RJ. (2016). Illolin dazuzzuka dazuzzuka a kan kwararar ruwa da ɗakunan kaya a cikin rafin Bahar Rum. Kimiyya na Yanayin Yanayi. {{Doi|10.1016/jscitotenv.2015.07.005}} * Cattaneo, Andrea (2002) ''Daidaita Bunkasar Noma da Kawar dazuzzuka a cikin Amazon na Brazil'', Tsarin Abincin Abinci na Int Inst Res IFPRI, shafuka 146  * Heil, Gerrit W., Bart Muys da Karin Hansen (2007) ''Tasirin Muhalli na foreaukar Ido a Arewacin Yammacin Turai'', Springer, shafuka 320  * Halldorsson G., Oddsdottir, ES da Sigurdsson BD (2008) ''AFFORNORD Sakamakon Afforestation akan Tsarin'' Yanayi, Yanayin Kasa da Raya Karkara, TemaNord 2008: 562, shafuka 120  * Halldorsson G., Oddsdottir, ES da Eggertsson O (2007) Tasirin Tsage Tsuntsauran Tsari a Kan Tsarin Yanayi, Yanayin ''Kasa da Ci gaban Karkara.'' ''Ayyukan taron AFFORNORD, Reykholt, Iceland, Yuni 18-22, 2005'', TemaNord 2007: 508, 343pages  * McBeath, Gerald A., da Tse-Kang Leng (2006) ''Gudanar da kiyaye halittu daban-daban a China da Taiwan'', Edward Elgar Publishing, shafuka 242.  * Stanturf, John A. da Palle Madsen (2004) ''Maido da Boreal da Temperate Forests'', CRC Press, shafuka 569  * Wilson, EO (2002) ''Rayuwar Rayuwa'', Vintage  == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Raunet Michel da Naudin Krishna, 2006.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Yaki da kwararowar hamada ta hanyar tsarin shuka shukar kai tsaye (DMC).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Les dossiers wanda aka fi sani da CSFD.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} [http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc Fitowa ta 4. 40 pp.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201208/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/dossier/item/combating-desertification-through-direct-seeding-mulch-based-cropping-systems-dmc |date=2021-08-13 }} * [https://cendyliu.medium.com/top-10-golden-rules-of-reforestation-2021-a78df97bd0f2 Manyan Dokokin Zinare guda 10 na Sashen Dazuzzuka] ==Manazarta== [[Category:Gandun-daji]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 53ixl1m7r3yh2ibsrpd0cb1sv50cpml 0 25595 906360 887946 2026-08-23T01:19:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:WW Chicago 2012 - Lesley-Ann Brandt 03 (7785753568).jpg|thumb|lesley ann]] [[Fayil:WW Chicago 2012 - Lesley-Ann Brandt 01 (7785752414).jpg|thumb|Lesley ann]] '''Lesley-Ann Brandt''' (an haife ta 2 Disamba 1981) yar wasan kwaikwayo [[Afirka ta Kudu|ce ta Afirka ta Kudu.]] Brandt ta yi aiki a cikin jerin shirye -shiryen talabijin na ƙasar New Zealand. Ta taka rawa a matsayin kuyanga (Naevia) a cikin shirin fim mai dogon Zango wato ''[[Spartacus: Blood and Sand]]'' Wanda duniya ta fara sanin ta akai. Tun daga Janairu 2016, ta taka rawa a matsayin Mazikeen a shiri mai dogon Zango na ƙafar talabijin mai suna ''Lucifer.'' == Rayuwar farko == An haife ta a [[Cape Town]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]], Brandt shine Cape Colored na Indiya, Jamusanci, Dutch, da zuriyar Spain.<ref>{{cite web |title=Actress Lesley Ann Brandt from the show 'Lucifer' |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bUHfdDSm-1s |website=YouTube |access-date=8 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/LesleyAnnBrandt/status/191022911103053824|title=📎Lesley-Ann Brandt on Twitter|publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> Ta kasance mai magana da harshen [[Afrikaans|Afirkaans sosai]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lesleyannbrandt.ausxip.com/bio.html|title=Official Lesley-Ann Brandt Fan Site - Biography|publisher=lesleyannbrandt.ausxip.com|access-date=10 November 2010}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kuma ta lissafo yoga, wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, da ƙwallon kwando a cikin abubuwan da take so. A Afirka ta Kudu, ta buga wasan hockey na gasa. [[File:Lesley-Ann Brandt by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|Lesley-Ann Brandt]] A cikin 1999, Brandt ya yi ƙaura zuwa [[Auckland]], [[Sabuwar Zelandiya|New Zealand]], tare da iyayenta da kaninta Brian Brandt. Brandt ta fara aiki saye da siyarwar a cikin Auckland.<ref name="AUSXIP">{{cite web|url=http://spartacus.ausxip.com/cast/lesley-ann_brandt/|title=AUSXIP Interviews Spartacus Actress Lesley-Ann Brandt|publisher=talkingxena.yuku.com|date=6 December 2009|access-date=9 November 2010|archive-date=23 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010336/http://spartacus.ausxip.com/cast/lesley-ann_brandt/|url-status=dead}}</ref> kafin ta sami aiki a matsayin ƙwararriyar mai ba da shawara ta (information technology).<ref name="starz">{{cite web |url=http://www.starz.com/pressroomstatic/tcasummer2010/pdf/CAST%20BIOS_Spartacus%20Gods%20of%20the%20Arena.pdf |title=Cast Bios: Lesley-Ann Brandt (Naevia) |access-date=22 November 2010 |publisher=starz.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717233757/http://www.starz.com/pressroomstatic/tcasummer2010/pdf/CAST%20BIOS_Spartacus%20Gods%20of%20the%20Arena.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2011 }}</ref><ref name="screenrave">{{cite web|url=http://screenrave.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=709&Itemid=204|title=Lesley-Ann Brandt - Plays Naevia on Spartacus|last=Suggs|first=Bob|date=1 January 2010|access-date=9 November 2010|publisher=Screen Rave|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716022359/http://screenrave.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=709&Itemid=204|archive-date=16 July 2011}}</ref> Bayan wasu ayyukan yin tallan kayan kawa, an saka ta cikin waɗansu tallace -tallacen talabijin na New Zealand.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lesley-Ann Brandt on her role in Netflix series Lucifer|url=https://www.iol.co.za/weekend-argus/lesley-ann-brandt-on-her-role-in-netflix-series-lucifer-22557495|first=Luke|last=Folb|date=6 May 2019|publisher=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|IOL]]|access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref> Ta ƙaranci wasan kwaikwayo kuma an horar da ita a cikin fasahar Meisner a 2008. == Sana'a == Babban rawar da Brandt ya taka muhimmiyar rawa shine a cikin jerin talabijin na New Zealand na ''diflomasiyya na diflomasiyya''. Brandt ya fito a matsayin baƙo a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu na New Zealand, ''Shortland Street'', kuma ''Wannan Ba Rayuwata bane'', jerin almara na kimiyya wanda aka saita a cikin 2020s a cikin garin almara na Waimoana.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment-reviews/news/article.cfm?c_id=1502967&objectid=10662169|title=TV Review: 'This Is Not My Life'|first=Russell|last=Baillie|publisher=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|date=30 July 2010|access-date=22 November 2010|archive-date=18 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118072907/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment-reviews/news/article.cfm?c_id=1502967&objectid=10662169|url-status=dead}}</ref> Brandt ta fito a matsayin kuyanga Naevia a zangon farkon na shirin ''[[Spartacus: Blood and Sand]]'' da ministocin prequel ''[[Spartacus: Gods of the Arena]]''. Da farko ta fara duba yiwuwar taka rawa a matsayin Sura amma daraktan simintin ya ba da shawarar ta duba aikin Naevia a maimakon haka.<ref name="KKM">{{cite web|url=http://www.actors.co.nz/people/downloadReport.aspx?anybodyId=89673|title=Lesley-Ann Brandt|date=23 November 2010|publisher=Karen Kay Management|access-date=22 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527030124/http://www.actors.co.nz/people/downloadReport.aspx?anybodyId=89673|archive-date=27 May 2010}}</ref> Brandt ba ta dawo ba domin cigaba da ɗaukar shirin''Spartacus'' na gaba ba, sakamakon mutuwar [[Andy Whitfield]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citypress.co.za/entertainment/burning-up-hollywood/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-06-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129042337/http://www.citypress.co.za/entertainment/burning-up-hollywood/ |archive-date=2014-11-29 }}</ref> [[File:LAB (19593687801).jpg|thumb|Lesley-Ann Brandt]] Manajan ta Steven Jensen ya gaya wa TheWrap, "Tana son komawa, amma da gaske ba su sami lambar da muke nema ba." Ya ce za ta sake yin tunani "idan sun tashi tsaye". STARZ ba ta da sharhi. A ƙarshe Cynthia Addai-Robinson ya maye gurbin Brandt a matsayin Naevia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/tv/column-post/lesley-ann-brandt-would-stay-spartacus-price-24836/|title=Lesley-Ann Brandt Would Stay With 'Spartacus'—for a Price|date=17 February 2011|access-date=12 October 2022|archive-date=8 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108034705/https://www.thewrap.com/tv/column-post/lesley-ann-brandt-would-stay-spartacus-price-24836/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Brandt ta taka rawar gani a cikin fim ɗin New Zealand ''The Hopes & Dreams of Gazza Snell''. Fim din, game da wanda hatsarin tseren kart ya rutsa da shi, an yi fim da shi a Howick, wani yanki na Gabashin Auckland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nzfilm.co.nz/NewsAndMedia/NewsAndPressReleases/News/HOPES___DREAMS__NEW_FILM_ATTRACTS_STRONG_CAST.aspx|title=Hopes and Dreams: New film attracts strong cast|date=16 November 2009|publisher=[[New Zealand Film Commission]]|access-date=9 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805131052/http://www.nzfilm.co.nz/NewsAndMedia/NewsAndPressReleases/News/HOPES___DREAMS__NEW_FILM_ATTRACTS_STRONG_CAST.aspx|archive-date=5 August 2010}}</ref> Baƙon Brandt ya yi tauraro a cikin ''[[CSI: NY]]'' Smooth Criminal" da "Food for Thought". An nuna Brandt a cikin fim ''InSight'' inda ta ke yin aikin jinya Valerie Khoury. A watan Mayu 2010, baƙon Brandt ta fito a cikin ''[[Legend of the Seeker|Legend of the Seeke]]'', wani aikin Rob Tapert/ Sam Raimi da aka yi fim a New Zealand. Ta bayyana a wasan karshe na kakar wasa ta 2 "Hawaye" a cikin rawar Sister Thea. A cikin 2011, baƙuwar ta bayyana a cikin ''Memphis Beat na'' TNT, wanda ya biyo bayan matsayin jagora a matsayin Cassie a cikin mafi girman sifa ta asali ta Syfy ''don 2011, Zombie Apocalypse'', wanda kuma ya haskaka Ving Rhames da Taryn Manning. Ta fito a cikin fim ɗin fasalin ''Drift'' tare da Sam Worthington da Xavier Samuel, da ''Duke'' da ''CSI: NY'' star Carmine Giovinazzo. A cikin shekarar 2013, ta taka rawar a zango na ukku na shirin ''Ladies Single'' kamar Naomi Cox.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Schillaci|first1=Sophie|title='Single Ladies' Season Three: These Rookies Are Shaking Things Up|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1720381/single-ladies-season-3-dish-up-drama/|website=MTV|access-date=13 January 2014|archive-date=8 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308044015/http://www.mtv.com/news/1720381/single-ladies-season-3-dish-up-drama/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin 2014, baƙo ta yi tauraro a matsayin Larissa Diaz/Copperhead akan ''Gotham'',<ref>{{cite web|last1=Maglio|first1=Tony|title='Gotham's' Copperhead Debuts on Fox's Fall Finale|url=https://www.thewrap.com/gothams-copperhead-debuts-on-foxs-fall-finale-exclusive-photos/|website=The Wrap|date=24 November 2014}}</ref> kuma ta bayyana azaman maimaita Lamia a cikin ''The Librarians''.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Andreeva|first1=Nellie|title=TNT Eyes 'The Librarian' Series; Noah Wyle, Bob Newhart & Jane Curtin May Return|url=https://deadline.com/2014/02/tnt-eyes-the-librarian-series-noah-wyle-bob-newhart-jane-curtin-may-return-686831/|website=Deadline|access-date=20 February 2014}}</ref> ==Kyauta== A cikin 2015, ta sami nasarar Maze a cikin jerin talabijin na FOX ''Lucifer''. Ta maye gurbin ƴar wasan kwaikwayo Lina Esco wacce aka sake ta bayan karanta teburin farko. An ba da rahoton Brandt ya gwada matsayin kuma an sake yin la'akari da shi bayan an saki Esco.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Andreeva|first1=Nellie|title=Lesley-Ann Brandt Joins 'Lucifer' Fox Pilot In Recasting|url=https://deadline.com/2015/03/lesley-ann-brandt-lucifer-fox-pilot-recasting-1201394166/|website=Deadline|access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref> ==Rayuwar sirri== Brandt tana zaune ne a Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lesley-annbrandt.com/biography/|title=Biography|year=2012|publisher=Lesley-Ann Brandt Official Website|access-date=28 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816034139/http://lesley-annbrandt.com/biography/|archive-date=16 August 2012}}</ref> ===Aure=== Brandt ta auri saurayinta na tsawon shekaru shida, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo [[Chris Payne Gilbert]], a 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brides.com/blogs/aisle-say/2016/01/lucifer-actress-lesley-ann-brandt-vermont-wedding-christina-florada-photography.html|title=Actress Lesley Ann Brandt's Vermont Wedding|publisher=Brides.com|author=Rello, Gabriella|date=January 25, 2016|access-date=April 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716120032/http://www.brides.com/blogs/aisle-say/2016/01/lucifer-actress-lesley-ann-brandt-vermont-wedding-christina-florada-photography.html|archive-date=July 16, 2016|url-status=dead}}.</ref> ɗan farko na ma'auratan shi ne Kingston Payne Brandt-Gilbert, an haife shi a watan Yulin 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://people.com/babies/lesley-ann-brandt-chris-payne-gilbert-welcome-son-kingston-payne/|title=Lesley-Ann Brandt and Chris Payne Gilbert Welcome Son Kingston Payne|work=People|author=Juneau, Jen|date=July 21, 2017 |access-date=September 23, 2017}}</ref> == Fina-finai == [[File:Lesley-Ann_Brandt_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg|right|thumb| Brandt a 2017 WonderCon, don inganta ''Lucifer'' .]] === Fim === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara ! Taken ! Matsayi ! Bayanan kula |- | 2010 | ''Fatan & Mafarkin Gazza Snell'' | Sharon | |- | 2011 | ''InSight'' | Valerie Khuury | |- | 2012 | ''Kyakkyawar Ruhi'' | Angela Barry | |- | 2013 | ''Gwagwarmaya'' | Lani | |- | 2011 | ''Duke'' | Violet | |- | 2015 | ''Magunguna masu rage radadin ciwo'' | Ciki | |- | 2019 | ''Kullewar zuciya'' | Tara Sharpe | |- |} === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara ! Taken ! Matsayi ! Bayanan kula |- | 2009 | ''Rigakafin diflomasiyya'' | Leilani Fa'auigaese | 13 aukuwa |- | 2010 | ''Spartacus: Jini da yashi'' | Naevia | 11 aukuwa |- | 2010 | ''Labarin Mai Neman'' | 'Yar'uwa Thea | Episode: "Hawaye" |- | 2010 | ''Wannan Ba Rayuwata Bace'' | Wakilin Filin Hine / WAI | 2 aukuwa |- | 2011 | ''Chuck'' | Fatima Tazi | Episode: " Chuck Versus da lalata ba zai yiwu ba " |- | 2011 | ''Spartacus: Alloli na Arena'' | Naevia | 6 aukuwa |- | 2011 | ''CSI: NY'' | Camille Jordanson da | 2 aukuwa |- | 2011 | ''Memphis Beat'' | Adriana | Episode: " Abubuwan da muke ɗauka " |- | 2011 | ''Apocalypse na Zombie'' | Cassie | Fim din talabijin |- | 2014 | ''Kasancewa Mary Jane'' | Tamiko Roberts | Episode: "Daren Mata a ciki" |- | 2014 | ''Mata Masu Kisa'' | Amber Flynn | Episode: "A ciki da waje" |- | 2014 | ''Matan aure'' | Naomi Cox | 11 aukuwa |- | 2014 | ''Gotham'' | Larissa Diaz/Copperhead | Episode: "Lovecraft" |- | 2014 | ''Laburare'' | Lamiya | 5 aukuwa |- | 2016–2021 | ''Lucifer'' | Mazikeen<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Lillith | Babban Cast (Lokacin 1-6)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Lilith (Lokacin 5, Episode 4 kawai) |- |} === Bidiyoyin kiɗa === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! class="unsortable" | Year ! class="unsortable" | Band ! class="unsortable" | Title ! class="unsortable" | Character ! class="unsortable" | Director |- |2007 |[[Battle Circus (band)|Battle Circus]] |"Love in a Fallout Shelter"<ref name="KK">{{cite web|url=http://www.actors.co.nz/people/viewAnybody.aspx?AnybodyID=89673|title=Lesley-Ann Brandt - Music Video|publisher=Karen Kay Management Limited|access-date=22 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527011605/http://www.actors.co.nz/people/viewAnybody.aspx?anybodyId=89673|archive-date=27 May 2010}}</ref> |Lead Female |Anton Steel |- |2007 |[[Nesian Mystik]] |"R.S.V.P."<ref name="KK"/> |Lead Female |Luke Sharpe |} ===Podcasts=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Date !Title |- |Nov. 5, 2019 |''That One Audition with Alyshia Ochse''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://alyshiaochse.libsyn.com/098-lesley-ann-brandt-punch-above-your-weight|title = That One Audition with Alyshia Ochse: 098: Lesley-Ann Brandt — Punch Above Your Weight}}</ref> |- |July 15, 2019 |''LipRoll''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iheart.com/podcast/256-liproll-43079360/episode/lesley-ann-brandt-actress-maze-on-netflixs-46944483/|title=Lesley-Ann Brandt (Actress, "Maze") on Netflix's Lucifer - LipRoll|access-date=2022-10-12|archive-date=2020-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022213347/https://www.iheart.com/podcast/256-liproll-43079360/episode/lesley-ann-brandt-actress-maze-on-netflixs-46944483/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |July 11, 2019 |''Out in Left Field with Dana Goldberg''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sexyliberal.com/lucifer-star-lesley-ann-brandt-goes-out-in-left-field/|title=Lucifer Star Lesley-Ann Brandt Goes Out in Left Field&#124;Stephanie Miller's Sexy Liberal Podcast Network}}</ref> |- |May 23, 2019 |''Fan Wonderland''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/anchor-podcasts/fan-wonderland/e/61001746|title = Fan Wonderland - Episode {{sic|Fourty|hide=y}} Three: All Hell Breaks Loose with Lesley-Ann Brandt on Stitcher}}</ref> |- |2019 |''Mama Said''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.podcastone.com/episode/Taking-Leave-for-Both-Mommy-and-Daddy-with-Lesley-Ann-Brandt|title=PodcastOne: Taking Leave for Both Mommy and Daddy with Lesley-Ann Brandt|access-date=2022-10-12|archive-date=2020-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026012103/https://www.podcastone.com/episode/Taking-Leave-for-Both-Mommy-and-Daddy-with-Lesley-Ann-Brandt|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |2019 |''Build & Chill with The TVC''<ref>https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lesley-ann-brandt-lucifer-gotham-liproll-crew/id1471072361?i=1000444753941{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |January 22, 2016 |''Down and Nerdy''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://podbay.fm/podcast/975437148/e/1453441708|title=Episode 96 - an Interview with Lesley-Ann Brandt from FOX's Lucifer from Down and Nerdy Podcast &#124; Podcast Episode on Podbay}}</ref> |- |} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * {{Official website|http://www.lesley-annbrandt.com/}} * Lesley Ann Brandt </img> * {{IMDb name|2788229}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110830194103/http://thebringerofrain.net/interview/lesleyannbrandt/ Lesley -Ann Brandt ta amsa tambayoyin fan - Fabrairu 2011] ==Manazarta== [[Category:Mata yan fim]] [[Category:Mutanen Afirka]] [[Category:Mutanen Afirka ta Kudu]] 3a9dirc2m8dkxh1crcgd2aa6vy5svp1 0 27017 906277 557881 2026-08-22T17:35:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kumawood''' kamfani ne mai zaman kansa na fim da masana'antar bayar da kyaututtuka wanda ke a [[Kumasi]], [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201409/216425.php|title=Kumawood Is Not A Movie Industry; It's My Brand|last=Online|first=Peace FM|website=www.peacefmonline.com|access-date=2019-08-06|archive-date=2019-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806174737/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201409/216425.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fm8kDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5&lpg=PA5&dq=Kumawood#q=Kumawood|title=New African Cinema|first=Valérie|last=Orlando|date=15 April 2017|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=9780813579580|accessdate=18 February 2019|via=Google Books}}</ref> Samuel Kwabena Darko, ɗan kasuwa kuma ɗan ƙasar Ghana ne ya kafa ta.<ref>{{cite web |title=I am very much disappointed in Adom TV - Kumawood CEO |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/I-am-very-much-disappointed-in-Adom-TV-Kumawood-CEO-443468}}</ref> Kumawood an kafa shi a matsayin kamfani mai iyaka a cikin 2006, ba da jimawa ba, fitacciyar masana’antar fina-finai ta ɓullo, inda daga ƙarshe ta zama masana’antar fina-finai da aka fi saninta a Ghana.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/video_and_audio/headlines/47002980/ghana-s-kumawood-studios-make-films-in-a-hurry|title=Video experience headlines|website=BBC News|accessdate=18 February 2019}}</ref>Masana'antar ta kasance mai riba saboda daidaiton su wajen samarwa da samar da ingantaccen abun ciki a sararin fina-finai na Ghana. Yaren da galibi ake magana da shi shine [[Yaren Akan|Akan]], ana samun fassarorin juzu'i. Kumawood yana da dandamalin talabijin, Kumawood TV, wanda ke nunawa a Multi TV da kuma Kumawood app wanda ke da shigarwa sama da 100,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ijrhss.org/papers/v4-i5/2.pdf |title=Abstract |date=2017 |website=www.ijrhss.org |access-date=2021-11-12 |archive-date=2024-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730200651/http://ijrhss.org/papers/v4-i5/2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The language mostly spoken is [[Akan language|Akan]], subtitle translations are available.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ghanafilmindustry.com/tag/kumawood/|title=kumawood - Ghana Film Industry|website=Ghana Film Industry|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-15|archive-date=2018-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125174046/http://www.ghanafilmindustry.com/tag/kumawood/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://yen.com.gh/tag/kumawood-actors.html|title=Kumawood Actors|work=Yen.com.gh - Ghana news.|access-date=2018-11-15|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=TalentsGh TV|title=Kwaku Manu Talk About Kumawood Ghallywood Differences|date=2018-08-31|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fOMp7Aq3TM8|access-date=2018-11-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/06/08/kumawood-the-thriving-movie-industry-in-ghana/|title=Kumawood, the thriving movie industry in Ghana|last=AfricaNews|date=8 June 2017|website=Africanews|accessdate=18 February 2019|archive-date=19 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219020040/http://www.africanews.com/2017/06/08/kumawood-the-thriving-movie-industry-in-ghana//|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Sinima a Ghana]] [[Category:Sinima a Afrika]] cdn5ai5ori0tdr3ub3vntx62hbfwp6k 0 27311 906344 331828 2026-08-22T22:48:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''La Femme Anjola''''' fim ne da aka fitar a shekara ta 2021 wanda Tunde Babalola ya rubuta kuma Mildred Okwo ya ba da umarni. Fim ne mai ban sha'awa wanda jarumai [[Rita Dominic]] da Nonso Bassey suka taka rawa. <ref name="Ekechukwu">Ferdinand Ekechukwu, [https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/07/06/la-femme-anjola-a-tale-of-love-sex-greed/ "La Femme Anjola: A Tale of Love, Sex, Greed"], ''This Day'', July 6, 2019.</ref><ref name="Bada">Gbenga Bada, [https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/rita-dominic-shoots-final-scenes-of-la-femme-anjola-in-south-africa/8rh7z9z "Rita Dominic shoots final scenes of 'La Femme Anjola' in South Africa"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019121602/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/rita-dominic-shoots-final-scenes-of-la-femme-anjola-in-south-africa/8rh7z9z |date=2021-10-19 }}, ''pulse.ng'', September 5, 2019.</ref> An sake shi a silima a ranar 19 ga Maris, 2021. == Takaitaccen bayani == ''La Femme Anjola'' ya ƙunshi labari akan wani dillalin hannun jari wanda ya faɗa soyayya da wata hatsabibiyar mace. Anjola tana auren wani ɗan-daba wadda ya mallaki gidan rawan inda take yin wasan da daddare. == Yan wasa == * [[Rita Dominic]] * Ba Bassey * [[Joke Silva|Barci Silva]] * Femi Jacobs * [[Aderounmu Adejumoke]] * Bassey Ekpeyong * Uzor Osimkpa * Paul Adams * Shawn Faqua * [[Michelle Dede]] * [[Mumbi Maina]] * Soso Soberekon == Shiryawa da saki == Kungiyar mutum uku na Mildred Okwo, Tunde Babalola da Rita Dominic sun sake haɗuwa don shirywa wannan wasa tun lokacin da suka fitar da fim tsohon fim din su a shekara ta 2012, wato The Meeting. An bayyana cewa an cire fim ɗin daga gidajen sinima na Film House da ke duk fadin Najeriya don haska fim ɗin ''Prophetess.''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nwogu|first=Precious|date=2021-04-02|title='La Femme Anjola' has been yanked from some Filmhouse cinemas: Here's what fans are saying|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/la-femme-anjola-yanked-from-cinemas/psc7sls|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-08|website=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> Da yake magana a wata hira da jaridar The Cable, darakta Okwo, ya dora laifi akan rashin tsari na masana’antar fina-finan Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-04|title=INTERVIEW: Mildred Okwo opens up on premature cinema exit of 'La Femme Anjola'|url=http://lifestyle.thecable.ng/mildred-okwo-la-femme-anjola/|access-date=2021-06-24|website=TheCable Lifestyle|language=en-US}}</ref> Ta sake bayyana cewa wannan dai sinima ne ya cire fim dinta na ''Surulere a'' shekara ta 2015, a cikin wani yanayi na rashin jituwa. Bayan jama'a sun nuna rashin jin dadin hakan ne Okwo, kuma ta bayyana cewa tana shirin fitar dashi ta kafar sadarwa na yanar gizo na kamfaninta ta yadda za'a kalla akan yanar gizo.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2021}} == Kyaututtuka da naɗi == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyauta !Rukuni !Wanda ya/ta lashe kyautar !Sakamako !Manazarta |- | rowspan="4" |2021 | rowspan="4" |[[17th Africa Movie Academy Awards|Africa Movie Academy Awards]] |Jarumi jagoran fim na musamman |[[Nonso Bassey]] |An gabatar | rowspan="4" |<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=Banjo|first=Noah|date=2021-10-29|title=FULL LIST: Ayinla, Omo Ghetto: The Saga bag multiple nominations at AMAA 2021|url=https://punchng.com/full-list-ayinla-omo-ghetto-the-saga-bag-multiple-nominations-at-amaa-2021/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-30|website=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Jaruma jagoriyar fim ta musamman |Rita Dominic |An gabatar |- |Fim din Najeriya na musamman | rowspan="2" |''La Femme Anjola'' |An gabatar |- |Sauti na musamman |An gabatar |- | rowspan="6" |2022 | rowspan="6" |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards]] |Jaruma ta biyu ta musamman |Mumbi Maina |Tukunna dai | rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=2022 Africa Magic Awards Nominees don land- See who dey list |work=BBC News Pidgin |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-60818021 |access-date=2022-03-26}}</ref> |- |Mai shirya kaya na musamman |Yolanda Okereke |Tukunna dai |- |Mai kwalliya na musamman |Abiola Popoola |Tukunna dai |- |Marubuci na musamman |Tunde Babalola |Tukunna dai |- |Fim na gama gari na musamman |Mildred Okwo And Rita Dominic |Tukunna dai |- |Darekta na musamman |Mildred Okwo |Tukunna dai |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb title|10751454}} [[Category:Sinima a Afrika]] [[Category:Fina-finan Najeriya]] [[Category:Fina-finai]] 3zl4q7hsxsn1efs1i4rkhw1pcw8nfi1 0 31351 906349 900576 2026-08-22T23:26:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Blood_donation_at_Mbarara_University,_Uganda.jpg |thumb|Wata budurwa na bayar da gudummawar jini a Jami'ar Mbarara, Uganda]] [[File:Patients_at_Apac_hospital.png|right|thumb|300x300px| Majinyatan Ugandan a Sashen Marasa lafiya na Asibitin Apac da ke arewacin [[Uganda]].<ref name="Life expectancy">{{Cite web|title=Life expectancy|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectancy|access-date=2021-09-09|website=Our World in Data}}</ref> Yawancin iyaye mata ne na yara ƴan ƙasa da shekaru biyar masu fama da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] .]] [[File:Life_expectancy_in_Uganda.svg|thumb|300x300px| Ci gaban tsawon rai a Uganda]] '''Kiwon lafiya a Uganda''' yana nufin [https://www.who.int/about/governance/constitution lafiyar] al'ummar kasar [[Uganda]]. Matsakaicin tsawon rayuwa a lokacin haihuwar Uganda ya karu daga shekaru 59.9 a cikin shekarar (2013). zuwa shekaru 63.4 a cikin shekarar (2019).<ref>{{cite web | title=WHO - Uganda | url=https://www.who.int/countries/uga/en/ | publisher=World Health Organization | access-date=17 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author=The World Bank | publisher=[[The World Bank]] | date=2013 | access-date=16 October 2016 | url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN | title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) | location=Washington, D. C.}}</ref> Wannan ya yi ƙasa da na kowace ƙasa a cikin ƙasashen gabashin [[Afirka]] in ban da kasar [[Burundi]].<ref name="Life expectancy" /> Tun daga shekarar (2017). mata suna da tsawon rai fiye da takwarorinsu na maza na 69.2 da 62.3.<ref name="Life expectancy/> ya yi ƙasa da na kowace ƙasa a cikin Ƙungiyar Gabashin Afirka in banda Burundi..<ref name="Life expectancy"/><ref>{{cite web | title=WHO - Uganda | url=https://www.who.int/countries/uga/en/ | publisher=World Health Organization | access-date=17 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author=The World Bank | publisher=[[The World Bank]] | date=2013 | access-date=16 October 2016 | url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN | title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) | location=Washington, D. C.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vollset|first1=Stein Emil|last2=Goren|first2=Emily|last3=Yuan|first3=Chun-Wei|last4=Cao|first4=Jackie|last5=Smith|first5=Amanda E|last6=Hsiao|first6=Thomas|last7=Bisignano|first7=Catherine|last8=Azhar|first8=Gulrez S|last9=Castro|first9=Emma|last10=Chalek|first10=Julian|last11=Dolgert|first11=Andrew J|date=October 2020|title=Fertility, mortality, migration, and population scenarios for 195 countries and territories from 2017 to 2100: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30677-2|journal=The Lancet|volume=396|issue=10258|pages=1285–1306|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30677-2|issn=0140-6736|pmc=7561721|pmid=32679112}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-09-09|title=Uganda|url=http://www.healthdata.org/uganda|access-date=2021-09-09|website=Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vollset|first1=Stein Emil|last2=Goren|first2=Emily|last3=Yuan|first3=Chun-Wei|last4=Cao|first4=Jackie|last5=Smith|first5=Amanda E|last6=Hsiao|first6=Thomas|last7=Bisignano|first7=Catherine|last8=Azhar|first8=Gulrez S|last9=Castro|first9=Emma|last10=Chalek|first10=Julian|last11=Dolgert|first11=Andrew J|date=October 2020|title=Fertility, mortality, migration, and population scenarios for 195 countries and territories from 2017 to 2100: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30677-2|journal=The Lancet|volume=396|issue=10258|pages=1285–1306|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30677-2|issn=0140-6736|pmc=7561721|pmid=32679112}}</ref> This An yi ƙiyasin cewa nan da 2100, maza a Uganda za su yi tsammanin 74.5, mata 83.3.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|title=Uganda - total population 2016-2026|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/447679/total-population-of-uganda/|access-date=2021-09-11|website=Statista|language=en}}</ref> Yawan jama'ar Uganda ya karu a hankali daga miliyan 36.56 a shekarar 2016 zuwa kiyasin 42.46 a shekarar 2021.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Gapminder Tools|url=https://www.gapminder.org/tools/#$model$markers$bubble$encoding$y$data$concept=children_per_woman_total_fertility&space@=country&=time;;&scale$domain:null&zoomed:null&type:null;;&trail$data$filter$markers$uga=1800;;;;;;;;&chart-type=bubbles&url=v1|access-date=2021-09-11|website=www.gapminder.org|language=en}}</ref> Yawan haihuwa na matan Uganda ya dan karu daga matsakaita na jarirai 6.89 kowace mace a cikin shekarun (1950). zuwa kusan 7.12 a cikin shekarun (1970). kafin ya ragu zuwa ƙiyasin jarirai 5.32 a shekarar 2019.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/documents/2019/2019-UNAIDS-data|title=UNAIDS Data 2019|date=2019|publisher=UNAIDS|page=66|access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref> Wannan adadi ya zarce mafi yawan yankunan duniya da suka hada da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka, [[Turai]] da [[Tsakiyar Asiya]] da [[Amurka]].<ref name=":7" /> Adadin [https://knoema.com/atlas/Uganda/topics/Health/Health-Status/Under-5-mortality-rate mace-mace-ƙasa da 5] na Uganda ya ragu daga mutuwar 191 a cikin 1000 masu rai a cikin (1970). zuwa mutuwar 45.8 a cikin 1000 masu rai a cikin shekarar (2019). Jimlar kashe kuɗin kiwon lafiya a matsayin kashi na jimlar kayan cikin gida (GDP) ya kasance kashi 7.2 cikin ɗari a cikin shekarar 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uganda Under-5 mortality rate, 1960-2020 - knoema.com|url=https://knoema.com//atlas/Uganda/topics/Health/Health-Status/Under-5-mortality-rate|access-date=2021-09-11|website=Knoema|language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2018, an ƙiyasta mutane miliyan 1.4 a Uganda sun kamu da cutar ƙanjamau, kuma adadin cutar kanjamau a cikin ƙasar ya kai kashi 5.7 cikin ɗari.<ref name=":0" /> Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, wannan adadin ya karu zuwa kiyasin mutane miliyan daya da rabi da ke dauke da cutar ƙanjamau.<ref>{{cite web | author=The World Bank | date=2015 | url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.TOTL.ZS | title=Health expenditure, total (% of GDP)| publisher=[[The World Bank]] | location=Washington, D. C. | access-date=16 October 2016}}</ref> Uganda ta samu ci gaba sosai wajen shawo kan cutar yayin da 1.3 na mutanen da aka tabbatar sun kamu da cutar ƙanjamau sun san halinsu kuma miliyan 1.2 tuni ke kan kulawa.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|title=Uganda|url=https://www.unaids.org/en/keywords/uganda|access-date=2021-09-15|website=www.unaids.org|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":16"/> == Ayyukan jiki == Uganda ita ce ƙasa mafi yawan kuzari a duniya a cikin 2018 a cewar [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]]. Kashi 5.5% na mutanen Uganda ba sa cimma mintuna 150 na matsakaita-zuwa mai tsanani ko mintuna 75 na aiki mai tsauri a kowane mako. Yawancin aiki har yanzu jiki ne sosai, kuma yin tafiya ta abin hawa ya fi karfin yawancin jama'a. Kampala, duk da haka, ba ta da abokantaka wajen tafiya ko keke, kuma iskar ta ƙazantu sosai. Hukumar babban birnin Kampala ta kafa layin farko na zagayowar ƙasar—mita 500 a Kololo—a cikin shekarar 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why Uganda is the 'world's fittest country' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-45496654 |access-date=15 September 2018 |publisher=BBC |date=15 September 2018}}</ref> == Cututtuka da jiyya na kowa == [[File:Health_in_Uganda.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Marasa lafiya a Uganda]] Ya zuwa shekara ta 2016, abubuwa biyar da ke haddasa mace-mace a Uganda sun hada da cututtuka masu yaɗuwa kamar su [[Kanjamau|HIV/AIDS]], [[Tibi|tarin fuka]], [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]], cututtuka na numfashi, da [[gudawa]].<ref>{{cite web|date=2017 | url=http://www.healthdata.org/uganda |access-date=24 August 2018 |publisher=Healthdata.org |author=Healthdata.org |title=Top 10 causes of death in 2016 and percent change, 2005-2016, all ages}}</ref> Abubuwan haɗari waɗanda suka fi alhakin mutuwa da nakasa sun haɗa da [[rashin abinci mai gina jiki]] na yara da mata masu juna biyu, ayyukan jima'i marasa kariya, abokan jima'i da yawa, gurɓataccen ruwa, rashin tsabta, da gurɓataccen iska . Maganin cutar kanjamau a Uganda ya ta'allaƙa ne kan maganin cutar kanjamau na ɗan adam ta hanyar horar da kai da kuma ƙara yawan ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya waɗanda za su iya ba da magani (misali, ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na al'umma da ma'aikatan jinya ).<ref name=Atuyambe2014/> <ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/Quality-Kampala-air-deathtrap/688342-4310794-11eynt/index.html |title=Quality of Kampala Air: A Deathtrap |newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] |date=19 February 2018 |first=Walter |last=Mwesigye |access-date=24 August 2018 |location=Kampala}}</ref> Wannan canjin jiyya ya faru ne ta hanyar jagorar "Haɗin kai na Adult da Adolescent Illness" na WHO na 2004. Nazarin manya masu kamuwa da cutar kanjamau a Uganda ya nuna halayen jima'i mai haɗari sun ƙi, yana ba da gudummawa ga raguwar kamuwa da cutar kanjamau. Daga 1990 zuwa 2004, adadin HIV ya ragu da kashi 70 cikin dari kuma jima'i na yau da kullum ya ragu da kashi 60 cikin dari. An kuma jera sadarwar lafiya a matsayin abin da zai iya haifar da sauye-sauyen ɗabi'a a cikin al'ummar Uganda.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.who.int/healthsystems/task_shifting/en/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080606233416/http://www.who.int/healthsystems/task_shifting/en/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=June 6, 2008 | title=WHO: First Global Conference on Task Shifting | publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |access-date=5 May 2017 | author=World Health Organization |date=January 2008}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal | last=Callaghan | first=Mike | year=2010 | title=A systematic review of task-shifting for HIV treatment and care in Africa | journal=Human Resources for Health| volume=8 | page=8 | doi=10.1186/1478-4491-8-8 | pmc=2873343 | pmid=20356363}}</ref> Studies of HIV-infected adults in Uganda showed [[risky sexual behavior]]<ref name=Atuyambe2014>{{cite journal |title=HIV Risk Sexual Behaviors Among Teachers in Uganda | url=http://www.publichealthinafrica.org/index.php/jphia/article/view/350/186 |journal=Journal of Public Health in Africa | first1=Lillian | last1=Ayebale | first2=Lynn | last2=Atuyambe | first3=William | last3=Bazeyo | first4=Erasmus Otolok | last4=Tanga | date=2014 | number=1 | volume=5 | page=350 | doi=10.4081/jphia.2014.350 | pmid=28299119 | pmc=5345464 | access-date=5 May 2017}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2015 ya nuna cewa, abubuwan da ke hana kamuwa da cutar kanjamau sun hada da ƙarancin abinci a yankunan karkara da kuma ƙyamar shawarwari da gwajin cutar kanjamau.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bunnell |first=Rebecca | year=2006 |title=Changes in sexual behavior and risk of HIV transmission after antiretroviral therapy and prevention interventions in rural Uganda |journal=AIDS |volume=20 |issue=1 | doi=10.1097/01.aids.0000196566.40702.28 |pmid=16327323 | pages=85–92|s2cid=10313677 }}</ref> Ƙasar Uganda ce kasar da ta fi kowacce yawan kamuwa da cutar zazzabin cizon sauro a duniya, inda mutane 478 cikin 1000 ke fama da cutar a kowace shekara. Dangane da bayanan WHO da aka buga a watan Mayu 2014, zazzabin cizon sauro ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 19,869 a Uganda (6.19% na adadin waɗanda suka mutu).<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal | last=Stoneburner | first=Rand | year=2004 | title=Population-Level HIV Declines and Behavioral Risk Avoidance in Uganda | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2004-04-30_304_5671/page/714 | journal=Science | volume=304 | issue=5671 | pages=714–718 | doi=10.1126/science.1093166 | pmid=15118157| bibcode=2004Sci...304..714S | s2cid=5763200 }}</ref> A shekara ta 2002, gwamnatin Uganda ta tsara tsarin magance zazzabi ta hanyar kula da gida. Uwayen da suka iya gane alamun cutar zazzabin cizon sauro sun kai 'ya'yansu zuwa wurin magani a farkon rashin lafiya.<ref>{{Cite journal | last=Chan | first=Brian | year=2015 | title=Persistent HIV-related stigma in rural Uganda during a period of increasing HIV incidence despite treatment expansion | journal=AIDS| volume=29 | issue=1 | pages=83–90 | doi=10.1097/QAD.0000000000000495 | pmid=25268886 | pmc=4286463 }}</ref> Haɗin gwiwar Ciwon Yaro ya ba da damar fahimtar alamun zazzabin cizon sauro.<ref name="Stat">{{cite web|access-date=16 July 2017 | url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1423973/malaria-leading-cause-death-uganda |title=Malaria leading cause of death in Uganda | newspaper=[[New Vision]] |date=16 July 2017 | location=Kampala | first=Richard |last= Wetaya}}</ref> Jiyya ko dai ya haɗa da kai yaron nan da nan don ganin ma'aikacin lafiya na kusa ko kuma samun maganin chloroquine da SP, wanda kuma aka sani da Homapak,<ref>{{cite web| title=Malaria in Uganda|date=May 2014 |access-date=19 July 2017 | url=http://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/uganda-malaria|author=WLEC Quoting [[WHO]] |publisher=Worldlifeexpectancy.com (WLEC)}}</ref> ko da yake an gano kayan aikin sun ƙare a wasu lokuta. Koyaya, juriya ga HOMAPAK ya fito, kuma shawarwarin magunguna ta WHO sun canza zuwa maganin haɗin gwiwa na artemisinin (ACT).<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Nsungwa-Sabiiti| first=Jesca|year=2007|title=Home-based management of fever and malaria treatment practices in Uganda .|journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|volume=101| issue=12|pages=1199–1207|doi=10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.08.005| pmid=17945320}}</ref> Bayan nazarin tsakiyar wa’adi na shekarar 2014 na shirin kasa na rage zazzabin cizon sauro da kuma nazarin shirin zazzabin cizon sauro a shekarar 2010, ana sake fasalin dabarun kasa na rage zazzabin cizon sauro.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ugandaradionetwork.com/story/expired-homapak-malaria-kits-in-kumi-hospitals|title = Expired Homapak Malaria Kits in Kumi Hospitals}}</ref> A halin yanzu, Uganda tana maganin zazzabin cizon sauro ta hanyar rarraba gidajen sauron da aka yi wa maganin kwari, da fesa maganin kashe kwari a cikin gida, da kuma rigakafin rigakafi ga mata masu [[Ciki|juna biyu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://health.go.ug/download/file/fid/526|title=The Uganda Malaria Reduction Strategic Plan 2014-2020|last=Ministry of Health|date=May 2014|access-date=2022-04-21|archive-date=2020-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116131213/http://health.go.ug/download/file/fid/526|url-status=dead}}</ref> Cutar zazzabin cizon sauro, duk da haka, tana da girma kuma tana da ƙarfi ta hanyar rashin isassun albarkatu, fahimtar zazzaɓin cizon sauro, da ƙara juriya ga magunguna.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Yeka|first=Adoke|year=2012|title=Malaria in Uganda: Challenges to control on the long road to elimination: I. Epidemiology and current control efforts|doi=10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.03.004|journal=Acta Tropica|volume=121|issue=3|pmid=21420377|pmc=3156969|pages=184–95}}</ref> == Lafiyar haihuwa == Lafiyar Haihuwa (RH) yanayi ne na cikakkiyar walwala ta jiki, tunani, da zamantakewa a cikin dukkan al'amuran da suka shafi tsarin haihuwa da ayyukansa da tafiyar matakai. Yana nuna cewa mutane suna da ikon haifuwa da kuma yancin yanke shawara ko, yaushe, da sau nawa za su yi hakan. A fakaice a cikin wannan hakki ne na maza da mata na a sanar da su da kuma samun damar yin amfani da aminci, inganci, araha, kuma tsarin tsarin iyali da suke so, da sauran hanyoyin da suka zaba na kayyade haihuwa, wadanda ba haka ba ne. wanda ya saɓawa doka, da kuma ‘yancin samun ayyukan kula da lafiya da zai baiwa mata damar tafiya lafiya ta hanyar ciki da haihuwa. Kulawar RH kuma ya haɗa da lafiyar jima'i, wanda manufarsa ita ce haɓaka rayuwa da alaƙar mutum.<ref>{{cite web | author=WHO | publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) | location=Geneva | url=https://www.who.int/topics/reproductive_health/en | title=Reproductive Health | access-date=17 October 2016}}</ref> Hukumar [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta ayyana lafiyar mata a matsayin lafiyar mata a lokacin daukar ciki, haihuwa, da lokacin haihuwa.<ref>{{cite web | title=World Health Organization: Maternal Health | date=17 October 2016 | url=https://www.who.int/topics/maternal_health/en/ | publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)| author=WHO}}</ref> A cewar [[UNICEF]], adadin mace-macen mata masu juna biyu a Uganda, yawan mace-macen mata a shekara ta dalilin ciki a cikin 100,000 da suka haihu, ya kasance 440 daga 2008 zuwa 2012.<ref>{{cite web | title=Women: Definitions of the indicators | access-date=17 October 2016 | url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/stats_popup8.html | date=17 October 2016 | publisher=[[United Nations Children's Fund]] (UNICEF) | author=UNICEF | location=Copenhagen | archive-date=27 September 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927144453/http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/stats_popup8.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Manufar Ci gaban Ƙarni (MDG) na 2015 game da yawan mace-macen mata masu juna biyu shine kashi 131 cikin 100,000 na haihuwa. MDG kuma ta kafa manufa ga duk haihuwa da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya za su halarta,<ref name="Data">{{cite web | title=Uganda Health Statistics | date=17 October 2016 | url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/uganda_statistics.html | last=UNICEF | publisher=[[United Nations Children's Fund]] (UNICEF) | location=Copenhagen | access-date=12 January 2017 | archive-date=24 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024172118/http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/uganda_statistics.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> A yankunan karkara, mata masu juna biyu suna neman taimakon masu kula da haihuwa na gargajiya (TBAs) saboda wahalar samun sabis na kiwon lafiya na yau da kullun da tsadar sufuri ko magani. An amince da TBs yayin da suka shafi rayuwar al'adu da zamantakewar al'umma. Rashin ilimi da horo na TBAs da kuma amfani da al'adun gargajiya, duk da haka, sun haifar da hanyoyin kiwon lafiya masu haɗari waɗanda ke haifar da yawan mace-macen mata masu juna biyu. Haka kuma adadin ya ci gaba saboda ƙarancin amfani da magungunan hana haihuwa, ƙarancin ƙarfin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya don magance matsalolin zubar da ciki da zubar da ciki, da kuma yawaitar cutar HIV/AIDS a tsakanin mata masu juna biyu. Duk da cewa zazzaɓin cizon sauro na daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtuka ga mata masu juna biyu, ayyukan rigakafi da rigakafin ba su da inganci kamar yadda wani rahoto da aka buga a shekarar 2013 ya nuna.<ref name="MMRatio">{{cite web | access-date=17 October 2016 | url=http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Uganda/Uganda%20MDG%20Report-Oct%202013.pdf | title=Millennium Development Goals Report for Uganda 2013 | publisher=[[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] (UNESCO) | author=UNESCO | location=Paris, France | date=2014 | archive-date=21 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021204440/http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Uganda/Uganda%20MDG%20Report-Oct%202013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> Kashi 47 cikin 100 na matan Uganda ne kawai ke samun shawarwarin kulawa da mata masu juna biyu, kuma kashi 42 cikin ɗari na haifuwa ne kawai ke halartar ƙwararrun ma'aikatan lafiya. A cikin kashi 20 cikin 100 na matalautan al’umma, kaso 29 cikin 100 na haifuwar da kwararrun ma’aikatan lafiya suka samu a shekarar 2005/2006 idan aka kwatanta da kashi 77 cikin 100 na masu hannu da shuni.<ref>{{cite web | access-date=17 October 2016 | first=Anne | last=Mugisa | url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1317103/maternal-mortality-rate-rises | title=Maternal mortality rate rises | date=10 April 2013 | newspaper=[[New Vision]] | location=Kampala}}</ref> Shirin Auna Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam ya baiwa Uganda maki 47.9% don amfani da maganin hana haihuwa. == Rashin abinci mai gina jiki == Rashin abinci mai gina jiki shine babban abin da ke damun cigaba a Uganda, wanda ya shafi dukkan yankunan kasar da mafi yawan al'ummar kasar. Matsayin rashin abinci mai gina jiki a halin yanzu yana kawo cikas ga ci gaban ɗan adam, zamantakewa, da tattalin arzikin Uganda. Duk da cewa kasar ta samu gagarumin ci gaba a fannin bunkasar tattalin arziki da rage fatara a cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata, amma ci gaban da ta samu wajen rage matsalar karancin abinci mai gina jiki ya ragu matuka. Maƙasudi na ƙarshe na Shirin Ayyukan Ayyukan Gina Jiki na Uganda (UNAP) shine tabbatar da cewa duk 'yan Uganda sun sami abinci mai kyau don su rayu cikin koshin lafiya da rayuwa mai amfani. Duk da haka, a farkon rayuwa musamman ya kamata mu yi aiki tare don tabbatar da cewa duk 'yan Uganda sun sami abinci mai kyau. Dangane da Binciken Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na Uganda uku na baya-bayan nan (UDHS), alamomin abinci mai gina jiki ga yara ƙanana da uwayensu ba su inganta sosai ba cikin shekaru 15 da suka gabata, tare da wasu alamomin da ke nuna haɓakar yanayin. Misali, a cikin 1995, kashi 45 cikin 100 na yara ‘yan kasa da shekara biyar a Uganda ba su cika shekaru ba. Shekaru 10 bayan haka, yawan yaran da basu kai shekaru biyar ba ya ragu zuwa kashi 39 kawai (UDHS, 2006). Rage-tsare yana nuna rashin abinci mai gina jiki na yau da kullun a cikin yara; Adadin da aka samu na kashi 39 cikin 100 na nuna cewa kimanin yara ƙanana miliyan 2.3 a Uganda a yau suna fama da rashin abinci mai gina jiki. [[UNICEF]] <ref>[[UNICEF]] [https://www.unicef.org/uganda/Nutrition_Plan_2011.pdf "Nutrition Action Plan 2011-2016] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829234422/https://www.unicef.org/uganda/Nutrition_Plan_2011.pdf |date=2017-08-29 }}</ref> Ƙaddamar da Auna Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta baiwa Uganda maki 79.5% na yaran da ba su yi ƙasa a gwiwa ba. Yi la'akari da bayanin abinci mai gina jiki na Uganda ga yara ƴan ƙasa da shekaru biyar kamar yadda USAID <ref>USAID [https://www.usaid.gov/what-we-do/global-health/nutrition/countries/uganda-nutrition-profile "Nutrition profile April 2018"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529150018/https://www.usaid.gov/what-we-do/global-health/nutrition/countries/uganda-nutrition-profile |date=2019-05-29 }}</ref> <ref>[[USAID]] [https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1864/Uganda-Nutrition-Profile-Apr2018-508.pdf "Nutrition profile Uganda DHS 2011 and 2016] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805053747/https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1864/Uganda-Nutrition-Profile-Apr2018-508.pdf|date=2021-08-05}}</ref> ta nuna. {| class="wikitable" !Yawan jama'a ! Pop. Kasa da 5 ! % tsautsayi ! % Rashin nauyi |- | miliyan 41.5 | miliyan 7.7 | 29 | 11 |} Wannan yana da nauyi mai yawa a kan ƙasar ta hanyar asarar kuɗin shiga wanda ke shafar GDP kai tsaye inda kusan kashi 5.6% ko dalar Amurka miliyan 899 ke asarar duk shekara. WFP <ref>World Food Programme [https://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/hunger-costs-uganda-56-cent-gdp "hunger cost Uganda 5.6% of GDP"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907221232/https://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/hunger-costs-uganda-56-cent-gdp |date=2018-09-07 }}</ref> Duk da alƙaluman da ke nuna damuwa, bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa adadin yara ƴan ƙasa da shekaru biyar da ke fama da rashin abinci mai gina jiki na raguwa. <ref>Gapminder tools, [https://www.gapminder.org/tools/#$state$time$value=2016;&entities$show$geo$/$in@=uga;;;;&marker$axis_y$which=malnutrition_weight_for_age_percent_of_children_under_5&scaleType=linear&spaceRef:null;;;&chart-type=linechart "Malnutrition, weight for age 1988-2016"]</ref> == Cin zarafin jinsi == Rikicin cikin gida (DV) batu ne mai mahimmanci a cikin lafiyar haihuwa da haƙƙin haifuwa da lafiyar haifuwa. Yawancin DV sun dogara ne akan jinsi.<ref>{{cite web | access-date=17 October 2016 | url=https://www.who.int/topics/gender_based_violence/en/ | location=Geneva | publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) | date=17 October 2016 | author=WHO | title=Health topics: Violence against women}}</ref> Rikicin jiki shine nau'in DV mafi yaɗuwa a Uganda, inda kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na mata ke kai rahotonsa. Fiye da kashi 60 cikin 100 na matan da suka taɓa yin aure sun ba da rahoton fuskantar tashin hankali, na zahiri, ko jima'i daga ma'aurata.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/mar/08/international-womens-day-voice-mawokota-uganda | title=International women's day: a voice from Mawokota County North, Uganda | access-date=17 October 2016 | author=Richard Kavuma | date=8 March 2013 | newspaper=[[The Guardian]] | location=London}}</ref> A shekara ta 2011, kusan kashi biyu cikin ɗari na mata sun ba da rahoton cewa an yi musu kaciya, al'adar da ke mutuwa a wuraren da aka fi yin ta.<ref name="Pregdata">{{cite web | access-date=17 October 2016 | url=http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/PR18/PR18.pdf | date=March 2012 | publisher=[[Uganda Bureau of Statistics]] (UBOS) and ICF International Inc. (ICFI) | title=Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2011 | author=UBOS & ICFI | location=Kampala & Calverton, Maryland, US | archive-date=8 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508200948/http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/PR18/PR18.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> == Abu da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi == Shaye -shaye da shaye-shayen miyagun ƙwayoyi na damun lafiyar jama'a a Uganda wanda ke shafar yara da matasa. Wani magani da shi a tsakanin matasa shine hodar iblis.<ref>{{Cite thesis|title=Factors Contributing to Drug Abuse Among the Youth in Kisenyi, Rubaga Division, Kampala Uganda.|url=http://dspace.ciu.ac.ug/xmlui/handle/123456789/167|publisher=International Health Sciences University|date=September 2013|degree=Thesis|language=en|first=Ibrahim Said|last=Nasir|access-date=2022-04-21|archive-date=2022-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331064735/http://dspace.ciu.ac.ug/xmlui/handle/123456789/167|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, rashin amfani da kayan maye yana da kashi 0.34% na jimlar nakasa-daidaita-shekarun rayuwa (DALYs) da kuma mutuwar 0.13% a Uganda. Rashin amfani da barasa yana da kashi 0.2% na DALYs da 0.11% na yawan mace-mace.. Wannan yana da ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi idan aka kwatanta da ƙasashe a Arewacin Afirka, [[Turai]], [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]] da yankuna [[tsakiyar Asiya]]. Wannan na iya zama sakamakon ƙarƙashin bayar da rahoton waɗannan lamuran ko rashin gano waɗannan cututtuka a Uganda. An bayar da rahoton yawan barasa a Uganda a duniya a 26.0 L na barasa ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara a cikin shekarar 2016. A watan Maris na shekarar 2013, wani binciken CNN ya sanya Uganda a matsayi na 8 a duniya wajen shan barasa kuma ta farko a nahiyar Afirka. Wani bincike da aka yi kwanan nan a Uganda ya nuna ba zato ba tsammani na shan barasa da kuma dogaro da yara masu shekaru 5-8. An samo wannan yayin tambayoyin asibiti a cikin labarin da aka buga na shekarar 2020, tare da jumla gama gari tsakanin yaran, ''"Ina jin daɗi lokacin da na sha."'' A cikin wannan binciken, 7.4% yara sun sami tabbataccen cin zarafi da dogaro da barasa. Kashi 10 cikin 148 na yara suna da makin Ƙarfi da Ƙarfi (SDQ) (≥ 14). Waɗannan yara 10 waɗanda ke da babban adadin SDQ suna da cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa waɗanda suka haɗa da yunƙurin [[Kisan kai|kashe kansu]] (30%) da rikicewar tashin hankali (50%). Yaro ɗaya ne kawai ke da ƙarancin makin SDQ (a ƙasa 14) ba shi da wata cuta duk da kyakkyawan ƙwarewar sha. Yawancin yara sun ba da rahoton samun damar yin girki na gida, ilimin mai kulawa akan sha da mawuyacin yanayi na gida wanda ya sa su shan barasa. A cikin 2016, Uganda ta yi rajista mafi yawan adadin mace-mace daga cututtukan hanta da ke da alaƙa da barasa tare da jimillar mutuwar 118 a cikin 100,000 daga cututtukan hanta na biyu zuwa yawan shan barasa.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=GBD Compare {{!}} IHME Viz Hub|url=http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare|access-date=2021-09-09|website=vizhub.healthdata.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Organization|first=World Health|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qnOyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR7|title=Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health 2018|date=2019-02-14|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-156563-9|language=en}}</ref> Ba a sabunta ƙa'idojin shari'a game da barasa a Uganda ba tun 1960 har zuwa shekarar 2016, tare da shekarun shan barasa na shari'a yana da shekaru 18 yayin da sayar da barasa ga hukuncin kanana tarar da ba za ta wuce shilin Ugandan 500 ($ 0.14) ba kuma an ba yara damar siya. barasa a madadin manya. Dokar barasa, cap-93 har yanzu tana cin tarar shilling na Ugandan 205 ($0.058) kan shan barasa da ba su kai shekaru ba.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Barry Neild|title=World's 10 best drinking nations|url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/best-drinking-nations/index.html|access-date=2021-09-12|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref> Wani muhimmin batu game da shan barasa a Uganda shi ne cewa masana'antar barasa sun yi wa matasa hari ta hanyar karuwar marufi na 30 ml na barasa da fakitin da kowane matashi dan Uganda zai iya samu akan shilling na Ugandan 200 kawai ($ 0.057) tare da kamfen na barasa da ke gudana. kusa da makarantu, kindergarten, dandalin watsa labarai, da kuma kan hanyoyin Uganda.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last1=Engebretsen|first1=Ingunn Marie Stadskleiv|last2=Nalugya|first2=Joyce S.|last3=Skylstad|first3=Vilde|last4=Ndeezi|first4=Grace|last5=Akol|first5=Angela|last6=Babirye|first6=Juliet N.|last7=Nankabirwa|first7=Victoria|last8=Tumwine|first8=James K.|date=2020-10-24|title="I feel good when I drink"—detecting childhood-onset alcohol abuse and dependence in a Ugandan community trial cohort|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-020-00349-z|journal=Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health|volume=14|issue=1|pages=42|doi=10.1186/s13034-020-00349-z|issn=1753-2000|pmc=7585688|pmid=33110445}}</ref> Dokar Hukumar Kula da Ma'auni ta Ƙasa ta Uganda (UNBS) wacce ta tsara ƙa'idodi kan kayayyaki na Uganda ba ta da wani ma'auni kan barasa na asali (wanda aka fi sani da " ''enguli'' "). A ranar 26 ga Satumba, 2016, wani karamin kwamiti ya tsara wani sabon kudiri na hana barasa, aka gabatar da shi ga majalisar dokokin Uganda. Wannan lissafin yana nufin hana ƙananan marufi na barasa, tallan barasa da daidaita lokacin shan barasa. Hakanan ya haɗa da shekarun shari'a don fara shan barasa daga shekaru 18 zuwa 21 da kuma sanya harajin 5% akan duk abubuwan sha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Resources for Substance Use Disorders|url=https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/resources-for-substance-use-disorders|access-date=2021-09-14|website=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> Tasiri da canje-canjen manufofin tare da aiwatar da doka za su taimaka wajen daidaita shan barasa a Uganda da kuma ceton rayukan matasa da yara da yawa.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|last1=September 26|first1=Rogers Kasirye Posted on|last2=Industry|first2=2016 in Alcohol|last3=Norm|first3=Alcohol|last4=Others|first4=Alcohol's Harm To|last5=Society|first5=Civil|last6=Complex|first6=Corporate Consumption|last7=Democracy|last8=IOGT|last9=Development|first9=Obstacle To|date=2016-09-26|title=Uganda And The New Alcohol Control Bill 2016|url=https://movendi.ngo/blog/2016/09/26/uganda-new-alcohol-control-bill-2016/|access-date=2021-09-12|website=Movendi International|language=en-US}}</ref> == Lafiyar Baki == Babu isassun bayanai kan halin da ake ciki na lafiyar baki a Uganda.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=National Oral Health Policy|url=https://www.health.go.ug/cause/national-oral-health-policy/|access-date=2021-09-11|website=Ministry of Health {{!}} Government of Uganda|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911194503/https://www.health.go.ug/cause/national-oral-health-policy/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wani bincike mai sauri da aka gudanar ta hanyar binciken al'umma da kuma tattaunawa mai mahimmanci a gundumomin Uganda a cikin 2004/2005 an kiyasta cewa kashi 51% na al'ummar sun fuskanci matsalar lafiyar baki watanni shida kafin binciken. Daga cikin mutanen da suka fuskanci matsalar lafiyar baƙi, kashi 35% ne kawai suka sami magani. <ref name=":8" /> Sharuɗɗan da suka fi yawa kamar yadda [https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412963947.n260 manyan masu ba da labari] suka ruwaito sun haɗa da; {| class="wikitable" |+Sakamako na Binciken Kiwon Lafiyar Baki 2004/2005 !Yanayin Baki ! Yaduwa (%) |- | Rushewar hakori | 93.1 |- | Ciwo | 82.1 |- | Asarar hakori | 79.3 |- | Farkon kuruciya caries | 75.9 |- | Zubar jini | 71.4 |- | Sako da hakora | 48.3 |- | Warin baki mara kyau | 42.9 |- | Cutar HIV ta baka | 28.6 |- | Hakori toho | 17.2 |- | Cutar cututtuka (ba tare da karaya ba) | 13.8 |- | Karyewar baki | 13.8 |- | Ciwon daji na baka | 10.3 |- | Ciwon baki | 10.3 |- | Fluorosis | 6.9 |- | Ciwon ciki mara kyau | 3.4 |} A cewar wani bincike da aka gudanar tsakanin yara ƴan makaranta a Mbarara a shekara ta 2007, tsaftar baki gaba daya yaran makaranta ba ta da kyau da ke nuna rashin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftar baki. Matsakaicin lalacewa, da aka rasa, cika hakora na dindindin (DMFT) shine 1.5 (± 0.8SD) tare da mata suna da DMFT mafi girma fiye da maza na 1.6 (± 0.8SD) da 1.3 (± 0.8SD) bi da bi. Yara a makarantu masu zaman kansu sun kasance sun fi samun ƙarin [[Rushewar hakori|caries]] a cikin haƙoran dindindin da haƙoran madara. [https://hastingsfamilydental.com/what-exactly-is-calculus/#:~:text=In%20dentistry%2C%20calculus%20or%20tartar,in%20plaque%20on%20the%20teeth. Lissafi] ya fi yawa a maza, makarantun gwamnati da kuma cikin malaman rana. Kwarewar caries gabaɗaya ta fi girma a Kampala idan aka kwatanta da gundumomin karkara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Batwala|first1=V|last2=Mulogo|first2=EM|last3=Arubaku|first3=W|date=December 2007|title=Oral health status of school children in Mbarara, Uganda|journal=African Health Sciences|volume=7|issue=4|pages=233–238|issn=1680-6905|pmc=3074375|pmid=21499489}}</ref> Gabaɗaya maki DMFT ya kasance 0.9 na yara da 3.4 na manya. <ref name=":9" /> Dangane da Burden Cututtuka na Duniya, cututtukan baka a Uganda suna ba da gudummawar 0.38% na jimlar DALYs. Wannan ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa da ƙasashen da ke makwabtaka da shi a cikin al'ummar Gabashin Afirka kuma ya fi ƙasa da sauran [https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/unitWorld yankuna na bankunan yankunan bankin duniya]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, watau Gabashin Asiya da Pacific, Turai da Asiya ta Tsakiya, Latin Amurka da [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] da sassan Kudancin Asiya. <ref name=":13" /> Uganda ta kasance ta musamman yayin da take horar da jami'an kiwon lafiya na baka daban-daban, likitocin hakori, jami'an kiwon lafiyar jama'a, likitocin baka da maxillofacial likitoci da kwararrun dakin gwaje-gwaje na hakori. Likitocin likitan hakori a Uganda suna ƙarƙashin kulawar Hukumar Kula da Lafiya da Haƙori ta Uganda (UMDPC) da ƙwararrun ƙungiyar, Ƙungiyar Haƙori ta Uganda (UDA) Adadin likitocin hakori masu rijista a duk faɗin ƙasar ya ƙaru daga 72 haƙori. likitocin tiyata a cikin 2006 <ref name=":8" /> zuwa kusan likitocin hakori 396 a cikin 2021 <ref name=":12" /> suna yiwa al'ummar Ugandan sama da miliyan 42 hidima. Daga cikin waɗannan, 372 sune likitocin haƙori na gabaɗaya, 12 Oral and maxillofacial surgeons, 3 orthodontists, 2 prosthodontists da 7 restorative dentists a duk faɗin ƙasar kamar na 2021. <ref name=":12" /> Dukkanin ƙwararrun hakori ban da aikin tiyata na baki da na maxillofacial ana horar da su a wajen ƙasar. <ref name=":8" /> Manufar Kiwon Lafiya ta Baka ta ƙasa tana gudana tun daga 2007 zuwa 2009 kuma har yanzu ba a sabunta ta ba tun lokacin. Ma'aikatar Lafiya tana aiki da ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi wanda ya ƙunshi ƙasa da 0.1% akan kula da lafiyar baki wanda ya fi dacewa don isar da sabis na baka. Ayyukan baka na yau da kullun suna kan farashi kyauta a wuraren gwamnati yayin da ake samun kulawa na biyu da na uku akan farashi. Yawancin ayyukan kula da hakori a Uganda ba sa biya (OOPs) saboda karancin kayan aiki, kayayyaki, kayan aiki da ma'aikata a yawancin sassan kula da lafiya na gwamnati don haka ana tilasta wa marasa lafiya neman ta baki a wurare masu zaman kansu. <ref name=":8" /> === Kaciya ta baki (IOM) === Yi wa jariran baki kaciya ya zama ruwan dare ga yawancin ƙasashen Afirka a yankin Saharar Afirka, gami da Uganda.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|last1=Wandera|first1=Margaret N.|last2=Kasumba|first2=Betsy|date=2017-07-17|title="Ebinyo"—The Practice of Infant Oral Mutilation in Uganda|journal=Frontiers in Public Health|volume=5|page=167|doi=10.3389/fpubh.2017.00167|issn=2296-2565|pmc=5511818|pmid=28770190|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jamieson|first=L.|date=2005-11-22|title=Using qualitative methodology to elucidate themes for a traditional tooth gauging education tool for use in a remote Ugandan community|journal=Health Education Research|language=en|volume=21|issue=4|pages=477–487|doi=10.1093/her/cyh073|pmid=16311242|issn=0268-1153|doi-access=free}}</ref> Daga cikin ƙabilun Bantu masu magana a Uganda, ana kiranta da suna " ''ebinyo'' ". <ref name=":15" /> Ana fidda haƙoran da ba a fashe ba yawanci a matsayin maganin zazzaɓi da gudawa ga jarirai da ba a horar da su ba. <ref name=":15" /> Ayyukan sun haɗa da gano wuraren da aka taso akan gumakan jarirai da yin amfani da kayan aiki masu kaifi don cire haƙoran da ba na ma'adinai ba tare da la'akari da shi " ''tsutsa'' ''mai laifi'' ." Tushen haƙoran gama gari da aka cire sune na farko na canines.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Musinguzi|first1=Norman|last2=Kemoli|first2=Arthur|last3=Okullo|first3=Isaac|date=2019-09-02|title=Prevalence and dental effects of infant oral mutilation or Ebiino among 3–5 year–old children from a rural district in Uganda|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-019-0890-6|journal=BMC Oral Health|volume=19|issue=1|pages=204|doi=10.1186/s12903-019-0890-6|issn=1472-6831|pmc=6721365|pmid=31477127}}</ref> An fara samun rahoton kaciya na baka na jarirai (IOM) a Uganda a cikin 1969 a cikin kashi 16.1% na yara daga ƙabilar Acholi da ke Arewacin Uganda. Wadannan duk sun bata saboda IOM.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last1=Muwazi|first1=Louis M|last2=Rwenyonyi|first2=Charles M|last3=Tirwomwe|first3=Francis J|last4=Ssali|first4=Charles|last5=Kasangaki|first5=Arabat|last6=Nkamba|first6=Moses E|last7=Ekwaru|first7=Paul|date=September 2005|title=Prevalence of oral diseases/conditions in Uganda|journal=African Health Sciences|volume=5|issue=3|pages=227–233|issn=1680-6905|pmc=1831927|pmid=16245993}}</ref> Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan da aka buga a cikin 2019 tsakanin yara masu shekaru 3-5 a Yammacin Yammacin Yuganda ya nuna kashi 8.1% sun ɓace na farko saboda IOM.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=GBD Compare {{!}} IHME Viz Hub|url=http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare|access-date=2021-09-13|website=vizhub.healthdata.org}}</ref> Wannan al’ada ta fi zama ruwan dare a tsakanin mazauna karkara da mazauna birane, inda aka fi samun yawaitar yara a karkashin wani mai kula da su ba na iyaye ba.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=Medical and Dental Practitioners Council|url=https://umdpc.com/|access-date=2021-09-13|website=umdpc.com|archive-date=2021-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912132245/https://www.umdpc.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kungiyoyin gama gari da aka ruwaito suna gudanar da IOM mutane ne da ake mutunta al'adu a Uganda kuma wadannan sun hada da; masu maganin gargajiya, ungozoma, malaman makaranta da limaman gari.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pindborg|first=J. J.|date=November 1969|title=Dental mutilation and associated abnormalities in Uganda|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5370955/|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=31|issue=3|pages=383–389|doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330310313|issn=0002-9483|pmid=5370955}}</ref><ref name=":15" /> Ana yin wannan aikin ne a lokacin da ƙwayoyin rigakafin yara daga madarar nono da masu ciki ke raguwa don haka ƙara kamuwa da cututtukan da ke bayyana kamar zazzaɓi, gudawa da amai waɗanda IOM ke yi don magance su. Wannan yana haifar da rashin kula da ainihin abin da ke haifar da cututtuka a maimakon haka yana kara ta'azzara ta hanyar amfani da kayan aikin da ba su da haihuwa wanda ke haifar da cututtuka da mace-mace a tsakanin yara.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Media|first=Kazi|title=Uganda Dental Association - The Official Registered Council for all Practicing & Retired Dental Surgeons in Uganda|url=https://ugadent.org/|access-date=2021-09-13|website=Uganda Dental Association|language=en}}</ref> Babban abin da ke haifar da IOM shine rashin ilimin baka a tsakanin yawancin al'ummar Uganda.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mukanga|first1=D.|last2=Babirye|first2=R.|last3=Peterson|first3=S.|last4=Pariyo|first4=G. W.|last5=Ojiambo|first5=G.|last6=Tibenderana|first6=J. K.|last7=Nsubuga|first7=P.|last8=Kallander|first8=K.|date=October 2011|title=Can lay community health workers be trained to use diagnostics to distinguish and treat malaria and pneumonia in children? Lessons from rural Uganda|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21752163/|journal=Tropical Medicine & International Health |volume=16|issue=10|pages=1234–1242|doi=10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02831.x|issn=1365-3156|pmid=21752163|s2cid=10626642}}</ref><ref name=":15" /> == Lafiya a yankin Arewa == Arewacin Uganda yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan yankuna huɗu na gudanarwa a Uganda. Yaƙin basasa da aka dade ana gwabzawa tsakanin gwamnatin Uganda da kungiyar [[Ƙungiyar Ƴan Tawaye na Ubangiji|ƴan tawayen Lords Resistance Army]] da kuma rikicin satar shanu da aka shafe tsawon shekaru 20 ana yi a yankin ya ruguza yankin.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.un.org/events/tenstories/07/printable/uganda.shtml | title=Ten Stories the World Should Hear Moe About – Northern Uganda: Major Steps Towards Peace In A Decades-Old Conflict | access-date=17 October 2016 | date= 2008 | author=United Nations | publisher=[[United Nations]] | location=New York City}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | access-date=17 October 2016 | url=https://justiceinconflict.org/2012/04/09/a-genocide-in-northern-uganda-the-protected-camps-policy-of-1999-to-2006/ | date=9 April 2012 | title=A Genocide in Northern Uganda? – The 'Protected Camps' Policy of 1999 to 2006 | first=Patrick | last=Wegner | publisher=Justiceinconflict.org}}</ref> Tun lokacin da aka kawo ƙarshen yaƙin a shekara ta 2006, an lalata sansanonin 'yan gudun hijirar tare da komawa gidajensu na da. Yankin, duk da haka, har yanzu yana da ƙalubalen kiwon lafiya da yawa, irin su rashin kayan aikin kiwon lafiya da rashin isassun ma'aikata a kowane mataki (rahoton da aka buga 2008);<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.equip123.net/docs/E1-Education_Fragility_Uganda.pdf | title=Education and Fragility in Northern Uganda | access-date=17 October 2016 | date=October 2008 | last=Meredith McCormac | first=and Judy A. Benjamin | location=Washington, D. C., United States | publisher=[[American Institutes for Research]] | archive-date=22 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022011441/http://www.equip123.net/docs/E1-Education_Fragility_Uganda.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author1=S. Accorsi | author2=M. Fabiani | author3=B. Nattabi | author4=B. Corrado | author5=R. Iriso | author6=E. O. Ayella | author7=B. Pido | author8=P. A. Onek | author9=M. Ogwang | author10=S. Declich | title=The disease profile of poverty: morbidity and mortality in northern Uganda in the context of war, population displacement and HIV/AIDS | journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | date=March 2005 | volume=99 | issue=3 | pages=226–33| doi=10.1016/j.trstmh.2004.09.008 | pmid=15653126 }}</ref> rashin samun damar amfani da wutar; lantarki ta kasa (rahoton da aka buga a 2007);<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Uganda_PRDP-2007.pdf | title=Peace, Recovery And Development Plan for Northern Uganda (PRDP) | publisher=[[Brookings Institution]] | author=Brookings Institution | location=Washington, D. C., US | date=September 2007 | access-date=17 October 2016}}</ref> rashin iya jawowa da riƙe ƙwararrun ma'aikata;<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnadz297.pdf|title=UGANDA HEALTH SYSTEM ASSESSMENT 2011|website=USAID}}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> akai-akai sayar da kayayyaki a asibitoci da wuraren kiwon lafiya;<ref name=":5" /> cututtuka masu tasowa da sake tasowa irin su Ebola, nodding syndrome, onchocerciasis, da [[Tibi|tarin fuka]];<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.centreforchildren.be/uganda/resettlement-of-war-affected-communities-in-northern-uganda-and-the-longitudinal-follow-up-of-the-reintegration-process-of-former-child-soldiers/?lid=438 | title=Resettlement of War-Affected Communities in Northern Uganda and the Longitudinal Follow-Up of the Reintegration Process of Former Child Soldiers | access-date=9 December 2018 | date=2007 | publisher=Belgian Centre for Children in Vulnerable Situations (BCFC) | author=BCFC | location=Ghent | archive-date=10 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210110809/http://www.centreforchildren.be/uganda/resettlement-of-war-affected-communities-in-northern-uganda-and-the-longitudinal-follow-up-of-the-reintegration-process-of-former-child-soldiers/?lid=438 | url-status=dead }}</ref> kamuwa da cutar zazzabin cizon sauro, wanda ke kan gaba wajen mutuwar mutane a kasar; <ref name=":5" /> mayar da tsoffin yaran da aka sace da suka koma gida (binciken 2007);<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/uganda/uganda-red-cross-launches-water-project-war-affected-districts|title=Uganda: Red Cross launches water project in war-affected districts|date=2008-03-17|work=ReliefWeb|access-date=2017-11-17|language=en}}</ref> rashin tsaftataccen ruwan sha yayin da aka lalata yawancin rijiyoyin burtsatse a lokacin yakin; cutar HIV/AIDS (rahoton da aka buga a 2004);<ref>{{cite web | url=http://reliefweb.int/report/uganda/hiv-seroprevalence-northern-uganda-complex-relationship-between-aids-and-conflict | title=HIV seroprevalence in northern Uganda: The complex relationship between AIDS and conflict | author=Associazione Volontari per il Servizio Internazionale | date=15 September 2004 | access-date=17 October 2016 | publisher=[[ReliefWeb]] | location=Geneva}}</ref> matalauta matakan ilimi tare da babban gazawar rates a firamare da sakandare kasa jarrabawa (2015 buga rahoton);<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/apr/23/uganda-success-universal-primary-education-falling-apart-upe | title=Uganda's success in universal primary education falling apart | access-date=17 October 2016 | date=23 April 2015 | last=Mwesigwa | first=Alon | newspaper=[[The Guardian]] | location=London}}</ref> da talauci (rahoton da aka buga a 2013).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ruralpovertyportal.org/country/home/tags/uganda/ | title=Rural Poverty in Uganda | publisher=Ruralpovertyportal.org (RPPO) Quoting [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]] (IFAD) | author=IFAD | access-date=17 October 2016 | location=Rome, Italy | date=2013}}</ref> == Ƴan gudun hijira == Uganda dai na karɓar ƴan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka tun bayan samun ƴancin kai a shekarar 1962. Hasali ma, taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'yan gudun hijira na 2016 ya ayyana manufofin ƴan gudun hijira a Uganda a matsayin abin koyi. Dokar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta 2006 da Dokokin Ƴan Gudun Hijira na 2010 sun ba da damar haɗin kai na 'yan gudun hijira a cikin al'ummomin da suka karbi bakuncin tare da ƴan gudun hijirar da ke da damar yin amfani da sabis na jama'a iri ɗaya kamar na ƴan ƙasa. Suna da 'yancin motsi kuma suna da ƴanci don neman damar rayuwa, gami da samun damar shiga kasuwar aiki da kafa kasuwanci. A halin yanzu Uganda tana karbar 'yan gudun hijira 1,252,470 da masu neman mafaka wanda ya sa ta zama kasa mafi girma da ke karbar bakuncin ƴan gudun hijira a Afirka kuma ta uku mafi girma a duniya (GoU da UNHCR, 2017) UNDP.<ref>[[UNDP]] [http://www.ug.undp.org/content/dam/uganda/docs/UNDPUg17-Uganda%20Contribution%20to%20Refugee%20Hosting-Study%20Summary%20(2).pdf "Uganda's contribution to Refugee Protection and Management"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907221536/http://www.ug.undp.org/content/dam/uganda/docs/UNDPUg17-Uganda%20Contribution%20to%20Refugee%20Hosting-Study%20Summary%20(2).pdf|date=2018-09-07}}</ref> Hakan dai ya dora babban nauyi a kan kasar da ke da GDP na kowane mutum dala 710 kacal, amma duk da haka tallafin da ake samu kan kowane mutum kadan ne. [https://www.gapminder.org/tools/#$state$time$value=2016;&marker$select@$geo=uga&trailStartTime=2016;;&axis_y$which=aid_received_per_person_current_us&domainMin:null&domainMax:null&zoomedMin:null&zoomedMax:null&scaleType=genericLog&spaceRef:null;;;&chart-type=bubbles "Taimakon da aka samu kowane mutum ba tare da samun kudin shiga ba"] Kuɗin da aka raba ta ɓangaren {| class="wikitable" !'''Bangaren''' ! '''Darajar (US$)''' ! '''Raba kashi''' |- | Ilimi | 795,419 | 0.25 |- | Lafiya | 5,201,026 | 1.61 |- | Tsaro | 3,045,858 | 0.94 |- | Ƙasa | 29,746,209 | 9.21 |- | Asarar muhalli | 90,682,169 | 28.07 |- | Makamashi da ruwa | 145,881,761 | 45.16 |- | Sauran farashin | 2,406,814 | 0.75 |- | Kiyasin haraji keɓe ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya hukumomi | 45,254,125 | 14.01 |- | '''Jimlar''' | '''323,013,382''' | '''100.00''' |} Ana samun ɓarkewar cututtuka akai-akai kamar kwalara, ebola da marburg. 2017 Uganda Marburg cutar fashewa . Manufar barin ƴan gudun hijirar su yi tafiya cikin walwala a cikin kasar na kara barazanar yada waɗannan ɓarkewar cutar fiye da kan iyakokin sansanin ƴan gudun hijira. === Alamomin lafiya === Bisa ga rahoton 2015 Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) rahoton: * Yankin na ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan masu fama da cutar kanjamau da kashi 8 a kasar, sai Kampala. * Yankin na kan gaba cikin talauci inda kashi 80 cikin 100 na gidaje ke fama da talauci idan aka kwatanta da kashi 20 cikin 100 na kasar gaba daya suna fama da talauci. Yankin yana da mafi ƙasƙanci mafi ƙasƙanci na kowane gida na UGX:21,000 idan aka kwatanta da UGX:30,000 na yawan jama'a. Kusan kashi 26 na mutane suna fama da talauci * Yankin na kan gaba wajen jahilci inda kashi 60 cikin 100 na al'ummar da shekarunsu suka wuce shekaru 10 zuwa sama suke da ilimi idan aka kwatanta da kashi 71 na al'ummar ƙasar baki ɗaya. * Yawancin gundumomi a yankin ba su da tsaftataccen ruwan famfo, in ban da wasu garuruwa kamar Gulu, Lira, Arua, da Soroti . Matsalolin ramukan ramuka sun bambanta daga kashi 4 zuwa 84 a wasu gundumomi, mafi muni a kasar. * Yankin yana da mafi ƙarancin adadin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya idan aka kwatanta da sauran yankuna na ƙasar. Daga cikin jimillar cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya 5,229 a Uganda (2,867 na gwamnati, 874 da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) ke gudanar da su, da kuma wuraren zaman kansu 1,488), cibiyoyin lafiya 788 ne kawai a yankin Arewa (664 da gwamnati ke gudanarwa, 122) ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da wurare masu zaman kansu guda 2). Isar da wuraren kiwon lafiya ya kai daga kashi 7 a cikin Amudat, zuwa kashi 81 a Gulu . * Yankin yana da mafi girman adadin haihuwa na yara 7.9 kowace mace idan aka kwatanta da adadin 6.1 na kasar baki daya. * Yankin Karamoja yana da yawan mace-macen mata masu juna biyu. Dangane da Binciken Kiwon Lafiya da Kiwon Lafiya na Uganda na 2001, Yankin Arewa ya kasance mafi muni a cikin alamomin mace-macen jarirai (a ƙasa da shekaru biyar na mace-mace: 178 mace-mace a cikin 1000 masu rai) (a ƙarƙashin shekara ɗaya mace-mace: mutuwar 105 a cikin 1000 masu rai) (mutuwar jarirai). : 42 mutuwar a cikin farkon watan rayuwa a cikin 1000 da aka haihu). Don dalilai na Binciken Alƙaluman Jama'a da Lafiya na Uganda na 2011, an raba yankin Arewa zuwa West Nile, Arewa, da Karamoja, tare da sauran yankuna uku suna da rassa bakwai, na jimlar yanki goma a duk faɗin ƙasar. Yawan mace-macen Karamoja na ƙasa da shekaru biyar (153 ne ke mutuwa a cikin 1000 masu rai) ya kasance mafi muni a kasar, inda adadin West Nile (125) ya kasance na uku mafi muni sai kuma Arewa (105) na hudu mafi kyau. Yawan mace-mace na West Nile 'yan kasa da shekara 88 ya kasance mafi muni a ƙasar, inda adadin Karamoja (87) ya kasance na biyu mafi muni sai na Arewa (66) na biyar mafi kyau. Yawan mace-macen da ake fama da shi a yankin West Nile a kasa da wata guda (38) shi ne na biyu mafi muni a kasar, inda yankin Arewa (31) ya kasance a matsayi na hudu mafi muni yayin da Karamoja (29) ke matsayi na huɗu. <ref name="MMRatio" /> * Ciwon nodding ya afkawa yankin ne tun daga farkon zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 2000, duk da cewa kasashen duniya ba su san da shi ba sai a shekarar 2009 da WHO da Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Amurka suka fara bincikensa. Cutar ta shafi yara masu shekaru 5-15, musamman a yankin Acholi da wasu kaɗan a yankin Lango. Sama da mutane 3,000 da aka tabbatar sun kamu da cutar tun daga shekarar 2012, yayin da Uganda ke da mafi yawan masu kamuwa da cutar a duniya. Cutar tana da babban illa ga lafiyar yara, iyalai, da al'umma. Yaran da a da suna cikin koshin lafiya kuma suna girma da kyau iyaye suna lura da su don yin noma musamman a lokacin cin abinci da farko, suna ci gaba zuwa kai lokacin sanyi, da sauransu. Wadannan yara a ƙarshe suna samun nau'i daban-daban na ciwon farfaɗiya da kuma nakasa kamar rashin abinci mai gina jiki mai tsanani, ƙonewa, ciwon ciki, kyphosis mai tsanani, rashin fahimta, da kuma yawo daga gidaje. <ref name="pmid23965548" /> Tun lokacin da aka fara shiga tsakani a cikin 2012, ba a sami sabbin maganganu ba a yankin. Ba a gano ainihin dalilin wannan cuta ba, kodayake akwai haɗin gwiwa mai ƙarfi tare da onchocerciasis. Al’ummomin sun yi imanin cewa, ƴaƴansu za su iya kamuwa da sinadarai a lokacin yakin, musamman lokacin da aka raba su cikin sansanonin ‘yan gudun hijira saboda sun lura cewa ƴaƴansu sun yi rashin lafiya ne kawai a sansanonin. {| class="wikitable" !'''Karamar Hukuma''' ! Nodding S ! Nodding S ! Farfadiya ! Farfadiya |- | | Namiji | Mace | Namiji | Mace |- | Aware | 230 | 188 | 231 | 198 |- | Atanga | 144 | 129 | 95 | 84 |- | Lapul | 34 | 32 | 23 | 22 |- | Agagura | 119 | 108 | 70 | 64 |- | Laguti | 172 | 164 | 115 | 110 |- | Acholi Bur | 03 | 04 | 18 | 23 |- | Puranga | 13 | 12 | 148 | 146 |- | Pader | 13 | 11 | 21 | 16 |- | '''Jimlar''' | 728 | 648 | 721 | 663 |} == Gurɓacewar muhalli a Uganda == === Gurɓacewar iska === Gurɓacewar iska na daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtuka marasa yaduwa a [[Uganda]] . A duniya baki ɗaya, gurbacewar iska ita ce ke da alhakin kusan kashi 18% na dukkan manya da ke mutuwa sakamakon shanyewar jiki, kashi 27% daga cututtukan zuciya, kashi 20% daga cututtukan cututtukan huhu na yau da kullun (COPD), 27% na kamuwa da ciwon huhu da kuma kashi 8% na cutar kansar huhu, in ji kiyasin WHO. . Kimanin mutane 13,000 ne suka mutu sakamakon gurbacewar iska a Uganda a shekarar 2017 kuma 10,000 daga cikin waɗanda suka mutun sun mutu ne sakamakon shakar hayaƙi mai guba daga itacen cikin gida da garwashin kona dafa abinci alkalumman gurbatar iska daga Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya (HEI), Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya da Kimantawa (IHME) da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) sun bayyana . <ref name=":17" /> A shekarar 2019, ita ce shekarar da aka bayar da rahoton cewa [[Kampala]] ta fi gurbacewar iska inda watannin da suka yi fice a matsayin mafi gurbacewar yanayi a watan Fabrairu, Yuli da Agusta, duk sun zo da karatun PM2.5 na 36.9 μg/m³, 39.9 μg/m³ da 37.4 μg/m³ bi da bi tare da baƙar fata carbon da maras tabbas kwayoyin mahadi (VOC's) kasancewa mafi ƙazanta . A cikin 2019, Dokta Daniel Okello, darektan Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a da Muhalli na KCCA ya kuma ba da rahoton kusan mutane 31,600 ke mutuwa a Uganda daga cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da gurɓataccen iska a shekara kamar cututtukan zuciya, cututtukan huhu da cututtukan huhu da kansar huhu, kuma mafi yawan mace-mace suna cikin al'ummomi masu ƙura. wuraren masana'antu da na kasuwanci, da ke da motoci da yawa da ke fitowa da hayaƙi da ƙura. Wani bincike da jami’ar Makerere ta gudanar ya bayyana cewa karuwar tsofaffin ababen hawa a kan tituna ya haifar da tabarbarewar iskar da ta wuce matakin da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta bayar. <ref name=":18" /> Gurɓacewar iska tana canza yanayi a asali, tare da yin tasiri sosai kan lafiyar ba Uganda kaɗai ba har ma da duniyar duniya baki ɗaya kuma yana haifar da saurin haɓaka birane da haɓakar jama'a a cikin birane. === Samun ruwa da gurbatar yanayi === [[File:A_touchless_hand_washing_tap.jpg |thumb|left|Yarinya na tsabtace hannunta da ruwan Famfo]] A ƙasar Uganda, kiyasin kimanin mutane miliyan 7 na ƴan ƙasar Uganda ba su da tsaftataccen ruwan sha kuma kusan miliyan 28 na al’ummar ƙasar ba su da isassun wuraren tsaftar muhalli. A cikin 2022, Shirin Haɗin gwiwa (JMP), [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ya ruwaito cewa kashi 9 cikin 100 na al'ummar Uganda sun dogara ne da rashin ingantaccen ruwa ko ruwan sama don bukatun yau da kullun. A Kampala babban abin da ke haddasa gurbacewar ruwa shi ne kasancewar kwayoyin cuta masu saurin kisa a cikin magudanan ruwa da kasancewar sinadarin nitrates kamar yadda masu bincike suka gano. An ce rashin kula da sharar gida ne ya haifar da hakan da kuma wuraren da ba a tsara su ba. Yaran da ke tsakanin shekaru 12 zuwa 14 da suka yi mu'amala da ruwa mai dauke da nitrates an ba da rahoton cewa sun jinkirta amsawa ga haske da kara kuzari. [[Gudawa|Cutar gudawa]] kadai, daya daga cikin illolin rashin samun ruwa mai tsafta kuma daya daga cikin manyan masu kashe yara uku a Uganda, na kashe yara 33 a kowace rana rahoton [[UNICEF]] . Hakanan akwai sharar filastik da yawa a tafkin Victoria . Polyethene da kwalabe na filastik, sau da yawa ana amfani da su a cikin jaka, wrappers da fina-finai, suna ba da gudummawar 60% na ƙwayoyin microplastic da aka bincika, don haka ya sa ya zama mafi girma na gurɓataccen filastik na Lake Victoria . == Manazarta == {{reflist|3}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/resources/docs/country_info/profile/en_Uganda_SoWMy_Profile.pdf Halin Ungozoma na Duniya - Bayanan Ƙasar Uganda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005171543/http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/resources/docs/country_info/profile/en_Uganda_SoWMy_Profile.pdf |date=2012-10-05 }} * [http://www.irinnews.org/film Fim kan Gideon Byamugisha da yaƙin da ya yi da cutar kanjamau a Uganda] [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Uganda]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2ge6mwpe179nzu897ps9r8ne8acnmea 0 31897 906338 724465 2026-08-22T21:50:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Akwasidae Calendar 2024.png|thumb|Kalandan na kwararrafa]] '''Kwararrafa''', wata tsohuwar daula ce da rukunin ƙabilun da ake kira Ƙawancen-Kwa (Kwa-Group) suka kafa ta a yankin Arewacin Kogin Binuwai. ==Tarihi== Daula ce da wasu masana tarihi suke ganin an kafa ta a cikin ƙarni na 14. Ta kuma yi sharafinta daga wannan ƙarni har zuwa cikin ƙarni na 17 (Dinslage da Leger, 1996). Haka nan, Okpeh da Ochefu (babu lokacin bugu) sun ambata cewa tarihi ya tabbatar da samuwar wata daula mai suna Kwararrafa a arewa da kogin Binuwai. Wannan daula ta haɗaka tsakanin waɗannan ƙabilu masu asali guda, Jukunawa ne suka shugabance ta.<ref>http://ebirayouthforumassociation.blogspot.com.ng /2013/05/history-of-ebira-people.html</ref> ==Asali da Yararruka== Rubuce-rubuce masu tarin yawa, kamar irin su Dr. Dawuda (2011), Mac-Leva (2009), Okunna, Emman, Gausa, da Solomon, (2014), Ujorha (2012), Dinslage da Leger (1996), sun ruwaito cewa, yarurrukan da suka kafa wannan daular ƙwance ta Kwararrafa daga Gabas suka fito tare da ayyana Yamen a matsayin tushen su.<ref>http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/weekly/index.php/feature s/10585-did-the-jukun-originate-from-egypt</ref> '''Yarurruka''' Yarurrukan da suka haɗu suka kafa wannan daula ta haɗaka suna da tarin yawa, amma kaɗan daga cikin su sun Onawo da: Jukun, Igala, Ibira , Idoma, Alago (Boumo, 2011; Onawo, 2016), Boumo (2011) ya ƙara da Nupe, Mada, Kantana, Rindre, Eggon, Bassa Nge da Bassa Komo. Onawo (2016), ya ƙara da Goemi, Migili, Etulu, Iyala da Aros. Dinslage da Leger (1996), kuma suka zayyano Kwami, Kupto, Kushi, Piya, Bole, Bantu, Bole, Ngamo, Karekare, Kirfi, da Galembi. Andoma na Doma; wato Onawo(2016), ya ce, Jukunawa su ne shugabanni tare da Aku a matsayin jagoran addini.<ref>Boumo E. (2011). Factoring Inter-Group Relations In The Lower Benue Valley To Circa 1900 A.D. Department of History, Benue State University Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria. African Journal of Arts and Cultural Studies Volume 4, Number 2, 2011</ref> ==Yaƙuƙuwa== Mutanen Daular Kwararafa, mutane ne masu matuƙar jarumtaka wajen yaƙi, an ruwaito cewa, sun yi galaba a yaƙin da suka gwambza da manyan masarautun ƙasar Hausa waɗanda suka haɗa da Kano , Katsina , Dutse , Ningi, da kuma Zazzau (Wikipedia, 2016; Northern Nigerian Publishing Company, 1970; Sanusi, 2009). Wannan magana, ana iya ƙarfafarta da sunayen wasu unguwanni guda biyu da ke cikin garuruwan Kano da Zariya. Agarin Kano akwai wata unguwa mai suna “Yakasai”, wacce ruwayar kunne-ya-girmi-kaka ta sheda mana cewa kalma ce da ke nufin “Za mu dawo ko muna dawowa” wacce ta fito daga bakin su Jukunawa a lokacin da suka ci Kano da yaƙi. Haka nan kuma akwai unguwa mai suna ‘Tudun Jukun” a cikin garin Zariya.<ref>Sanusi N. M. (2009). Stories of Dutse Palace 1421 – 2009. An buga wannan littafi a maɗaba’ar jahar Jigawa.</ref> Durƙushewa Rikicin shugabanci (tattaunawa da sarkin Pindiga), gujewa hare-hare daga daular Barno ta wani gefen, da kuma mayaƙan musulunci na daular Shehu Ɗanfodiye daga wani gefen (David, 2013; Boumo, 2011), na daga cikin manyan dalilan da ya kawo ƙauracewar wasu yarurrukan daga wannan yankin suka ƙetara zuwa kudu da Kogin na Binuwai.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nobleworld.biz/images/Edo.pdf |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-07-22 |archive-date=2022-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722055156/http://www.nobleworld.biz/images/Edo.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == 09diygv91r7u2t6fhegrv9jwwvdkits 0 32952 906281 514943 2026-08-22T18:31:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Rwanda and Uganda national cricket teams.jpg|thumb|yan wasan kirket na Uganda ]] [[Fayil:JoelOlweny.jpg|thumb|kofi gasar na kirket a Hannun Dan wasa ]] '''Ƙungiyar Wasan Kurket ta Uganda,''' tana sarrafawa da shirya duk yawon shakatawa da wasannin da ƙungiyar Kurket ta Uganda da ƙungiyar kurket ta mata ta Uganda suka yi . Ita ce hukumar kula da wasannin [[kurket]] a [[Uganda]] . Hedkwatarta a halin yanzu tana [[Kampala]], [[Uganda]] . Kungiyar Kurket ta Uganda ita ce wakiliyar Uganda a Majalisar Kurket ta Duniya kuma memba ce kuma memba ce ta wannan kungiyar tun a shekarar 1998. Hakanan memba ne na Ƙungiyar [[Kungiyar Wasan Kurket ta Afirka|Cricket ta Afirka]] . Martin Ondeko shi ne Shugaba na UCA (Uganda Cricket Association). Henry Okecho shine Manajan Ci Gaban. . == Tarihi == A cikin shekarar 1939, an gudanar da Makon Cricket na Makaranta na farko tsakanin makarantu huɗu a Uganda. Bayan haka a cikin shekarata 1966, sun karbi bakuncin gasar kwararru ta farko. An buga gasar cin kofin kasashen gabashin Afrika na farko, kuma Uganda mai masaukin baki ita ce ta zama zakara. A cikin 1998, Uganda ta zama mamba na Majalisar Cricket ta Duniya ( ICC ). == Mulkin cricket na Uganda == * Shuwagabanni da Shugabannin Ƙungiyar Cricket ta Uganda # Fred Luswata (1997 - 2000) # Francis Kazinduki (Yuli 2000 - 2002) # Ivan Kyayonka (2003 - 2006) # William Kibukamusoke (2007 - Fabrairu 2008) # Kato Sebbale (Fabrairu 2008 - Fabrairu 2012) # Richard Mwami (Fabrairu 2012 - Fabrairu 2017) # Bashir Badu (Fabrairu 2017 – Present) * Sakatare # Chris Azuba (1999 - Fabrairu 2001) # Justine Ligyalingi (Fabrairu 2001 - 2006) # Bashir Badu (2007 - 2009) # Jackson Kavuma (2012 - 2016) # Jeremy Kibukamusoke (2016 - Fabrairu 2017) # Eric Kamara (Fabrairu 2017 - Disamba 2017) # Michael Nuwagaba (Fabrairu 2017 - Present) * Manyan hafsoshi da daraktoci: # Justine Ligyanlingi (Afrilu 2010 - Maris 2018) # Martin Ondeko (Maris 2018 - Yanzu) * Manajoji # Rober Kisubi # Bashir Badu (2009 - 2010) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.ugandacricket.com/ Yanar Gizo na hukuma]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/35.html Cricinfo-Uganda] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tbf3k7qhagb9zlxy3iwqzocmy3v4fif 0 34908 906289 580753 2026-08-22T18:56:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906289 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q61694742}} [[Fayil:KWAKU ASANTE-BOATENG.jpg|thumb|Kwaku Asante-Boateng]] '''Kwaku Asante-Boateng''' (an haife shi 27 Afrilu 1961) ɗan siyasan Ghana ne kuma memba na Majalisar Bakwai na Jamhuriya ta huɗu ta Ghana kuma majalissar ta 8 ta Jamhuriya ta huɗu, mai wakiltar mazabar Asante-Akim ta Kudu a yankin Ashanti akan tikitin New Patriotic Party.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=44|title=Parliament of Ghana|website=www.parliament.gh|access-date=2020-01-30|archive-date=2023-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130070528/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=44|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Asante-Boateng a ranar 27 ga Afrilu 1961 a Bompata, Asante Akim na Ghana.<ref name=":0" /> Asante-Boateng ta samu digirin farko na Kimiyya a fannin tattalin arzikin kasa a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah. Ya kuma sami takardar shedar aiki da tsare-tsare da gudanarwa a GIMPA. Ya yi karatun MBA a University of Ghana, Legon. Ya zama lauya a makarantar koyon shari'a ta Ghana. Ya sami takardar shaidar difloma a fannin binciken lasisi a cibiyar binciken Ghana.<ref name=":0" /> == Aiki == Asante-Boateng lauya ne kuma Shugaba na Property Solution Models da Real Concepts R. Limited duka a Accra. Ya kasance mataimakin mai kima a sashin kimar ƙasa daga 1989 zuwa 1991. Ya zama jami'in EST ga mataimakin manajan kamfanin Inshora na kasar Ghana daga 1991 zuwa 2000. Ya kasance manajan ayyuka da gidaje a Unilever Ghana Limited daga 2000 zuwa 2004. Ya zama babban jami'in gudanarwa na wani kamfani mai zaman kansa a shekarar 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Boateng, Asante Kwaku|url=https://ghanamps.com/mp/boateng-asante-kwaku/|access-date=2022-02-16|website=Ghana MPS|language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwar siyasa == Asante-Boateng ya kasance dan majalisa mai rinjaye a majalisar dokoki ta 6 a jamhuriya ta 4 ta Ghana. An zabe shi ya shiga kwamitin ayyuka da gidaje a matsayin mataimakin shugaba kuma ya shiga kwamitin dokoki na reshen.<ref name=":0" /> Shi memba na jam’iyyar NPP ne kuma dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Asante Akim ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=I’m Not Behind Eric Amofa’s MP Bid! Lawyer Asante-Boateng Denies Allegations Of Vote Splitting|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1009572/im-not-behind-eric-amofas-mp-bid-lawyer-asante.html|access-date=2022-02-16|website=Modern Ghana|language=en}}</ref> Ya lashe kujerar majalisar ne da kuri'u 33,223 wanda ya zama kashi 60.6% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada yayin da dan takarar majalisar NDC ya samu kuri'u 21,639 wanda ya samu kashi 39.4% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada.<ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=2020 Election - Asante Akim South Constituency Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/ashanti/asante_akim_south/|access-date=2022-02-16|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2023-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531195241/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/ashanti/asante_akim_south/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A halin yanzu, shi ne mataimakin ministan raya layin dogo.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Editor 1|date=2021-08-27|title=[Video] It costs Ghana $5m to construct 1km of railway - Dep Minister|url=https://3news.com/video-it-costs-ghana-5m-to-construct-1km-of-railway-dep-minister/|access-date=2022-02-16|website=3NEWS|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426063025/https://3news.com/video-it-costs-ghana-5m-to-construct-1km-of-railway-dep-minister/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ministry of Railways Development - Ghana - about ministry of railways development|url=http://www.mrd.gov.gh/2/about-ministry-of-railways-development|access-date=2022-02-16|website=www.mrd.gov.gh}}</ref> === Kwamitoci === Asante-Boateng memba ne na Kwamitin Dokoki na Raba, memba na Kwamitin Tabbatar da Gwamnati, kuma memba na Kwamitin Aiki, Jin Dadin Jama'a da Kasuwancin Jiha.<ref name=":0" /> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Kwaku Asante-Boateng Kirista ne kuma yana halartar taron Allah.<ref name=":0" /> Yana da aure da ‘ya’ya hudu.<ref name="mps">{{Cite web|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Asante-Boateng, Kwaku|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5299|access-date=2020-01-30|website=www.ghanamps.com|archive-date=2022-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129120937/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=5299|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 9pjwhqxzxk9nav4o7gtry47nnvra7p7 0 38786 906288 861279 2026-08-22T18:55:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906288 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:KWAKU AGYEMAN-MANU (cropped).jpg|thumb|ɗan siyasar ƙasar Ghana '''Kwaku Agyemang-Manu''']] '''Kwaku Agyemang-Manu,''' (an haife shi a watan Satumba 6, 1955) ɗan siyasan kasar Ghana. Shi ne dan majalisa mai wakiltar Dorma ta tsakiya kuma ministan lafiya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://ghanahealthnest.com/kwaku-agyemang-manu-health-minister-akufo-addo-ghana/|title=Hon. Kwaku Agyemang Manu is New Health Minister|date=2017-01-10|newspaper=Ghana Health Nest|access-date=2017-02-09|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211093705/http://ghanahealthnest.com/kwaku-agyemang-manu-health-minister-akufo-addo-ghana/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.com.gh/bio/politicians/kwaku-agyemany-manu?ajax=true|title=Kwaku Agyemany-Manu - Kwaku Agyemany-Manu - Pulse|last=Pulse|website=pulse.com.gh|language=en-US|access-date=2017-02-09|archive-date=2017-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211082633/http://pulse.com.gh/bio/politicians/kwaku-agyemany-manu?ajax=true|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-21|title=178 Covid-19 In School – Health Minister|url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/178-covid-19-in-school-health-minister/|access-date=2020-07-25|website=DailyGuide Network|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=106|access-date=2020-07-25|website=www.parliament.gh|archive-date=2023-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328055124/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=106|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Minister|url=https://www.moh.gov.gh/hon-kwaku-agyeman-manu/|access-date=2020-07-25|website=Ministry Of Health|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321012003/https://www.moh.gov.gh/hon-kwaku-agyeman-manu/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lack of facilities impede healthcare service delivery in Oti - Osei Kufuor Afreh - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/lack-of-facilities-impede-healthcare-service-delivery-in-oti-osei-kufuor-afreh/|access-date=2021-05-19|website=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kasance Akantan Gudanarwa na Chartered kuma ya sami digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki da kididdiga daga Jami'ar Ghana , a 1989.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kwaku Agyeman-Manu, Biography|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Kwaku-Agyeman-Manu-2380|access-date=2022-08-10|website=www.ghanaweb.com}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Agyeman-Manu a Dormaa Ahenkro a yankin Brong Ahafo a lokacin a yanzu yankin Bono. Ya sami matakinsa na G.C.E a 1973 da G.C.E Advanced Level a 1975. Shi ne Chartered Management Accountant kuma Associate Member a 1990.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=191|access-date=2022-01-17|website=www.parliament.gh|archive-date=2023-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204133221/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=191|url-status=dead}}</ref> sannan ya sami digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki da kididdiga daga jami'ar Ghana a shekarar 1979. Sannan ya kammala karatunsa na akan gudanar da Accountancy a London School of Accountancy.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=2574|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Agyeman-Manu, Kwaku|website=ghanamps.com|access-date=2017-02-09|archive-date=2024-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928231622/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=2574|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Aiki == Ya kasance Daraktan kudi a Kamfanin Ghamot da kuma Kamfanin Toyota Ghana Company Limited. Ya kuma kasance Mataimakin Babban Akanta a Kamfanin Kamfanin Timber na MIM.<ref name=":6" /> === Aikin siyasa === Agyeman-Manu dan jam'iyyar New Patriotic Party ne kuma dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Dorma ta tsakiya a yankin Brong Ahafo na kasar Ghana a lokacin.<ref name=":4" /> Ya taba zama shugaban kwamitin kula da asusun gwamnati a majalisar dokokin da ta shude kuma ya kasance shugaban riko na hukumar lafiya ta kasa a shekarar 2006, sannan kuma mataimakin ministan kudi da tsare-tsare na tattalin arziki karkashin gwamnatin tsohon shugaban kasa Kufuor (2001 zuwa 2008).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Be-discreet-in-last-minute-deals-Agyemang-Manu-to-gov-t-496270|title=Be discreet in last minute deals - Agyemang-Manu to gov't|website=www.ghanaweb.com|access-date=2017-02-09}}</ref> A wannan gwamnati, ya yi mataimakin minista a ma’aikatun kasuwanci da masana’antu da harkokin cikin gida da kudi da sadarwa da hanyoyi da sufuri.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/profile-of-1st-batch-of-prez-akufo-addo-s-minister-designates.html|title=Profile of 1st batch of Akufo-Addo's minister designates - Graphic Online {{!}} Ghana News|last=Graphic.com.gh|newspaper=Graphic Online|access-date=2017-02-09|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a Hukumar Kula da Makamai kamar Hukumar Kula da Kananan Makamai ta Ghana, Hukumar Kula da Harajin Ghana, Bankin Ghana, da Kwamitin aiwatar da rarrabuwar kawuna.<ref name=":3" /> === Ministan majalisar === A watan Mayu, 2017, Shugaba Nana Akufo-Addo ya nada Kwaku Agyemang-Manu a matsayin wani bangare na ministoci goma sha tara da za su kafa majalisar ministocinsa.<ref name="carbi">{{cite web|last1=FM|first1=Citi|title=Arts Minister Catherine Afeku makes it to Cabinet|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Arts-Minister-Catherine-Afeku-makes-it-to-Cabinet-542839|website=ghanaweb.com|publisher=ghanaweb|accessdate=7 July 2017|archive-date=31 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731025902/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Arts-Minister-Catherine-Afeku-makes-it-to-Cabinet-542839|url-status=dead}}</ref> An mika sunayen ministoci 19 ga majalisar dokokin Ghana kuma kakakin majalisar Rt. Hon. Farfesa Mike Ocquaye.<ref name="carbi" /> A matsayinsa na Ministan Majalisar Zartaswa, Agyemang-Manu na cikin da'irar shugaban kasa kuma yana ba da taimako ga muhimman manufofin yanke shawara ga kasar.<ref name="carbi" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kwaku Agyemang - Manu, Biography|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Kwaku-Agyemang-Manu-2380|access-date=2020-12-07|website=www.ghanaweb.com}}</ref> ==== Kwamitin ==== Shi memba ne na Kwamitin Riko da Mambobi na Kwamitin Riba.<ref name=":6" /> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Agyeman-Manu Kirista ne.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" />Yana da aure kuma yana da ’ya’ya shida sananne. == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1955]] pgxde0wsyuv19emzaauzkz1145oobgy 0 38903 906249 242840 2026-08-22T14:38:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A ranar 11-12 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2021, an yi kisan kiyashi a [[Zurmi]], [[Zamfara|Jihar Zamfara]], [[Najeriya]].<ref name=AJ>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/12/gunmen-kill-53-villagers-in-restive-northern-nigeria-state|title=Gunmen storm villages, kill dozens in Nigeria’s Zamfara state &#124; Nigeria News|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=2021-06-27}}</ref> Harin dai wani ɓangare ne na [[Rikicin Yan bindiga a Najeriya|rikicin]] da ya barke a yankin tsakanin gwamnati da 'yan bindiga.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Gunmen attack villages, kill over 90 in Nigeria|url=https://www.dw.com/en/gunmen-attack-villages-kill-over-90-in-nigeria/a-57864616|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-17|website=[[Deutsche Welle]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> A ranakun 11 da 12 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2021, wasu ‘yan bindiga a kan babura sun kai hari a kauyukan Kadawa, Kwata, Maduba, Ganda Samu, Saulawa da Askawa da ke [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|karamar hukumar Zurmi ta]] jihar Zamfara a arewa maso yammacin Najeriya, inda suka kashe mutane 53.<ref name=AJ/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-17|title=Scores Killed In Gruesome Massacre In Zamfara|url=https://humanglemedia.com/scores-killed-in-gruesome-massacre-in-zamfara/|access-date=2021-12-17|website=HumAngle Media|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217162506/https://humanglemedia.com/scores-killed-in-gruesome-massacre-in-zamfara/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yawancin waɗanda harin ya rutsa da su manoma ne da aka harbe a lokacin da suke aikin gona.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Gunmen kill dozens of villagers in Nigeria's restive northern region|url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/gunmen-kill-dozens-of-villagers-in-nigeria-s-restive-northern-region-47474|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-17|website=[[TRT World]]|language=en}}</ref> == Bayan haka == Da aka kawo karshen kisan kiyashin, an gano gawarwakin mutane 53 tare da yi musu jana'iza yadda ya kamata. An baza ‘yan sanda a yankin domin hana sake afkuwar wannan kashe-kashen jama’ar.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:2021 Kashe-kashe a Najeriya]] [[Category:Kisan kiyashin a Najeriya]] [[Category:Jihar Zamfara]] 3cdefsgz7n2dacjrdlti1jbhqozca90 0 39515 906356 512488 2026-08-23T00:14:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Laura Rafols.jpg|thumb|Laura Ràfols]] '''Laura Ràfols Parellada''' (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta 1990) tsohuwar 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Spain wacce ta taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida.<ref>[http://www.fcbarcelona.es/futbol/femenino/detalle/ficha/fc-barcelona-femenino-a 2011–12 squad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515150924/http://www.fcbarcelona.es/futbol/femenino/detalle/ficha/fc-barcelona-femenino-a |date=2012-05-15 }} in [[FC Barcelona]]'s website</ref> Ta yi aiki a matsayin kyaftin a Barcelona,<ref>{{cite web|title=Las guardianas del brazalete|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.es/futbol/femenino-a/noticias/2017-2018/las-guardianas-del-brazalete|website=FC Barcelona Official|accessdate=12 September 2017}}</ref><ref>[https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/c/jugador.html?id=1724 Ràfols], BDFutbol</ref> ​​kuma ta wakilci kulob din a gasar cin kofin zakarun mata na UEFA.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.el9.cat/nel9/article/-/48-barca/593831-portera-per-conviccio.html|title=Portera per convicció|date=16 November 2012|accessdate=2 November 2013|language=Catalan|publisher=[[El 9 esportiu]]|first=Ignasi|last=Noguer}}</ref> == Aiki == === Kulob === Ràfols ta fara buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ga ƙungiyar samarin Atlètic Vilafranca tun tana ƴar shekara biyar, tunda a lokacin babu wata ƙungiyar mata da ta keɓance ga shekarunta. Bayan shekaru uku ta shiga cikin tawagar 'yan matan su kuma ta kasance memba a kulob din har zuwa Barcelona tana da shekaru 14.<ref>{{cite web|title=Laura Ràfols: 'No daban un duro por nosotras'|url=https://www.futuroscracks.com/es/noticia/laura_rafols_no_daban_un_duro_por_nosotras/357644/|website=Futuros Cracks|accessdate=26 May 2016|archive-date=1 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201020110/https://www.futuroscracks.com/es/noticia/laura_rafols_no_daban_un_duro_por_nosotras/357644/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A (Brief) Introduction to FC Barcelona Femenino A, 2011-12|url=https://futfemenglish.wordpress.com/2012/03/14/a-brief-introduction-to-fc-barcelona-femenino-a-2011-12-2/|website=Futfem English Wordpress|accessdate=14 March 2012}}</ref> Bayan komawarta na wucin gadi zuwa rukuni na biyu a lokacin shekarar, 2007 zuwa 2008, Barcelona ta sami kofuna da yawa tare da Ràfols a matsayin mai tsaron gida na daya da suka hada da taken gasar guda hudu a jere daga shekarar, 2012 zuwa 2015; a duk cikin wadannan shekarun ta samu mafi karancin kwallaye a cikin masu tsaron ragar gasar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Laura Ráfols, las manos que dirigen el timón del Barcelona|url=http://www.marca.com/futbol/futbol-femenino/2017/12/30/59b69ce2468aeb19098b462f.html|website=Marca|publisher=David Menayo|accessdate=30 December 2017}}</ref> === Ayyukan kasa da kasa === [[File:FC Barcelona femení.jpg|thumb|Laura Ràfols a cikin yan wasa ]] Ràfols ta kasance daya daga cikin masu tsaron gida na tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 na Spain da suka halarci gasar cin kofin UEFA ta shekarar, 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=Laura Rafols|url=http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=1903487/profile/index.html|website=UEFA|accessdate=31 January 2018}}</ref> Ta kuma kasance kyaftin din kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Catalonia.<ref>{{cite web|title=CATALUNYA DEMOSTRA SOLVÈNCIA I MOLTA QUALITAT EN LA VICTÒRIA DAVANT NAVARRA|url=http://fcf.cat/noticia/catalunya-demostra-solvencia-i-molta-qualitat-en-la-victoria-davant-navarra/22/12/2017|website=Federació Catalana de Futbol|accessdate=22 December 2017|archive-date=5 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105003432/https://www.fcf.cat/noticia/catalunya-demostra-solvencia-i-molta-qualitat-en-la-victoria-davant-navarra/22/12/2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ilimi == [[File:CSC0312 (37265326172).jpg|thumb|Laura Ràfols]] Tana da digiri a fannin motsa jiki na motsa jiki da digiri na biyu a cikin motsa jiki, lafiya da horo.<ref>{{cite web|title=OXD Care|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/laura-rafols-parellada-2a064a60/|website=Lindekin|accessdate=31 January 2018}}</ref> == Girmamawa == === Kulob === FC Barcelona * Primera División (4): 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15 * Segunda División: 2007–08 * Copa de la Reina de Fútbol (4): 2011, 2013, 2014, 2017. * Copa Catalunya (8): 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1990]] 8fve79a2enzni0xh9jzt4d3g4pym4yh 0 44031 906440 836254 2026-08-23T06:18:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906440 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline">Mahmud Balarabe</div><br /><br /><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal; display:inline;">Esq</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Born | class="infobox-data" |<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1972-06-08</span>) </span>June 8, 1972<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age&nbsp;50)</span><br /><br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Kano State]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nationality | class="infobox-data category" |Nigerian |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Education | class="infobox-data" |[[LLB]] BL |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Alma&nbsp;mater | class="infobox-data" |[[Ahmadu Bello University]], Zaria [[Nigerian Law School]] Abuja |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Years&nbsp;active | class="infobox-data" |2003 to date |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Employer | class="infobox-data org" |[[Kano State Government]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Organization(s) | class="infobox-data org" |Public Complaint and Anti-Corruption Commission Kano |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Known&nbsp;for | class="infobox-data" |[[Principle]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Title | class="infobox-data title" |Executive Chairman |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Website | class="infobox-data" |https://pcacc.kn.gov.ng {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803221942/https://pcacc.kn.gov.ng/ |date=2023-08-03 }} |} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Mahmoud Balarabe''' lauyan Najeriya ne. Yana riƙe da muƙamin shugaban riƙo na Hukumar Ƙorafe-ƙorafe da ƴaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa [[Kano (jiha)|ta Jihar Kano]].<ref>https://dailytrust.com/just-in-ganduje-appoints-new-chairman-for-state-anti-corruption-agency/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pcacc.kn.gov.ng/mahmoud-balarabe-ag-executive-chairman/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-15 |archive-date=2023-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118211914/https://pcacc.kn.gov.ng/mahmoud-balarabe-ag-executive-chairman/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://dailynigerian.com/ganduje-appoints-kanos/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://kanostate.gov.ng/ministries-department-and-agencies |access-date=2023-03-15 |archive-date=2023-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118211952/https://kanostate.gov.ng/ministries-department-and-agencies |url-status=dead |archivedate=2023-01-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118211952/https://kanostate.gov.ng/ministries-department-and-agencies }}</ref> == Sana'a == Ya fara aikin shari'a na sirri tare da RA Sadiq & Co a cikin Nuwamban, shekara ta 2001. Ma’aikatar shari’a ta jihar Kano ta ɗauke shi aiki a watan Afrilun 2003 a matsayin mataimakin darakta mai ƙara da ƙara. A shekarar 2006 aka tura shi Kasuwar Abubakar Rimi a matsayin sakatare kuma mai ba da shawara kan harkokin shari’a. A shekarar 2011 an buga shi zuwa Zakka da Hubsi. A shekarar 2015 an tura Mahmoud zuwa Hukumar Ƙorafe-ƙorafe da Ƴaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta Jihar Kano a matsayin Daraktan Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/261132-court-grants-bail-kano-former-commissioner-accused-294300-scam.html?tztc=1</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin darakta mai gabatar da ƙara kafin ya zama shugaban riƙo na hukumar a shekarar 2021 bayan dakatar da shugaban hukumar Muhuyi Magaji Rimin Gado.<ref>https://dailynigerian.com/ganduje-appoints-kanos/</ref><ref>https://www.linkedin.com/in/mahmoud-balarabe-524b0a80/?originalSubdomain=ng</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://platinumpost.ng/2021/07/23/more-trouble-for-suspended-kano-anti-corruption-boss-as-hospital-disowns-his-medical-report/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-15 |archive-date=2023-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118211913/https://platinumpost.ng/2021/07/23/more-trouble-for-suspended-kano-anti-corruption-boss-as-hospital-disowns-his-medical-report/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://platinumpost.ng/2021/07/08/breaking-ganduje-appoints-acting-chairman-for-kano-state-anti-corruption-commission/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-15 |archive-date=2023-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118211915/https://platinumpost.ng/2021/07/08/breaking-ganduje-appoints-acting-chairman-for-kano-state-anti-corruption-commission/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://nigeriantracker.com/2021/12/10/kano-leading-in-the-fight-against-corruption-balarabe/</ref><ref>http://154.16.119.246/?q=ganduje-appoints-acting-executive-chairman-kano-anti-corruption-agency{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://www.okay.ng/gov-ganduje-appoints-mahmoud-balarabe-as-acting-chairman-for-kano-anti-graft-agency/</ref><ref>https://dailytrust.com/just-in-ganduje-appoints-new-chairman-for-state-anti-corruption-agency/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://neptuneprime.com.ng/2021/09/03/pcacc-collaborates-with-kano-house-assembly-to-strengthen-law-of-commission/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-15 |archive-date=2023-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118211951/https://neptuneprime.com.ng/2021/09/03/pcacc-collaborates-with-kano-house-assembly-to-strengthen-law-of-commission/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1972]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Kano]] 47lsua1mnuckk5olpmztzxqipbyrvvr 0 44426 906348 789285 2026-08-22T23:22:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta LadyStrikers''' ƙwararriyar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta mata 'yan Ghana da ke zaune a Cape Coast a [[Yankin Tsakiya (Ghana)|yankin Tsakiyar]] [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kapoor|first=Daraja Jr|date=2021-01-24|title=Match Report: Lady Strikers fight back to beat Thunder Queens|url=https://footballmadeinghana.com/2021/01/24/y-match-report-lady-strikers-fight-back-to-beat-thunder-queens/|access-date=2021-08-10|website=Football Made In Ghana|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810223914/https://footballmadeinghana.com/2021/01/24/y-match-report-lady-strikers-fight-back-to-beat-thunder-queens/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ƙungiyar tana cikin [[Gasar Firimiya ta Mata ta Ghana|gasar Premier ta mata ta Ghana]]. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-24|title=Lady Strikers' Gladys Amfobea wins NWL April Player of the Month|url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/lady-strikers-gladys-amfobea-wins-nwl-april-player-of-the-month|access-date=2021-08-10|website=GhanaSoccernet|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-11|title=Wrap up of women’s SC: Lady Strikers, Ampem Darkoaa cruise to winning start|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Wrap-up-of-women-s-SC-Lady-Strikers-Ampem-Darkoaa-cruise-to-winning-start-729382|access-date=2021-08-10|website=GhanaWeb|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hemans|first=Francis|date=2021-01-25|title=2020/21 Women’s Premier League wrap-up: Berry Ladies to southern table, Lady Strikers fight Back to beat Thunder Queens|url=https://3news.com/2020-21-womens-premier-league-wrap-up-berry-ladies-to-southern-table-lady-strikers-fight-back-to-beat-thunder-queens/|access-date=2021-08-10|website=3news|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810183103/https://3news.com/2020-21-womens-premier-league-wrap-up-berry-ladies-to-southern-table-lady-strikers-fight-back-to-beat-thunder-queens/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cape Coast Strikers FC - Soccer - Team Profile - Results, fixtures, squad, statistics - Global Sports Archive|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/cape-coast-strikers-fc/39484/|access-date=2021-08-10|website=globalsportsarchive.com}}</ref> Sanford World Clinic ne ke ɗaukar nauyin kulab ɗin. == Filaye == Kulob ɗin yana buga wasanninsu na gida a filin wasa na Robert Mensah.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Association|first=Ghana Football|title=Immigration Ladies still winless after losing to Lady Strikers in Cape Coast|url=https://www.ghanafa.org/immigration-ladies-still-winless-after-losing-to-lady-strikers-in-cape-coast|access-date=2021-08-10|website=www.ghanafa.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=GWPL Week 1 Wrap: Northern Ladies, Berry Ladies and Supreme Ladies off to flying start {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gh/news/gwpl-week-1-wrap-northern-ladies-berry-ladies-and-supreme-ladies-/djku8gm1e02u1bjar1oqs4nhi|access-date=2021-08-10|website=www.goal.com}}</ref> == Fitattun 'yan wasa == * Gladys Amfobea * Ellen Coleman (Kyaftin 2021-) == Manazarta == <references /> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://ladystrikersfc.com Yanar Gizo na hukuma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106170522/https://ladystrikersfc.com/ |date=2026-01-06 }} * [https://www.facebook.com/Ladystrikers-FC-675414955993304 LadyStrikers] Facebook'ta ejthqndvtshrv3dqe71dz122ykf6qab 0 51953 906236 793590 2026-08-22T13:50:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906236 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kin Kariisa''' (an haife shi a ranar ashirin da huɗu 24 ga watan Agusta shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba'in da shida 1976) ɗan kasuwa ne, ɗan ƙasar Uganda, mai watsa labarai kuma mai ba da taimako. Shi ne Shugaba na Next Media Services, wani kamfani na multimedia a Uganda wanda aka fi sani da tashar talabijin ta NBS Television. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Agness E|first1=Nantaba|title=Kin Kariisa on enjoying the journey of making money|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/kin-kariisa-enjoying-journey-making-money/|accessdate=15 November 2019|agency=The Independent}}Agness E, Nantaba. "Kin Kariisa on enjoying the journey of making money" . The Independent. Retrieved 15 November 2019.</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last1=Trevor|first1=Taremwa|title=Interview: NBS CEO Kin Kariisa narrates station's ascent to the top|url=https://matookerepublic.com/2017/04/27/interview-nbs-ceo-kin-kariisa-narrates-stations-ascent-to-the-top/|accessdate=15 November 2019|agency=Matooke Republic|archive-date=3 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603213959/http://matookerepublic.com/2017/04/27/interview-nbs-ceo-kin-kariisa-narrates-stations-ascent-to-the-top/|url-status=dead}}Trevor, Taremwa. "Interview: NBS CEO Kin Kariisa narrates station's ascent to the top" . Matooke Republic. Retrieved 15 November 2019.</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=One May think UBC is China TV – Kin Kariisa|url=https://theinsider.ug/index.php/2018/07/04/one-may-think-ubc-is-china-tv-kin-karisa/|accessdate=15 November 2019|agency=Insider|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022232321/https://theinsider.ug/index.php/2018/07/04/one-may-think-ubc-is-china-tv-kin-karisa/|url-status=dead}}"One May think UBC is China TV – Kin Kariisa" . Insider. Retrieved 15 November 2019.</ref> == Sana'a == Kariisa ya fara aikin wanzanci ne a Garin Mbarara kafin ya shiga Jami’ar Makerere, inda daga baya zai fara samar da aikace-aikacen yanar gizo ga wani kamfanin Danish, Metrocomia Uganda Ltd. a shekara ta 2000. Daga baya ya bar Metrocomia ya kafa kamfaninsa, Kin Systems, daya daga cikin kamfanonin ICT na farko a Uganda. Sakamakon nasarar da ya samu tare da Kin Systems, Shugaba Yoweri Kaguta Museveni ya tuntubi Kariisa don gina tsarin kamfen wanda zai aika da sakonni kai tsaye zuwa wayoyin hannu. Kin za a ci gaba da nada shi Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa kan Harkokin Sadarwa da Fasaha (ICT). <ref>{{cite news|last1=Edris|first1=Kiggundu|title=NBS TV’s Kin Kariisa : How ‘cool’ barber became a media baron|url=https://observer.ug/lifestyle/39398-nbs-tv-s-kin-kariisa-how-cool-barber-became-a-media-baron|accessdate=15 November 2019|agency=The Observer|archive-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619213550/http://observer.ug/lifestyle/39398-nbs-tv-s-kin-kariisa-how-cool-barber-became-a-media-baron|url-status=dead}}Edris, Kiggundu. "NBS TV's Kin Kariisa : How 'cool' barber became a media baron" . The Observer. Retrieved 15 November 2019.</ref> Kariisa ya karbi ragamar jagorancin NBS Television daga hannun wanda ya kafa ta, Nathan Igeme Nabeeta, a shekarar 2008 a matsayin Shugaba kuma ya faɗaɗa zuwa Next Media Services, kamfanin multimedia wanda ke gudanar da tashoshin talabijin guda uku (NBS Television, Sanyuka TV & Salam TV), gidan rediyo (NXT Radio). <ref>{{cite news|last1=Javira|first1=Sebwami|title=Next Media Services to launch Nxt radio station today|url=https://www.pmldaily.com/features/celebrity/2018/10/next-media-services-to-launch-nxt-radio-station-today.html|accessdate=15 November 2019|agency=PML Daily}}Javira, Sebwami. "Next Media Services to launch Nxt radio station today" . PML Daily. Retrieved 15 November 2019.</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last1=William Taddewo|first1=Ssenyonyi|title=Nxt Radio Rated Uganda’s Fastest Growing English Station-Kin Kariisa|url=https://businessfocus.co.ug/nxt-radio-rated-ugandas-fastest-growing-english-station-kin-kariisa/|accessdate=15 November 2019|agency=Business Focus}}William Taddewo, Ssenyonyi. "Nxt Radio Rated Uganda's Fastest Growing English Station-Kin Kariisa" . Business Focus. Retrieved 15 November 2019.</ref> - formerly Jazz FM) a shekarar 2018, <ref>{{cite news|last1=Mike|first1=Ssegawa|title=NBS’s Kin Kariisa goes into radio, buys Jazz FM|url=https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20180903/46243/nbss-kin-kaliisa-goes-into-radio-buys-jazz-fm.html|accessdate=15 November 2019|agency=The Watchdog News}}Mike, Ssegawa. "NBS's Kin Kariisa goes into radio, buys Jazz FM" . The Watchdog News. Retrieved 15 November 2019.</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=NBS TV Boss Kin Kariisa Buys Off Isaiah Katumwa’s Struggling Jazz FM, Swears To Give Bloody Nose To Competitors|url=http://www.spyuganda.com/nbs-tv-boss-kin-kariisa-buys-off-isaiah-katumwas-struggling-jazz-fm-swears-to-give-bloody-nose-to-competitors/|accessdate=15 November 2019|agency=The Spy Uganda}}"NBS TV Boss Kin Kariisa Buys Off Isaiah Katumwa's Struggling Jazz FM, Swears To Give Bloody Nose To Competitors" . The Spy Uganda. Retrieved 15 November 2019.</ref> tashar labarai ta kan layi (Nile Post), hukumar sadarwar dijital da gidajen samarwa (Communications & Next Production). Gidan rediyon sa, NXT Radio, ita ce gidan rediyo na farko na audiovisual na Uganda. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Javira|title=Next media services launches first ever audio visual Radio in Uganda|url=https://journalism.mak.ac.ug/?q=news/191018/next-media-services-launches-first-ever-audio-visual-radio-uganda|accessdate=15 November 2019|agency=Makerere Journalism|archive-date=12 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712200035/https://journalism.mak.ac.ug/?q=news/191018/next-media-services-launches-first-ever-audio-visual-radio-uganda|url-status=dead}}Javira. "Next media services launches first ever audio visual Radio in Uganda" . Makerere Journalism. Retrieved 15 November 2019.</ref> A halin yanzu, Kin yana aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ƙungiyar Masu Watsa Labarai ta Ƙasa (NAB), ƙungiyar masana'antu ta laima ga duk masu watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin, Rediyo da Online a Uganda. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Najib|first1=Mulema|title=NBS Boss Kin Kariisa re-elected as National Association of Broadcasters Chairperson|url=https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20170824/25312/nbs-boss-kin-kariisa-re-elected-as-national-association-of-broadcasters-chairperson.html|accessdate=15 November 2019|agency=The Watchdog}}Najib, Mulema. "NBS Boss Kin Kariisa re- elected as National Association of Broadcasters Chairperson" . The Watchdog. Retrieved 15 November 2019.</ref> A shekara ta 2012, an nada shi Daraktan Ecobank Uganda Limited, daya daga cikin manyan bankunan Afirka na tsawon shekaru 7, kuma ta nada shi shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa a shekarar 2019 na "Bankin Pan Afrika." <ref>{{cite news|last1=Al- Mahadi Adam|first1=Kungu|title=NBS' Kin Kariisa Appointed Board Chairman Eco Bank|url=https://www.softpower.ug/nbs-kin-kariisa-appointed-board-chairman-eco-bank/|accessdate=15 November 2019|agency=Soft Power News}}Al- Mahadi Adam, Kungu. "NBS' Kin Kariisa Appointed Board Chairman Eco Bank" . Soft Power News. Retrieved 15 November 2019.</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last1=William Taddewo|first1=Senyonyi|title=Ecobank Appoints Kin Kariisa New Board Chairman|url=https://businessfocus.co.ug/ecobank-appoints-kin-kariisa-new-board-chairman/|accessdate=15 November 2019|agency=Business Focus}}William Taddewo, Senyonyi. "Ecobank Appoints Kin Kariisa New Board Chairman" . Business Focus. Retrieved 15 November 2019.</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last1=Simon Peter|first1=Atwiine|title=Kin Kariisa, Mbire appointed to Eco bank board|url=https://eagle.co.ug/2019/03/22/kin-kariisa-mbire-appointed-to-eco-bank-board.html|accessdate=15 November 2019|agency=Eagle Online}}Simon Peter, Atwiine. "Kin Kariisa , Mbire appointed to Eco bank board" . Eagle Online. Retrieved 15 November 2019.</ref> Har ila yau shi ne shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na Nile Hotel International Ltd., kamfanin gwamnati wanda ya mallaki otal din Kampala Serena. Har ila yau, Kin yana aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na Soliton Telmec, babban kamfanin fasahar sadarwa a Gabashin Afirka, yana tallafawa duka kayan aikin yau da kullun da hadaddun da ake buƙata don ba da damar sadarwar lantarki a duk faɗin yankin, waɗanda suka haɗa da cibiyoyin bayanai, layin fiber optic da hanyoyin sadarwa masu alaƙa da kayan watsawa. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Kin ya yi aure a shekara ta 2004 da Julie Kariisa (Juliet Janat Tumusiime) kuma tare, ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya uku. Jamila Kariisa,Kin Kariisa Jr and Shaka Kariisa.<ref>Nantaba, E Agnes. "Kin Kariisa on enjoying the journey of making money" . The Independent . Retrieved 25 August 2020.</ref> == Ganewa == An bayyana shi a cikin manyan 'yan Ugandan da ke da tasiri a shekarar 2019 a cikin wani bincike da Public Opinions International wata kungiyar Pan African ta gudanar. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Amon|first1=Katungulu|title=Kin Kariisa, Sudhir, Muhoozi named among influential Ugandans|url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2019/08/05/kin-kariisa-sudhir-muhoozi-named-among-influential-ugandans/|accessdate=15 November 2019|agency=Nile Post}}Amon, Katungulu. "Kin Kariisa , Sudhir , Muhoozi named among influential Ugandans" . Nile Post. Retrieved 15 November 2019.</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Haihuwan 1976]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] <references />{{Reflist}} iihwg14fygs1dha8vfaclgsthuwyqhb 0 53085 906350 476310 2026-08-22T23:35:28Z Salahu Gwanki 14918 906350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Ahmed Shafik campaign.jpg|thumb|Ahmed Shafik kamfen ]] '''Ahmed Mohamed Shafik Zaki'''<ref group="note">Also spelled: ''Shafiq''.</ref> (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwambar shekara ta 1941) ɗan siyasan [[Misra|Masar]] ne kuma tsohon dan takarar shugaban kasa. Ya kasance babban kwamandan rundunar sojin saman [[Misra|Masar]] kuma daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Masar daga 29 ga watan Janairun 2011 zuwa 3 ga watan Maris 2011 a ƙarƙashin [[Hosni Mubarak]]. Bayan aiki a matsayin matukin jirgi, da kuma squadron, reshe da kwamandan rukuni, Shafik ya kasance Kwamandan Sojojin Sama na Masar daga shekarun 1996 zuwa 2002, ya kai matsayin marshal na iska. Bayan haka ya yi aiki a cikin gwamnati a matsayin Ministan Jirgin Sama daga shekarun 2002 zuwa 2011. [[File:Shafiq's posters torn down.jpg|thumb|Shafiq's posters torn down]] Shugaba [[Hosni Mubarak]] ne ya nada shi a matsayin Firayim Minista a ranar 29 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2011 don mayar da martani ga juyin juya halin Masar na shekara ta 2011, wanda ya sanya shi Firayim Ministan karshe da ya yi aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na gwamnatin Mubarak.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/middle-east/2011/01/29/live-blog-291-egypt-protests|title=Egypt protests|work=Al Jazeera|date=29 December 2009|access-date=29 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129170919/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/middle-east/2011/01/29/live-blog-291-egypt-protests| archive-date= 29 January 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Ya kasance a ofis na wata daya kawai, ya yi murabus a ranar 3 ga watan Maris 2011, kwana daya bayan rikice-rikice na nuna tattaunawa inda Alaa Al Aswany, wani shahararren marubucin Masar, ya zarge shi da kasancewa mai mulkin Mubarak. Ya rasa a zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Masar na shekarar 2012 ga [[Mohamed Morsi]], dan takarar jam'iyyar Freedom and Justice Party, inda ya samu kashi 48.27% na kuri'un, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 51.73%. == Ƙuruciya da ilimi == [[Fayil:Shafiq's posters torn down.jpg|thumb]] An haifi Shafik a gundumar Heliopolis ta [[Kairo|Alkahira]] a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba 1941.<ref name=qomra>{{cite web|url=http://www.qomra.org/en/Presidential-Candiates/Ahmed-Shafik-biography/cv |title=Presidential Candidates; Ahmed Shafik Biography |work=Qomra |access-date=27 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627111652/http://www.qomra.org/en/Presidential-Candiates/Ahmed-Shafik-biography/cv |archive-date=27 June 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/01/110129_egypt_shafiq.shtml|script-title=ar:نبذة عن أحمد شفيق رئيس الوزراء المصري السابق|work=BBC|date=29 January 2011|access-date=27 June 2012|language=ar}}</ref> Iyayensa sun kasance fitattun mambobi ne na al'ummar Masar, tare da mahaifinsa, Mohamed Shafiq Zaki, yana aiki a matsayin mataimakin sakatare a ma'aikatar ban ruwa kuma mahaifiyarsa, Naja Alwi, 'yar sanannen likitan ido ce. Bayan kammala karatunsa a makarantar sakandare ta Heliopolis, ya halarci Kwalejin Jirgin Sama ta Masar daga inda ya kammala a shekarar 1962 yana da shekaru 21 kuma ya zama memba na Sojojin Sama na Masar (EAF). Daga baya a cikin aikinsa, ya sami digiri na biyu a kimiyyar soja; Fellowship of High War College daga Kwalejin Soja ta Nasser; Felloyship of Combined Arms daga Kwaleji ta Babban Yakin da ke Paris; Fellopship of the National Defense College daga Kwalar Soja taNasser; da kuma PhD a "The National Strategy of Outer-Space". Air Marshal Ahmed Shafik ya sami lambobin yabo mafi girma a lokacin hidimarsa.<ref name="EAF">{{cite web | title =Air Marshal AHMED MOHAMED SHAFIK, Air Force Commander | work =Egyptian Armed Forces web site | publisher =Egyptian Armed Forces, MMC | url =http://www.mmc.gov.eg/branches/AIRFORCE/cv1.htm | access-date = 19 November 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121023102348/http://www.mmc.gov.eg/branches/AIRFORCE/cv1.htm | archive-date =23 October 2012 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Bayanai == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] f0a5i6342lsyc3lgt6o3u0hdpiyh731 906351 906350 2026-08-22T23:35:58Z Salahu Gwanki 14918 /* Ƙuruciya da ilimi */ 906351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Ahmed Shafik campaign.jpg|thumb|Ahmed Shafik kamfen ]] '''Ahmed Mohamed Shafik Zaki'''<ref group="note">Also spelled: ''Shafiq''.</ref> (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwambar shekara ta 1941) ɗan siyasan [[Misra|Masar]] ne kuma tsohon dan takarar shugaban kasa. Ya kasance babban kwamandan rundunar sojin saman [[Misra|Masar]] kuma daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Masar daga 29 ga watan Janairun 2011 zuwa 3 ga watan Maris 2011 a ƙarƙashin [[Hosni Mubarak]]. Bayan aiki a matsayin matukin jirgi, da kuma squadron, reshe da kwamandan rukuni, Shafik ya kasance Kwamandan Sojojin Sama na Masar daga shekarun 1996 zuwa 2002, ya kai matsayin marshal na iska. Bayan haka ya yi aiki a cikin gwamnati a matsayin Ministan Jirgin Sama daga shekarun 2002 zuwa 2011. [[File:Shafiq's posters torn down.jpg|thumb|Shafiq's posters torn down]] Shugaba [[Hosni Mubarak]] ne ya nada shi a matsayin Firayim Minista a ranar 29 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2011 don mayar da martani ga juyin juya halin Masar na shekara ta 2011, wanda ya sanya shi Firayim Ministan karshe da ya yi aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na gwamnatin Mubarak.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/middle-east/2011/01/29/live-blog-291-egypt-protests|title=Egypt protests|work=Al Jazeera|date=29 December 2009|access-date=29 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129170919/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/middle-east/2011/01/29/live-blog-291-egypt-protests| archive-date= 29 January 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Ya kasance a ofis na wata daya kawai, ya yi murabus a ranar 3 ga watan Maris 2011, kwana daya bayan rikice-rikice na nuna tattaunawa inda Alaa Al Aswany, wani shahararren marubucin Masar, ya zarge shi da kasancewa mai mulkin Mubarak. Ya rasa a zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Masar na shekarar 2012 ga [[Mohamed Morsi]], dan takarar jam'iyyar Freedom and Justice Party, inda ya samu kashi 48.27% na kuri'un, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 51.73%. == Ƙuruciya da ilimi == [[Fayil:Shafiq's posters torn down.jpg|thumb]] An haifi Shafik a gundumar Heliopolis ta [[Kairo|Alkahira]] a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwambar shekara ta 1941.<ref name=qomra>{{cite web|url=http://www.qomra.org/en/Presidential-Candiates/Ahmed-Shafik-biography/cv |title=Presidential Candidates; Ahmed Shafik Biography |work=Qomra |access-date=27 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627111652/http://www.qomra.org/en/Presidential-Candiates/Ahmed-Shafik-biography/cv |archive-date=27 June 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/01/110129_egypt_shafiq.shtml|script-title=ar:نبذة عن أحمد شفيق رئيس الوزراء المصري السابق|work=BBC|date=29 January 2011|access-date=27 June 2012|language=ar}}</ref> Iyayensa sun kasance fitattun mambobi ne na al'ummar Masar, tare da mahaifinsa, Mohamed Shafiq Zaki, yana aiki a matsayin mataimakin sakatare a ma'aikatar ban ruwa kuma mahaifiyarsa, Naja Alwi, 'yar sanannen likitan ido ce. Bayan kammala karatunsa a makarantar sakandare ta Heliopolis, ya halarci Kwalejin Jirgin Sama ta Masar daga inda ya kammala a shekarar 1962 yana da shekaru 21 kuma ya zama memba na Sojojin Sama na Masar (EAF). Daga baya a cikin aikinsa, ya sami digiri na biyu a kimiyyar soja; Fellowship of High War College daga Kwalejin Soja ta Nasser; Felloyship of Combined Arms daga Kwaleji ta Babban Yakin da ke Paris; Fellopship of the National Defense College daga Kwalar Soja taNasser; da kuma PhD a "The National Strategy of Outer-Space". Air Marshal Ahmed Shafik ya sami lambobin yabo mafi girma a lokacin hidimarsa.<ref name="EAF">{{cite web | title =Air Marshal AHMED MOHAMED SHAFIK, Air Force Commander | work =Egyptian Armed Forces web site | publisher =Egyptian Armed Forces, MMC | url =http://www.mmc.gov.eg/branches/AIRFORCE/cv1.htm | access-date = 19 November 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121023102348/http://www.mmc.gov.eg/branches/AIRFORCE/cv1.htm | archive-date =23 October 2012 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Bayanai == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] opgsvsvywy4le9hg6fihgqo2m9lu2xs 906352 906351 2026-08-22T23:36:22Z Salahu Gwanki 14918 /* Bayanai */ 906352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Ahmed Shafik campaign.jpg|thumb|Ahmed Shafik kamfen ]] '''Ahmed Mohamed Shafik Zaki'''<ref group="note">Also spelled: ''Shafiq''.</ref> (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwambar shekara ta 1941) ɗan siyasan [[Misra|Masar]] ne kuma tsohon dan takarar shugaban kasa. Ya kasance babban kwamandan rundunar sojin saman [[Misra|Masar]] kuma daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Masar daga 29 ga watan Janairun 2011 zuwa 3 ga watan Maris 2011 a ƙarƙashin [[Hosni Mubarak]]. Bayan aiki a matsayin matukin jirgi, da kuma squadron, reshe da kwamandan rukuni, Shafik ya kasance Kwamandan Sojojin Sama na Masar daga shekarun 1996 zuwa 2002, ya kai matsayin marshal na iska. Bayan haka ya yi aiki a cikin gwamnati a matsayin Ministan Jirgin Sama daga shekarun 2002 zuwa 2011. [[File:Shafiq's posters torn down.jpg|thumb|Shafiq's posters torn down]] Shugaba [[Hosni Mubarak]] ne ya nada shi a matsayin Firayim Minista a ranar 29 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2011 don mayar da martani ga juyin juya halin Masar na shekara ta 2011, wanda ya sanya shi Firayim Ministan karshe da ya yi aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na gwamnatin Mubarak.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/middle-east/2011/01/29/live-blog-291-egypt-protests|title=Egypt protests|work=Al Jazeera|date=29 December 2009|access-date=29 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129170919/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/middle-east/2011/01/29/live-blog-291-egypt-protests| archive-date= 29 January 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Ya kasance a ofis na wata daya kawai, ya yi murabus a ranar 3 ga watan Maris 2011, kwana daya bayan rikice-rikice na nuna tattaunawa inda Alaa Al Aswany, wani shahararren marubucin Masar, ya zarge shi da kasancewa mai mulkin Mubarak. Ya rasa a zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Masar na shekarar 2012 ga [[Mohamed Morsi]], dan takarar jam'iyyar Freedom and Justice Party, inda ya samu kashi 48.27% na kuri'un, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 51.73%. == Ƙuruciya da ilimi == [[Fayil:Shafiq's posters torn down.jpg|thumb]] An haifi Shafik a gundumar Heliopolis ta [[Kairo|Alkahira]] a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwambar shekara ta 1941.<ref name=qomra>{{cite web|url=http://www.qomra.org/en/Presidential-Candiates/Ahmed-Shafik-biography/cv |title=Presidential Candidates; Ahmed Shafik Biography |work=Qomra |access-date=27 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627111652/http://www.qomra.org/en/Presidential-Candiates/Ahmed-Shafik-biography/cv |archive-date=27 June 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/01/110129_egypt_shafiq.shtml|script-title=ar:نبذة عن أحمد شفيق رئيس الوزراء المصري السابق|work=BBC|date=29 January 2011|access-date=27 June 2012|language=ar}}</ref> Iyayensa sun kasance fitattun mambobi ne na al'ummar Masar, tare da mahaifinsa, Mohamed Shafiq Zaki, yana aiki a matsayin mataimakin sakatare a ma'aikatar ban ruwa kuma mahaifiyarsa, Naja Alwi, 'yar sanannen likitan ido ce. Bayan kammala karatunsa a makarantar sakandare ta Heliopolis, ya halarci Kwalejin Jirgin Sama ta Masar daga inda ya kammala a shekarar 1962 yana da shekaru 21 kuma ya zama memba na Sojojin Sama na Masar (EAF). Daga baya a cikin aikinsa, ya sami digiri na biyu a kimiyyar soja; Fellowship of High War College daga Kwalejin Soja ta Nasser; Felloyship of Combined Arms daga Kwaleji ta Babban Yakin da ke Paris; Fellopship of the National Defense College daga Kwalar Soja taNasser; da kuma PhD a "The National Strategy of Outer-Space". Air Marshal Ahmed Shafik ya sami lambobin yabo mafi girma a lokacin hidimarsa.<ref name="EAF">{{cite web | title =Air Marshal AHMED MOHAMED SHAFIK, Air Force Commander | work =Egyptian Armed Forces web site | publisher =Egyptian Armed Forces, MMC | url =http://www.mmc.gov.eg/branches/AIRFORCE/cv1.htm | access-date = 19 November 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121023102348/http://www.mmc.gov.eg/branches/AIRFORCE/cv1.htm | archive-date =23 October 2012 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 72x773vpq9ml2o9dyksqy22xggb9xzs 0 54203 906296 863838 2026-08-22T19:28:17Z Saudarh2 14842 An kirkira ta fassara "Career" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365495807|Emem Isong]]" 906296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Emem Isong''' listenⓘ marubuci ne na [[Najeriya]], Mai shirya fim-finai, kuma darektan fina-fakka. An fi saninta da fina-finai a cikin harshen Ingilishi, kuma sanannen mutum ne a masana'antar [[Nollywood]]. An saki fasalin ta na biyu a matsayin darektan, Code of Silence, wanda ke hulɗa da fyade a Najeriya, a cikin 2015. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Isong, ta farko cikin yara huɗu, an haife ta ne a ranar 5 ga Satumba kuma tafito ne daga yankin Ikono na[[Akwa Ibom na Jihar Akwa Ibom]] a Najeriya.<ref name="Birth">{{Cite web |title=iROKOtv Nollywood Icon Birthday: Emem Isong |url=http://blog.irokotv.com/irokotv-nollywood-icon-birthday-eme/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810064730/http://blog.irokotv.com/irokotv-nollywood-icon-birthday-eme/ |archive-date=10 August 2018 |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=IrokoTV Blog}}</ref> Ta sami digiri na farko a fannin wasan kwaikwayo daga [[Jami'ar Calabar]] da difloma a kimiyar kwamfuta daga Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta (NCR). <ref name="EDUCATION">{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong |url=http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/people/emem_isong |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117211340/http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/people/emem_isong |archive-date=17 November 2016 |access-date=16 November 2016 |website=Sodas 'N' Popcorn}}</ref> A shekara ta 2024, ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin fina-finai da zane-zane na kafofin watsa labarai daga Jami'ar Creative Arts, Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-12-13 |title=Nollywood's Emem Misodi picks UCA for PhD |url=https://www.uca.ac.uk/blogs/leading-nollywood-filmmaker-picks-uca-for-phd/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=University for the Creative Arts - UCA |language=en}}</ref> Ayyukan Isong a cikin fim ya fara ne a 1994 lokacin da ta rubuta rubutun kuma ta hada fim din Jezebel . Shirin farko da ta yi shi ne Breaking Point (1996). Daga baya ta yi aiki tare da Remmy Jez na tsawon shekaru takwas a matsayin furodusa. Dangantakar sana'a ta ƙare a shekara ta 2008, bayan haka ta hada kai da fim din Reloaded . <ref name="Prolific">{{Cite web |last=Olehi |author-link=Uche |title=How Emem Isong emerged Nollywood’s most prolific filmmaker |url=http://encomium.ng/how-emem-isong-emerged-nollywoods-most-prolific-filmmaker/ |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=Encomium}}</ref> Ta rubuta ko kuma ta samar da fina-finai kamar su Reloaded, Breaking Point, She Devil, A Minute To Midnight, Play Boy, Private Sin, Master Stroke, Rumours, Shattered Illusion, Promise Me Forever da Emotional Crack (screenplay). An nuna wannan na ƙarshe a bikin fina-finai na Afirka a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong Biography/ Profile |url=http://www.nigeriamoviesreview.com/celebrities/emem-isong-biography-profile/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603010750/http://www.nigeriamoviesreview.com/celebrities/emem-isong-biography-profile/ |archive-date=3 June 2017 |access-date=22 September 2016 |publisher=Nigeria Movies Review}}</ref> An kuma san ta da hotunan yaren Yoruba kuma sananniya ce a wannan masana'antar. Fim din Isong ya nuna wasan kwaikwayo na farko na 'yan wasan Nollywood, ciki har da [[Stephanie Okereke Linus|Stephanie Okereke]] da [[Dakore Egbuson-Akande|Dakore Egbuson]] . <ref name="GAY">{{Cite journal |last=Lindsey Green-Simms |last2=Unoma Azuah |date=2012 |title=The Video Closet: Nollywood's gay-themed movies |journal=Transition |publisher=Indiana University Press |issue=107 |pages=32–49 |jstor=10.2979/transition.107.32}}</ref> A cikin 2014, Isong ta ba da umarnin fim dinta na farko na ''[[Champagne]]'', wanda aka fara bugawa a [[Silverbird Galleria]] a [[Tsibirin Victoria, Lagos|Tsibirin Victoria, Legas]] . <ref name="BN">{{Cite web |title=Cute Couple! Emem Isong & Hubby Misodi Akama for ‘Champagne’ Movie Premiere |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/12/cute-couple-emem-isong-hubby-misodi-akama-for-champagne-movie-premiere/ |access-date=22 September 2016 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2015, ta fitar da fim din Code of Silence, fim dinta na biyu wanda ta kuma samar, tare da hadin gwiwar Royal Arts Academy da Nollywood Workshop.<ref name="#SHEVOICES">{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong |url=http://tv.awlo.org/shevoices/portfolio/ememisong/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104142137/http://tv.awlo.org/shevoices/portfolio/ememisong/ |archive-date=4 November 2016 |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=African Women Leadership Organization}}</ref> Fim din, wanda ke magana ne game da [[Rape in Nigeria|fyade a Najeriya]], taurari [[Makida Moka]], [[Patience Ozokwor]], [[Ini Edo]], da [[Omoni Oboli]]. Isong has served as a speaker at the Afrinolly masterclass series and also as a judge for the MTN Afrinolly short film competition in 2013. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="&amp;nbsp;Dead link tagged October 2025">dead link</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</span></sup><ref name="AFRINOLLY">{{Cite web |title=Afrinolly MasterClass Series With Charles Aniagolu and Emem Isong |url=http://bits.ng/?p=11224 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104142415/http://bits.ng/?p=11224 |archive-date=4 November 2016 |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Bits}}</ref><ref name="THRILL">{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong Biography/ Profile |url=http://www.nigeriamoviesreview.com/celebrities/emem-isong-biography-profile/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603010750/http://www.nigeriamoviesreview.com/celebrities/emem-isong-biography-profile/ |archive-date=3 June 2017 |access-date=22 September 2016 |website=Nigeria Movies Review}}</ref> == Kyauta == An bayyana Isong a matsayin maverick a cikin New Nollywood motsi wanda masu shirya fina-finai suka rarraba wanda ba kawai suke da sha'awar samar da fina-fukkuka ba, amma a cikin ƙirƙirar ayyuka masu mahimmanci da fasaha. Ta yi aiki tare da marubuta daban-daban kamar Rita Onwurah, Karyn Udeh, Toiyoabasi Ekong, Jane Nwachukwu, da Vivian Chiji kuma fina-finai sun nuna 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ciki har da [[Adesua Etomi]], [[Nancy Isime]] da [[Daniel Etim Effiong]] . Wadannan fina-finai galibi ana rarraba su ta hanyar ƙarin ƙoƙari da masu shirya fina-fakkaatu suka yi don tabbatar da ba kawai hanyoyin ba har ma da kayan aikin samarwa da masu shirya fim suka yi amfani da su suna da inganci sosai. Ba game da samarwa ba ne don samarwa amma don fasaha. Wadannan fina-finai kuma ana yin su ne don samun roko na cikin gida da na duniya kamar yadda galibi ana fitar da su a gidajen silima na Najeriya da na kasashen waje. Wannan canjin daga samar da bidiyo na gida zuwa kallon fina-finai shima wani bangare ne na wannan motsi na New Nollywood.<ref name="NEW NOLLYWOOD 2">{{Cite journal |last=Haynes |first=Jonathan |date=1 January 2014 |title=Close-Up:Nollywood—A Worldly Creative Practice: "New Nollywood":Kunle Afolayan |journal=Black Camera |publisher=Indiana University Press |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=53–73 |doi=10.2979/blackcamera.5.2.53 |jstor=10.2979/blackcamera.5.2.53}}</ref><ref name="POSTCOLONIAL EXOTIC">{{Cite journal |last=Alessandro Jedlowski |date=1 March 2014 |title=Nigerian Videos in the Global Arena: The Postcolonial Exotic Revisited |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/538435 |journal=The Global South |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=157–178 |issn=1932-8656}}</ref> Isong is also known for her role in founding the Royal Arts Academy in 2010 and her subsequent role as the academy's CEO. The Royal Arts Academy which she started with [[Uduak Isong Oguamanam|Uduak Oguamanam]], Anietie Isong, and actress [[Monalisa Chinda]], is based in [[Surulere (Lagos)|Surulere]], Lagos State, Nigeria. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="&amp;nbsp;Dead link tagged October 2025">dead link</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</span></sup><ref name="ROYAL ARTS ACADEMY">{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong opens acting academy |url=https://www.nigeriafilms.com/movie-news/85-film-tv-workshop/7129-emem-isong-opens-acting-academy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209070904/https://www.nigeriafilms.com/movie-news/85-film-tv-workshop/7129-emem-isong-opens-acting-academy |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=Nigeria Films}}</ref> Its mandate is to empower students by giving them the necessary tools required to take part in all aspects of film creation and production preparing them to compete in both the Nigerian and international film industries.<ref name="R A ACADEMY">{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=http://royalartsacademy.com.ng/about-raa/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014061503/http://royalartsacademy.com.ng/about-raa/ |archive-date=14 October 2016 |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=Royal Arts Academy}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="&amp;nbsp;Dead link tagged October 2025">dead link</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</span></sup><ref name="R A Academy 2">{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong's Royal Arts Academy To Improve Film-Making in Nigeria |url=http://www.nigeriamovienetwork.com/articles/read-emem-isongs-royal-arts-academy-to-improve-film-making-in-nigeria_80.html |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=Nigeria Movie Network}}</ref> Students are also given opportunities to win funding to produce films for public release.<ref name="EMPOWER">{{Cite web |last=Tosan |date=27 October 2015 |title=Royal Arts Academy spotlights Film Contest and Awards |url=http://trendyafrica.com/royal-arts-academy-spotlights-film-contest-and-awards/ |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=Trendy Africa}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An san Isong da zama mai zaman kansa kuma ba ya ba da tambayoyi. Wannan, a cewarta, saboda tana son a cinye aikinta a kan cancanta shi kaɗai ba tare da rayuwarta ta rinjayi masu kallo ba. Isong ta auri Misodi Akama, tare da ita tana da tagwaye da aka haifa a shekara ta 2016. <ref name="BN">{{Cite web |title=Cute Couple! Emem Isong & Hubby Misodi Akama for ‘Champagne’ Movie Premiere |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/12/cute-couple-emem-isong-hubby-misodi-akama-for-champagne-movie-premiere/ |access-date=22 September 2016 |publisher=Bella Naija}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/12/cute-couple-emem-isong-hubby-misodi-akama-for-champagne-movie-premiere/ "Cute Couple! Emem Isong & Hubby Misodi Akama for 'Champagne' Movie Premiere"]. Bella Naija<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2016 |title=Nollywood Producer Emem Isong & her Twins in New Adorable Photos |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2016/07/nollywood-producer-emem-isong-her-twins-in-new-adorable-photos/ |access-date=22 September 2016 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbenga Bada |date=5 June 2015 |title=Movie producer pour encomium on son as he turns 8 |url=http://pulse.ng/celebrities/emem-isong-movie-producer-pour-encomium-on-son-as-he-turns-8-id3834021.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104141351/http://pulse.ng/celebrities/emem-isong-movie-producer-pour-encomium-on-son-as-he-turns-8-id3834021.html |archive-date=4 November 2016 |access-date=4 November 2016 |website=Pulse}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == Ayyukan fim na Isong sun hada da: <ref name="IMDb">{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2130579/ |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=IMDb}}</ref> === Mai gabatarwa === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken fim din |- |2024 |''Rashin yin shiru'' |- |2023 |''Haka ne zuwa Har abada'' |- |2022 |''Yin rawa tare da Ni'' |- |2021 |''Magungunan da ke da zafi'' |- |2020 |''[[Special Jollof|Jollof na Musamman]]'' |- |2019 |''Yarinyar da take mafarkinta'' |- |2018 |''Mr. & Mrs. Right'' |- |2017 |''[[Body Language (fim na 2017)|Harshe na Jiki]]'' |- |2016 |''[[Ayamma]]'' |- |2015 |''Kada ka yi makao'' |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |''[[Apaye|Ka yi watsi da shi]]'' |- |''Yin Ƙarƙashin Ƙofar Sama'' |- |2013 |''Mantawa da Yuni'' |- |2012 |''Lining na azurfa'' |- |2011 |''Zan Yi Da Hanyar da nake Da ita'' |- | rowspan="4" |2010 |''Kiss da Tell'' |- |''Fashewa'' |- |''Tsayawa da Bege'' |- |''Tunanin Yaƙi'' |- |2009 |''Edikan'' |- |2008 |[[Reloaded (2009 fim)|''An sake caji'']] |- | rowspan="3" |2007 |''Lokaci don Ƙauna'' |- |''Kasuwancin da ba a gama ba'' |- |''Yahoo Miliyanari'' |- | rowspan="2" |2006 |''Wasanni Maza suna Wasan'' |- |''Rashin rauni'' |- | rowspan="7" |2005 |''Bayan Ƙofofin da aka rufe'' |- |''Dare mafi duhu'' |- |''Ƙarya marar Ƙarshe'' |- |''Wasanni Mata suna Wasan'' |- |''<nowiki/>'Yan mata a cikin Hood'' |- |''Ina jin ku'' |- |''Maza Suna kuka'' |- | rowspan="4" |2004 |''Shawarwari Mai Muhimmanci'' |- |''Don Gaskiya'' |- |''Jagora'' |- |''Alkawari Ni Har abada'' |- |2003 |''Zunubi na sirri'' |- |1996 |''Matsalar Mataki'' |- |1994 |''Yezabila'' |} === Marubuci === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken fim din |- |2011 |''Zan Yi Da Hanyar da nake Da ita'' |- | rowspan="3" |2008 |''Fashewa'' |- |''Zuciya tana bugun'' |- |[[Reloaded (2009 fim)|''An sake caji'']] |- | rowspan="3" |2007 |''Lokaci don Ƙauna'' |- |''Kasuwancin da ba a gama ba'' |- |''Yahoo Miliyanari'' |- |2006 |''Wasanni Maza suna Wasan'' |- | rowspan="4" |2005 |''Mahimmanci Makafi'' |- |''Dare mafi duhu'' |- |''Rashin Jinƙai'' |- |''Ina jin ku'' |- | rowspan="2" |2004 |''Bautar'' |- |''Alkawari Ni Har abada'' |- |2003 |''Rashin jin daɗi'' |- |1994 |''Yezabila'' |} === Daraktan === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken fim din |- |2014 |''[[Champagne]]'' |- |2015 |[[Code of Silence (fim na 2015)|''Dokar Shiru'']] |} == Aiki == Ayyukan Isong a cikin fim ya fara ne a 1994 lokacin da ta rubuta rubutun kuma ta hada fim din Jezebel . Shirin farko da ta yi shi ne Breaking Point (1996). Daga baya ta yi aiki tare da Remmy Jez na tsawon shekaru takwas a matsayin furodusa. Dangantakar sana'a ta ƙare a shekara ta 2008, bayan haka ta hada kai da fim din Reloaded . <ref name="Prolific">{{Cite web |last=Olehi |author-link=Uche |title=How Emem Isong emerged Nollywood's most prolific filmmaker |url=http://encomium.ng/how-emem-isong-emerged-nollywoods-most-prolific-filmmaker/ |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=Encomium}}</ref> Ta rubuta ko kuma ta samar da fina-finai kamar su Reloaded, Breaking Point, She Devil, A Minute To Midnight, Play Boy, Private Sin, Master Stroke, Rumours, Shattered Illusion, Promise Me Forever da Emotional Crack (screenplay). An nuna wannan na ƙarshe a bikin fina-finai na Afirka a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong Biography/ Profile |url=http://www.nigeriamoviesreview.com/celebrities/emem-isong-biography-profile/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603010750/http://www.nigeriamoviesreview.com/celebrities/emem-isong-biography-profile/ |archive-date=3 June 2017 |access-date=22 September 2016 |publisher=Nigeria Movies Review}}</ref> An kuma san ta da hotunan yaren Yoruba kuma sananniya ce a wannan masana'antar. Fim din Isong ya nuna wasan kwaikwayo na farko na 'yan wasan Nollywood, ciki har da [[Stephanie Okereke Linus|Stephanie Okereke]] da [[Dakore Egbuson-Akande|Dakore Egbuson]] . <ref name="GAY">{{Cite journal |last=Lindsey Green-Simms |last2=Unoma Azuah |date=2012 |title=The Video Closet: Nollywood's gay-themed movies |journal=Transition |publisher=Indiana University Press |issue=107 |pages=32–49 |jstor=10.2979/transition.107.32}}</ref> A cikin 2014, Isong ta ba da umarnin fim dinta na farko na ''[[Champagne]]'', wanda aka fara bugawa a [[Silverbird Galleria]] a [[Tsibirin Victoria, Lagos|Tsibirin Victoria, Legas]] . <ref name="BN">{{Cite web |title=Cute Couple! Emem Isong & Hubby Misodi Akama for 'Champagne' Movie Premiere |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/12/cute-couple-emem-isong-hubby-misodi-akama-for-champagne-movie-premiere/ |access-date=22 September 2016 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2015, ta fitar da fim din Code of Silence, fim dinta na biyu wanda ta kuma samar, tare da hadin gwiwar Royal Arts Academy da Nollywood Workshop.<ref name="#SHEVOICES">{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong |url=http://tv.awlo.org/shevoices/portfolio/ememisong/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104142137/http://tv.awlo.org/shevoices/portfolio/ememisong/ |archive-date=4 November 2016 |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=African Women Leadership Organization}}</ref> Fim din, wanda ke magana ne game da [[Rape in Nigeria|fyade a Najeriya]], taurari [[Makida Moka]], [[Patience Ozokwor]], [[Ini Edo]], da [[Omoni Oboli]]. Isong ya yi aiki a matsayin mai magana a jerin Afrinolly masterclass kuma a matsayin alƙali na MTN Afrinolley gajeren fim a shekarar 2013. [dead link][1][2] == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == Kyaututtuka da Isong ta samu sun hada da: <ref name="AM AWARDS">{{Cite web |title=Star of the Week: Emem Isong |url=http://africamagic.dstv.com/2013/08/06/star-of-the-week-emem-isong/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131124083051/http://africamagic.dstv.com/2013/08/06/star-of-the-week-emem-isong/ |archive-date=24 November 2013 |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=Africa Magic}}</ref> [ba daidai ba] <ref name="HOMEVIDA">{{Cite web |title=Winners |url=http://www.homevida.org/winners |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019010354/http://www.homevida.org/winners |archive-date=19 October 2013 |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=Nigeria’s Integrity Film Awards}}</ref> * ZAFAA Awards, in the category of Best Producer for the film ''Memories of my Heart'' (2010). * Wow Divas, Outstanding Contribution to Raising Awareness, Understanding and Hope to those Affected by Autism Spectrum Disorder and Advocating for them through her film ''Silver Lining'' (2012). * [[Kyautar ELOY|ELOY Awards]], Best Movie Producer of the Year for ''I'll Take My Chances'' (2011). * [[Best of Nollywood Awards|Best of Nollywood]], Special Recognition Award. * Ntanla Awards, Industry Merit Awards. * Nigeria's Integrity Film Awards (HomeVida) in the category Family/Child Friendly Category for the film ''Knocking on the Heavens Door'' (2014). * Africa Movie Awards in the category of Best Scriptwriter for the film ''Reloaded'' (2008). {{Ana bukatan hujja|reason=This claim needs a reliable source; this award is not stated in other sources in this section|date=October 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs a reliable source; this award is not stated in other sources in this section (October 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> * ''City People'' Awards in the categories of Best Producer of the Year, and Best Screenplay for the film ''Reloaded'' (2008). {{Ana bukatan hujja|reason=This claim needs a reliable source; this award is not stated in other sources in this section|date=October 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs a reliable source; this award is not stated in other sources in this section (October 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{IMDb name|2130579|Emem Isong}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6audij6o8trqvtc38mdh5d8hemloxf4 906297 906296 2026-08-22T19:29:10Z Saudarh2 14842 906297 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Emem Isong''' listenⓘ marubuciya ce na [[Najeriya]], Mai shirya fim-finai, kuma darektan fina-fakka. An fi saninta da fina-finai a cikin harshen Ingilishi, kuma sanannen mutum ne a masana'antar [[Nollywood]]. An saki fasalin ta na biyu a matsayin darektan, Code of Silence, wanda ke hulɗa da fyade a Najeriya, a cikin 2015. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Isong, ta farko cikin yara huɗu, an haife ta ne a ranar 5 ga Satumba kuma tafito ne daga yankin Ikono na[[Akwa Ibom na Jihar Akwa Ibom]] a Najeriya.<ref name="Birth">{{Cite web |title=iROKOtv Nollywood Icon Birthday: Emem Isong |url=http://blog.irokotv.com/irokotv-nollywood-icon-birthday-eme/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810064730/http://blog.irokotv.com/irokotv-nollywood-icon-birthday-eme/ |archive-date=10 August 2018 |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=IrokoTV Blog}}</ref> Ta sami digiri na farko a fannin wasan kwaikwayo daga [[Jami'ar Calabar]] da difloma a kimiyar kwamfuta daga Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta (NCR). <ref name="EDUCATION">{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong |url=http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/people/emem_isong |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117211340/http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/people/emem_isong |archive-date=17 November 2016 |access-date=16 November 2016 |website=Sodas 'N' Popcorn}}</ref> A shekara ta 2024, ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin fina-finai da zane-zane na kafofin watsa labarai daga Jami'ar Creative Arts, Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-12-13 |title=Nollywood's Emem Misodi picks UCA for PhD |url=https://www.uca.ac.uk/blogs/leading-nollywood-filmmaker-picks-uca-for-phd/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=University for the Creative Arts - UCA |language=en}}</ref> Ayyukan Isong a cikin fim ya fara ne a 1994 lokacin da ta rubuta rubutun kuma ta hada fim din Jezebel . Shirin farko da ta yi shi ne Breaking Point (1996). Daga baya ta yi aiki tare da Remmy Jez na tsawon shekaru takwas a matsayin furodusa. Dangantakar sana'a ta ƙare a shekara ta 2008, bayan haka ta hada kai da fim din Reloaded . <ref name="Prolific">{{Cite web |last=Olehi |author-link=Uche |title=How Emem Isong emerged Nollywood’s most prolific filmmaker |url=http://encomium.ng/how-emem-isong-emerged-nollywoods-most-prolific-filmmaker/ |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=Encomium}}</ref> Ta rubuta ko kuma ta samar da fina-finai kamar su Reloaded, Breaking Point, She Devil, A Minute To Midnight, Play Boy, Private Sin, Master Stroke, Rumours, Shattered Illusion, Promise Me Forever da Emotional Crack (screenplay). An nuna wannan na ƙarshe a bikin fina-finai na Afirka a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong Biography/ Profile |url=http://www.nigeriamoviesreview.com/celebrities/emem-isong-biography-profile/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603010750/http://www.nigeriamoviesreview.com/celebrities/emem-isong-biography-profile/ |archive-date=3 June 2017 |access-date=22 September 2016 |publisher=Nigeria Movies Review}}</ref> An kuma san ta da hotunan yaren Yoruba kuma sananniya ce a wannan masana'antar. Fim din Isong ya nuna wasan kwaikwayo na farko na 'yan wasan Nollywood, ciki har da [[Stephanie Okereke Linus|Stephanie Okereke]] da [[Dakore Egbuson-Akande|Dakore Egbuson]] . <ref name="GAY">{{Cite journal |last=Lindsey Green-Simms |last2=Unoma Azuah |date=2012 |title=The Video Closet: Nollywood's gay-themed movies |journal=Transition |publisher=Indiana University Press |issue=107 |pages=32–49 |jstor=10.2979/transition.107.32}}</ref> A cikin 2014, Isong ta ba da umarnin fim dinta na farko na ''[[Champagne]]'', wanda aka fara bugawa a [[Silverbird Galleria]] a [[Tsibirin Victoria, Lagos|Tsibirin Victoria, Legas]] . <ref name="BN">{{Cite web |title=Cute Couple! Emem Isong & Hubby Misodi Akama for ‘Champagne’ Movie Premiere |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/12/cute-couple-emem-isong-hubby-misodi-akama-for-champagne-movie-premiere/ |access-date=22 September 2016 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2015, ta fitar da fim din Code of Silence, fim dinta na biyu wanda ta kuma samar, tare da hadin gwiwar Royal Arts Academy da Nollywood Workshop.<ref name="#SHEVOICES">{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong |url=http://tv.awlo.org/shevoices/portfolio/ememisong/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104142137/http://tv.awlo.org/shevoices/portfolio/ememisong/ |archive-date=4 November 2016 |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=African Women Leadership Organization}}</ref> Fim din, wanda ke magana ne game da [[Rape in Nigeria|fyade a Najeriya]], taurari [[Makida Moka]], [[Patience Ozokwor]], [[Ini Edo]], da [[Omoni Oboli]]. Isong has served as a speaker at the Afrinolly masterclass series and also as a judge for the MTN Afrinolly short film competition in 2013. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="&amp;nbsp;Dead link tagged October 2025">dead link</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</span></sup><ref name="AFRINOLLY">{{Cite web |title=Afrinolly MasterClass Series With Charles Aniagolu and Emem Isong |url=http://bits.ng/?p=11224 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104142415/http://bits.ng/?p=11224 |archive-date=4 November 2016 |access-date=16 October 2016 |website=Bits}}</ref><ref name="THRILL">{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong Biography/ Profile |url=http://www.nigeriamoviesreview.com/celebrities/emem-isong-biography-profile/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603010750/http://www.nigeriamoviesreview.com/celebrities/emem-isong-biography-profile/ |archive-date=3 June 2017 |access-date=22 September 2016 |website=Nigeria Movies Review}}</ref> == Kyauta == An bayyana Isong a matsayin maverick a cikin New Nollywood motsi wanda masu shirya fina-finai suka rarraba wanda ba kawai suke da sha'awar samar da fina-fukkuka ba, amma a cikin ƙirƙirar ayyuka masu mahimmanci da fasaha. Ta yi aiki tare da marubuta daban-daban kamar Rita Onwurah, Karyn Udeh, Toiyoabasi Ekong, Jane Nwachukwu, da Vivian Chiji kuma fina-finai sun nuna 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ciki har da [[Adesua Etomi]], [[Nancy Isime]] da [[Daniel Etim Effiong]] . Wadannan fina-finai galibi ana rarraba su ta hanyar ƙarin ƙoƙari da masu shirya fina-fakkaatu suka yi don tabbatar da ba kawai hanyoyin ba har ma da kayan aikin samarwa da masu shirya fim suka yi amfani da su suna da inganci sosai. Ba game da samarwa ba ne don samarwa amma don fasaha. Wadannan fina-finai kuma ana yin su ne don samun roko na cikin gida da na duniya kamar yadda galibi ana fitar da su a gidajen silima na Najeriya da na kasashen waje. Wannan canjin daga samar da bidiyo na gida zuwa kallon fina-finai shima wani bangare ne na wannan motsi na New Nollywood.<ref name="NEW NOLLYWOOD 2">{{Cite journal |last=Haynes |first=Jonathan |date=1 January 2014 |title=Close-Up:Nollywood—A Worldly Creative Practice: "New Nollywood":Kunle Afolayan |journal=Black Camera |publisher=Indiana University Press |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=53–73 |doi=10.2979/blackcamera.5.2.53 |jstor=10.2979/blackcamera.5.2.53}}</ref><ref name="POSTCOLONIAL EXOTIC">{{Cite journal |last=Alessandro Jedlowski |date=1 March 2014 |title=Nigerian Videos in the Global Arena: The Postcolonial Exotic Revisited |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/538435 |journal=The Global South |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=157–178 |issn=1932-8656}}</ref> Isong is also known for her role in founding the Royal Arts Academy in 2010 and her subsequent role as the academy's CEO. The Royal Arts Academy which she started with [[Uduak Isong Oguamanam|Uduak Oguamanam]], Anietie Isong, and actress [[Monalisa Chinda]], is based in [[Surulere (Lagos)|Surulere]], Lagos State, Nigeria. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="&amp;nbsp;Dead link tagged October 2025">dead link</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</span></sup><ref name="ROYAL ARTS ACADEMY">{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong opens acting academy |url=https://www.nigeriafilms.com/movie-news/85-film-tv-workshop/7129-emem-isong-opens-acting-academy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209070904/https://www.nigeriafilms.com/movie-news/85-film-tv-workshop/7129-emem-isong-opens-acting-academy |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=Nigeria Films}}</ref> Its mandate is to empower students by giving them the necessary tools required to take part in all aspects of film creation and production preparing them to compete in both the Nigerian and international film industries.<ref name="R A ACADEMY">{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=http://royalartsacademy.com.ng/about-raa/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014061503/http://royalartsacademy.com.ng/about-raa/ |archive-date=14 October 2016 |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=Royal Arts Academy}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="&amp;nbsp;Dead link tagged October 2025">dead link</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</span></sup><ref name="R A Academy 2">{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong's Royal Arts Academy To Improve Film-Making in Nigeria |url=http://www.nigeriamovienetwork.com/articles/read-emem-isongs-royal-arts-academy-to-improve-film-making-in-nigeria_80.html |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=Nigeria Movie Network}}</ref> Students are also given opportunities to win funding to produce films for public release.<ref name="EMPOWER">{{Cite web |last=Tosan |date=27 October 2015 |title=Royal Arts Academy spotlights Film Contest and Awards |url=http://trendyafrica.com/royal-arts-academy-spotlights-film-contest-and-awards/ |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=Trendy Africa}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An san Isong da zama mai zaman kansa kuma ba ya ba da tambayoyi. Wannan, a cewarta, saboda tana son a cinye aikinta a kan cancanta shi kaɗai ba tare da rayuwarta ta rinjayi masu kallo ba. Isong ta auri Misodi Akama, tare da ita tana da tagwaye da aka haifa a shekara ta 2016. <ref name="BN">{{Cite web |title=Cute Couple! Emem Isong & Hubby Misodi Akama for ‘Champagne’ Movie Premiere |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/12/cute-couple-emem-isong-hubby-misodi-akama-for-champagne-movie-premiere/ |access-date=22 September 2016 |publisher=Bella Naija}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/12/cute-couple-emem-isong-hubby-misodi-akama-for-champagne-movie-premiere/ "Cute Couple! Emem Isong & Hubby Misodi Akama for 'Champagne' Movie Premiere"]. Bella Naija<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2016 |title=Nollywood Producer Emem Isong & her Twins in New Adorable Photos |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2016/07/nollywood-producer-emem-isong-her-twins-in-new-adorable-photos/ |access-date=22 September 2016 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbenga Bada |date=5 June 2015 |title=Movie producer pour encomium on son as he turns 8 |url=http://pulse.ng/celebrities/emem-isong-movie-producer-pour-encomium-on-son-as-he-turns-8-id3834021.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104141351/http://pulse.ng/celebrities/emem-isong-movie-producer-pour-encomium-on-son-as-he-turns-8-id3834021.html |archive-date=4 November 2016 |access-date=4 November 2016 |website=Pulse}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == Ayyukan fim na Isong sun hada da: <ref name="IMDb">{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2130579/ |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=IMDb}}</ref> === Mai gabatarwa === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken fim din |- |2024 |''Rashin yin shiru'' |- |2023 |''Haka ne zuwa Har abada'' |- |2022 |''Yin rawa tare da Ni'' |- |2021 |''Magungunan da ke da zafi'' |- |2020 |''[[Special Jollof|Jollof na Musamman]]'' |- |2019 |''Yarinyar da take mafarkinta'' |- |2018 |''Mr. & Mrs. Right'' |- |2017 |''[[Body Language (fim na 2017)|Harshe na Jiki]]'' |- |2016 |''[[Ayamma]]'' |- |2015 |''Kada ka yi makao'' |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |''[[Apaye|Ka yi watsi da shi]]'' |- |''Yin Ƙarƙashin Ƙofar Sama'' |- |2013 |''Mantawa da Yuni'' |- |2012 |''Lining na azurfa'' |- |2011 |''Zan Yi Da Hanyar da nake Da ita'' |- | rowspan="4" |2010 |''Kiss da Tell'' |- |''Fashewa'' |- |''Tsayawa da Bege'' |- |''Tunanin Yaƙi'' |- |2009 |''Edikan'' |- |2008 |[[Reloaded (2009 fim)|''An sake caji'']] |- | rowspan="3" |2007 |''Lokaci don Ƙauna'' |- |''Kasuwancin da ba a gama ba'' |- |''Yahoo Miliyanari'' |- | rowspan="2" |2006 |''Wasanni Maza suna Wasan'' |- |''Rashin rauni'' |- | rowspan="7" |2005 |''Bayan Ƙofofin da aka rufe'' |- |''Dare mafi duhu'' |- |''Ƙarya marar Ƙarshe'' |- |''Wasanni Mata suna Wasan'' |- |''<nowiki/>'Yan mata a cikin Hood'' |- |''Ina jin ku'' |- |''Maza Suna kuka'' |- | rowspan="4" |2004 |''Shawarwari Mai Muhimmanci'' |- |''Don Gaskiya'' |- |''Jagora'' |- |''Alkawari Ni Har abada'' |- |2003 |''Zunubi na sirri'' |- |1996 |''Matsalar Mataki'' |- |1994 |''Yezabila'' |} === Marubuci === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken fim din |- |2011 |''Zan Yi Da Hanyar da nake Da ita'' |- | rowspan="3" |2008 |''Fashewa'' |- |''Zuciya tana bugun'' |- |[[Reloaded (2009 fim)|''An sake caji'']] |- | rowspan="3" |2007 |''Lokaci don Ƙauna'' |- |''Kasuwancin da ba a gama ba'' |- |''Yahoo Miliyanari'' |- |2006 |''Wasanni Maza suna Wasan'' |- | rowspan="4" |2005 |''Mahimmanci Makafi'' |- |''Dare mafi duhu'' |- |''Rashin Jinƙai'' |- |''Ina jin ku'' |- | rowspan="2" |2004 |''Bautar'' |- |''Alkawari Ni Har abada'' |- |2003 |''Rashin jin daɗi'' |- |1994 |''Yezabila'' |} === Daraktan === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken fim din |- |2014 |''[[Champagne]]'' |- |2015 |[[Code of Silence (fim na 2015)|''Dokar Shiru'']] |} == Aiki == Ayyukan Isong a cikin fim ya fara ne a 1994 lokacin da ta rubuta rubutun kuma ta hada fim din Jezebel . Shirin farko da ta yi shi ne Breaking Point (1996). Daga baya ta yi aiki tare da Remmy Jez na tsawon shekaru takwas a matsayin furodusa. Dangantakar sana'a ta ƙare a shekara ta 2008, bayan haka ta hada kai da fim din Reloaded . <ref name="Prolific">{{Cite web |last=Olehi |author-link=Uche |title=How Emem Isong emerged Nollywood's most prolific filmmaker |url=http://encomium.ng/how-emem-isong-emerged-nollywoods-most-prolific-filmmaker/ |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=Encomium}}</ref> Ta rubuta ko kuma ta samar da fina-finai kamar su Reloaded, Breaking Point, She Devil, A Minute To Midnight, Play Boy, Private Sin, Master Stroke, Rumours, Shattered Illusion, Promise Me Forever da Emotional Crack (screenplay). An nuna wannan na ƙarshe a bikin fina-finai na Afirka a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong Biography/ Profile |url=http://www.nigeriamoviesreview.com/celebrities/emem-isong-biography-profile/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603010750/http://www.nigeriamoviesreview.com/celebrities/emem-isong-biography-profile/ |archive-date=3 June 2017 |access-date=22 September 2016 |publisher=Nigeria Movies Review}}</ref> An kuma san ta da hotunan yaren Yoruba kuma sananniya ce a wannan masana'antar. Fim din Isong ya nuna wasan kwaikwayo na farko na 'yan wasan Nollywood, ciki har da [[Stephanie Okereke Linus|Stephanie Okereke]] da [[Dakore Egbuson-Akande|Dakore Egbuson]] . <ref name="GAY">{{Cite journal |last=Lindsey Green-Simms |last2=Unoma Azuah |date=2012 |title=The Video Closet: Nollywood's gay-themed movies |journal=Transition |publisher=Indiana University Press |issue=107 |pages=32–49 |jstor=10.2979/transition.107.32}}</ref> A cikin 2014, Isong ta ba da umarnin fim dinta na farko na ''[[Champagne]]'', wanda aka fara bugawa a [[Silverbird Galleria]] a [[Tsibirin Victoria, Lagos|Tsibirin Victoria, Legas]] . <ref name="BN">{{Cite web |title=Cute Couple! Emem Isong & Hubby Misodi Akama for 'Champagne' Movie Premiere |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/12/cute-couple-emem-isong-hubby-misodi-akama-for-champagne-movie-premiere/ |access-date=22 September 2016 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2015, ta fitar da fim din Code of Silence, fim dinta na biyu wanda ta kuma samar, tare da hadin gwiwar Royal Arts Academy da Nollywood Workshop.<ref name="#SHEVOICES">{{Cite web |title=Emem Isong |url=http://tv.awlo.org/shevoices/portfolio/ememisong/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104142137/http://tv.awlo.org/shevoices/portfolio/ememisong/ |archive-date=4 November 2016 |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=African Women Leadership Organization}}</ref> Fim din, wanda ke magana ne game da [[Rape in Nigeria|fyade a Najeriya]], taurari [[Makida Moka]], [[Patience Ozokwor]], [[Ini Edo]], da [[Omoni Oboli]]. Isong ya yi aiki a matsayin mai magana a jerin Afrinolly masterclass kuma a matsayin alƙali na MTN Afrinolley gajeren fim a shekarar 2013. [dead link][1][2] == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == Kyaututtuka da Isong ta samu sun hada da: <ref name="AM AWARDS">{{Cite web |title=Star of the Week: Emem Isong |url=http://africamagic.dstv.com/2013/08/06/star-of-the-week-emem-isong/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131124083051/http://africamagic.dstv.com/2013/08/06/star-of-the-week-emem-isong/ |archive-date=24 November 2013 |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=Africa Magic}}</ref> [ba daidai ba] <ref name="HOMEVIDA">{{Cite web |title=Winners |url=http://www.homevida.org/winners |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019010354/http://www.homevida.org/winners |archive-date=19 October 2013 |access-date=17 October 2016 |website=Nigeria’s Integrity Film Awards}}</ref> * ZAFAA Awards, in the category of Best Producer for the film ''Memories of my Heart'' (2010). * Wow Divas, Outstanding Contribution to Raising Awareness, Understanding and Hope to those Affected by Autism Spectrum Disorder and Advocating for them through her film ''Silver Lining'' (2012). * [[Kyautar ELOY|ELOY Awards]], Best Movie Producer of the Year for ''I'll Take My Chances'' (2011). * [[Best of Nollywood Awards|Best of Nollywood]], Special Recognition Award. * Ntanla Awards, Industry Merit Awards. * Nigeria's Integrity Film Awards (HomeVida) in the category Family/Child Friendly Category for the film ''Knocking on the Heavens Door'' (2014). * Africa Movie Awards in the category of Best Scriptwriter for the film ''Reloaded'' (2008). {{Ana bukatan hujja|reason=This claim needs a reliable source; this award is not stated in other sources in this section|date=October 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs a reliable source; this award is not stated in other sources in this section (October 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> * ''City People'' Awards in the categories of Best Producer of the Year, and Best Screenplay for the film ''Reloaded'' (2008). {{Ana bukatan hujja|reason=This claim needs a reliable source; this award is not stated in other sources in this section|date=October 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs a reliable source; this award is not stated in other sources in this section (October 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{IMDb name|2130579|Emem Isong}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] logey1wbfzyrwvuv1ojvrr1t0vz6890 0 59124 906402 462805 2026-08-23T04:44:17Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Kimiyyar yanay: Shin Za Mu Iya Rayuwa Karkashin Jari Hujja?''''' Littafi ne na Gus Hall, wanda Mawallafan Duniya suka buga a 1972. == liyafa == Littafin ya karɓi bita daga wallafe-wallafen da suka haɗa da ''Dokar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kwata-kwata'' da ''Watan Ma'aikata''.<ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=629}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url-status=431}}</ref> Wata bita daga ''Labour Monthly'' wanda John Moss ya rubuta ya bayyana cewa "Littafi kan ilimin halittu da babban sakatare na jam'iyyar siyasa ya rubuta wani lamari ne da kansa,kuma ba zan iya tunawa da wani ba,ba a ƙasar nan ba,A lokacin da akwai haka.litattafai da yawa game da illolin gurɓata,wannan wanda ya yi bayani a fili a kan musabbabinsa, kuma tushen da reshe na maganin gurguzu ana maraba da shi cikin annashuwa."<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url-status=431}}</ref> == Bayanin Littafi == “Sau da yawa ana danganta gurbacewar muhalli da illolin kimiyya da fasaha,kuma a wannan fanni ne kawai ake ganin magunguna.Shugaban kwaminisanci ya danganta waɗannan sababbin hatsarori na ɓata asali ga tsarin jari hujja mara tsari da kuma dalilin ribar ƴan mulkin mallaka.Ya bawa tattaunawar matsayin aji, yana nuna cewa ma’aikata sun fi shan wahala, a wurin aiki da kuma gida.Yayin da ya bukaci a gaggauta magance matsalar,ya ce gurguzu na samar da mafita,kamar yadda aka nuna a kasashen da suka koma kan sabon tsarin zamantakewa." == Babi == === Gabatarwa === Marubucin a takaice ya gabatar da matsalar gurbatar yanayi da barna domin a samu karin albarkatun kasa. Marubucin ya bayyana ra’ayin da aka fi sani da cewa wannan matsala ta samo asali ne daga kimiyya da fasaha, kuma ya bayyana cewa akasin haka, matsalar tana cikin tsarin zamantakewar da muke rayuwa a ciki-jari hujja. === Ana Lalata Kwai da Kaji! === Marubucin ya yi nazari kan illoli da gurbacewar yanayi ke haifarwa ga wadatar abinci ga mutane da kuma muhimman hanyoyin rayuwa a duniya.Siffofin gurɓata kamar gubar,mercury na masana'antu,da kuma radiation daga gwajin makaman nukiliya. === Laifi Mafi Dadewa === Marubucin ya kawo haske kan "laifi mafi tsufa" na jari-hujja, wanda shine kisan ma'aikata ta hanyar wuce gona da iri da kuma yanayin aiki mai haɗari. Irin waɗannan batutuwan da suka shafi rayuwar ma'aikata ana yin watsi da su saboda samun riba. A cikin wannan babi, marubucin ya kuma bincika yadda ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago ke ɗaukar irin waɗannan batutuwa game da jin daɗin ma'aikata. === "Kashe kowane abu mai rai" === A cikin wannan babi, marubucin ya yi magana game da laifukan yaki da kasashen 'yan jari-hujja suka aikata kan na Vietnam da wasu kasashe a Indochina, musamman game da yakin sinadarai. Sannan marubucin ya jawo alaka tsakanin manufofin barna a kan wadannan kasashe da kuma manufofin barna a kan muhalli. === Tushen Matsalar === Marubucin ya sake nanata ra'ayin da ya shahara a kan batun gurbatar yanayi, sannan ya tattauna illar da manyan kamfanoni ke da shi kan manufofin muhalli musamman a Amurka. === Rashin Alhakin Gwamnati === === Sabuwar Matsala === === Gurguzu da Muhalli === === Zuwa Magani === == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * ''[[iarchive:ecologycanwesurviveundercapitalism|Ecology: Shin Za Mu Iya Rayuwa Karkashin Jari Jari Ce?]]'' littafi a cikin tsarin PDF * ''[https://www.marxists.org/archive/hall/1972/ecology.htm Ecology: Shin Za Mu Iya Rayuwa Karkashin Jari Jari Ce?]'' littafi a cikin tsarin HTML [[Category:Climate change]] [[Category:Environmental non-fiction]] [[Category:Books critical of capitalism]] [[Category:1972 non-fiction books]] db9vd96wkmjkknmlbqdvjkps2wj43wh 906403 906402 2026-08-23T04:44:43Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Kimiyyar yanay: Shin Za Mu Iya Rayuwa Karkashin Jari Hujja?''''' Littafi ne na Gus Hall, wanda Mawallafan Duniya suka buga a 1972. == liyafa == Littafin ya karɓi bita daga wallafe-wallafen da suka haɗa da ''Dokar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kwata-kwata'' da ''Watan Ma'aikata''.<ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=629}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url-status=431}}</ref> Wata bita daga ''Labour Monthly'' wanda John Moss ya rubuta ya bayyana cewa "Littafi kan ilimin halittu da babban sakatare na jam'iyyar siyasa ya rubuta wani lamari ne da kansa,kuma ba zan iya tunawa da wani ba,ba a ƙasar nan ba,A lokacin da akwai haka.litattafai da yawa game da illolin gurɓata,wannan wanda kuma ya yi bayani a fili a kan musabbabinsa, kuma tushen da reshe na maganin gurguzu ana maraba da shi cikin annashuwa."<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url-status=431}}</ref> == Bayanin Littafi == “Sau da yawa ana danganta gurbacewar muhalli da illolin kimiyya da fasaha,kuma a wannan fanni ne kawai ake ganin magunguna.Shugaban kwaminisanci ya danganta waɗannan sababbin hatsarori na ɓata asali ga tsarin jari hujja mara tsari da kuma dalilin ribar ƴan mulkin mallaka.Ya bawa tattaunawar matsayin aji, yana nuna cewa ma’aikata sun fi shan wahala, a wurin aiki da kuma gida.Yayin da ya bukaci a gaggauta magance matsalar,ya ce gurguzu na samar da mafita,kamar yadda aka nuna a kasashen da suka koma kan sabon tsarin zamantakewa." == Babi == === Gabatarwa === Marubucin a takaice ya gabatar da matsalar gurbatar yanayi da barna domin a samu karin albarkatun kasa. Marubucin ya bayyana ra’ayin da aka fi sani da cewa wannan matsala ta samo asali ne daga kimiyya da fasaha, kuma ya bayyana cewa akasin haka, matsalar tana cikin tsarin zamantakewar da muke rayuwa a ciki-jari hujja. === Ana Lalata Kwai da Kaji! === Marubucin ya yi nazari kan illoli da gurbacewar yanayi ke haifarwa ga wadatar abinci ga mutane da kuma muhimman hanyoyin rayuwa a duniya.Siffofin gurɓata kamar gubar,mercury na masana'antu,da kuma radiation daga gwajin makaman nukiliya. === Laifi Mafi Dadewa === Marubucin ya kawo haske kan "laifi mafi tsufa" na jari-hujja, wanda shine kisan ma'aikata ta hanyar wuce gona da iri da kuma yanayin aiki mai haɗari. Irin waɗannan batutuwan da suka shafi rayuwar ma'aikata ana yin watsi da su saboda samun riba. A cikin wannan babi, marubucin ya kuma bincika yadda ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago ke ɗaukar irin waɗannan batutuwa game da jin daɗin ma'aikata. === "Kashe kowane abu mai rai" === A cikin wannan babi, marubucin ya yi magana game da laifukan yaki da kasashen 'yan jari-hujja suka aikata kan na Vietnam da wasu kasashe a Indochina, musamman game da yakin sinadarai. Sannan marubucin ya jawo alaka tsakanin manufofin barna a kan wadannan kasashe da kuma manufofin barna a kan muhalli. === Tushen Matsalar === Marubucin ya sake nanata ra'ayin da ya shahara a kan batun gurbatar yanayi, sannan ya tattauna illar da manyan kamfanoni ke da shi kan manufofin muhalli musamman a Amurka. === Rashin Alhakin Gwamnati === === Sabuwar Matsala === === Gurguzu da Muhalli === === Zuwa Magani === == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * ''[[iarchive:ecologycanwesurviveundercapitalism|Ecology: Shin Za Mu Iya Rayuwa Karkashin Jari Jari Ce?]]'' littafi a cikin tsarin PDF * ''[https://www.marxists.org/archive/hall/1972/ecology.htm Ecology: Shin Za Mu Iya Rayuwa Karkashin Jari Jari Ce?]'' littafi a cikin tsarin HTML [[Category:Climate change]] [[Category:Environmental non-fiction]] [[Category:Books critical of capitalism]] [[Category:1972 non-fiction books]] tuvhy3adammk8prxkfyh7vg5t9z8gvl 0 60745 906197 498345 2026-08-22T12:31:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Giants Kenshin Hotta 20220812.jpg|thumb|Kenshin]] Kenshin Yoshimaru (吉丸 絢梓, Yoshimaru Kenshin, an haife shi a ranar 27 ga watan March shekarar 1996) is a Japanese [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|football]] player currently playing for [[Giravanz Kitakyushu]]. == Kididdigar kulob == ''An sabunta shi zuwa 14 Oktoba 2020'' . {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="3" |Ayyukan kulob ! colspan="2" | Kungiyar ! colspan="2" | Kofin ! colspan="2" | Kofin League ! colspan="2" | Nahiyar ! colspan="2" | Jimlar |- ! Kaka ! Kulob ! Kungiyar ! Aikace-aikace ! Manufa ! Aikace-aikace ! Manufa ! Aikace-aikace ! Manufa ! Aikace-aikace ! Manufa ! Aikace-aikace ! Manufa |- ! colspan="3" | Japan ! colspan="2" | Kungiyar ! colspan="2" | Kofin Sarkin sarakuna ! colspan="2" | J. League Cup ! colspan="2" | Asiya ! colspan="2" | Jimlar |- | 2014 | rowspan="2" | Vissel Kobe | rowspan="2" | J1 League | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | 0 | 0 |- | 2015 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | 0 | 0 |- | 2016 | Oita Trinita | J3 League | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | 0 | 0 |- | 2017 | Vissel Kobe | J1 League | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | 0 | 0 |- | 2018 | Tokushima Vortis | J2 League | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | 0 | 0 |- | 2018 | rowspan="3" | Vissel Kobe | rowspan="3" | J1 League | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | 1 | 0 |- | 2019 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | 3 | 0 |- | 2020 | 1 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimlar sana'a ! 3 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 2 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 5 ! 0 |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Kenshin Yoshimaru at J.League (archive) (in Japanese) * {{Soccerway|331651}} * [http://www.oita-trinita.co.jp/team/player/view/?pid=19300 Profile at Oita Trinita] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906062336/https://www.oita-trinita.co.jp/team/player/view/?pid=19300 |date=2023-09-06 }} {{Giravanz Kitakyushu squad}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1996]] i2gagemikfoqcclrfzd421yfbp6uv6y 0 64424 906268 568881 2026-08-22T16:47:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Koutoub Moustapha Sano''' an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Afrilu, 1966, ɗan siyasa ne kuma malami daga [[Gini|Guinea]]. Ya taɓa rike muƙamin ministan ofishin shugaban ƙasar Guinea kuma mai baiwa shugaban ƙasar shawara kan harkokin diflomasiyya. Yana da digirin digirgir a fannin shari'a.<ref name="africaguinee.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.africaguinee.com/articles/2018/02/22/pr-koutoubou-moustapha-sano-la-violence-et-la-division-doivent-cesser-en-guinee|title=Pr Koutoubou Moustapha SANO : " La violence et la division doivent cesser en Guinée… "|date=22 February 2018|publisher=|language=fr|access-date=10 December 2023|archive-date=7 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707101804/http://www.africaguinee.com/articles/2018/02/22/pr-koutoubou-moustapha-sano-la-violence-et-la-division-doivent-cesser-en-guinee|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://aminata.com/renovation-de-mosquee-faycal-dr-koutoubou-sano-accuse/|title=Rénovation de la Mosquée Fayçal : Dr Koutoubou Sano accuse|date=16 July 2017|publisher=Aminata ! actualité de la Guinée|access-date=10 December 2023|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207073715/https://aminata.com/renovation-de-mosquee-faycal-dr-koutoubou-sano-accuse/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.africaguinee.com/articles/2017/09/30/koutoubou-sano-le-cndd-la-transition-et-moi|title=Koutoubou Sano : " le CNDD, la transition et moi… "|date=2017-09-30|work=Africaguinee.com - Site officiel d'informations sur la Guinée et l'Afrique|access-date=2018-07-04|language=fr|archive-date=2018-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704123050/http://www.africaguinee.com/articles/2017/09/30/koutoubou-sano-le-cndd-la-transition-et-moi|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife shi a Kankan, Guinea, ɗa ne ga Elhadj Sidafa Sano da Hadja Aissata Koma.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mosaiqueguinee.com/2018/03/21/necrologie-deces-en-belgique-de-hadja-aissata-koma-mere-du-ministre-koutoubou-sano/|title=Nécrologie : décès en Belgique de Hadja Aïssata Koma, mère du ministre Koutoubou Sano|publisher=Mosaiqueguinee.com|language=fr|access-date=2018-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331062213/http://mosaiqueguinee.com/2018/03/21/necrologie-deces-en-belgique-de-hadja-aissata-koma-mere-du-ministre-koutoubou-sano/|archive-date=2018-03-31|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ilimi == [[File:23rd_IIFA_Conference_in_Medina,_Kingdom_of_Saudi_Arabia,_November_2018-6.jpg|thumb|250x250px| Taron IIFA na 3 a Madina (Saudi Arabia) a cikin 2018]] * A cikin shekarar 1989 ya sami digiri mai zurfi a cikin harshen Faransanci daga Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Jamhuriyar [[Faransa]]. * Digiri na farko a fannin ilimi (Comparative Law) a shekarar 1990, sannan ya yi digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a tare da (distinction) a Jami'ar King Saud a shekara ta 1993.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mosaiqueguinee.com/2018/03/21/necrologie-deces-en-belgique-de-hadja-aissata-koma-mere-du-ministre-koutoubou-sano/|title=Nécrologie : décès en Belgique de Hadja Aïssata Koma, mère du ministre Koutoubou Sano|publisher=Mosaiqueguinee.com|language=fr|access-date=2018-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331062213/http://mosaiqueguinee.com/2018/03/21/necrologie-deces-en-belgique-de-hadja-aissata-koma-mere-du-ministre-koutoubou-sano/|archive-date=2018-03-31|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Doctorate a cikin falsafar shari'a a Jami'ar International ta Malaysia a shekarar 1996 * Ya samu digirin digirgir a fannin banki da harkokin kuɗi na Musulunci a Jami'ar Musulunci ta ƙasa da ƙasa Malaysia a shekarar 1998. * A shekara ta 2001, ya sami digiri na uku a fannin kuɗi na Musulunci tare da karramawa daga Jami'ar Zaitouna da ke [[Tunisiya]]. == Girmamawa da kyaututtuka == [[File:Secretary-General_of_the_International_Islamic_Fiqh_Academy,_Jeddah.jpg|thumb|283x283px|Koutoub Moustapha Sano]] * Kyautar Mafi kyawun ɗalibi na Jami'ar King Saud a Riyadh a shekara ta 1989. * Ya samu lambobin zinare 25 a gasar jami'o'i daban-daban a ƙasar Saudiyya. * Kyautar The Favorite Personality na Guinean na shekarun 2012-2013. * Kyautar Mafi kyawun Ministan Jamhuriyar Gini 2012-2015. Yayin da yake mataimakin rector (2005-2009) mai kula da harkokin ƙasa da ƙasa da kirkire-kirkire a Jami'ar Musulunci ta ƙasa da ƙasa Malaysia, tsohon Sultan na Pahang, yanzu Sarkin Malaysia (2019-), ya ba shi lambar girma ta Dato a shekara ta 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://wam.ae/en/details/1395302868861/|title=Advisor to President of Guinea joins Muslim Council of Elders}}</ref> == Sana'a == A watan Oktoban 2020, ya karɓi muƙamin babban sakatare na Kwalejin Fiqh ta ƙasa da ƙasa bayan ya rike muƙamai na tsawon shekaru goma sha biyu a Kwalejin Shari'a da ke Jeddah. Daga shekarun 1993 zuwa 2009, ya kasance farfesa a fannin shari'a da kuma harkokin kuɗi na Musulunci a IIUM. Daga shekarun shekara ta 2005 zuwa 2009 ya zama mataimakin shugaban jami'ar Musulunci ta ƙasa da ƙasa Malaysia. Ya taɓa rike muƙamin ministan harkokin addini na [[Gini|kasar Guinea]] daga shekarun 2009 zuwa 2010, ministan haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa da haɗin gwiwar ƙasashen Afirka daga shekarun 2011 zuwa 2016,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.africaguinee.com/articles/2018/02/22/pr-koutoubou-moustapha-sano-la-violence-et-la-division-doivent-cesser-en-guinee |title=Pr Koutoubou Moustapha SANO : «La violence et la division doivent cesser en Guinée… » |access-date=2023-12-10 |archive-date=2022-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707101804/http://www.africaguinee.com/articles/2018/02/22/pr-koutoubou-moustapha-sano-la-violence-et-la-division-doivent-cesser-en-guinee |url-status=dead }}</ref> shugaban majalisar ministocin kungiyar kogin Mano daga shekarun 2014 zuwa 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.africaguinee.com/articles/2018/02/22/pr-koutoubou-moustapha-sano-la-violence-et-la-division-doivent-cesser-en-guinee |title=Pr Koutoubou Moustapha SANO : «La violence et la division doivent cesser en Guinée… » |access-date=2023-12-10 |archive-date=2022-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707101804/http://www.africaguinee.com/articles/2018/02/22/pr-koutoubou-moustapha-sano-la-violence-et-la-division-doivent-cesser-en-guinee |url-status=dead }}</ref> An naɗa shi a matsayin mai ba wa shugaban ƙasar Guinea shawara kan harkokin diflomasiyya daga ranar 18 ga watan Maris, 2016, zuwa yanzu. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1966]] hquhv6byg8dj9017dr2wvkp7f0ees1b 0 68179 906306 502994 2026-08-22T21:15:20Z M Bash Ne 12403 /* Select bibliography */ 906306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''William James Mallon''' (an haife shi ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu, 1952) likitan tiyatar kashi-(Orthopedic surgery) ne na [[Amurka]], kuma tsohon ƙwararren ɗan wasan golf kuma mai jagoran wasannin Olympics. == Rayuwar farko da Fara Aiki == [[Fayil:David Alderdice.jpg|thumb|Bill Mallon]] An haifi Mallon a [[Paterson, New Jersey]].<ref name=pga>{{cite book |title=The PGA Tour Book 1978 |author=PGA Tour |page=112}}</ref> Ya yi karatu a [[Jami'ar Duke]] kuma ya kammala karatun (magna cum laude) da sakamakon A.B. a fannin lissafi da Ilimin Kimiyyar abubuwa (physics). Yayin da yake Duke ya buga wasan golf na kwaleji kuma ya kasance [[All-American]] sau biyu, haka-zalika sau biyu ya na zaɓar [[Outstanding College Athletes of America|fitattun 'yan wasan Kwaleji na Amurka]] kuma ya kasance ɗan takara sau biyu a gasar NCAA. Ya lashe gasa sama da 40 na wasan masu tasowa (amateur) da suka haɗa da; ƙwara biyu kowanne a gasar [[Massachusetts State Amateur Championship|Massachusetts Amateur]] da [[New England Amateur]]. <ref name="pga" /> Har ila yau, ya lashe [[Middle Atlantic Amateur]] sau ɗaya. <ref name="pga" /> == A matsayin ƙwararre == A shekara ta 1975, Mallon ya zama ƙwararre. <ref name="pga" /> Ya shiga [[PGA Tour]] bayan ya cancanci kammala [[Fall 1975 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates|Fall 1975 PGA Tour Qualifying School]]l.<ref name="pga" /> Mallon ya buga wasanni tsawon kaka huɗu, daga 1976 zuwa 1979, an zabi mafi kayatarwa uku acikin 10 na wasanni da ya kammala.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.databasegolf.com/players/playerpage.htm?samid=MalloBil01 |title=Bill Mallon – Career Stats by Season |publisher=databaseGolf.com |access-date=September 26, 2013}}</ref> Wasansa mafi kyayatarwa shi ne na 5 a 1977 [[Joe Garagiola-Tucson Open]]. Mallon ya taka leda a gasar 1977 U.S. Open, kuma ya kasance sau biyu a cikin mutane 100 a jerin masu kudin gasar. === Aikin likita === [[Fayil:Seamus Mallon address the Assemby of Northern Ireland in the Main Auditorium at Waterfront Hall (cropped).jpg|thumb|Bill Mallon]] Bayan barin PGA Tour, Mallon ya koma Jami'ar Duke don karantar karatun likitanci a matsayin M.D. a 1984. Ya zauna a cibiyar kula da lafiya ta Jami'ar Duke tsakanin 1984 zuwa 1990 kuma yanzu shine Mataimakin Farfesa na Orthopedics kuma yana da nasa aikin na kashin kai. Mallon ya ƙware a ɓangaren haɗa/gyaran ko tiyatar kafaɗa da tiyatar gwiwar hannu kuma shi mabiyin ƙungiyar Cibiyar Nazarin Orthopedic Surgeons na Amurka, ne Hakazalika , memba na [[American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons|Likitan Jiki na Amurka da Jikin gwiwar hannu]], inda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban wurin a shekarar 2012, kuma zai zama shugaba wurin a 2014, kuma memba. na majalisar shawara na [[Institute of Preventative Sports Medicine|Cibiyar Kula da Magungunan Wasanni]]. Ya yi rubuce-rubuce sosai kan batun raunin wasanni kuma ya kasance editan likita na mujallar ''[[Golf Digest]]'' tun 1987. A baya Mallon ya kasance editan Arewacin Amurka na ''[[Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery|Jaridar Shoulder and Elbow Surgery]]''. === Masanin tarihin Olympics === Har ila yau Mallon shi ne babban jami'i a tarihin gasar Olympics kuma ya rubuta littattafai 24 kan wannan batu. Ya kasance abokin haɗin gwiwa kuma daga baya shugaban kungiyar masana tarihi na Olympics na kasa da kasa kuma ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan tarihi ga kwamitocin shirya wasannin Olympics na Atlanta da Sydney. Mallon ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan ƙididdiga ga kwamitin Olympics na kasa da kasa kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Olympics a azurfa a shekara ta 2001 saboda hidimar da ya yi ga Olympics. ==Nasarori a matakin mai tasowa (amateur)== *1972 New England Amateur<ref name=neam>{{Cite web |url=http://www.negagolf.org/new-england-amateur/neamateur_pastchampions.pdf |title=Past New England Amateur Champions |access-date=2011-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426000719/http://www.negagolf.org/new-england-amateur/neamateur_pastchampions.pdf |archive-date=2012-04-26 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref> *1973 [[Massachusetts Amateur]] *1974 [[Massachusetts Amateur]] *1975 Middle Atlantic Amateur,<ref name=pga/> New England Amateur<ref name=neam/> == Nasarori a matakin ƙwararre (professional) == *1976 [[New England Open]] *1977 New England Open ==Zaɓi littafin tarihi== * ''Quest for Gold.'' Leisure Press New York City 1984 {{ISBN|0-88011-217-4}} (with Ian Buchanan) * ''The Olympic Record Book.'' [[Taylor & Francis]]. 1988. {{ISBN|0-8240-2948-8}}. * ''Who's Who der Olympischen Spiele 1896–1992.'' Agon-Sportverlag Kassel 1992 {{ISBN|3-928562-47-9}} (with Erich Kamper) * ''The Golf Doctor : How to Play a Better, Healthier Round of Golf''. Macmillan. 1996. {{ISBN|0-02-860853-4}} (with Larry Dennis). * ''Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement''. Scarecrow Press. 1996. {{ISBN|0-8108-3062-0}} (with Ian Buchanan) * ''The 1896 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events''. With Commentary. McFarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1997. {{ISBN|0-7864-0379-9}} (with Ture Widlund). * ''The 1900 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events''. With Commentary. McFarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1997. {{ISBN|0-7864-0378-0}}. * ''The 1904 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events''. With Commentary. McFarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1999. {{ISBN|0-7864-0550-3}}. * ''The 1906 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events''. With Commentary. McFarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 1999. {{ISBN|0-7864-0551-1}}. * ''The 1908 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events''. With Commentary. McFarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 2000. {{ISBN|0-7864-0598-8}}. (with Ian Buchanan) * ''The 1912 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events''. With Commentary. McFarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 2001. {{ISBN|0-7864-1047-7}}. (with Ture Widlund) * ''The 1920 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events''. With Commentary. McFarland & Company, Jefferson (North Carolina) 2003. {{ISBN|0-7864-1280-1}}. (with Anthony Bijkerk) * ''Orthopaedics for the House Officer''. Williams and Wilkins 2000 (with McNamara and Urbaniuk) * ''Ernest Amory Codman: The End Result of a Life in Medicine''. WB Saunders 1999 ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na Waje== *[http://www.triangleortho.com/ Medical practice] *[http://www.olympedia.org/ Olympic database website] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20200422210537/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/ Archived version of previous Olympic database website] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1952]] [[Category:Maza]] [[Category:Mutanan Anurka]] [[Category:Masana tarihi]] k3xgg3b7qv7n60szewxy4n8rs9t3t39 0 68913 906254 374734 2026-08-22T14:54:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Ko Bongisa Mutu''''' fim ne na abinda ya faru da gaske na shekarar 2002 wanda Claude Haffner ya ba da umarni.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://africultures.com/personnes/|title=Personnes|website=Africultures|language=fr-FR|access-date=2019-11-16}}</ref> == Takaitaccen bayani == Cikin damuwa a [[Faris|Paris]], wata budurwa daga [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Kongo-Kinshasa]] ta sami mafaka a wani shafin gyaran gashi a unguwar Strasbourg-Saint-Denis a birnin Paris, inda yawancin masu gyaran gashi na Afirka suka buɗe don kasuwanci. Ta yi kwana mai daɗi sosai tana kallon abokan ciniki ana kula da su, suna ci, suna waƙa har ma da rawa. Tana tuna abubuwan yarintakarta da wani irin natsuwa. == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Hadi na waje== * [https://www.fcat.es/peliculas/ko-bongisa-mutu El Festival de Cine Africano] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115235936/https://www.fcat.es/peliculas/ko-bongisa-mutu/ |date=2019-11-15 }} * [http://ghana.spla.pro/file.film.ko-bongisa-mutu.8288.html Arts Ghana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212180025/http://ghana.spla.pro/file.film.ko-bongisa-mutu.8288.html |date=2024-02-12 }} pakmn9g3m1l3npebft1w4hv39aopssz 0 71480 906305 381760 2026-08-22T21:13:42Z M Bash Ne 12403 906305 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Daniel Kamwa''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1943)<ref name=db>{{cite web|url=http://people.africadatabase.org/en/person/2685.html |title=Daniel Kamwa |accessdate=2007-04-06 |work=Contemporary Africa Database |publisher=The Africa Centre |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930203556/http://people.africadatabase.org/en/person/2685.html |archivedate=2007-09-30 }}</ref> ɗan fim ne kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne daga Nkongsamba, [[Kamaru]].<ref name=gouv>{{cite web |url=http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france-priorities_1/cinema_2/cinematographic-cooperation_9/production-support-funding_10/films-benefiting-from-aid_13/film-list-by-country_15/cameroon_1049/cercle-pouvoirs_1073/index.html |title=Le Cercle des pouvoirs |accessdate=2007-04-06 |work=Cameroon |publisher=French Foreign Ministry |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926224926/http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france-priorities_1/cinema_2/cinematographic-cooperation_9/production-support-funding_10/films-benefiting-from-aid_13/film-list-by-country_15/cameroon_1049/cercle-pouvoirs_1073/index.html |archivedate=2007-09-26 }}</ref> Ya karanci wasan kwaikwayo a [[Faris|birnin Paris]] na [[Faransa|kasar Faransa]] kafin ya fitar da fim ɗin sa na farko, ''Boubou-cravate'', a shekarar 1973. <ref name="gouv" /> Fim ɗinsa na 1981 ' ''[[Our Daughter|Yarmu]]'' ya shiga cikin bikin fina-finai na duniya na Moscow na 12th. == Fim a matsayin darekta == *''Boubou-cravate'', director (1973)<ref name=gouv/> *''Pousse-Pousse'', director (1976)<ref name=nyt>{{cite news |url= http://movies2.nytimes.com/gst/movies/filmography.html?p_id=191000|title= Filmography|accessdate=2007-04-06 |work=New York Times Movies |publisher=All Media Guide, LLC | first=Manohla | last=Dargis}}</ref> *''[[Our Daughter|Notre Fille]]'', director (1980)<ref name=nyt/> *''Vidéolire'', director (1991)<ref name=gouv/> *''Totor'', actor and director (1994)<ref name=nyt/> *''Le Cercle des pouvoirs'', director (1998)<ref name=nyt/> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ==Hanyoyin Hadin waje== *{{IMDb name|id=0436999|name=Daniel Kamwa}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kamwe, Daniel}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] texmx5eag5applmsioby27hf7ni0x9x 0 71761 906307 486377 2026-08-22T21:16:51Z M Bash Ne 12403 906307 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Mahmoud Ben Ezzedine.jpg|thumb|Mahmoud Ben Mahmoud]] '''Mahmoud Ben Mahmoud''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1947) marubucin fina-finan ƙasar Tunusiya ne kuma furodusa. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Mahmoud ne a shekara ta 1947 a [[Tunis|birnin Tunis]] na ƙasar Tunisiya, ga wani dangin Baturke da suka zauna a ƙasar Tunusiya a shekara ta 1710.<ref name=ToutelaTunisie>{{cite web|author=Toute la Tunisie|title=Mahmoud Ben Mahmoud|url=http://toutelatunisie.com/doc.php?docid=310&artid=226|accessdate=2012-04-17|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103030650/http://toutelatunisie.com/doc.php?docid=310&artid=226|archivedate=2013-11-03}}</ref> Mahaifinsa masanin tauhidi ne kuma mai son zane-zane da rubutu, wanda, a wani matsayi, ya rinjayi ra'ayin matashi Mahmoud. Ya yi karatu a makarantar cinema ta ƙasar Belgium ta INSAS inda ya kammala karatunsa a fannin ɗaukar fim. Daga baya, ya karanci tarihin fasaha, ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi da aikin jarida a Jami'ar Free University of Brussels (ULB). Waɗannan karatun darussa da yawa sun ba shi horo mai ƙarfi don fuskantar fagen fina-finai. <ref name="ToutelaTunisie" /> [[Fayil:Mahmoud Ben Salah.png|thumb|Mahmoud Ben Mahmoud]] Ya fara ƙoƙarin yin shi a matsayin marubucin fina-finai ta hanyar shiga cikin rubuce-rubucen fina-finai biyu: ''ƊThe Son of'' ( ''Le Fils d'Amrest mort'') na Jean-Jacques Andrien da ''Kfar Kassem'' na [[Borhane Alaoui]]. Ba da daɗewa ba, Mahmoud ya yi fim ɗinsa na farko na ''Crossings'' ( ''Traversées'' ) a cikin 1982. Fim ɗinsa na biyu na fim, wanda aka saki a cikin 1992, ''Chichkhan, Diamond Dust'' ( ''Chichkhan, poussière de diamant'' ) an zaɓe shi don Daraktoci 'Fornight Fornight a Cannes Film Festival. Mahmoud ya kuma fitar da wasu fina-finai game da abinda ya faru da gaske, tsakanin 1992 zuwa 2006, kamar su: ''Italiani dell'altra riva'' (1992), ''Anastasia de Bizerte'' (1996), ''Albert Samama-Chikli'' (1996), ''Ennejma Ezzahra'' (1998), ''The Thousand da kuma Muryar Daya'' (2001), ''Fadhel Jaibi, gidan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin 'yanci'' (2003) da ''The Beys of Tunis, masarautar mulkin mallaka a cikin tashin hankali'' ( ''Les Beys de Tunis, une monarchie dans la tourmente'' )(2006). A halin yanzu, har yanzu ya ci gaba da yin fina-finan da suka nuna nasarar aikinsa na fim, kamar ''Naps grenadines'' wanda aka saki a 2003. <ref name="ToutelaTunisie" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ==Hanyoyin Hadin waje== *{{IMDb name|0537040}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mahmoud, Mahmoud}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 4ujxw25dg1c5n2fpnmob1tfu10erx2z 0 74536 906378 894347 2026-08-23T04:07:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lungelo Mpangase''' ƴar wasan fin ce ta Afirka ta Kudu, abar koyi kuma mai tasiri. An fi saninta da rawar da ta jagoranta na farko a matsayin Khethiwe akan jerin shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo na Mzansi Magic ''eHostela'' da kuma Ntokozo a cikin shirin Mzansi Magic ''Mzali Wam''. == Sana'a == Babban rawar da ta taka na farko shine Khethiwe, budurwa mai burin zama tauraruwar maskandi, a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Mzansi Magic ''eHostela''.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/trending/a-face-to-watch-out-for-on-our-local-screens-20210110|work=news24.com |title=A face to watch out for on our local screens|accessdate=7 September 2021}}</ref> Sannan ta fito a wani fim na asali na Mzansi ''Themba Lam'', wanda masu digiri na M-Net 's Magic in Motion Academy suka yi kuma aka fara haskawa akan Mzansi Magic a ranar 15 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.multichoicestudios.com/news/5-lokshin-bioskop-films-to-watch-this-month-69|work=multichoicestudios.com |title=5 Lokshin Bioskop films to watch this month!|accessdate=7 September 2021}}</ref> A wannan shekarar ta fito a cikin fim ɗin ''Idlozi'' wanda aka nuna akan Mzansi Magic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.quickread.co.za/lungelo-mpangases-skincare-secrets/|work=quickread.co.za |title=Lungelo Mpangase’s skincare secrets|accessdate=7 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://savannanews.com/umzalis-ntokozo-lungelo-mpangase-takes-over/|work=savannanews.com|title=Umzali’s Ntokozo, Lungelo Mpangase takes over|accessdate=7 September 2021|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907123057/https://savannanews.com/umzalis-ntokozo-lungelo-mpangase-takes-over/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://sacdepthienthan.vn/ Sắc Đẹp Thiên Thần]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2021, ta sake samun wani aikin jagoranci a matsayin Ntokozo, wanda kuma ta kammala karatun digiri na neman aiki, a cikin jerin shirye-shirye wasan kwaikwayo na Mzansi Magic ''Mzali Wam''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dailysun.co.za/Celebs/lungelo-scores-another-big-role-20210117|work=dailysun.co.za |title=LUNGELO SCORES ANOTHER BIG ROLE!|accessdate=7 September 2021}}</ref> A cikin wannan shekarar, ta kuma gudanar da gasar bursary a dandalinta na sada zumunta. Gasar ba wai kawai an yi niyya ne don taimaka wa ɗalibai da karatun ba amma an yi ta ne don ƙarfafa masu sha'awar wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://savannanews.com/celebrities-with-bursaries-you-can-apply-for/|work=savannanews.com|title=Celebrities with Bursaries you can apply for|accessdate=7 September 2021|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907123058/https://savannanews.com/celebrities-with-bursaries-you-can-apply-for/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hararelive.com/2021/02/12/actress-lungelo-mpangase-gives-back-to-the-community/|work=hararelive.com|title=Actress Lungelo Mpangase gives back to the community|accessdate=7 September 2021|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907123057/https://hararelive.com/2021/02/12/actress-lungelo-mpangase-gives-back-to-the-community/|url-status=dead|archivedate=7 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907123057/https://hararelive.com/2021/02/12/actress-lungelo-mpangase-gives-back-to-the-community/}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == A shekarar 2019, Mpangase ta yi kusan mutuwa a lokacin da ta yi hatsarin mota wanda ya sa ta samu rauni a kashin bayanta wanda kuma ya sa ta daina aiki na tsawon watanni biyu, amma daga karshe ta warke. == Rigima == A watan Mayun shekarar 2021, an yi zargin cewa wata 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta kai mata hari a jiki, wato; akan sabon fim ɗinta a Vosloorus, Gauteng.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mbaretimes.com/2021/05/during-photoshoot/|work=mbaretimes.com|title=Actress Lungelo Mpangase beaten up during photoshoot|accessdate=7 September 2021|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907123056/https://mbaretimes.com/2021/05/during-photoshoot/|url-status=dead|archivedate=7 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907123056/https://mbaretimes.com/2021/05/during-photoshoot/}}</ref> == Filmography == === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! class="unsortable" | Bayanan kula |- | 2020 | ''eHostela'' | Khethiwe | Matsayin Jagoranci |- | 2021 | ''Mzali Wam'' | Tokozo | Matsayin Jagoranci |- | 2023 | ''Nikiwe'' | Nikwe Radebe | Matsayin Jagoranci |} === Fim === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! class="unsortable" | Bayanan kula |- | 2019 | ''Themba Lam'' | Ita kanta | Fim ɗin Talabijin |- | 2019 | ''Idlozi'' | Ita kanta | Fim ɗin Talabijin |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Bikin bayar da kyaututtuka ! Kyauta ! Sakamako |- | 2019 | Simon Mabhunu Sabela Film and Television Awards | Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo|{{Nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url= https://kznfilm.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Press-Release-Nominee-Announcement-2019.pdf |title= Kwazulu-Natal Film Commission Announces 7th Annual Simon Mabhunu Sabela Film and Television Awards Nominees |access-date=8 December 2021|work=kznfilm.co.za}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] nu5lyghmfdyq56v0i1g3s7dkyn9tu4y 0 74604 906343 437423 2026-08-22T22:34:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Mafi Kyawun Gajeren Fim''', bisa hukuma da aka sani da '''Efere Ozako Award for Best Short Film''', kyauta ce ta shekara-shekara ta '''Cibiyar Nazarin Fina-Finai ta Afirka''' don ba da kyauta mafi kyawun gajerun fina-finai na shekara. An gabatar da shi a cikin lambar yabo ta [[4th Africa Movie Academy Awards]], amma babu wani fim da aka ba shi kyauta saboda alkalai ba su ga wani daga cikin wanda aka zaba ya dace da kyautar ba. Ba a zaɓi fim ɗin da aka gabatar don kyautar a cikin 2009.<ref>{{cite news|author=Uduak Oduok|title=AML Industry News: AMAA Honors Efere Ozako, Dr. Sid Proposes, Jason Njoku Welcomes First Child, Vanessa Amadi Weds & Much More!|url=http://www.africamusiclaw.com/aml-industry-news-amaa-honors-efere-ozako-dr-sid-proposes-jason-njoku-welcomes-first-child-vanessa-amadi-weds-much-more|accessdate=5 June 2016|work=Africa Music Law|date=18 April 2014|archive-date=17 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817150357/http://www.africamusiclaw.com/aml-industry-news-amaa-honors-efere-ozako-dr-sid-proposes-jason-njoku-welcomes-first-child-vanessa-amadi-weds-much-more/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A bikin karramawar fina-finan Afirka karo na 10, an sauya fasalin lambar yabo don karrama fitaccen lauyan nishadi [[Efere Ozako]] .<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ama-awards.com/ | title=Official Website of the AMAAs | publisher=Africa Movie Academy Awards | accessdate=22 May 2014 | archive-date=18 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918191622/https://www.ama-awards.com/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="65%" ! colspan="5" |Best Short Film |- !Year !Film !Recipient !Result |- | rowspan="4" |[[6th Africa Movie Academy Awards|2010]] !''[[The Abyss Boys]]'' ! |{{Won}} |- |''Mahala'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''The Painter'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Suara La'' | |{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="8" |[[7th Africa Movie Academy Awards|2011]] !''Dina'' !Mickey Fonseca |{{Won}} |- |''Bougfen'' |Petra Baninla Sunjo |{{Nom}} |- |''Weakness'' |Wanjiru Kairu |{{Nom}} |- |''No Jersey No Match'' |Daniel Ademinokan |{{Nom}} |- |''Duty'' |Mak Kusare |{{Nom}} |- |''Bonlambo'' |Zwe Lesizwe Ntuli |{{Nom}} |- |''Zebu And The Photofish'' |Zipporah Nyarori |{{Nom}} |- |''Allahkabo'' |Bouna Cherif Fofana |{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="8" |[[8th Africa Movie Academy Awards|2012]] !''[[Braids on a Bald Head (fim)|Braids on a Bald Head]]'' ![[Ishaya Bako]] |{{Won}} |- |''[[Journey to Jamaa|Jamaa]]'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Look Again'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Maffe Tiga'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Hidden Life'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Mwansa The Great'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Chumo'' |Jordan Riber |{{Nom}} |- |''The Young Smoker'' |[[Tope Oshin]] |{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="8" |[[9th Africa Movie Academy Awards|2013]] !''[[Kwaku Ananse (fim)|Kwaku Ananse]]'' ! |{{Won}} |- |''Dead River'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Elegy For A Revolutionary'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Yellow Fever'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''[[Nhamo (fim)|Nhamo]]'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Big Daddy'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Release'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Burnt Forest '' | |{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="7" |2014 !''Dialemi'' ! |{{Won}} |- |''Haunted Soul'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Siriya Mtungi'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''New Horizon'' |[[Tope Oshin]] |{{Nom}} |- |''Nandy l’orpheline'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Living Funeral'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Phindile’s Heart'' | |{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="5" |[[11th Africa Movie Academy Awards|2015]] !''[[Twaaga]]'' ! !{{Won}} |- |''[[Stories of Our Lives]]'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Aisha’s Story'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Gulped of the Blue Sea'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Memoir of a Honest Voice'' | |{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="7" |[[12th Africa Movie Academy Awards|2016]] !''Meet The Parents'' ! !{{Won}} |- |''Encounter'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Le Chemin'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Blood Taxi'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Nourah The Holy Light'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Ireti'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Life of Nigerian couple'' | |{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="8" |[[Lambar Yabo na 13th Africa Movie Academy Awards|2017]] !''[[A Place for Myself (fim)|A Place for Myself]]'' – <small>co-winner</small> ! !{{Won}} |- !''A Place in the Plane'' – <small>co-winner</small> ! !{{Won}} |- |''Bout'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''On Monday Last Week'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Silence'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Kieza'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Yemoja: Rise of the Orisa'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Marabout'' | |{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="10" |[[14th Africa Movie Academy Awards|2018]] !''Tikitat Soulima'' ! !{{Won}} |- |''Dem Dem'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Zenith'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''It Rains on Ouga'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''In Shadows'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Coat of Harm'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Nice, Very Nice'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Visions (Shaitan, Buruja, Brood)'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Fallou'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Still Water Runs Deep'' | |{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="10" |2019 !''A Tune of Kora'' ! !{{Won}} |- |''The Fisherman'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''ICYASHA'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Mma Moeketsi'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''NAMOW2018'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Vagabond'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Measure of a Woman'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Motswakwa'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Tonight’s Opening Act'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Hello Rain'' | |{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="8" |2020 !''The Letter Reader'' ! !{{Won}} |- |''Baxu & the Giant'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Songs About My Mother'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Idi Amin’s Boat'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Yahoo'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''SEMA (Speak Out)'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''A Canvas for a Visa'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''After the War'' | |{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="7" |2021 !''Meat'' ! !{{Won}} |- |''Enroute'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''A Better Friend'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Find Me By The River'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''In Extremis'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''Portrait of Princess Tutu'' | |{{Nom}} |- |''The Long Night In Abuja'' | |{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="7" |[[18th Africa Movie Academy Awards|2022]] !''A Lisbon Affair'' ![[Hoji Fortuna]] !{{Won}} |- |''Al-Sit'' |Suzannah Mirghani |{{Nom}} |- |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kyaututtukan harkar fim]] 82b24n6xd8icxdsca49zgi7qukw80fb 0 75872 906209 873395 2026-08-22T12:54:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Kgalebane Montebatsi Lydia Mohlakoana''' (an haife ta a ranar 10 ga Disamba 1993) ' [[Ɗan ƙwallo|Yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce]] ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar LINAFF TP Mazembe da kuma ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Afirka ta Kudu . == Aikin kulob == === Celtics na Bloemfontein === Mohlakoana ta buga wa Bloemfontein Celtic Ladies wasa a gasar Sasol League inda ta lashe gasar lardin tsawon shekaru hudu a jere tun daga shekarar 2015 kafin a ci gaba da daukar nauyinta zuwa sabuwar [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|gasar mata ta SAFA]] a shekarar 2019 inda ta kare a matsayi na uku a kakar wasa ta farko. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Goals galore on day two of the Sasol league national championships |url=http://www.africansportsmonthly.com/1/post/2014/12/goals-galore-on-day-two-of-the-sasol-league-national-championships.html |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=AFRICAN SPORTS MONTHLY |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta kasance wacce ta fi kowa zura kwallaye a gasar cin kofin kasa ta Sasol League ta 2017 da 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |last=user |date=2017-12-09 |title=Celtic defend their Sasol League National Championship title |url=https://safa.ptsportsuite.com/news/celtic-defend-sasol-league-national-championship-title/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=South African Football Association |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=AltronDev |date=2018-12-10 |title=Debutants TUT Ladies crowned 2018 Sasol League National Champions |url=https://www.sasolinsport.co.za/debutants-tut-ladies-crowned-2018-sasol-league-national-champions/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Sasol In Sport |language=en-US}}</ref> === TP Mazembe === A shekarar 2024 ta shiga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Congo TP Mazembe kuma ta lashe gasar zakarun mata ta CAF ta 2024 tare da ƙungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-03 |title=SA-born midfielder to face compatriots in the CAF Women’s CL {{!}} soccer |url=https://www.sabcsport.com/soccer/news/tp-mazembe-s-sa-born-midfielder-can-t-wait-to-face-compatriots-in-the-caf-women-s-champions-league |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=SABC |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shelat |first=Neel |title=TP Mazembe Shock Hosts To Win The 2024 CAF Women’s Champions League |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/neelshelat/2024/11/23/tp-mazembe-shock-hosts-to-win-the-2024-caf-womens-champions-league/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Mohlakoana ta fafata a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Afirka ta Kudu a [[Kofin Kasashen Afirka na Mata na 2018|gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta mata ta 2018]], inda ta buga wasa ɗaya. <ref name="Soccerway">{{Cite web |title=K. Mohlakoana |url=https://women.soccerway.com/players/kgaelebane-mohlakoana/533549/ |access-date=16 June 2019 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}</ref> === Manufofin ƙasa da ƙasa === {| class="wikitable" !A'a. ! Kwanan wata ! Wuri ! Abokin hamayya ! Ci ! Sakamako ! Gasar |- | 1. | 22 Oktoba 2025 | Stade des Martyrs, [[Kinshasa]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] |{{Fbw|DRC}} | align="center" | '''1''' – 0 | align="center" | 1–1 | Gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta mata ta 2026 |} '''Celtics na Bloemfontein''' * [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|Gasar mata ta SAFA]] ta uku: 2019-20 * Gasar Cin Kofin Ƙasa ta Sasol League : 2016, 2017 * Ƙungiyar Mata ta Jihar Sasol ta ' Yanci: 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 '''TP Mazembe''' * Gasar Zakarun Mata ta CAF : 2024, ta uku: 2025 '''Kai da kai''' * Wanda Ya Fi Kowa Yawan Jefa Kwallaye A Gasar Cin Kofin Kasa Ta Sasol League Ta 2017 * Wanda Ya Fi Kowa Yawan Jefa Kwallaye A Gasar Cin Kofin Kasa Ta Sasol League Ta 2018 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] h63scv9gokgfdw9d3dusrbrisrrw9os 0 76592 906379 888071 2026-08-23T04:17:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906379 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lynette Yiadom-Boakye''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1977) ƴar Burtaniya ce kuma marubuciya, ta al'adun Ghana. An fi saninta da hotunan batutuwa masu ban mamaki, ko waɗanda aka samo daga abubuwan da aka samo, waɗanda aka fentin su da launuka masu launi. Ayyukanta sun ba da gudummawa ga sake farfadowa a cikin zanen Black. Sau da yawa ana gabatar da zane-zanenta a cikin nune-nunen kansa. == Rayuwa ta farko da aiki == An haifi Lynette Yiadom-Boakye a Landan, Burtaniya inda a halin yanzu take zaune da aiki.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=LYNETTE YIADOM-BOAKYE: The Love Within {{!}} Contemporary And |url=http://www.contemporaryand.com/exhibition/lynette-yiadom-boakye-the-love-within/ |access-date=2018-03-26 |website=www.contemporaryand.com |language=de}}</ref> Iyayenta sun yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikatan jinya ga Hukumar Lafiya ta Kasa bayan sun yi hijira daga Ghana a cikin shekarun 1960.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Baruchello |first=Giorgio |date=2020 |title=W. Friese et al. (eds.), Ascending and Descending the Acropolis: Movement in Athenian Religion; and T. Møbjerg et al. (eds.), The Hammerum Burial Site: Customs and Clothing in the Roman Iron Age (Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 2019) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.33112/nm.15.1.10 |journal=Nordicum-Mediterraneum |volume=15 |issue=1 |doi=10.33112/nm.15.1.10 |issn=1670-6242 |s2cid=216505190 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yiadom-Boakye ta bayyana kanta a matsayin "yaro mai banƙyama - maki masu kyau, babu wani mugunta - amma kuma tana da kyau wajen rayuwa a cikin kaina, ta amfani da tunanin ta a matsayin tserewa. " A matsayinta na babban jami'a a makarantar sakandare, ta ɗauki darasi na tushe na fasaha a matsayin gwaji kuma bayan kalmomi ta ba da niyyar zama mai zane-zane don zama mai zane na tsakiya St. Martins College of Art and Design (1996-7); duk da haka, ba ta ji daɗin lokacinta a ƙarshe ta sami lambar yabo ta Falmouth College of Art (1997-2000) inda ta samu a ƙarƙashin digiri na Falgraduate a shekara ta 2000.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Lynette Yiadom-Boakye |url=https://go-gale-com.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=Biographies&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=MultiTab&retrievalId=091b37fc-68cc-4bc0-a8f7-d55dbd0482e2&hitCount=1&searchType=PersonSearchForm&currentPosition=1&docId=GALE%7CK1606008200&docType=Biography&sort=Relevance&contentSegment=ZXAM-MOD1&prodId=BIC&pageNum=1&contentSet=GALE%7CK1606008200&searchId=R2&userGroupName=lln_alsu&inPS=true |access-date=19 April 2023 |website=Gale |publisher=Contemporary Black Biography}}</ref>] Daga nan ta kammala digiri na MA a Makarantun Royal Academy a shekara ta 2003. A can ne, a cikin shekara ta ƙarshe ta makarantar digiri, ta zo ga fahimtar da ta canza jagorancin aikinta, wanda ya haifar da shahararta. A wata hira da Dodie Kazanjian na ''Vogue'' ta ce "Maimakon ƙoƙarin sanya labaran da suka rikitarwa a cikin aikina, na yanke shawarar sauƙaƙe, da kuma mayar da hankali kan adadi da kuma yadda aka fentin shi. Wannan a cikin kansa zai ɗauki labarin.Bayan kwaleji ta yi aiki don tallafa wa kanta har zuwa 2006 lokacin da ta sami Arts Foundation Fellowship don zanen kuma ta sami damar mayar da hankali kawai kan zanen.[3]<ref name=":5" /> A shekara ta 2010 Okwui Enwezor ta amince da aikinta. Tare da mai kula da Naomi Beckwith, Okwui Enwezor ta tsara nune-nunen ta a Gidan Tarihi na Studio a Harlem . <ref>Hirsch, Faye. </ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kazanjian |first=Dodie |date=27 March 2017 |title=How British-Ghanaian Artist Lynette Yiadom-Boakye Portrays Black Lives in Her Paintings |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/artist-lynette-yiadom-boakye-paintings-portray-black-lives |access-date=17 April 2020 |website=Vogue |language=en}}</ref> Ta kasance daga cikin wadanda aka zaba don Kyautar Turner a shekarar 2013.<ref>McGreevy, Nora, ''[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/how-these-stunning-paintings-fictitious-black-figures-subvert-traditional-portraiture-180976445/ Stunning Paintings of Fictitious Black Figures Subvert Traditional Portraiture]'', ''[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]'', December 3, 2020, with slide show and video link</ref> Baya ga ayyukanta na zane-zane, Yiadom-Boakye ta koyar a Makarantar Fasaha ta Ruskin, [[Jami'ar Oxford]] inda take mai koyarwa mai ziyara ga shirin Master in Fine Arts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ruskin School of Art - Lynette Yiadom Boakye |url=https://www.rsa.ox.ac.uk/people/lynette-yiadom-boakye |access-date=17 April 2020 |website=www.rsa.ox.ac.uk}}</ref> An san tasirinta a matsayin mai zane a cikin Powerlist na 2019 kuma daga baya aka lissafa ta cikin "mafi girma 10" na mutanen da suka fi tasiri na al'adun Afirka ko Afirka na Caribbean a Burtaniya a shekarar 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last3=Joses |first3=Joy |date=27 October 2018 |title=Who are the influential Black Britons honoured in Powerlist 2019? |url=https://melanmag.com/2018/10/27/influential-black-britons-honoured-in-powerlist-2019/ |access-date=17 April 2020 |website=Melan Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=Who's on the list of the most influential black people? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-50181195 |access-date=17 April 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> == Ayyuka == [[File:Skylark_Lynette_Yiadom-Boakye_2010.jpg|right|thumb|''Skylark'' (2010) by Lynette Yiadom-Boakye a National Gallery of Art's nuna Tarihin Afro-Atlantic a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] a cikin 2022]] === Ayyukan zane-zane === Ayyukan Yiadom-Boakye sun ƙunshi mafi yawan hotuna na batutuwan Black. Hotunan ta galibi na alama ne, tare da launuka masu laushi da laushi. Halin duhu na aikinta an san shi da ƙirƙirar jin daɗi wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga yanayin da ba shi da lokaci na batutuwanta.<ref name=":4">[https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/lynette-yiadom-boakye-16784/introduction-lynette-yiadom-boakye ''An Introduction to Lynette Yiadom-Boakye From her imagined figures to her poetic titles, discover this figurative painter’s work''], [[Tate Museum]], accessed December 5, 2020</ref> Hotunan da take yi na mutane masu ban mamaki suna nuna mutane suna karatu, suna shakatawa, da kuma hutawa a cikin al'adun gargajiya. Ta kawo hoton batutuwan ta fuska masu tunani da kuma nuna shakatawa, suna sa matsayi da yanayin su ya dace da masu kallo da yawa. Masu sharhi sun danganta wasu daga cikin yabo na aikin Yiadom-Boakye ga wannan alaƙa. Tana ƙoƙari ta hana batutuwanta daga kasancewa da alaƙa da takamaiman shekaru goma ko lokaci; yawancin zane-zanenta suna nuna adadi / mutane na asalin Afirka. Wannan yana haifar da zaɓuɓɓuka kamar ba zanen takalma a kan batutuwanta ba, kamar yadda takalma ke aiki a matsayin hatimi na lokaci. Wadannan adadi yawanci suna hutawa a gaban bayanan da ba a san su ba, suna iyo a cikin launuka masu duhu. Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru, amma abubuwan da suka shafi motsin rai suna tunatar da masu sharhi game da tsoffin mashawarta kamar Velasquez da Degas.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2019-01-16 |title=LYNETTE YIADOM-BOAKYE'S LOVELY, 'LOUDER' NEW PAINTINGS |url=https://afropunk.com/2019/01/lynette-yiadom-boakyes-lovely-louder-new-paintings/ |access-date=2019-03-03 |website=AFROPUNK |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044334/https://afropunk.com/2019/01/lynette-yiadom-boakyes-lovely-louder-new-paintings/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Halin mai zane ya canza dan kadan bayan bude wasan kwaikwayon ta na 2017 "A cikin Yanayin Ƙaunar". Nunin ya nuna sabon tsarin launi mai dumi. Batutuwan da ta yi a cikin wannan wasan kwaikwayon sun haɗa da cikakkun bayanai kamar su bene mai laushi, murfin kai mai ƙarfi da tufafin wanka, da rawaya, orange, da kuma kore.<ref name=":1"/> Kodayake kowane hoto yana ɗauke da mutum ɗaya kawai, ana gabatar da zane-zanen a cikin ƙungiyoyi waɗanda aka shirya kamar hotunan iyali. Tare da wakilcin da take yi game da siffar ɗan adam, Yiadom-Boakye ta bincika hanyoyin da aka tsara na matsakaiciyar zanen kuma ta bayyana fannonin siyasa da na tunani a cikin ayyukanta, waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan halayen tunanin da ke bayan duniyarmu a wani lokaci daban kuma a wani wuri da ba a sani ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haus der Kunst - Detail |url=http://www.hausderkunst.de/en/agenda/detail/talk-with-lynette-yiadom-boakye-and-glenn-ligon/ |access-date=11 March 2017 |website=www.hausderkunst.de |language=en}}</ref> Ta zana siffofin da aka cire da gangan daga lokaci da wuri, kuma ta ce, "Mutane suna tambayar ni, 'Wane ne, ina ne suke?" Abin da ya kamata su tambaya shine 'me' su ne?"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bollen |first=Christopher |date=2012-11-27 |title=Galleries - Interview Magazine |url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/art/london-lynette-yiadom-boakye |access-date=5 March 2016 |website=www.interviewmagazine.com}}</ref> Yiadom-Boakye tana ba da ƙwarin gwiwa ga zane-zanenta daga abubuwan da aka samo ta amfani da su da kuma abubuwan tunawa, adabi, da tarihin zane-zane. <ref name=":4"/> Ta kuma sami wahayi daga kiɗa da masu fasaha ciki har da: Miles Davis, John Coltrane, Bill Evans, Nick Drake, Lisa Yuskavage, Chris Offili, da Isaac Julien . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lynette Yiadom-Boakye |url=https://www.artnet.com/artists/lynette-yiadom-boakye/biography |access-date=5 April 2023 |website=artnet.com}}</ref> <ref name=":4" /> Gidan kayan gargajiya na Tate yana ba da gabatarwa ga aikinta wanda yake da yawa, don tafiya tare da babban nune-nunen aikinta da aka gudanar daga 2 ga Disamba 2020 zuwa 9 ga Mayu 2021. <ref>Exhibition Announcement, ''[https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/exhibition/lynette-yiadom-boakye Lynette Yiadom-Boakye Fly In League With The Night - The first major survey of one of the most important painters working today]'', Tate Museum, December 2020</ref><ref name=":4"/> === Rubuce-rubuce === Ga mai zane, Yiadom-Boakye ba ta da kyau wajen bayyana kanta a matsayin marubuciya kamar yadda mai zane - gajerun labaranta da waƙoƙin waƙoƙinta suna bayyana akai-akai a cikin kundin littattafanta. Misalan ayyukanta da aka nuna a cikin kundin sun haɗa da abubuwan da aka cire guda biyar daga wani labari mai suna "Officer of the Law" da wasu bayanan da ba a sani ba game da aikata laifuka. <ref name=":6"/>Labarin ta "Officer of the Law" wani ɗan gajeren labari ne wanda ke amfani da dabbobi don haruffa. Yiadom-Boakye kuma ta kirkiro waka kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin bayanin ta "Wani abu kusa da Confession. " Misali na wannan:<blockquote>"Mutuwa amma don rayuwa a cikin ni, Inda koguna Black ke gudana a cikin Bath, Kasancewa da Mai fafutuka da Dalilinta Kuma ya faɗakar da Mugun ga Dukkanin su Ina Bask inda Allah ba zai iya ganina ba. A kan wani wuri mara kyau, idanuna suna yin ruwa Kuma ya jawo makafi a kan yanka."<ref name=":6"/></blockquote>A cikin jawabai game da aikinta, mai zane ya lura cewa rubuce-rubucenta a gare ta kamar yadda zanen ta yake, kuma ya bayyana cewa tana "rubuce abubuwan da ba ta zana kuma tana fentin duk abubuwan da ba za ta rubuta ba". An ba wa zane-zanen ta lakabi na waka. == Kasuwar fasaha == A wani siyarwar 2019 a Phillips a London, Yiadom-Boakye's Leave A Brick Under The Maple (2015), hoto mai girman mutum, an sayar da shi kusan dala miliyan 1.<ref>Scott Reyburn (June 27, 2019), [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/27/arts/design/female-artists-with-african-backgrounds-are-winners-at-phillips-auction-in-london.html Female Artists With African Backgrounds Are Winners at Phillips Auction in London] ''[[New York Times]]''</ref> A cikin 2022 Christie's 20th/21st Century Frieze Week season auction, Yiadom-Boakye's Highpower an kiyasta a £ 600,000 kuma an sayar da shi a £ 1,482,000 <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2022 |title=David Hockney, Lynette Yiadom-Boakye and Beauford Delaney lead Christie's 20th/21st century Frieze Week season in London |url=https://www.christies.com/features/20th-21st-century-london-frieze-week-wrap-report-12475-3.aspx |access-date=5 April 2023 |website=Christie's}}</ref> == Batun don aikin wasu == An zana shi a cikin 2017, Hoton Kehinde Wiley ta Lynette Yiadom-Boakye, Jacob Morland na Capplethwaite an nuna shi a Cibiyar Yale don Fasaha ta Burtaniya a New Haven, CT . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Art in Context : Kehinde Wiley's "Portrait of Lynette Yiadom-Boakye, Jacob Morland of Capplethwaite" |url=https://britishart.yale.edu/event/art-context-kehinde-wileys-portrait-lynette-yiadom-boakye-jacob-morland-capplethwaite |access-date=2019-12-08 |website=Yale Center for British Art |archive-date=2019-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209040147/https://britishart.yale.edu/event/art-context-kehinde-wileys-portrait-lynette-yiadom-boakye-jacob-morland-capplethwaite |url-status=dead |archivedate=2019-12-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209040147/https://britishart.yale.edu/event/art-context-kehinde-wileys-portrait-lynette-yiadom-boakye-jacob-morland-capplethwaite }}</ref> Hoton Yiadom-Boakye na mai daukar hoto Sal Idriss an gudanar da shi a cikin tarin National Portrait Gallery, London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lynette Yiadom-Boakye - Portrait |url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw242965 |access-date=2020-12-03 |website=National Portrait Gallery}}</ref> Waƙar Bayan Iteration of a Painting by Lynette Yiadom-Boakye, Destroyed by the Artist Herself by Ama Codje an buga ta Massachusetts's Review a ranar 26 ga Disamba, 2019 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Codjoe |first=Ama |date=2019 |title=Poem After an Iteration of a Painting by Lynette Yiadom-Boakye, Destroyed by the Artist Herself |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/744715 |journal=The Massachusetts Review |language=en |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=718–719 |doi=10.1353/mar.2019.0106 |issn=2330-0485 |s2cid=213931952}}</ref> == Nuni == Yiadom-Boakye ya shirya nune-nunen solo da yawa a gidajen tarihi da wuraren baje kolin duniya. Shahararrun abubuwan da ta nuna sun hada da Duk wani adadi na damuwa (2010), Gidan Tarihi na Studio a Harlem, New York; Ayoyi bayan Dusk (2015), <ref>Yiadom-Boakye, Lynette, and Serpentine Gallery, host institution. </ref> Serpentine Galleries, [[Landan]]; <ref>[https://soundcloud.com/serpentine-uk/lynette-yiadom-boakye-in-conversation-with-hans-ulrich-obrist "Lynette Yiadom-Boakye in conversation with Hans Ulrich Obrist (1 June 2015)"], Serpentine UK.</ref> A Passion To A Principle (2016), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lynette Yiadom-Boakye : A Passion To A Principle |url=https://contemporaryand.com/fr/exhibition/lynette-yiadom-boakye-a-passion-to-a-principle/ |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Contemporary And |language=de |archive-date=2023-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327151932/https://contemporaryand.com/fr/exhibition/lynette-yiadom-boakye-a-passion-to-a-principle/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kunsthalle Basel, [[Switzerland]]; Under-Song For a Cipher (2017), New Museum, New York؛ [4] [5] da Fly In League With The Night (2022-2023), Tate Britain, London.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bell |first=Natalie |date=4 March 2017 |title=Lynette Yiadom-Boakye: Under-Song For A Cipher |url=http://www.newmuseum.org/exhibitions/view/lynette-yiadom-boakye |access-date=1 December 2017 |website=New Museum }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="newmuseum.org">{{Cite web |title=Lynette Yiadom-Boakye: Under-Song For A Cipher |url=http://www.newmuseum.org/exhibitions/view/lynette-yiadom-boakye |access-date=20 June 2017 |website=www.newmuseum.org |language=en |archive-date=17 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617012328/http://www.newmuseum.org/exhibitions/view/lynette-yiadom-boakye |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tate |title=Lynette Yiadom-Boakye: Fly In League With The Night – Exhibition at Tate Britain |url=https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/exhibition/lynette-yiadom-boakye |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=Tate |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ta kuma shiga cikin nune-nunen rukuni da nune-nununen da yawa, gami da 55th Venice Biennale (2013); Sharjah Biennial (2015); <ref>{{Cite web |title=GIBCA • Lynette Yiadom-Boakye |url=http://www.gibca.se/index.php/en/gibca2015/artists/lynette-yiadom-boakye |access-date=2018-03-26 |website=www.gibca.se |language=sv |archive-date=2018-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327084517/http://www.gibca.se/index.php/en/gibca2015/artists/lynette-yiadom-boakye |url-status=dead |archivedate=2018-03-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327084517/http://www.gibca.se/index.php/en/gibca2015/artists/lynette-yiadom-boakye }}</ref> 58th Venice Biennal (2019), <ref name=":0"/> da Tarihin Afro-Atlantic (2021-2022). <ref name="NGA exhibit listing">{{Cite web |title=Afro-Atlantic Histories |url=https://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/2022/afro-atlantic-histories.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418003612/https://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/2022/afro-atlantic-histories.html |archive-date=18 April 2022 |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=NGA |publisher=[[National Gallery of Art]]}}</ref> Ayyukan Yiadom-Boakye an haɗa su a cikin tarin kayan gargajiya da yawa a Amurka ciki har da Gidan Tarihi na Carnegie, da Gidan kayan gargajiya na Pérez na Miami, kuma hoton Sarki na Sa'a yana bayyane a nuni na dogon lokaci na ma'aikata na 2023 .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Collection at Perez |url=https://www.journeyhomme.com/collection-at-perez |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=website |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411150244/https://www.journeyhomme.com/collection-at-perez |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Yiadom-Boakye an yaba da ita sosai saboda aikinta, ta sami lambar yabo ciki har da The Arts Foundation fellowship don zanen (2006), Pinchuk Foundation Future Generation Prize (2012), <ref>{{Cite web |title=History - English - Future Generation Art Prize |url=https://futuregenerationartprize.org/en/history |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=futuregenerationartprize.org |archive-date=2025-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523122506/https://futuregenerationartprize.org/en/history |url-status=dead }}</ref> Next Generation Prize daga New Museum of Contemporary Art (2013), <ref name=":5"/> South Bank Sky Arts Award for Visual Art (2016) <ref name=":5" /> da kuma Carnegie Prize a 57th edition of Carnegie International (2018).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Russeth |first=Andrew |date=2018-10-13 |title=2018 Carnegie International’s Prizes Go to Lynette Yiadom-Boakye, Postcommodity |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/market/2018-carnegie-internationals-top-prizes-go-lynette-yiadom-boakye-postcommodity-11164/ |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=ARTnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1"/> An kuma zabi ta don Kyautar Turner (2013). <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chisenhale.org.uk/archive/exhibitions/index.php?id=122 |title=''Extracts and Verses'' |access-date=2024-03-29 |archive-date=2018-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129025808/http://chisenhale.org.uk/archive/exhibitions/index.php?id=122 |url-status=dead |archivedate=2018-01-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129025808/http://chisenhale.org.uk/archive/exhibitions/index.php?id=122 }}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dictxree3gl97p8qb5fepl6htpgnzq9 0 79940 906280 543115 2026-08-22T18:28:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906280 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Manufofin Lafiya ta Afirka (AfHEA) ''' (Faransanci: Association Africaine d'Economie et Politique de la Santé) kungiya ce ta kwararru ga masana tattalin arziki da masu tsara manufofi a Afirka da aka kafa a 2009 a [[Accra]] . Kungiyar tana da niyyar karfafa amfani da tattalin arzikin kiwon lafiya da nazarin Manufofin kiwon lafiya a Afirka don inganta inganci a tsarin kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About AfHEA - African Health Economics and Policy Association |url=https://afhea.org/en/who-we-are/about-afhea |access-date=2019-07-31 |website=afhea.org |archive-date=2019-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731154734/https://afhea.org/en/who-we-are/about-afhea |url-status=dead }}</ref> AfHEA kungiya ce ta harsuna biyu da ke aiki a Turanci da Faransanci. == Game da == AfHEA tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi uku na ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya a Afirka, sauran su ne Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru da Gynaecology . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kirigia |first=Joses Muthuri |last2=Nabyonga-Orem |first2=Juliet |last3=Dovlo |first3=Delanyo Yao Tsidi |date=2016-07-18 |title=Space and place for WHO health development dialogues in the African Region |journal=BMC Health Services Research |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=221 |doi=10.1186/s12913-016-1452-0 |issn=1472-6963 |pmc=4959356 |pmid=27455065 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ya kirkiro sarari ga masu sana'a don raba da tattauna batutuwa daga abubuwan da suka samu. Kungiyar tana gudanar da tarurruka na shekaru biyu waɗanda ke da muhimmiyar sarari don raba bincike kan tsarin kiwon lafiya na Afirka. Ofishin Yankin Afirka na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] na shirin samar da kudade na kiwon lafiya na Afirka yana amfani da su.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kirigia |first=Joses Muthuri |last2=Nabyonga-Orem |first2=Juliet |last3=Dovlo |first3=Delanyo Yao Tsidi |date=2016-07-18 |title=Space and place for WHO health development dialogues in the African Region |journal=BMC Health Services Research |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=221 |doi=10.1186/s12913-016-1452-0 |issn=1472-6963 |pmc=4959356 |pmid=27455065 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Taron da aka yi == Taron AFHEA na shekaru biyu sune mahimman wurare don raba binciken yankin Afirka na WHO game da aikin tsarin kiwon lafiya. Ofishin Yankin Afirka na WHO na kula da lafiyar Afirka da shirin tattalin arziki na Afirka yana amfani da wannan sarari, kuma yana da damar yin amfani da shi don raba aikin ta wasu shirye-shiryen kan tsarin kiwon lafiya da ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Ana samun tallafin karatu don taimakawa mata masu bincike da dalibai daga ƙasashe masu karamin karfi su halarci taron. === Taron Biennial na Biyar 2019 === An gudanar da taron AfHEA na biyar a Accra tare da taken 'Tsaro PHC ga kowa: tushe don samun ci gaba a kan UHC a Afirka.' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fifth AfHEA Scientific Conference - African Health Economics and Policy Association |url=https://afhea.org/en/conferences/afhea-2019 |access-date=2019-08-01 |website=afhea.org |archive-date=2019-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731173455/https://afhea.org/en/conferences/afhea-2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Taron Biennial na huɗu na 2016 === An gudanar da taron AfHEA na huɗu a Rabat, Morocco wanda ke nuna RESSMA da ke aiki a kan irin wannan batutuwan da AfHEA ke yi a Arewacin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions - African Health Economics and Policy Association |url=https://afhea.org/en/frequently-asked-questions |access-date=2019-08-01 |website=afhea.org}}</ref> Taron yana da jigogi bakwai: <ref>{{Cite web |title=AfHEA 2016 - African Health Economics and Policy Association |url=https://afhea.org/en/conferences/conference-2016-rabat |access-date=2019-08-01 |website=afhea.org |archive-date=2019-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731161856/https://afhea.org/en/conferences/conference-2016-rabat |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2. Gudanar da SDGs da Babban Haɗuwa 3. Manufofi da gyare-gyare don inganta aikin tsarin kiwon lafiya 4. Tsarin fifiko da kimanta tattalin arziki 5. Albarkatun Dan Adam don Lafiya 6. Babban canje-canje na hanyoyin a cikin tattalin arzikin kiwon lafiya da nazarin manufofi na musamman ga Afirka 7. Matsayin cibiyoyin bincike da masu ba da gudummawa wajen gina damar a cikin tattalin arzikin kiwon lafiya. === Taron Biennial na Uku na 2014 === An gudanar da taron ne a [[Nairobi|Nairobi, Kenya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Third International Conference of the African Health Economics and Policy Association |url=https://afhea.confex.com/afhea/intl14/webprogram/meeting.html |access-date=2019-08-01 |website=afhea.confex.com |archive-date=2019-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731154743/https://afhea.confex.com/afhea/intl14/webprogram/meeting.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wannan shi ne karo na farko da aka gudanar da taron a waje da Yammacin Afirka, yana nuna ci gaban membobin a duk nahiyar. === Taron Biennial na Biyu na 2011 === Taken taron na biyu shine 'Zuwa ga kula da lafiya na duniya a Afirka'. An gudanar da shi a Saly, Senegal . Kashegari bayan taron Kwamitin Kimiyya na AfHEA ya hadu don tattauna samar da taƙaitaccen manufofi game da batutuwan da aka rufe a taron.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Atim |first=Chris |date=June 2011 |title=Second Conference of the African Health Economics and Policy Association: towards universal healthcare coverage in Africa |journal=Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=267–271 |doi=10.1586/erp.11.20 |issn=1473-7167 |pmid=21671694 |s2cid=22515029}}</ref> === Taron Farko na 2009 === An gudanar da taron farko a wannan shekarar da aka kafa kungiyar, a Accra, Ghana. Taken taron shine 'Mafi mahimmancin tattalin arzikin kiwon lafiya a Afirka.' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Inaugural Conf. Presentations - African Health Economics and Policy Association |url=https://afhea.org/en/2014-02-11-15-47-44/reports-and-publications/inaugural-conference |access-date=2019-08-01 |website=afhea.org |archive-date=2019-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731173434/https://afhea.org/en/2014-02-11-15-47-44/reports-and-publications/inaugural-conference |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kasancewa memba == AfHEA tana da mambobi 200 daga fannonin tattalin arzikin kiwon lafiya, kudade na kiwon lafiya da manufofin kiwon lafiya daga kasashen Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About AfHEA - African Health Economics and Policy Association |url=https://afhea.org/en/who-we-are/about-afhea |access-date=2019-08-01 |website=afhea.org |archive-date=2019-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731154734/https://afhea.org/en/who-we-are/about-afhea |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shugaban kwamitin amintattu shine [[Dr Eva Pascoal|Dokta Eva Pascoal]], masanin tattalin arziki na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] a [[Mozambik|Mozambique]]. Babban Darakta shine Dokta Chris Atim, wanda ke aiki ga WHO a [[Ghana]]. Kwamitin Kimiyya yana karkashin jagorancin Farfesa Obinna Onwujekwe, farfesa a [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka]], da [[Dr Djesika Amendah|Dokta Djesika Amendah]], babban masanin manufofi na Aidspan . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Key Personnel - African Health Economics and Policy Association |url=https://afhea.org/en/who-we-are/key-personnel |access-date=2019-07-31 |website=afhea.org }}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manufofin == A cewar AfHEA manufofinta sune: * Samar da dandalin raba bayanai da musayar wadanda ke aiki a fannin tattalin arziki da fannoni masu alaƙa a Afirka. * Inganta ci gaban tattalin arzikin kiwon lafiya da karfin manufofi a Afirka tare da jaddada bukatun kasashe masu karamin karfi. * Inganta samarwa da yada bincike mai inganci ta hanyar masana tattalin arzikin kiwon lafiya na Afirka da masu sharhi kan manufofin kiwon lafiya; * Inganta amfani da tattalin arzikin kiwon lafiya da kayan aikin nazarin manufofi a cikin yanke shawara na bangaren kiwon lafiya a Afirka; * Taimaka wa ci gaban manufofin kiwon lafiya da shawarwari ga masu tsara manufofi a kasashen Afirka; * Wakilin bukatun masana tattalin arzikin kiwon lafiya na Afirka da masu sharhi kan manufofin kiwon lafiya a cikin dandalin tattaunawa na kasa da kasa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pi6vsts9i2lqlsud7dr8zvjx5ubes9p 0 81514 906441 901390 2026-08-23T06:43:00Z Ammarpad 4826 ingantawa 906441 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Cuscuta''', wanda aka fi sani da dodder ko amarbel, wani nau'i ne na fiye da nau'in 201 acikinsa na rawaya, orange, ko ja (rarely green) shuke-shuke masu kama da juna. A baya an fani da shi a matsayin jinsin kawai a cikin iyalin Cuscutaceae, yanzu an yarda da shi a cikin iyalin ɗaukakar safiya, Convolvulaceae, bisa ga aikin Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. Ana samun nau'in a ko'ina cikin yankuna masu zafi da na wurare masu zafi na duniya, tare da mafi girman bambancin jinsuna a yankuna masu sanyi da na wurare mai zafi; nau'in ya zama da wuya a Yanayin yanayi, tare da nau'o'i hudu kawai na arewacin Turai Sunayen al'adu sun haɗa da strangle tare, strangleweed, scaldweed, beggarweed, laces na mace, fireweed, wizard's net, shaidan's guts, shaidan ringlet, goldthread, hailweed, hairweed, hellbine, love vine, pull-down, angel hair, da witch's hair. == Bayyanawa == Cuscuta za a iya gano ta hanyar ƙananan rassan da ke bayyana ba tare da ganye ba, tare da ganyen da aka rage zuwa ma'auni na minti. A cikin waɗannan fannoni yana kama da irin wannan kwayar cuta, amma ba ta da alaƙa, ''Cassytha''. Daga tsakiyar lokacin rani zuwa farkon kaka, itatuwan inabi na iya samar da ƙananan 'Ya'yan itace waɗanda ke da launi iri ɗaya da itacen inabi, kuma suna da kusan girman wake na yau da kullun. Yana da ƙananan matakan chlorophyll; wasu nau'o'in kamar Cuscuta reflexa na iya photosynthesize dan kadan, yayin da wasu kamar ''C. europaea'' gaba ɗaya sun dogara da tsire-tsire masu masauki don abinci mai gina jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Machado |first=M. A. |last2=Zetsche |first2=K. |year=1990 |title=A structural, functional and molecular analysis of plastids of the holoparasites ''Cuscuta reflexa'' and ''Cuscuta europaea'' |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_planta_1990-04_181_1/page/91 |journal=Planta |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=91–96 |doi=10.1007/bf00202329 |pmid=24196679 |s2cid=24486738}}</ref> [[File:Cuscuta_europaea_2005.06.12_15.07.24.jpg|right|thumb|Cuscuta europaea a cikin furen]] [[File:Cuscuta_in_Flower,_Iran.jpg|alt=Cuscuta in Flower, Iran|thumb|Cuscuta a cikin Flower, [[Iran]]]] Fure-fure na Dodder suna da launi daga fari zuwa ruwan hoda zuwa rawaya zuwa cream. Wasu furanni a farkon lokacin rani, wasu daga baya, dangane da nau'in. Tsuntsaye suna da ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma ana samar da su da yawa. Suna da murfin wuya, kuma yawanci suna iya rayuwa a cikin ƙasa na shekaru 5 zuwa 10, wani lokacin ma ya fi tsayi. [[File:Dodder_Forming_a_Net_on_its_Host.jpg|alt=Dodder Forming a Net on its Host|thumb|Dodder yana samar da net a kan mai masaukin sa]] Kwayoyin dodder suna tsiro a ko kusa da saman ƙasa. Kodayake germination na dodder na iya faruwa ba tare da mai gida ba, dole ne ya isa shuka kore da sauri kuma an daidaita shi don girma zuwa tsire-tsire na kusa ta hanyar bin alamun chemosensory . Idan ba a kai shuka ba a cikin kwanaki 5 zuwa 10 na germination, seedling ɗin zai mutu. Kafin a kai ga shuka, dodder, kamar sauran tsire-tsire, ya dogara da ajiyar abinci a cikin tayin; Cotyledons, ko da yake suna nan, suna da kayan aiki . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Macpherson |first=G. E. |year=1921 |title=Comparison of development in dodder and morning glory |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1431413 |journal=Botanical Gazette |volume=71 |issue=5 |pages=392–398 |doi=10.1086/332850 |s2cid=85094664 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[File:Cuscuta_parasite_plant.JPG|right|thumb|''Cuscuta'' a kan ''Acacia'' a Punjab, Pakistan]] == Rashin jituwa == Dodder yana da kwayar cuta a kan tsire-tsire iri-iri, gami da nau'ikan amfanin gona da kayan lambu, kamar su alfalfa, lespedeza, flax, clover, [[Dankalin turawa|dankali]], chrysanthemum, Dahlia, helenium, inabi na ƙaho, ivy da petunias. Yana da ectoparasite kuma an rarraba shi azaman tsire-tsire na holoparasitic, ko tsire-shire wanda ba photosynthetic ba ne kuma ya dogara da mai masaukin baki daya. Dodder ya kasance a cikin tsananin bisa ga jinsinsa da jinsin mai masaukin, lokacin harin, da kuma ko akwai wasu ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin shuka mai masaukin. Ta hanyar raunana shuke-shuke, dodder yana rage ikon shuke-tsire don tsayayya da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma dodder na iya yada cututtuken shuke-shirye daga ɗayan shuke-huke-shuka zuwa wani idan an haɗa shi da shuke- shuke-sauke fiye da ɗaya. Wannan yana da damuwa game da tattalin arziki a cikin tsarin noma, inda raguwar shekara-shekara na 10% na iya zama mai lalacewa. An ba da fifiko ga kula da itacen inabi don sarrafa cututtukan shuke-shuke a fagen.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> [[File:Cuscuta_on_Ziziphus_mauritiana_Tree_in_Punjab,_India.jpg|thumb|Cuscuta a kan itacen kwanan wata na kasar Sin a [[Punjab (Indiya)|Punjab, Indiya]]]] [[File:Dodder_and_its_use_of_haustoria.svg|thumb|Diagram yana nuna yadda ''Cuscuta'' ke amfani da haustoria don shiga cikin tsarin jijiyoyin shuke-shuke na shuke-huke kuma ya cire sukari da abubuwan gina jiki daga phloem na shuke'in. [Lura: An juya shugabanci daga abin da aka nuna a cikin wannan hoton.] 1). <br />Cuscuta shuka ta 2). <br />Shuka mai shayarwa 3). <br />Cuscuta ya bar 4). <br />Ƙasa ta ƙasa 5). <br />Phloem 6). <br />Shuga da abubuwan gina jiki 7). <br />Kwayar fata ta 8). <br />A Cuscuta haustorium girma a cikin phloem na ma''Cuscuta'' bakuncin shuka.]] == Wurin da aka karɓi bakuncin == Wani rahoto da aka buga a cikin ''Kimiyya'' a shekara ta 2006 ya nuna cewa dodder yana amfani da alamun kwayoyin halitta masu saurin iska don gano tsire-tsire masu karɓar su. Tsire-tsire na ''C. pentagona'' suna nuna kyakkyawar amsawar girma ga abubuwan da ke cikin tumatir da sauran nau'ikan shuke-shuke suka fitar. Lokacin da aka ba da zaɓi tsakanin abubuwan da ke cikin tumatir da aka fi so da alkama wanda ba mai masaukin ba, kwayar cutar ta girma zuwa ga tsohon. Ƙarin gwaje-gwaje sun nuna jan hankali ga mahadi da yawa da aka saki ta hanyar shuke-shuke masu karɓar bakuncin da kuma ƙin yarda da mahadi ɗaya da alkama ya saki. Wadannan sakamakon ba su kawar da yiwuwar cewa wasu alamomi, kamar haske, na iya taka rawa a wurin mai karɓar bakuncin ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Plants: A Different Perspective |url=http://content.yudu.com/Library/A1og25/PlantsADifferentPers/resources/73.htm |access-date=2012-11-17 |publisher=Content.yudu.com}}</ref> == Tsaro na rundunar == Ba a san komai game da kariya ta masu karɓar bakuncin ba game da dodder da sauran tsire-tsire masu tsire-shuke ba fiye da yadda aka sani game da kide-kide na tsire-tire masu cin ganyayyaki da pathogens. A cikin wani binciken, an gano tsire-tsire na [[Tumatir|Tumar]] suna amfani da hanyoyin da suka dace don karewa daga dodder. Hanyoyi biyu, ta amfani da Jasmonic acid da Salicylic acid, an kunna su don mayar da martani ga harin da ''Cuscuta pentagona'' ta kai. An kuma gano harin Dodder don haifar da samar da abubuwa masu tasowa, gami da 2-carene, α-pinene, limonene, da β-phellandrene. Ba a san ko ko ko yadda waɗannan abubuwa masu saurin gudu ke kare mai masaukin ba, amma suna iya tsoma baki da ikon mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na ganowa da zaɓar masu masaukin baki. Har ila yau, kasancewar trichomes a kan tushe na tumatir yadda ya kamata yana hana dodder daga haɗewa da tushe.<ref name="defenses">{{Cite journal |last=Runyon |first=J.B. |display-authors=et al |date=August 2010 |title=Plant defenses against parasitic plants show similarities to those induced by herbivores and pathogens |journal=Plant Signaling and Behavior |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=929–931 |doi=10.4161/psb.5.8.11772 |pmc=3115164 |pmid=20495380}}</ref> == Rigakafi da magani == [[File:Cuscuta_sp_on_sage.jpg|right|thumb|''Cuscuta'' a kan mai hikima a cikin hamadar MojaveDajin Mojave]] Kasashe da yawa suna da dokoki da ke hana shigo da tsaba mai tsinkaye, wanda ke buƙatar tsaba mai amfanin gona ya kasance ba tare da gurɓataccen tsaba mai shinkaye ba. Kafin dasa, ya kamata a bincika dukkan tufafi don kare iri yayin motsawa daga yankin da ya kamu da cutar zuwa amfanin da ba ya kamu da ita. Lokacin da ake hulɗa da yankin da ya kamu da cutar, ana buƙatar yin aiki da sauri. Shawarwari sun haɗa da dasa amfanin gona wanda ba mai masauki ba na shekaru da yawa bayan kamuwa da cutar, jan amfanin gona nan da nan, musamman kafin dodder ya samar da iri, da kuma amfani da magungunan herbicides kamar Dacthal a cikin bazara. Misalan amfanin gona marasa karɓar bakuncin sun haɗa da ciyawa da sauran monocotyledons da yawa. Idan an sami dodder kafin ya maƙure shuka mai masauki, ana iya cire shi daga ƙasa. Idan choking ya fara, dole ne a yanke shuka mai karɓar bakuncin sosai a ƙasa da ƙwayoyin dodder, kamar yadda dodder yake da amfani kuma yana iya girma daga haustoria. == Hotuna == <gallery class="center" widths="180"> File:Dodder_(Cuscuta)_fruit.jpg|alt=Cuscuta sp. with a gall|''Cuscuta''sp. tare da gall File:Dodder(Cuscuta)flowers.jpg|alt=Cuscuta sp. flowers|Cuscuta sp. furanni File:Flowers_and_pollen_grains_of_Cuscuta.jpg|alt=Flowers and pollen grains of Cuscuta from Mumbai, India|Fure da hatsi a cikin pollen a Cuscuta daga Mumbai, Indiya File:Cuscuta_fg01.jpg|alt=Cuscuta sp. form|Cuscuta sp. tsari File:Cuscuta_fg02.jpg|alt=Cuscuta sp. form|Cuscuta sp. tsari File:Dodder-vine-morris-ct-2017.jpg|alt=Cuscuta sp. form|Cuscuta sp. tsari File:Cuscuta_@ThachKhê_HaTinh_VietNam.jpg|alt=Cuscuta sp. form|Cuscuta sp. tsari File:Dodder_Forming_a_Net_on_its_Host.jpg|alt=Dodder Forming a Net on its Host|Dodder Yana samar da Net a kan Mai Gidansa File:Cuscuta_in_Flower,_Iran.jpg|alt=Cuscuta in Flower, Iran|Cuscuta a cikin Fure,[[Iran]] File:Cuscuta_in_Iran_II.jpg|alt=How Cuscuta Attaches itself to its Host|Yadda Cuscuta ke Haɗa kanta da Mai Gidan Gida </gallery> == Ma ajin hutuna == {{Reflist}} == Manazarta == == Ƙarin karantawa == *    * {{Cite journal |last=Haupt |first=S. |last2=Oparka |first2=KJ |last3=Sauer |first3=N |last4=Neumann |first4=S |year=2001 |title=Macromolecular trafficking between Nicotiana tabacum and the holoparasite Cuscuta reflexa |journal=Journal of Experimental Botany |volume=52 |issue=354 |pages=173–177 |doi=10.1093/jexbot/52.354.173 |issn=1460-2431 |pmid=11181727 |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite journal |last=Hibberd |first=J. M. |author-link=Julian Hibberd |last2=Bungard |first2=R. A. |last3=Press |first3=M. C. |author-link3=Malcolm Press |last4=Jeschke |first4=W. D. |last5=Scholes |first5=J. D. |last6=Quick |first6=W. P. |year=1998 |title=Localization of photosynthetic metabolism in the parasitic angiosperm Cuscuta reflexa |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_planta_1998-08_205_4/page/506 |journal=Planta |volume=205 |issue=4 |pages=506–513 |doi=10.1007/s004250050349 |issn=0032-0935 |s2cid=20017828}} * {{Cite journal |last=Haberhausen |first=Gerd |last2=Zetsche |first2=Klaus |year=1994 |title=Functional loss of all ndh genes in an otherwise relatively unaltered plastid genome of the holoparasitic flowering plant Cuscuta reflexa |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_plant-molecular-biology_1994-01_24_1/page/217 |journal=Plant Molecular Biology |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=217–222 |doi=10.1007/BF00040588 |issn=0167-4412 |pmid=8111019 |s2cid=36298133}} * {{Cite journal |last=Jeschke |first=W. Dieter |last2=Bäumel |first2=Pia |last3=Räth |first3=Nicola |last4=Czygan |first4=Franz-C. |last5=Proksch |first5=Peter |year=1994 |title=Modelling of the flows and partitioning of carbon and nitrogen in the holoparasiteCuscuta reflexaRoxb. and its hostLupinus albusL |journal=Journal of Experimental Botany |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=801–812 |doi=10.1093/jxb/45.6.801 |issn=0022-0957}} *   * {{Cite journal |last=Cudney |first=D.W. |last2=Orloff |first2=S.B. |last3=Reints |first3=J.S. |year=1992 |title=An integrated weed management procedure for the control of dodder (''Cuscuta indecora'') in alfalfa (''Medicago sativa'') |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_weed-technology_july-september-1992_6_3/page/603 |journal=Weed Technology |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=603–606 |doi=10.1017/S0890037X00035879}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 17mlv9r45lhu3epqq3g5etq2seenu3o 906442 906441 2026-08-23T06:43:56Z Ammarpad 4826 gyara 906442 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Cuscuta''', wanda aka fi sani da dodder ko amarbel, wani nau'i ne na fiye da nau'in 201 acikinsa na rawaya, orange, ko ja (rarely green) shuke-shuke masu kama da juna. A baya an fani da shi a matsayin jinsin kawai a cikin iyalin Cuscutaceae, yanzu an yarda da shi a cikin iyalin ɗaukakar safiya, Convolvulaceae, bisa ga aikin Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. Ana samun nau'in a ko'ina cikin yankuna masu zafi da na wurare masu zafi na duniya, tare da mafi girman bambancin jinsuna a yankuna masu sanyi da na wurare mai zafi; nau'in ya zama da wuya a Yanayin yanayi, tare da nau'o'i hudu kawai na arewacin Turai Sunayen al'adu sun haɗa da strangle tare, strangleweed, scaldweed, beggarweed, laces na mace, fireweed, wizard's net, shaidan's guts, shaidan ringlet, goldthread, hailweed, hairweed, hellbine, love vine, pull-down, angel hair, da witch's hair. == Bayyanawa == Cuscuta za a iya gano ta hanyar ƙananan rassan da ke bayyana ba tare da ganye ba, tare da ganyen da aka rage zuwa ma'auni na minti. A cikin waɗannan fannoni yana kama da irin wannan kwayar cuta, amma ba ta da alaƙa, ''Cassytha''. Daga tsakiyar lokacin rani zuwa farkon kaka, itatuwan inabi na iya samar da ƙananan 'Ya'yan itace waɗanda ke da launi iri ɗaya da itacen inabi, kuma suna da kusan girman wake na yau da kullun. Yana da ƙananan matakan chlorophyll; wasu nau'o'in kamar Cuscuta reflexa na iya photosynthesize dan kadan, yayin da wasu kamar ''C. europaea'' gaba ɗaya sun dogara da tsire-tsire masu masauki don abinci mai gina jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Machado |first=M. A. |last2=Zetsche |first2=K. |year=1990 |title=A structural, functional and molecular analysis of plastids of the holoparasites ''Cuscuta reflexa'' and ''Cuscuta europaea'' |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_planta_1990-04_181_1/page/91 |journal=Planta |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=91–96 |doi=10.1007/bf00202329 |pmid=24196679 |s2cid=24486738}}</ref> [[File:Cuscuta_europaea_2005.06.12_15.07.24.jpg|right|thumb|Cuscuta europaea a cikin furen]] [[File:Cuscuta_in_Flower,_Iran.jpg|alt=Cuscuta in Flower, Iran|thumb|Cuscuta a cikin Flower, [[Iran]]]] Fure-fure na Dodder suna da launi daga fari zuwa ruwan hoda zuwa rawaya zuwa cream. Wasu furanni a farkon lokacin rani, wasu daga baya, dangane da nau'in. Tsuntsaye suna da ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma ana samar da su da yawa. Suna da murfin wuya, kuma yawanci suna iya rayuwa a cikin ƙasa na shekaru 5 zuwa 10, wani lokacin ma ya fi tsayi. [[File:Dodder_Forming_a_Net_on_its_Host.jpg|alt=Dodder Forming a Net on its Host|thumb|Dodder yana samar da net a kan mai masaukin sa]] Kwayoyin dodder suna tsiro a ko kusa da saman ƙasa. Kodayake germination na dodder na iya faruwa ba tare da mai gida ba, dole ne ya isa shuka kore da sauri kuma an daidaita shi don girma zuwa tsire-tsire na kusa ta hanyar bin alamun chemosensory . Idan ba a kai shuka ba a cikin kwanaki 5 zuwa 10 na germination, seedling ɗin zai mutu. Kafin a kai ga shuka, dodder, kamar sauran tsire-tsire, ya dogara da ajiyar abinci a cikin tayin; Cotyledons, ko da yake suna nan, suna da kayan aiki . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Macpherson |first=G. E. |year=1921 |title=Comparison of development in dodder and morning glory |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1431413 |journal=Botanical Gazette |volume=71 |issue=5 |pages=392–398 |doi=10.1086/332850 |s2cid=85094664 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[File:Cuscuta_parasite_plant.JPG|right|thumb|''Cuscuta'' a kan ''Acacia'' a Punjab, Pakistan]] == Rashin jituwa == Dodder yana da kwayar cuta a kan tsire-tsire iri-iri, gami da nau'ikan amfanin gona da kayan lambu, kamar su alfalfa, lespedeza, flax, clover, [[Dankalin turawa|dankali]], chrysanthemum, Dahlia, helenium, inabi na ƙaho, ivy da petunias. Yana da ectoparasite kuma an rarraba shi azaman tsire-tsire na holoparasitic, ko tsire-shire wanda ba photosynthetic ba ne kuma ya dogara da mai masaukin baki daya. Dodder ya kasance a cikin tsananin bisa ga jinsinsa da jinsin mai masaukin, lokacin harin, da kuma ko akwai wasu ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin shuka mai masaukin. Ta hanyar raunana shuke-shuke, dodder yana rage ikon shuke-tsire don tsayayya da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma dodder na iya yada cututtuken shuke-shirye daga ɗayan shuke-huke-shuka zuwa wani idan an haɗa shi da shuke- shuke-sauke fiye da ɗaya. Wannan yana da damuwa game da tattalin arziki a cikin tsarin noma, inda raguwar shekara-shekara na 10% na iya zama mai lalacewa. An ba da fifiko ga kula da itacen inabi don sarrafa cututtukan shuke-shuke a fagen.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> [[File:Cuscuta_on_Ziziphus_mauritiana_Tree_in_Punjab,_India.jpg|thumb|Cuscuta a kan itacen kwanan wata na kasar Sin a [[Punjab (Indiya)|Punjab, Indiya]]]] [[File:Dodder_and_its_use_of_haustoria.svg|thumb|Diagram yana nuna yadda ''Cuscuta'' ke amfani da haustoria don shiga cikin tsarin jijiyoyin shuke-shuke na shuke-huke kuma ya cire sukari da abubuwan gina jiki daga phloem na shuke'in. [Lura: An juya shugabanci daga abin da aka nuna a cikin wannan hoton.] 1). <br />Cuscuta shuka ta 2). <br />Shuka mai shayarwa 3). <br />Cuscuta ya bar 4). <br />Ƙasa ta ƙasa 5). <br />Phloem 6). <br />Shuga da abubuwan gina jiki 7). <br />Kwayar fata ta 8). <br />A Cuscuta haustorium girma a cikin phloem na ma''Cuscuta'' bakuncin shuka.]] == Wurin da aka karɓi bakuncin == Wani rahoto da aka buga a cikin ''Kimiyya'' a shekara ta 2006 ya nuna cewa dodder yana amfani da alamun kwayoyin halitta masu saurin iska don gano tsire-tsire masu karɓar su. Tsire-tsire na ''C. pentagona'' suna nuna kyakkyawar amsawar girma ga abubuwan da ke cikin tumatir da sauran nau'ikan shuke-shuke suka fitar. Lokacin da aka ba da zaɓi tsakanin abubuwan da ke cikin tumatir da aka fi so da alkama wanda ba mai masaukin ba, kwayar cutar ta girma zuwa ga tsohon. Ƙarin gwaje-gwaje sun nuna jan hankali ga mahadi da yawa da aka saki ta hanyar shuke-shuke masu karɓar bakuncin da kuma ƙin yarda da mahadi ɗaya da alkama ya saki. Wadannan sakamakon ba su kawar da yiwuwar cewa wasu alamomi, kamar haske, na iya taka rawa a wurin mai karɓar bakuncin ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Plants: A Different Perspective |url=http://content.yudu.com/Library/A1og25/PlantsADifferentPers/resources/73.htm |access-date=2012-11-17 |publisher=Content.yudu.com}}</ref> == Tsaro na rundunar == Ba a san komai game da kariya ta masu karɓar bakuncin ba game da dodder da sauran tsire-tsire masu tsire-shuke ba fiye da yadda aka sani game da kide-kide na tsire-tire masu cin ganyayyaki da pathogens. A cikin wani binciken, an gano tsire-tsire na [[Tumatir|Tumar]] suna amfani da hanyoyin da suka dace don karewa daga dodder. Hanyoyi biyu, ta amfani da Jasmonic acid da Salicylic acid, an kunna su don mayar da martani ga harin da ''Cuscuta pentagona'' ta kai. An kuma gano harin Dodder don haifar da samar da abubuwa masu tasowa, gami da 2-carene, α-pinene, limonene, da β-phellandrene. Ba a san ko ko ko yadda waɗannan abubuwa masu saurin gudu ke kare mai masaukin ba, amma suna iya tsoma baki da ikon mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na ganowa da zaɓar masu masaukin baki. Har ila yau, kasancewar trichomes a kan tushe na tumatir yadda ya kamata yana hana dodder daga haɗewa da tushe.<ref name="defenses">{{Cite journal |last=Runyon |first=J.B. |display-authors=et al |date=August 2010 |title=Plant defenses against parasitic plants show similarities to those induced by herbivores and pathogens |journal=Plant Signaling and Behavior |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=929–931 |doi=10.4161/psb.5.8.11772 |pmc=3115164 |pmid=20495380}}</ref> == Rigakafi da magani == [[File:Cuscuta_sp_on_sage.jpg|right|thumb|''Cuscuta'' a kan mai hikima a cikin hamadar MojaveDajin Mojave]] Kasashe da yawa suna da dokoki da ke hana shigo da tsaba mai tsinkaye, wanda ke buƙatar tsaba mai amfanin gona ya kasance ba tare da gurɓataccen tsaba mai shinkaye ba. Kafin dasa, ya kamata a bincika dukkan tufafi don kare iri yayin motsawa daga yankin da ya kamu da cutar zuwa amfanin da ba ya kamu da ita. Lokacin da ake hulɗa da yankin da ya kamu da cutar, ana buƙatar yin aiki da sauri. Shawarwari sun haɗa da dasa amfanin gona wanda ba mai masauki ba na shekaru da yawa bayan kamuwa da cutar, jan amfanin gona nan da nan, musamman kafin dodder ya samar da iri, da kuma amfani da magungunan herbicides kamar Dacthal a cikin bazara. Misalan amfanin gona marasa karɓar bakuncin sun haɗa da ciyawa da sauran monocotyledons da yawa. Idan an sami dodder kafin ya maƙure shuka mai masauki, ana iya cire shi daga ƙasa. Idan choking ya fara, dole ne a yanke shuka mai karɓar bakuncin sosai a ƙasa da ƙwayoyin dodder, kamar yadda dodder yake da amfani kuma yana iya girma daga haustoria. == Hotuna == <gallery class="center" widths="180"> File:Dodder_(Cuscuta)_fruit.jpg|alt=Cuscuta sp. with a gall|''Cuscuta''sp. tare da gall File:Dodder(Cuscuta)flowers.jpg|alt=Cuscuta sp. flowers|Cuscuta sp. furanni File:Flowers_and_pollen_grains_of_Cuscuta.jpg|alt=Flowers and pollen grains of Cuscuta from Mumbai, India|Fure da hatsi a cikin pollen a Cuscuta daga Mumbai, Indiya File:Cuscuta_fg01.jpg|alt=Cuscuta sp. form|Cuscuta sp. tsari File:Cuscuta_fg02.jpg|alt=Cuscuta sp. form|Cuscuta sp. tsari File:Dodder-vine-morris-ct-2017.jpg|alt=Cuscuta sp. form|Cuscuta sp. tsari File:Cuscuta_@ThachKhê_HaTinh_VietNam.jpg|alt=Cuscuta sp. form|Cuscuta sp. tsari File:Dodder_Forming_a_Net_on_its_Host.jpg|alt=Dodder Forming a Net on its Host|Dodder Yana samar da Net a kan Mai Gidansa File:Cuscuta_in_Flower,_Iran.jpg|alt=Cuscuta in Flower, Iran|Cuscuta a cikin Fure,[[Iran]] File:Cuscuta_in_Iran_II.jpg|alt=How Cuscuta Attaches itself to its Host|Yadda Cuscuta ke Haɗa kanta da Mai Gidan Gida </gallery> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin manazarta ==  * {{Cite journal |last=Haupt |first=S. |last2=Oparka |first2=KJ |last3=Sauer |first3=N |last4=Neumann |first4=S |year=2001 |title=Macromolecular trafficking between Nicotiana tabacum and the holoparasite Cuscuta reflexa |journal=Journal of Experimental Botany |volume=52 |issue=354 |pages=173–177 |doi=10.1093/jexbot/52.354.173 |issn=1460-2431 |pmid=11181727 |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite journal |last=Hibberd |first=J. M. |author-link=Julian Hibberd |last2=Bungard |first2=R. A. |last3=Press |first3=M. C. |author-link3=Malcolm Press |last4=Jeschke |first4=W. D. |last5=Scholes |first5=J. D. |last6=Quick |first6=W. P. |year=1998 |title=Localization of photosynthetic metabolism in the parasitic angiosperm Cuscuta reflexa |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_planta_1998-08_205_4/page/506 |journal=Planta |volume=205 |issue=4 |pages=506–513 |doi=10.1007/s004250050349 |issn=0032-0935 |s2cid=20017828}} * {{Cite journal |last=Haberhausen |first=Gerd |last2=Zetsche |first2=Klaus |year=1994 |title=Functional loss of all ndh genes in an otherwise relatively unaltered plastid genome of the holoparasitic flowering plant Cuscuta reflexa |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_plant-molecular-biology_1994-01_24_1/page/217 |journal=Plant Molecular Biology |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=217–222 |doi=10.1007/BF00040588 |issn=0167-4412 |pmid=8111019 |s2cid=36298133}} * {{Cite journal |last=Jeschke |first=W. Dieter |last2=Bäumel |first2=Pia |last3=Räth |first3=Nicola |last4=Czygan |first4=Franz-C. |last5=Proksch |first5=Peter |year=1994 |title=Modelling of the flows and partitioning of carbon and nitrogen in the holoparasiteCuscuta reflexaRoxb. and its hostLupinus albusL |journal=Journal of Experimental Botany |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=801–812 |doi=10.1093/jxb/45.6.801 |issn=0022-0957}} *   * {{Cite journal |last=Cudney |first=D.W. |last2=Orloff |first2=S.B. |last3=Reints |first3=J.S. |year=1992 |title=An integrated weed management procedure for the control of dodder (''Cuscuta indecora'') in alfalfa (''Medicago sativa'') |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_weed-technology_july-september-1992_6_3/page/603 |journal=Weed Technology |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=603–606 |doi=10.1017/S0890037X00035879}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9vi0ys1hf3n4nbna2igknntfflf3rq8 906444 906442 2026-08-23T06:45:15Z Ammarpad 4826 /* Manazarta */ 906444 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Cuscuta''', wanda aka fi sani da dodder ko amarbel, wani nau'i ne na fiye da nau'in 201 acikinsa na rawaya, orange, ko ja (rarely green) shuke-shuke masu kama da juna. A baya an fani da shi a matsayin jinsin kawai a cikin iyalin Cuscutaceae, yanzu an yarda da shi a cikin iyalin ɗaukakar safiya, Convolvulaceae, bisa ga aikin Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. Ana samun nau'in a ko'ina cikin yankuna masu zafi da na wurare masu zafi na duniya, tare da mafi girman bambancin jinsuna a yankuna masu sanyi da na wurare mai zafi; nau'in ya zama da wuya a Yanayin yanayi, tare da nau'o'i hudu kawai na arewacin Turai Sunayen al'adu sun haɗa da strangle tare, strangleweed, scaldweed, beggarweed, laces na mace, fireweed, wizard's net, shaidan's guts, shaidan ringlet, goldthread, hailweed, hairweed, hellbine, love vine, pull-down, angel hair, da witch's hair. == Bayyanawa == Cuscuta za a iya gano ta hanyar ƙananan rassan da ke bayyana ba tare da ganye ba, tare da ganyen da aka rage zuwa ma'auni na minti. A cikin waɗannan fannoni yana kama da irin wannan kwayar cuta, amma ba ta da alaƙa, ''Cassytha''. Daga tsakiyar lokacin rani zuwa farkon kaka, itatuwan inabi na iya samar da ƙananan 'Ya'yan itace waɗanda ke da launi iri ɗaya da itacen inabi, kuma suna da kusan girman wake na yau da kullun. Yana da ƙananan matakan chlorophyll; wasu nau'o'in kamar Cuscuta reflexa na iya photosynthesize dan kadan, yayin da wasu kamar ''C. europaea'' gaba ɗaya sun dogara da tsire-tsire masu masauki don abinci mai gina jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Machado |first=M. A. |last2=Zetsche |first2=K. |year=1990 |title=A structural, functional and molecular analysis of plastids of the holoparasites ''Cuscuta reflexa'' and ''Cuscuta europaea'' |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_planta_1990-04_181_1/page/91 |journal=Planta |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=91–96 |doi=10.1007/bf00202329 |pmid=24196679 |s2cid=24486738}}</ref> [[File:Cuscuta_europaea_2005.06.12_15.07.24.jpg|right|thumb|Cuscuta europaea a cikin furen]] [[File:Cuscuta_in_Flower,_Iran.jpg|alt=Cuscuta in Flower, Iran|thumb|Cuscuta a cikin Flower, [[Iran]]]] Fure-fure na Dodder suna da launi daga fari zuwa ruwan hoda zuwa rawaya zuwa cream. Wasu furanni a farkon lokacin rani, wasu daga baya, dangane da nau'in. Tsuntsaye suna da ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma ana samar da su da yawa. Suna da murfin wuya, kuma yawanci suna iya rayuwa a cikin ƙasa na shekaru 5 zuwa 10, wani lokacin ma ya fi tsayi. [[File:Dodder_Forming_a_Net_on_its_Host.jpg|alt=Dodder Forming a Net on its Host|thumb|Dodder yana samar da net a kan mai masaukin sa]] Kwayoyin dodder suna tsiro a ko kusa da saman ƙasa. Kodayake germination na dodder na iya faruwa ba tare da mai gida ba, dole ne ya isa shuka kore da sauri kuma an daidaita shi don girma zuwa tsire-tsire na kusa ta hanyar bin alamun chemosensory . Idan ba a kai shuka ba a cikin kwanaki 5 zuwa 10 na germination, seedling ɗin zai mutu. Kafin a kai ga shuka, dodder, kamar sauran tsire-tsire, ya dogara da ajiyar abinci a cikin tayin; Cotyledons, ko da yake suna nan, suna da kayan aiki . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Macpherson |first=G. E. |year=1921 |title=Comparison of development in dodder and morning glory |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1431413 |journal=Botanical Gazette |volume=71 |issue=5 |pages=392–398 |doi=10.1086/332850 |s2cid=85094664 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[File:Cuscuta_parasite_plant.JPG|right|thumb|''Cuscuta'' a kan ''Acacia'' a Punjab, Pakistan]] == Rashin jituwa == Dodder yana da kwayar cuta a kan tsire-tsire iri-iri, gami da nau'ikan amfanin gona da kayan lambu, kamar su alfalfa, lespedeza, flax, clover, [[Dankalin turawa|dankali]], chrysanthemum, Dahlia, helenium, inabi na ƙaho, ivy da petunias. Yana da ectoparasite kuma an rarraba shi azaman tsire-tsire na holoparasitic, ko tsire-shire wanda ba photosynthetic ba ne kuma ya dogara da mai masaukin baki daya. Dodder ya kasance a cikin tsananin bisa ga jinsinsa da jinsin mai masaukin, lokacin harin, da kuma ko akwai wasu ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin shuka mai masaukin. Ta hanyar raunana shuke-shuke, dodder yana rage ikon shuke-tsire don tsayayya da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma dodder na iya yada cututtuken shuke-shirye daga ɗayan shuke-huke-shuka zuwa wani idan an haɗa shi da shuke- shuke-sauke fiye da ɗaya. Wannan yana da damuwa game da tattalin arziki a cikin tsarin noma, inda raguwar shekara-shekara na 10% na iya zama mai lalacewa. An ba da fifiko ga kula da itacen inabi don sarrafa cututtukan shuke-shuke a fagen.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> [[File:Cuscuta_on_Ziziphus_mauritiana_Tree_in_Punjab,_India.jpg|thumb|Cuscuta a kan itacen kwanan wata na kasar Sin a [[Punjab (Indiya)|Punjab, Indiya]]]] [[File:Dodder_and_its_use_of_haustoria.svg|thumb|Diagram yana nuna yadda ''Cuscuta'' ke amfani da haustoria don shiga cikin tsarin jijiyoyin shuke-shuke na shuke-huke kuma ya cire sukari da abubuwan gina jiki daga phloem na shuke'in. [Lura: An juya shugabanci daga abin da aka nuna a cikin wannan hoton.] 1). <br />Cuscuta shuka ta 2). <br />Shuka mai shayarwa 3). <br />Cuscuta ya bar 4). <br />Ƙasa ta ƙasa 5). <br />Phloem 6). <br />Shuga da abubuwan gina jiki 7). <br />Kwayar fata ta 8). <br />A Cuscuta haustorium girma a cikin phloem na ma''Cuscuta'' bakuncin shuka.]] == Wurin da aka karɓi bakuncin == Wani rahoto da aka buga a cikin ''Kimiyya'' a shekara ta 2006 ya nuna cewa dodder yana amfani da alamun kwayoyin halitta masu saurin iska don gano tsire-tsire masu karɓar su. Tsire-tsire na ''C. pentagona'' suna nuna kyakkyawar amsawar girma ga abubuwan da ke cikin tumatir da sauran nau'ikan shuke-shuke suka fitar. Lokacin da aka ba da zaɓi tsakanin abubuwan da ke cikin tumatir da aka fi so da alkama wanda ba mai masaukin ba, kwayar cutar ta girma zuwa ga tsohon. Ƙarin gwaje-gwaje sun nuna jan hankali ga mahadi da yawa da aka saki ta hanyar shuke-shuke masu karɓar bakuncin da kuma ƙin yarda da mahadi ɗaya da alkama ya saki. Wadannan sakamakon ba su kawar da yiwuwar cewa wasu alamomi, kamar haske, na iya taka rawa a wurin mai karɓar bakuncin ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Plants: A Different Perspective |url=http://content.yudu.com/Library/A1og25/PlantsADifferentPers/resources/73.htm |access-date=2012-11-17 |publisher=Content.yudu.com}}</ref> == Tsaro na rundunar == Ba a san komai game da kariya ta masu karɓar bakuncin ba game da dodder da sauran tsire-tsire masu tsire-shuke ba fiye da yadda aka sani game da kide-kide na tsire-tire masu cin ganyayyaki da pathogens. A cikin wani binciken, an gano tsire-tsire na [[Tumatir|Tumar]] suna amfani da hanyoyin da suka dace don karewa daga dodder. Hanyoyi biyu, ta amfani da Jasmonic acid da Salicylic acid, an kunna su don mayar da martani ga harin da ''Cuscuta pentagona'' ta kai. An kuma gano harin Dodder don haifar da samar da abubuwa masu tasowa, gami da 2-carene, α-pinene, limonene, da β-phellandrene. Ba a san ko ko ko yadda waɗannan abubuwa masu saurin gudu ke kare mai masaukin ba, amma suna iya tsoma baki da ikon mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na ganowa da zaɓar masu masaukin baki. Har ila yau, kasancewar trichomes a kan tushe na tumatir yadda ya kamata yana hana dodder daga haɗewa da tushe.<ref name="defenses">{{Cite journal |last=Runyon |first=J.B. |display-authors=et al |date=August 2010 |title=Plant defenses against parasitic plants show similarities to those induced by herbivores and pathogens |journal=Plant Signaling and Behavior |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=929–931 |doi=10.4161/psb.5.8.11772 |pmc=3115164 |pmid=20495380}}</ref> == Rigakafi da magani == [[File:Cuscuta_sp_on_sage.jpg|right|thumb|''Cuscuta'' a kan mai hikima a cikin hamadar MojaveDajin Mojave]] Kasashe da yawa suna da dokoki da ke hana shigo da tsaba mai tsinkaye, wanda ke buƙatar tsaba mai amfanin gona ya kasance ba tare da gurɓataccen tsaba mai shinkaye ba. Kafin dasa, ya kamata a bincika dukkan tufafi don kare iri yayin motsawa daga yankin da ya kamu da cutar zuwa amfanin da ba ya kamu da ita. Lokacin da ake hulɗa da yankin da ya kamu da cutar, ana buƙatar yin aiki da sauri. Shawarwari sun haɗa da dasa amfanin gona wanda ba mai masauki ba na shekaru da yawa bayan kamuwa da cutar, jan amfanin gona nan da nan, musamman kafin dodder ya samar da iri, da kuma amfani da magungunan herbicides kamar Dacthal a cikin bazara. Misalan amfanin gona marasa karɓar bakuncin sun haɗa da ciyawa da sauran monocotyledons da yawa. Idan an sami dodder kafin ya maƙure shuka mai masauki, ana iya cire shi daga ƙasa. Idan choking ya fara, dole ne a yanke shuka mai karɓar bakuncin sosai a ƙasa da ƙwayoyin dodder, kamar yadda dodder yake da amfani kuma yana iya girma daga haustoria. == Hotuna == <gallery class="center" widths="180"> File:Dodder_(Cuscuta)_fruit.jpg|alt=Cuscuta sp. with a gall|''Cuscuta''sp. tare da gall File:Dodder(Cuscuta)flowers.jpg|alt=Cuscuta sp. flowers|Cuscuta sp. furanni File:Flowers_and_pollen_grains_of_Cuscuta.jpg|alt=Flowers and pollen grains of Cuscuta from Mumbai, India|Fure da hatsi a cikin pollen a Cuscuta daga Mumbai, Indiya File:Cuscuta_fg01.jpg|alt=Cuscuta sp. form|Cuscuta sp. tsari File:Cuscuta_fg02.jpg|alt=Cuscuta sp. form|Cuscuta sp. tsari File:Dodder-vine-morris-ct-2017.jpg|alt=Cuscuta sp. form|Cuscuta sp. tsari File:Cuscuta_@ThachKhê_HaTinh_VietNam.jpg|alt=Cuscuta sp. form|Cuscuta sp. tsari File:Dodder_Forming_a_Net_on_its_Host.jpg|alt=Dodder Forming a Net on its Host|Dodder Yana samar da Net a kan Mai Gidansa File:Cuscuta_in_Flower,_Iran.jpg|alt=Cuscuta in Flower, Iran|Cuscuta a cikin Fure,[[Iran]] File:Cuscuta_in_Iran_II.jpg|alt=How Cuscuta Attaches itself to its Host|Yadda Cuscuta ke Haɗa kanta da Mai Gidan Gida </gallery> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin manazarta == * {{Cite journal |last=Haupt |first=S. |last2=Oparka |first2=KJ |last3=Sauer |first3=N |last4=Neumann |first4=S |year=2001 |title=Macromolecular trafficking between Nicotiana tabacum and the holoparasite Cuscuta reflexa |journal=Journal of Experimental Botany |volume=52 |issue=354 |pages=173–177 |doi=10.1093/jexbot/52.354.173 |issn=1460-2431 |pmid=11181727 |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite journal |last=Hibberd |first=J. M. |author-link=Julian Hibberd |last2=Bungard |first2=R. A. |last3=Press |first3=M. C. |author-link3=Malcolm Press |last4=Jeschke |first4=W. D. |last5=Scholes |first5=J. D. |last6=Quick |first6=W. P. |year=1998 |title=Localization of photosynthetic metabolism in the parasitic angiosperm Cuscuta reflexa |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_planta_1998-08_205_4/page/506 |journal=Planta |volume=205 |issue=4 |pages=506–513 |doi=10.1007/s004250050349 |issn=0032-0935 |s2cid=20017828}} * {{Cite journal |last=Haberhausen |first=Gerd |last2=Zetsche |first2=Klaus |year=1994 |title=Functional loss of all ndh genes in an otherwise relatively unaltered plastid genome of the holoparasitic flowering plant Cuscuta reflexa |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_plant-molecular-biology_1994-01_24_1/page/217 |journal=Plant Molecular Biology |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=217–222 |doi=10.1007/BF00040588 |issn=0167-4412 |pmid=8111019 |s2cid=36298133}} * {{Cite journal |last=Jeschke |first=W. Dieter |last2=Bäumel |first2=Pia |last3=Räth |first3=Nicola |last4=Czygan |first4=Franz-C. |last5=Proksch |first5=Peter |year=1994 |title=Modelling of the flows and partitioning of carbon and nitrogen in the holoparasiteCuscuta reflexaRoxb. and its hostLupinus albusL |journal=Journal of Experimental Botany |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=801–812 |doi=10.1093/jxb/45.6.801 |issn=0022-0957}} *   * {{Cite journal |last=Cudney |first=D.W. |last2=Orloff |first2=S.B. |last3=Reints |first3=J.S. |year=1992 |title=An integrated weed management procedure for the control of dodder (''Cuscuta indecora'') in alfalfa (''Medicago sativa'') |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_weed-technology_july-september-1992_6_3/page/603 |journal=Weed Technology |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=603–606 |doi=10.1017/S0890037X00035879}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] d11hg3xeoufwtp5wtol7bx9ob5yk24u 906445 906444 2026-08-23T06:45:33Z Ammarpad 4826 /* Ƙarin manazarta */ 906445 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Cuscuta''', wanda aka fi sani da dodder ko amarbel, wani nau'i ne na fiye da nau'in 201 acikinsa na rawaya, orange, ko ja (rarely green) shuke-shuke masu kama da juna. A baya an fani da shi a matsayin jinsin kawai a cikin iyalin Cuscutaceae, yanzu an yarda da shi a cikin iyalin ɗaukakar safiya, Convolvulaceae, bisa ga aikin Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. Ana samun nau'in a ko'ina cikin yankuna masu zafi da na wurare masu zafi na duniya, tare da mafi girman bambancin jinsuna a yankuna masu sanyi da na wurare mai zafi; nau'in ya zama da wuya a Yanayin yanayi, tare da nau'o'i hudu kawai na arewacin Turai Sunayen al'adu sun haɗa da strangle tare, strangleweed, scaldweed, beggarweed, laces na mace, fireweed, wizard's net, shaidan's guts, shaidan ringlet, goldthread, hailweed, hairweed, hellbine, love vine, pull-down, angel hair, da witch's hair. == Bayyanawa == Cuscuta za a iya gano ta hanyar ƙananan rassan da ke bayyana ba tare da ganye ba, tare da ganyen da aka rage zuwa ma'auni na minti. A cikin waɗannan fannoni yana kama da irin wannan kwayar cuta, amma ba ta da alaƙa, ''Cassytha''. Daga tsakiyar lokacin rani zuwa farkon kaka, itatuwan inabi na iya samar da ƙananan 'Ya'yan itace waɗanda ke da launi iri ɗaya da itacen inabi, kuma suna da kusan girman wake na yau da kullun. Yana da ƙananan matakan chlorophyll; wasu nau'o'in kamar Cuscuta reflexa na iya photosynthesize dan kadan, yayin da wasu kamar ''C. europaea'' gaba ɗaya sun dogara da tsire-tsire masu masauki don abinci mai gina jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Machado |first=M. A. |last2=Zetsche |first2=K. |year=1990 |title=A structural, functional and molecular analysis of plastids of the holoparasites ''Cuscuta reflexa'' and ''Cuscuta europaea'' |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_planta_1990-04_181_1/page/91 |journal=Planta |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=91–96 |doi=10.1007/bf00202329 |pmid=24196679 |s2cid=24486738}}</ref> [[File:Cuscuta_europaea_2005.06.12_15.07.24.jpg|right|thumb|Cuscuta europaea a cikin furen]] [[File:Cuscuta_in_Flower,_Iran.jpg|alt=Cuscuta in Flower, Iran|thumb|Cuscuta a cikin Flower, [[Iran]]]] Fure-fure na Dodder suna da launi daga fari zuwa ruwan hoda zuwa rawaya zuwa cream. Wasu furanni a farkon lokacin rani, wasu daga baya, dangane da nau'in. Tsuntsaye suna da ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma ana samar da su da yawa. Suna da murfin wuya, kuma yawanci suna iya rayuwa a cikin ƙasa na shekaru 5 zuwa 10, wani lokacin ma ya fi tsayi. [[File:Dodder_Forming_a_Net_on_its_Host.jpg|alt=Dodder Forming a Net on its Host|thumb|Dodder yana samar da net a kan mai masaukin sa]] Kwayoyin dodder suna tsiro a ko kusa da saman ƙasa. Kodayake germination na dodder na iya faruwa ba tare da mai gida ba, dole ne ya isa shuka kore da sauri kuma an daidaita shi don girma zuwa tsire-tsire na kusa ta hanyar bin alamun chemosensory . Idan ba a kai shuka ba a cikin kwanaki 5 zuwa 10 na germination, seedling ɗin zai mutu. Kafin a kai ga shuka, dodder, kamar sauran tsire-tsire, ya dogara da ajiyar abinci a cikin tayin; Cotyledons, ko da yake suna nan, suna da kayan aiki . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Macpherson |first=G. E. |year=1921 |title=Comparison of development in dodder and morning glory |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1431413 |journal=Botanical Gazette |volume=71 |issue=5 |pages=392–398 |doi=10.1086/332850 |s2cid=85094664 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[File:Cuscuta_parasite_plant.JPG|right|thumb|''Cuscuta'' a kan ''Acacia'' a Punjab, Pakistan]] == Rashin jituwa == Dodder yana da kwayar cuta a kan tsire-tsire iri-iri, gami da nau'ikan amfanin gona da kayan lambu, kamar su alfalfa, lespedeza, flax, clover, [[Dankalin turawa|dankali]], chrysanthemum, Dahlia, helenium, inabi na ƙaho, ivy da petunias. Yana da ectoparasite kuma an rarraba shi azaman tsire-tsire na holoparasitic, ko tsire-shire wanda ba photosynthetic ba ne kuma ya dogara da mai masaukin baki daya. Dodder ya kasance a cikin tsananin bisa ga jinsinsa da jinsin mai masaukin, lokacin harin, da kuma ko akwai wasu ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin shuka mai masaukin. Ta hanyar raunana shuke-shuke, dodder yana rage ikon shuke-tsire don tsayayya da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma dodder na iya yada cututtuken shuke-shirye daga ɗayan shuke-huke-shuka zuwa wani idan an haɗa shi da shuke- shuke-sauke fiye da ɗaya. Wannan yana da damuwa game da tattalin arziki a cikin tsarin noma, inda raguwar shekara-shekara na 10% na iya zama mai lalacewa. An ba da fifiko ga kula da itacen inabi don sarrafa cututtukan shuke-shuke a fagen.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> [[File:Cuscuta_on_Ziziphus_mauritiana_Tree_in_Punjab,_India.jpg|thumb|Cuscuta a kan itacen kwanan wata na kasar Sin a [[Punjab (Indiya)|Punjab, Indiya]]]] [[File:Dodder_and_its_use_of_haustoria.svg|thumb|Diagram yana nuna yadda ''Cuscuta'' ke amfani da haustoria don shiga cikin tsarin jijiyoyin shuke-shuke na shuke-huke kuma ya cire sukari da abubuwan gina jiki daga phloem na shuke'in. [Lura: An juya shugabanci daga abin da aka nuna a cikin wannan hoton.] 1). <br />Cuscuta shuka ta 2). <br />Shuka mai shayarwa 3). <br />Cuscuta ya bar 4). <br />Ƙasa ta ƙasa 5). <br />Phloem 6). <br />Shuga da abubuwan gina jiki 7). <br />Kwayar fata ta 8). <br />A Cuscuta haustorium girma a cikin phloem na ma''Cuscuta'' bakuncin shuka.]] == Wurin da aka karɓi bakuncin == Wani rahoto da aka buga a cikin ''Kimiyya'' a shekara ta 2006 ya nuna cewa dodder yana amfani da alamun kwayoyin halitta masu saurin iska don gano tsire-tsire masu karɓar su. Tsire-tsire na ''C. pentagona'' suna nuna kyakkyawar amsawar girma ga abubuwan da ke cikin tumatir da sauran nau'ikan shuke-shuke suka fitar. Lokacin da aka ba da zaɓi tsakanin abubuwan da ke cikin tumatir da aka fi so da alkama wanda ba mai masaukin ba, kwayar cutar ta girma zuwa ga tsohon. Ƙarin gwaje-gwaje sun nuna jan hankali ga mahadi da yawa da aka saki ta hanyar shuke-shuke masu karɓar bakuncin da kuma ƙin yarda da mahadi ɗaya da alkama ya saki. Wadannan sakamakon ba su kawar da yiwuwar cewa wasu alamomi, kamar haske, na iya taka rawa a wurin mai karɓar bakuncin ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Plants: A Different Perspective |url=http://content.yudu.com/Library/A1og25/PlantsADifferentPers/resources/73.htm |access-date=2012-11-17 |publisher=Content.yudu.com}}</ref> == Tsaro na rundunar == Ba a san komai game da kariya ta masu karɓar bakuncin ba game da dodder da sauran tsire-tsire masu tsire-shuke ba fiye da yadda aka sani game da kide-kide na tsire-tire masu cin ganyayyaki da pathogens. A cikin wani binciken, an gano tsire-tsire na [[Tumatir|Tumar]] suna amfani da hanyoyin da suka dace don karewa daga dodder. Hanyoyi biyu, ta amfani da Jasmonic acid da Salicylic acid, an kunna su don mayar da martani ga harin da ''Cuscuta pentagona'' ta kai. An kuma gano harin Dodder don haifar da samar da abubuwa masu tasowa, gami da 2-carene, α-pinene, limonene, da β-phellandrene. Ba a san ko ko ko yadda waɗannan abubuwa masu saurin gudu ke kare mai masaukin ba, amma suna iya tsoma baki da ikon mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na ganowa da zaɓar masu masaukin baki. Har ila yau, kasancewar trichomes a kan tushe na tumatir yadda ya kamata yana hana dodder daga haɗewa da tushe.<ref name="defenses">{{Cite journal |last=Runyon |first=J.B. |display-authors=et al |date=August 2010 |title=Plant defenses against parasitic plants show similarities to those induced by herbivores and pathogens |journal=Plant Signaling and Behavior |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=929–931 |doi=10.4161/psb.5.8.11772 |pmc=3115164 |pmid=20495380}}</ref> == Rigakafi da magani == [[File:Cuscuta_sp_on_sage.jpg|right|thumb|''Cuscuta'' a kan mai hikima a cikin hamadar MojaveDajin Mojave]] Kasashe da yawa suna da dokoki da ke hana shigo da tsaba mai tsinkaye, wanda ke buƙatar tsaba mai amfanin gona ya kasance ba tare da gurɓataccen tsaba mai shinkaye ba. Kafin dasa, ya kamata a bincika dukkan tufafi don kare iri yayin motsawa daga yankin da ya kamu da cutar zuwa amfanin da ba ya kamu da ita. Lokacin da ake hulɗa da yankin da ya kamu da cutar, ana buƙatar yin aiki da sauri. Shawarwari sun haɗa da dasa amfanin gona wanda ba mai masauki ba na shekaru da yawa bayan kamuwa da cutar, jan amfanin gona nan da nan, musamman kafin dodder ya samar da iri, da kuma amfani da magungunan herbicides kamar Dacthal a cikin bazara. Misalan amfanin gona marasa karɓar bakuncin sun haɗa da ciyawa da sauran monocotyledons da yawa. Idan an sami dodder kafin ya maƙure shuka mai masauki, ana iya cire shi daga ƙasa. Idan choking ya fara, dole ne a yanke shuka mai karɓar bakuncin sosai a ƙasa da ƙwayoyin dodder, kamar yadda dodder yake da amfani kuma yana iya girma daga haustoria. == Hotuna == <gallery class="center" widths="180"> File:Dodder_(Cuscuta)_fruit.jpg|alt=Cuscuta sp. with a gall|''Cuscuta''sp. tare da gall File:Dodder(Cuscuta)flowers.jpg|alt=Cuscuta sp. flowers|Cuscuta sp. furanni File:Flowers_and_pollen_grains_of_Cuscuta.jpg|alt=Flowers and pollen grains of Cuscuta from Mumbai, India|Fure da hatsi a cikin pollen a Cuscuta daga Mumbai, Indiya File:Cuscuta_fg01.jpg|alt=Cuscuta sp. form|Cuscuta sp. tsari File:Cuscuta_fg02.jpg|alt=Cuscuta sp. form|Cuscuta sp. tsari File:Dodder-vine-morris-ct-2017.jpg|alt=Cuscuta sp. form|Cuscuta sp. tsari File:Cuscuta_@ThachKhê_HaTinh_VietNam.jpg|alt=Cuscuta sp. form|Cuscuta sp. tsari File:Dodder_Forming_a_Net_on_its_Host.jpg|alt=Dodder Forming a Net on its Host|Dodder Yana samar da Net a kan Mai Gidansa File:Cuscuta_in_Flower,_Iran.jpg|alt=Cuscuta in Flower, Iran|Cuscuta a cikin Fure,[[Iran]] File:Cuscuta_in_Iran_II.jpg|alt=How Cuscuta Attaches itself to its Host|Yadda Cuscuta ke Haɗa kanta da Mai Gidan Gida </gallery> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin manazarta == * {{Cite journal |last=Haupt |first=S. |last2=Oparka |first2=KJ |last3=Sauer |first3=N |last4=Neumann |first4=S |year=2001 |title=Macromolecular trafficking between Nicotiana tabacum and the holoparasite Cuscuta reflexa |journal=Journal of Experimental Botany |volume=52 |issue=354 |pages=173–177 |doi=10.1093/jexbot/52.354.173 |issn=1460-2431 |pmid=11181727 |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite journal |last=Hibberd |first=J. M. |author-link=Julian Hibberd |last2=Bungard |first2=R. A. |last3=Press |first3=M. C. |author-link3=Malcolm Press |last4=Jeschke |first4=W. D. |last5=Scholes |first5=J. D. |last6=Quick |first6=W. P. |year=1998 |title=Localization of photosynthetic metabolism in the parasitic angiosperm Cuscuta reflexa |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_planta_1998-08_205_4/page/506 |journal=Planta |volume=205 |issue=4 |pages=506–513 |doi=10.1007/s004250050349 |issn=0032-0935 |s2cid=20017828}} * {{Cite journal |last=Haberhausen |first=Gerd |last2=Zetsche |first2=Klaus |year=1994 |title=Functional loss of all ndh genes in an otherwise relatively unaltered plastid genome of the holoparasitic flowering plant Cuscuta reflexa |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_plant-molecular-biology_1994-01_24_1/page/217 |journal=Plant Molecular Biology |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=217–222 |doi=10.1007/BF00040588 |issn=0167-4412 |pmid=8111019 |s2cid=36298133}} * {{Cite journal |last=Jeschke |first=W. Dieter |last2=Bäumel |first2=Pia |last3=Räth |first3=Nicola |last4=Czygan |first4=Franz-C. |last5=Proksch |first5=Peter |year=1994 |title=Modelling of the flows and partitioning of carbon and nitrogen in the holoparasiteCuscuta reflexaRoxb. and its hostLupinus albusL |journal=Journal of Experimental Botany |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=801–812 |doi=10.1093/jxb/45.6.801 |issn=0022-0957}} * {{Cite journal |last=Cudney |first=D.W. |last2=Orloff |first2=S.B. |last3=Reints |first3=J.S. |year=1992 |title=An integrated weed management procedure for the control of dodder (''Cuscuta indecora'') in alfalfa (''Medicago sativa'') |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_weed-technology_july-september-1992_6_3/page/603 |journal=Weed Technology |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=603–606 |doi=10.1017/S0890037X00035879}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jk7mu8ful1ao8qbonypxqj5ed0n8buu 0 88987 906342 887884 2026-08-22T22:31:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Legacy of Kain''''' jerin wasannin bidiyo ne na fantasy mai ban sha'awa [[Action-adventure game|-kasada]] da farko wanda Crystal Dynamics ta haɓaka kuma Eidos Interactive ta buga a da. Sunan farko, ''[[Bloomingdale|Blood]] Omen: Legacy of Kain'', Silicon Knights ne ya ƙirƙira shi tare da haɗin gwiwar Crystal Dynamics, amma, bayan yaƙin doka, Crystal Dynamics ta riƙe haƙƙoƙin haƙƙin mallakar fasaha na wasan, kuma ya ci gaba da labarinsa tare da jerin abubuwa huɗu. Ya zuwa yau, wasanni biyar sun ƙunshi jerin, waɗanda aka fara haɓaka su don na'urorin wasan bidiyo na bidiyo kuma daga baya an tura su zuwa [[Microsoft Windows]] . Mayar da hankali ga ƙaƙƙarfan hali na Kain, vampire antihero, kowane taken yana da fasalin aiki, bincike da warwarewa, tare da wasu abubuwan wasan kwaikwayo . Jerin yana gudana ne a cikin ƙagaggun ƙasar Nosgoth—wani wuri na fantasy na gothic - kuma ya ta'allaka ne akan ƙoƙarin Kain na ƙin yarda da [[Ƙaddara|makomarsa]] da dawo da daidaito ga duniya. ''Legacy na Kain: Soul Reaver'' ya gabatar da wani jarumin jarumi, Raziel ; Kasadar duka haruffa sun ƙare a ''Legacy of Kain: Defiance'' . Jigogi na [[Ƙaddara|kaddara]], [['Yancin zaɓi|'yancin zaɓe]], ɗabi'a, fansa da kuma tafiyar jarumi ta sake faruwa a cikin labarin, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa ga tsofaffin wallafe-wallafe, almara mai ban tsoro, fasaha da al'adun Islama, wasan kwaikwayo na Shakespeare, Mysticism na Yahudawa da [[Ginost|gnosticism]] . Wasannin ''Legacy na Kain'' sun sami nasara mai mahimmanci, musamman samun yabo don ingancin murya, labari, da abubuwan gani, kuma, gaba ɗaya, sun sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan 3.5 nan da 2007. A cikin 2022, Square Enix ya sayar da haƙƙin jerin ga Ƙungiyar Embracer, waɗanda suka nuna sha'awar haɓaka abubuwan da suka faru, sake yin gyare-gyare da kuma masu remasters na ''Legacy na Kain'' . An sake sake fasalin ''Legacy na Kain: Soul Reaver'' da ''Soul Reaver 2'' don Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One da Xbox Series X/S akan Disamba 10, 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-24 |title=Aspyr & Crystal Dynamics Reveal Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver 1 & 2 Remastered, Launching Dec. 10, 2024, on PC & Consoles |url=https://www.crystaldynamics.com/blog/2024/09/24/aspyr-crystal-dynamics-reveal-legacy-of-kain-soul-reaver-1-2-remastered-launching-dec-10-2024-on-pc-consoles/ |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=Crystal Dynamics}}</ref> == Wasanni ==   [[File:LoK-Pillars.jpg|right|thumb| Babban darektan Amy Hennig ya bayyana Pillars na Nosgoth (a sama: a cikin zane-zane, cibiyar: a cikin ''Blood Omen'', a ƙasa: a cikin ''Defiance'' ) a matsayin "cibiyar tatsuniyoyi da yanki" na wasanni biyar. <ref name="SR2-OPM">{{Cite journal |last=Davison |first=John |last2=Rybicki |first2=Joe |date=September 2000 |journal=[[Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine]] |issue=36}}</ref>]] '''''Alamar Jini: Legacy na Kain''''' an halicce shi ta Silicon Knights karkashin jagorancin Denis Dyack, tare da taimako daga mawallafin Crystal Dynamics, kuma an sake shi a cikin 1996 akan PlayStation . A cikin 1997, an tura shi zuwa [[Microsoft Windows]] . Dyack ya ɗauki cikin "aikin vampire " a ƙarƙashin taken ''The Pillars of Nosgoth'' a 1993, kuma mai gabatar da Crystal Dynamics Lyle Hall ya zaɓi wannan ra'ayi na fantasy akan wasu shawarwari guda biyu (ɗayan wanda shine ''Too Human'' ). <ref name="LyleHall">{{Cite web |last=Wallis |first=Alistair |date=January 18, 2007 |title=Playing Catch-Up: GEX's Lyle Hall |url=http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=12434 |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[Gamasutra]]}}</ref> <ref name="BO1-SK-1">{{Cite web |date=January 13, 1997 |title=SK: The Complete Guide To Legacy of Kain – Behind The Scenes |url=http://www.dark-chronicle.co.uk/resources/bo1_faq/faqbehin.htm |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=[[Silicon Knights]]}}</ref> <ref name="Dyack-TooHuman">{{Cite web |last=Dyack |first=Denis |author-link=Denis Dyack |date=June 28, 2007 |title=Tears in Rain – Blog No. 35 (post #17) |url=http://www.ign.com/boards/threads/tears-in-rain-blog-35.144764942/#post-144799866 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216053951/http://www.ign.com/boards/threads/tears-in-rain-blog-35.144764942/#post-144799866 |archive-date=December 16, 2012 |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref> An bi shi da fatan kawo labari mai ƙarfi da silima mai fasaha ga consoles, an gina shi a matsayin "wasan da manya za su so su yi", tare da jarumta da wasan kwaikwayo mara kyau wanda ke buƙatar tunani gami da tunani. <ref name="LyleHall" /> <ref name="BO1-SK-1" /> An haɓaka shi azaman [[Action-adventure game|wasan wasan kasada]] na 2D tare da abubuwan wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo, <ref name="BO1-SK-2">{{Cite web |title=Recreated PSXnation.com Interview with Denis Dyack |url=http://nosgoth.net/Blood_Omen/PSNinterview1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216124010/http://www.nosgoth.net/Blood_Omen/PSNinterview1.htm |archive-date=December 16, 2012 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=psxnation.com}}</ref> <ref name="SR1-SegaWeb">{{Cite web |last=Hansen |first=Craig |date=January 2000 |title=Interview: Soul Reaver's Amy Hennig |url=http://sega.gamerweb.com/features/srint.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030325071423/http://sega.gamerweb.com/features/srint.asp |archive-date=March 25, 2003 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=GamerWeb Sega}}</ref> ya yi muhawara don kyakkyawar liyafar kasuwanci da mahimmanci. <ref name="LyleHall" /> <ref name="SR1-SegaWeb" /> <ref name="Justia-SK-Sales">{{Cite web |date=December 22, 2011 |title=Silicon Knights, Inc. v. Epic Games, Inc. - Document 697 |url=http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/north-carolina/ncedce/5:2007cv00275/89570/697 |access-date=2013-07-16 |publisher=Justia }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Makin sayar da kayayyaki ya haɗa da tsawon sa'o'in sa'o'i 50+ da faffadan abubuwa da damar iya yin umarni da halayen ɗan wasan. <ref name="BO1-Preview">{{Cite web |last=Kasavin |first=Greg |author-link=Greg Kasavin |date=April 24, 1997 |title=Blood Omen: Legacy of Kain Preview |url=http://gamespot.com/blood-omen-legacy-of-kain/previews/blood-omen-legacy-of-kain-preview-2558449/ |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref> ''Blood Omen'' ya gabatar da Nosgoth, ƙasar almara wanda aka tsara tare da almara-kamar sarƙaƙƙiya, <ref name="BO1-SK-1" /> <ref name="BO1-SK-2" /> kuma ya ba mai kunnawa ikon sarrafa Kain, sabon vampire da aka tashe yana neman fansa a kan masu kisansa da kuma maganin la'anarsa na vampiric. '''''Legacy of Kain: An saki Soul Reaver''''' a cikin 1999 don PlayStation da Microsoft Windows, kuma an tura shi zuwa Dreamcast a cikin 2000. Ya samo asali ne a matsayin ra'ayi mai zaman kansa wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa ga jigogi na Littafi Mai-Tsarki da ake kira ''Shifter'', wanda Crystal Dynamics' Amy Hennig da Seth Carus suka tsara, <ref name="Dyack-Shifter">{{Cite web |last=Dyack |first=Denis |author-link=Denis Dyack |date=June 17, 2002 |title=Eternal Darkness Q/A Thread (Update: 6/17) (Don't expect more anytime soon) (post #23) |url=http://www.ign.com/boards/threads/eternal-darkness-q-a-thread-update-6-17-dont-expect-more-anytime-soon.21174938/#post-23341556 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110005123/http://www.ign.com/boards/threads/eternal-darkness-q-a-thread-update-6-17-dont-expect-more-anytime-soon.21174938/#post-23341556 |archive-date=January 10, 2016 |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref> <ref name="BtC-SR1">{{Cite web |last=Shuman |first=Sid |date=October 12, 2012 |title=Behind the Classics: Amy Hennig Talks Soul Reaver Secrets |url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2012/10/12/behind-the-classics-amy-hennig-talks-soul-reaver-secrets/ |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=[[PlayStation Network|PlayStation Blog]]}}</ref> amma, bisa ga buƙatar shugabannin kamfanoni, an haɗa su cikin ''Legacy na Kain'' sararin samaniya a gabanin. samarwa. <ref name="SR1-SegaWeb"/> <ref name="BtC-SR1" /> Hennig, darektan wasan, ya kwatanta ci gaban fasaha daga ''Blood Omen'' zuwa ''Soul Reaver'' zuwa juyin halittar ''The Legend of Zelda'' jerin daga Super Nintendo zuwa Nintendo 64 - yana kawo ikon amfani da sunan kamfani cikin 3D yayin da yake riƙe irin wannan salon. <ref name="IASIG">{{Cite web |last=Brandon |first=Alexander |title=Interactive Composition Column 1.2 |url=http://www.iasig.org/pubs/interviews/eidosjh.shtml |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=IASIG |archive-date=2012-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214185917/http://www.iasig.org/pubs/interviews/eidosjh.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> An yaba da ''Soul Reaver'' a matsayin wata nasara ta fasaha don injinan wasan motsa jiki na jirginsa da injin wasan sa na watsa bayanai, wanda ya kawar da dakatarwar da ake yi a wasannin lokacin PlayStation. <ref name="BtC-SR1" /> <ref name="SR1-Promotion">{{Cite web |date=July 29, 1999 |title=Highly-Anticipated 'Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver' Looks to Take a Bite at the Electronic Game Charts This August; Television, Magazine Ad Buys and a Retail Promotional Onslaught Put the Word Out on Eidos Interactive's Sequel to 'Legacy of Kain: Blood Omen' |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Highly-Anticipated+%60Legacy+of+Kain%3A+Soul+Reaver%27+Looks+to+Take+a+Bite...-a055290555 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305102840/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Highly-Anticipated+%60Legacy+of+Kain%3A+Soul+Reaver%27+Looks+to+Take+a+Bite...-a055290555 |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=[[TheFreeDictionary.com#TheFreeLibrary.com|TheFreeLibrary.com]]}}</ref> <ref name="SR1-IGN">{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Doug |author-link=Douglass C. Perry |date=August 19, 1999 |title=Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver |url=http://ign.com/articles/1999/08/20/legacy-of-kain-soul-reaver-5 |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref> Ya kasance nasara ce ta kasuwanci da mahimmanci, tana siyar da raka'a miliyan 1.5 a duk duniya, <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 30, 2001 |title=Eidos' Highly Anticipated Soul Reaver 2 Selected as PlayStation 2 Exclusive |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Eidos%27+Highly+Anticipated+Soul+Reaver+2+Selected+as+PlayStation+2...-a077706091 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305021959/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Eidos%27+Highly+Anticipated+Soul+Reaver+2+Selected+as+PlayStation+2...-a077706091 |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=[[TheFreeDictionary.com#TheFreeLibrary.com|TheFreeLibrary.com]]}}</ref> amma ƙarfin halayen 'yan wasa game da ƙarewar dutsen ya sa masu haɓakawa don kawar da damuwar cewa an sake shi ba a gama ba. <ref name="SR1-Response">{{Cite web |last=Johnston |first=Chris |date=September 5, 1999 |title=Soul Reaver Response |url=http://gamespot.com/news/soul-reaver-response-2460963 |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref> Wasan elaborates a kan daya daga cikin biyu endings to ''Blood Omen'', faruwa a Nosgoth ta duhu nan gaba inda Kain ke mulkin daular vampires, kuma ya gabatar da wani sabon protagonist, ya Laftanar Raziel, wanda Kain ya kashe kuma ya tashe shi don yin fansa a kan 'yan'uwansa. da ubangidansa. '''''Soul Reaver 2''''' yana da ingantaccen tsarin ci gaba kuma an sake shi bayan shekaru biyu, duk da sauyawa zuwa na'urorin ta'aziyya na ƙarni na shida a farkon aikin. Da farko an yi niyya don sakin shi a ƙarshen 2000 akan PlayStation da Dreamcast, amma an sake yin aikin kuma an sake shi a cikin 2001 azaman keɓaɓɓen PlayStation 2, kuma an tura shi zuwa Microsoft Windows daga baya a waccan shekarar. <ref name="SR2-Q&A-GS">{{Cite web |date=October 29, 2001 |title=Soul Reaver 2 Q&A |url=http://gamespot.com/soul-reaver-2/previews/soul-reaver-2-qanda-2820960/ |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref> Manufar masu haɓakawa ita ce ta riƙe abubuwan da suka sa magabacinsa ya yi nasara, <ref name="SR2-CompanyLine">{{Cite web |title=Soul Reaver 2 Review |url=http://www.gamerankings.com/htmlpages3/913911.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517025754/http://www.gamerankings.com/htmlpages3/913911.asp |archive-date=May 17, 2008 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=[[GameRankings]]}}</ref> amma sun yanke shawarar gujewa "cikakken matakin, yaƙi da shugaba " na wasan da ya gabata don neman ƙarin hanyar da za ta haifar da labari. <ref name="SR2-Q&A-Andrew">{{Cite web |date=January 10, 2001 |title=IGNDC Interviews Crystal Dynamic's Andrew Bennett |url=http://ign.com/articles/2001/01/11/igndc-interviews-crystal-dynamics-andrew-bennett/ |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref> Makircin yana aiki azaman mabiyi kai tsaye zuwa ''Soul Reaver'', yana ɗauka nan da nan bayan ƙarewarsa. Dan wasan yana sarrafa Raziel yayin da yake tona asirin abubuwan da suka faru a baya na Nosgoth da kuma makomarsa. A halin yanzu, Kain yana ƙoƙarin juyar da [[Ƙaddara|kaddara]] da maido da duniya ta hanyar sarrafa tarihi. Yayin da ''Soul Reaver'' ke ci gaba, Crystal Dynamics ya ƙaddamar da wani aikin - wanda zai gaje shi ga ''Omen Jini'' - kuma lokacin da ƙungiyar ''Soul Reaver'' ta fara aiki akan bin diddigin su a ƙarshen 1999, ''Legacy na Kain'' wasanni biyu sun kasance cikin haɓaka lokaci guda. <ref name="SR2-Q&A-Andrew" /> <ref name="Defiance-Richard">{{Cite web |last=Lemarchand |first=Richard |date=October 23, 2003 |title=Legacy of Kain: Defiance Designer Diary #1 |url=http://gamespot.com/legacy-of-kain-defiance/previews/legacy-of-kain-defiance-designer-diary-1-6077249/?page=1 |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref> "An '''''shuka''''' iri na halitta" a cikin 1999, kuma an fitar da samfurin da aka gama a cikin 2002, watanni shida bayan ''Soul Reaver 2'', don PlayStation 2, Xbox, Microsoft Windows da GameCube . <ref name="BO2-TeamXbox">{{Cite web |last=Barton |first=Steve |date=March 6, 2002 |title=Blood Omen2 Interview: Alex Ness |url=http://interviews.teamxbox.com/xbox/306/Blood-Omen2-Interview-Alex-Ness/p3/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908033244/http://interviews.teamxbox.com/xbox/306/Blood-Omen2-Interview-Alex-Ness/p3/ |archive-date=September 8, 2008 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=[[TeamXbox]]}}</ref> Ba a samar da shi ba tare da haɗin gwiwar ma'aikatan ''Soul Reaver'', a maimakon haka an ƙirƙira shi da sabon ƙungiyar a Crystal Dynamics a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Glen Schofield . <ref name="Defiance-Richard"/> <ref name="DCab-BO2">{{Cite web |last=Cabuco |first=Daniel |date=August 20, 2012 |title=Blood Omen 2 (post #2) |url=http://www.dcabdesign.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=237#p237 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=DCabDesign.com |archive-date=2015-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914194110/http://www.dcabdesign.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=237#p237 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga masu haɓakawa shine babban hali, Kain; <ref name="BO2-IGN-DCP">{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Douglass C. |author-link=Douglass C. Perry |date=September 26, 2001 |title=Interview With a Vampire: Blood Omen 2 |url=http://ps2.ign.com/articles/098/098609p1.html |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[IGN]] |archive-date=2012-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325004645/http://ps2.ign.com/articles/098/098609p1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Crystal Dynamics yana da "babban zuba jari a Kain a matsayin hali". <ref name="SR2-Q&A-IGN">{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Douglass C. |author-link=Douglass C. Perry |date=May 10, 2000 |title=Soul Reaver 2: Director's Interview – PlayStation 2 Feature |url=http://ign.com/articles/2000/05/11/soul-reaver-2-directors-interview?page=1 |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref> Mayar da mayar da hankali kan wasan kwaikwayo zuwa mataki, gore da fama maimakon warware matsalar, yana riƙe da yawa daga cikin halaye waɗanda suka sa wasannin da suka gabata suka shahara, amma an soki saboda rashin ƙima. Duk da liyafar tsaka-tsaki mai mahimmanci, an sake shi akan dandamali huɗu kuma an sayar da shi da kyau. <ref name="SR2-BO2-Sales">{{Cite web |title=Eidos Interactive fifteen month results |url=http://www.eidos.co.uk/corporate/downloads/qr-02-q5.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040227013820/http://www.eidos.co.uk/corporate/downloads/qr-02-q5.pdf |archive-date=February 27, 2004 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=[[Eidos Interactive|Eidos]]}}</ref> Wurin, babban birni [[Industrial Revolution|mai masana'antu]], tashi ne don jerin abubuwan. Yayin da aka saki wasan bayan ''Soul Reaver 2'', abubuwan da suka faru na wasan sun faru a zahiri bayan ''jinin jini'' amma kafin abubuwan da suka faru na ''Soul Reaver'', a cikin wani lokaci dabam da aka halicce su daga abubuwan ''Soul Reaver 2'' . A cikin ''Blood Omen 2'' ƴan wasan suna sarrafa ƙaramin Kain bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe na cin nasara a Nosgoth, saboda yana adawa da mayaƙan vampires da sabon abokin gaba. '''''Legacy na Kain: Defiance''''', shigarwar kwanan nan a cikin jerin, an sake shi a cikin 2003 akan PlayStation 2, Xbox da Microsoft Windows. Da farko an yi la'akari da shi azaman ''Soul Reaver 3'', <ref name="SR2-Q&A-GS"/> <ref name="Defiance-Richard"/> yana wakiltar ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa daga ƙungiyoyin ''Soul Reaver 2'' da ''Blood Omen 2'' don ƙarfafawa da sake daidaita labarun labarun, warware rikice-rikice da kuma faɗa da abubuwan da suka gabace shi, da haɗa abubuwa daga biyu sub-jerin cikin wasa daya. <ref name="Defiance-Richard" /> Sun zaɓi sabon take ƙarƙashin Tutar ''Legacy na Kain'' don nuna wannan sabon mayar da hankali. <ref name="Defiance-Q&A-IGN">{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Douglass C. |author-link=Douglass C. Perry |date=May 12, 2003 |title=E3 2003: Legacy of Kain: Defiance |url=http://ign.com/articles/2003/05/12/e3-2003-legacy-of-kain-defiance-3 |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref> Mai kunnawa yana musanya tsakanin sarrafa Raziel da ''Soul Reaver 2'' cikin jiki na Kain a cikin kowane surori na wasan, a ƙarƙashin yanayin cewa ɗaya daga cikin biyun kawai zai tsira - an ba da fifiko kan gabatarwar fina-finai. <ref name="Defiance-Richard" /> <ref name="Defiance-Q&A-IGN" /> Labarin ya ƙare akan kyakkyawan fata, amma ba tare da cikakken ƙuduri ba; a lokacin samarwa, Hennig ya bar Crystal Dynamics don aiki don Naughty Dog, <ref name="AmyDeparture-1">{{Cite web |last=Blincoln |date=June 17, 2002 |title=A farewell message from Amy |url=http://forums.eu.square-enix.com/showthread.php?t=46775 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=[[Square Enix Europe]]}}</ref> <ref name="AmyDeparture-2">{{Cite web |last=Brightman |first=James |date=November 2, 2009 |title=Interview: Amy Hennig on Making Uncharted 2, Maximizing PS3, and More |url=http://www.industrygamers.com/news/interview-amy-hennig-on-making-uncharted-2-maximizing-ps3-and-more/3/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616095711/http://www.industrygamers.com/news/interview-amy-hennig-on-making-uncharted-2-maximizing-ps3-and-more/3 |archive-date=June 16, 2012 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=IndustryGamers}}</ref> kuma ''Defiance'' bai cika tsammanin tallace-tallace na Eidos ba. <ref name="Defiance-Sales">{{Cite web |date=September 15, 2004 |title=Eidos Interactive: Preliminary Results for the Year to 30 June 2004 |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Eidos+plc%3a+Preliminary+Results+for+the+Year+to+30+June+2004-a0122009832 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029173246/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Eidos+plc%3a+Preliminary+Results+for+the+Year+to+30+June+2004-a0122009832 |archive-date=October 29, 2017 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=[[TheFreeDictionary.com#TheFreeLibrary.com|TheFreeLibrary.com]]}}</ref> Bayan fitowar sa, Eidos ya sanya jerin abubuwan a riƙe. <ref name="NoLoKAnnouncements">{{Cite web |last=Bruno |first=Christopher |date=August 20, 2009 |title=EXTREMELY IMPORTANT: There Will Be a New LoK! (post #93) |url=http://forums.eu.square-enix.com/showthread.php?t=98128&p=1195923#post1195923 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=[[Square Enix Europe]]}}</ref> Tsohon shugaban Eidos North America Bill Gardner da shugaban Eidos Life Ian Livingstone sun nuna sha'awar farfado da ikon amfani da sunan kamfani, <ref name="Kain-Livingstone">{{Cite web |last=Ebert |first=Stephen |date=December 20, 2010 |title=Gangsters, Legacy of Kain sequels on the way? |url=http://www.electricpig.co.uk/2010/12/20/gangsters-legacy-of-kain-sequels-on-the-way/ |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=Electricpig |archive-date=2011-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125183546/http://www.electricpig.co.uk/2010/12/20/gangsters-legacy-of-kain-sequels-on-the-way |url-status=dead }}</ref> amma Crystal Dynamics sun bayyana cewa ba sa aiki kan ci gaba. <ref name="CrystalHabit">{{Cite web |last=Marie |first=Meagan |date=July 4, 2011 |title=The Crystal Habit Podcast: Episode 1 |url=http://tombraider.tumblr.com/post/7232440295/the-crystal-habit-1-returning-to-the-studio |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=Official Tomb Raider Blog}}</ref> '''''Nosgoth''''', wasan wasa da yawa, an sanar da shi ta hanyar Square Enix London Studios manajan al'umma George Kelion don kasancewa cikin ci gaba a cikin Yuni 2013, don amsa jerin leaks na intanet da hasashe sakamakon. A cewar Kelion, za a saita shi a cikin sararin samaniya ɗaya da lakabin ''Legacy na Kain'' na baya, amma ba zai zama "ƙwarewar LoK na al'ada ko ma ɗan wasa ɗaya ba". An yi niyyar kallon wasan a matsayin "sosai akan wani reshe na daban ga duka jerin abubuwan Rarraba ''Soul Reaver'' da ''Blood Omen'' ", kuma Crystal Dynamics ba ta shiga cikin haɓakarsa ba. Kelion ya bayyana cewa ''Nosgoth'' za a ƙara sanar da shi kuma za a bayyana shi a kwanan wata mai zuwa, wani lokaci bayan Nunin Nishaɗi na Lantarki na 2013 . <ref name="Nosgoth-VG247">{{Cite web |last=Cook |first=Dave |author-link=Dave Cook |date=June 7, 2013 |title=Nosgoth in active development, not 'traditional' Legacy of Kain game |url=http://www.vg247.com/2013/06/07/nosgoth-in-active-development-at-square-not-a-traditional-legacy-of-kain-title/ |access-date=2013-06-07 |website=[[VG247]]}}</ref> <ref name="Nosgoth-Eurogamer">{{Cite web |last=Yin-Poole |first=Wesley |date=June 7, 2013 |title=Nosgoth set in Legacy of Kain universe, but Tomb Raider dev Crystal Dynamics not involved |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2013-06-07-nosgoth-set-in-legacy-of-kain-universe-but-tomb-raider-dev-crystal-dynamics-not-involved |access-date=2013-06-07 |website=[[Eurogamer]]}}</ref> ''Nosgoth'' duk da haka ba a taɓa fitowa a hukumance ba, amma ya fara buɗe beta a cikin Janairu 2015. Wasan a hukumance ya rufe sabobin sa a ranar 31 ga Mayu, 2016. === ''Soul Reaver 1 & 2 An Sabunta'' === ''Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver 1 & 2 Remastered'' wasa ne mai zuwa wanda Aspyr ya haɓaka kuma ya buga shi wanda ya ƙunshi wasanni na biyu da na uku a cikin jerin. Tarin da aka sake sarrafa zai haɗa da sabbin abubuwa kamar su hotuna masu inganci masu jujjuyawa, tsarin sarrafawa na zamani, ingantaccen sarrafa kyamara, taswira da kamfas, "matakin da aka rasa", yanayin hoto, da zagayowar rana da dare wanda aka yanke daga asali. ''Soul Reaver'' . <ref name="Crystal Dynamics">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-24 |title=Aspyr & Crystal Dynamics Reveal Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver 1 & 2 Remastered, Launching Dec. 10, 2024, on PC & Consoles |url=https://www.crystaldynamics.com/blog/2024/09/24/aspyr-crystal-dynamics-reveal-legacy-of-kain-soul-reaver-1-2-remastered-launching-dec-10-2024-on-pc-consoles/ |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=Crystal Dynamics}}</ref> <ref name="PlayStation Blog">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-24 |title=Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver 1 & 2 Remastered launches on PS5, PS4 Dec 10 |url=https://blog.playstation.com/2024/09/24/legacy-of-kain-soul-reaver-1-2-remastered-launches-on-ps5-ps4-dec-10/ |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=PlayStation Blog}}</ref> Nassosi game da tarin sun fara bayyana a San Diego Comic-Con a cikin Yuli 2024, tare da sanarwa mai biyowa a gabatarwar Jihar PlayStation a watan Satumba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lyles |first=Taylor |date=2024-07-25 |title=Eagle-Eyed SDCC Fans Think They've Spotted a Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver 1 and 2 Remaster Tease {{!}} SDCC 2024 |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/eagle-eyed-sdcc-fans-think-theyve-spotted-a-legacy-of-kain-soul-reaver-1-and-2-remaster-tease-sdcc-2024 |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=IGN}}</ref> <ref name="GameSpot State of Play">{{Cite web |last=Ramée |first=Jordan |date=2024-07-24 |title=Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver Remasters Revealed At PlayStation State Of Play |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/legacy-of-kain-soul-reaver-remasters-revealed/1100-6526655/ |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=GameSpot}}</ref> Sanarwa da sakin ''Soul Reaver 1 & 2 Remastered'' yayi daidai da ranar tunawa da 25th na ''Legacy na Kain: Soul Reaver na'' 1999. Wasan ya bi falsafar ci gaba mai kama da na Aspyr's ''Tomb Raider I-III Remastered'', kuma yana ginawa akan lambar tushe na asali da injin wasannin, wanda Crystal Dynamics ya ba ƙungiyar. <ref name="Crystal Dynamics2">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-24 |title=Aspyr & Crystal Dynamics Reveal Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver 1 & 2 Remastered, Launching Dec. 10, 2024, on PC & Consoles |url=https://www.crystaldynamics.com/blog/2024/09/24/aspyr-crystal-dynamics-reveal-legacy-of-kain-soul-reaver-1-2-remastered-launching-dec-10-2024-on-pc-consoles/ |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=Crystal Dynamics}}</ref> <ref name="PlayStation Blog2">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-24 |title=Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver 1 & 2 Remastered launches on PS5, PS4 Dec 10 |url=https://blog.playstation.com/2024/09/24/legacy-of-kain-soul-reaver-1-2-remastered-launches-on-ps5-ps4-dec-10/ |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=PlayStation Blog}}</ref> == Dubawa == === Abubuwan gama gari === Wasannin ''Legacy na Kain'' sun faɗi cikin nau'in wasan-kasada, suna amfani da ma'auni na aiki, warware rikice-rikice da bincike. An fara daga ''Soul Reaver'', jerin kuma suna fasalta abubuwan dandamali daga 3D, hangen nesa na mutum na uku . Ganin cewa ''Jinin Omen'' da ''Soul Reaver'' suna amfani da tsarin buɗe duniya a cikin salon ''The Legend of Zelda'' ko ''Super Mario 64'', <ref name="SR2-OPM"/> na ƙarshe wasanni uku sun kasu kashi surori, kuma sun fi dacewa a ci gaba. Yayin da mai kunnawa ke warware manyan wasanin gwada ilimi ko cin nasara kan shugabanni, suna karɓar sabbin makamai da iyawa, kamar telekinesis, canza fasalin, sarrafa hankali da sihiri . Babban lafiyar lafiyar kullun yana raguwa a kowane wasa - Kain dole ne ya cinye jini don ci gaba da ƙarfinsa, yayin da Raziel yana buƙatar rayuka - faɗakarwa, wanda ke mayar da hankali kan fasahohin hack da slash, kuma yana ba da damar mai kunnawa ya kashe kuma ya ciyar daga abokan gaba. ''Blood Omen 2'' da ''Defiance'' sun haɗa da tsarin ma'anar kwarewa, kuma a cikin wasanni ''na Soul Reaver'' da ''Defiance'', mai kunnawa dole ne ya canza tsakanin kayan aiki da jiragen sama na rayuwa don ci gaba - duka dauloli suna da dokoki na musamman na jiki, lissafi da makiya. Takobin Soul Reaver, makami na ƙarshe da mai-mai-mai-mai-mai-mai-mai-maimaimai da ruwa mai cinye rai wanda mahaukata ke zaune, ya bayyana a cikin duka taken biyar. Tattaunawa a cikin jerin sune florid da Elizabethan a cikin salon, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa ga guntuwar lokaci kamar ''Becket'', ''Lion in Winter'' and ''A Man for All Seasons'', <ref name="BtC-SR1"/> <ref name="IGN-LitMyth">{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Douglass C. |author-link=Douglass C. Perry |date=May 18, 2006 |title=The Influence of Literature and Myth in Videogames – PC Feature |url=http://pc.ign.com/articles/709/709149p1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615073759/http://pc.ign.com/articles/709/709149p1.html |archive-date=June 15, 2006 |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref> kuma kowane wasa an rubuta shi ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo, tare da monologues, asides da cutscenes interspersing gameplay. <ref name="Defiance-Q&A-IGN"/> A lokacin samar da ''Alamomin Jini'' {{'}} Silicon Knights ya ɗauki hayar ƙwararrun ƴan wasan kwaikwayo don sadar da baiwar murya, abin da ya faru wanda Crystal Dynamics ya ci gaba a wasanni masu zuwa. <ref name="BO1-SK-2"/> Simon Templeman da Michael Bell masu gabatar da muryar Kain da Raziel bi da bi. Mambobin simintin tallafawa sun haɗa da Paul Lukather a matsayin Vorador, Anna Gunn a matsayin Ariel, Richard Doyle a matsayin Moebius, da René Auberjonois a matsayin Janos Audron . Tony Jay ya buga Mortanius a cikin ''Jini'', kuma ya dawo a matsayin Dattijon Allah a wasanni masu zuwa; a cikin ''Defiance'', an sake saka Mortanius a matsayin Alastair Duncan . Gordon Hunt da Kris Zimmerman sun ba da jagorar murya daga ''Soul Reaver'' zuwa gaba. <ref name="IASIG"/> Masu haɓakawa sun haɗa ƴan wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa an haɗa su a matsayin masu haɗin gwiwa, suna yin rikodin tattaunawarsu tare maimakon keɓancewa, kuma ta haka ne aka kafa dabaru waɗanda daga baya za su wuce zuwa jerin Naughty Dog's ''Uncharted'' . <ref name="BtC-SR1"/> === Labari === [[File:LoK-Overview.jpg|right|thumb| Raziel (hagu) da Kain (dama) kamar yadda suka bayyana a ''Legacy of Kain: Defiance'' . Dukansu suna dauke da takobin Reaver.]] HLafiyar ƙasar Nosgoth tana da alaƙa da gine-gine tara da aka fi sani da Pillars of Nosgoth. Ana kiyaye Pillars ta hanyar oligarchy na masu sihiri da aka sani da Circle of Nine, kowannensu yana aiki a matsayin mai kula da Pillar mutum ɗaya. Lokacin da majiɓinci ya mutu, an haifi sabon don ya maye gurbinsu. <ref name="SR2-Manual-History">{{Cite book|last2=Amy Hennig}}</ref> A cikin gabatarwar ''Omen na jini'', an kashe Ariel, mai kula da ma'auni, kuma sakamakon sakamakon abubuwan da suka faru ya haifar da lalata ta ruhaniya na Pillars da masu kula da su. <ref name="BO1-SK-3">{{Cite web |date=January 13, 1997 |title=SK: The Complete Guide To Legacy of Kain – Cinematic Themes |url=http://www.dark-chronicle.co.uk/resources/bo1_faq/faqtheme.htm |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=[[Silicon Knights]]}}</ref> Bayan shekaru talatin, Kain, wani matashi mai daraja, an kashe shi ta hanyar brigands, kuma ya tashe shi a matsayin vampire ta wani necromancer, Mortanius. Mortanius ya jagoranci da mai kallo na Ariel, yana bin diddigin ya kashe masu gadi a cikin bege na samun fansa da magani ga vampirism, amma sannu a hankali ya fara rungumar sabon ikonsa. Yayin farautar Moebius, mai kula da lokaci, ya ƙi shawarar Vorador (babban vampire), kuma ya yi tafiya a cikin lokaci. Yin amfani da Soul Reaver, ya hana wani azzalumi sarki zuwa kan mulki, amma rashin daidaituwa na wucin gadi wanda wannan ya haifar da sabon tsarin lokaci inda mutanen Nosgoth suka fara farautar vampires don halakarwa. Kain ya gano cewa Mortanius - majiɓincin mutuwa - ya shirya kisan sa don share Da'irar kuma ya kashe duka sai ɗaya daga cikin masu gadi. Kain ya fahimci cewa shi da kansa shi ne majiɓincin ɓarna na ƙarshe, wanda aka haife shi a matsayin magajin Ariel, kuma an bar shi ya yanke shawara tsakanin sadaukar da kansa don maido da duniya (amma lalata tseren vampire), ko kuma mulkin Nosgoth a cikin la'anta. ''Soul Reaver'' ya tabbatar da cewa Kain, wanda ya ƙi da makircin mutane, ya zaɓi zaɓi na ƙarshe kuma ya rungumi vampirism a matsayin albarka. Ya tayar da wani kadar of vampire lieutenants don cin nasara a kan mulkokin mutane na Nosgoth, ya kafa daula mai iko duka a ƙarƙashin ikonsa yayin da ƙasa ke lalacewa. Shekaru 1500 bayan abubuwan da suka faru na ''Blood Omen'', Raziel, mabiyinsa na fari, ya ƙetare Kain, kuma aka kashe shi. Wani mahaluki mai kama da wanda aka sani da The Elder Allah ya ta da Raziel, wanda da sauri ya fuskanci Kain. Kain ya bugi Raziel da Reaver, amma ta farfasa masa, kuma ruhun kamamme a da ya ɗaure kansa a hannun Raziel. Raziel ya kashe ’yan’uwansa ’yan’uwansa, kuma ya gano cewa Kain ya ta da su duka daga gawawwakin Sarafan, ’yan’uwantaka na ruhaniya tsohuwar farautar vampire. Cikin fushi da wannan wahayin, sai ya bi Kain zuwa injin Moebius da aka daɗe da barinsa, kuma Kain ya ruɗe shi a baya. A cikin ''Soul Reaver 2'', Raziel ya hada baki tare da Moebius don halakar Kain, amma - bayan ya gane cewa Kain yana so ya mayar da Pillars, kuma ya koyi cewa Moebius yana bauta wa Allah dattijo a asirce - sha'awar ɗaukar fansa yana fushi da wani mafi girma. neman wayewa da 'yanci daga shiga cikin kaddara. A kan shawara daga Vorador, yana neman Janos Audron, wani sanannen, wanda ya daɗe da mutuwa wanda ke riƙe da mabuɗin makomarsa. Raziel ya taimaka wa Kain wajen haifar da wani sabani wanda ya canza makomar Kain, ya tsawaita rayuwarsa, kuma ya yi tafiya cikin tarihin Nosgoth. Da ya fara tona asirin abubuwan da ya gabata, ya gana da Janos a taƙaice a zamanin Sarafan, amma ya gane cewa nasa, tsohon ɗan adam ne ya kashe tsohon vampire. Ya karkashe sarakunan Sarafan, kuma ya kashe tsohon kansa, ya zama silar daular Kain ta gaba da tarihinsa. A cikin wasiƙar ƙarshe, ya gano cewa shi ne ruhin maɗaukaki da aka ƙaddara a ɗaure shi a cikin Reaver — cewa zagayowar makomarsa ba za ta ƙare ba. A minti na ƙarshe, Kain ya ceci Raziel daga wannan kaddara kuma ya ɗauki Reaver mara komai, amma fa'idar da wannan ke haifar da canza tarihi don muni. ''Soul Reaver 2'', ''Blood Omen 2'' da ''Defiance'' suna fadada tarihin jerin abubuwan. Da farko, tare da mutane, wasu manyan jinsuna biyu sun kasance a cikin nisa na Nosgoth: tsohuwar vampires da Hylden . Vampires sun ɗaukaka ruhaniya da dabarar rabo, yayin da Hylden sun kasance masu son fasaha. Ko da yake vampires sun bauta wa Allah dattijo, Hylden ya ƙi koyarwarsa, kuma vampires sun shelanta yaƙi don mayar da martani ga wannan sabo. Yin amfani da sihiri mai ban mamaki, vampires sun kafa Pillars, sun kori Hylden zuwa wani nau'i, kuma suka ƙirƙira Reaver a matsayin kariya. Hylden ya ramawa ta hanyar azabtar da vampires tare da la'anar jini, wanda ya canza su zuwa matattu, mafarauta na ɗan adam. An sake su daga dabarar rabo da allahnsu, yawancin vampires sun juya zuwa kashe kansa, kuma yayin da tserensu ya mutu, mutanen Nosgoth sun kwace ikon Pillars. A cikin ƙarnuka da yawa, Hylden ya yi taƙawa a kan shingen kurkukun su, yana neman kawar da Pillars. Cin hanci da rashawa na Kain ya hana shi fahimtar matsayinsa a matsayin mai kula da ma'auni - yana neman ko ta yaya ya warware matsalar da ya fuskanta a ƙarshen ''jinin jini'' ta hanyar dawo da Pillars da mayar da su ga mulkin vampire. Kisa Raziel ya zama tilas - na musamman, kaddararsa ta keke-da-keke ta ba shi yancin zaɓi, wanda ya ba Kain damar ƙirƙirar ruɗani da ƙin tarihi. <ref name="Defiance-Q&A-JRK">{{Cite web |last=Fernádez |first=Jen |last2=Lemarchand |first2=Richard |last3=Mannerberg |first3=Kyle |title=Question and Answer with Jen, Richard, and Kyle |url=http://www.thelostworlds.net/Defiance/Question_and_Answer_with_Jen_Richard_and_Kyle.html |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=The Lost Worlds}}</ref> ''Blood Omen 2'' yana bin ƙaramin Kain a cikin canjin lokaci da aka ƙirƙira a ƙarshen ''Soul Reaver 2'', yana nuna yaƙin da ya yi da shugaban Hylden. A ƙarshe, Kain ya kashe Ubangiji Hylden, kuma ya tafi, don kafa daularsa daga ''Soul Reaver'' . ''Defiance'' yana rufe abubuwan da suka gabata a cikin lokaci guda, kai tsaye bayan ''Soul Reaver 2'' . Kain da Raziel kowanne ya gano shaidar cewa tsohowar vampires da Hylden sun yi annabci na zakara guda biyu-daya wakiltar kowace kabila-waɗanda za su yanke shawarar makomar Nosgoth. Yayin da Raziel ya yunƙura ya ta da Janos don ya tsere wa kaddara, Kain ya yi ƙoƙari ya hana shi, kuma an ja su biyu zuwa yaƙi. Raziel ya koya daga Mortanius cewa Kain ya taso ne ta hanyar amfani da zuciyar Janos, kuma ya tsage wannan daga kirjin Kain a yakinsu na karshe, da alama ya kashe tsohon ubangidansa. Ko da yake ya ɓaci, Raziel ya ta da Janos, wanda ya ja-gorance shi zuwa gwaji na ƙarshe. Ko da yake ya yi nasara, yana karɓar iko na ruhaniya, Raziel ya shaida rushewar Pillars. Sakamakon warwarewar ya baiwa Hylden Ubangiji damar mallakar Janos (yana sauƙaƙe mamayewarsa a cikin ''Blood Omen 2'' ), kuma Raziel ya sha kashi a yaƙin da ya biyo baya, Allah dattijo ya kama shi. Ya kammala da cewa Dattijon, wanda rayukan Nosgoth suka ci gaba, shine babban dalilin da ya haifar da duk rikice-rikice da rikici a cikin tarihi, kuma ya gane cewa shi, da kansa, ya kasance duka zakarun Vampiric da Hylden; Kain ba haka ba. 'Yancin sa, da kaddararsa ta shiga Reaver (ya cinye kansa), yana tabbatar da cewa babu wanda zai iya cin nasara. <ref name="Defiance-Q&A-AH">{{Cite web |last=Hennig |first=Amy |author-link=Amy Hennig |title=Question and Answer with Amy Hennig |url=http://www.thelostworlds.net/Defiance/Question_and_Answer_with_Amy_Hennig.html |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=The Lost Worlds}}</ref> Daga baya, Kain ya farka cikin mu'ujiza, duk da cewa zuciyarsa ta rasa. Ya ci karo da Raziel, suka sulhunta; Raziel ya shiga Reaver da son rai, amma da farko yana amfani da ikonsa na ruhaniya don tsarkake Kain daga cin hanci da rashawa da ya gada a lokacin haihuwa a matsayin memba na Circle of Nine. <ref name="Defiance Team Answers">{{Cite web |last=Bruno |first=Chris |title=Answers to questions from the Defiance team |url=http://forums.eu.square-enix.com/showthread.php?t=49339 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=[[Square Enix Europe]]}}</ref> Ta haka aka warke, Kain ya sami ikon fahimtar Allahn dattijo a karon farko. Sun yi arangama a taqaice, kuma Kain ya raunata Dattijon tare da Reaver, amma ya kasa halaka shi. Yayin da yake duban Nosgoth, Kain yana tunanin sadaukarwar Raziel, da ɗanɗanon bege na farko da ya ba shi. === Jigogi === Kowane wasan ''Legacy na Kain'' ya shafi jigogi daban-daban da ɗimbin matsaloli, amma babban batun falsafancinsu ya ƙunshi kisa da gwagwarmayar ɗan adam don yancin zaɓi. <ref name="IGN-LitMyth"/> ''Maganar jini'' an yi niyya ne don tambayar "menene mugunta? Watakila hangen nesa ne kawai", da kuma "magana da ɗabi'a, mugunta da nagarta, farfaganda da kaddara ta hanyoyin da ba a taɓa yin bincike a cikin wasan kwamfuta ba". <ref name="BO1-SK-1"/> <ref name="BO1-SK-2"/> Sauran batutuwan ɓoye sun haɗa da amana, magudi da cin amana, waɗanda suka wuce cikin mabi'un Crystal Dynamics. A cikin ''Soul Reaver'' da ''Soul Reaver 2'', Amy Hennig ta gano "tambayar 'yancin zaɓe a cikin sararin samaniya da alama ke mulki ta hanyar kaddara" a matsayin ainihin labarin. <ref name="IGN-LitMyth" /> [[Ginost|Gnosticism]], wanda a cikinsa "duniya abin duniya ruɗi ne, ƙaryar da wani allah na ƙarya da mugunta ya yi wanda manufarsa ita ce kiyaye ran ɗan adam a cikin duhu da jahilci" kuma burin jarumi shine "ilimi, wayewa, da fallasa gaskiya. ", ya taimaka wajen tsara baka na Raziel. <ref name="SR2-OPM"/> <ref name="BtC-SR1"/> <ref name="IGN-LitMyth" /> Jigogi na yanke ƙauna, bege da haske a cikin ayyukan TS Eliot da [[James Joyce]] sun rinjayi labarin. <ref name="IGN-LitMyth" /> Masu haɓakawa kuma sun yi ƙoƙari su juyar da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan abubuwa a cikin adabi da wasan kwaikwayo. Silicon Knights Conceptualized Kain, a vampire antihero wahayi zuwa gare ta [[Clint Eastwood]] 's ''Unforgiven'', a matsayin atypical "launin toka" protagonist, ba mai kyau ko mugunta, duk da an shawarce shi a cikin 1993 cewa irin wannan hali ba zai jawo hankalin 'yan wasa. <ref name="BO1-SK-1"/> <ref name="BO1-SK-2"/> <ref name="IGN-LitMyth"/> Hakazalika, Hennig ya haɓaka Raziel a matsayin "ƙananan ƴan ta'adda masu adalci" tare da ɓatanci, neman fansa da ɗaukaka ta hanyar ilimi, sabanin gwarzo mai manufa. <ref name="SR2-OPM"/> <ref name="SR2-Q&A-IGN"/> Zana daga ra'ayoyin Joseph Campbell, <ref name="SR1-SegaWeb"/> ta ji zai zama mai ban sha'awa don ganin yadda 'yan wasa ke fassara halin kirki a cikin wannan mahallin, kuma ta yi jayayya cewa "Hanya daya tilo da jarumi zai iya samun nasara shine ta hanyar bin hanyarsa. Idan dai ya kasance. bin hanyar da wani ya shimfida, a karshe zai yi kasa a gwiwa”. <ref name="SR2-OPM" /> ''Defiance'' ya kwatanta Kain da Raziel a matsayin [[Sophocles|Sophoclean]] Oedipus - kamar adadi, "ƙaddara ce ta ratsa shi". <ref name="IGN-LitMyth" /> <ref name="Defiance-Kyle">{{Cite web |last=Mannerberg |first=Kyle |date=November 5, 2003 |title=Legacy of Kain: Defiance Designer Diary #3 |url=http://gamespot.com/legacy-of-kain-defiance/previews/legacy-of-kain-defiance-designer-diary-3-6078211/ |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref> Hennig ya ce "su jarumai ne saboda sun ki mika wuya, ko da an tafka magudi a kansu". <ref name="IGN-LitMyth" /> == Ci gaba == [[Fayil:Philip_Burne-Jones_-_The_Vampire.jpg|thumb| Tatsuniyar Vampire ta kasance tushen tsakiyar bayan samar da jerin, kamar yadda [[Ginost|gnosticism]], adabin adabi da ayyukan Joseph Campbell .]] A lokacin da kuma bayan kammala ''Dark Legions'', <ref name="LyleHall"/> Silicon Knights sun shafe watanni da yawa suna aiki akan zane na ''Jini'' ba tare da wani dandamali ba a zuciya. <ref name="BO1-SK-1"/> <ref name="BO1-SK-2"/> <ref name="SK-Site-Games">{{Cite web |title=Games |url=http://www.siliconknights.com/quests.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112223517/http://www.siliconknights.com/quests.html |archive-date=November 12, 2012 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=[[Silicon Knights]]}}</ref> Manyan abubuwan da ke bayan aikin sun haɗa da ''Wheel of Time'', ''Necroscope'' da wasan kwaikwayo na Shakespeare, yayin da manufar Pillars na Nosgoth ta samo asali ne daga zane-zane na ''Pillars na Duniya'' . <ref name="BO1-SK-1" /> <ref name="BO1-SK-2" /> Crystal Dynamics sun yarda da buga wasan a 1993, kuma ko da yake akwai rashin yanke shawara game da ko ya kamata a samar da shi don 3DO Interactive Multiplayer ko Sega Saturn, bangarorin biyu sun zauna a kan PlayStation da zarar Sony ya sanar da ƙaddamar da shi. <ref name="BO1-SK-2" /> Wasan ya ɗauki sama da shekaru uku don haɓakawa, <ref name="BO1-SK-1" /> <ref name="SR1-SegaWeb"/> yana fuskantar babban tsarin haɓakawa wanda ke buƙatar Silicon Knights don ƙara yawan ma'aikatansa-Crystal Dynamics ya aika da ma'aikata da yawa don taimaka musu, gami da Amy Hennig da Seth Carus. <ref name="BO1-SK-1" /> <ref name="Defiance-Richard"/> <ref name="BO1-Credits">{{Cite web |title=Blood Omen: Legacy of Kain – credits |url=http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=24521&tab=credits |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115191732/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=24521&tab=credits |archive-date=November 15, 2014 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=[[allgame]]}}</ref> Bayan "Ƙoƙarin Herculean ", an saki ''Omen jini'' a ƙarshen 1996. <ref name="LyleHall" /> Bayan nasararsa, Silicon Knights yayi tunanin ƙirƙirar wani mabiyi a cikin abin da suka bayyana a matsayin jerin ''abubuwan Omen na jini'', <ref name="BO1-SK-2" /> <ref name="Dyack-Shifter"/> <ref name="AngryDyack">{{Cite web |last=Kollar |first=Philip |date=March 17, 2008 |title=Denis Dyack on Story and Content in Games, Part 2 |url=http://www.1up.com/news/denis-dyack-interview |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104204902/http://www.1up.com/news/denis-dyack-interview |archive-date=November 4, 2012 |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[1UP.com]]}}</ref> amma dangantakarsu da Crystal Dynamics ta rushe a cikin 1997. <ref name="ArtOfGames">{{Cite web |last=Casamassina |first=Matt |author-link=Matt Casamassina |date=October 19, 2000 |title=The Art of Making Games |url=http://ign.com/articles/2000/10/19/the-art-of-making-games |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref> Crystal Dynamics ya fara haɓaka ''Soul Reaver'' a ciki, kuma Eidos Interactive ya samo shi yayin samarwa. <ref name="SR1-SegaWeb" /> A cikin 1998, Silicon Knights ya shigar da kara a kan Crystal Dynamics don haƙƙin ''Legacy na Kain'' IP, yana neman umarni don hana Crystal Dynamics daga tallan tallace-tallace. <ref name="KnightsFight">{{Cite web |last=Johnston |first=Chris |date=April 14, 1998 |title=Knights Fight for Kain |url=http://gamespot.com/news/knights-fight-for-kain-2463492 |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref> Gidajen studio biyu sun sasanta takaddamarsu ta shari'a a asirce, kuma Crystal Dynamics da Eidos sun riƙe haƙƙoƙin ''Legacy of Kain'' ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da sunan Kain, muddin ''Soul Reaver'' ya amince da Silicon Knights a matsayin mahaliccin asalin jerin. <ref name="ArtOfGames"/> ''Aljanna Lost'' ita ce asali ta asali a bayan ra'ayi, <ref name="BtC-SR1"/> <ref name="Defiance-Richard"/> da kuma tushe kamar su Rabbinic lore, vampire mythology, Gabas tatsuniyoyi da sufi su ma sun kasance mabuɗin tasiri. <ref name="SR1-SegaWeb"/> <ref name="Defiance-Richard" /> An aro abubuwan gani daga fina-finai kamar ''Birnin Lost Children'' da ''Majalisar Dokta Caligari'', da Cthulhu Mythos na HP Lovecraft . <ref name="BtC-SR1" /> <ref name="Defiance-Richard" /> <ref name="DCab-BO2"/> <ref name="IGN-LitMyth"/> An yi tsammanin ''Soul Reaver'' sosai duk da jinkiri da yawa, kuma an inganta shi a kan murfin fiye da mujallu na masana'antar wasanni goma, <ref name="SR1-Promotion"/> amma matsalolin jadawalin tilasta Crystal Dynamics don yanke abun ciki daga jerin ƙarewa. Sun yi niyya don haɗa kayan da aka cire a cikin mabiyi. <ref name="SR1-Response"/> <ref name="Linked">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Andrew |title=Andrew Bennett |url=http://www.linkedin.com/in/andrewbennett |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=[[LinkedIn]]}}</ref> ''Soul Reaver 2'' an yi wahayi zuwa ta hanyar almara na balaguro na lokaci da binciken Kurt Rudolph game da Gnosticism. <ref name="SR2-OPM"/> An tsara shi don haɗawa da ƙarin abubuwan wasan kwaikwayo na ''Blood Omen'' {{'}} da kuma faɗin faɗin iyawar da ake iya samu, <ref name="SR1-SegaWeb" /> kodayake ƙungiyar ta kasance naƙasasshe ta hanyar sakin PlayStation 2. <ref name="SR2-Q&A-GS"/> An samar da aikin ''Soul Reaver 2'' don PlayStation na ɗan gajeren lokaci, amma, bayan ƙirƙirar demo na tabbatar da ra'ayi, an ba masu haɓakawa izini don kawar da aikin su kuma su canza zuwa sabon na'ura. Tare da "babban sadaukarwa, da sa'o'in rashin lafiya", an haɓaka wasan a cikin watanni 17; kamar yadda yake tare da ''Soul Reaver'', an yanke fasali da yawa don saduwa da ranar ƙarshe. <ref name="SR2-OPM">{{Cite journal |last=Davison |first=John |last2=Rybicki |first2=Joe |date=September 2000 |journal=[[Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine]] |issue=36}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDavisonRybicki2000">Davison, John; Rybicki, Joe (September 2000). ''[[Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine]]'' (36).</cite><span data-ve-ignore="true"> </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite journal|cite journal]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">&#x7C;title=</code> ([[Help:CS1 errors#citation missing title|help]])</span> [[Category:CS1 errors: missing title]]</ref> <ref name="SR2-Q&A-GS"/> ''Blood Omen 2'' an haɓaka shi a lokaci guda ta ƙungiyar Crystal Dynamics mai zaman kanta tare da ƙwaƙƙwaran ikon kai, <ref name="Defiance-Richard"/> <ref name="DCab-BO2"/> wanda ke haɓakawa daga ƙarni na 19 na steampunk na ''Soul Reaver'' don daidaitawa kan jin daɗin [[Zamanin Victorian|Victoria]] . <ref name="BtC-SR1"/> <ref name="BO2-DD-1">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=Steve |last2=Robbins |first2=Bret |last3=Ellis |first3=Mike |date=March 8, 2002 |title=Blood Omen 2 Designer Diary No. 1 |url=http://gamespot.com/blood-omen-2/previews/blood-omen-2-designer-diary-1-2853830/?page=1 |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref> Ma'aikatanta sun yi taka-tsan-tsan da dogaro da karfi kan asalin ''Jini'' na asali a matsayin tasiri, kuma sun fadada kan tarihin ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon ''mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar kamfani'', da fatan fara sabon jerin shirye-shirye, <ref name="BO2-DD-2">{{Cite web |last=Ellis |first=Mike |date=March 13, 2002 |title=Blood Omen 2 Designer Diary No. 2 |url=http://gamespot.com/blood-omen-2/previews/blood-omen-2-designer-diary-2-2854456/ |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref> a wasa na gaba. <ref name="DCab-BO2" /> ''Defiance'' yana wakiltar "sabon tsarin" ga ikon amfani da ikon amfani da sunan kamfani, tare da ƙarin mai da hankali kan wasan kwaikwayo, tsarin yaƙi da aka sabunta, da rubutun, kusurwar kyamarar cinematic. <ref name="Defiance-Q&A-IGN"/> A cikin 2008, ya bayyana cewa wasa na shida, ''Legacy of Kain: The Dark Prophecy'', ya ɗan ɗanɗana ci gaba a Ritual Entertainment a cikin 2004 kafin a soke shi. <ref name="TDP-DT">{{Cite web |last=Sterling |first=Jim |date=July 26, 2010 |title=Canceled game: Legacy of Kain: The Dark Prophecy |url=http://www.destructoid.com/canceled-game-legacy-of-kain-the-dark-prophecy-179871.phtml |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[Destructoid]]}}</ref> <ref name="DCab-TDP">{{Cite web |last=Cabuco |first=Daniel |date=August 13, 2012 |title=A few questions (post #2) |url=http://www.dcabdesign.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=21#p21 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=DCabDesign.com |archive-date=2013-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927064017/http://www.dcabdesign.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=21#p21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga baya, a cikin 2013, Square Enix ya tabbatar da zargin cewa Climax Studios ya yi aiki a kan wani sabon ''Legacy na Kain'', don PlayStation 4 - ''Legacy of Kain: Dead Sun'' - har sai an soke wannan aikin a 2012. <ref name="DeadSun">{{Cite web |last=Purchese |first=Robert |date=June 19, 2013 |title=Square Enix acknowledges cancelled Legacy of Kain game Dead Sun |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2013-06-19-square-enix-acknowledges-cancelled-legacy-of-kain-game-dead-sun |access-date=2013-06-22 |website=[[Destructoid]]}}</ref> == Sauran kafofin watsa labarai == Kiɗa daga duka ''Soul Reaver'' da ''Soul Reaver 2'' an sake shi akan sautin ƙararrawa a cikin 2001. <ref name="Soundtrack">{{Cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Shahed |date=October 16, 2001 |title=Eidos packs in the extras with Soul Reaver 2 |url=http://gamespot.com/news/eidos-packs-in-the-extras-with-soul-reaver-2-2818096 |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref> Don ''Soul Reaver'', Amy Hennig ya zaɓi Kurt Harland na synthpop band Information Society don tsara maki. A cewar Harland, wani abokin aiki ya gabatar da ƙungiyar ''Soul Reaver'' zuwa aikinsa ta hanyar "Ozar Midrahim", waƙa daga kundi na 1997 na Information Society, ''Kada ku ji tsoro'' . <ref name="KurtHarland">{{Cite web |title=InSoc.Eyep.net interview |url=http://www.insoc.com.br/english/mix/eyep.php |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=Information Society Brasil |archive-date=2012-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216185818/http://www.insoc.com.br/english/mix/eyep.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wannan waƙar ta ci gaba da bayyana a cikin ''Soul Reaver'' azaman jigon buɗewa. Harland ya yi aiki tare da injiniyan sauti Jim Hedges a cikin ƙirƙirar tsarin sauti mai daidaitawa don ''Soul Reaver'' wanda ya ba da damar kiɗan ya canza dangane da mahallin wasan. Wannan tsarin ya zama jigon wasanni na gaba a cikin jerin. <ref name="IASIG"/> Bayan da aka saki ''Soul Reaver'', ƙididdigar ayyuka na haruffa Kain da Raziel an halicce su ta Blue Box Interactive da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Ƙasa tare da haɗin gwiwar Eidos. <ref name="Playthings">{{Cite journal |last=Gerardi |first=Dave |date=April 2001 |title=Pixel properties |journal=[[Playthings (magazine)|Playthings]] |publisher=[[Reed Business Information]] |volume=99 |issue=4 |at=53 |issn=0032-1567}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pelaez |first=Jorge |title=REVIEW: NECA's Player Select RAZIEL |url=http://www.figures.com/databases/action.cgi?setup_file=fignews2.setup&category=actionfigures&topic=65&show_article=514 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511133211/http://www.figures.com/databases/action.cgi?setup_file=fignews2.setup&category=actionfigures&topic=65&show_article=514 |archive-date=May 11, 2008 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=Figures.com}}</ref> An fito da wani wasan ban dariya mai gabatarwa guda ɗaya ta Top Cow Productions a cikin Oktoba 1999 don haɓaka sakin ''Soul Reaver'', wanda ke nuna vampire Raziel kuma yana aiki azaman prequel ga abubuwan wasan. <ref name="SR1-SegaWeb"/> Top Cow ya haɗu tare da Crystal Dynamics don samar da wasan ban dariya na biyu a farkon 2004, yana maido da jerin abubuwan baya, don daidaitawa tare da sakin ''Defiance'' . <ref name="DefianceComic">{{Cite web |title=LEGACY OF KAIN: DEFIANCE |url=http://www.topcow.com/comics/51/current |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050210083248/http://www.topcow.com/comics/51/current |archive-date=February 10, 2005 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=[[Top Cow Productions]]}}</ref> Dukansu Kain da Raziel kuma suna fasalta a matsayin haruffa masu iya kunnawa a cikin abubuwan da za a iya saukewa don 2010's ''Lara Croft da Guardian of Light'' . <ref name="LC">{{Cite web |last=Gilbert |first=Ben |date=December 1, 2010 |title=Kane & Lynch and Kain & Raziel buddy up in Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light DLC |url=http://www.joystiq.com/2010/12/01/kane-and-lynch-and-kain-and-raziel-buddy-up-in-lara-croft-and-the-gu/ |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=[[Joystiq]]}}</ref> <ref name="LC2">{{Cite web |last=McWhertor |first=Michael |date=December 1, 2010 |title=Kane and Lynch and Kain and Raziel and the Guardian of Light |url=http://kotaku.com/5703433/kane-and-lynch-and-kain-and-raziel-and-the-guardian-of-light |access-date=2012-10-31 |website=[[Kotaku]]}}</ref> A watan Yuni 2024, wani labari mai hoto mai suna ''Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver - Matattu Za Su Tashi'' an bayyana shi yana cikin ayyukan a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Crystal Dynamics da Bit Bot Media kuma ana samun kuɗi ta hanyar Kickstarter. Littafin labari mai hoto yana aiki azaman prequel ga ''Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver'' kuma ya sake haskaka rayuwar ɗan adam ta Raziel a matsayin jarumi na Sarafan kuma ya bayyana yadda ya zama vampire mai hidima a ƙarƙashin Kain. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 30, 2024 |title=Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver Returns in New Prequel Graphic Novel |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/legacy-of-kain-soul-reaver-returns-in-new-prequel-graphic-novel}}</ref> Daga baya Bit Bot Media ya sanar da cewa Klayton na Celldweller yana da hannu a cikin samarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C84uwmAO6mZ/}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8v19gj78l2rbmnt5pj2x7pg6krobx3u 0 93267 906232 784563 2026-08-22T13:37:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906232 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}[[File:'My_Blue_Lake',_photogravure_with_lithograph_by_Kiki_Smith,_1995,_Wake_Forest_University_Art_Collections.jpg|thumb|My Blue Lake, photogravure tare da lithograph by Kiki Smith, 1995, Wake Forest University Art Collections]] '''Kiki Smith''' (an haife ta a ranar 18 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1954) 'yar asalin ƙasar Jamus ce <ref> name="Kiki Smith {{!}} American artist">{{Cite web |title=Kiki Smith {{!}} American artist |url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Kiki-Smith |access-date=March 5, 2016 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.britannica.com/biography/Kiki-Smith "Kiki Smith | American artist"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> wacce aikinta ya magance jigogi na jima'i, haihuwa da sake farfadowa. Ayyukanta na alama na ƙarshen 1980s da farkon 1990s sun fuskanci batutuwa kamar [[Kanjamau|Cutar kanjamau]], [[Feminism|mata]], da [[jinsi]], yayin da ayyukan kwanan nan suka nuna yanayin ɗan adam dangane da yanayi. Smith yana zaune kuma yana aiki a Lower East Side, Birnin New York, da Hudson Valley, [[New York (jiha)|Jihar New York]]. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Mahaifin Smith shi ne mai zane Tony Smith kuma mahaifiyarta 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma mawaƙan opera Jane Lawrence . Kodayake aikinta yana da bambanci sosai da na iyayenta, bayyanar farko ga tsarin mahaifinta na yin siffofi na lissafi ya ba ta damar fuskantar ƙwarewar [[Zamanance|Zamani na zamani]]. Kwarewarta tun tana yarinya a [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Katolika]], haɗe da sha'awar Jikin mutum, ta tsara aikinta na zane-zane.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kiki Smith {{!}} Art21 {{!}} PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/art21/artists/kiki-smith |access-date=March 5, 2016 |website=www.pbs.org |archive-date=August 10, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810205239/http://www.pbs.org/art21/artists/kiki-smith |url-status=dead }}</ref> Smith ya ƙaura daga Jamus zuwa Kudancin Orange, New Jersey, a matsayin jariri a shekarar 1955. A wannan shekarar, an haifi 'yan uwanta mata, Seton Smith da Beatrice (Bebe) Smith, a Newark, New Jersey.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Seton Smith |url=http://setonsmith.com/about/ |access-date=March 2, 2021 |website=setonsmith.com}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=June 30, 2016 |title=Seton Smith |url=https://www.icp.org/browse/archive/constituents/seton-smith |access-date=March 2, 2021 |website=International Center of Photography |language=en |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122000017/https://www.icp.org/browse/archive/constituents/seton-smith |url-status=dead }}</ref> Smith daga baya ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Columbia, amma ya bar don halartar Changes, Inc.<ref name="Kiki Smith {{!}} American artist">{{Cite web |title=Kiki Smith {{!}} American artist |url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Kiki-Smith |access-date=March 5, 2016 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> Daga baya, ta shiga makarantar Hartford Art School a Connecticut na watanni goma sha takwas daga 1974 zuwa 1975. Daga nan sai ta koma Birnin New York a 1976 kuma ta shiga Ayyukan Haɗin gwiwa (Colab), ƙungiyar masu zane-zane. Ana iya ganin tasirin wannan rukuni mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na amfani da kayan da ba a saba da su ba a cikin aikinta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kiki Smith Prints at Universal Limited Art Editions (ULAE) |url=http://ulae.com/kikismith/index.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518001240/http://www.ulae.com/kikismith/index.aspx |archive-date=May 18, 2017 |access-date=March 5, 2016 |website=ulae.com}}</ref> A ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin 1984, ta yi karatu don zama likitan likita na gaggawa da sassa na jiki. A shekara ta 1990, ta fara yin siffofin mutane.<ref name="Kiki Smith {{!}} American artist" /> == Ayyuka == === Jigogi === Mutuwar mahaifinta a shekarar 1980, da kuma mutuwar 'yar'uwarta mai suna Beatrice "Bebe" Smith, saboda cutar kanjamau a shekarar 1988, Smith ta fara bincike mai zurfi game da mutuwa da jikin mutum. Ta ci gaba da kirkirar ayyukan da ke bincika gabobin mutum daban-daban; gami da siffofi na zukata, huhu, ciki, hanta da hanta. Da ke da alaƙa da wannan shine aikinta na bincika ruwan jiki, wanda kuma yana da muhimmancin zamantakewa a matsayin martani ga rikicin cutar kanjamau (jinin) da haƙƙin mata (motsa, jinin haila, datti). === Fim din === A shekara ta 1984 Smith ta gama fim din mata wanda ba a gama shi ba, wanda aka fara a 1981, mai taken Cave Girls . Ellen Cooper ce ta jagoranci shi. === Yin bugawa === Smith ya yi gwaji tare da matakai masu yawa na bugawa. Wasu daga cikin ayyukanta na farko da aka buga su ne riguna, takalma da riguna, sau da yawa tare da hotuna na sassan jiki. Tare da Colab, Smith ta buga jerin hotuna a farkon shekarun 1980s dauke da maganganun siyasa ko sanar da abubuwan da suka faru na Colab, kamar su The Island of Negative Utopia da aka yi wa ABC No Rio a 1983. A shekara ta 1988 ta kirkiro All Souls, aikin buga allo mai ƙafa goma sha biyar wanda ke nuna hotunan maimaitawa na tayin, hoton da Smith ya samu a cikin littafin jikin jikin mutum na Japan. Smith ya buga hoton a cikin tawada mai baƙar fata a kan takardu 36 da aka haɗe da takarda ta Thai. MoMA da Gidan Tarihi na Whitney dukansu suna da tarin tarin kayan aikin Smith. A cikin jerin Blue Prints, 1999, Kiki Smith ta yi gwaji tare da tsarin aquatint. ''Budurwa tare da Dove'' an samu ta ne tare da aquatint mai iska, tsayayyar acid wanda ke kare farantin jan ƙarfe. Lokacin da aka buga, wannan dabarar tana haifar da hasken da ke kewaye da Budurwa Maryamu da Ruhu Mai Tsarki. === Hoton da aka yi === Mary Magdelene (1994), wani mutum-mutumi da aka yi da tagulla na silicon da ƙarfe, misali ne na Smith na amfani da mata tsirara ba. Adadin ba shi da fata a ko'ina sai dai fuskarta, ƙirjinta da yankin da ke kewaye da hanci. Tana sanye da sarkar da ke kewaye da idonta; fuskarta ba ta da cikakkun bayanai kuma an juya ta sama. Smith ta ce lokacin da take yin ''Maryamu Magadaliya'' ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta ta da hotuna na Maryamu Magadaa a cikin siffar Kudancin Jamus, inda aka nuna ta a matsayin "mace mara kyau". Hoton Smith "Standing" (1998), wanda ke nuna mace da ke tsaye a kan kututturen itacen Eucalyptus, wani bangare ne na Stuart Collection na fasahar jama'a a harabar Jami'ar California, San Diego. Wani mutum-mutumi, Lilith, tagulla tare da idanu na gilashi ana nuna shi a Gidan Tarihi na Metropolitan. Lilith adadi ne mai kamawa, rataye a kan bango na gallery.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Kiki |date=1994 |title=Lilith |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/486711?searchField=All&amp;sortBy=Relevance&amp;who=Smith,+Kiki$Kiki+Smith&amp;ft=*&amp;offset=0&amp;rpp=20&amp;pos=12 |access-date=March 14, 2019 |website=www.metmuseum.org}}</ref> A shekara ta 2005, shigarwar Smith, Homespun Tales ta sami yabo a 51st Venice Biennale . Lodestar, shigarwar Smith ta 2010 a Pace Gallery, nune-nunen ayyukan gilashin da aka zana da siffofi masu girman rayuwa ne. Bayan shekaru biyar na ci gaba, an shigar da siffar waje ta farko ta Smith a 1998 a harabar Jami'ar California, San Diego . A cikin shekara ta 2010, Gidan Tarihi a titin Eldridge ya ba da izini ga Smith da masanin gine-gine Deborah Gans don ƙirƙirar sabon taga na gabas don majami'ar Eldridge Street ta 1887, Tarihin Tarihi na Kasa da ke kan Lower East Side na New York. Wannan kwamiti na dindindin ya nuna muhimmiyar bangare na karshe na gyaran gidan kayan gargajiya na shekaru 20 kuma an rufe shi da nune-nunen takamaiman zane-zane na Smith a cikin wani nune-nun 2018 mai taken Below the Horizon: Kiki Smith a Eldridge . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Meier |first=Allison |date=June 5, 2018 |title=Kiki Smith Takes Over the Eldridge Street Synagogue with 50 Artworks |url=https://hyperallergic.com/445536/below-the-horizon-kiki-smith-at-eldridge/ |website=Hyperallergic}}</ref> Ga Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Claire Tow sama da Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Vivian Beaumont, Smith ya ɗauki Overture (2012), ɗan ƙaramin wayar hannu da aka yi da allunan da aka rufe da kuma tsuntsayen tagulla. A cikin 2019, Smith ya ɗauki ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, wani shafin na musamman don Gidauniyar DESTE don Fasahar zamani a tsibirin Girka na Hydra . === Littattafan mai zane === Ta kirkiro littattafai na musamman, ciki har da: Fountainhead (1991); The Vitreous Body (2001); da Untitled (Book of Hours) (1986). Tun farkon shekarun 2010 Smith ya kirkiro goma sha biyu 9 x 6 ft. Jacquard tapestries, wanda Magnolia Editions ya buga. &nbsp;A cikin 2012, Smith ya nuna jerin uku daga cikin waɗannan bugu a Gidan Tarihi na Neuberger . A farkon 2019, an nuna dukkan goma sha biyu tare a matsayin wani ɓangare na "Abin da na gani a kan hanya" a Palazzo Pitti a Florence, Italiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kiki Smith: What I saw on the road |url=https://www.uffizi.it/en/events/kiki-smith-what-i-saw-on-the-road |website=Uffizi Galleries}}</ref> Smith ya lura cewa zane-zane suna ba da damar yin aiki a sikelin da ya fi girma ("Ban taɓa tunanin zan iya yin hoto mai girma ba") da kuma yin aiki tare da launi, wanda ba ta yi akai-akai ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dorsa |first=Daniel |date=March 7, 2019 |title=Inside the Magical and Relentlessly Creative World of Beloved Artist Kiki Smith |url=https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-inside-magical-relentlessly-creative-beloved-artist-kiki-smith |access-date=March 15, 2019 |website=Artsy}}</ref> === Mosaics === A cikin 2022, Smith ya kirkiro jerin manyan mosaics guda biyar don tashar jirgin kasa ta Manhattan a Tashar Grand Central Madison, wanda ke ƙarƙashin Grand Central Terminal. Ana kiran mosaics ɗin River Light, The Water's Way, The Presence, The Spring, da The Sound (duk 2022). == Haɗin gwiwa == Smith ya kasance memba mai aiki na Ayyukan hadin gwiwa da ABC No Rio; yana shiga cikin watsa shirye-shiryen Potato Wolf da yawa da Cardboard Air Band . Smith ta haɗu da David Wojnarowicz a nune-nunen farko, Life Wants to Live, a The Kitchen . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kiki Smith: Realms, March 14–April 27, 2002 |url=http://www.pacegallery.com/newyork/exhibitions/11953/kiki-smith-realms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224844/http://www.pacegallery.com/newyork/exhibitions/11953/kiki-smith-realms |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |access-date=January 30, 2014}}</ref> A wannan lokacin (farkon shekarun 1980), Smith ta haɗu kuma ta jagoranci tare da Ellen Cooper a kan haɗin gwiwar rukuni tare da mata matasa da yawa da ke da alaƙa da Bush Tetras da Colab don fim dinta na 1984 No Wave Cave Girls . Daga baya ta yi aiki tare da mawaki Mei-mei Berssenbrugge don samar da ''Endocrinology'' (1997), da Concordance (2006), kuma tare da marubucin Lynne Tillman don ƙirƙirar ''Madam Realism'' (1984). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Diamond |first=Jason |date=March 27, 2014 |title=2014 Will Be the Year of Lynne Tillman |url=https://www.flavorwire.com/447649/2014-will-be-the-year-of-lynne-tillman |website=Flavorwire}}</ref> Ta yi aiki tare da mawaki Anne Waldman a kan If I Could Say This With My Body, Would I. I Would . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Anne Waldman and Kiki |date=April 2, 2010 |title=If I Could Say This With My Body, Would I. I Would |url=https://brooklynrail.org/2010/04/poetry/if-i-could-say-this-with-my-body-would-i-i-would |website=The Brooklyn Rail}}</ref> Smith ya kuma hada kai a kan wasan kwaikwayon da ke nuna dan wasan kwaikwayo Douglas Dunn da Dancers, mawaƙa Ha-Yang Kim, Daniel Carter, Ambrose Bye, da Devin Brahja Waldman, wanda aka yi kuma aka saita waƙar Anne Waldman Jaguar Harmonics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaguar Harmonics: A Collaborative Performance, Douglas Dunn Salon, New York, NY &#124; Anne Waldman |url=http://www.annewaldman.org/jaguar-harmonics-a-collaborative-performance-douglas-dunn-salon-new-york-ny-2/ |website=www.annewaldman.org }}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Nuni == A cikin 1980, Smith ya shiga cikin baje kolin da aka shirya na Colab ''The Times Square Show'' . A shekara ta 1982, Smith ta sami nune-nunen farko, Life Wants to Live, a The Kitchen . Tun daga wannan lokacin, an nuna aikinta a kusan nune-nunen solo 150 a gidajen tarihi da gallery a duk duniya kuma an nuna ta a cikin daruruwan nune-nununen rukuni, gami da Whitney Biennial, New York (1991, 1993, 2002); La Biennale di Firenze, Florence, Italiya (1996-1997; 1998); da Venice Biennale (1993, 1999, 2005, 2009). An gudanar da nune-nunen solo na baya a Gidan Tarihi na Montreal da Gidan Tarihin zamani, Fort Worth (1996-97); Gidan Tarihi na zamani, Los Angeles (1996-98); Gidan kayan gargajiya na zamani na Irish, Dublin (1997-98); Tarihin Hirshhorn da Gidan Gidan Tarihi na Carnegie, Pittsburgh (1998); Cibiyar Nazarin Curatorial da Fasaha a Al'adun Zamani, Kwalejin Bard, Annandale-on-Hudson (1999); Gidan Gidajen Tarihin Duniya (1999-2000); Cibiyar Hoto ta Duniya (2001). A shekara ta 1996, Smith ta nuna a cikin wani rukuni a SITE Santa Fe, tare da Kara Walker . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Conceal/Reveal - SITE Santa Fe |url=https://sitesantafe.org/exhibition/concealreveal/ |access-date=March 5, 2016 |website=sitesantafe.org |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekara ta 2005, "bincike na farko na gidan kayan gargajiya na Amurka" mai taken Kiki Smith: Gathering, 1980-2005 ya fara fitowa a San Francisco Museum of Modern Art . Sa'an nan kuma fadada ya zo Walker Art Center a Minneapolis inda wasan kwaikwayon ya samo asali. A Walker, Smith ya hada hannu da kundin da aka yi amfani da shi tare da mai kula da shi Siri Engberg.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Siri Engberg |url=http://www.barnesandnoble.com/s/siri-engberg?store=allproducts&keyword=siri+engberg |access-date=May 3, 2013 |publisher=Barnes & Noble}}</ref> Nunin ya yi tafiya zuwa Gidan Tarihi na zamani na Houston, zuwa Gidan Wasanni na Whitney a New York, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mark Stevens (November 25, 2007), "The Way of All Flesh", nytimes.com; accessed April 1, 2015. |url=https://nymag.com/arts/art/reviews/25992 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103043354/http://nymag.com/arts/art/reviews/25992/ |archive-date=November 3, 2019 |access-date=February 19, 2020}}</ref> kuma a ƙarshe zuwa La Coleccion Jumex a Ecatepec na Morelos a wajen Mexico City. A shekara ta 2008, Smith ya ba da Selections from Animal Skulls (1995) ga Walker don girmama Engberg.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Annual Report |url=http://www.walkerart.org/static/pdf/annual_report_2008.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508022114/http://www.walkerart.org/static/pdf/annual_report_2008.pdf |archive-date=May 8, 2012 |access-date=May 4, 2013 |publisher=Walker Art Center |page=55}}</ref> A cikin 2016, Walsh Gallery a Jami'ar Seton Hall, tare da hadin gwiwar Lennie Pierro Memorial Arts Foundation, ta dauki bakuncin Kiki da Seton Smith: A Sense of Place . <ref>{{Cite journal |date=January 1, 2016 |title=Kiki and Seton Smith: A Sense of Place |url=https://scholarship.shu.edu/past-exhibits-2016/5 |journal=2016 Past Exhibits}}</ref> Smith ta shiga cikin 2017 Venice Biennale, Viva Arte Viva, daga Mayu 13 - Nuwamba 16, 2017 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=La Biennale di Venezia - Artists |url=http://www.labiennale.org/en/art/exhibition/artists/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629160716/http://www.labiennale.org/en/art/exhibition/artists/index.html |archive-date=June 29, 2017 |access-date=February 22, 2017 |website=www.labiennale.org}}</ref> A cikin 2018, Smith ta shiga cikin Frieze Sculpture (wani ɓangare na Frieze Art Fair, inda aka gabatar da aikinta Seer (Alice I), Timothy Taylor (gallery) , <ref>{{Cite web |title=Seer (Alice I), 2005 |url=https://akronartmuseum.org/collection/Obj4847?sid=1&x=214 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003141706/https://akronartmuseum.org/collection/Obj4847?sid=1&x=214 |archive-date=October 3, 2018 |access-date=October 3, 2018 |website=www.akronartmuseum.org}}</ref> a Regent's Park, London, Ingila, daga Yuli 4 - Oktoba 7, 2018. Har ila yau a London a cikin 2018, an gabatar da nune-nunen zane-zane, zane-zane da ayyukan takarda a Timothy Taylor (gallery) daga Satumba 13 - Oktoba 27 . An samar da Woodland tare da haɗin gwiwar Magnolia Editions . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kiki Smith: Woodland, 13 September – 27 October 2018, London |url=https://www.timothytaylor.com/exhibitions/kiki-smith-woodland/ |access-date=October 3, 2018 |website=www.timothytaylor.com}}</ref> A cikin 2019, Gidauniyar Deste ta Project Space a Slaughterhouse a tsibirin Hydra ta nuna Memory, wani nune-nunen musamman na shafin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KIKI SMITH: MEMORY &#124; Deste Foundation for Contemporary Art &#124; Athens &#124; Greece |url=https://deste.gr/hydra/kiki-smith-memory/ |website=deste.gr}}</ref> A cikin 2019 The 11 Conti - Monnaie de Paris ya gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Smith ta wata hukuma ta Faransa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kiki Smith &#124; Monnaie de Paris |url=https://www.monnaiedeparis.fr/en/temporary-exhibitions/kiki-smith |website=www.monnaiedeparis.fr}}</ref> A cikin 2019 Österreichische Galerie Belvedere <ref>{{Cite web |title=Startsite &#124; Belvedere Museum Vienna |url=https://www.belvedere.at/en |website=www.belvedere.at}}</ref> a Vienna, Austria, ta gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo na Smith mai taken "Processions", <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Belvedere Museum Vienna &#124; Kiki Smith exhibition |url=https://www.belvedere.at/en/kiki-smith |website=www.belvedere.at}}</ref> wanda ke gabatar da ayyukan kusan sittin daga cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata. == Sauran ayyukan == A cikin shekara ta 2023, Smith ta yi aiki a cikin juri da ta zaɓi Sarah Lucas a matsayin mai cin nasara na farko na Sabon Gidan Tarihi na $ 400,000 Hostetler / Wrigley Sculpture Award . == Sanarwa == Kyaututtuka da yawa na Smith sun haɗa da lambar yabo ta Nelson A. Rockefeller daga Makarantar Kwalejin Kasuwanci (2010), [1] Kyautar Mata a cikin Fasaha daga Gidan Tarihi na Brooklyn (2009), Kyautar Edward MacDowell ta 50 (2009), Kyautar Kyautar Kyauta daga Makarantar Gidan Tarihin Fine Arts, Boston (2006), Kyautar Athena don Kyakkyawan Ayyuka daga Makarantar Zane ta Rhode Island (2006), Kyautattun Skowhegan don Sculpture daga Makarantar Skowhejan da Sculptura, Maine (2000), Shape World's 100". An zabi Smith a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Harafi ta Amurka, New York, a shekara ta 2005. A cikin 2012, Smith ta sami lambar yabo ta Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka daga [[Hillary Clinton]] . Abubuwan da Smith ya yi ado da ofisoshin jakadanci a [[Istanbul]] da [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 30, 2012 |title=Hillary Clinton will give five artists medals for embassy art |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-xpm-2012-nov-30-la-et-cm-hillary-clinton-will-give-five-artists-medals-for-embassy-art-20121129-story.html |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> Bayan an zaba shi mai magana don Patsy R. da Raymond D. Nasher Lecture Series na shekara-shekara a cikin Sculpture and Criticism a cikin 2013, Smith ya zama mai zane-zane na Jami'ar Arewacin Texas Institute for the Advancement of the Arts a cikin shekara ta 2013-14. A cikin 2016, an ba Smith lambar yabo ta Cibiyar Sculpture ta Duniya a cikin Kyautar Sculptura ta zamani. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4fdh94hvjfnf68zm862hfmepu7tf183 0 93688 906454 607795 2026-08-23T08:05:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906454 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Makarantar Gwamnati da Manufofin Jama'a ta Ibadan (ISGPP) ''' Ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta a Garin Ibadan, Jihar Oyo, Najeriya .Tana da hannu a koyarwa da bincike kan batutuwan gwamnati, shugabanci, gudanar da gwamnati, manufofin jama'a da batutuwan ci gaba a Najeriya da Afirka. Har ila yau, tana karɓar baƙuncin '''Taron shekara-shekara na ISGPP''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ibadan School Of Governance And Public Policy, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria |url=https://www.ngex.com/bd/b/Ibadan-School-Of-Governance-And-Public-Policy-Ibadan-Oyo-Nigeria |access-date=5 August 2018 |website=Addresses, contact information of Nigerian businesses in UK, USA, Canada, Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us – Ibadan School of Government and Public Policy |url=http://isgpp.com.ng/about-us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805203739/http://isgpp.com.ng/about-us/ |archive-date=2018-08-05 |access-date=2018-05-27}}</ref> == Tarihi == Makarantar Gwamnati da Manufofin Jama'a ta Garin Ibadan (ISGPP) an kafa ta ne a watan Fabrairun, shekarar 2016 ta hanyar Dokta [[Tunji Olaopa]], wanda kwanan nan ya yi ritaya a matsayin Sakatare na Dindindin daga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Jama'a a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tometi|first1=Tokunbo|title=Ibadan School of Government and Public Policy (ISGPP) And the Reform Business|url=https://westernpostnigeria.com/ibadan-school-of-government-and-public-policy-isgpp-and-the-reform-business/|accessdate=27 May 2018|publisher=Western Post|date=January 25, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ibrahim|first1=Jibrin|title=From Governance to Government|url=https://opinion.premiumtimesng.com/2016/02/08/from-governance-to-government-by-jibrin-ibrahim/|accessdate=27 May 2018|publisher=Premium Times|date=February 8, 2016|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124090730/https://opinion.premiumtimesng.com/2016/02/08/from-governance-to-government-by-jibrin-ibrahim/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen == * Cibiyar Nazarin PhD. * Shirin Digiri. * Ƙungiyar Manufofin Jama'a. * ISGPP Book Readers Club. * Tsarin Olusegun Obasanjo akan Jagoranci na Tsakanin Tsakanin. * Taron shekara-shekara na ISGPP. === Ƙungiyar Manufofin Jama'a === Ƙungiyar Manufofin Jama'a (PPG) tana ƙarƙashin jagorancin Farfesa Ademola Oyejide kuma an ba ta alhakin shirya jawabai waɗanda aka nufa su yi tasiri sosai ga tsarin manufofin Najeriya da yanayin manufofi. Sadarwar ta ta hanyar wallafe-wallafen bincike kuma tana kaiwa ga jama'a ta hanyar tarurruka. Ana kuma shirya shirye-shiryen karatun littattafai tare da manufar ilimantar da jama'a game da al'amuran gwamnati da manufofin jama'a. Ƙungiyar Manufofin Jama'a ta ƙunshi bincike mai yawa wanda ya haɗa da manufofin ƙungiya, manufofin ƙasashen waje, masana'antu, tattalin arziki, shugabanci, ƙididdigar zamantakewa / yawan jama'a, haƙƙin ɗan adam, ilimi, sabis na jama'a، tsaro, ICT, ɗabi'a, kafofin watsa labarai & sadarwa, adabi, nazarin majalisa, da sauransu. Hanyoyin aiki na Ƙungiyar Manufofin Jama'a suna gabatar da shirin bincike a cikin rukunin bincike (ƙungiyoyi). Waɗannan sassan bincike (ƙungiyoyi) sun haɗa da: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Policy Group – Ibadan School of Government and Public Policy |url=http://isgpp.com.ng/programmes/public-policy-group/ |access-date=5 August 2018 |website=Isgpp.com.ng }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ibadan School of Government in the League of Think Tanks|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/ibadan-school-government-league-think-tanks/amp/|accessdate=28 May 2018|agency=The Nation Newspaper|publisher=The Nation Online|date=September 4, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://isgpp.com.ng/programmes/public-policy-group/|title=Public Policy Group – Ibadan School of Government and Public Policy|website=Isgpp.com.ng|accessdate=5 August 2018}}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> # Gudanarwa, Siyasa, da Aminci na Jama'a. # Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki da Ci gaba. # Gudanar da Canjin Tattalin Arziki. # Ci gaban Jama'a. # Tarayyar Tarayya. # Amfani da albarkatun kasa. # Tsaro da Tsaro na Kasa. # Ilimi, Kimiyya, da Fasaha. # Yanayi da Muhalli. # Harkokin Kasashen Duniya # Gudanar da Ayyukan Jama'a & Gyaran Ƙungiyoyi # Ayyukan fitarwa da Kasuwanci. # Sadarwa da Gudanarwa. # Aikin noma da Ci gaban Karkara.<br />Shahararrun mambobin wannan rukuni sun haɗa da [[Remi Raji]], [[Funmi Para-Mallam]], [[Gabriel Babatunde Ogunmola]], CBN O papy, [[Alaba Ogunsawo]], [[Olabisi Ugbebor]], [[Nkoyo Toyo]], [[Abimbola Adelakun]] . === Taron shekara-shekara na ISGPP === Makarantar Gwamnati da Manufofin Jama'a ta Ibadan (ISGPP) tana shirya taron shekara-shekara don magance batutuwan mummunar mulki a ƙasar Najeriya. An gudanar da taron farko a cikin shekara ta 2016 a Cibiyar Taron Ƙasa da Ƙasa (ICC), [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] . Mutane a taron na farko sun haɗa da tsohon shugaban Najeriya [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]; tsohon Sakatare Janar na ECOWAS, Cif Emeka Anyaoku; Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Ibadan, [[Abel Idowu Olayinka]]; Akinogun Mabje .<ref>{{cite news|last1=Oluwalana|first1=Sam|title=From Ibadan school: Agenda for good governance|url=https://guardian.ng/features/from-ibadan-school-agenda-for-good-governance/amp/|accessdate=28 May 2018|work=The Guardian|date=March 3, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Obasanjo: Governors acting like emperors, sole administrators|url=https://www.adola.org/obasanjo-governors-acting-like-emperors-sole-administrators/|accessdate=28 May 2018|website=Adola.org|date=February 1, 2016}}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Ƙungiyar Masu Karatu === Farfesa Olabode Lucas ne ke jagorantar wannan kulob ɗin. Wannan kulob ɗin littafi yana da manufar haɓaka al'adun karatu, da kuma samar da dandamali don rufe ilimi da gibin bayanai a Najeriya. Jerin Karatun Littafin, wanda Ƙungiyar Masu Karatun Littafi ta shirya ya kawo marubuta da jama'a gaba ɗaya tare a cikin tattaunawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISGPP Book Readers Club – Ibadan School of Government and Public Policy |url=http://isgpp.com.ng/book-readers-club/ |access-date=5 August 2018 |website=Isgpp.com.ng |archive-date=6 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806003601/http://isgpp.com.ng/book-readers-club/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Abubuwan da suka faru na karatun littafin yawanci suna kawo marubutan zuwa Makarantar da kuma Shugaban, Jagora mai bita, kwamitin masu tattaunawa da jama'a gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Adedayo |first1=Festus |title=Jonathan, Buhari as Prisoners of History |url=https://www.tribuneonlineng.com/amp/jonathan-buhari-as-prisoners-of-history |accessdate=1 June 2018 |agency=Nigerian Tribune |publisher=Tribune online |date=May 20, 2018 |archive-date=22 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522092944/http://www.tribuneonlineng.com/amp/jonathan-buhari-as-prisoners-of-history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Olutokun |first1=Ayo |title=2019: Rereading Olusegun Adeniyi's Book on the 2015 Elections |url=https://www.punchng.com/2019-rereading-olusegun-adeniyis-book-on-the-2015-elections/amp/ |accessdate=1 June 2018 |publisher=Punch |date=May 18, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Adesanya |first1=Samuel |title=Policy experts, others seek action on Nigerian centennial history |url=https://www.thenationonlineng.net/policy-experts-others-seek-action-nigerian-centennial-history/amp/ |accessdate=1 June 2018 |publisher=The Nation Online |date=March 1, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Olumide |first1=Seye |title=Experts want government to return study of history |url=https://guardian.ng/features/experts-want-government-to-return-study-of-history/amp/ |accessdate=1 June 2018 |agency=Guardian Nigeria |date=March 12, 2018}}</ref> == Haɗin gwiwa tare da Google == Mataimakin Shugaban ISGPP, Dokta Tunji Olaopa ya bayyana cewa Makarantar tana shiga haɗin gwiwa tare da Google Inc. akan juyin-juya halin intanet.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nwafor |first1=Polycarp Nwafor |title=ISGPP partners with Google on internet revolution |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/04/isgpp-partners-google-internet-revolution/amp/ |accessdate=1 June 2018 |agency=Vanguard Nigeria |date=April 30, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Google, institute partner on new policies for Africa's digital space |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/google-institute-partner-new-policies-africas-digital-space/amp/ |accessdate=1 June 2018 |publisher=The Nation Online |date=May 3, 2017}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Makarantan Gwamnatin jihar Katsina]] [[Rukuni:Gine-gine]] pzlicd07iz2np8c7f812ievtar38kjc 0 101269 906228 712531 2026-08-22T13:26:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906228 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Al-Khweldi Muhammad Salih Abdullah El-Hamedi''' ([[Larabci]] الخويلدي محمد الحميدي; Janairu 1943 - 27 Yuli 2015), wanda kuma aka fassara da '''Khuwailidi al-Humaidi''', ya kasance Manjo Janar na Libya ƙarƙashin [[Muammar Gaddafi]], wanda ya kafa kuma babban sakataren kungiyar juyin juya hali na Libya na farko kuma babban sakataren kungiyar juyin juya hali ta [[Libya]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-03 |title=El-khweldi - Elhamedi |url=http://elhamedi.com/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103053312/http://elhamedi.com/en/ |archive-date=2022-01-03 |access-date=2023-02-10}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ash |first=Nigel |date=2015-07-27 |title=Qaddafi collaborator Khuwaildi Al-Hamidi dies of heart attack |url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2015/07/qaddafi-collaborator-khuwaildi-al-hamidi-dies-of-heart-attack/ |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=LibyaHerald |language=en-US}}</ref> Yana daga cikin da'irar Gaddafi. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Inside Gaddafi's inner circle |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/2/27/inside-gaddafis-inner-circle |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Rayuwar farko da ta sirri === An haifi Hameidi a Surman a shekara ta 1943. Mahaifinsa ya mallaki gona tsakanin Surman da Sabratha. Ya halarci makarantar firamare a Surman, makarantar sakandare a [[Zawiya, Libya|Zawiya]], kuma ya kammala karatu daga [[Kwalejin Jami'ar Soja ta Benghazi|Jami'ar Soja ta Benghazi]] a matsayin Laftanar na biyu a shekarar 1965. Aikin soja na farko shine tare da Royal Battalion a Derna. Daga baya aka naɗa shi mataimakin kwamandan bataliya ta ɗaya [[Idris na Libya|Idris]] a Sabha daga baya kuma Tarhuna. <ref name=":0"/> Ya auri kawunsa Aisha al-Hamidi a shekara ta 1970. Matarsa farfesa ce a tarihi kuma ta sami digiri na biyu a [[Jami'ar Tripoli|Jami'ar Al-Fateh]] da ke [[Tripoli]]. <ref name=":0"/> Sun haifi 'ya'ya mata shida da 'ya'ya maza uku, ciki har da Khaled K. El-Hamedi, shugaban kungiyar masu zaman kansu ta Libya, Ƙungiyar International Organization for Peace, Care and Relief. Ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yansa mata tana auren ɗan Gaddafi [[Al-Saadi Gaddafi]]. <ref name=":1"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=INVISIBLE DOG - KHADAFI'S LIBYA AND TODAY'S LIBYA |url=https://www.invisible-dog.com/libia_oggi_eng.html |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=www.invisible-dog.com}}</ref> Ya kasance mai tara zane-zane, gami da kayan ado na ƙasar Sin da siffofin ebony na Afirka. Har ila yau, yana da sha'awar kiwon dabbobi, kamar falconry, Dawakai na Larabawa, deer, da kuma Tsuntsaye masu raira waƙa.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2011-06-20 |title=A man of peace or a henchman? |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/a-man-of-peace-or-a-henchman/ |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=The Seattle Times |language=en-US}}</ref> === Aiki a ƙarƙashin Gaddafi === Hameidi ya taka rawar gani a juyin mulkin da aka yi a Libiya a shekara ta 1969 wanda ya hambarar da [[Idris na Libya|Sarki Idris]] kuma ya kawo [[Muammar Gaddafi]] kan ƙaragar mulki. Hameidi dai an ɗora masa alhakin kwace gidan rediyon da ke birnin Tripoli da kuma kame yarima mai jiran gado Hasan as-Senussi. <ref name=":1"/> Bayan nasarar juyin mulkin, Hameidi yana cikin mutane goma sha biyu da suka kafa Majalisar Juyin Juya Hali ta Libiya (RCC). A watan Agustan 1975, ministan tsare-tsare Umar Muhayshi, Bashir al-Saghir Hawady, da Awad Ali Hamza, waɗanda dukkansu na cikin kungiyar RCC mai mambobi 12, suka jagoranci juyin mulki a kan Gaddafi. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} Libya: The role of Omar al-Meheshi in Colonel Qaddafi's revolution; his activities in the 1975 coup attempt and in developing opposition movements in Morocco and Egypt (1969 - present) |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6aaad48.html |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref> Juyin mulkin ya ci tura; Muhayshi ya gudu zuwa Tunisia kuma wani ɗan jam'iyyar RCC da ake zargi da rashin aminci, Abdul-Munim al-Huni, ya gudu zuwa Masar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–9, Part 1, Documents on North Africa, 1973–1976 - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve09p1/d53 |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Libya - Exiled Opposition |url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-8220.html |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=www.country-data.com}}</ref> Hawady da Hamza aka kamasu. <ref name=":2" /> A ƙarshe an rage RCC zuwa mambobi biyar kawai: Gaddafi, Abdessalam Jalloud, Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr, Mustafa Kharubi, da Hameidi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ufheil-Somers |first=Amanda |date=1986-11-04 |title=Libya's Revolution Revisited |url=https://merip.org/1986/11/libyas-revolution-revisited/ |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=MERIP |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ash |first=Nigel |date=2015-07-17 |title=Cancer kills top Qaddafi aide ten days before trial verdict |url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2015/07/cancer-kills-top-qaddafi-aide-ten-days-before-trial-verdict/ |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=LibyaHerald |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=اكتشف 10 معلومات عن اللواء مصطفى الخروبي |url=https://www.afrigatenews.net/article/%D8%A5%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81-10-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A/ |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=www.afrigatenews.net |language=ar |archive-date=2019-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128004819/https://www.afrigatenews.net/article/%D8%A5%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81-10-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dukkaninsu biyar sun fito ne daga matalauta ko kuma masu ƙaramin karfi. Hameidi ya taɓa riƙe muƙamin ministan cikin gida, shugaban hukumar leken asirin soji, da kuma shugaban kotunan soji a gwamnatin Gaddafi. <ref name=":1"/> <ref name=":0"/> Ya kuma kasance memba na Babban Kwamitin Tsaro na wucin gadi. <ref name=":5"/> === Yakin basasar Libya === Lokacin da yakin basasar Libya na farko ya ɓarke a watan Fabrairun 2011, Hameidi bai riƙe wani muƙami na siyasa ko na zartarwa ba saboda ya yi ritaya. Duk da haka, ya ci gaba da jin daɗin dangantaka ta kud da kud da Gaddafi saboda auren 'yarsa da ɗan Gaddafi [[Al-Saadi Gaddafi|Saadi]]. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Al-awsat |first=Asharq |title=Middle-east Arab News Opinion |url=https://eng-archive.aawsat.com/theaawsat/news-middle-east/gaddafi-threatened-to-wipe-my-hometown-off-the-map-jailed-libyan-official |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=eng-archive.aawsat.com |language=UK}}</ref> An bayar da rahoton cewa, Hameidi ya samu kwamanda a Zawiya a lokacin yakin basasa. <ref name=":1"/> Saboda kusancinsa da iyalan Gaddafi da kuma kin sauya sheka, Hameidi da iyalinsa sun zama abin kai hari ga [[NATO]] a lokacin da ta shiga tsakani na soja a Libya. A ranar 19 ga watan Yunin 2011 ne NATO ta kai masa harin bam a gidansa da ke kusa da Surman, wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar surukarsa da jikoki uku. Bama-baman na NATO sun kashe 'yan uwa 15 da suka haɗa da yara uku. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=H |date=2017-11-15 |title=Khalid al-Khuwaildi al-Humaidi: Prosecuting NATO for War Crimes in Libya |url=https://hannenabintuherland.com/mideast/khaled-k-al-hamedi-prosecuting-nato-for-war-crimes-in-libya-horrendous-atrocities-against-civilians/ |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=Herland Report |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anatomy Of A NATO War Crime By Franklin Lamb |url=https://countercurrents.org/lamb171211.htm |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=countercurrents.org}}</ref> <ref name=":6"/> NATO ta yi iƙirarin cewa Gaddafi na amfani da gidansa a matsayin "cibiyar umarni" don haka wata manufa ta dace. <ref name=":3"/> <ref name=":6" /> Ɗan Hameidi Khaled ya yi ikirarin cewa kungiyar tsaro ta NATO ta yi yunkurin kashe Khweldi Hameidi ne domin tada hankalin gwamnatin Gaddafi. <ref name=":4" /> A ranar 24 ga watan Yunin 2011, Hameidi da ke cikin damuwa ya yi magana da 'yan jaridu na Yamma kusa da gidansa da aka rushe tare da Moussa Ibrahim yana aiki a matsayin mai fassara. Bayan yakin Tripoli Hameidi ya gudu zuwa ƙasar Tunisiya, inda ya samu bugun zuciya kuma aka kwantar da shi a [[Tunis|birnin Tunis]]. Tunisiya ta zarge shi da shiga ƙasar ba bisa ka'ida ba. <ref name=":3"/> == Kaura == Hameidi bai taɓa fuskantar shari'a a [[Tunisiya]] ba kuma ba a kai shi Libya ba. A gwargwadon rahoto ya shafe lokaci a [[Moroko|Maroko]] kafin ya zauna a [[Misra|Masar]]. A cikin watan Fabrairu 2012, Libyan Popular National Movement aka kafa ta Libyan Popular National Movement masu biyayya ga Gaddafi a gudun hijira kuma Hameidi ya zama Babban Sakatare Janar na farko. An dakatar da jam'iyyar daga shiga zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokokin ƙasar Libya a shekara ta 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Prashad |first=Vijay |date=2015-10-28 |title=The detritus of regime change in Libya |url=https://www.newarab.com/opinion/detritus-regime-change-libya |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=www.newarab.com/ |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210032534/https://www.newarab.com/opinion/detritus-regime-change-libya |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=":1"/> == Mutuwa == Hameidi ya sake samun bugun zuciya kuma ya mutu a [[Kairo|Alkahira]] a ranar 27 ga watan Yuli 2015. Ya kasance ko dai 72 ko 75. <ref name=":1"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1943]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6lkjoe0u6lkdqtxu1cmars9dyxlrdpt 0 101424 906205 892136 2026-08-22T12:42:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906205 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Yakin Kert (Spanish) rikici ne a arewacin Morocco tsakanin Spain da Rif ''harkas'' mai tayar da kayar baya ƙarƙashin jagorancin Mohammed Ameziane, wanda ya yi kira ga ''[[jihadi]]'' a kan mamayar Spaniya a gabashin Rif. Ya faru ne tsakanin shekarun 1911 da 1912.<ref>{{Cite newspaper |url=https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/pdf?oid=0000651569 |journal=La Correspondencia de España |language=es |date=12 July 1912 |title=LA ACCIÓN ESPAÑOLA EN MARRUECOS: Sumisión del jefe de la "harka" |location=Madrid}}</ref> == Tarihi == Yaƙin ya ga gabatarwar <nowiki><i id="mwFg">tropas regulares indígenas</i></nowiki> ("sojoji na yau da kullum"), wanda Dámaso Berenguer ya ƙirƙira ranar 30 ga watan Yuni 1911. Yaƙin ya biyo bayan tawaye da Mohammed Ameziane, caïd na Segangan, ya fara, wanda ya yi kira ga ''[[jihadi]]'' kuma ya kai farmaki ga Spaniya da ƙabilun da ke da abokantaka da su. Bayan wani hari kan wani ruƙuni na ma'aikatan soji na Spaniya da ke gudanar da ayyukan taswirar wuri a wani matsayi kusa da Ishafen (kusa da kogin Kert) yakin na Spain ya fara ne a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta. Duk da haka an riga an harbe wani ɓangare na Spaniya a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni. [[Fayil:1911-10-14,_La_Hormiga_de_Oro,_Convoy_dirigiéndose_á_las_posiciones_avanzadas_de_Imarufen.jpg|left|thumb| ayarin motocin Mutanen Espanya sun nufi Imaroufene]] Bayan ziyarar Melilla, Ministan Yakin Spaniya Agustín Luque ya karɓi ragamar ayyukan a ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba, kuma gwagwarmayar ta haifar da asarar da yawa ga ɓangarorin biyu, mutuwar 64 da 204 da suka jikkata a ɓangaren Spain. A ranar 14 ga watan Oktoba 1911 Janar Salvador Díaz Ordóñez aka kashe a cikin aiki kuma wani shafi da {{Interlanguage link|Felipe Navarro y Ceballos-Escalera|es|lt=General Navarro}} ya umarta. ya mutu 33 kuma 105 sun jikkata.<ref>{{Cite newspaper |url=https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/pdf?oid=0000651569 |journal=La Correspondencia de España |language=es |date=12 July 1912 |title=LA ACCIÓN ESPAÑOLA EN MARRUECOS: Sumisión del jefe de la "harka" |location=Madrid}}</ref> Sojojin Spain sun ɗauki matsayin Al Aaroui (''Monte Arruit'') a ranar 18 ga watan Janairu 1912. Spaniya sun ƙare yaƙin ne bayan kashe Ameziane da ƴan ƙasar suka yi a ranar 15 ga watan Mayu 1912. [<nowiki/>[[Mohammed Sidi Baracca]] ya maye gurbinsa amma ba da jimawa ba ya miƙa wuya. Asarar da Spaniya suka yi a wancan lokacin sun kai kusan 500 da aka kashe kuma 1,900 suka jikkata. An shinfiɗa layin sarrafa Sipaniya zuwa kogin Kert kuma sabbin iyakoki na yankin da Spaniya suka mamaye sun haɗa da haɗa ɗakunan Berber na [[Ait Sidel]] da [[Ait Bu-Gafar]].<ref>{{Cite newspaper |url=https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/pdf?oid=0000651569 |journal=La Correspondencia de España |language=es |date=12 July 1912 |title=LA ACCIÓN ESPAÑOLA EN MARRUECOS: Sumisión del jefe de la "harka" |location=Madrid}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Yaƙin Hispano-Maroko (1859-1860) * Kamfen na farko na Melillan * Kamfen na biyu na Melillan === Manazarta === {{Reflist|30em}} === Ƙara karantawa === * {{Cite journal |last=Barrio Jala |first=Manuel del |year=2002 |title=Nuestros Generales en el Norte de África |url=https://publicaciones.defensa.gob.es/media/downloadable/files/links/r/e/revista_ejercito_732.pdf |journal=Ejército |location=Madrid |publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (Spain)|Ministry of Defence]] |volume=LXIII |issue=732 |pages=41–51 |issn=0013-2918 |access-date=2025-06-01 |archive-date=2024-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714220010/https://publicaciones.defensa.gob.es/media/downloadable/files/links/r/e/revista_ejercito_732.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{Citation|title=Las campañas de Marrueco y la opinión pública. El ejemplo de Salamanca y su prensa (1906-1927)|url=https://iugm.es/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/las_campanas_de_marruecos.pdf|first=María|year=2012|last=Gajate Bajo|publisher=Instituto Universitario General Gutiérrez Mellado|location=Madrid|isbn=978-84-615-9842-7|access-date=2020-08-27|archive-date=2023-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605222842/https://iugm.es/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/las_campanas_de_marruecos.pdf|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite journal |last=León Rojas |first=José |year=2018 |title=Tarifa y las Campañas de Marruecos (1909-1927) |url=http://aljaranda.com/index.php/aljaranda/article/view/1078 |journal=Aljaranda |location=Tarifa |publisher=Ayuntamiento de Tarifa |volume=1 |issue=92 |issn=1130-7986}} * {{Cite journal |last=Macías Fernández |first=Daniel |year=2013 |title=Las campañas de Marruecos (1909-1927) |url=https://ruhm.es/index.php/RUHM/article/view/86 |journal=Revista Universitaria de Historia Militar |volume=2 |issue=3 |access-date=2025-06-01 |archive-date=2024-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207204850/https://ruhm.es/index.php/RUHM/article/view/86 |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite journal|isbn=978-84-88642-16-5|issn=1130-314X|location=Gijón|year=2013|journal=Entemu|publisher=[[UNED|UNED Centro Asociado de Asturias]]|title=Las guerras de Marruecos|first=Francisco|last=Ramos Oliver|pages=165–185|url=https://www2.uned.es/ca-gijon/web/actividades/publica/entemu13/entemu_2013_7_RAMOS_OLIVER.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827145021/https://www2.uned.es/ca-gijon/web/actividades/publica/entemu13/entemu_2013_7_RAMOS_OLIVER.pdf|archive-date=2020-08-27}} * {{Cite journal |last=Ramos Oliver |first=Francisco |year=2013 |title=Las guerras de Marruecos |url=https://www2.uned.es/ca-gijon/web/actividades/publica/entemu13/entemu_2013_7_RAMOS_OLIVER.pdf |journal=Entemu |location=Gijón |publisher=[[UNED|UNED Centro Asociado de Asturias]] |pages=165–185 |isbn=978-84-88642-16-5 |issn=1130-314X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827145021/https://www2.uned.es/ca-gijon/web/actividades/publica/entemu13/entemu_2013_7_RAMOS_OLIVER.pdf |archive-date=2020-08-27}} * {{Cite book|url=http://www.racv.es/es/racv_digital/los-regulares-en-la-guerra-de-africa|title=Los Regulares en la Guerra de África|first=José Antonio|last=Requejo Gómez|year=2017|publisher=Real Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana|location=Valencia|access-date=2025-06-01|archive-date=2025-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128043922/http://www.racv.es/es/racv_digital/los-regulares-en-la-guerra-de-africa|url-status=dead}} ov13emacoz4un1topjv2r3crv17n86e 0 101462 906238 897617 2026-08-22T14:11:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Asalin '''kashe-kashe a Kudancin Kaduna''' musamman a shekarun 2010 da farkon 2020 za a iya danganta shi da al’amuran da suka kai [[Goodluck Jonathan]] kan karagar mulki a 2010 a matsayin [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban Najeriya]], da kuma ta’azzara bayan zaben shugaban ƙasa a 2011, wanda ya yi nasara. <ref name="RW">{{Cite web |date=2 March 2017 |title=A critical look at the Southern Kaduna crisis |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/critical-look-southern-kaduna-crisis |access-date=28 March 2024 |website=Relief Web}}</ref> == Fage == Za a iya tunawa a lokacin yakin neman zaɓen shugaban ƙasa a Najeriya na 2011 da aka watsa a gidan talabijin na ƙasa, [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya|NTA]], dan takarar jam'iyyar CPC, [[Muhammadu Buhari]] a lokacin da yake jawabi ga jama'a a wata jihar [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] da ke arewacin kasar a cikin [[harshen Hausa]], ya yi kira da a yi tashin hankali yayin da jama'ar suka yi ta murna. A cikin ainihin kalmominsa kamar yadda ''[[TheCable]]'' ta kama, {{Blockquote|"Ku fita ku yi zabe. Ku Kasa, ku tsare, ku raka ku tsaya. Duk wanda bai yarda ba, ku halaka shi."}} Rubutun da aka ɗauka a cikin bidiyon suna da kalmomi masu zuwa: {{Blockquote|"Da farko, dole ne ku yi rajista, ku fito ku yi zabe. Kuna tsare, kare, raka jami'an zabe zuwa wurin tattara sakamakon, kuma kuna jira har sai an kirga sakamakon. Duk wanda ya hana ku, ku kashe shi!"}} Duk da cewa magoya bayan Buhari sun yi ƙoƙarin ba da wata ma’ana ga wannan magana, an ga gaskiya bayan zaɓen Jonathan ya fadi. Rikicin da ya barke bayan nasarar Jonathan a 2011 ya bazu a jihohin arewacin Najeriya inda aka ce sama da mutane 65,000 sun rasa matsugunansu sakamakon haka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 16, 2011 |title=Post-Election Violence Killed 800 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/post-election-violence-killed-800 |access-date=March 28, 2024 |website=Relief Web}}</ref> Duk da cewa [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] ta sha fama da rikice-rikice a baya, amma ga dukkan alamu sun ta'azzara cikin wannan lokaci. <ref name="RW"/> A zaben gwamnan jihar Kaduna a 2011, [[Patrick Ibrahim Yakowa|Patrick Yakowa]] ya zama Kirista na farko kuma dan Kudancin Kaduna da aka zaba a matsayin gwamnan jihar Kaduna. A baya ya taba zama gwamna bayan Gwamna mai ci, [[Namadi Sambo]] ne [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ya zabe shi ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Najeriya bayan rasuwar Shugaba [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Umaru Musa 'Yar'Adua]] a 2010. Shugabannin Musulmi na jihar dai ba su ji dadin hakan ba, inda suka yi barazanar yin watsi da daukakar Kiristanci a matsayin gwamnan jihar Kaduna. Zaman Yakowa ba zai dade ba domin rayuwarsa za ta kare a 2012. Mataimakinsa, [[Mukhtar Ramalan Yero]] ya karbi mukamin gwamnan jihar Kaduna bayan da ya mutu a hatsarin jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu a [[Bayelsa|jihar Bayelsa]] tare da tsohon mai baiwa shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro, [[Owoye Andrew Azazi]] . Daga baya an gano cewa wani malamin addinin Islama, [[Isah Ali Ibrahim Pantami|Isa Pantami]] (wanda zai zama minista a gwamnatin Buhari a shekara ta 2019-2023), da kuma wasu shugabannin Musulmin Arewa a 2010, suka yi yunkurin kashe Yakowa, a matsayin gwamnan jihar Kaduna a matsayin "cin mutuncin addinin Musulunci a kasar nan". Gwamnan [[Jahar Taraba|jihar Taraba]], [[Danbaba Suntai]] shi ma ya fuskanci harin amma da kyar ya tsira. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 26, 2012 |title=Middle Belt youths allege sabotage in Yakowa's death |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/middle-belt-youths-allege-sabotage-in-yakowas-death/ |access-date=March 28, 2024 |publisher=The Nation}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Yuli, 2012, tsohon ministan [[Babban Birnin Tarayya, Najeriya|babban birnin tarayya]], [[Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai|Nasir El-Rufai]], ya wallafa a shafinsa na Twitter. {{Blockquote|"Duk wanda ya kashe Bafulatani, ko soja ko wanda ba haka ba, sai ya dauki lamunin da zai biya wata rana komai dadewa."}} Zaman Yero ya yi fama da hare-hare da wasu ‘yan bindiga da ba a san ko su wanene ba (daga baya aka gano cewa Fulani makiyaya ne) a yankin Kudancin Kaduna, lamarin da ya janyo rashin farin jini a tsakanin jama’a. Wannan baya ga zabin da bai yi wa Nuhu Bajoga a matsayin mataimakin gwamna ba. Kudancin Kaduna ya sha alwashin kada gwamna Yero da shugaba Jonathan a zaben gwamna da na shugaban kasa a shekarar 2015, saboda rashin kulawa da kashe-kashen da ’yan bindigar Fulani ke yi a yankin. A [[Zaben Gwamnan Jihar Kaduna na shekarar 2015|zaben gwamnan jihar Kaduna na 2015]] [[Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai|Nasir el-Rufai]] na [[All Progressives Congress|jam'iyyar APC]] ya doke [[Mukhtar Ramalan Yero]] na [[Peoples Democratic Party|jam'iyyar PDP]] . El-Rufai ya zabi [[Yusuf Barnabas Bala|Barnabas Bala Bantex]] a matsayin abokin takararsa. Duk da jita-jitar da ake ta yadawa na rashin jituwa tsakanin su biyun, Rufai ya musanta cewa dangantakar su na da kyau. Bantex ya yi murabus a shekarar 2019 domin ya tsaya takarar Sanatan [[Kaduna South|Kaduna ta Kudu a karkashin jam’iyyar]] APC wanda ya sha kaye a hannun Sanata [[Danjuma Laah]] na jam’iyyar PDP. A zaben gwamnan jihar Kaduna na 2019 el-Rufai ya zabi wata mata musulma [[Hadiza Sabuwa Balarabe|Hadiza Balarabe]] daga Kudancin Kaduna a matsayin mataimakiyar jam’iyyar APC. Wannan shi ne karon farko da za a fara gwajin tikitin tsayawa takara tsakanin musulmi da musulmi a jihar Kaduna tun bayan dawowar dimokradiyyar 1999. Sai dai ya kare zabin sa yana mai cewa gidan gwamnati ba masallaci ko coci ba ne. == Biyan Biyan 'Yan Ta'addan Fulani "domin A daina Kisa" == A cikin watan Disambar 2016, a wata budaddiyar tattaunawa da gwamnan jihar Kaduna, [[Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai|Nasir Ahmed Musa el-Rufai]] ya yi, ya furta cewa ya biya wasu Fulani a duk fadin [[Sahel|kasashen Sahel]] kamar [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Mali]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Senegal]] da [[Kamaru]], domin su daina kashe 'yan asalin Kudancin Kaduna saboda korafe-korafen da aka yi na kashe musu shanu a [[Rikicin kudancin Kaduna|rikicin da ya biyo bayan zaben 2011]] a jihar. A wancan lokacin gwamnan ya ce mutane 204 ne suka rasa rayukansu yayin da cocin Katolika a jihar Kaduna ta ce ‘yan bindiga sun kashe mutane 808. Da yake mayar da martani kan abin da ya gabata, Sanata mai wakiltar [[Kaduna South|Kaduna ta Kudu Sanata]] [[Danjuma Laah]], ya ce a shekarar 2011 ba a taba samun lokacin da aka kashe Fulani a kasashen yankin Sahel da gwamnan ya ambata irin su [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Mali]] da [[Cadi|Chadi]] da sauran su da shanunsu a Kudancin Kaduna domin yankin ba wuri ne na haduwar wadannan kasashe ba kuma ya kira ikirarin El-Rufai karya ne. A cewarsa. {{Blockquote|“Gwamnan ya kirkiri wannan karya ne kawai don ya ba da uzuri ga ’yan uwansa Fulani masu kisa da aka shigo da su don su ci gaba da kashe mutanenmu da mamaye filayenmu.”}} Hanyar Kaduna ta ruwaito daga ''cibiyar duba ta kasa da kasa (ICIR)'' cewa an kai hari sau 41 a tsakanin wasannin 2009 zuwa ranar 1 ga watan Mayun 2016, inda aka kashe mutane tare da lalata dubban dukiyoyi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Agbo, Augustine |date=December 28, 2016 |title=Inside The Killing Fields Of Southern Kaduna – Part 1 |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/inside-killing-fields-southern-kaduna/ |access-date=August 31, 2024 |website=ICIR}}</ref> A watan Afrilun 2021, El-Rufai ya juya baya ya ce duk wanda aka kama yana tattaunawa da ‘yan fashi za a yi masa mugun rauni. == Wurin kiwo a Kudancin Kaduna == Gwamna el-Rufai ya ba da shawarar samar da wuraren kiwo ga [[Fulani]] a wurare 16 daban-daban a jihar a kan hekta 180,000 na fili da kuma Kudancin Kaduna don samar da hekta 130,000 a wurare shida da ake kallon a matsayin dabara. Kungiyar Kudancin Kaduna (SOKAPU) ta yi nuni da wannan shiri a matsayin musabbabin rikicin nan take, amma [[Miyetti Allah|kungiyar Miyetti Allah Cattle Breeders Association of Nigeria]] (MACBAN) ta musanta wannan ikirari. A cewar shugaban SOKAPU, Dr. Musa Kaptain Solomon: {{Blockquote|"SOKAPU tana tsaye ne akan wannan ikirari bisa ga asalin kashe-kashen da ake yi. Da gwamnatin Nasir el-Rufai ta sanar da shirye-shiryen da ya ce za ta sake farfado da wasu da ya yi ikirarin cewa tsofaffin wuraren kiwo ne a Kudancin Kaduna, muka bijirewa. Mun riga mun sami dangantaka ta yau da kullun inda Fulani suke kiwon shanu a yankunan mu ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba kuma sun kasance al'ada na al'ummominmu. Suna kiwon shanunsu kamar yadda suka saba, suna tafiya a lokacin hijira, kuma su koma idan sun ga dama. Muna ajiye kayansu har sai sun dawo. A manta da rikicin shekarar 2011 mara dadi, wanda ‘yan daba [[Congress for Progressive Change|CPC]] suka tayar a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], [[Zaria]], [[Zonkwa], [[Kafanchan]] da sauransu. Wannan batu ne na siyasa, kuma ba shi da alaka da kiwo."}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/01/southern-kaduna-crisis-making-sense-claims-counter-claims/|title=Southern Kaduna crisis: Making sense of claims and counter claims|first=Luka|last=Binniyat|date=January 15, 2017|access-date=March 28, 2024}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2016, Kudancin Kaduna gaba daya ta hannun SOKAPU sun yi fatali da wannan shiri da aka yi masa kallon da wasu dalilai na tuhuma wanda zai baiwa [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|Gwamnatin Tarayya]] karin hekta 5,000 don yin kiwo iri daya ga Fulanin da suka zama 17 gaba daya. SOKAPU ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa tsakanin shekarar 2011 zuwa 2016, sama da mutane 4,000 ne suka rasa rayukansu a hare-hare 54 da aka rubuta. Shugaban SOKAPU, Musa, a watan Nuwamba 2016, a wata hira da aka yi da shi, ya ce, "Kiwo kiwo kamar sace Peter ne don biyan Paul". ==Kama 'yan jarida saboda suka gwamnati== A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2016, an kama wani ɗan jarida daga Kaduna mai suna Jacob Onjewu Dickson, wanda ke aiki da shafin labarai na Authentic News Daily. An ruwaito cewa ya rubuta rahoto da ke cewa gwamnan Jihar Kaduna, Nasir el-Rufai, an jefeshi da duwatsu daga matasa yayin wata [ziyara ta zaman lafiya.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/202903-journalist-arrested-charged-report-kaduna-governor-el-rufai.html|title=Journalist arrested, charged over report on Kaduna governor, El-Rufai|date=May 4, 2016|publisher=Premium Times|access-date=March 28, 2024}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 2016, an kama wani masanin al'umma kuma tsohon malami a [[Jami'ar Jihar Kaduna]], John Danfulani, saboda wata wallafa da yayi a Facebook da ke suka gwamnati Nasir el-Rufai. An tsare shi har na tsawon kwanaki 13.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://dailypost.ng/2016/10/26/former-kaduna-state-university-lecturer-dr-john-danfulani-remanded-prison-criticizing-el-rufai/|title=Former Kaduna State University lecturer, Dr John Danfulani remanded in prison for criticizing El-Rufai|first=Amos|last=Tauna|date=October 26, 2016|publisher=Daily Post|access-date=March 28, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thecable.ng/critics-desperation-silence/amp|title=A critic's desperation for silence|date=February 1, 2017|first=Immanuel|last=Anyanwu|access-date=March 28, 2024}}</ref> A watan Yuli, 2017, Luka Binniyat, mai magana da yawun kungiyar SOKAPU, ya shiga cikin jerin 'yan jarida da aka kama saboda suka salon Nasir el-Rufai wajen tunkarar rikice-rikicen Kudancin Kaduna. Ya shafe fiye da kwanaki 100 a tsare kafin a sako shi a watan Oktoba, 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://punchng.com/govt-keeps-arresting-my-husband-for-not-compromising-in-reports-on-southern-kaduna-killings-wife-of-detained-journalist/|title=Govt keeps arresting my husband for not compromising in reports on Southern Kaduna killings – Wife of detained journalist|first=Solomon|last=Odeniyi|date=January 1, 2022|publisher=Punch|access-date=March 28, 2024}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Mayu, 2019, an kama wani ɗan jarida mai suna Stephen Kefas a [[Port Harcourt]], [[Jihar Ribas]], sannan aka mayar da shi Kaduna bisa umarni daga sama. Laifinsa shine sake wallafa wani rubutu daga [[Sahara Reporters]] a Facebook kan sace da kisan HRH Raphael Maiwada Galadima, Agom Adara.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://saharareporters.com/2019/05/08/breaking-police-arrest-kajuru-journalist-stephen-kefas-re-posting-article-facebook|title=BREAKING: Police Arrest Kajuru Journalist Stephen Kefas For Re-Posting Article On Facebook|date=March 8, 2019|access-date=March 28, 2024}}</ref> An tsare shi a gidan yarin Kaduna, sannan kungiyoyi uku suka gudanar da zanga-zanga suna neman a sako shi, inda wasu suka kira lamarin da [[tyranny|zalunci]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://punchng.com/anti-el-rufai-protesters-storm-abuja-over-detained-journalist/|title=Anti-el-Rufai protesters storm Abuja over detained journalist|first=Friday|last=Olokor|location=[[Abuja]]|date=October 8, 2019|publisher=Punch|access-date=March 28, 2024}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2021, Luka Binniyat ya sake fuskantar kama a ofishin SOKAPU da ke Kaduna, bayan rahoton da ya wallafa a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 2021 a shafin The Epoch Times game da yadda gwamnatin Kaduna ke tafiyar da rikicin Kudancin Kaduna. Committee to Protect Journalists ta bukaci a sako Luka Binniyat nan da nan ba tare da wani sharadi ba a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpj.org/2021/11/nigerian-journalist-luka-binniyat-detained-over-complaint-by-kaduna-state-official/|title=Nigerian journalist Luka Binniyat detained over complaint by Kaduna state official|date=November 15, 2021|publisher=[[Committee to Protect Journalists]]|location=[[Abuja]]|access-date=March 28, 2024}}</ref> Daga baya an sako shi a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.csw.org.uk/2022/02/04/press/5572/article.htm|title=Luka Binniyat released from prison after finally meeting bail terms|date=February 4, 2022|publisher=[[Christian Solidarity Worldwide|CSW]]|access-date=March 28, 2024}}</ref> Wasu take hakkin ɗan adam da Gwamna el-Rufai ya aikata sun fito fili a wata lissafa da wani lauya kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin ɗan adam, Farfesa Chidi Odinkalu ya bayyana.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/09/02/odinkalu-takes-on-el-rufai-lists-victims-of-govs-alleged-rights-abuse|title=Odinkalu Takes on el-Rufai, Lists Victims of Gov's Alleged Rights Abuse|first=Peter|last=Uzoho|publisher=This Day|access-date=March 28, 2024}}</ref> == Sauya Sunayen Masarautu da Samar da Masarautu a Kudancin Kaduna; da Kama, Garkuwa da Kashe Sarakunan Gargajiya na Kudancin Kaduna == A watan Maris na 2017, [[B'gwam]] Akurmi, Mai Martaba Ishaku S. Damina, gwamnan Jihar Kaduna, Nasir el-Rufai ya kama shi. Dalilin kamun nasa kamar yadda kakakin kungiyar ''Southern Kaduna People's Union'' (SOKAPU), Luka Binniyat ya ruwaito, shine ya mika wani Bafillace da ake zargi da zama sanannen mai garkuwa da mutane a yankin ga [[Sojojin Najeriya]], wanda ya mutu a hannunsu.<ref name="FFNG"/> Matasan Akurmi sun nuna rashin amincewarsu a kafafen yada labarai suna neman a saki sarakunansu.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedreamdaily.com/akurmi-youth-ask-el-rufai-release-kurama-chief/|title=Akurmi Youth Ask El-Rufai To Release Kurama Chief|date=March 26, 2017|publisher=The Dream Daily|access-date=March 28, 2024|archive-date=March 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328000151/https://www.thedreamdaily.com/akurmi-youth-ask-el-rufai-release-kurama-chief/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na 2017, ''Daily Trust'' ta ruwaito shirye-shiryen sake fasalin masarautu da fadoji 32 a [[Jihar Kaduna]], daga cikinsu 13 daga cikin masarautu da fadoji a yankunan sanata na tsakiya da na kudu na jihar za a sauya musu suna. Tun farkon watan Yuni na wannan shekarar, rahotanni sun ce gwamnatin el-Rufai ta kori shugabannin gundumomi 313 da shugabannin kauyuka 4,453 da dalilin rage nauyin kudi da kananan hukumomi ke haifarwa. Wannan garambawul ya kai ga komawa ga tsarin gundumomi 77 da rukunin kauyuka 1,429 na kafin shekarar 2001 a lokacin da gwamna na wancan lokaci, [[Ahmed Makarfi|Ahmed Mohammed Makarfi]] ya daidaita tsarin gargajiya. Sai dai cibiyoyin da abin ya shafa sun kalubalanci wannan shawarar a kotu.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://dailypost.ng/2017/10/02/el-rufai-moves-restructure-kaduna-emirates-chiefdoms/|title=El-Rufai moves to restructure Kaduna emirates, chiefdoms|first=Wale|last=Odunsi|publisher=Daily Post|date=October 2, 2017|access-date=March 28, 2024}}</ref> Da sanyin safiyar 1 ga Janairu, 2018, Etum Numana, HH Gambo Makama, da matarsa mai ciki an kai musu hari kuma an kashe su a gidansu da ke kauyen Arak, Karamar Hukumar Sanga.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2018/10/26/gunmen-kill-abducted-kaduna-traditional-ruler-after-collecting-ransom|title=Gunmen Kill Abducted Kaduna Traditional Ruler After Collecting Ransom|first=John|last=Shiklam|location=[[Kaduna (city)|Kaduna]]|publisher=This Day|access-date=March 28, 2024}}</ref> Dan sarkin mai shekaru 45 ya samu raunuka.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.guardian.ng/news/gunmen-kill-traditional-ruler-pregnant-wife-in-kaduna-state/|title=Gunmen kill traditional ruler, pregnant wife in Kaduna State|date=January 2, 2018|publisher=TheGuardian|access-date=March 28, 2024}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Janairu, 2018, Agom Akulu, HH Yohanna Sidi Kukah, sarkin Akulu Chiefdom, shi ma wasu ‘yan bindiga da ba a san ko su wanene ba suka sace shi. Sarkin kanin [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Sokoto|Fadan Katolika na Sokoto]] ne, [[Matthew Hassan Kukah|Bishop Matthew Hassan Kukah]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/news/gunmen-kidnap-south-kaduna-monarch-yohanna-kukah/|title=Gunmen kidnap South Kaduna monarch, Yohanna Kukah|first1=Saxone|last1=Akhaine|first2=Abdulganiu|last2=Alabi|location=[[Kaduna (city)|Kaduna]]|date=January 4, 2018|publisher=TheGuardian|access-date=March 28, 2024}}</ref> An sake shi bayan ‘yan kwanaki.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://dailytrust.com/kidnapped-kaduna-traditional-ruler-regains-freedom/|title=Kidnapped Kaduna Traditional Ruler Regains Freedom|first=Christiana T.|last=Alabi|date=January 13, 2018|publisher=Daily Trust|access-date=March 28, 2024}}</ref> A watan Yuni na 2018, tsohon Shugaban [[National Human Rights Commission (Nigeria)|Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Kasa]] (NHRC), Prof. [[Chidi Odinkalu]], da wanda ya kafa [[Oodua Peoples Congress]] (OPC), Dr. [[Frederick Fasehun]], sun fuskanci el-Rufai, game da shawarar mayar da wasu fadoji zuwa masarautu a jihar. Wannan ya biyo bayan wasika mai taken "Binciken Sunayen Fadoji a Jihar Kaduna" da aka aike wa Sarkin Kauru, wanda aka rubuta a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2018, inda gwamnan ya umarci sarkin, HH Alhaji Ja'afaru Abubakar, da ya kira kansa Sarki. Wasikar ta ce, {{Blockquote|"An umurce ni da in sanar da kai cewa za a rika kiran ka da girmamawa a matsayin Sarkin Masarautar Kauru. Don Allah ka karbi gaisuwa mai daraja daga kwamishinan a kowane lokaci."}} An yi tambaya kan manufar hakan kuma an ce ba ta dace da tsarin mulki ba.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://punchng.com/opc-odinkalu-tackle-el-rufai-for-converting-chiefdom-to-emirate/|title=OPC, Odinkalu tackle el-rufai for converting chiefdom to emirate|date=June 7, 2018|first=Taiwo|last=Ojoye|publisher=Punch Nigeria|access-date=March 28, 2024}}</ref> Shugaban OPC ya kuma yaba da shawarar haɗin gwiwa ta [[Nigerian National Assembly|Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa]] don hukunta Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] game da halin da ya nuna game da kashe-kashen da ake ci gaba da yi a sassan kasar.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thepointng.com/opc-lauds-nass-resolution-on-buhari-warns-el-rufai-over-conversion-of-chiefdoms-to-emirates/|title=OPC lauds NASS' resolution on Buhari, warns El-Rufai over conversion of chiefdoms to Emirates|date=June 6, 2018|publisher=ThePointNG|access-date=March 28, 2024}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na 2018, Agom [[Adara people|Adara]], HH Dr. [[Maiwada Galadima|Raphael Maiwada Galadima]], an sace shi tare da matarsa da direbansa a kauyen Maikyali a kan hanyar Kaduna-Kachia road<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/291579-how-kidnappers-abducted-traditional-ruler-wife-killed-four-aides-police.html|title=How kidnappers abducted traditional ruler, wife, killed four aides – Police|date=October 21, 2018|publisher=Premium Times Nigeria|access-date=March 28, 2024}}</ref> a hanyarsa ta komawa fadarsa a [[Kachia]] bayan ya raka el-Rufai zuwa Kasuwan Magani a wurin harin. Daga baya an saki matar da direban sarkin yayin da sarkin ya ci gaba da zama a hannun masu garkuwa da mutane.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/292696-kidnapped-kaduna-monarch-killed-el-rufai-ashiru-call-for-calm.html?tztc=1|title=Kidnapped monarch killed, el-Rufai, Ashiru call for calm|publisher=Premium Times Nigeria|access-date=March 28, 2024}}</ref> ''Sahara Reporters'' ta ruwaito cewa masu garkuwar da suka sace sarkin sun ce kafin a kashe shi, {{Blockquote|"Ko da sun biya ku kudin fansa, za mu kashe ku; wannan shine umarnin da muke da shi."}} An ce kashe shi ya samo asali ne daga kin amincewarsa da shirin gwamnan na raba Masarautar Adara don samar da Masarautar Kajuru,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://saharareporters.com/2019/05/06/exclusive-how-kajuru-monarch-galadima-was-killed-refusing-give-stool-after-visiting-el|title=EXCLUSIVE: How Kajuru Monarch Galadima Was Killed For Refusing To Give Up Stool After Visiting El-Rufai|date=May 6, 2019|publisher=[[Sahara Reporters]]|location=[[New York City]]|access-date=March 28, 2024}}</ref> wanda aka kirkira jim kadan bayan mutuwarsa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://dailypost.ng/2021/06/27/adara-people-reject-changes-in-traditional-institutions-in-kaduna/|title=Adara people reject changes in traditional institutions in Kaduna|last=Tauna|first=Amos|date=June 27, 2021|publisher=Daily Post|access-date=May 3, 2024}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2021, Kpop [[Ham people|Ham]], HH [[Jonathan Gyet Maude]], shi ma an sace shi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://punchng.com/its-funny-kaduna-bandits-receive-recharge-cards-as-ransoms-but-government-claims-they-cant-be-tracked-sokapu-youth-president-john/|title=It's funny Kaduna bandits receive 'recharge cards' as ransoms, but government claims they can't be tracked –SOKAPU youth president, John|first=Godfrey|last=George|date=August 1, 2021|publisher=Punch Nigeria|access-date=March 28, 2024}}</ref> Sauran sauye-sauyen sunaye sun haɗa da [[Atyap Chiefdom|Masarautar Atyap]] da aka sake wa suna Masarautar Zangon Kataf kuma mai mulkinta, Agwatyap, HH Sir [[Dominic Yahaya]], an saukar da shi zuwa matsayi na biyu. Wannan canjin ya shafi sauran fadoji ma. An raba wasu fadoji don samar da sabbin fadoji da masarautu sabanin uzurin gwamnan na rage farashi da aka bayar tun farko don rage yawan gundumomi da unguwanni na kauyuka a kowane majalisar gargajiya.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thecable.ng/el-rufais-reforms-and-the-traditional-institution/amp?/el-rufais-reforms-and-the-traditional-institution|title=El-Rufai's reforms and the traditional institution|first=Bulus|last=Godwin|date=May 11, 2023|publisher=TheCable|access-date=March 28, 2024}}</ref> SOKAPU ta kara da cewa mayar da fadoji zuwa masarautu ya kuma tsananta lamarin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/report/custom/1dc74871f5-3/|title=Custom Report Excerpts: Nigeria|website=[[U.S. Department of State]]|access-date=April 6, 2024}}</ref> == Buƙatar Masarautun "Hausa-Fulani" == A watan Agusta 2020, an kuma sami buƙatar masarautu daga ƙungiyoyin Fulani, waɗanda Babban Limamin [[Kafanchan]], Kabir Kasim ke jagoranta. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa yawancin manyan garuruwan Kudancin Kaduna Fulani ne suka kafa su waɗanda ya ce sune mafi girman rukunin ƙabilu a yankin, kuma ana ganinsu a matsayin hari. Ya ƙara da cewa ƙabilar Kachechere ta Fulani ce ta kafa Kudancin Kaduna kuma sauran ƙungiyoyin Kudancin Kaduna baƙi ne daga jihohin arewacin Najeriya. Ya sake cewa, {{Blockquote|"Muna watsi da iƙirarin [[Southern Kaduna People's Union]] (SOKAPU) na son kai cewa membobinta ne kaɗai ƴan asalin Kudancin Kaduna. Abin farin ciki, kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya tsaya tsayin daka kan banbancin ƴan asali/baƙi,"}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://dailytrust.com/killings-hausa-fulani-community-demand-own-chiefdoms-in-southem-kaduna/|title=Killings: Hausa Fulani Community Demand Own Chiefdoms In Southem Kaduna|first=Maryam|last=Ahmadu-Suka|date=August 16, 2020|publisher=Daily Trust|access-date=March 28, 2024}}</ref> Daga nan ya buƙaci a kafa doka don hana kiran [[Hausa people|Hausawa]] da [[Fula people|Fulani]] baƙi a Kudancin Kaduna. <br> Waɗannan buƙatun, duk da haka, al'ummomin asalin Kudancin Kaduna sun yi watsi da su, waɗanda Shugaban SOKAPU, [[Jonathan Asake]] ke wakilta, wanda a cikin martaninsa ga ''Sahara Reporters'', ya ce shirin gwamnan shine fara kisan kiyashi a Kudancin Kaduna wanda ya ƙarfafa irin waɗannan buƙatun daga al'ummar Fulani. Ya ƙara da cewa, {{Blockquote|"Zasu iya zuwa su mallaki Kano saboda yawancin waɗannan mutane da ke haddasa waɗannan matsaloli sun fito ne daga Kano, Sokoto, Katsina da Jigawa. Ba ƴan asalin Kudancin Kaduna ba ne. El-Rufai yana ba su damar haddasa wannan matsala lokacin da suka ce suna son masarautunsu. Ba masarauta ba ne, daular ne suke nema. Ina so in sanar da shi cewa kafin shi akwai gwamnoni kuma bayansa za a sami gwamnoni waɗanda za su kawo zaman lafiyar da muke buƙata a Jihar Kaduna."}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://saharareporters.com/2020/08/17/hausafulani-community-demands-chiefdoms-southern-kaduna-indigenes-condemn-request|title=Hausa/Fulani Community Demands Chiefdoms In Southern Kaduna, Indigenes Condemn Request|date=August 17, 2020|publisher=Sahara Reporters|access-date=March 28, 2024}}</ref> ==Kai Hare-hare A Kauyukan Kudancin Kaduna, Hana Fita da Kashe-kashe Ba Tare da Hukunci Ba Daga 'Yan Ta'addar Fulani== thumb|Taron Manema Labarai na Duniya da Kungiyar Ci Gaban Al'ummar Atyap (ACDA) ta shirya a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2023 A ranar 25 ga Agusta, 2016, a cikin wata sanarwar manema labarai da Kaptain Solomon Musa, Shugaban SOKAPU ya sanya wa hannu, shugabancin SOKAPU ya bayyana ikirarin gwamnan Jihar Kaduna a baya game da sanin wadanda ke kashe mutane amma bai yi komai ba don dakatar da kashe-kashen a yankin, kuma ya kalubalanci mutanen Kudancin Kaduna su kare kansu, yana kira ga el-Rufai ya yi murabus.<ref name="FMG"/> Zanga-zangar, wadda aka yi tare da hadin gwiwar Kungiyar Kwararru karkashin jagorancin Barr. Mark Nzamah Jacob, a Gwantu, ta biyo bayan ci gaba da kashe-kashen 'yan asalin Kudancin Kaduna a Sanga LGA, daga makiyaya Fulani. Shugaban SOKAPU ya bukaci a hada Kudancin Kaduna a cikin ayyukan hadin gwiwa na sojoji da gwamnatin Jihar Kaduna ta yanzu ta dauka a cikin daji da dazukan Birnin Gwari don ceto shanu da awaki da aka sace don ceton rayukan mutane da dukiyoyi. An kiyasta cewa mutane 10,000 na asalin Kudancin Kaduna daga kauyuka 24 an kashe su tun lokacin da aka fara mamaye al'ummominsu a shekarar 2011. Bugu da kari, a shekarar 2014 a Sanga kadai, kimanin 'yan gudun hijira 30,000 sun tsere daga kashe-kashe da kone-kone da makiyaya suka yi. A cikin kalmomin Musa, "...wadancan 'yan asalin ba su dawo gida ba tukunna yayin da makiyaya suka mayar da gonakinsu filin kiwo, karkashin makamai." Shugabannin sun gode wa gwamnan kan ziyartar wasu daga cikin al'ummomin da abin ya shafa amma sun matsa lamba kan a yi karin aiki bayan alƙawarin siyasa na kawo karshen kashe-kashe da kuma rashin wani abu da ke faruwa. Sun ce kwana biyu bayan ziyarar gwamnan, an kashe faston RCCG, Ungwan Anjo, Godogodo chiefdom, Luka Ubangari, da wadanda ake zargi makiyaya ne, inda suka kara da cewa makiyayan sun je Unguwar Ningon kuma suka kashe maza biyu, Gambo Sule da Benjamin Auta, kwana biyu bayan haka. Sun yi kuka da cewa da dukkan wadancan ayyukan, ba a kama kowa ba kuma ba a gurfanar da shi ba, a maimakon haka matasa da suka sadaukar da rayukansu don kare al'ummominsu su ne ake kamawa da kullewa koyaushe daga 'yan sanda da sojoji. Sun tuno da wata sanarwa da Haruna Usman, shugaban MACBAN na Jihar Kaduna ya yi, wanda ya ce kisan kai da barnar da aka yi a Gada Biu, Akwaa, Ungwan Anjo da Godogodo ramuwar gayya ce ga kisan wani shugaban Fulani (ko Ardo) a yankin.<ref>cite news|url=https://www.thedreamdaily.com/sokapu-others-protest-genocide-southern-kaduna/|title=SOKAPU {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602145618/https://www.thedreamdaily.com/sokapu-others-protest-genocide-southern-kaduna/%257Ctitle%3DSOKAPU |date=2025-06-02 }}, Others Protest 'Genocide' In Southern Kaduna|first=Julius|last=B. Kezi|date=August 26, 2016|publisher=The Dream Daily|access-date=April 6, 2024</ref> A jajibirin Kirsimeti na 2016, Anna 'yar shekara 14, diyar tsohon Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Jema'a kuma Mataimakin Kakakin Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kaduna, Gideon Morik, da wasu mutane biyar an kashe su a kauyensu, Goska. Gidan Morik da motoci ma an cinna musu wuta. Wani ganau ya ce maharan kimanin 200 dauke da bindigogin AK-47 sun yi ta rera ''Allahu Akbar'' yayin da suke harbi. Wannan ya faru ne a lokacin dokar hana fita ta kwana uku da gwamnan Jihar Kaduna, el-Rufai ya sanya.<ref>cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/southern-kaduna-hit-back-die-1-fani-kayode/|title=Southern{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Kaduna: Hit Back or Die (1) by Fani-Kayode|last=Fani-Kayode|first=Femi|date=December 28, 2016|publisher=Vanguard Nigeria|access-date=May 14, 2024</ref> A cewar Morik a wata hira da Chika Oduah, wakiliyar VOA a Fabrairu 2017, "Maharan har yanzu suna wajen kauyen. Duk wani yunkuri na kowa da kowa na fita kilomita daya daga wannan kauyen, za a kashe shi."<ref>cite news|url=https://projects.voanews.com/kaduna-state/|title=Cultivating{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Hatred, Breeding Violence|last=Oduah|first=Chika|date=February 21, 2017|publisher=Voice of America|access-date=May 14, 2024</ref><ref>cite news|url=https://punchng.com/sss-2-girl-5-others-killed-in-night-attack-in-southern-kaduna/|title=SSS 2 girl, five others killed in Southern Kaduna attack|last=Abayomi|first=John|date=December 26, 2016|website=Punch NG|publisher=News Agency of Nigeria|access-date=May 14, 2024</ref><ref>cite news|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/14-year-old-girl-4-others-killed-renewed-attack-southern-kaduna/|title=14-year-old {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602150355/https://tribuneonlineng.com/ |date=2025-06-02 }} girl, 4 others killed in renewed attack in Southern Kaduna|date=December 27, 2016|publisher=Nigerian Tribune|access-date=May 14, 2024</ref> Morik ya rasu wata guda bayan haka, a ranar 16 ga Maris, 2017, bayan gajeruwar rashin lafiya.<ref>cite news|url=https://www.gistmania.com/talk/topic,327560.0.html|title=Photos Of Ex-LG Chairman & His 14 Year-old Girl Killed By Herdsmen In Southern Kaduna|author=Mister Jay Wonder|date=March 20, 2017|publisher=Gistmania|access-date=May 14, 2024</ref> A watan Janairu 2017, Majalisar Limamai da Malamai ta Jihar Kaduna karkashin jagorancin shugabanta, Sheikh Abubakar Babantune, da sakatare, Aminu Ibrahim, sun shirya taron manema labarai inda suka yi zarge-zarge tare da yin kira da a kama tare da gurfanar da manyan mutane na Kudancin Kaduna da shugabannin addinin Kirista ciki har da sanata mai wakiltar Kudancin Kaduna, Danjuma Laah; dan majalisar wakilai, Sunday Marshall Katung; limamai kamar Rev. Zachariah Gado na 19 DCC Fellowship; Shugaban CAN, Samson Ayokunle; Sakatare Janar na CAN, Musa Asake; tsohon malamin KASU, John Danfulani. Sun zarge su da karfafa kashe-kashen a yankin. Sun kuma yi kira da a gurfanar da Zamani Lekwot da wasu biyar da kotun Okadigbo ta yankewa hukuncin kisa da ke binciken rikicin Zangon Kataf na 1992. Bugu da kari, sun nemi a sake nazarin "Takardar Farar Takaice na Hukumar Binciken Shari'a kan Rikicin Addini na Jihar Kaduna na 2001", suna matsa lamba don kama Elder Saídu Dogo, Archbishop P.Y. Jatau, da Archbishop B.A. Achigili; da kuma "Takardar Farar Takaice kan rahoton Hukumar Binciken Gwamnatin Tarayya kan Tashe-tashen hankula na Zaben 2011 da Rikicin Jama'a", suna neman binciken wani Malamin Tarihi da ya kashe mahaifin dalibinsa a gabanta.<ref>cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/01/southern-kaduna-crises-council-of-imams-seeks-prosecution-of-sen-laah-can-president/amp/|title=Southern{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Kaduna Crises: Council of Imams seeks prosecution of Sen. La'ah, CAN President|date=January 9, 2017|publisher=Vanguard Nigeria|access-date=April 5, 2024</ref> A watan Yuni 2020, el-Rufai ya kafa 'Kwamitin Farar Takaice' don binciken rikicin Zangon Kataf na 1992. A cewar rahoton Premium Times Nigeria na mai ba shi shawara na musamman kan kafofin watsa labarai da sadarwa, Muyiwa Adekeye, "Abubuwan da suka faru a ranar 11 da 12 ga Yuni 2020 a Zangon-Kataf da Kauru LGAs sun ba da hujja mai karfi cewa wadannan rigingimu masu ci gaba kan filayen noma sune tushen rikici wanda dole ne a magance shi da karfin hali, maimakon a kawar da shi."<ref>cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/400270-kaduna-govt-sets-up-white-paper-committee-on-1992-zangon-kataf-crisis.html?tztc=1|title=Kaduna govt sets up 'White Paper Committee' on 1992 Zangon-Kataf crisis|date=June 29, 2020|publisher=Premium Times Nigeria|access-date=April 9, 2024</ref> A watan Yuli 2020, manyan Fulani da Miyetti Allah Cattle Breeders Association (MACBAN) ke wakilta sun ce akwai 'yan gudun hijira Fulani 3,099 a Kudancin Kaduna. Sun kuma bayar da rahoton bacewar mutane da dabbobin da suka bata.<ref>cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/07/southern-kaduna-crisis-displaces-3099-fulani/|title=Southern{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Kaduna crisis displaces 3,099 Fulani|date=July 3, 2020|publisher=Vanguard Nigeria|access-date=March 28, 2024</ref> Tun daga 30 ga Oktoba 2020, akalla kauyuka 100 na Kudancin Kaduna suna karkashin mamayar Fulani a cewar SOKAPU. An yi ta kai hare-hare a kananan hukumomi hudu na Kudancin Kaduna tun lokacin da Nasir el-Rufai ya zama gwamnan Jihar Kaduna. Wadannan sun hada da Chikun, Kajuru, Kachia da Zangon Kataf. Tsarin ya kasance na kashe mutanen asalin yankin da maye gurbinsu da Fulani.<ref>cite news|url=https://dailypost.ng/2020/10/31/100-villages-have-been-captured-taken-over-by-fulani-militia-southern-kaduna-people/|title=100{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} villages have been captured, taken over by Fulani militia – Southern Kaduna people|first=Amos|last=Tauna|date=October 31, 2020|publisher=Daily Post|access-date=March 28, 2024</ref> Sauran kananan hukumomin da abin ya shafa sun hada da Kaura, Kauru da Jema'a. Bayan harin da 'yan ta'addar suka kai kan al'ummomin asalin yankin, gwamnatin jihar takan sanya dokar hana fita kuma hakan yana ba da damar ci gaba da kashe-kashe. Wasu daga cikin kashe-kashen musamman a yankin Zangon Kataf an danganta su da rikicin Zangon Kataf na 1992, kamar yadda lamarin ya kasance na Yusuf mai shekaru 30, wani saurayi dan Atyap, wanda aka gano gawarsa da aka yanke a bakin kogin Kaduna a ranar 10 ga Yuni, 2020.<ref>cite web|url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/investigation-horror-in-southern-kaduna-untold-story-of-endless-massacres-plunder-by-suspected-fulani-militia-part-i/|title=INVESTIGATION {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250606080952/https://www.icirnigeria.org/investigation-horror-in-southern-kaduna-untold-story-of-endless-massacres-plunder-by-suspected-fulani-militia-part-i/%7Ctitle=INVESTIGATION |date=2025-06-06 }}: Horror in Southern Kaduna: Untold story of endless massacres, plunder by suspected Fulani militia (Part I)|date=September 2, 2020|publisher=ICIR Nigeria|access-date=March 24, 2024</ref> Duk lokacin da matasa daga al'ummomin suka yi zanga-zanga kan lamarin, ana kama su kuma a tsare su yayin da masu kashe mutane ba a gano su ba. A ranar 15 ga Agusta 2020, wani dan jarida na titi, Beevan Magoni, ya jagoranci zanga-zanga kan halin da ake ciki.<ref>cite web|url=https://globalvoices.org/2023/02/21/as-nigeria-goes-into-a-general-election-a-street-reporter-shot-a-documentary-on-the-rising-violence-and-insecurity-in-southern-kaduna/|title=As{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Nigeria goes into a general election, a street reporter shot a documentary on the rising violence and insecurity in Southern Kaduna|author=Adéṣínà Ọmọ Yoòbá|date=February 21, 2023|publisher=GlobalVoices|access-date=March 30, 2024</ref><ref>cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_southern-kaduna-villagers-stand-security-threats-killings/6194954.html|title=Southern Kaduna Villagers Stand Up to Security Threats, Killings|first=Timothy|last=Obiezu|date=August 25, 2020|publisher=VOA|access-date=March 30, 2024</ref><ref>cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_nigeria-kidnap-victims-oppose-government-move-ban-ransom-payments/6207175.html|title=Nigeria Kidnap Victims Oppose Government Move to Ban Ransom Payments|first=Timothy|last=Obiezu|date=June 18, 2021|publisher=VOA|access-date=March 30, 2024</ref> Matasan Kudancin Kaduna a Kaduna, Abuja da Lagos sun fita cikin lumana don yin zanga-zanga kan kashe-kashen da suka kira "kisan kare dangi". Wasu matasa an kama su a Kaduna daga 'yan sanda kan uzurin rashin sanar da hukumomi shirye-shiryensu.<ref>cite news|url=https://punchng.com/southern-kaduna-massacre-protests-in-kaduna-lagos-abuja-over-184-killed-by-bandits/|title=Southern Kaduna massacre: Protests in Kaduna, Lagos, Abuja over 184 killed by bandits|date=August 9, 2020|publisher=Punch Nigeria|access-date=March 18, 2024</ref> A watan Maris 2021, sojoji sun bude wuta kan mata masu zanga-zanga cikin lumana kan kama 'ya'yansu ba gaira ba dalili a gundumar Kanai, Masarautar Atyap, inda suka kashe mace daya nan take, suka harbi wasu biyu inda daya ta mutu daga baya, kuma suka raunata wasu da dama.<ref>cite news|url=https://saharareporters.com/2021/03/24/soldiers-open-fire-women-protesting-against-indiscriminate-arrest-southern-kaduna-youths|title=Soldiers{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Open Fire On Women Protesting Against Indiscriminate Arrest Of Southern Kaduna Youths, Kill One, Injure Many Others|date=March 24, 2021|publisher=Sahara Reporters|access-date=March 28, 2024</ref><ref>cite news|url=https://saharareporters.com/2021/03/25/how-soldiers-shot-killed-two-female-protesters-brutalised-others-kaduna-%E2%80%94-resident|title=How{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Soldiers Shot, Killed Two Female Protesters, Brutalised Others In Kaduna — Resident|date=March 25, 2021|publisher=Sahara Reporters|access-date=March 28, 2024</ref> A ranar 31 ga Maris 2021, SOKAPU ta ba da rahoton yadda Kwamandan Sojojin Najeriya na Operation Safe Haven, Manjo Janar Dominic Onyemulu, ya kama kimanin shugabannin al'ummar Atyap 15 ciki har da shugabannin kauyuka. An ce ya yaudare su zuwa wani taro a daya daga cikin sansanonin aikinsu a kan hanyar Ungwan Rimi-Bajju, kusa da Kafanchan inda aka kama su. An ce laifinsu shi ne kashe shanu 75 (lambobin da aka gyara daga baya zuwa 300)<ref name="FFNG">cite news|url=https://forefrontng.com/arrests-of-atyap-chiefs-sokapu-slams-gov-el-rufais-pattern-of-justice/|title=Arrests {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602145618/https://forefrontng.com/arrests-of-atyap-chiefs-sokapu-slams-gov-el-rufais-pattern-of-justice/%257Ctitle%3DArrests |date=2025-06-02 }} Of Atyap Chiefs: SOKAPU Slams Gov. El-Rufai's Pattern Of Justice|date=April 17, 2021|publisher=Forefront NG|access-date=March 29, 2024</ref> da wasu tumaki. Sun zauna kwanaki hudu a tsarewar sojoji ba bisa ka'ida ba, sannan aka mika su zuwa Ofishin 'Yan Sanda na Yankin Kafanchan. Daga cikinsu akwai Waje Laah, tsohon kakan mai shekaru 85 wanda ba shi da lafiya. An ce 'yan sanda sun tsare su kwanaki shida a karkashin yanayi na cin zarafi kafin a mika su zuwa Hedikwatar 'Yan Sanda ta Jihar Kaduna a Kaduna. A cikin kalamansa, mai magana da yawun SOKAPU, Luka Binniyat ya ce, "Ba a gayyaci ko wane shugaban Fulani don tambaya ba balle a tsare shi. Mun kuma ce a karkashin Gwamna Nasir El-Rufai na Jihar Kaduna, wannan shine salon adalci - ana jawo wadanda aka kashe kuma a hukunta su, yayin da wadanda ake zargin masu kisan kai ne suna tafiya cikin 'yanci ba tare da wani sakamako ga ayyukansu ba."<ref>cite news|url=https://dailypost.ng/2021/04/20/zangon-kataf-crisis-there-is-a-plot-against-atyap-people-by-governor-el-rufai-sokapu/|title=Zangon{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Kataf crisis: 'There is a plot against Atyap people by Governor El-Rufai' – SOKAPU|first=Amos|last=Tauna|date=April 20, 2021|publisher=Daily Post|access-date=March 29, 2024</ref> A watan Fabrairu 2022, shugaban MACBAN a Kaduna, Haruna Tugga, ya ce ba kasa da makiyaya Fulani 10 ba, ciki har da jariri dan shekara daya, an kashe su; tare da shanu 99 ko dai an sanya musu guba ko kuma sun bata tsakanin 22 ga Janairu zuwa 2 ga Fabrairu, 2022.<ref>cite news|url=https://punchng.com/indigenes-herdsmen-disagree-over-worst-hit-tribe-in-southern-kaduna-killings/|title=Indigenes, herdsmen disagree over worst-hit tribe in Southern Kaduna killings|first=Godwin|last=Isenyo|date=February 9, 2022|publisher=Punch Nigeria|access-date=March 29, 2024</ref> Filayen Adara da Atyap, musamman, sun kasance karkashin hare-haren ta'addancin Fulani tsakanin farkon 2020 zuwa tsakiyar 2023. Awemi Dio Maisamari, Shugaban Kasa na Kungiyar Ci Gaban Adara (ADA), ya ce tsakanin Janairu da Mayu 2020, ba kasa da mutane 107 ba aka kashe, 49 suka ji rauni, kimanin mutane 66 aka yi garkuwa da su, an kone gidaje 111, an lalata kauyuka 32 kuma kimanin mutane 20,000 suka rasa muhallinsu.<ref>cite news|url=https://dailypost.ng/2020/05/22/kajuru-crises-107-killed-49-injured-66-kidnapped-111-houses-burnt-in-kaduna-community-attacks/|title=Kajuru{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} crises: 107 killed, 49 injured, 66 kidnapped, 111 houses burnt in Kaduna community attacks|date=May 22, 2020|first=Amos|last=Tauna|publisher=Daily Post|access-date=March 29, 2024</ref> An kori kauyuka da dama na Atyap kuma an kashe mutane da dama a cikin hare-haren da ba a yi tsammani ba,<ref>cite news|url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/03/15/kaduna-again-suspected-fulani-militias-kill-10-injure-others-in-zangon-kataf/|title=Kaduna{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}: Again, suspected Fulani militias kill 10, injure others in Zangon Kataf|last=Tauna|first=Amos|date=March 15, 2023|publisher=Daily Post|access-date=March 29, 2024</ref><ref>cite news|url=https://punchng.com/terrorists-kill-10-in-fresh-kaduna-attack/|title=Terrorists kill 10 in fresh Kaduna attack|last=Bulus|first=Israel|date=March 15, 2023|publisher=Punch|access-date=March 29, 2024</ref><ref>cite news|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/11-killed-houses-burnt-in-fresh-attack-in-kaduna-community/|title=11 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602150355/https://tribuneonlineng.com/ |date=2025-06-02 }} killed, houses burnt in fresh attack in Kaduna community|date=January 30, 2022|publisher=Nigerian Tribune|access-date=March 29, 2024</ref><ref>cite news|url=https://sunnewsonline.com/southern-kaduna-killings-govt-has-failed-us-atyap-community/|title=Southern Kaduna killings: Govt has failed us – Atyap community|last=Ojo|first=Sola|location=Kaduna|date=February 8, 2022|publisher=Sun News Online|access-date=March 29, 2024</ref><ref>cite news|url=https://sunnewsonline.com/42-killed-338-houses-burnt-in-latest-zango-kataf-attacks-atyap-leaders/|title=42 killed, 338 houses burnt in latest Zango Kataf attacks – Atyap leaders|last=Ojo|first=Sola|location=Kaduna|date=July 17, 2021|publisher=Sun News Online|access-date=March 29, 2024</ref><ref>cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_southern-kaduna-villagers-stand-security-threats-killings/6194954.html|title=Southern Kaduna Villagers Stand Up to Security Threats, Killings|last=Obiezu|first=Timothy|publisher=VOA|date=August 25, 2020|access-date=March 29, 2024</ref> wani yanayi wanda al'ummar Hausawa a gundumar Zangon Urban ta nesanta kansu daga ciki duk da zarge-zargen da kungiyar Ci Gaban Al'ummar Atyap (ACDA) ta yi mata na cewa tana ba da mafaka ga 'yan ta'addar Fulani a cikin matsugunin.<ref>cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/02/hausa-community-disagrees-with-atyap-over-southern-kaduna-crisis/|title=Hausa{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Community disagrees with Atyap over Southern Kaduna crisis|last=Hassan-Wuyo|first=Ibrahim|publisher=Vanguard Nigeria|date=February 14, 2022|access-date=March 29, 2024</ref> A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2023, Kungiyar Ci Gaban Al'ummar Atyap (ACDA) ta shirya Taron Manema Labarai na Duniya don bayyana kisan kare dangin da ake ci gaba da yi a yankinta. Sun News Online ta ruwaito Shugaban Kasa na ACDA, Samuel T. Achie yana cewa, "Kamar yadda aka yi kiyasin karshe, an raba kauyuka 20 da muhallinsu, an kone kauyuka 18, yayin da mutane 518 aka kashe tare da dubban wadanda suka rasa muhallinsu wadanda suka nemi mafaka a cikin al'ummomi da yawa daga 2017 zuwa yau."<ref>cite news|url=https://sunnewsonline.com/zangon-kataf-killings-atyap-people-gives-condition-for-peaceful-coexistence/|title=Zangon Kataf killings: Atyap people gives condition for peaceful coexistence|first=Noah|last=Ebije|location=Kaduna|date=May 1, 2023|publisher=Sun News Online|access-date=March 29, 2024</ref> Kasa da awanni 24 kafin ya bar ofis a ranar 29 ga Mayu, 2023, gwamnan jihar, Nasir el-Rufai ya haramta ACDA, yana kiranta kungiya ce ta haramtacciya. A matsayin martani, Shugaban Kasa na ACDA ya ce za a kalubalanci haramcin a kotu saboda cin zarafi ne ga 'yancin yin tarayya.<ref>cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/05/29/el-rufai-proscribes-atyap-community-development-association|title=El-Rufai{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Proscribes Atyap Community Development Association|first=John|last=Shiklam|location=Kaduna|publisher=This Day Live|access-date=March 29, 2024</ref> A watan Afrilu 2023, Shugaban Kasa na SOKAPU, Awemi Dio Maisamari, ya ba da shawarar kafa sansanin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya/Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka a Kudancin Kaduna. A cikin kalamansa, "Muna ba da shawarar kafa Sansanin Ayyukan Tilasta Zaman Lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ko Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka a Kudancin Kaduna. Wannan zai nuna a zahiri cewa duniya tana da sha'awar rayuwarmu ta gamayya a matsayin kungiyoyin kabilu marasa rinjaye. Ba za ta bar mu a yi mana farauta daga makiyaya masu wadata da makamai ba wadanda ake karfafawa gwiwa kuma ana kare su daga 'yan uwansu masu iko da abokan hadin gwiwa a ciki da wajen Najeriya. A cikin shekaru 6 da suka gabata, kimanin al'ummomin Atyap 63 an kai musu hari, an kone daruruwan gidaje kuma an kashe daruruwan 'yan asalin yankin ta hanyar yin fashi. ==Tikitin Muslim-Musulmi== A watan Yunin 2023 bayan ya zama gwamna, Nasir el-Rufai an san shi ya yi bayani a lokacin da yake jawabi ga malaman addinin Islama kan matakin da aka dauka na kakabawa gwamnan musulmi da mataimakin gwamna musulmi a jihar Kaduna a matsayin gwaji da za a yi a [[Najeriya]] a matakin gwamnatin tarayya. Ya yi wannan bayanin ne da harshen Hausa kuma aka rubuta shi zuwa Turanci, daga baya.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/603158-transcript-of-el-rufais-controversial-statement-about-role-of-religion-in-kaduna-governorship.html|title=Transcript of El-Rufai's controversial statement about role of religion in Kaduna governorship|first=Mohammed|last=Babangida|date=June 7, 2023|publisher=Premium Times Nigeria|access-date=March 28, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://fij.ng/article/full-text-what-el-rufai-said-in-controversial-video/|title=FULL TEXT: What El-Rufai Said in Controversial Video|publisher=Foundation for Investigative Journalism|date=June 5, 2023|access-date=May 11, 2025}}</ref> Sakataren yada labarai na kungiyar Middle Belt Forum (MBF), Dokta Solomon Dogo, yayin da yake yin Allah wadai da sanarwar da el-Rufai ya yi, ya ce faifan bidiyon ya bayyana ajandar Musulunci da ake yawan magana a kai. Ya kara da cewa, {{Blockquote|"Shekaru takwas da ya yi yana mulki a matsayin gwamna, wanda ya yi sanadin kashe-kashe da barnatar da jama’a a yankunan Kudancin Kaduna da kiristoci ke da rinjaye, yanzu za a iya fahimtarsu."}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2023/06/18/invite-el-rufai-over-divisive-comments-middle-belt-forum-urges-security-agencies/|title=Invite El-Rufai Over 'Divisive' Comments, Middle Belt Forum Urges DSS|first=Oluwatobi|last=Aworinde|date=June 18, 2023|publisher=[[Channels TV]]|access-date=March 28, 2024}}</ref> ==Maganin jin kai marasa daidaituwa== Alhakin kula da ‘yan gudun hijirar da hare-haren Kudancin Kaduna ya shafa, musamman ‘yan asalin yankin, ya rataya a wuyan iyalai da cibiyoyin addini da masu hannu da shuni.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/06/worsening-insecurity-kaduna-benue-niger-borno-struggle-over-3m-idps/|title=WORSENING INSECURITY: Kaduna, Benue, Niger, Borno struggle over 3m IDPs|date=June 27, 2021|publisher=Vanguard Nigeria|access-date=March 28, 2024}}</ref> Gwamnati da Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Kasa (NEMA) a mafi yawan lokuta sun kasa mika damuwa ga ’yan asalin Kudancin Kaduna da ke gudun hijira kamar yadda suke yi ga sauran ‘yan gudun hijira a wasu wurare a jihar.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://punchng.com/provide-immediate-support-to-kaduna-idps-fg-orders-nema/|title=Provide immediate support to Kaduna IDPs, FG orders NEMA|date=October 26, 2019|first=Okechukwu|last=Nnodim|publisher=Punch Nigeria|access-date=March 28, 2024}}</ref><ref name="InfoNG"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/05/02/zangon-kataf-killings-council-chairman-zimbo-begs-govt-to-assist-victims/|title=Zangon Kataf Killings: Council Chairman, Zimbo begs govt to assist victims|date=May 2, 2023|first=Amos|last=Tauna|publisher=Daily Post|access-date=March 30, 2024}}</ref> ==Tasiri ga Alakar Al'adu na 'Yan Asali== thumb|Tutar SKFest 2023 a filin wasa na garin, Kafanchan Dangane da al'adu, yawancin bukukuwan al'adu na Kudancin Kaduna da aka saba yi a karshen da farkon shekara sun tsaya tare da na karshe da aka gudanar tsakanin karshen 2019 da farkon 2020. Wadannan bukukuwan sun ci gaba ne kawai bayan ficewar gwamnatin Nasir el-Rufai a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2023. An tarbi wannan ficewa da gabatar da bikin al'adu na farko na Kudancin Kaduna (SKFEST) wanda aka gudanar galibi a filin wasa na garin, Kafanchan, tsakanin 28 zuwa 30 ga Disamba 2023. Fiye da kabilu 20 daga cikin kimanin kabilu 57 na Kudancin Kaduna sun halarci bikin.<ref name="NAN">cite news |url=https://nannews.ng/2023/12/29/skfest-showcasing-the-rich-cultural-heritage-of-southern-kaduna-dep-gov/|title=SKFEST{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Showcasing the rich cultural heritage of Southern Kaduna - Dep. Gov.|author=Joseph Daniel Yatai|date=December 29, 2023|publisher=NAN News|access-date=March 28, 2024</ref> An kuma gudanar da Ayet Atyap a fadar Agwatyap, Atak Njei, Zangon Kataf, a ranar 31 ga Disamba 2023. Wannan ya kasance don karrama Babban Hafsan Sojojin Najeriya, Christopher Gwabin Musa, dan asalin yankin, wanda sabon shugaban kasar, Bola Tinubu ya zaba, wanda ya zo 'yan watanni da suka gabata, don karbar mukamin. Mutane sun tarbi wannan da farin ciki.<ref>cite news|url=https://prnigeria.com/2024/01/02/agwatyap-honours-gen-musa/|title=Agwatyap{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Honours Gen Musa with Tswung Title, Advocates National Unity|first=Tukur|last=Gusau|date=January 2, 2024|publisher=PRNews</ref> A ranar guda, bikin al'adu na shekara-shekara na Nom Bajju ya ci gaba a Zonkwa bayan an yi shi a karshe shekaru 18 da suka wuce, a 2005.<ref>cite news|url=https://sunnewsonline.com/zango-kataf-bajju-cultural-festival-revived-after-18-years/|title=Zango Kataf: Bajju cultural festival revived after 18 years|first=Noah|last=Ebije|location=Kaduna|date=January 1, 2024|publisher=Sun News Online|access-date=March 28, 2024</ref> A ranar 1 ga Janairu 2024, garin Gworog ya ga dawowar Bikin Afan na Kasa, wanda aka yi a karshe a 2020.<ref>cite news|url=https://dailytrust.com/kaduna-kagoro-cultural-festival-holds-4-years-after-suspension-due-to-insecurity/|title=Kaduna{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}: Kagoro Cultural Festival Holds 4 Years After Suspension Due To Insecurity|first=Ahmed|last=Ali|date=January 7, 2024|publisher=Daily Trust|location=Kafanchan|access-date=March 28, 2024</ref> A watan Maris 2024, an gudanar da Khituk Gwong a Kagoma,<ref>cite news|url=https://quicknews-africa.net/southern-kaduna-gwong-chiefdom-resuscitates-annual-cultural-festival-after-3-year-lull/|title=Southern{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Kaduna: Gwong Chiefdom resuscitates annual cultural festival after 3-year lull|publisher=Quick News|date=March 2, 2024|access-date=March 28, 2024</ref> da kuma Tuk-Ham a Kwain.<ref>cite news|url=https://sunnewsonline.com/southern-kaduna-famous-tuk-ham-festival-returns-after-six-years-break/|title=Southern Kaduna: Famous Tuk-ham festival returns after six years' break|first=Sola|last=Ojo|location=Kaduna|date=February 18, 2024|publisher=Sun News Online|access-date=March 28, 2024</ref> Wadannan bukukuwan hanya ce ta adana al'adun mutane, gina abota da taimakawa harsunansu su ci gaba da wanzuwa.<ref name="NAN"/><ref>cite web|url=https://fastercapital.com/content/Festivals--Immersing-in-Culture--A-Calendar-Year-Experience-of-Festivals.html#The-Importance-of-Festivals-in-Preserving-and-Sharing-Cultural-Traditions.html|publisher=Faster Capital|title=Festivals: Immersing in Culture: A Calendar Year Experience of Festivals|date=February 3, 2024|access-date=March 28, 2024</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} ==Ƙara karatu== * {{cite web|url=https://davidhundeyin.substack.com/p/southern-kaduna-blood-tears-anger|title=Southern Kaduna: Blood, Tears, Anger [DOCUMENTARY]|trans-title=Something truly abominable is happening in Southern Kaduna. Join Beevan Magoni as he explores the depths of hell in Nigeria's [[Middle Belt]].|first=David|last=Hundeyin|date=December 24, 2022|access-date=March 30, 2024}} kic2zl0efqve8oimej92vi5ksr384eg 0 103825 906239 651677 2026-08-22T14:13:16Z BnHamid 12586 906239 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ƙungiyar jirgin '''143rd Airlift Squadron (143 AS)''' ƙungiya ce ta 143rd Airlift Wing, Rhode Island Air National Guard (RI ANG) dake Quonset Point Air National Guard Station, Rhode Island. 143rd sanye take da Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules . Rundunar ta fito ne daga Squadron Observation na 152, wanda aka kafa a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta 1939. Yana daya daga cikin 29 na asali National Guard Observation Squadrons na Amurka Army National Guard da aka kafa kafin yakin duniya na biyu . == Tarihi == Asalin 143rd Airlift Squadron ya fara ne a 1915 lokacin da mazaunan Rhode Island suka haɗu tare a cikin ruhun gaskiya na ɗan ƙasa-soja don siyan jirage biyu na Curtis Model "F" Flying Boats, ɗaya daga cikinsu an sanya shi ga Rhode Island National Guard. Rikicin kan iyaka a Mexico da shigar Amurka cikin Yaƙin Duniya na farko ya hana amfani da yawa, kuma a cikin 1919 an sayar da jirgin sama na National Guard, wanda yanzu ya zama tsohon yayi, a matsayin raguwa. === Yaƙin Duniya na II === A cikin 1939 Shugaba Roosevelt ya kara matakan shirya Sojojin don shiga Amurka a yakin duniya na biyu. Jihar Rhode Island an ba ta daya daga cikin sabbin ƙungiyoyi biyu da Majalisa ta ba da izini a wannan shekarar. A ranar 21 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1939 an shirya Squadron Observation na 152. Kasa da shekara guda bayan haka, a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 1940 an kafa shi don fadada aiki. Horarwar ta biya. Bayan shigar Amurka cikin yakin duniya na biyu, Squadron na 152 nan da nan ya ɗauki aikinsa na farko na sintiri na yaki da jirgin ruwa a kan hanyoyin sufuri na Arewa maso gabas. A watan Satumbar 1944 ƙungiyar, yanzu ana kiranta 37th Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron, an canja ta zuwa ƙasashen waje. An sanya su a cikin rundunar sojan sama ta goma sha biyar, matukan jirgi sun tashi a ayyukan Photo Reconnaissance a arewacin Italiya, kudancin Jamus da Balkans har zuwa Yuni 1945, bayan ƙarshen yaƙin a Turai a ranar 8 ga Mayu 1945. === Rhode Island Air National Guard === An sake farfado da Squadron na 37 na Binciken Hotuna na lokacin yaƙi kuma an sake sanya shi a matsayin Squadron Fighter na 152, kuma an ba da shi ga Rhode Island Air National Guard (RI ANG), a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1946. An shirya shi a Filin jirgin saman T. F. Green Municipal, Warwick, Rhode Island kuma an ba da izinin tarayya a 152nd Fighter-Bomber Squadron a matsayin 152nd Fighters-Bommer Squadron ta Ofishin Tsaro na Kasa. Rundunar Fighter-Bomber Squadron ta 152 ta cancanci tarihi, girmamawa, da launuka na 37. An sanye da ƙungiyar tare da F-47 Thunderbolts kuma an sanya su ga rundunar sojan sama ta Continental Air Command First Air Force. ==== Tsaron iska ==== A shekara ta 1952 an sauya 152 zuwa Air Defense Command, an ba da aikin kare iska don Rhode Island, gabashin Long Island da kuma kusanci da Atlantic na [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]]. Don cimma wannan, an sanye da rukunin da F-51D Mustangs masu nisa. A cikin 1956 Sojojin Sama, a cikin ƙoƙari na haɓaka zuwa rundunar mayakan jet, sun buƙaci rundunonin Air National Guard Aerospace Defense don haɓaka zuwa jirgin sama mai amfani da jet. Hukumar Filin jirgin saman Rhode Island da hukumomin tsaron kasa sun sami kansu cikin rikici game da amfani da Filin jirgin sama na T.F. Green don ayyukan jirgin sama. Da yake ba za su iya warware waɗannan bambance-bambance ba, Sojojin Sama sun dakatar da ƙungiyar kuma Ofishin Tsaro na Kasa ya sauya Squadron Fighter Interceptor na 152 zuwa Arizona Air National Guard. Koyaya, sha'awar Ofishin Tsaro na Kasa na samun rukunin jirgin sama na Air National Guard a kowace jiha ya kawo sabon manufa da ƙididdigar lambobi ga Rhode Island Air National Guard, 143rd Air Resupply Squadron ta amfani da jirgin sama mai sarrafawa. An ba da Squadron Air Resupply Squadron na 143 da tarihin Rhode Island ANG 152nd Fighter Interceptor Squadron. FIS na 152 , yanzu wani ɓangare na Arizona Air National Guard, an ba shi amincewar tarayya a matsayin sabuwar ƙungiya, ba tare da tarihi ko haɗin asali ga aikin da ya gabata na ƙungiyar tare da RI ANG ba. ==== Ayyuka na Musamman ==== An sanya Squadron Air Resupply na 143 ga Hukumar Sufurin Jirgin Sama ta Soja. An sanya shi a lokacin a matsayin "Psychological Warfare" (PSYWAR) wanda ke tallafawa yakin basasa na USAF (yaƙin 'yan tawaye), aiki kai tsaye (raids-type), bincike na dabarun (tattara bayanai), da ayyukan PSYWAR. An sanya rukunin jirgin ruwa na Grumman SA-16 Albatross kuma na ɗan gajeren lokaci ya riƙe Douglas C-47 Skytrain. Akwai ƙananan canje-canje na aikin manufa da yawa, kuma C-47 ya maye gurbin Curtiss C-46 Commando. A cikin 1963 babban canjin manufa na farko na 143 ya faru. Yanayi a duniya ya haifar da buƙatar raka'a na musamman wanda zai iya saka ƙaramin rukuni na dakarun yaƙi da aka horar a ƙasa ko teku a ko'ina a sanarwa ta lokaci. An sanya 143rd a matsayin daya daga cikin wakilan National Guard a cikin Air Force's Air Commando Group tsarin. An maye gurbin C-46 da Helio U-10A da U-10D Couriers. A cikin shekaru uku da suka fara a shekarar 1965, an mayar da U-10s na 143rd da sauran Air National Guard zuwa Air Force don amfani a Kudancin Vietnam, a lokacin da aka maye gurbin "Helio" da DeHavilland U-6 "Beavers". A cikin 1968 U-10s sun dawo daga yawon shakatawa na aikinsu a Kudancin Vietnam, kuma a ranar 1 ga Yuli, an ba da izinin Rhode Island Air National Guard 143rd Special Operations Squadron don fadada zuwa matakin rukuni. Ofishin Tsaro na Kasa ne ya kafa Kungiyar Ayyuka ta Musamman ta 143 tare da 143rd SOS ya zama ƙungiyar jirgin sama ta ƙungiyar. Sauran ƙungiyoyin da aka sanya a cikin rukuni sune Hedikwatar 143, Squadron Material na 143 (Maintenance), Squadron Tallafin Yaki na 143rd, da kuma Dispensary na 143 na USAF. Grumman SA-16 "Albatross" wanda matukan jirgi na 143 suka tashi tun 1955 an maye gurbinsa a 1968 tare da sabuntawa na "Albatros", HU-16. Tare da sau biyu damar kaya da kewayon, HU-16 ya buɗe sabbin hanyoyin dama kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin 1970. Ma'aikatan jirgin sama da ƙasa na 143 sun taimaka wa masana kimiyya da injiniyoyi na Cibiyar Tsarin Ruwa ta Ruwa, suna gudanar da nazarin ilimin ruwa na karkashin ruwa, a [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] a Afirka a watan Afrilu kuma a watan Agusta a Hudson Bay, Kanada. Rukunin zai yi aiki a fagen Ayyuka na Musamman na tsawon shekaru bakwai, a lokacin da aka yi ritaya da jirgin saman HU-16 a 1972 kuma aka maye gurbinsa da Fairchild C-119G / L "Flying Boxcars". ==== Jirgin sama na dabara ==== A cikin 1975 a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban shirin don inganta rukunin Air National Guard an sake sanya 143rd a matsayin Tactical Airlift Group kuma an sanya jirgin sama na Lockheed C-130A Hercules. A cikin 1980 143rd Tactical Airlift Group ya ƙaura daga filin jirgin sama na T.F. Green zuwa sabon gidansa a Quonset Air National Guard Base. A matsayin masu ɗaukar iska na duniya, an sami Rhode Island "Herks" a duk sassan Amurka, Turai, Afirka, Kudancin Amurka da Caribbean. 143rd ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin turawa kamar Volant Oak, Volant Pine, Red Flag, Dragon Hammer, Volant Rodeo gasa da kuma kokarin jin kai kamar "Operation Toy Lift" wanda ya ba da kayan wasa ga yara na Granada a 1986. A shekara ta 1989, an zaɓi na 143 don juyawa zuwa C-130E Model. A cikin 1990 masu sa kai na ƙungiyar sun ba da tallafi a lokacin Operation Desert Shield . A watan Satumba, mambobin ƙungiyar sun tashi daga Rhein-Main Air Base, Jamus don tallafawa ayyukan aiki daga Turkiyya da Saudi Arabia. Rukunin na biyu na masu sa kai sun isa RAF Mildenhall, Ingila a watan Janairun 1991 kuma suna cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo lokacin da Operation Desert Shield ya juya zuwa Operation Desert Storm . Tare da shan kashi na sojojin Iraki da ƙarshen Yakin Gulf, membobin sun koma gida a watan Yunin 1991 kuma an sake su daga aiki. A matsayin wani ɓangare na Air Mobility Command an ci gaba da kiran rukunin don tallafawa ayyukan Jiha, Tarayya, da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (UN) a duk duniya. Masu sa kai daga 143rd sun shiga cikin ayyukan agaji da yawa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya; Somalia a cikin 1992, Operation Provide Promise a cikin 1993 suna tashi da hasken rana zuwa [[Sarajevo]] tare da saukar da iska na dare a kan yankuna masu nisa na Bosnia-Herzegovina. A ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1995 an ɗaga kungiyar zuwa matsayin Wing. A cikin 1998 Sojojin Sama sun kafa Sojojin Jirgin Sama (AEF); ƙananan "makamai" masu yaƙi da sauri don amsa rikice-rikicen yanki. Wing ya shiga cikin zagaye biyar na AEF, yana tallafawa Operation Joint Forge a cikin Balkans, Operation Southern Watch a Kudu maso Yammacin Asiya da Coronet Oak a Kudancin Amurka. ==== Karni na ashirin da daya ==== A ranar 11 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2001, 143 ta sake amsa kiran, ta tura mambobin ƙungiyar zuwa Ground Zero, zuwa sansanonin Amurka don tsaron gida kuma ta aiwatar da ayyukan awa 24 a Quonset. Rundunar ta goyi bayan Yakin a Afghanistan (2001-2021) da Yaƙi a Iraki ta hanyar jigilar sojoji da kayayyaki daga Amurka zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya da kuma motsa dakarun a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo. 143rd AW ya samar da jirgin sama na farko na C-130J a cikin rawar da Sojojin Sama na Amurka suka taka a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2004 kuma ya ci gaba da tallafawa kokarin yaki tare da C-130E da C-130) J har sai ya yi ritaya daga C-130e a shekara ta 2005. 143rd AW kuma ya samar kuma ya ci gaba da samar da goyon bayan dakarun da ake buƙata sosai a cikin Kudu maso Yammacin Asiya da sauran yankuna da yawa na duniya. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2001, 143rd ta karbi C-130J-30 na farko. Wing ya zama na farko a cikin Sojojin Sama don karɓar sigar "stretch" na samfurin "J". A matsayin mafi kyawun jirgin sama na zamani a duniya, C-130J-30 na iya ɗaukar kaya ko ma'aikata da yawa, da sauri, da kuma tattalin arziki fiye da C-130E wanda ke tabbatar da karuwar ƙarfin jirgin sama. An kammala rundunar jiragen ruwa na 143 tare da isowar samfurin J na takwas a Quonset a ranar 15 ga Yuni 2007. === Halin zuriya === [[Fayil:37th_Photographic_Reconnaissance_Squadron_-_Emblem.png|thumb|178x178px|Kyauta 37th Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron Emblem]] * An sanya shi 152nd Observation Squadron, kuma an sanya shi zuwa Rhode Island NG, a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta 1939 : An kunna shi a ranar 13 ga Oktoba 1939. : An ba da umarnin yin aiki a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 1940 : An sake sanya shi: '''152nd Observation Squadron (Medium) ''' a ranar 13 ga Janairun 1942 : An sake sanya shi: 152nd Observation Squadron a ranar 4 ga Yuli 1942 : An sake sanya shi: '''152nd Reconnaissance Squadron (Bombardment) ''' a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 1943 : An sake sanya shi: '''152nd Reconnaissance Squadron (Fighter) ''' a ranar 15 ga Yuni 1943 : An sake sanya shi: '''152nd Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron''' a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta 1943 : An sake sanya shi: 37th Photographic Mapping Squadron a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 1943 : An sake sanya shi: '''37th Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron''' a ranar 29 ga Maris 1944 : An dakatar da shi a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 1945 == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Air Force Historical Research Agency}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 53kvb17qt3xd1s416zyg7zjjc015yvd 0 104872 906192 656155 2026-08-22T12:22:05Z BnHamid 12586 /* top */ Sanya databox, replaced: → {{databox}} using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 906192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox person|honorific_suffix={{post-nominals|list=[[Senior counsel|SC]]}}|office=|predecessor=|successor=|party=|birth_date={{birth date and age|1949|05|18|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Port Elizabeth]], [[Cape Province]]<br />[[South Africa]]|death_date=|death_place=|spouse=Aninka Claassens|children=4, including Steven Budlender|education=[[Grey High School]]|alma_mater=[[University of Cape Town]]|occupation={{flatlist| * [[Advocate]] * attorney }}|organization=[[Legal Resources Centre]]|birthname=Geoffrey Budlender}} Geoffrey Budlender (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Mayu 1949) lauya ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda aka sani da sa hannu a cikin shari'ar jama'a. Ya kafa Cibiyar Harkokin Shari'a, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya har sai an shigar da shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara a shekara ta 2005. A halin yanzu memba ne na ɗan lokaci na Kotun Gasar Hukumar. Yayinda yake dalibi a [[Jami'ar Cape Town]], Budlender ya shiga cikin gwagwarmayar adawa da wariyar launin fata ta hanyar Ƙungiyar Daliban Afirka ta Kudu. Tare da Arthur Chaskalson da [[Felicia Kentridge]], ya kafa Cibiyar Harkokin Shari'a a 1979 kuma ya zama sananne a matsayin [[Dokar 'yancin dan adam ta kasa da kasa|Lauyan kare hakkin dan adam]] mai ci gaba. Ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya a Cibiyar har zuwa shekara ta 2004, ban da wani lokaci a matsayin darektan janar na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Kasa tsakanin 1996 da 2000. Ya shiga Cape Bar a watan Janairun 2005 kuma ya sami matsayin siliki a shekara ta 2009. Babban aikinsa shine dokar jama'a, gami da dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam, Dokar gudanarwa, da dokar tsarin mulki. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Budlender a ranar 18 ga Mayu 1949 a Port Elizabeth . Ya girma a cikin dangin matsakaicin matsayi a unguwar Mill Park kuma ya yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta Grey. A shekara ta 1968, ya shiga [[Jami'ar Cape Town]] a matsayin dalibi na likita.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Huisman |first=Biénne |date=2021-12-02 |title=Geoff Budlender, a raconteur and mensch whose work in human rights 'is bigger than Mount Kilimanjaro' |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-12-02-geoff-budlender-a-raconteur-and-mensch-whose-work-in-human-rights-is-bigger-than-mount-kilimanjaro/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya a wannan shekarar, ya shiga cikin gwagwarmayar dalibai a matsayin daya daga cikin daliban da suka yi zaman kansu a lokacin al'amarin Mafeje.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2004 |title=New UCT Council chair recalls Bremner sit-in |url=http://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2004-07-26-new-uct-council-chair-recalls-bremner-sit-in |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=University of Cape Town |language=en}}</ref> Ya shiga Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Afirka ta Kudu, wanda a lokacin ya yi tsayayya da wariyar launin fata, <ref name=":1" /> kuma an zabe shi a matsayin shugaban majalisar wakilan ɗaliban jami'ar a shekarar 1971. <ref name=":2" /> A shekara ta 1972, ya sauya daga digiri na likita zuwa karatun shari'a, <ref name=":1" /> kuma ya kammala karatu tare da BA LLB a shekara ta 1975. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=August 2009 |title=Cape Bar 2009 silks |url=https://www.gcbsa.co.za/law-journals/2009/august/2009-august-vol022-no2-pp14-15.pdf |journal=Advocate |pages=14–15}}</ref> Ayyukan ɗalibai na Budlender sun ja hankalin gwamnatin wariyar launin fata, kuma an ce Firayim Minista John Vorster (watakila apocryphally) ya bayyana shi a matsayin "mutumin biyu mafi haɗari a Afirka ta Kudu". == Farkon aikin lauya == Bayan kammala karatunsa, Budlender ya yi aiki da labaransa a wani kamfanin lauya na [[Johannesburg]] wanda ya kware wajen kare masu gwagwarmayar siyasa; a tsakanin sauran shari'o'in, ya yi aiki a kan kare mai gwagwarmaya da wariyar launin fata Tokyo Sexwale daga tuhumar da aka kawo a karkashin Dokar Ta'addanci.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Huisman |first=Biénne |date=2021-12-02 |title=Geoff Budlender, a raconteur and mensch whose work in human rights 'is bigger than Mount Kilimanjaro' |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-12-02-geoff-budlender-a-raconteur-and-mensch-whose-work-in-human-rights-is-bigger-than-mount-kilimanjaro/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHuisman2021">Huisman, Biénne (2 December 2021). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-12-02-geoff-budlender-a-raconteur-and-mensch-whose-work-in-human-rights-is-bigger-than-mount-kilimanjaro/ "Geoff Budlender, a raconteur and mensch whose work in human rights 'is bigger than Mount Kilimanjaro'"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 1979, shi, Arthur Chaskalson, da [[Felicia Kentridge]] sun kafa Cibiyar Harkokin Shari'a, wanda masu ba da gudummawa na waje kamar su Gidauniyar Ford da Kamfanin Carnegie suka goyi bayan farko.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Huisman |first=Biénne |date=2021-12-02 |title=Geoff Budlender, a raconteur and mensch whose work in human rights 'is bigger than Mount Kilimanjaro' |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-12-02-geoff-budlender-a-raconteur-and-mensch-whose-work-in-human-rights-is-bigger-than-mount-kilimanjaro/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHuisman2021">Huisman, Biénne (2 December 2021). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-12-02-geoff-budlender-a-raconteur-and-mensch-whose-work-in-human-rights-is-bigger-than-mount-kilimanjaro/ "Geoff Budlender, a raconteur and mensch whose work in human rights 'is bigger than Mount Kilimanjaro'"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Cibiyar ta bi shari'ar jama'a da Shari'ar dabarun a kan wani dalili kuma ta kafa manyan kalubale da yawa ga jihar wariyar launin fata. Bayan Ƙarshen wariyar launin fata, bincike da Hukumar Gaskiya da Sulhu ta yi da kuma shaidar da jami'in gwamnati Paul Erasmus ya yi ya nuna cewa Budlender ya kasance makasudin abin da ake kira Stratcom "dirty tricks" ayyukan a kan mambobin masu adawa da wariyar launin fatar hagu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1998-04-17 |title=PW rage as trial postponed |url=https://mg.co.za/article/1998-04-17-pw-rage-as-trial-postponed/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1995-06-22 |title=You are lucky to be alive Harber |url=https://mg.co.za/article/1995-06-23-you-are-lucky-to-be-alive-harber/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Ayyukan shari'a bayan wariyar launin fata == Bayan Zaben dimokuradiyya na farko na Afirka ta Kudu, an nada Arthur Chaskalson a sabuwar Kotun Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=August 2009 |title=Cape Bar 2009 silks |url=https://www.gcbsa.co.za/law-journals/2009/august/2009-august-vol022-no2-pp14-15.pdf |journal=Advocate |pages=14–15}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.gcbsa.co.za/law-journals/2009/august/2009-august-vol022-no2-pp14-15.pdf "Cape Bar 2009 silks"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Advocate'': <span class="nowrap">14–</span>15. August 2009.</cite></ref> Budlender ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin darektan kasa na Cibiyar Harkokin Shari'a tsakanin 1994 da 1996. A wannan lokacin, a cikin 1995, Cibiyar ta wakilci masu shigar da kara a cikin batun ''S da Makwanyane'', inda Kotun Kundin Tsarin Mulki ta ba da hukuncin da aka yi cewa [[Hukuncin Kisa|hukuncin kisa]] bai dace da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na wucin gadi ba; Budlender lauya ne mai ba da umarni a kan lamarin a karkashin Lauyan Wim Trengove . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Huisman |first=Biénne |date=2021-12-02 |title=Geoff Budlender, a raconteur and mensch whose work in human rights 'is bigger than Mount Kilimanjaro' |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-12-02-geoff-budlender-a-raconteur-and-mensch-whose-work-in-human-rights-is-bigger-than-mount-kilimanjaro/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHuisman2021">Huisman, Biénne (2 December 2021). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-12-02-geoff-budlender-a-raconteur-and-mensch-whose-work-in-human-rights-is-bigger-than-mount-kilimanjaro/ "Geoff Budlender, a raconteur and mensch whose work in human rights 'is bigger than Mount Kilimanjaro'"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 1996, Shugaba [[Nelson Mandela]] ya nada Budlender a matsayin darakta janar a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Kasa, wanda ke karkashin jagorancin siyasa na Minista Derek Hanekom . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=August 2009 |title=Cape Bar 2009 silks |url=https://www.gcbsa.co.za/law-journals/2009/august/2009-august-vol022-no2-pp14-15.pdf |journal=Advocate |pages=14–15}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.gcbsa.co.za/law-journals/2009/august/2009-august-vol022-no2-pp14-15.pdf "Cape Bar 2009 silks"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Advocate'': <span class="nowrap">14–</span>15. August 2009.</cite></ref> Bayan babban zaben watan Yunin 1999, sabon Minista Thoko Didiza ya sanar da cewa za a maye gurbin Budlender a matsayin darektan janar; ''Mail &amp;amp; Guardian'' ya ce zai "bar wani rata da zai zama da wahala a cika", <ref>{{Cite web |date=1999-10-22 |title=Mass exodus of the DGs |url=https://mg.co.za/article/1999-10-22-mass-exodus-of-the-dgs/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> kuma Helena Dolny na Bankin Land ya ba da shawarar a fili cewa tafiyarsa wani bangare ne na "tsarkakewar kabilanci" na sashen "farar hagu".<ref>{{Cite web |date=1999-12-23 |title=The good, the bad and the ugly: The 1999 |url=https://mg.co.za/article/1999-12-23-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-the-1999/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1999-12-30 |title=Land Affairs denies Dolny's 'ethnic cleansing' |url=https://mg.co.za/article/1999-12-30-land-affairs-denies-dolnys-ethnic-cleansing/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> A shekara ta 2000, ya koma Cibiyar Harkokin Shari'a a matsayin shugaban sashin shari'ar kundin tsarin mulki, matsayin da ya rike har zuwa shekara ta 2004. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=August 2009 |title=Cape Bar 2009 silks |url=https://www.gcbsa.co.za/law-journals/2009/august/2009-august-vol022-no2-pp14-15.pdf |journal=Advocate |pages=14–15}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.gcbsa.co.za/law-journals/2009/august/2009-august-vol022-no2-pp14-15.pdf "Cape Bar 2009 silks"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Advocate'': <span class="nowrap">14–</span>15. August 2009.</cite></ref> A wannan matsayin, ya kasance lauya ga masu amsa a cikin ''Gwamnati da Grootboom'' a cikin 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2012 |title=Compromised by politics |url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/opinion/columnists/2012-01-04-compromised-by-politics/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=Sowetan |language=en-ZA}}</ref> A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ya wakilci Kamfen ɗin Ayyukan Magunguna a cikin kamfen ɗin don juyar da manufofin kiwon lafiya na gwamnatin Shugaba [[Thabo Mbeki]]; a cikin Ministan Lafiya da Kamfen ɗin Magunguna, wanda aka ba da shi a Kotun Tsarin Mulki a cikin 2002, sun sami umarni da ke tilasta wa gwamnati ta samar da nevirapine ga duk matan da ke da cutar kanjamau.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Huisman |first=Biénne |date=2021-12-02 |title=Geoff Budlender, a raconteur and mensch whose work in human rights 'is bigger than Mount Kilimanjaro' |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-12-02-geoff-budlender-a-raconteur-and-mensch-whose-work-in-human-rights-is-bigger-than-mount-kilimanjaro/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHuisman2021">Huisman, Biénne (2 December 2021). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-12-02-geoff-budlender-a-raconteur-and-mensch-whose-work-in-human-rights-is-bigger-than-mount-kilimanjaro/ "Geoff Budlender, a raconteur and mensch whose work in human rights 'is bigger than Mount Kilimanjaro'"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Budlender ya kuma wakilci Kamfen ɗin Aiki na Magunguna a cikin yunkurin hana Matthias Rath daga rarraba multivitamins a matsayin magani mai banƙyama ga cutar kanjamau.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-03-12 |title=Matthias Rath a liar, court told |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2008-03-12-matthias-rath-a-liar-court-told/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> === Shigarwa cikin mashaya === Da yake har zuwa wannan lokacin ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya, an shigar da Budlender a cikin Cape Bar a matsayin mai ba da shawara a ranar 18 ga Janairun 2005; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Budlender SC, Geoff |url=https://capebar.co.za/advocates/budlender-sc-geoff/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Cape Bar - Society of Advocates Cape Town |language=en-US}}</ref> an ba shi matsayin siliki a shekara ta 2009. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=August 2009 |title=Cape Bar 2009 silks |url=https://www.gcbsa.co.za/law-journals/2009/august/2009-august-vol022-no2-pp14-15.pdf |journal=Advocate |pages=14–15}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.gcbsa.co.za/law-journals/2009/august/2009-august-vol022-no2-pp14-15.pdf "Cape Bar 2009 silks"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Advocate'': <span class="nowrap">14–</span>15. August 2009.</cite></ref> A matsayinsa na mai ba da shawara, ya yi jayayya da wasu shari'o'i masu rikitarwa na siyasa, gami da da yawa a Kotun Tsarin Mulki. Daga cikin sauran abokan ciniki, ya wakilci ma'aikatan ma'adinai da [[Cutar huhu]] ta shafa a cikin babban karar da aka shigar a kan kamfanonin ma'adanai 32; mai ritaya Elizabeth Gumede a cikin kalubalantar tsarin mulki na Dokar Amincewa da Al'adun Al'ada; [[Black Sash]] a cikin kamfen dinsa na riƙe Minista Bathabile Dlamini da ke da alhakin Rikicin tallafin zamantakewa na 2017; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Sarah |date=2015-10-15 |title=Silicosis case poised to rewrite law books |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2015-10-15-silicosis-case-poised-to-rewrite-law-books/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> da kuma mai fafutuka [[Andrew Feinstein]] a lokacin Hukumar Binciken Makamai ta Seriti.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Sarah |date=2015-10-14 |title=Silicosis class action: A question of manageability |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2015-10-14-silicosis-class-action-a-question-of-manageability/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ogrady |first=Jenni |date=2008-09-11 |title=Customary law debated in Constitutional Court |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2008-09-11-customary-law-debated-in-constitutional-court/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pather |first=Raeesa |date=2017-03-15 |title=Concourt weighs up extending an illegal social grant contract |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-03-15-concourt-cps-and-the-catch-22-contract/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tandwa |first=Lizeka |date=2018-01-23 |title=Sassa debacle inquiry: Judge tells Dlamini to stop dodging questions |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-01-23-sassa-debacle-inquiry-judge-tells-dlamini-to-stop-dodging-questions/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Sarah |date=2014-10-20 |title=Two more arms deal critics refuse to testify |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-20-two-more-arms-deal-critics-refuse-to-testify/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Bugu da kari, a cikin 2012, alƙalin da ya yi ritaya Ian Farlam ya dauki Budlender a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin shaidu guda biyar a kwamishinan bincikensa game da kisan kiyashin Marikana. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Parker |first=Faranaaz |date=2012-09-21 |title='All systems go' on Farlam Commission |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2012-09-21-all-systems-go-on-farlam-commission/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban shaidu a duk tsawon shekaru biyu na hukumar, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-28 |title=Marikana operation flawed, says evidence leader |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-11-28-marikana-operation-flawed-says-evidence-leader/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-06 |title=Marikana commission resumes hearings |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-01-06-marikana-commission-resumes-hearings/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> kodayake ya ce a cikin muhawara ta ƙarshe cewa ya sami rashin gaskiya na shaidun hukumar ya zama "mai banƙyama. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tolsi |first=Niren |date=2014-11-13 |title=Marikana: The end of a bitter road promises little closure |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-11-13-marikana-the-end-of-a-bitter-road-promises-only-closure/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> === Kamawa da jihar === A cikin 2017, Tokyo Sexwale, a matsayinsa na shugaban da ba shugaban zartarwa na Trillian Capital Partners ba, ya ba da umarnin Budlender don gudanar da bincike mai zaman kansa game da gaskiyar zargin cewa Trillian yana da alaƙa da dangin Gupta da kuma kamawa. Budlender ya ba da rahoton cewa yawancin zarge-zargen sun kasance masu gaskiya, kuma Sexwale ya yi murabus bayan ya gabatar da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bezuidenhout |first=Jessica |date=2017-06-30 |title=Ugly truth about 'Gupta company' |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-06-30-00-ugly-truth-about-gupta-company/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-30 |title=Key findings from Budlender's damning Trillian dossier |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-06-30-key-findings-from-budlenders-damning-trillian-dossier/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Rahoton Budlender ya kuma sanya McKinsey & Company a cikin ma'amala mai ban sha'awa tare da Trillian, da McKinsey, wanda ake zargi da rashin ba da hadin kai ga binciken Budlender, daga baya ya nemi gafara a bainar jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-30 |title=McKinsey caught up in Trillian lies |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-06-30-mckinsey-caught-up-in-trillian-lies/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-20 |title=McKinsey's apology is a laugh |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-10-20-00-mckinseys-apology-is-a-laugh/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> A cikin shekara mai zuwa, an ba Budlender umarni don gudanar da irin wannan bincike a ƙungiyoyin jama'a guda biyu - Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Jama'a da [[Industrial Development Corporation (South Africa)|Kamfanin Ci gaban Masana'antu]] - waɗanda kuma ake zargi da shiga cikin kama jihar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kekana |first=Mashadi |date=2018-10-18 |title=Ramaphosa appoints commission of inquiry into alleged PIC 'improprieties' |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-10-18-ramaphosa-appoints-commission-of-inquiry-into-alleged-pic-improprieties/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Donnelly |first=Lynley |date=2017-11-24 |title='Zuma's Cabinet is fighting back on state capture' |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-11-24-zumas-cabinet-is-fighting-back-on-state-capture/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na 2019, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta ci gaba da sanar da cewa za ta ci gaba leken asirin Budlender da wasu manyan masu ba da shawara guda uku - Wim Trengove 'Ngwako Maenetje, da Tembeka Ngcukaitobi - a cikin jagorantar binciken da ya shafi kamawa da gurfanar da jihar. An sama[[Rand na Afirka ta Kudu|R]] da R5 miliyan don kudaden shari'a na kowane mai ba da shawara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2019 |title=Department of justice hires legal eagles to nail state capture looters |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019-10-14-department-of-justice-hires-legal-eagles-to-nail-state-capture-looters/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=Business Day |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Bayan wannan sanarwar, Budlender ya bayyana ga Hukumar Shari'a ta Kasa a lokuta da yawa, kwanan nan a adawa da yunkurin tsohon shugaban kasar Jacob Zuma na cire Billy Downer a matsayin mai gabatar da kara na jihar da aka sanya shi a shari'ar cin hanci da rashawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Koko |first=Khaya |date=2021-11-15 |title=R1.6bn freezing order sought by NPA for Transnet 'corruption' |url=https://mg.co.za/news/2021-11-15-r1-6bn-freezing-order-sought-by-npa-for-transnet-corruption/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ferreira |first=Emsie |date=2023-10-26 |title=Zuma blames Stalingrad on the media |url=https://mg.co.za/politics/2023-10-26-zuma-blames-stalingrad-on-the-media/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndlovu |first=Mandisa |date=2023-09-28 |title='It is not for Zuma to decide who should prosecute him,' says advocate Geoff Budlender |url=https://mg.co.za/politics/2023-09-28-it-is-not-for-zuma-to-decide-who-should-prosecute-him-says-advocate-geoff-budlender/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Shugaba [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] a 2022 lokacin da Busisiwe Mkhwebane ta kalubalanci dakatar da ita daga ofishin [[Mai Kare Haƙƙin Jama'a|Mai Kare Jama'a]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ferreira |first=Emsie |date=2022-11-24 |title=Mkhwebane's suspension rests on facts, not optics, Concourt hears |url=https://mg.co.za/politics/2022-11-24-mkhwebanes-suspension-rests-on-facts-not-optics-concourt-hears/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Neman nadin shari'a == Budlender ya yi aiki a matsayin alƙali na Babban Kotun Afirka ta Kudu a karo na farko a shekara ta 2001, yana aiki a cikin yankin Witwatersrand tsakanin Mayu da Yuni. Bayan haka, ya yi aiki a Babban Kotun Cape na lokuta da yawa da ba a jere ba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=August 2009 |title=Cape Bar 2009 silks |url=https://www.gcbsa.co.za/law-journals/2009/august/2009-august-vol022-no2-pp14-15.pdf |journal=Advocate |pages=14–15}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.gcbsa.co.za/law-journals/2009/august/2009-august-vol022-no2-pp14-15.pdf "Cape Bar 2009 silks"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Advocate'': <span class="nowrap">14–</span>15. August 2009.</cite></ref> A lokuta uku daban-daban, Hukumar Kula da Shari'a ta sanya shi a cikin jerin sunayen kuma ta yi masa tambayoyi don nadin dindindin a benci na Cape; karo na uku da na karshe ya kasance a ƙarshen 2004, bayan wata hira mai rikitarwa a watan Oktoba. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2010-04-23 |title=JSC thinking leaves us in the dark |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2010-04-23-jsc-thinking-leaves-us-in-the-dark/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-10-29 |title=Judging the judges |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2004-10-29-judging-the-judges/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2009, ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan takara tara da aka yi hira da su don nadin zuwa wuraren zama a Kotun Tsarin Mulki, <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2009 |title=Con Court Judge interviews begin |url=https://ewn.co.za/2009/09/20/Con-Court-Judge-interviews-begin |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=Eyewitness News |language=en}}</ref> kuma, a lokacin hira da shi, ya ba da shawarar cewa an wuce shi don nadin shari'a a baya saboda sa hannu a cikin shari'ar da gwamnatin Thabo Mbeki ta dauka mai adawa, musamman aikinsa tare da Kamfen ɗin Ayyukan Magunguna. Hukumar Kula da Ayyuka ta Shari'a ba ta ba da shawarar shi don nadin zuwa Kotun Tsarin Mulki ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-09-22 |title=No place for Hlophe on Concourt shortlist |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2009-09-22-no-place-for-hlophe-on-concourt-shortlist/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Rashin amincewar Hukumar Kula da Shari'a don nada Budlender a matsayin alƙali ya kasance batun jayayya, ana bayyana shi akai-akai a matsayin "marasa ma'ana", <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2010-04-23 |title=JSC thinking leaves us in the dark |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2010-04-23-jsc-thinking-leaves-us-in-the-dark/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://mg.co.za/article/2010-04-23-jsc-thinking-leaves-us-in-the-dark/ "JSC thinking leaves us in the dark"]. ''The Mail & Guardian''. 23 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-05-09 |title=Legal fraternity's finest struggle to find a place at the Bar |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2011-05-09-legal-fraternitys-finest-struggle-to-find-a-place-at-the-bar/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> kuma ana yawan ambaton shi a matsayin misali na aikace-aikacen da hukumar ta yi na tabbatar da mataki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tolsi |first=Niren |date=2012-04-26 |title=Is the JSC courting favourites? |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2012-04-26-is-the-jsc-courting-favourites/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-07-25 |title=Several more qualified than Hlophe |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2009-07-25-several-more-qualified-than-hlophe/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-23 |title=Greater transparency could encourage better JSC appointments |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2012-11-23-00-greater-transparency-could-encourage-better-jsc-appointments/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Jack |date=2013-06-19 |title=Transformation by quota is barking mad |url=https://www.groundup.org.za/article/transformation-quota-barking-mad/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=GroundUp News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tolsi |first=Niren |date=2021-10-12 |title=JSC lets politics trump conscience and excellence |url=https://mg.co.za/news/2021-10-12-jsc-lets-politics-trump-conscience-and-excellence/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Tun a farkon shekara ta 2004, ɗan jaridar shari'a Carmel Rickard ya haifar da tashin hankali ta hanyar ba da shawarar cewa rashin nadin Budlender ya nuna cewa an "rufe" benci ga fararen mutane. Ta rubuta a cikin Sunday Times:<blockquote>Babu wani fari a Afirka ta Kudu wanda zai iya daidaita takardunsa. Idan Budlender ba a yarda da shi ba ga hukumar, babu wani lauyan fari da zai iya yin hakan. Lokaci ya yi da Hukumar Kula da Shari'a ta kasance mai gaskiya tare da aikin lauya kuma ta ce bai kamata lauyoyin fararen maza su sake neman matsayi a kan Bench ba.</blockquote>A cikin 2013, kwamishinan Izak Smuts ya yi murabus daga Hukumar Kula da Shari'a, yana mai nuna gazawar hukumar ta yi amfani da "ƙwarewar da aka ɓata" na Budlender, Clive Plasket, da Jeremy Gauntlett.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-04-26 |title=Judges at war a worry news |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-04-26-judges-at-war-a-worry-news/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2013 |title=Court action looms over Judicial Service Commission |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/2013-04-14-court-action-looms-over-judicial-service-commission/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=Sunday Times |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Ayyukan jama'a == Budlender ya shiga majalisa ta alma mater, Jami'ar Cape Town, a 2002; ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta tsakanin Yuli 2004 da Yuli 2008. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2004 |title=New UCT Council chair recalls Bremner sit-in |url=http://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2004-07-26-new-uct-council-chair-recalls-bremner-sit-in |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=University of Cape Town |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2004-07-26-new-uct-council-chair-recalls-bremner-sit-in "New UCT Council chair recalls Bremner sit-in"]. ''University of Cape Town''. 26 July 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Janairun 2023, an nada shi a matsayin memba na ɗan lokaci na Kotun Gasar Hukumar. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=9 January 2023 |title=Competition Tribunal snaps up legal experts' skills |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2023-01-09-competition-tribunal-snaps-up-legal-experts-skills/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=Business Day |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Daraja == A watan Oktoba na 2021, Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Duniya ta ba Budlender lambar yabo ta Pro Bono don aikinsa na pro bono a Cibiyar Harkokin Shari'a da sauran wurare.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Makhafola |first=Getrude |date=30 October 2021 |title=Advocate Budlender receives international award for his pro bono work in SA |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/advocate-budlender-receives-international-award-for-his-pro-bono-work-in-sa-20211030 |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Shi Bayahude ne kuma yana zaune a Claremont, Cape Town . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Huisman |first=Biénne |date=2021-12-02 |title=Geoff Budlender, a raconteur and mensch whose work in human rights 'is bigger than Mount Kilimanjaro' |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-12-02-geoff-budlender-a-raconteur-and-mensch-whose-work-in-human-rights-is-bigger-than-mount-kilimanjaro/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHuisman2021">Huisman, Biénne (2 December 2021). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-12-02-geoff-budlender-a-raconteur-and-mensch-whose-work-in-human-rights-is-bigger-than-mount-kilimanjaro/ "Geoff Budlender, a raconteur and mensch whose work in human rights 'is bigger than Mount Kilimanjaro'"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alcock |first=Sello S. |date=2009-02-01 |title=Top SA Jews slam Gaza attack |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2009-02-01-top-sa-jews-slam-gaza-attack/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Matarsa, [[Aninka Claassens]], masanin ilimin zamantakewa ne a Jami'ar Cape Town; sun hadu a lokacin wariyar launin fata a Driefontein, inda Budlender ke wakiltar al'umma game da tilasta cirewa kuma Claassens yana aiki ga Black Sash. Suna da 'ya'ya hudu da jikoki da yawa.<ref name=":1" /> Ɗansa Steven Budlender shi ma mai ba da shawara ne; ma'aurata sun bayyana tare a Kotun Tsarin Mulki a 2022, suna jayayya a madadin wadanda ake tuhuma a ''Mineral Sands Resources v Reddell''. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cabe |first=Musawenkosi |date=2020-06-15 |title=Corporate bullying in fight over Xolobeni mining |url=https://mg.co.za/news/2020-06-15-corporate-bullying-in-fight-over-xolobeni-mining/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bega |first=Sheree |date=2022-02-22 |title=Concourt hears landmark 'Slapp' defamation and free speech case |url=https://mg.co.za/the-green-guardian/2022-02-22-concourt-hears-landmark-slapp-defamation-and-free-speech-case/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kz7qomezvnmiyzl4if5jsccxqsmt38s 0 108825 906404 742102 2026-08-23T04:46:00Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906404 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''1Sky''' wani kamfen ne na tushen Amurka don tallafawa matakin tarayya don dakile dumamar yanayi da haɓaka makamashi mai sabuntawa. An kafa 1Sky a cikin bazara na shekarar 2007 lokacin da masu fafutukar sauyin yanayi talatin ke kan koma baya a kwarin Hudson na jihar New York. Abokan hulɗa sun haɗa da Mataki It Up 2007 (da magajinsa na duniya 350.org), Ƙaddamarwa ta Duniya ta Clinton, Greenpeace, Oxfam, da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙarfafawa. 1Sky ya hade cikin 350.org a cikin 2011.<ref>About 1Sky". 1Sky.org</ref><ref>Morningstar, Cory (April 23, 2011). "Rockefellers' 1Sky Unveils the New 350.org: More $ -- More Delusion". Huntington News</ref> == Game da == 1Sky yayi amfani da gamayyar kungiyoyi da daidaikun mutane a Amurka don tallafawa 1Sky Platform. Shugaba Clinton ta sanar da 1Sky Platform a Clinton Global Initiative a 2007. 1Sky's Board of Directors ya haɗa da amma ba'a iyakance ga: James Speth, Billy Parish, Bill McKibben, Van Jones. == 1 Sky mafita == Dandalin manufofin 1Sky ya wakilci abin da ƙungiyar ta kira "layin ƙasa na kimiyya". Kungiyar ta kirkiro wasu ka’idoji guda uku don jami’an siyasa da ‘yan majalisa su yi amfani da su ga manufofin da suke cewa, “Don gano matakan da shugabanninmu ya kamata su dauka domin kawar da al’ummarmu daga sauyin yanayi da kuma ci gaban tattalin arzikin kore tare da albarkatun makamashi mai sabuntawa”:<ref>"Solutions". 1Sky.org</ref> Ƙirƙirar guraben ayyuka miliyan 5 da hanyoyin fita daga kangin talauci ta hanyar sake ginawa da sake mai da Amurka tare da ingantaccen tsarin samar da makamashi wanda ya haɗa da saka hannun jari na gaggawa a cikin samar da makamashi mai tsabta. Rage gurɓatar ɗumamar yanayi aƙalla kashi 25% ƙasa da matakan da ake ciki nan da 2020, kuma aƙalla 80% nan da 2050, daidai da mafi kyawun kimiyyar da ake samu. Sake karfafa Amurka ta hanyar sanya dokar hana fita a kan sabbin masana'antar kwal da ke fitar da gurbatar yanayi da kuma maye gurbin gurbataccen mai da makamashi mai sabuntawa 100%. 1 Al'ummar Sky da ayyukan siyasa 1Sky ya yi ikirarin sama da magoya bayan talakawa 200,000 a duk fadin kasar. Sun kuma bayar da rahoton yin hulɗa tare da fiye da 4,200 na sa kai na Climate Precinct Captains a cikin 425 na majalisa a kowace jiha, da kuma 19 masu shirya siyasa a cikin jihohi 26. 1Sky ya ɗauki matsayin "ƙarfafa don tallafawa" don Dokar Tsabtace Makamashi da Tsaro na Amurka na 2009 da kuma gazawar Majalisar Dattijai Tsabtace Ayyukan Makamashi da Dokar Wutar Amirka ta 2009. Kungiyar ta jagoranci yakin neman kira a cikin Janairu 2010 tare da kira fiye da 3,600 zuwa ofisoshin Majalisar Dattijai don zartar da cikakken yanayi da dokokin makamashi mai tsabta a cikin 2010. 1Sky ya yi suka ga Dokar Wutar Lantarki ta Amurka a watan Mayu 2010, yana mai cewa dokar Majalisar Dattijan Amurka, "ba ta yi nisa ba don kare iyakokinmu daga barazanar da ke tattare da dokar kasa da kasa. wanda ke dakile fitar da iskar Carbon." Kungiyar ta bayyana takaicin jinkirin da aka samu wajen zartar da dokar sauyin yanayi a Majalisar Dattawa a lokacin bazara na shekarar 2010, inda ta bayyana cewa, "Masu fafutuka na Sky 1 za su hada kai a lokacin hutun majalisar dattijai na watan Agusta domin fitar da wannan sako a gida da babbar murya. Yanzu ne lokacin da za a magance matsalar."<ref>Statement by 1Sky Campaign Director Gillian Caldwell on Senate Climate Bill Delay". 1Sky.org. July 22, 2010. Archived from the original on December 3, 2010.</ref> Har ila yau, kungiyar ta gudanar da "Climate Art Parties" gabanin halartar Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] a taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2009, tarurrukan gundumomi na majalisa don tallafawa tasirin Hukumar Kare Muhalli a karkashin Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace (Amurka), da kuma tarurrukan wayar da kan jama'a don mayar da martani ga malalar man fetur na BP na Gulf. Kungiyar ta yi kakkausar suka ga matakin da gwamnatin Obama ta dauka na dage haramcin hako mai a tekun Amurka na tsawon shekar<ref>Recent organizer activity". 1Sky.org</ref>u 20 watanni biyu kafin malalar mai a yankin Gulf. == Duba kuma == icon Global warming portal Dorewa Halittar halittu dumamar yanayi Ayyukan mutum da na siyasa akan sauyin yanay == Mahaɗar waje == Official website Revkin, Andrew C. (November 2, 2007). "Whose Climate Is It, Anyway?". [[New York Times|The New York Times]]. Archived from the original on January 15, 2008. "FACTBOX - Day one of Clinton summit sees over 40 pledges". Reuters. September 26, 2007. Mulkern, Anne C. (January 6, 2010). "Enviro Groups Plan Senate Call-In on Climate Bill". The New York Times. "Environmental Groups Rally At White House Ahead Of Climate Summit". Life. December 4, 2009. Archived from the original on June 10, 2011. Hemphill, Stephanie (November 5, 2007). "Groups hope to elevate climate change as campaign issue". [[Minnesota]] Public Radio. "Rockefeller Brothers Fund Awards $1 Million to 1Sky". Rockefeller Brothers Fund. April 3, 2008. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kamfanoni]] [[Category: Kamfani]] 5ieu14tinmouysv8cc8di3ypsj2000v 906405 906404 2026-08-23T04:46:36Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''1Sky''' wani kamfen ne na tushen Amurka don tallafawa matakin tarayya don dakile dumamar yanayi da haɓaka makamashi mai sabuntawa. An kafa 1Sky a cikin bazara na shekarar 2007 lokacin da masu fafutukar sauyin yanayi talatin ke kan koma baya a kwarin Hudson na jihar New York. Abokan hulɗa sun haɗa da Mataki It Up 2007 (da magajinsa na duniya 350.org), Ƙaddamarwa ta Duniya ta Clinton, Greenpeace, Oxfam, da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙarfafawa. 1Sky ya hade cikin 350.org a cikin 2011.<ref>About 1Sky". 1Sky.org</ref><ref>Morningstar, Cory (April 23, 2011). "Rockefellers' 1Sky Unveils the New 350.org: More $ -- More Delusion". Huntington News</ref> == Game da == 1Sky yayi amfani da gamayyar kungiyoyi da daidaikun mutane a Amurka don tallafawa 1Sky Platform. Shugaba Clinton ta sanar da 1Sky Platform a Clinton Global Initiative a 2007. 1Sky's Board of Directors ya haɗa da amma ba'a iyakance ga: James Speth, Billy Parish, Bill McKibben, Van Jones. == 1 Sky mafita == Dandalin manufofin 1Sky ya wakilci abin da ƙungiyar ta kira "layin ƙasa na kimiyya". Kungiyar ta ƙirƙiri wasu ka’idoji guda uku don jami’an siyasa da ‘yan majalisa su yi amfani da su ga manufofin da suke cewa, “Don gano matakan da shugabanninmu ya kamata su ɗauka domin kawar da al’ummarmu daga sauyin yanayi da kuma ci gaban tattalin arzikin kore tare da albarkatun makamashi mai sabuntawa”:<ref>"Solutions". 1Sky.org</ref> Ƙirƙirar guraben ayyuka miliyan 5 da hanyoyin fita daga kangin talauci ta hanyar sake ginawa da sake mai da Amurka tare da ingantaccen tsarin samar da makamashi wanda ya haɗa da saka hannun jari na gaggawa a cikin samar da makamashi mai tsabta. Rage gurɓatar ɗumamar yanayi aƙalla kashi 25% ƙasa da matakan da ake ciki nan da 2020, kuma aƙalla 80% nan da 2050, daidai da mafi kyawun kimiyyar da ake samu. Sake karfafa Amurka ta hanyar sanya dokar hana fita a kan sabbin masana'antar kwal da ke fitar da gurbatar yanayi da kuma maye gurbin gurbataccen mai da makamashi mai sabuntawa 100%. 1 Al'ummar Sky da ayyukan siyasa 1Sky ya yi ikirarin sama da magoya bayan talakawa 200,000 a duk fadin kasar. Sun kuma bayar da rahoton yin hulɗa tare da fiye da 4,200 na sa kai na Climate Precinct Captains a cikin 425 na majalisa a kowace jiha, da kuma 19 masu shirya siyasa a cikin jihohi 26. 1Sky ya ɗauki matsayin "ƙarfafa don tallafawa" don Dokar Tsabtace Makamashi da Tsaro na Amurka na 2009 da kuma gazawar Majalisar Dattijai Tsabtace Ayyukan Makamashi da Dokar Wutar Amirka ta 2009. Kungiyar ta jagoranci yakin neman kira a cikin Janairu 2010 tare da kira fiye da 3,600 zuwa ofisoshin Majalisar Dattijai don zartar da cikakken yanayi da dokokin makamashi mai tsabta a cikin 2010. 1Sky ya yi suka ga Dokar Wutar Lantarki ta Amurka a watan Mayu 2010, yana mai cewa dokar Majalisar Dattijan Amurka, "ba ta yi nisa ba don kare iyakokinmu daga barazanar da ke tattare da dokar kasa da kasa. wanda ke dakile fitar da iskar Carbon." Kungiyar ta bayyana takaicin jinkirin da aka samu wajen zartar da dokar sauyin yanayi a Majalisar Dattawa a lokacin bazara na shekarar 2010, inda ta bayyana cewa, "Masu fafutuka na Sky 1 za su hada kai a lokacin hutun majalisar dattijai na watan Agusta domin fitar da wannan sako a gida da babbar murya. Yanzu ne lokacin da za a magance matsalar."<ref>Statement by 1Sky Campaign Director Gillian Caldwell on Senate Climate Bill Delay". 1Sky.org. July 22, 2010. Archived from the original on December 3, 2010.</ref> Har ila yau, kungiyar ta gudanar da "Climate Art Parties" gabanin halartar Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] a taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2009, tarurrukan gundumomi na majalisa don tallafawa tasirin Hukumar Kare Muhalli a karkashin Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace (Amurka), da kuma tarurrukan wayar da kan jama'a don mayar da martani ga malalar man fetur na BP na Gulf. Kungiyar ta yi kakkausar suka ga matakin da gwamnatin Obama ta dauka na dage haramcin hako mai a tekun Amurka na tsawon shekar<ref>Recent organizer activity". 1Sky.org</ref>u 20 watanni biyu kafin malalar mai a yankin Gulf. == Duba kuma == icon Global warming portal Dorewa Halittar halittu dumamar yanayi Ayyukan mutum da na siyasa akan sauyin yanay == Mahaɗar waje == Official website Revkin, Andrew C. (November 2, 2007). "Whose Climate Is It, Anyway?". [[New York Times|The New York Times]]. Archived from the original on January 15, 2008. "FACTBOX - Day one of Clinton summit sees over 40 pledges". Reuters. September 26, 2007. Mulkern, Anne C. (January 6, 2010). "Enviro Groups Plan Senate Call-In on Climate Bill". The New York Times. "Environmental Groups Rally At White House Ahead Of Climate Summit". Life. December 4, 2009. Archived from the original on June 10, 2011. Hemphill, Stephanie (November 5, 2007). "Groups hope to elevate climate change as campaign issue". [[Minnesota]] Public Radio. "Rockefeller Brothers Fund Awards $1 Million to 1Sky". Rockefeller Brothers Fund. April 3, 2008. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kamfanoni]] [[Category: Kamfani]] j650sevxkg0iuvbv1slr5x29hq8jkqf 906406 906405 2026-08-23T04:46:58Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906406 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''1Sky''' wani kamfen ne na tushen Amurka don tallafawa matakin tarayya don dakile dumamar yanayi da haɓaka makamashi mai sabuntawa. An kafa 1Sky a cikin bazara na shekarar 2007 lokacin da masu fafutukar sauyin yanayi talatin ke kan koma baya a kwarin Hudson na jihar New York. Abokan hulɗa sun haɗa da Mataki It Up 2007 (da magajinsa na duniya 350.org), Ƙaddamarwa ta Duniya ta Clinton, Greenpeace, Oxfam, da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙarfafawa. 1Sky ya hade cikin 350.org a cikin 2011.<ref>About 1Sky". 1Sky.org</ref><ref>Morningstar, Cory (April 23, 2011). "Rockefellers' 1Sky Unveils the New 350.org: More $ -- More Delusion". Huntington News</ref> == Game da == 1Sky yayi amfani da gamayyar kungiyoyi da daidaikun mutane a Amurka don tallafawa 1Sky Platform. Shugaba Clinton ta sanar da 1Sky Platform a Clinton Global Initiative a 2007. 1Sky's Board of Directors ya haɗa da amma ba'a iyakance ga: James Speth, Billy Parish, Bill McKibben, Van Jones. == 1 Sky mafita == Dandalin manufofin 1Sky ya wakilci abin da ƙungiyar ta kira "layin ƙasa na kimiyya". Kungiyar ta ƙirƙiri wasu ka’idoji guda uku don jami’an siyasa da ƴan majalisa su yi amfani da su ga manufofin da suke cewa, “Don gano matakan da shugabanninmu ya kamata su ɗauka domin kawar da al’ummarmu daga sauyin yanayi da kuma ci gaban tattalin arzikin kore tare da albarkatun makamashi mai sabuntawa”:<ref>"Solutions". 1Sky.org</ref> Ƙirƙirar guraben ayyuka miliyan 5 da hanyoyin fita daga kangin talauci ta hanyar sake ginawa da sake mai da Amurka tare da ingantaccen tsarin samar da makamashi wanda ya haɗa da saka hannun jari na gaggawa a cikin samar da makamashi mai tsabta. Rage gurɓatar ɗumamar yanayi aƙalla kashi 25% ƙasa da matakan da ake ciki nan da 2020, kuma aƙalla 80% nan da 2050, daidai da mafi kyawun kimiyyar da ake samu. Sake karfafa Amurka ta hanyar sanya dokar hana fita a kan sabbin masana'antar kwal da ke fitar da gurbatar yanayi da kuma maye gurbin gurbataccen mai da makamashi mai sabuntawa 100%. 1 Al'ummar Sky da ayyukan siyasa 1Sky ya yi ikirarin sama da magoya bayan talakawa 200,000 a duk fadin kasar. Sun kuma bayar da rahoton yin hulɗa tare da fiye da 4,200 na sa kai na Climate Precinct Captains a cikin 425 na majalisa a kowace jiha, da kuma 19 masu shirya siyasa a cikin jihohi 26. 1Sky ya ɗauki matsayin "ƙarfafa don tallafawa" don Dokar Tsabtace Makamashi da Tsaro na Amurka na 2009 da kuma gazawar Majalisar Dattijai Tsabtace Ayyukan Makamashi da Dokar Wutar Amirka ta 2009. Kungiyar ta jagoranci yakin neman kira a cikin Janairu 2010 tare da kira fiye da 3,600 zuwa ofisoshin Majalisar Dattijai don zartar da cikakken yanayi da dokokin makamashi mai tsabta a cikin 2010. 1Sky ya yi suka ga Dokar Wutar Lantarki ta Amurka a watan Mayu 2010, yana mai cewa dokar Majalisar Dattijan Amurka, "ba ta yi nisa ba don kare iyakokinmu daga barazanar da ke tattare da dokar kasa da kasa. wanda ke dakile fitar da iskar Carbon." Kungiyar ta bayyana takaicin jinkirin da aka samu wajen zartar da dokar sauyin yanayi a Majalisar Dattawa a lokacin bazara na shekarar 2010, inda ta bayyana cewa, "Masu fafutuka na Sky 1 za su hada kai a lokacin hutun majalisar dattijai na watan Agusta domin fitar da wannan sako a gida da babbar murya. Yanzu ne lokacin da za a magance matsalar."<ref>Statement by 1Sky Campaign Director Gillian Caldwell on Senate Climate Bill Delay". 1Sky.org. July 22, 2010. Archived from the original on December 3, 2010.</ref> Har ila yau, kungiyar ta gudanar da "Climate Art Parties" gabanin halartar Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] a taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2009, tarurrukan gundumomi na majalisa don tallafawa tasirin Hukumar Kare Muhalli a karkashin Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace (Amurka), da kuma tarurrukan wayar da kan jama'a don mayar da martani ga malalar man fetur na BP na Gulf. Kungiyar ta yi kakkausar suka ga matakin da gwamnatin Obama ta dauka na dage haramcin hako mai a tekun Amurka na tsawon shekar<ref>Recent organizer activity". 1Sky.org</ref>u 20 watanni biyu kafin malalar mai a yankin Gulf. == Duba kuma == icon Global warming portal Dorewa Halittar halittu dumamar yanayi Ayyukan mutum da na siyasa akan sauyin yanay == Mahaɗar waje == Official website Revkin, Andrew C. (November 2, 2007). "Whose Climate Is It, Anyway?". [[New York Times|The New York Times]]. Archived from the original on January 15, 2008. "FACTBOX - Day one of Clinton summit sees over 40 pledges". Reuters. September 26, 2007. Mulkern, Anne C. (January 6, 2010). "Enviro Groups Plan Senate Call-In on Climate Bill". The New York Times. "Environmental Groups Rally At White House Ahead Of Climate Summit". Life. December 4, 2009. Archived from the original on June 10, 2011. Hemphill, Stephanie (November 5, 2007). "Groups hope to elevate climate change as campaign issue". [[Minnesota]] Public Radio. "Rockefeller Brothers Fund Awards $1 Million to 1Sky". Rockefeller Brothers Fund. April 3, 2008. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kamfanoni]] [[Category: Kamfani]] cololiad9mj5yy5gx0rr2drhghu4qdk 906407 906406 2026-08-23T04:47:24Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''1Sky''' wani kamfen ne na tushen Amurka don tallafawa matakin tarayya don dakile dumamar yanayi da haɓaka makamashi mai sabuntawa. An kafa 1Sky a cikin bazara na shekarar 2007 lokacin da masu fafutukar sauyin yanayi talatin ke kan koma baya a kwarin Hudson na jihar New York. Abokan hulɗa sun haɗa da Mataki It Up 2007 (da magajinsa na duniya 350.org), Ƙaddamarwa ta Duniya ta Clinton, Greenpeace, Oxfam, da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙarfafawa. 1Sky ya hade cikin 350.org a cikin 2011.<ref>About 1Sky". 1Sky.org</ref><ref>Morningstar, Cory (April 23, 2011). "Rockefellers' 1Sky Unveils the New 350.org: More $ -- More Delusion". Huntington News</ref> == Game da == 1Sky yayi amfani da gamayyar kungiyoyi da daidaikun mutane a Amurka don tallafawa 1Sky Platform. Shugaba Clinton ta sanar da 1Sky Platform a Clinton Global Initiative a 2007. 1Sky's Board of Directors ya haɗa da amma ba'a iyakance ga: James Speth, Billy Parish, Bill McKibben, Van Jones. == 1 Sky mafita == Dandalin manufofin 1Sky ya wakilci abin da ƙungiyar ta kira "layin ƙasa na kimiyya". Kungiyar ta ƙirƙiri wasu ka’idoji guda uku don jami’an siyasa da ƴan majalisa su yi amfani da su ga manufofin da suke cewa, “Don gano matakan da shugabanninmu ya kamata su ɗauka domin kawar da al’ummarmu daga sauyin yanayi da kuma ci gaban tattalin arzikin kore tare da albarkatun makamashi mai sabuntawa”:<ref>"Solutions". 1Sky.org</ref> Ƙirƙirar guraben ayyuka miliyan 5 da hanyoyin fita daga kangin talauci ta hanyar sake ginawa da sake mai da Amurka tare da ingantaccen tsarin samar da makamashi wanda ya haɗa da saka hannun jari na gaggawa a cikin samar da makamashi mai tsabta. Rage gurɓatar ɗumamar yanayi aƙalla kashi 25% ƙasa da matakan da ake ciki nan da 2020, kuma aƙalla 80% nan da 2050, daidai da mafi kyawun kimiyyar da ake samu. Sake ƙarfafa Amurka ta hanyar sanya dokar hana fita a kan sabbin masana'antar kwal da ke fitar da gurbatar yanayi da kuma maye gurbin gurbataccen mai da makamashi mai sabuntawa 100%. 1 Al'ummar Sky da ayyukan siyasa 1Sky ya yi ikirarin sama da magoya bayan talakawa 200,000 a duk fadin kasar. Sun kuma bayar da rahoton yin hulɗa tare da fiye da 4,200 na sa kai na Climate Precinct Captains a cikin 425 na majalisa a kowace jiha, da kuma 19 masu shirya siyasa a cikin jihohi 26. 1Sky ya ɗauki matsayin "ƙarfafa don tallafawa" don Dokar Tsabtace Makamashi da Tsaro na Amurka na 2009 da kuma gazawar Majalisar Dattijai Tsabtace Ayyukan Makamashi da Dokar Wutar Amirka ta 2009. Kungiyar ta jagoranci yakin neman kira a cikin Janairu 2010 tare da kira fiye da 3,600 zuwa ofisoshin Majalisar Dattijai don zartar da cikakken yanayi da dokokin makamashi mai tsabta a cikin 2010. 1Sky ya yi suka ga Dokar Wutar Lantarki ta Amurka a watan Mayu 2010, yana mai cewa dokar Majalisar Dattijan Amurka, "ba ta yi nisa ba don kare iyakokinmu daga barazanar da ke tattare da dokar kasa da kasa. wanda ke dakile fitar da iskar Carbon." Kungiyar ta bayyana takaicin jinkirin da aka samu wajen zartar da dokar sauyin yanayi a Majalisar Dattawa a lokacin bazara na shekarar 2010, inda ta bayyana cewa, "Masu fafutuka na Sky 1 za su hada kai a lokacin hutun majalisar dattijai na watan Agusta domin fitar da wannan sako a gida da babbar murya. Yanzu ne lokacin da za a magance matsalar."<ref>Statement by 1Sky Campaign Director Gillian Caldwell on Senate Climate Bill Delay". 1Sky.org. July 22, 2010. Archived from the original on December 3, 2010.</ref> Har ila yau, kungiyar ta gudanar da "Climate Art Parties" gabanin halartar Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] a taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2009, tarurrukan gundumomi na majalisa don tallafawa tasirin Hukumar Kare Muhalli a karkashin Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace (Amurka), da kuma tarurrukan wayar da kan jama'a don mayar da martani ga malalar man fetur na BP na Gulf. Kungiyar ta yi kakkausar suka ga matakin da gwamnatin Obama ta dauka na dage haramcin hako mai a tekun Amurka na tsawon shekar<ref>Recent organizer activity". 1Sky.org</ref>u 20 watanni biyu kafin malalar mai a yankin Gulf. == Duba kuma == icon Global warming portal Dorewa Halittar halittu dumamar yanayi Ayyukan mutum da na siyasa akan sauyin yanay == Mahaɗar waje == Official website Revkin, Andrew C. (November 2, 2007). "Whose Climate Is It, Anyway?". [[New York Times|The New York Times]]. Archived from the original on January 15, 2008. "FACTBOX - Day one of Clinton summit sees over 40 pledges". Reuters. September 26, 2007. Mulkern, Anne C. (January 6, 2010). "Enviro Groups Plan Senate Call-In on Climate Bill". The New York Times. "Environmental Groups Rally At White House Ahead Of Climate Summit". Life. December 4, 2009. Archived from the original on June 10, 2011. Hemphill, Stephanie (November 5, 2007). "Groups hope to elevate climate change as campaign issue". [[Minnesota]] Public Radio. "Rockefeller Brothers Fund Awards $1 Million to 1Sky". Rockefeller Brothers Fund. April 3, 2008. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kamfanoni]] [[Category: Kamfani]] amn5lizbdzv0oujkr7we41qhlraof9f 906408 906407 2026-08-23T04:47:42Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''1Sky''' wani kamfen ne na tushen Amurka don tallafawa matakin tarayya don dakile dumamar yanayi da haɓaka makamashi mai sabuntawa. An kafa 1Sky a cikin bazara na shekarar 2007 lokacin da masu fafutukar sauyin yanayi talatin ke kan koma baya a kwarin Hudson na jihar New York. Abokan hulɗa sun haɗa da Mataki It Up 2007 (da magajinsa na duniya 350.org), Ƙaddamarwa ta Duniya ta Clinton, Greenpeace, Oxfam, da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙarfafawa. 1Sky ya hade cikin 350.org a cikin 2011.<ref>About 1Sky". 1Sky.org</ref><ref>Morningstar, Cory (April 23, 2011). "Rockefellers' 1Sky Unveils the New 350.org: More $ -- More Delusion". Huntington News</ref> == Game da == 1Sky yayi amfani da gamayyar kungiyoyi da daidaikun mutane a Amurka don tallafawa 1Sky Platform. Shugaba Clinton ta sanar da 1Sky Platform a Clinton Global Initiative a 2007. 1Sky's Board of Directors ya haɗa da amma ba'a iyakance ga: James Speth, Billy Parish, Bill McKibben, Van Jones. == 1 Sky mafita == Dandalin manufofin 1Sky ya wakilci abin da ƙungiyar ta kira "layin ƙasa na kimiyya". Kungiyar ta ƙirƙiri wasu ka’idoji guda uku don jami’an siyasa da ƴan majalisa su yi amfani da su ga manufofin da suke cewa, “Don gano matakan da shugabanninmu ya kamata su ɗauka domin kawar da al’ummarmu daga sauyin yanayi da kuma ci gaban tattalin arzikin kore tare da albarkatun makamashi mai sabuntawa”:<ref>"Solutions". 1Sky.org</ref> Ƙirƙirar guraben ayyuka miliyan 5 da hanyoyin fita daga kangin talauci ta hanyar sake ginawa da sake mai da Amurka tare da ingantaccen tsarin samar da makamashi wanda ya haɗa da saka hannun jari na gaggawa a cikin samar da makamashi mai tsabta. Rage gurɓatar ɗumamar yanayi aƙalla kashi 25% ƙasa da matakan da ake ciki nan da 2020, kuma aƙalla 80% nan da 2050, daidai da mafi kyawun kimiyyar da ake samu. Sake ƙarfafa Amurka ta hanyar sanya dokar hana fita a kan sabbin masana'antar kwal da ke fitar da gurbatar yanayi da kuma maye gurbin gurbataccen mai da makamashi mai sabuntawa 100%. 1 Al'ummar Sky da ayyukan siyasa 1Sky ya yi ikirarin sama da magoya bayan talakawa 200,000 a duk fadin ƙasar. Sun kuma bayar da rahoton yin hulɗa tare da fiye da 4,200 na sa kai na Climate Precinct Captains a cikin 425 na majalisa a kowace jiha, da kuma 19 masu shirya siyasa a cikin jihohi 26. 1Sky ya ɗauki matsayin "ƙarfafa don tallafawa" don Dokar Tsabtace Makamashi da Tsaro na Amurka na 2009 da kuma gazawar Majalisar Dattijai Tsabtace Ayyukan Makamashi da Dokar Wutar Amirka ta 2009. Kungiyar ta jagoranci yakin neman kira a cikin Janairu 2010 tare da kira fiye da 3,600 zuwa ofisoshin Majalisar Dattijai don zartar da cikakken yanayi da dokokin makamashi mai tsabta a cikin 2010. 1Sky ya yi suka ga Dokar Wutar Lantarki ta Amurka a watan Mayu 2010, yana mai cewa dokar Majalisar Dattijan Amurka, "ba ta yi nisa ba don kare iyakokinmu daga barazanar da ke tattare da dokar kasa da kasa. wanda ke dakile fitar da iskar Carbon." Kungiyar ta bayyana takaicin jinkirin da aka samu wajen zartar da dokar sauyin yanayi a Majalisar Dattawa a lokacin bazara na shekarar 2010, inda ta bayyana cewa, "Masu fafutuka na Sky 1 za su hada kai a lokacin hutun majalisar dattijai na watan Agusta domin fitar da wannan sako a gida da babbar murya. Yanzu ne lokacin da za a magance matsalar."<ref>Statement by 1Sky Campaign Director Gillian Caldwell on Senate Climate Bill Delay". 1Sky.org. July 22, 2010. Archived from the original on December 3, 2010.</ref> Har ila yau, kungiyar ta gudanar da "Climate Art Parties" gabanin halartar Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] a taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2009, tarurrukan gundumomi na majalisa don tallafawa tasirin Hukumar Kare Muhalli a karkashin Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace (Amurka), da kuma tarurrukan wayar da kan jama'a don mayar da martani ga malalar man fetur na BP na Gulf. Kungiyar ta yi kakkausar suka ga matakin da gwamnatin Obama ta dauka na dage haramcin hako mai a tekun Amurka na tsawon shekar<ref>Recent organizer activity". 1Sky.org</ref>u 20 watanni biyu kafin malalar mai a yankin Gulf. == Duba kuma == icon Global warming portal Dorewa Halittar halittu dumamar yanayi Ayyukan mutum da na siyasa akan sauyin yanay == Mahaɗar waje == Official website Revkin, Andrew C. (November 2, 2007). "Whose Climate Is It, Anyway?". [[New York Times|The New York Times]]. Archived from the original on January 15, 2008. "FACTBOX - Day one of Clinton summit sees over 40 pledges". Reuters. September 26, 2007. Mulkern, Anne C. (January 6, 2010). "Enviro Groups Plan Senate Call-In on Climate Bill". The New York Times. "Environmental Groups Rally At White House Ahead Of Climate Summit". Life. December 4, 2009. Archived from the original on June 10, 2011. Hemphill, Stephanie (November 5, 2007). "Groups hope to elevate climate change as campaign issue". [[Minnesota]] Public Radio. "Rockefeller Brothers Fund Awards $1 Million to 1Sky". Rockefeller Brothers Fund. April 3, 2008. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kamfanoni]] [[Category: Kamfani]] n7uhh0t97but9uy0cd9mr0zvffobsxw 906409 906408 2026-08-23T04:48:00Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''1Sky''' wani kamfen ne na tushen Amurka don tallafawa matakin tarayya don dakile dumamar yanayi da haɓaka makamashi mai sabuntawa. An kafa 1Sky a cikin bazara na shekarar 2007 lokacin da masu fafutukar sauyin yanayi talatin ke kan koma baya a kwarin Hudson na jihar New York. Abokan hulɗa sun haɗa da Mataki It Up 2007 (da magajinsa na duniya 350.org), Ƙaddamarwa ta Duniya ta Clinton, Greenpeace, Oxfam, da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙarfafawa. 1Sky ya hade cikin 350.org a cikin 2011.<ref>About 1Sky". 1Sky.org</ref><ref>Morningstar, Cory (April 23, 2011). "Rockefellers' 1Sky Unveils the New 350.org: More $ -- More Delusion". Huntington News</ref> == Game da == 1Sky yayi amfani da gamayyar kungiyoyi da daidaikun mutane a Amurka don tallafawa 1Sky Platform. Shugaba Clinton ta sanar da 1Sky Platform a Clinton Global Initiative a 2007. 1Sky's Board of Directors ya haɗa da amma ba'a iyakance ga: James Speth, Billy Parish, Bill McKibben, Van Jones. == 1 Sky mafita == Dandalin manufofin 1Sky ya wakilci abin da ƙungiyar ta kira "layin ƙasa na kimiyya". Kungiyar ta ƙirƙiri wasu ka’idoji guda uku don jami’an siyasa da ƴan majalisa su yi amfani da su ga manufofin da suke cewa, “Don gano matakan da shugabanninmu ya kamata su ɗauka domin kawar da al’ummarmu daga sauyin yanayi da kuma ci gaban tattalin arzikin kore tare da albarkatun makamashi mai sabuntawa”:<ref>"Solutions". 1Sky.org</ref> Ƙirƙirar guraben ayyuka miliyan 5 da hanyoyin fita daga kangin talauci ta hanyar sake ginawa da sake mai da Amurka tare da ingantaccen tsarin samar da makamashi wanda ya haɗa da saka hannun jari na gaggawa a cikin samar da makamashi mai tsabta. Rage gurɓatar ɗumamar yanayi aƙalla kashi 25% ƙasa da matakan da ake ciki nan da 2020, kuma aƙalla 80% nan da 2050, daidai da mafi kyawun kimiyyar da ake samu. Sake ƙarfafa Amurka ta hanyar sanya dokar hana fita a kan sabbin masana'antar kwal da ke fitar da gurbatar yanayi da kuma maye gurbin gurbataccen mai da makamashi mai sabuntawa 100%. 1 Al'ummar Sky da ayyukan siyasa 1Sky ya yi ikirarin sama da magoya bayan talakawa 200,000 a duk fadin ƙasar. Sun kuma bayar da rahoton yin hulɗa tare da fiye da 4,200 na sa kai na Climate Precinct Captains a cikin 425 na majalisa a kowace jiha, da kuma 19 masu shirya siyasa a cikin jihohi 26. 1Sky ya ɗauki matsayin "ƙarfafa don tallafawa" don Dokar Tsabtace Makamashi da Tsaro na Amurka na shekarar 2009 da kuma gazawar Majalisar Dattijai Tsabtace Ayyukan Makamashi da Dokar Wutar Amirka ta 2009. Kungiyar ta jagoranci yakin neman kira a cikin Janairu 2010 tare da kira fiye da 3,600 zuwa ofisoshin Majalisar Dattijai don zartar da cikakken yanayi da dokokin makamashi mai tsabta a cikin 2010. 1Sky ya yi suka ga Dokar Wutar Lantarki ta Amurka a watan Mayu 2010, yana mai cewa dokar Majalisar Dattijan Amurka, "ba ta yi nisa ba don kare iyakokinmu daga barazanar da ke tattare da dokar kasa da kasa. wanda ke dakile fitar da iskar Carbon." Kungiyar ta bayyana takaicin jinkirin da aka samu wajen zartar da dokar sauyin yanayi a Majalisar Dattawa a lokacin bazara na shekarar 2010, inda ta bayyana cewa, "Masu fafutuka na Sky 1 za su hada kai a lokacin hutun majalisar dattijai na watan Agusta domin fitar da wannan sako a gida da babbar murya. Yanzu ne lokacin da za a magance matsalar."<ref>Statement by 1Sky Campaign Director Gillian Caldwell on Senate Climate Bill Delay". 1Sky.org. July 22, 2010. Archived from the original on December 3, 2010.</ref> Har ila yau, kungiyar ta gudanar da "Climate Art Parties" gabanin halartar Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] a taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2009, tarurrukan gundumomi na majalisa don tallafawa tasirin Hukumar Kare Muhalli a karkashin Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace (Amurka), da kuma tarurrukan wayar da kan jama'a don mayar da martani ga malalar man fetur na BP na Gulf. Kungiyar ta yi kakkausar suka ga matakin da gwamnatin Obama ta dauka na dage haramcin hako mai a tekun Amurka na tsawon shekar<ref>Recent organizer activity". 1Sky.org</ref>u 20 watanni biyu kafin malalar mai a yankin Gulf. == Duba kuma == icon Global warming portal Dorewa Halittar halittu dumamar yanayi Ayyukan mutum da na siyasa akan sauyin yanay == Mahaɗar waje == Official website Revkin, Andrew C. (November 2, 2007). "Whose Climate Is It, Anyway?". [[New York Times|The New York Times]]. Archived from the original on January 15, 2008. "FACTBOX - Day one of Clinton summit sees over 40 pledges". Reuters. September 26, 2007. Mulkern, Anne C. (January 6, 2010). "Enviro Groups Plan Senate Call-In on Climate Bill". The New York Times. "Environmental Groups Rally At White House Ahead Of Climate Summit". Life. December 4, 2009. Archived from the original on June 10, 2011. Hemphill, Stephanie (November 5, 2007). "Groups hope to elevate climate change as campaign issue". [[Minnesota]] Public Radio. "Rockefeller Brothers Fund Awards $1 Million to 1Sky". Rockefeller Brothers Fund. April 3, 2008. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kamfanoni]] [[Category: Kamfani]] dpxondovdg7ik8cfsuxb0s0q3hmdwwo 906410 906409 2026-08-23T04:48:21Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''1Sky''' wani kamfen ne na tushen Amurka don tallafawa matakin tarayya don dakile dumamar yanayi da haɓaka makamashi mai sabuntawa. An kafa 1Sky a cikin bazara na shekarar 2007 lokacin da masu fafutukar sauyin yanayi talatin ke kan koma baya a kwarin Hudson na jihar New York. Abokan hulɗa sun haɗa da Mataki It Up 2007 (da magajinsa na duniya 350.org), Ƙaddamarwa ta Duniya ta Clinton, Greenpeace, Oxfam, da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙarfafawa. 1Sky ya hade cikin 350.org a cikin 2011.<ref>About 1Sky". 1Sky.org</ref><ref>Morningstar, Cory (April 23, 2011). "Rockefellers' 1Sky Unveils the New 350.org: More $ -- More Delusion". Huntington News</ref> == Game da == 1Sky yayi amfani da gamayyar kungiyoyi da daidaikun mutane a Amurka don tallafawa 1Sky Platform. Shugaba Clinton ta sanar da 1Sky Platform a Clinton Global Initiative a 2007. 1Sky's Board of Directors ya haɗa da amma ba'a iyakance ga: James Speth, Billy Parish, Bill McKibben, Van Jones. == 1 Sky mafita == Dandalin manufofin 1Sky ya wakilci abin da ƙungiyar ta kira "layin ƙasa na kimiyya". Kungiyar ta ƙirƙiri wasu ka’idoji guda uku don jami’an siyasa da ƴan majalisa su yi amfani da su ga manufofin da suke cewa, “Don gano matakan da shugabanninmu ya kamata su ɗauka domin kawar da al’ummarmu daga sauyin yanayi da kuma ci gaban tattalin arzikin kore tare da albarkatun makamashi mai sabuntawa”:<ref>"Solutions". 1Sky.org</ref> Ƙirƙirar guraben ayyuka miliyan 5 da hanyoyin fita daga kangin talauci ta hanyar sake ginawa da sake mai da Amurka tare da ingantaccen tsarin samar da makamashi wanda ya haɗa da saka hannun jari na gaggawa a cikin samar da makamashi mai tsabta. Rage gurɓatar ɗumamar yanayi aƙalla kashi 25% ƙasa da matakan da ake ciki nan da 2020, kuma aƙalla 80% nan da 2050, daidai da mafi kyawun kimiyyar da ake samu. Sake ƙarfafa Amurka ta hanyar sanya dokar hana fita a kan sabbin masana'antar kwal da ke fitar da gurbatar yanayi da kuma maye gurbin gurbataccen mai da makamashi mai sabuntawa 100%. 1 Al'ummar Sky da ayyukan siyasa 1Sky ya yi ikirarin sama da magoya bayan talakawa 200,000 a duk fadin ƙasar. Sun kuma bayar da rahoton yin hulɗa tare da fiye da 4,200 na sa kai na Climate Precinct Captains a cikin 425 na majalisa a kowace jiha, da kuma 19 masu shirya siyasa a cikin jihohi 26. 1Sky ya ɗauki matsayin "ƙarfafa don tallafawa" don Dokar Tsabtace Makamashi da Tsaro na Amurka na shekarar 2009 da kuma gazawar Majalisar Dattijai Tsabtace Ayyukan Makamashi da Dokar Wutar Amirka ta 2009. Kungiyar ta jagoranci yakin neman kira a cikin Janairu 2010 tare da kira fiye da 3,600 zuwa ofisoshin Majalisar Dattijai don zartar da cikakken yanayi da dokokin makamashi mai tsabta a cikin 2010. 1Sky ya yi suka ga Dokar Wutar Lantarki ta Amurka a watan Mayu 2010, yana mai cewa dokar Majalisar Dattijan Amurka, "ba ta yi nisa ba don kare iyakokinmu daga barazanar da ke tattare da dokar kasa da kasa. wanda ke dakile fitar da iskar Carbon." Kungiyar ta bayyana takaicin jinkirin da aka samu wajen zartar da dokar sauyin yanayi a Majalisar Dattawa a lokacin bazara na shekarar 2010, inda ta bayyana cewa, "Masu fafutuka na Sky 1 za su hada kai a lokacin hutun majalisar dattijai na watan Agusta domin fitar da wannan sako a gida da babbar murya. Yanzu ne lokacin da za a magance matsalar."<ref>Statement by 1Sky Campaign Director Gillian Caldwell on Senate Climate Bill Delay". 1Sky.org. July 22, 2010. Archived from the original on December 3, 2010.</ref> Har ila yau, ƙungiyar ta gudanar da "Climate Art Parties" gabanin halartar Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] a taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2009, tarurrukan gundumomi na majalisa don tallafawa tasirin Hukumar Kare Muhalli a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace (Amurka), da kuma tarurrukan wayar da kan jama'a don mayar da martani ga malalar man fetur na BP na Gulf. Kungiyar ta yi kakkausar suka ga matakin da gwamnatin Obama ta dauka na dage haramcin hako mai a tekun Amurka na tsawon shekar<ref>Recent organizer activity". 1Sky.org</ref>u 20 watanni biyu kafin malalar mai a yankin Gulf. == Duba kuma == icon Global warming portal Dorewa Halittar halittu dumamar yanayi Ayyukan mutum da na siyasa akan sauyin yanay == Mahaɗar waje == Official website Revkin, Andrew C. (November 2, 2007). "Whose Climate Is It, Anyway?". [[New York Times|The New York Times]]. Archived from the original on January 15, 2008. "FACTBOX - Day one of Clinton summit sees over 40 pledges". Reuters. September 26, 2007. Mulkern, Anne C. (January 6, 2010). "Enviro Groups Plan Senate Call-In on Climate Bill". The New York Times. "Environmental Groups Rally At White House Ahead Of Climate Summit". Life. December 4, 2009. Archived from the original on June 10, 2011. Hemphill, Stephanie (November 5, 2007). "Groups hope to elevate climate change as campaign issue". [[Minnesota]] Public Radio. "Rockefeller Brothers Fund Awards $1 Million to 1Sky". Rockefeller Brothers Fund. April 3, 2008. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kamfanoni]] [[Category: Kamfani]] lvjwyaqvgd3doqltkwxzuwj96f8oqhi 906411 906410 2026-08-23T04:48:34Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906411 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''1Sky''' wani kamfen ne na tushen Amurka don tallafawa matakin tarayya don dakile dumamar yanayi da haɓaka makamashi mai sabuntawa. An kafa 1Sky a cikin bazara na shekarar 2007 lokacin da masu fafutukar sauyin yanayi talatin ke kan koma baya a kwarin Hudson na jihar New York. Abokan hulɗa sun haɗa da Mataki It Up 2007 (da magajinsa na duniya 350.org), Ƙaddamarwa ta Duniya ta Clinton, Greenpeace, Oxfam, da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙarfafawa. 1Sky ya hade cikin 350.org a cikin 2011.<ref>About 1Sky". 1Sky.org</ref><ref>Morningstar, Cory (April 23, 2011). "Rockefellers' 1Sky Unveils the New 350.org: More $ -- More Delusion". Huntington News</ref> == Game da == 1Sky yayi amfani da gamayyar kungiyoyi da daidaikun mutane a Amurka don tallafawa 1Sky Platform. Shugaba Clinton ta sanar da 1Sky Platform a Clinton Global Initiative a 2007. 1Sky's Board of Directors ya haɗa da amma ba'a iyakance ga: James Speth, Billy Parish, Bill McKibben, Van Jones. == 1 Sky mafita == Dandalin manufofin 1Sky ya wakilci abin da ƙungiyar ta kira "layin ƙasa na kimiyya". Kungiyar ta ƙirƙiri wasu ka’idoji guda uku don jami’an siyasa da ƴan majalisa su yi amfani da su ga manufofin da suke cewa, “Don gano matakan da shugabanninmu ya kamata su ɗauka domin kawar da al’ummarmu daga sauyin yanayi da kuma ci gaban tattalin arzikin kore tare da albarkatun makamashi mai sabuntawa”:<ref>"Solutions". 1Sky.org</ref> Ƙirƙirar guraben ayyuka miliyan 5 da hanyoyin fita daga kangin talauci ta hanyar sake ginawa da sake mai da Amurka tare da ingantaccen tsarin samar da makamashi wanda ya haɗa da saka hannun jari na gaggawa a cikin samar da makamashi mai tsabta. Rage gurɓatar ɗumamar yanayi aƙalla kashi 25% ƙasa da matakan da ake ciki nan da 2020, kuma aƙalla 80% nan da 2050, daidai da mafi kyawun kimiyyar da ake samu. Sake ƙarfafa Amurka ta hanyar sanya dokar hana fita a kan sabbin masana'antar kwal da ke fitar da gurbatar yanayi da kuma maye gurbin gurbataccen mai da makamashi mai sabuntawa 100%. 1 Al'ummar Sky da ayyukan siyasa 1Sky ya yi ikirarin sama da magoya bayan talakawa 200,000 a duk fadin ƙasar. Sun kuma bayar da rahoton yin hulɗa tare da fiye da 4,200 na sa kai na Climate Precinct Captains a cikin 425 na majalisa a kowace jiha, da kuma 19 masu shirya siyasa a cikin jihohi 26. 1Sky ya ɗauki matsayin "ƙarfafa don tallafawa" don Dokar Tsabtace Makamashi da Tsaro na Amurka na shekarar 2009 da kuma gazawar Majalisar Dattijai Tsabtace Ayyukan Makamashi da Dokar Wutar Amirka ta 2009. Kungiyar ta jagoranci yakin neman kira a cikin Janairu 2010 tare da kira fiye da 3,600 zuwa ofisoshin Majalisar Dattijai don zartar da cikakken yanayi da dokokin makamashi mai tsabta a cikin 2010. 1Sky ya yi suka ga Dokar Wutar Lantarki ta Amurka a watan Mayu 2010, yana mai cewa dokar Majalisar Dattijan Amurka, "ba ta yi nisa ba don kare iyakokinmu daga barazanar da ke tattare da dokar kasa da kasa. wanda ke dakile fitar da iskar Carbon." Kungiyar ta bayyana takaicin jinkirin da aka samu wajen zartar da dokar sauyin yanayi a Majalisar Dattawa a lokacin bazara na shekarar 2010, inda ta bayyana cewa, "Masu fafutuka na Sky 1 za su hada kai a lokacin hutun majalisar dattijai na watan Agusta domin fitar da wannan sako a gida da babbar murya. Yanzu ne lokacin da za a magance matsalar."<ref>Statement by 1Sky Campaign Director Gillian Caldwell on Senate Climate Bill Delay". 1Sky.org. July 22, 2010. Archived from the original on December 3, 2010.</ref> Har ila yau, ƙungiyar ta gudanar da "Climate Art Parties" gabanin halartar Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] a taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na shekarar 2009, tarurrukan gundumomi na majalisa don tallafawa tasirin Hukumar Kare Muhalli a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace (Amurka), da kuma tarurrukan wayar da kan jama'a don mayar da martani ga malalar man fetur na BP na Gulf. Kungiyar ta yi kakkausar suka ga matakin da gwamnatin Obama ta dauka na dage haramcin hako mai a tekun Amurka na tsawon shekar<ref>Recent organizer activity". 1Sky.org</ref>u 20 watanni biyu kafin malalar mai a yankin Gulf. == Duba kuma == icon Global warming portal Dorewa Halittar halittu dumamar yanayi Ayyukan mutum da na siyasa akan sauyin yanay == Mahaɗar waje == Official website Revkin, Andrew C. (November 2, 2007). "Whose Climate Is It, Anyway?". [[New York Times|The New York Times]]. Archived from the original on January 15, 2008. "FACTBOX - Day one of Clinton summit sees over 40 pledges". Reuters. September 26, 2007. Mulkern, Anne C. (January 6, 2010). "Enviro Groups Plan Senate Call-In on Climate Bill". The New York Times. "Environmental Groups Rally At White House Ahead Of Climate Summit". Life. December 4, 2009. Archived from the original on June 10, 2011. Hemphill, Stephanie (November 5, 2007). "Groups hope to elevate climate change as campaign issue". [[Minnesota]] Public Radio. "Rockefeller Brothers Fund Awards $1 Million to 1Sky". Rockefeller Brothers Fund. April 3, 2008. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kamfanoni]] [[Category: Kamfani]] 5bz5r0nv0uyizslzu2nyq70tm9m6j8g 0 109603 906448 901712 2026-08-23T07:19:37Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 906448 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  [[Fayil:Cuba_and_the_Bahamas.ogv|thumb|Wannan ɗan gajeren bidiyon yana nuna girgije mai laushi a kan tsibirin Cuba da Bahamas yayin da ISS ke tashi daga Tekun Caribbean arewa maso gabas zuwa [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]]. A cikin bidiyon, Cuba galibi girgije ne ya rufe ta, amma reefs a cikin Bahamas sun fito fili.]] Bahamas rukuni ne na tsibiran kusan 700 da cays a yammacin Tekun Atlantika, wanda tsakanin 30 zuwa 40 ne kawai ke zaune.  Mafi girma daga cikin tsibiran shine Tsibirin Andros, dake arewacin Cuba da nisan kilomita 200 (120 mi) kudu maso gabashin Florida.  Tsibirin Bimini suna arewa maso yamma.  A Arewa shine tsibirin Grand Bahama, gida ga birni na biyu mafi girma a ƙasar, Freeport.  Tsibirin Great Abaco yana gabas.  A kudu mai nisa akwai tsibirin Great Inagua, tsibiri na biyu mafi girma a kasar.  Sauran fitattun tsibiran sun haɗa da Eleuthera, Cat Island, Tsibirin San Salvador, Acklins, Tsibirin Crooked, da Mayaguana.  Nassau babban birni ne kuma birni mafi girma, yana kan New Providence.  Tsibirin suna da yanayi na wurare masu zafi na savannah, wanda kogin Gulf ya daidaita.  Jimlar girman murabba'in kilomita 13,878 (5,358 sq mi).  Saboda yawancin tsibiran da ke yaɗuwa tana da yanki na Musamman na Tattalin Arziki na Musamman na 41 na murabba'in kilomita 654,715 (252,787 sq mi). Tsibirin sune tsinkaye na Bahama Banks guda biyu na teku - Little Bahama Bank da Babban Bahama Bank.<ref name=":0">{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Dennis M.}}</ref> Matsayi mafi girma shine kawai mita 63 (207 feet) sama da matakin teku a tsibirin Cat; tsibirin New Providence, inda babban birnin Nassau yake, ya kai matsakaicin tsawo na mita talatin da bakwai kawai. Ƙasar a kan Bahamas tana da tushe na burbushin murjani, amma yawancin dutsen dutse ne mai laushi; dutsen ya samo asali ne daga rushewar coral reefs da shells.<ref name=":0" /> Ƙasar da farko tana da dutse ko kuma mangrove maras kyau.<ref name=":0" /> Ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta sun rufe yawancin yankin.<ref name=":0" /> Ana samun Pineyards a kan tsibirai huɗu na arewa: Grand Bahama, Great Abaco, New Providence, da Andros . <ref name=":0" /> A wasu tsibirai na kudanci, ƙananan katako na wurare masu zafi suna bunƙasa.<ref name=":0" /> Kodayake wasu ƙasa suna da kyau sosai, kuma suna da ƙanƙanta sosai.<ref name=":0" /> Ana samun tabkuna kaɗan ne kawai da kogi ɗaya, wanda ke tsibirin Andros, a cikin Bahamas.<ref name=":0" /> == Yanayi == {{Wettest tropical cyclones in the Bahamas|align=right}} [[Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_BHS_1991–2020.svg|thumb|Taswirar Bahamas na rarraba yanayi na Köppen.]] Yanayin tsibirin Bahama galibi savanna ne na wurare masu zafi, tare da yanayi guda biyu, lokacin zafi da sanyi (lokacin datti) da bushewar hunturu (lokacin bushewa). A lokacin rigar, wanda ya kai daga Mayu zuwa Oktoba, yanayin ya mamaye iska mai zafi, mai laushi na wurare masu zafi <ref name=":0">{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Dennis M.}}<cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1" data-ve-ignore="1" id="CITEREFSullivan1987">Sullivan, Mark P. (1987). "The Bahamas: Geography". In Meditz, Sandra W.; Hanratty, Dennis M. (eds.). [https://www.loc.gov/item/88600483/ ''Islands of the Commonwealth Caribbean: a regional study'']. Washington, D.C.: [[Federal Research Division]], [[Dakin Karatu na Congres|Library of Congress]]. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">525–</span>526. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49361510 49361510]. [[File:PD-icon.svg|link=|alt=Public Domain|class=noviewer|12x12px]] This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="1"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite encyclopedia|cite encyclopedia]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: postscript ([[:Category:CS1 maint: postscript|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: postscript]]</ref> yayin da Bermuda High ke kawo kwararar kudu maso gabas daga wurare masu zafi. Yanayin zafi na yau da kullun yana cikin {{Convert|31|°C|1}} ° C (87.8 ° F), tare da yanayin zafi a cikin 75-77 ° F (23.9-25.0 ° C), yana haifar da yanayin zafi da tsibirin sultry. Takaitaccen tsawa amma mai ƙarfi ya zama ruwan dare tare da tsawa da walƙiya. A lokacin rigar, guguwa na wurare masu zafi da raunin wurare masu zafi na iya taimakawa ga ruwan sama na yanayi. A cikin lokacin rani, wanda ya tashi daga Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu, babban koma baya na wurare masu zafi, da haɗuwa da bushewar iskar kasuwancin arewa maso gabas da ɓangarorin yamma na lokaci-lokaci suna saukowa daga yankin Arewacin Amurka suna tasiri ga Bahamas.  Rana, yanayin bushewa yana mamaye Bahamas a lokacin rani, kuma a wasu lokuta yanayin fari na iya yin tasiri ga noma da noma.  Babban yanayin zafi a lokacin rani yana cikin kewayon 25 ° C (77.0 °F). Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana da matsakaicin 132 centimeters (52 in) kuma yawanci ana mai da hankali ne Mayu-Yuni da Satumba-Oktoba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Dennis M.}}<cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1" data-ve-ignore="1" id="CITEREFSullivan1987">Sullivan, Mark P. (1987). "The Bahamas: Geography". In Meditz, Sandra W.; Hanratty, Dennis M. (eds.). [https://www.loc.gov/item/88600483/ ''Islands of the Commonwealth Caribbean: a regional study'']. Washington, D.C.: [[Federal Research Division]], [[Dakin Karatu na Congres|Library of Congress]]. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">525–</span>526. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49361510 49361510]. [[File:PD-icon.svg|link=|alt=Public Domain|class=noviewer|12x12px]] This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="1"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite encyclopedia|cite encyclopedia]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: postscript ([[:Category:CS1 maint: postscript|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: postscript]]</ref> Ruwan sama sau da yawa yana faruwa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, mai ƙarfi sosai, amma gajeren tsawa tare da iska mai ƙarfi, sannan ya koma sararin samaniya.<ref name=":0" /> Iska tana yawan zuwa gabas a ko'ina cikin shekara amma tana yawan zama arewa maso gabas daga watan Oktoba zuwa Afrilu da kudu maso gabas ካብ Mayu zuwa Satumba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Dennis M.}}<cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1" data-ve-ignore="1" id="CITEREFSullivan1987">Sullivan, Mark P. (1987). "The Bahamas: Geography". In Meditz, Sandra W.; Hanratty, Dennis M. (eds.). [https://www.loc.gov/item/88600483/ ''Islands of the Commonwealth Caribbean: a regional study'']. Washington, D.C.: [[Federal Research Division]], [[Dakin Karatu na Congres|Library of Congress]]. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">525–</span>526. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49361510 49361510]. [[File:PD-icon.svg|link=|alt=Public Domain|class=noviewer|12x12px]] This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="1"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite encyclopedia|cite encyclopedia]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: postscript ([[:Category:CS1 maint: postscript|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: postscript]]</ref> Wadannan iskõki ba sa wuce kilomita ashirin da hudu a kowace awa sai dai a lokacin guguwa.<ref name=":0" /> Kodayake lokacin guguwa a hukumance yana faruwa daga Yuni zuwa Nuwamba, yawancin guguwa ne a cikin Bahamas suna faruwa tsakanin Yuli da Oktoba.<ref name=":0" /> Guguwar da ta fi karfi a kasar ita ce Guguwar Andrew a shekarar 1992, har sai Guguwar Dorian ta fadi a shekarar 2019. An kiyasta lalacewar a dala miliyan 250 kuma galibi ya shafi kayan aikin gona. Guguwar da ta fi kamari a Bahamas ita ce guguwar Dorian a shekarar 2019, tare da yin rikodin iskar da ta kai kilomita 355 a cikin sa'a (221 mph).  Mutane 84 ne suka mutu (74 daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Bahamas), kuma an yi mummunar barna a gine-gine, gidaje, da jiragen ruwa, kuma wani lokaci an lalata su.  Ƙididdiga na farko na lalacewa yana cikin kewayon dalar Amurka biliyan 7.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Booker |first=Brakkton |date=5 September 2019 |title=In Bahamas, Officials Assess 'Generational Devastation' from Hurricane Dorian |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/09/05/757858192/in-bahamas-officials-assess-generational-devastation-from-hurricane-dorian |website=NPR}}</ref>{{Weather box}} {| class="wikitable" |+Matsakaicin zafin teku a Nassau !Jan !Fabrairu !Tekun !Afrilu !Mayu !Yuni !Yuli !Aug !Satumba !Oktoba !Nuwamba !Disamba |- |73 °F 23 °C&nbsp;   |73 °F 23 °C&nbsp;   |75 °F 24 °C&nbsp;   |79 °F 26 °C&nbsp;   |81 °F 27 °C&nbsp;   |82 °F 28 °C&nbsp;   |82 °F 28 °C&nbsp;   |82 °F 28 °C&nbsp;   |82 °F 28 °C&nbsp;   |81 °F 27 °C&nbsp;   |79 °F 26 °C&nbsp;   |75 °F 24 °C&nbsp;   |} === Canjin yanayi === [[Canjin yanayi]] Canjin yanayi yana haifar da karuwar zafin jiki a cikin Bahamas.  Matsakaicin zafin jiki ya karu da kusan 0.5 °C tun daga shekarar 1960. Adadin yawan zafin jiki ya bambanta a kan lokaci, tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin yanayin zafi na yau da kullun na Yuli kwanan nan yana ƙaruwa akan ƙimar 2.6 °C a cikin shekaru 100.  IPCC tana tsammanin matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekaru 20 na duniya zai wuce +1.5 °C a farkon 2030s..<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2021 |title=Climate Change 2021 - The Physical Science Basis |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf#page=955 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405072633/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf#page=955 |archive-date=5 April 2024 |website=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |id=IPCC AR6 WGI}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ana sa ran Bahamas za ta shafar hauhawar matakin teku saboda akalla kashi 80% na jimlar ƙasar tana ƙasa da mita 10 a tsawo.<ref name="Lewsey2004">{{Cite journal |last=Clement Lewsey |last2=Gonzalo Cid |last3=Edward Kruse |date=2004-09-01 |title=Assessing climate change impacts on coastal infrastructure in the Eastern Caribbean |url=https://archive.org/details/marine-policy_2004-09_28_5/page/393 |journal=Marine Policy |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=393–409 |doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2003.10.016}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Borja G. Reguero |last2=Iñigo J. Losada |last3=Pedro Díaz-Simal |last4=Fernando J. Méndez |last5=Michael W. Beck |year=2015 |title=Effects of Climate Change on Exposure to Coastal Flooding in Latin America and the Caribbean |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=7 |page=e0133409 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1033409R |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0133409 |pmc=4503776 |pmid=26177285 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A matsayin karamin tsibirin da ke tasowa, Bahamas tana da rauni ga barkewar cututtuka, kuma canjin yanayi na iya shafar yanayin barkewar cututtukan cututtuka da yaduwar cututtaka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Health and climate change: country profile 2021: the Bahamas |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-HEP-ECH-CCH-21.01.03 |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Kodayake hayakin iskar gas na kasar yana da ɗan ƙarami (2.94 miliyan ton na iskar gas da aka fitar a cikin 2023), <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Matthew W. |last2=Peters |first2=Glen P. |last3=Gasser |first3=Thomas |last4=Andrew |first4=Robbie M. |last5=Schwingshackl |first5=Clemens |last6=Gütschow |first6=Johannes |last7=Houghton |first7=Richard A. |last8=Friedlingstein |first8=Pierre |last9=Pongratz |first9=Julia |last10=Le Quéré |first10=Corinne |date=2023-03-29 |title=National contributions to climate change due to historical emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide since 1850 |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02041-1 |journal=Scientific Data |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41597-023-02041-1 |issn=2052-4463 |pmc=10060593}}</ref> Bahamas ta dogara da man fetur da aka shigo da shi don samar da makamashi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=World Data |title=Energy consumption in the Bahamas |url=https://www.worlddata.info/america/bahamas/energy-consumption.php |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Worlddata.info |language=en}}</ref> Gwamnati na shirin kara karfin Hasken rana zuwa kashi 30% na jimlar samar da makamashi na kasar nan da shekara ta 2033.<ref>{{Cite web |last=The Bahamas Ministry of Economic Affairs |title=The Bahamas set to aggressively expand its use of solar energy by 2033 |url=https://moea.gov.bs/the-bahamas-set-to-aggressively-expand-its-use-of-solar-energy-by-2033/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2024-12-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Bahamas ta yi alkawarin rage hayakin ta da kashi 30% nan da shekara ta 2030, idan an sami tallafin kasa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bahamas Climate Change Data {{!}} Emissions and Policies |url=https://www.climatewatchdata.org/countries/BHS?end_year=2021&start_year=1990 |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=www.climatewatchdata.org}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == === Wurin da yake === [[Fayil:BahamasOMC.png|thumb|Taswirar Bahamas]] [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]], tsibirai masu sarkar a [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] ta Arewa, kudu maso gabashin [[Florida]], arewa maso gabashin [[Cuba]] da arewa maso yammacin Tsibirin Turks da Caicos. '''Yanayin ƙasa (babban birnin [[Nassau]]):''' 25°4′N 77°20′W === Yankin === * jimlar: 13,880 km²&nbsp; : ''kwatanta gundumar da duniya:'' 161 * ƙasa: murabba'in mil 3865; 10,010 km²&nbsp; * ruwa: 3,870 km²&nbsp; ==== Yankin kwatankwacin ==== * Kwatanta Australia: sau 6 ya fi girma fiye da Babban Birnin Australiya * Kwatanta [[Kanada]]: dan kadan fiye da sau biyu girman Tsibirin Prince Edward * [[Poland]] kwatankwacin: dan kadan karami fiye da Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship * Kwatanta United Kingdom: dan kadan karami fiye da [[Ireland ta Arewa|Arewacin Ireland]] * Kwatanta [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]: dan kadan karami fiye da [[Connecticut]] * Kwatanta [[Faransa]]: dan kadan ya fi Île-de-France girmaTsibirin Faransa * Kwatanta [[Filipin|Philippines]]: dan kadan ya fi girma fiye da Yankin Ilocos * Kwatanta [[Jamus]]: dan kadan karami fiye da Schleswig-Holstein * Kasar [[Rasha]]: dan kadan karami fiye da Jamhuriyar Karachay-Cherkess * Idan aka kwatanta da [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]: dan kadan karami fiye da Arewacin Sulawesi * Idan aka kwatanta da [[Ivory Coast]]: dan kadan karami fiye da Gundumar Comoé === Ƙasar === ==== Albarkatun halitta ==== * [[gishiri]], dutse, katako, ƙasar nomaƙasa mai noma ==== Amfani da ƙasa ==== * ƙasar noma: 0.8% * amfanin gona na dindindin: 0.04% * wasu: 98.8% (2012) ==== Yankin bakin teku ==== * {{Convert|3542|km|mi}} * Wani bincike na nesa na duniya na baya-bayan nan ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai 1,354 km2 na filayen ruwa a cikin Bahamas, yana mai da shi ƙasa ta 24 dangane da yankin filayen ruwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Murray |first=N.J. |last2=Phinn |first2=S.R. |last3=DeWitt |first3=M. |last4=Ferrari |first4=R. |last5=Johnston |first5=R. |last6=Lyons |first6=M.B. |last7=Clinton |first7=N. |last8=Thau |first8=D. |last9=Fuller |first9=R.A. |date=2019 |title=The global distribution and trajectory of tidal flats |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0805-8 |journal=Nature |volume=565 |issue=7738 |pages=222–225 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0805-8 |pmid=30568300 |s2cid=56481043 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>&nbsp; ==== Yankin teku ==== * {{Convert|654,715|km2|mi2}} ==== Yankin ==== * Yankin ya kunshi tsawo, shimfidar murjani tare da wasu ƙananan tuddai. ==== Abubuwa masu tsanani ==== * Yankin arewacin - Walker's Cay, Tsibirin Abaco * Yankin kudu - Matthew Town Babban tsibirin Inagua * Yammacin Yamma - Elbow Cays, Bimini * Yankin gabas - Tsibirin Mayaguana * Matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci - Tekun Atlantika 0 m * Matsayi mafi tsawo - Dutsen Alvernia: 63 m * Matsayi mafi kusa da [[Cuba]] - Cay Lobos 22.5 km (14 mi) &nbsp;&nbsp; ==== Ƙasar da ake ban ruwa ==== * 10 km² (2003) &nbsp; ==== Jimlar albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa ==== * 0.02 km³ (2011) &nbsp; A matsayinta na Tsibirin tsibirai, Bahamas ta ƙunshi tsibirai da yawa, [[Bakin teku|rairayin bakin teku]], ƙuƙwalwa, ramuka masu launin shudi, da sauran siffofi. Dutsen da ya fi tsayi shine Dutsen Alvernia, a kawai 207 feet sama da matakin teku. Shahararrun ruwa sun hada da Dean's Blue Hole, Lake Rosa, da Kogin Goose. Bahamas kuma tana dauke da koguna da yawa. === Muhalli === ==== dazuzzuka ==== A cikin gandun daji na Bahamas yana da kusan 51% na jimlar yankin ƙasa, daidai da hekta 509,860 (ha) na gandun daji a cikin 2020, wanda bai canza ba daga 1990. A cikin 2020, gandun daji mai sabuntawa ya rufe hekta 509,860 (ha) kuma gandun daji da aka dasa ya rufe hekita 0 (ha). Daga cikin gandun daji mai sabuntawa na halitta an ruwaito 0% a matsayin gandun daji na farko (wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan bishiyoyi na asali ba tare da alamun bayyanar ayyukan ɗan adam ba) kuma kusan 0% na yankin gandun daji an samo shi a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye. A shekara ta 2015, an ruwaito kashi 80% na yankin gandun daji a ƙarƙashin mallakar jama'a, kashi 20% mallakar masu zaman kansu da 0% tare da mallakar da aka jera a matsayin wani ko ba a sani ba. ==== Haɗarin Halitta ==== * Guguwa da sauran guguwa na wurare masu zafi waɗanda ke haifar da ambaliyar ruwa da lalacewar iska ==== Muhalli - Batutuwan yanzu ==== * Rushewar coral reef * Rashin sharar gida ==== Muhalli - Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ==== Jam'iyyar da ke cikin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyi: * Biodiversity, Canjin Yanayi, Canjin Canjin Yanayin Yanayi-[[Yarjejeniyar Kyoto]], Yaduwa, Dabbobi masu haɗari, Kashewa masu haɗari. ==== Yanayin ƙasa - bayanin kula ==== * Bahamas tana kusa da Amurka da Cuba (Cay Confites zuwa mil 14). * Bahamas babban tsibiri ne wanda ke zaune a tsibirai 30. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o50ky9gocdpivt7dva330ouvyuvfe10 906459 906448 2026-08-23T08:59:59Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 906459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  [[Fayil:Cuba_and_the_Bahamas.ogv|thumb|Wannan ɗan gajeren bidiyon yana nuna girgije mai laushi a kan tsibirin Cuba da Bahamas yayin da ISS ke tashi daga Tekun Caribbean arewa maso gabas zuwa [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]]. A cikin bidiyon, Cuba galibi girgije ne ya rufe ta, amma reefs a cikin Bahamas sun fito fili.]] Bahamas rukuni ne na tsibiran kusan 700 da cays a yammacin Tekun Atlantika, wanda tsakanin 30 zuwa 40 ne kawai ke zaune.  Mafi girma daga cikin tsibiran shine Tsibirin Andros, dake arewacin Cuba da nisan kilomita 200 (120 mi) kudu maso gabashin Florida.  Tsibirin Bimini suna arewa maso yamma.  A Arewa shine tsibirin Grand Bahama, gida ga birni na biyu mafi girma a ƙasar, Freeport.  Tsibirin Great Abaco yana gabas.  A kudu mai nisa akwai tsibirin Great Inagua, tsibiri na biyu mafi girma a kasar.  Sauran fitattun tsibiran sun haɗa da Eleuthera, Cat Island, Tsibirin San Salvador, Acklins, Tsibirin Crooked, da Mayaguana.  Nassau babban birni ne kuma birni mafi girma, yana kan New Providence.  Tsibirin suna da yanayi na wurare masu zafi na savannah, wanda kogin Gulf ya daidaita.  Jimlar girman murabba'in kilomita 13,878 (5,358 sq mi).  Saboda yawancin tsibiran da ke yaɗuwa tana da yanki na Musamman na Tattalin Arziki na Musamman na 41 na murabba'in kilomita 654,715 (252,787 sq mi). Tsibirin sune tsinkaye na Bahama Banks guda biyu na teku - Little Bahama Bank da Babban Bahama Bank.<ref name=":0">{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Dennis M.}}</ref> Matsayi mafi girma shine kawai mita 63 (207 feet) sama da matakin teku a tsibirin Cat; tsibirin New Providence, inda babban birnin Nassau yake, ya kai matsakaicin tsawo na mita talatin da bakwai kawai. Ƙasar a kan Bahamas tana da tushe na burbushin murjani, amma yawancin dutsen dutse ne mai laushi; dutsen ya samo asali ne daga rushewar coral reefs da shells.<ref name=":0" /> Ƙasar da farko tana da dutse ko kuma mangrove maras kyau.<ref name=":0" /> Ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta sun rufe yawancin yankin.<ref name=":0" /> Ana samun Pineyards a kan tsibirai huɗu na arewa: Grand Bahama, Great Abaco, New Providence, da Andros . <ref name=":0" /> A wasu tsibirai na kudanci, ƙananan katako na wurare masu zafi suna bunƙasa.<ref name=":0" /> Kodayake wasu ƙasa suna da kyau sosai, kuma suna da ƙanƙanta sosai.<ref name=":0" /> Ana samun tabkuna kaɗan ne kawai da kogi ɗaya, wanda ke tsibirin Andros, a cikin Bahamas.<ref name=":0" /> == Yanayi == {{Wettest tropical cyclones in the Bahamas|align=right}} [[Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_BHS_1991–2020.svg|thumb|Taswirar Bahamas na rarraba yanayi na Köppen.]] Yanayin tsibirin Bahama galibi savanna ne na wurare masu zafi, tare da yanayi guda biyu, lokacin zafi da sanyi (lokacin datti) da bushewar hunturu (lokacin bushewa). A lokacin rigar, wanda ya kai daga Mayu zuwa Oktoba, yanayin ya mamaye iska mai zafi, mai laushi na wurare masu zafi <ref name=":0">{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Dennis M.}}<cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1" data-ve-ignore="1" id="CITEREFSullivan1987">Sullivan, Mark P. (1987). "The Bahamas: Geography". In Meditz, Sandra W.; Hanratty, Dennis M. (eds.). [https://www.loc.gov/item/88600483/ ''Islands of the Commonwealth Caribbean: a regional study'']. Washington, D.C.: [[Federal Research Division]], [[Dakin Karatu na Congres|Library of Congress]]. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">525–</span>526. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49361510 49361510]. [[File:PD-icon.svg|link=|alt=Public Domain|class=noviewer|12x12px]] This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="1"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite encyclopedia|cite encyclopedia]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: postscript ([[:Category:CS1 maint: postscript|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: postscript]]</ref> yayin da Bermuda High ke kawo kwararar kudu maso gabas daga wurare masu zafi. Yanayin zafi na yau da kullun yana cikin {{Convert|31|°C|1}} ° C (87.8 ° F), tare da yanayin zafi a cikin 75-77 ° F (23.9-25.0 ° C), yana haifar da yanayin zafi da tsibirin sultry. Takaitaccen tsawa amma mai ƙarfi ya zama ruwan dare tare da tsawa da walƙiya. A lokacin rigar, guguwa na wurare masu zafi da raunin wurare masu zafi na iya taimakawa ga ruwan sama na yanayi. A cikin lokacin rani, wanda ya tashi daga Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu, babban koma baya na wurare masu zafi, da haɗuwa da bushewar iskar kasuwancin arewa maso gabas da ɓangarorin yamma na lokaci-lokaci suna saukowa daga yankin Arewacin Amurka suna tasiri ga Bahamas.  Rana, yanayin bushewa yana mamaye Bahamas a lokacin rani, kuma a wasu lokuta yanayin fari na iya yin tasiri ga noma da noma.  Babban yanayin zafi a lokacin rani yana cikin kewayon 25 ° C (77.0 °F). Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana da matsakaicin 132 centimeters (52 in) kuma yawanci ana mai da hankali ne Mayu-Yuni da Satumba-Oktoba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Dennis M.}}<cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1" data-ve-ignore="1" id="CITEREFSullivan1987">Sullivan, Mark P. (1987). "The Bahamas: Geography". In Meditz, Sandra W.; Hanratty, Dennis M. (eds.). [https://www.loc.gov/item/88600483/ ''Islands of the Commonwealth Caribbean: a regional study'']. Washington, D.C.: [[Federal Research Division]], [[Dakin Karatu na Congres|Library of Congress]]. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">525–</span>526. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49361510 49361510]. [[File:PD-icon.svg|link=|alt=Public Domain|class=noviewer|12x12px]] This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="1"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite encyclopedia|cite encyclopedia]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: postscript ([[:Category:CS1 maint: postscript|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: postscript]]</ref> Ruwan sama sau da yawa yana faruwa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, mai ƙarfi sosai, amma gajeren tsawa tare da iska mai ƙarfi, sannan ya koma sararin samaniya.<ref name=":0" /> Iska tana yawan zuwa gabas a ko'ina cikin shekara amma tana yawan zama arewa maso gabas daga watan Oktoba zuwa Afrilu da kudu maso gabas ካብ Mayu zuwa Satumba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Dennis M.}}<cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1" data-ve-ignore="1" id="CITEREFSullivan1987">Sullivan, Mark P. (1987). "The Bahamas: Geography". In Meditz, Sandra W.; Hanratty, Dennis M. (eds.). [https://www.loc.gov/item/88600483/ ''Islands of the Commonwealth Caribbean: a regional study'']. Washington, D.C.: [[Federal Research Division]], [[Dakin Karatu na Congres|Library of Congress]]. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">525–</span>526. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49361510 49361510]. [[File:PD-icon.svg|link=|alt=Public Domain|class=noviewer|12x12px]] This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="1"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite encyclopedia|cite encyclopedia]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: postscript ([[:Category:CS1 maint: postscript|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: postscript]]</ref> Wadannan iskõki ba sa wuce kilomita ashirin da hudu a kowace awa sai dai a lokacin guguwa.<ref name=":0" /> Kodayake lokacin guguwa a hukumance yana faruwa daga Yuni zuwa Nuwamba, yawancin guguwa ne a cikin Bahamas suna faruwa tsakanin Yuli da Oktoba.<ref name=":0" /> Guguwar da ta fi karfi a kasar ita ce Guguwar Andrew a shekarar 1992, har sai Guguwar Dorian ta fadi acikin shekarar 2019. An kiyasta lalacewar a dala miliyan 250 kuma galibi ya shafi kayan aikin gona. Guguwar da ta fi kamari a Bahamas ita ce guguwar Dorian a shekarar 2019, tare da yin rikodin iskar da ta kai kilomita 355 a cikin sa'a (221 mph).  Mutane 84 ne suka mutu (74 daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Bahamas), kuma an yi mummunar barna a gine-gine, gidaje, da jiragen ruwa, kuma wani lokaci an lalata su.  Ƙididdiga na farko na lalacewa yana cikin kewayon dalar Amurka biliyan 7.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Booker |first=Brakkton |date=5 September 2019 |title=In Bahamas, Officials Assess 'Generational Devastation' from Hurricane Dorian |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/09/05/757858192/in-bahamas-officials-assess-generational-devastation-from-hurricane-dorian |website=NPR}}</ref>{{Weather box}} {| class="wikitable" |+Matsakaicin zafin teku a Nassau !Jan !Fabrairu !Tekun !Afrilu !Mayu !Yuni !Yuli !Aug !Satumba !Oktoba !Nuwamba !Disamba |- |73 °F 23 °C&nbsp;   |73 °F 23 °C&nbsp;   |75 °F 24 °C&nbsp;   |79 °F 26 °C&nbsp;   |81 °F 27 °C&nbsp;   |82 °F 28 °C&nbsp;   |82 °F 28 °C&nbsp;   |82 °F 28 °C&nbsp;   |82 °F 28 °C&nbsp;   |81 °F 27 °C&nbsp;   |79 °F 26 °C&nbsp;   |75 °F 24 °C&nbsp;   |} === Canjin yanayi === [[Canjin yanayi]] Canjin yanayi yana haifar da karuwar zafin jiki a cikin Bahamas.  Matsakaicin zafin jiki ya karu da kusan 0.5 °C tun daga shekarar 1960. Adadin yawan zafin jiki ya bambanta a kan lokaci, tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin yanayin zafi na yau da kullun na Yuli kwanan nan yana ƙaruwa akan ƙimar 2.6 °C a cikin shekaru 100.  IPCC tana tsammanin matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekaru 20 na duniya zai wuce +1.5 °C a farkon 2030s..<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2021 |title=Climate Change 2021 - The Physical Science Basis |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf#page=955 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405072633/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf#page=955 |archive-date=5 April 2024 |website=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |id=IPCC AR6 WGI}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ana sa ran Bahamas za ta shafar hauhawar matakin teku saboda akalla kashi 80% na jimlar ƙasar tana ƙasa da mita 10 a tsawo.<ref name="Lewsey2004">{{Cite journal |last=Clement Lewsey |last2=Gonzalo Cid |last3=Edward Kruse |date=2004-09-01 |title=Assessing climate change impacts on coastal infrastructure in the Eastern Caribbean |url=https://archive.org/details/marine-policy_2004-09_28_5/page/393 |journal=Marine Policy |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=393–409 |doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2003.10.016}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Borja G. Reguero |last2=Iñigo J. Losada |last3=Pedro Díaz-Simal |last4=Fernando J. Méndez |last5=Michael W. Beck |year=2015 |title=Effects of Climate Change on Exposure to Coastal Flooding in Latin America and the Caribbean |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=7 |page=e0133409 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1033409R |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0133409 |pmc=4503776 |pmid=26177285 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A matsayin karamin tsibirin da ke tasowa, Bahamas tana da rauni ga barkewar cututtuka, kuma canjin yanayi na iya shafar yanayin barkewar cututtukan cututtuka da yaduwar cututtaka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Health and climate change: country profile 2021: the Bahamas |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-HEP-ECH-CCH-21.01.03 |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Kodayake hayakin iskar gas na kasar yana da ɗan ƙarami (2.94 miliyan ton na iskar gas da aka fitar a cikin 2023), <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Matthew W. |last2=Peters |first2=Glen P. |last3=Gasser |first3=Thomas |last4=Andrew |first4=Robbie M. |last5=Schwingshackl |first5=Clemens |last6=Gütschow |first6=Johannes |last7=Houghton |first7=Richard A. |last8=Friedlingstein |first8=Pierre |last9=Pongratz |first9=Julia |last10=Le Quéré |first10=Corinne |date=2023-03-29 |title=National contributions to climate change due to historical emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide since 1850 |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02041-1 |journal=Scientific Data |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41597-023-02041-1 |issn=2052-4463 |pmc=10060593}}</ref> Bahamas ta dogara da man fetur da aka shigo da shi don samar da makamashi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=World Data |title=Energy consumption in the Bahamas |url=https://www.worlddata.info/america/bahamas/energy-consumption.php |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Worlddata.info |language=en}}</ref> Gwamnati na shirin kara karfin Hasken rana zuwa kashi 30% na jimlar samar da makamashi na kasar nan da shekara ta 2033.<ref>{{Cite web |last=The Bahamas Ministry of Economic Affairs |title=The Bahamas set to aggressively expand its use of solar energy by 2033 |url=https://moea.gov.bs/the-bahamas-set-to-aggressively-expand-its-use-of-solar-energy-by-2033/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2024-12-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Bahamas ta yi alkawarin rage hayakin ta da kashi 30% nan da shekara ta 2030, idan an sami tallafin kasa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bahamas Climate Change Data {{!}} Emissions and Policies |url=https://www.climatewatchdata.org/countries/BHS?end_year=2021&start_year=1990 |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=www.climatewatchdata.org}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == === Wurin da yake === [[Fayil:BahamasOMC.png|thumb|Taswirar Bahamas]] [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]], tsibirai masu sarkar a [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] ta Arewa, kudu maso gabashin [[Florida]], arewa maso gabashin [[Cuba]] da arewa maso yammacin Tsibirin Turks da Caicos. '''Yanayin ƙasa (babban birnin [[Nassau]]):''' 25°4′N 77°20′W === Yankin === * jimlar: 13,880 km²&nbsp; : ''kwatanta gundumar da duniya:'' 161 * ƙasa: murabba'in mil 3865; 10,010 km²&nbsp; * ruwa: 3,870 km²&nbsp; ==== Yankin kwatankwacin ==== * Kwatanta Australia: sau 6 ya fi girma fiye da Babban Birnin Australiya * Kwatanta [[Kanada]]: dan kadan fiye da sau biyu girman Tsibirin Prince Edward * [[Poland]] kwatankwacin: dan kadan karami fiye da Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship * Kwatanta United Kingdom: dan kadan karami fiye da [[Ireland ta Arewa|Arewacin Ireland]] * Kwatanta [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]: dan kadan karami fiye da [[Connecticut]] * Kwatanta [[Faransa]]: dan kadan ya fi Île-de-France girmaTsibirin Faransa * Kwatanta [[Filipin|Philippines]]: dan kadan ya fi girma fiye da Yankin Ilocos * Kwatanta [[Jamus]]: dan kadan karami fiye da Schleswig-Holstein * Kasar [[Rasha]]: dan kadan karami fiye da Jamhuriyar Karachay-Cherkess * Idan aka kwatanta da [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]: dan kadan karami fiye da Arewacin Sulawesi * Idan aka kwatanta da [[Ivory Coast]]: dan kadan karami fiye da Gundumar Comoé === Ƙasar === ==== Albarkatun halitta ==== * [[gishiri]], dutse, katako, ƙasar nomaƙasa mai noma ==== Amfani da ƙasa ==== * ƙasar noma: 0.8% * amfanin gona na dindindin: 0.04% * wasu: 98.8% (2012) ==== Yankin bakin teku ==== * {{Convert|3542|km|mi}} * Wani bincike na nesa na duniya na baya-bayan nan ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai 1,354 km2 na filayen ruwa a cikin Bahamas, yana mai da shi ƙasa ta 24 dangane da yankin filayen ruwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Murray |first=N.J. |last2=Phinn |first2=S.R. |last3=DeWitt |first3=M. |last4=Ferrari |first4=R. |last5=Johnston |first5=R. |last6=Lyons |first6=M.B. |last7=Clinton |first7=N. |last8=Thau |first8=D. |last9=Fuller |first9=R.A. |date=2019 |title=The global distribution and trajectory of tidal flats |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0805-8 |journal=Nature |volume=565 |issue=7738 |pages=222–225 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0805-8 |pmid=30568300 |s2cid=56481043 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>&nbsp; ==== Yankin teku ==== * {{Convert|654,715|km2|mi2}} ==== Yankin ==== * Yankin ya kunshi tsawo, shimfidar murjani tare da wasu ƙananan tuddai. ==== Abubuwa masu tsanani ==== * Yankin arewacin - Walker's Cay, Tsibirin Abaco * Yankin kudu - Matthew Town Babban tsibirin Inagua * Yammacin Yamma - Elbow Cays, Bimini * Yankin gabas - Tsibirin Mayaguana * Matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci - Tekun Atlantika 0 m * Matsayi mafi tsawo - Dutsen Alvernia: 63 m * Matsayi mafi kusa da [[Cuba]] - Cay Lobos 22.5 km (14 mi) &nbsp;&nbsp; ==== Ƙasar da ake ban ruwa ==== * 10 km² (2003) &nbsp; ==== Jimlar albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa ==== * 0.02 km³ (2011) &nbsp; A matsayinta na Tsibirin tsibirai, Bahamas ta ƙunshi tsibirai da yawa, [[Bakin teku|rairayin bakin teku]], ƙuƙwalwa, ramuka masu launin shudi, da sauran siffofi. Dutsen da ya fi tsayi shine Dutsen Alvernia, a kawai 207 feet sama da matakin teku. Shahararrun ruwa sun hada da Dean's Blue Hole, Lake Rosa, da Kogin Goose. Bahamas kuma tana dauke da koguna da yawa. === Muhalli === ==== dazuzzuka ==== A cikin gandun daji na Bahamas yana da kusan 51% na jimlar yankin ƙasa, daidai da hekta 509,860 (ha) na gandun daji a cikin 2020, wanda bai canza ba daga 1990. A cikin 2020, gandun daji mai sabuntawa ya rufe hekta 509,860 (ha) kuma gandun daji da aka dasa ya rufe hekita 0 (ha). Daga cikin gandun daji mai sabuntawa na halitta an ruwaito 0% a matsayin gandun daji na farko (wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan bishiyoyi na asali ba tare da alamun bayyanar ayyukan ɗan adam ba) kuma kusan 0% na yankin gandun daji an samo shi a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye. A shekara ta 2015, an ruwaito kashi 80% na yankin gandun daji a ƙarƙashin mallakar jama'a, kashi 20% mallakar masu zaman kansu da 0% tare da mallakar da aka jera a matsayin wani ko ba a sani ba. ==== Haɗarin Halitta ==== * Guguwa da sauran guguwa na wurare masu zafi waɗanda ke haifar da ambaliyar ruwa da lalacewar iska ==== Muhalli - Batutuwan yanzu ==== * Rushewar coral reef * Rashin sharar gida ==== Muhalli - Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ==== Jam'iyyar da ke cikin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyi: * Biodiversity, Canjin Yanayi, Canjin Canjin Yanayin Yanayi-[[Yarjejeniyar Kyoto]], Yaduwa, Dabbobi masu haɗari, Kashewa masu haɗari. ==== Yanayin ƙasa - bayanin kula ==== * Bahamas tana kusa da Amurka da Cuba (Cay Confites zuwa mil 14). * Bahamas babban tsibiri ne wanda ke zaune a tsibirai 30. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hasmd7bqbua22mzenxn9je9mz0k8e2b 0 111615 906240 776202 2026-08-22T14:15:14Z BnHamid 12586 /* Tarihin tarihi */ 906240 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Wani fashewa dutsen mai ban mamaki a cikin 1452 ko 1453 ya haifar da babban sulfate na farko a cikin 1450s, wanda ya biyo bayan wani fashewa mai ban mamaki.<ref name="Plummer2012">{{Cite journal |last=Plummer |first=Christopher T. |last2=Curran |first2=M. A. J. |last3=van Ommen |first3=Tas D. |last4=Rasmussen |first4=S.O. |last5=Moy |first5=A. D. |last6=Vance |first6=Tessa R. |last7=Clausen |first7=H. B. |last8=Vinther |first8=Bo M. |last9=Mayewski |first9=P. A. |date=2012-05-01 |title=An independently dated 2000-yr volcanic record from Law Dome, East Antarctica, including a new perspective on the dating of the c. 1450s eruption of Kuwae, Vanuatu |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258612996 |journal=Climate of the Past Discussions |volume=8 |pages=1567–1590 |doi=10.5194/cpd-8-1567-2012 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Cole-Dai2013">{{Cite journal |last=Cole-Dai |first=Jihong |last2=Ferris |first2=David G. |last3=Lanciki |first3=Alyson L. |last4=Savarino |first4=Joël |last5=Thiemens |first5=Mark H. |last6=McConnell |first6=Joseph R. |date=2013-07-17 |title=Two likely stratospheric volcanic eruptions in the 1450s C.E. found in a bipolar, subannually dated 800 year ice core record |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=118 |issue=14 |pages=7459–7466 |bibcode=2013JGRD..118.7459C |doi=10.1002/jgrd.50587 |s2cid=129790360 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Fashewar ta haifar da matsanancin hunturu na dutsen wuta, wanda ya haifar da daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi karfi a Arewacin Hemisphere.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Briffa |first=K. R. |last2=Jones |first2=P. D. |last3=Schweingruber |first3=F. H. |last4=Osborn |first4=T. J. |date=1998 |title=Influence of volcanic eruptions on Northern Hemisphere summer temperature over the past 600 years |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/30943 |url-status=live |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=393 |issue=6684 |pages=450–455 |bibcode=1998Natur.393..450B |doi=10.1038/30943 |issn=1476-4687 |s2cid=4392636 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117110748/https://www.nature.com/articles/30943 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |access-date=17 January 2023}}</ref> Wannan kwanan wata kuma ya dace da karuwar Little Ice Age . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=Gifford H. |last2=Geirsdóttir |first2=Áslaug |last3=Zhong |first3=Yafang |last4=Larsen |first4=Darren J. |last5=Otto-Bliesner |first5=Bette L. |last6=Holland |first6=Marika M. |last7=Bailey |first7=David A. |last8=Refsnider |first8=Kurt A. |last9=Lehman |first9=Scott J. |last10=Southon |first10=John R. |last11=Anderson |first11=Chance |last12=Björnsson |first12=Helgi |last13=Thordarson |first13=Thorvaldur |date=2012 |title=Abrupt onset of the Little Ice Age triggered by volcanism and sustained by sea-ice/ocean feedbacks: LITTLE ICE AGE TRIGGERED BY VOLCANISM |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=n/a |bibcode=2012GeoRL..39.2708M |doi=10.1029/2011GL050168 |s2cid=15313398 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ranar sulfate spike == Shaidar farko game da babban fashewa a cikin shekarar 1450-1460 ya fito ne daga babban sulfate da aka rubuta a cikin kankara a Antarctica tare da rashin tabbas har zuwa 'yan shekaru. Nazarin farko a cikin 1990s da 2000s <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ruth |first=U. |last2=Barnola |first2=J.-M. |last3=Beer |first3=J. |last4=Bigler |first4=M. |last5=Blunier |first5=T. |last6=Castellano |first6=E. |last7=Fischer |first7=H. |last8=Fundel |first8=F. |last9=Huybrechts |first9=P. |last10=Kaufmann |first10=P. |last11=Kipfstuhl |first11=S. |last12=Lambrecht |first12=A. |last13=Morganti |first13=A. |last14=Oerter |first14=H. |last15=Parrenin |first15=F. |date=2007-08-07 |title="EDML1": a chronology for the EPICA deep ice core from Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, over the last 150 000 years |url=https://cp.copernicus.org/articles/3/475/2007/ |url-status=live |journal=Climate of the Past |language=English |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=475–484 |bibcode=2007CliPa...3..475R |doi=10.5194/cp-3-475-2007 |issn=1814-9324 |s2cid=131418894 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117110749/https://cp.copernicus.org/articles/3/475/2007/ |archive-date=17 January 2023 |access-date=17 January 2023 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ba daidai ba ne ya sanya kwanan wata na wannan asalin sulfate a cikin 1452/53 bisa ga babban rashin tabbas yayin da aka sanya caldera na Kuwae a [[Vanuatu]] ya zama tushen wannan ba daidai ba sulfate spike.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gao |first=Chaochao |last2=Robock |first2=Alan |last3=Self |first3=Stephen |last4=Witter |first4=Jeffrey B. |last5=Steffenson |first5=J. P. |last6=Clausen |first6=Henrik Brink |last7=Siggaard-Andersen |first7=Marie-Louise |last8=Johnsen |first8=Sigfus |last9=Mayewski |first9=Paul A. |last10=Ammann |first10=Caspar |date=2006 |title=The 1452 or 1453 A.D. Kuwae eruption signal derived from multiple ice core records: Greatest volcanic sulfate event of the past 700 years |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |language=en |volume=111 |issue=D12 |pages=D12107 |bibcode=2006JGRD..11112107G |doi=10.1029/2005JD006710 |issn=0148-0227 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 2012, bayanan sulfate masu tsawo bisa ga ainihin lokacin kankara sun canza kwanan wata na asali, mai yiwuwa Kuwae, sulfate spike zuwa 1458 kuma sun tabbatar da wani taron sulfate a cikin 1452/53. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sigl |first=Michael |last2=McConnell |first2=Joseph R. |last3=Layman |first3=Lawrence |last4=Maselli |first4=Olivia |last5=McGwire |first5=Ken |last6=Pasteris |first6=Daniel |last7=Dahl-Jensen |first7=Dorthe |last8=Steffensen |first8=Jørgen Peder |last9=Vinther |first9=Bo |last10=Edwards |first10=Ross |last11=Mulvaney |first11=Robert |last12=Kipfstuhl |first12=Sepp |date=2013-02-16 |title=A new bipolar ice core record of volcanism from WAIS Divide and NEEM and implications for climate forcing of the last 2000 years: A 2000YR BIPOLAR VOLCANO RECORD |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2012JD018603 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |language=en |volume=118 |issue=3 |pages=1151–1169 |doi=10.1029/2012JD018603 |s2cid=130773456}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cole-Dai |first=Jihong |last2=Ferris |first2=David G. |last3=Lanciki |first3=Alyson L. |last4=Savarino |first4=Joël |last5=Thiemens |first5=Mark H. |last6=McConnell |first6=Joseph R. |date=2013-07-27 |title=Two likely stratospheric volcanic eruptions in the 1450s C.E. found in a bipolar, subannually dated 800 year ice core record: TWO VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS IN THE 1450s |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |language=en |volume=118 |issue=14 |pages=7459–7466 |bibcode=2013JGRD..118.7459C |doi=10.1002/jgrd.50587 |s2cid=129790360 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Plummer2012">{{Cite journal |last=Plummer |first=Christopher T. |last2=Curran |first2=M. A. J. |last3=van Ommen |first3=Tas D. |last4=Rasmussen |first4=S.O. |last5=Moy |first5=A. D. |last6=Vance |first6=Tessa R. |last7=Clausen |first7=H. B. |last8=Vinther |first8=Bo M. |last9=Mayewski |first9=P. A. |date=2012-05-01 |title=An independently dated 2000-yr volcanic record from Law Dome, East Antarctica, including a new perspective on the dating of the c. 1450s eruption of Kuwae, Vanuatu |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258612996 |journal=Climate of the Past Discussions |volume=8 |pages=1567–1590 |doi=10.5194/cpd-8-1567-2012 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPlummerCurranvan_OmmenRasmussen2012">Plummer, Christopher T.; Curran, M. A. J.; van Ommen, Tas D.; Rasmussen, S.O.; Moy, A. D.; Vance, Tessa R.; Clausen, H. B.; Vinther, Bo M.; Mayewski, P. A. (1 May 2012). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258612996 "An independently dated 2000-yr volcanic record from Law Dome, East Antarctica, including a new perspective on the dating of the c. 1450s eruption of Kuwae, Vanuatu"]. ''Climate of the Past Discussions''. '''8''': <span class="nowrap">1567–</span>1590. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.5194/cpd-8-1567-2012|10.5194/cpd-8-1567-2012]]</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abbott |first=Peter M. |last2=Plunkett |first2=Gill |last3=Corona |first3=Christophe |last4=Chellman |first4=Nathan J. |last5=McConnell |first5=Joseph R. |last6=Pilcher |first6=John R. |last7=Stoffel |first7=Markus |last8=Sigl |first8=Michael |date=2021-03-04 |title=Cryptotephra from the Icelandic Veiðivötn 1477 CE eruption in a Greenland ice core: confirming the dating of volcanic events in the 1450s CE and assessing the eruption's climatic impact |url=https://cp.copernicus.org/articles/17/565/2021/ |url-status=live |journal=Climate of the Past |language=English |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=565–585 |bibcode=2021CliPa..17..565A |doi=10.5194/cp-17-565-2021 |issn=1814-9324 |s2cid=233267071 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117110748/https://cp.copernicus.org/articles/17/565/2021/ |archive-date=17 January 2023 |access-date=17 January 2023 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sabili da haka, fashewar 1452/53 na yanzu tana nufin sulfate spike wanda aka gano a cikin 2012, yayin da tsohuwar fashewar 1492/53, wanda ake zaton yana da alaƙa da Kuwae, wanda ake magana da sulfate spiki wanda aka sauya kwanan wata zuwa shekarar 1458 tun 2012. == Rubuce-rubucen kankara da na bishiyoyi == An rubuta ƙwanƙolin sulfate na 1452/53 a duka Greenland da Antarctica, amma siginar sulfate a Greenland ta fi girma fiye da na Antarctica, tana ba da shawarar tushen dutsen wuta a cikin ƙananan latitudes na Arewacin Hemisphere.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sigl |first=Michael |last2=McConnell |first2=Joseph R. |last3=Layman |first3=Lawrence |last4=Maselli |first4=Olivia |last5=McGwire |first5=Ken |last6=Pasteris |first6=Daniel |last7=Dahl-Jensen |first7=Dorthe |last8=Steffensen |first8=Jørgen Peder |last9=Vinther |first9=Bo |last10=Edwards |first10=Ross |last11=Mulvaney |first11=Robert |last12=Kipfstuhl |first12=Sepp |date=2013-02-16 |title=A new bipolar ice core record of volcanism from WAIS Divide and NEEM and implications for climate forcing of the last 2000 years: A 2000YR BIPOLAR VOLCANO RECORD |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2012JD018603 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |language=en |volume=118 |issue=3 |pages=1151–1169 |doi=10.1029/2012JD018603 |s2cid=130773456}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSiglMcConnellLaymanMaselli2013">Sigl, Michael; McConnell, Joseph R.; Layman, Lawrence; Maselli, Olivia; McGwire, Ken; Pasteris, Daniel; Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe; Steffensen, Jørgen Peder; Vinther, Bo; Edwards, Ross; Mulvaney, Robert; Kipfstuhl, Sepp (16 February 2013). [http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2012JD018603 "A new bipolar ice core record of volcanism from WAIS Divide and NEEM and implications for climate forcing of the last 2000 years: A 2000YR BIPOLAR VOLCANO RECORD"]. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres''. '''118''' (3): <span class="nowrap">1151–</span>1169. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1029/2012JD018603|10.1029/2012JD018603]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130773456 130773456].</cite></ref> Sulfur isotope abun da ke ciki na 1452/53 sulfate ya nuna cewa fashewar ta fitar da iskar gas kai tsaye a cikin stratosphere, tare da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan ilmin sunadarai na yanayi da kuma yiwuwar sakamako ga yanayin duniya.<ref name="Cole-Dai2013">{{Cite journal |last=Cole-Dai |first=Jihong |last2=Ferris |first2=David G. |last3=Lanciki |first3=Alyson L. |last4=Savarino |first4=Joël |last5=Thiemens |first5=Mark H. |last6=McConnell |first6=Joseph R. |date=2013-07-17 |title=Two likely stratospheric volcanic eruptions in the 1450s C.E. found in a bipolar, subannually dated 800 year ice core record |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=118 |issue=14 |pages=7459–7466 |bibcode=2013JGRD..118.7459C |doi=10.1002/jgrd.50587 |s2cid=129790360 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCole-DaiFerrisLancikiSavarino2013">Cole-Dai, Jihong; Ferris, David G.; Lanciki, Alyson L.; Savarino, Joël; Thiemens, Mark H.; McConnell, Joseph R. (17 July 2013). [[doi:10.1002/jgrd.50587|"Two likely stratospheric volcanic eruptions in the 1450s C.E. found in a bipolar, subannually dated 800 year ice core record"]]. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres''. '''118''' (14): <span class="nowrap">7459–</span>7466. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JGRD..118.7459C 2013JGRD..118.7459C]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1002/jgrd.50587|10.1002/jgrd.50587]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129790360 129790360].</cite></ref> Injin sulfur na stratospheric da aka sake ginawa na taron 1452/53 ya kiyasta cewa an yi amfani da kimanin gram 11 na sulfur a cikin stratosphere, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na fashewar Dutsen Tambora na 1815, bisa ga wannan saitin rikodin sulfate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sigl |first=Michael |last2=Toohey |first2=Matthew |last3=McConnell |first3=Joseph R. |last4=Cole-Dai |first4=Jihong |last5=Severi |first5=Mirko |date=2022-07-12 |title=Volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections and aerosol optical depth during the Holocene (past 11500 years) from a bipolar ice-core array |url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/14/3167/2022/ |url-status=live |journal=Earth System Science Data |language=en |volume=14 |issue=7 |pages=3167–3196 |bibcode=2022ESSD...14.3167S |doi=10.5194/essd-14-3167-2022 |issn=1866-3516 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117110752/https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/14/3167/2022/ |archive-date=17 January 2023 |access-date=17 January 2023 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sigl |first=Michael |last2=Toohey |first2=Matthew |last3=McConnell |first3=Joseph R. |last4=Cole-Dai |first4=Jihong |last5=Severi |first5=Mirko |date=2021-03-02 |title=HolVol: Reconstructed volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections and aerosol optical depth for the Holocene (9500 BCE to 1900 CE) |url=https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.928646 |url-status=live |journal=Pangaea |language=en |doi=10.1594/PANGAEA.928646 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117110749/https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.928646 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |access-date=17 January 2023}}</ref> == Tushen fashewar == Kuwae an haɗa shi da asalin 1452/53 sulfate wanda aka sake kwanan wata zuwa 1458 bisa ga daidaito mafi girma a cikin 2012. Tambayar ko Kuwae na iya zama ainihin tushen abin da ya faru na 1452/53 maimakon abin da ya gabata na 1458 ana zaton yana iya zama mara kyau saboda rarrabawar sulfate a Greenland da Antarctica. Rashin daidaituwa tare da mafi girma sulfate deposition a Greenland idan aka kwatanta da Antarctica yana nuna cewa tushen dutsen mai fitattun wuta yana cikin ƙananan latitudes na Arewacin Hemisphere.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sigl |first=Michael |last2=McConnell |first2=Joseph R. |last3=Layman |first3=Lawrence |last4=Maselli |first4=Olivia |last5=McGwire |first5=Ken |last6=Pasteris |first6=Daniel |last7=Dahl-Jensen |first7=Dorthe |last8=Steffensen |first8=Jørgen Peder |last9=Vinther |first9=Bo |last10=Edwards |first10=Ross |last11=Mulvaney |first11=Robert |last12=Kipfstuhl |first12=Sepp |date=2013-02-16 |title=A new bipolar ice core record of volcanism from WAIS Divide and NEEM and implications for climate forcing of the last 2000 years: A 2000YR BIPOLAR VOLCANO RECORD |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2012JD018603 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |language=en |volume=118 |issue=3 |pages=1151–1169 |doi=10.1029/2012JD018603 |s2cid=130773456}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSiglMcConnellLaymanMaselli2013">Sigl, Michael; McConnell, Joseph R.; Layman, Lawrence; Maselli, Olivia; McGwire, Ken; Pasteris, Daniel; Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe; Steffensen, Jørgen Peder; Vinther, Bo; Edwards, Ross; Mulvaney, Robert; Kipfstuhl, Sepp (16 February 2013). [http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2012JD018603 "A new bipolar ice core record of volcanism from WAIS Divide and NEEM and implications for climate forcing of the last 2000 years: A 2000YR BIPOLAR VOLCANO RECORD"]. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres''. '''118''' (3): <span class="nowrap">1151–</span>1169. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1029/2012JD018603|10.1029/2012JD018603]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130773456 130773456].</cite></ref> Rashin binciken tephra da ke da alaƙa da 1452/53 sulfate layer ya hana ganowa ta amfani da daidaitawar geochemical.<ref name="Cole-Dai2013">{{Cite journal |last=Cole-Dai |first=Jihong |last2=Ferris |first2=David G. |last3=Lanciki |first3=Alyson L. |last4=Savarino |first4=Joël |last5=Thiemens |first5=Mark H. |last6=McConnell |first6=Joseph R. |date=2013-07-17 |title=Two likely stratospheric volcanic eruptions in the 1450s C.E. found in a bipolar, subannually dated 800 year ice core record |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=118 |issue=14 |pages=7459–7466 |bibcode=2013JGRD..118.7459C |doi=10.1002/jgrd.50587 |s2cid=129790360 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCole-DaiFerrisLancikiSavarino2013">Cole-Dai, Jihong; Ferris, David G.; Lanciki, Alyson L.; Savarino, Joël; Thiemens, Mark H.; McConnell, Joseph R. (17 July 2013). [[doi:10.1002/jgrd.50587|"Two likely stratospheric volcanic eruptions in the 1450s C.E. found in a bipolar, subannually dated 800 year ice core record"]]. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres''. '''118''' (14): <span class="nowrap">7459–</span>7466. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JGRD..118.7459C 2013JGRD..118.7459C]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1002/jgrd.50587|10.1002/jgrd.50587]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129790360 129790360].</cite></ref> == Tarihin tarihi == Codex na Mexico sun bayyana sanyi na kaka a cikin 1453 wanda ya shafi aikin gona a duk tsakiyar Mexico.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Therrell |first=Matthew |last2=Stahle |first2=David W. |last3=Soto |first3=Rodolfo Acuña |year=2004 |title=Aztec Drought and the 'Curse of One Rabbit' |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=85 |issue=9 |pages=1263–1272 |bibcode=2004BAMS...85.1263T |doi=10.1175/BAMS-85-9-1263 |s2cid=123560837 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Fashewar ta faru ne kafin faduwar Constantinople, ginshiƙi na ƙarshe na Daular Byzantine mai ƙarfi. Turks na Ottoman, karkashin jagorancin Sultan Mehmed II, sun kewaye birnin a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 1453 kuma sun ci shi a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1453. Pang ya sami ambaton tasirin dutsen mai fitattun wuta a cikin tarihin kwanakin ƙarshe na daular. Masana tarihi sun lura cewa lambunan birnin, wannan bazara, sun samar da kadan. A daren 22 ga Mayu 1453, wata, alamar Constantinople, ta tashi cikin duhu, ta cika annabcin mutuwar birnin. A ranar 25 ga Mayu 1453, wata tsawa ta fashe a birnin: "Ba zai yiwu a tsayayya da ƙanƙara ba, kuma ruwan sama ya sauka cikin irin wannan raƙuman ruwa cewa duk tituna sun cika". Kashegari, a ranar 26 ga Mayu 1453, duk birnin ya cika da hazo mai zurfi, yanayin da ba a sani ba a wannan ɓangaren duniya a wannan watan. ==Manazarta== mmp6bjls3g4qg1zp6syhxftp1n2fsmf 0 111934 906196 850806 2026-08-22T12:29:09Z BnHamid 12586 /* top */ Sanya databox using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 906196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Annobar zuba guba ga mata 'yan makaranta a [[Iran|Iran,]] jerin hare-haren sinadarai ne a lokacin da aka ruwaito dalibai a makarantu da yawa a Iran a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban da ba a tantance su ba ta hanyar masu aikata laifuka da ba a san su ba. Wadannan abubuwan sun fara ne a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2022, a [[Jami'ar Isfahan|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Isfahan]], <ref name="NIAC">{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2023 |title=Poisoning of female students, strikes, lawsuits and more |url=https://www.niacouncil.org/news/poisoning-students/ |access-date=March 8, 2023 |website=www.niacouncil.org}}</ref> kuma rahotanni na dubban dalibai da aka kashe a cikin hare-haren da ke gudana an yi iƙirarin cewa sun faru ne a cikin watanni masu zuwa. <ref name="Guardian-March7">{{Cite web |last=Wintour |first=Patrick |date=March 7, 2023 |title=Iran makes first arrests over suspected schoolgirl poisonings |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/07/iran-makes-first-arrests-over-suspected-schoolgirl-poisonings |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230307172828/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/07/iran-makes-first-arrests-over-suspected-schoolgirl-poisonings |archive-date=March 7, 2023 |access-date=March 9, 2023 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name="BBC-10March">{{Cite web |date=March 10, 2023 |title=تلویزیون ایران فیلم اعترافات "عوامل مسمومیت دختران در لار" را پخش کرد |trans-title=Broadcasting of television confessions "factors of poisoning of girls in Lar" and report of the arrest of several bloggers and Instagram figures |url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/articles/c036lpd80j2o |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=www.bbc.com |language=fa}}</ref> Kwamitin kimiyya na Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Iran ya amince da amfani da "mai motsawa da aka sha" a cikin waɗannan guba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=«گزارش کمیته علمی وزارت بهداشت: بخشی از دانش‌آموزان با ماده استنشاقی مسموم شدند» |url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-64807750 |access-date=20 December 2024 |website=BBC Persian |language=fa}}</ref> Babban Shugaba na Iran [[Ali Khamenei]], ya bukaci hukunci mai tsanani ga masu aikata laifin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=رهبر انقلاب: عوامل مسمومیت دانش‌آموزان باید به اشد مجازات برسند |url=https://www.alef.ir/news/4011215048.html |access-date=20 December 2024 |website=Alef |language=fa}}</ref> Amnesty International ta zargi Jamhuriyar Musulunci da kasancewa cikin waɗannan guba da kuma ɗaukar fansa ga 'yan mata na makaranta saboda ƙin sa hijabi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Iran (2023) |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/middle-east-and-north-africa/middle-east/iran/report-iran/ |access-date=31 October 2024 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Human rights in Iran (2023) |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/middle-east-and-north-africa/middle-east/iran/report-iran/ |access-date=31 October 2024 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> An bayyana Mass psychogenic illness (MPI) a matsayin bayanin.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Catanzaro |first=Michele |date=2023-03-13 |title=Suspected Iran schoolgirl poisonings: what scientists know |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-00754-2 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=615 |issue=7953 |pages=574 |doi=10.1038/d41586-023-00754-2 |pmid=36914862 |s2cid=257507144 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Akwai jayayya da yawa game da dalilan dayasa ake basu guba. Duk da yake wasu suna ba da cutar Mass psychogenic (MPI) a matsayin bayani,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Catanzaro |first=Michele |date=2023-03-13 |title=Suspected Iran schoolgirl poisonings: what scientists know |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-00754-2 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=615 |issue=7953 |pages=574 |doi=10.1038/d41586-023-00754-2 |pmid=36914862 |s2cid=257507144 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="psychologytoday">{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Psychology and the Mystery of the "Poisoned" Schoolgirls |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/ca/blog/its-catching/202303/psychology-and-the-mystery-of-the-poisoned-schoolgirls |url-access=subscription<!-- requires subscription--> |website=Psychology Today}}</ref><ref name="parstoday">{{Cite web |date=March 5, 2023 |title=Iran mysterious serial poisonings may have psychogenic origin: Experts |url=https://parstoday.ir/en/news/iran-i197724-iran_mysterious_serial_poisonings_may_have_psychogenic_origin_experts |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=ParsToday |archive-date=2023-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306224347/https://parstoday.ir/en/news/iran-i197724-iran_mysterious_serial_poisonings_may_have_psychogenic_origin_experts |url-status=dead }}</ref> wasu suna nuna cewa gwamnatin Iran tana hakan ne da niyya yiwa 'yan matan horo don cire [[Hijab|hijabi]] na tilas da sukeyi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Iran (2023) |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/middle-east-and-north-africa/middle-east/iran/report-iran/ |access-date=31 October 2024 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> Masu bincike, kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da wasu gwamnatoci sun nemi bincike mai zaman kansa don tantance ainihin dalilin daya yasa abubuwan suka faru.<ref name=":0"/> Wasu hukumomin kiwon lafiya na Iran sun ba da sanarwar cewa yawancin hare-haren da aka ruwaito sun kasance ne saboda cutar damuwa, bakin ciki, da sauran abubuwan da suka shafi tunanin mutum, kodayake a farkon watan Maris, Gwamnatin Iran ta ba da sanar da cewa an kama mutane sama da 100 dake da alaka da abubuwan da suka faru.<ref name="Guardian-March7"/><ref name="BBC-10March"/> A ranar 29 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2023, Ma'aikatar leken asiri ta Iran ta fitar da binciken da aka yi na cikakken bincike wanda ya kammala cewa cututtukan da aka ruwaito ba su suka haifar da wani abu mai guba ba. Saidai ko haka ya kasance ne saboda dalilai daban-daban ciki har da bayyanar abubuwa daban-daban marasa guba, hysteria, da simulating. Wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun nuna shakku game da waɗannan iƙirarin.<ref name="Vahdati">{{Cite web |last=Vahdati |first=Mahnaz |date=2 May 2023 |title=Schoolgirl poisonings are persisting in Iran. So should the international reaction to them? |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/schoolgirl-poisonings-are-persisting-in-iran-so-should-the-international-reaction-to-them/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240325211642/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/schoolgirl-poisonings-are-persisting-in-iran-so-should-the-international-reaction-to-them/ |archive-date=25 March 2024 |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=atlanticcouncil.org |publisher=Atlantic Council}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka gabatar == Tattaunawa game da dalilan da ka iya haifar da abubuwan sun hada da: gwamnatin Iran, da ke neman fansa ga zanga-zangar sanya hijabin tilas da akayi wanda ya kara tsananta bayan [[mutuwar Mahsa Amini]]; 'yan Iran masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da ke son yin koyi da [[Taliban]] na [[Afghanistan]]; ko kuma ƙungiyar Islama mai fafutukar wanzar da Shari'a, mai kama da [[Boko Haram]] na [[Najeriya]], waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin hana iyaye tura yara mata zuwa makaranta. Hukumomi da yawa sun bayyana zargin cewa "maƙiya" na Jamhuriyar Musulunci daga kasashen waje na iya kaddamar da hare-hare don tozarta shi.<ref name="AJ">{{Cite web |last=Motamedi |first=Maziar |date=2023-03-01 |title=What explains mysterious poisonings of schoolgirls in Iran? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/1/why-are-schoolgirls-being-mysteriously-poisoned-in-iran |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> Robert Bartholomew ya bayyana cewa mutanen da abin ya shafa na iya kasancewa suna fama da "Rashin lafiya na ƙwaƙwalwa". <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2023 |title=Iranian Schoolgirl "Chemical Attacks": Mass Poisonings or Mass Hysteria? |url=https://www.skeptic.com/reading_room/iranian-schoolgirl-chemical-attacks-mass-poisonings-or-mass-hysteria/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230313210015/https://www.skeptic.com/reading_room/iranian-schoolgirl-chemical-attacks-mass-poisonings-or-mass-hysteria/ |archive-date=13 March 2023 |access-date=13 March 2023 |website=skeptic.com |publisher=Skeptic}}</ref> <ref name="IMRA-13March">{{Cite web |last=Afzalzadeh |first=Mustafa |title=Examining the poisoning scenarios of girls' schools by an American researcher |url=https://www.irna.ir/news/85050329/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3-%D8%AF%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%82-%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85 |access-date=13 March 2023 |website=irna.ir |publisher=IRNA}}</ref> Ya zana kwatankwacin tsakanin guba da aka ruwaito a Iran da waɗanda aka samu a Afghanistan daga shekarar 2009 zuwa shekarar 2016, da kuma annobar West Bank ta shekarar 1983. A duk waɗannan lokutan gubar 'yan mata Musulmi suna yin rashin lafiya a yanayin ban mamaki wanda aka danganta da iskar guba bayan wani ya jawo hankali ga wari mai ban mamaki. Game da shari'ar Afghanistan, wasu binciken sun kuma kammala cewa 'yan matan da abin ya shafa, wadanda ke halartar makarantu cikin rashin amincewa da [[Taliban]], suna fama da rashin lafiya.<ref name="psychologytoday"/><ref name="parstoday"/> Simon Wessely na Kwalejin Sarki ya nuna cewa mahimman abubuwan annoba suna nuna cewa wannan lamari ne na rashin lafiyar ƙwaƙwalwa mai yawa. Wasu abubuwan da aka ambata sune: yadda shari'o'in suka bazu a duk faɗin Iran; gaskiyar cewa matasa ne kawai na jinsi ɗaya suka ba da rahoton matsalolin; da kuma saurin warkewar mafi yawan mutanen da cutar ta shafa. Dan Kaszeta, masanin makamai masu guba a Cibiyar Kula da Ayyuka ta Royal United, ya ce abubuwan da suka faru suna da kamanceceniya da jerin guba da ba a tabbatar da su ba a makarantun Afghanistan a cikin shekarar 2010. Alastair Hay, farfesa a fannin ilimin muhalli a Jami'ar Leeds, ya sake nazarin sakamakon gwajin jini daga 'yan matan Iran da ake zargin yimusu guba, Amma bai sami wata shaida ta guba ba.<ref name="BBC1" /> Kaszeta da Hay sun kuma gaya wa Nature.com cewa ba su kawar da cewa halin da ake ciki a Iran wani lamari ne na rashin lafiya mai yawa ba. John Drury, masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Sussex, ya gaya wa Nature.com cewa Tsoron gubar da ta faru ta baya "ta haifar da alamun bayyanar cututtuka kamar ƙishirwa, ɓacin rai, da hyperventilation" kuma "yana da wahala a rarrabe tsakanin tasirin halayyar mutum da bayyane ainihin haɗarin".<ref name="Nature-13March">{{Cite journal |last=Catanzaro |first=Michele |date=13 March 2023 |title=Suspected Iran schoolgirl poisonings: what scientists know |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-00754-2 |url-status=live |journal=Nature |publisher=Nature |volume=615 |issue=7953 |page=574 |doi=10.1038/d41586-023-00754-2 |pmid=36914862 |s2cid=257507144 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230314012718/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-00754-2 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |access-date=14 March 2023}}</ref> A tattaunawa da muryar [[Muryan Amurka|America]] sashin Persian,<ref>{{Cite web |title=تبلت - فصل ۹ قسمت ۱۶: رژیمی که امروز به مدرسه‌های دخترانه حمله می‌کند، فردا به کجا حمله خواهد کرد؟ |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=emSPp6AC6Yw |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Sina Foroutannejad masanin sinadarai a makarantar kimiyya ta Polish yafada a tattaunawa bayan bibiyar sakamakon yaran da abin yasha fa. Ya karkare cewa dalilan sinadarai bazasu zama boyeyyun al-amura ba , sai dai ya ya bayyana daga sakamakon daliban alamomi irinsu fuskantar cutar barin jiki kuma sakamakon wata ɗaliba ya nuna damuwar cutar diabetes-kamar alamomi nta, ya karkare cewa dalilai na sinarai suna yiwuwa a bangarenorganophosphate . Foroutannejad yace haɗuwar wadannan alamomin dakuma sakamakon daliban yana nuna cewa a kanshin dan itace ka iya zama Mahadi soman. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3w5tlc642firyirr498jugy56wzsn5p 0 112858 906195 894023 2026-08-22T12:29:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906195 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Kenneth Roth''' (an haife shi a watan Satumba 23, 1955) lauyan Amurka ne, mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam, kuma marubuci. Ya kasance babban darektan [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] (HRW) daga 1993 zuwa 2022. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Kenneth Roth a ranar 23 ga Satumba, 1955, a Elmhurst, Illinois, ga Muriel T. Roth da Walter S. Roth . Mahaifinsa ɗan gudun hijira ne na Yahudawa wanda ya tsere daga Nazi [[Jamus]].<ref name="brownalumnimagazine">{{Cite web |title=Tyranny Has a Witness |url=https://www.brownalumnimagazine.com/articles/2011-01-06/tyranny-has-a-witness |access-date=2021-04-26 |website=www.brownalumnimagazine.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=National Security in a Turbulent World - Yale Law School |url=https://law.yale.edu/yls-today/yale-law-school-events/national-security-turbulent-world |access-date=2019-05-29 |website=law.yale.edu}}</ref> Iyalin Walter suna da kantin yanka a Jamus kusa da [[Frankfurt]] lokacin da [[Adolf Hitler]] ya zo mulki. Kenneth Roth ya girma ne a [[Deerfield|Deerfield, Illinois]] . <ref name="nytimes_bio">{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Aina J. |date=April 26, 2022 |title=Kenneth Roth, 'Godfather' of Human Rights Work, to Step Down |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/26/world/americas/kenneth-roth-human-rights-watch.html |access-date=18 September 2022 |website=New York Times}}</ref> Ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Brown a 1977 tare da BA a tarihi kuma ya sami Juris Doctor daga Yale Law School a 1980. <ref name="brownalumnimagazine"/><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2004 |title=Ken Roth Executive Director |url=http://hrw.org/about/bios/kroth.htm |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga Yuni, 2011, Roth ya yi aure a cocin Anglican ga Annie Sparrow. == Ayyuka == [[Fayil:Msc2012_20120205_004_Roth_SZwez.jpg|thumb|Roth a shekarar 2012]] Roth ya yi aiki a cikin sirri a matsayin mai gabatar da kara kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Lauyan Amurka na Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka na Gundumar Kudancin New York da binciken Iran-Contra a Washington DC.<ref name="winnipeg">{{Cite web |date= |title=Kenneth Roth Biography |url=https://www.uwinnipeg.ca/index/newsflash-050203-2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725002708/https://www.uwinnipeg.ca/index/newsflash-050203-2 |archive-date=July 25, 2011 |access-date=September 9, 2009 |website=The University of Winnipeg |publisher=}}</ref> Sana'ar Roth a cikin 'yancin ɗan adam ta fara ba tare da jin daɗi ba. Kos ɗin kare hakkin ɗan adam ɗaya da aka bayar a Makarantar Yale Law an soke shi akai-akai, kuma da kammala karatunsa ya gano cewa ayyuka a fagen ba su da yawa. Sakamakon haka, yayin da yake aiki a matsayin lauya, kuma ya ba da gudummawar dare da karshen mako yana yin ayyukan kare hakkin ɗan adam, yana mai da hankali kan [1] Soviet shigar da dokar yaƙi a [[Poland]] a cikin 1981. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Watch |url=http://socialsciences.in/article/human-rights-watch |access-date=2021-03-18 |website=socialsciences.in |archive-date=2012-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915100739/http://www.socialsciences.in/article/human-rights-watch |url-status=dead }}</ref> Roth ya shiga Human Rights Watch (HRW) a shekarar 1987 a matsayin mataimakin darektan. Ayyukansa na farko sun kasance a kan Haiti kuma a hankali ya kai ga Cuba <ref>{{Cite web |title=INTRODUCTION TO THE WORK OF AMERICAS WATCH |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1989/WR89/Americas.htm |access-date=2021-03-18 |website=hrw.org}}</ref> da Gabas ta Tsakiya, <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 1992 |title=Kuwait: Human Rights after February 28, 1991 |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2013/06/13/ALKWT92-001.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223092552/https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2013/06/13/ALKWT92-001.pdf |archive-date=February 23, 2017 |access-date=March 18, 2021 |website=justice.gov}}</ref> da sauran wurare. Tun 1993 (lokacin da Aryeh Neier ya bar zama shugaban Cibiyar Budaddiyar Jama'a ta George Soros), Roth ya zama babban darektan gudanarwa. <ref name="winnipeg"/> da HRW. Yayin da yake ofishin, ma'aikatan HRW sun karu daga 60 zuwa 552; HRW ta raba lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel a shekarar 1997 saboda haramta ayyukan nakiyoyi, ta taimaka wajen kafa kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa da kuma haramta yara a aikin soja. Roth yayi murabus daga HRW a ranar 31 ga Agusta 2022. Bayan barin HRW, Roth ya ce ya yi niyyar rubuta littafi.<ref name="nytimes_bio"/> Roth ya sami digiri na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Brown, <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2011 |title=Brown to confer 10 honorary doctorates May 29 |url=https://news.brown.edu/articles/2011/04/honoraries |access-date=2021-03-18 |website=News from Brown |publisher=Brown University}}</ref> Kwalejin Bowdoin, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Honorary Degrees |url=https://www.bowdoin.edu/president/honorary-degrees/index.html |access-date=2021-03-18 |website=Office of the President}}</ref> Jami'ar Ottawa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Roth, Kenneth |url=https://www.uottawa.ca/president/bio/roth-kenneth |access-date=2021-03-18 |website=Office of the President}}{{Dead link|date=May 2025}}</ref> da Jami'ar Amurka ta Paris <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-09 |title=Honorary Degree Recipients |url=https://www.aup.edu/about/history/honorary-degree-recipients |access-date=2021-03-18 |website=www.aup.edu}}</ref> Ya kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Dimokuradiyya ta [[Athens]], lambar yabo ta William Rogers daga Jami'ar Brown da lambar yabo ta Jean Mayer Global Citizenship daga Jami'an Tufts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City of Athens Democracy Award |url=https://www.athensdemocracyforum.com/city-athens-democracy-award |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302161504/https://www.athensdemocracyforum.com/city-athens-democracy-award |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |access-date=2021-03-18 |website=Athens Democracy Forum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The William Rogers Award |url=https://alumni-friends.brown.edu/volunteer/recognition/william-rogers-award |access-date=2021-03-18 |website=Alumni & Friends, Brown University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Institute for Global Leadership, Tufts University 2004-05 Annual Report |url=https://www.tuftsgloballeadership.org/sites/default/files/images/resources/0405AR.pdf |access-date=2025-08-11 |archive-date=2022-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703134703/http://tuftsgloballeadership.org/sites/default/files/images/resources/0405AR.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya yi aiki a Kwamitin Masu Kula da Cibiyar Watson a Jami'ar Brown, Kwamitin Gwamnoni na Kwalejin Bard Berlin, da kuma Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Humanitarian da Ci Gaban na Gidauniyar Novo Nordisk. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Board of Governors. Watson Institute |url=https://watson.brown.edu/people/board |access-date=2021-03-18 |website=Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Governance at Bard College Berlin |url=https://berlin.bard.edu/about-us/governance/ |access-date=2021-03-18 |website=berlin.bard.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Novo Nordisk Foundation establishes a new advisory panel for its humanitarian grants |url=https://novonordiskfonden.dk/en/news/novo-nordisk-foundation-establishes-a-new-advisory-panel-for-its-humanitarian-grants/ |access-date=2021-03-18 |website=Novo Nordisk Fonden}}</ref> == Abokan hulɗa na Makarantar Harvard Kennedy == A cikin 2021, an ba Roth wata ƙungiya a Cibiyar Carr ta Makarantar Harvard Kennedy don Manufofin 'Yancin Dan Adam. An janye tayin a cikin 2023. Roth ya ce janyewar ta kasance ne saboda sukar da ya yi wa Isra'ila. Michael Massing ya ba da rahoton ikirarin Roth a cikin Nation. Roth ya gaya wa Guardian da Amy Goodman a kan ''Dimokuradiyya Yanzu'' cewa ya yi imanin cewa shugaban makarantar Harvard Kennedy Douglas Elmendorf ya mika wuya ga masu ba da gudummawa na Harvard waɗanda ke da karfi ga magoya bayan Isra'ila. Farfesa a makarantar Kennedy Kathryn Sikkink ta ce an gaya mata cewa Elmendorf ta yi tunanin Human Rights Watch tana da "rashin son kai ga Isra'ila" kuma cewa tweets na Roth akan Isra'ila sun damu, abubuwan da ta yi jayayya da dean.<ref name="Nation" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 6, 2023 |title=Harvard blocks role for former Human Rights Watch head over Israel criticism |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2023/jan/06/harvard-kennedy-school-blocks-role-former-head-human-rights-watch-israel |website=the Guardian}}</ref> Bayan korafin Roth, ACLU, Pen America, da sauran masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam sun yi Allah wadai da shawarar Makarantar Kennedy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-08 |title=Harvard Kennedy School condemned for denying fellowship to Israel critic |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/jan/08/kennedy-school-human-rights-watch |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> A ''Ƙasar'' 10 ga watan Janairun 2023, HRW ta wallafa wata wasika ga Shugaba Lawrence Bacow wanda ya ce ta damu da "tasiri mai dorewa ga malamai da masu gwagwarmaya, musamman Palasdinawa, wadanda bai kamata su ji tsoron tasirin kwararru daga Jami'ar Harvard ko wata ma'aikata ba idan sun rubuta ko kuma sun yi magana da kyau game da gwamnatin Isra'ila. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=The New Arab |date=January 11, 2023 |title=HRW 'concerned' after ex-director loses Harvard offer |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/hrw-concerned-after-ex-director-loses-harvard-offer |website=The New Arab |access-date=August 11, 2025 |archive-date=August 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250803065835/https://www.newarab.com/news/hrw-concerned-after-ex-director-loses-harvard-offer |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan wadannan rahotanni, daruruwan masu haɗin gwiwar Harvard sun yi kira ga Elmendorf ya yi murabus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hundreds Call for Resignation of Harvard Kennedy School Dean Accused of Blocking Fellowship Over Israel Criticism &#124; News &#124; The Harvard Crimson |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/1/11/hks-ken-roth-backlash/ |website=www.thecrimson.com}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga watan Janairun 2023, Makarantar Kennedy, wacce ta musanta zargin Roth, ta sauya shawarar ta, ta sake ba Roth zumunci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schuessler |first=Jennifer |last2=Tracy |first2=Marc |date=January 19, 2023 |title=Harvard Reverses Course on Human Rights Advocate Who Criticized Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/19/arts/harvard-israel-antisemitism-roth.html |website=The New York Times |via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> Elmendorf ya ce shawarar farko da ya yanke ta kasance cikin "kuskure" kuma ba a yi niyya ba "don takaita muhawara a makarantar Kennedy game da 'yancin ɗan adam a kowace ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Al Jazeera Staff |title=Harvard reverses course, will offer former HRW chief a fellowship |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/1/19/harvard-reverses-course-will-offer-former-hrw-chief-a-fellowship |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> Roth ya mayar da martani da cewa Elmendorf ya kasa cewa komai don tantance mutanen da ya ce "wadanda ke da alaka da shi" wadanda ya ce suna da hannu wajen yanke hukuncin nasa na farko. "Cikakken bayyana gaskiya shine mabuɗin don tabbatar da cewa ba a aiwatar da irin wannan tasirin a wasu lokuta," in ji Roth, ya kara da cewa: "Na biyu, na ci gaba da damuwa game da 'yancin ilimi. Bisa la'akari da shekaru 30 na jagorancin Human Rights Watch, na iya haskaka wani haske mai zurfi game da shawarar Dean Elmendorf, amma wasu kuma fa? Matsalar mutanen da aka hukunta saboda sukar Isra'ila ba ta iyakance ga ni kadai ba. "<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 19, 2023 |title=Harvard reverses decision on role for Israel critic after outcry |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2023/jan/19/harvard-kenneth-roth-fellowship-israel-criticism |website=the Guardian}}</ref> A cikin kaka na 2023, Roth ya shiga Makarantar Jama'a da Harkokin Duniya ta Princeton a matsayin malami da Charles da Marie Robertson Farfesa Ziyarci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-27 |title=Behind The Research: Kenneth Roth Champions Universal Human Rights |url=https://paw.princeton.edu/article/behind-research-kenneth-roth-champions-universal-human-rights |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Princeton Alumni Weekly |language=en |archive-date=2024-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329151119/https://paw.princeton.edu/article/behind-research-kenneth-roth-champions-universal-human-rights |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ƙin shiga Masar da China == A cikin 2014, gwamnatin Masar ta hana Roth shiga kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-11 |title=Egypt: Human Rights Watch Delegation Refused Entry |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/08/11/egypt-human-rights-watch-delegation-refused-entry |access-date=2021-04-01 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> Ya je Masar ne domin fitar da rahoto kan kisan gillar da gwamnatinta ta yi a Rabaa a watan Agustan 2013 kan masu zanga-zanga 817. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-12 |title=All According to Plan |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2014/08/12/all-according-plan/raba-massacre-and-mass-killings-protesters-egypt |access-date=2021-04-01 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, kasar Sin ta ba da sanarwar takunkumi da ba a bayyana ba a kan HRW da sauran kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da yawa saboda alaƙa da ƙungiyar dimokuradiyya ta [[Hong Kong]]. A watan Janairun 2020, Roth ya ce an hana shi shiga Hong Kong. Yana shirin kaddamar da Rahoton Duniya na kungiyar, wanda ke da wata kasida da ke cewa kasar Sin tana da barazana ga haƙƙin ɗan adam a duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-25 |title=World Report 2020 |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2020 |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-03 |title=World Report 2020: Rights Trends in China's Global Threat to Human Rights |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2020/country-chapters/global |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> Geng Shuang, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen kasar Sin, ya shaidawa manema labarai cewa, ba zai karanta rahoton ba, yana mai zargin kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch da murguda gaskiya, yana mai da'awar cewa yanayin hakkin dan Adam na kasar Sin shi ne "mafi kyawu a tarihi". == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120504073030/http://china.hrw.org/profile/kenneth_roth Tarihin HRW na hukuma na Kenneth Roth] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130430171301/http://www.sandiego.edu/peacestudies/institutes/ipj/programs/distinguished_lecture_series/biographies/kenneth_roth.php Rubutun lacca da bidiyon jawabin Roth a Cibiyar Joan B. Kroc don Zaman Lafiya da Adalci a Jami'ar San Diego, Satumba 2007] * Appearancesa kanC-SPAN [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] 2remft0614ff5py75wk0lowt5zob70j 0 113830 906264 698749 2026-08-22T16:07:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906264 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Kogon Salemas''' yana kusa da ƙauyen Lousa a cikin gundumar Loures a gundumar Lisbon ta [[Portugal]] . Masu binciken kayan tarihi sun gano a cikin shekarun 1950, kogon ya bayyana cewa mutane sun mamaye kogon a matsayin mafaka na wucin gadi yayin [[Upper Paleolithic]] kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman kabari a lokacin Neolithic . <ref name="Megalithic">{{Cite web |title=Gruta de Salemas |url=https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=36276 |access-date=1 May 2019 |website=Megalithic Portal }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Fayil:CaveSalemas5.jpg|thumb|Dutsen farar ƙasa inda aka sami Kogon Salemas]] [[Fayil:CaveSalemas6.jpg|left|thumb|Kogon Salema daga kofar shiga]] Kogon ya kasance a cikin wani dutsen dutsen ƙasa na Cretaceous, kogon yana da nisan mil 100 daga arewacin dolmen Neolithic da aka sani da Anta do Alto da Toupeira . Kogon mafita ne kuma yana kunshe da wata tuggu mai jujjuyawa mai tsayin mita 30 da fadin mita daya. Ko da yake ba shi da banbanci a yankin, shi ne kogon da ya fi ci gaba, ta fuskar girma da zurfinsa. An fara gano shi a cikin Satumba 1959 ta L. Albuquerque e Castro sannan kuma wata ƙungiya daga Cibiyar Nazarin Geological ta Portugal ta hako ta, wanda O. de Veiga Ferreira, José Camarate Andrade França da Georges Zbyszewski ke jagoranta, yayin tono biyu a cikin Nuwamba 1959 da kuma a cikin Oktoba- Disamba <ref name="Megalithic"/> <ref name="Cardoso">{{Cite journal |last=Cardoso |first=João Luís |last2=Gomes |first2=Mário Varela |date=1994 |title=Zagaias do Paleolítico Superior de Portugal |url=https://www.academia.edu/9509215/Zagaias_do_Paleol%C3%ADtico_Superior_de_Portugal |journal=Portugalia |volume=15 |pages=16-19 |access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref> <ref name="Jaime">{{Cite web |last=Cerezo |first=Jaime |title=Gruta de Salemas (Loures) |url=https://jaimecerezo.com/2017/02/10/gruta-de-salemas-loures/ |access-date=1 May 2019 |website=Blog de Jaime Cerezo}}</ref> Manyan matakan da aka tono sun ƙunshi kayan Neolithic, kamar kayan yumbu, tare da ƙasusuwan ɗan adam daidai da kasancewar [[necropolis]] da ƙasusuwan ƙananan dabbobi. Kayan aikin da aka samu kaɗan sun nuna cewa kogon bai taɓa zama wurin zama na dindindin ga mutane ba. Ƙananan matakan sun ƙunshi shaidar [[Solutrean]] [[Stone tool|lithic]] kayan aikin kashi da kayan tarihi na Upper Paleolithic, tare da ƙasusuwan dabbobi daban-daban. Akwai shaida cewa an cire wasu daga cikin matakan Paleolithic a wani ɓangare na kogon a lokacin Neolithic don yin hanya don necropolis. Kasusuwan dabbar da aka gano sun hada da na [[Brown bear|beraye masu launin ruwan kasa]] ( ''Ursus arctos'' ) da [[Cave bear|kogon kogo]] ( ''Ursus spelaeus'' ); [[damisa]] ( ''Felis pardus'' ) da kuma [[Iberian lynx]] ( ''Felis pardina'' ); [[Kura (dabba)|kuraye]] ; kyarkeci; da dawakai. <ref name="Cardoso2">{{Cite journal |last=Cardoso |first=João Luís |last2=Gomes |first2=Mário Varela |date=1994 |title=Zagaias do Paleolítico Superior de Portugal |url=https://www.academia.edu/9509215/Zagaias_do_Paleol%C3%ADtico_Superior_de_Portugal |journal=Portugalia |volume=15 |pages=16-19 |access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref> <ref name="Jaime2">{{Cite web |last=Cerezo |first=Jaime |title=Gruta de Salemas (Loures) |url=https://jaimecerezo.com/2017/02/10/gruta-de-salemas-loures/ |access-date=1 May 2019 |website=Blog de Jaime Cerezo}}</ref> Ana adana abubuwan da aka tattara a Gidan Tarihi na Geological na [[Lisbon]] ( ''Museu Geológico'' ). Haɗin gwiwar carbon yana sanya kwanakin ƙasusuwan ɗan adam da hakori daga Paleolithic kamar yadda ya kasance daga kusan shekaru 25,000 zuwa 20,000 da suka gabata. <ref name="Megalithic"/> == Manazarta == 62bmb5useb4fio49p1uwuk88l661cp4 0 113835 906339 701972 2026-08-22T22:03:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 8 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906339 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Kogon Tsoro''' wani wurin binciken kayan tarihi [[Pre-Columbian era|ne kafin Columbia]] wanda ke cikin jihar Coahuila a arewacin [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] . An shagaltar da shi a lokuta da yawa a lokacin zamanin Archaic ta hanyar abin da ake ganin ƙungiyoyin mafarauta ne na makiyaya kuma shine muhimmin tushen shaidar archaeological game da tsohuwar al'adar hamada ta tsaunukan tsakiyar Mexico. == Dubawa == Ana zaune a cikin Saliyo Madre Oriental a Arewacin Aid Zone na [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]], Kogon mai ban tsoro yana kewaye da hamada. Wurin ya kasance "yawan bushewa sosai kuma ruwan sama ba zai iya dogara da noma ba," ko da yake ana iya samun tsire-tsire masu cin abinci kuma an rufe tsaunuka a cikin kurmin Pine da itacen oak. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Coahuila Geography |url=http://www.explorandomexico.com/state/7/Coahuila/geography/ |publisher=Explorando Mexico}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyi da yawa suna da alama sun zauna a yankin Coahuila duk da wannan yanayi mara kyau, amma ba sa yin [[Noma|aikin noma]] . An gano al'adun hamada na farko da aka fara a nan a zamanin Archaic a matsayin daya daga cikin tushen al'adun Mesoamerican daga baya, kuma ya dade har zuwa karni na 19 a tsakanin 'yan asalin yankin Babban Basin (kamar Paiute da Shoshone ) da kuma tsakanin wasu 'yan asalin yankin Arewacin Arid na Mexico (kamar Seri ). == Ganowa da tonowa == Masanin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi Walter W. Taylor ya tona wurare da yawa a Arewacin [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] da Kudancin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], yana mai da hankali kan Coahuila a cikin 1950s da 1960s. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Euler |first=Robert C. |date=September 1997 |title=Walter Willard Taylor, Jr. 1913–1997 |url=http://www.saa.org/Portals/0/SAA/publications/SAAbulletin/15-4/SAA15.html |journal=SAA Bulletin |publisher=[[Society for American Archaeology]] |volume=15 |issue=4 |access-date=2011-09-30}}</ref> Haɗin rediyo-carbon yana sanya kayan tarihi masu ban tsoro a tsakanin kusan shekaru 7,500 KZ da 185 CE . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=Walter W. |author-link=Walter W. Taylor |year=1972 |title=The Hunter-Gatherer Nomads of Northern Mexico: A Comparison of the Archival and Records |url=http://www.desertfishes.org/cuatroc/literature/pdf/Taylor_1972_Hunter-gatherer_nomads.pdf |journal=World Archaeology |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=170 |doi=10.1080/00438243.1972.9979530 |access-date=October 1, 2011 |archive-date=December 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221234337/http://www.desertfishes.org/cuatroc/literature/pdf/Taylor_1972_Hunter-gatherer_nomads.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Jerin abubuwa da kayan tarihi === * Sama da sandal fiber 950, haɗin fiber <ref name="desertfishes">{{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=Walter W. |author-link=Walter W. Taylor |year=1972 |title=The Hunter-Gatherer Nomads of Northern Mexico: A Comparison of the Archival and Records |url=http://www.desertfishes.org/cuatroc/literature/pdf/Taylor_1972_Hunter-gatherer_nomads.pdf |journal=World Archaeology |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=171 |doi=10.1080/00438243.1972.9979530 |access-date=October 1, 2011 |archive-date=December 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221234337/http://www.desertfishes.org/cuatroc/literature/pdf/Taylor_1972_Hunter-gatherer_nomads.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Sandal na fata guda ɗaya, ƙunƙun fiber <ref name="desertfishes" /> * Cikakkun rigar fiber guda ɗaya, haɗin fata <ref name="desertfishes" /> * Daban-daban na yadudduka, fiber, fata, furs, fuka-fukan <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=Walter W. |author-link=Walter W. Taylor |year=1972 |title=The Hunter-Gatherer Nomads of Northern Mexico: A Comparison of the Archival and Records |url=http://www.desertfishes.org/cuatroc/literature/pdf/Taylor_1972_Hunter-gatherer_nomads.pdf |journal=World Archaeology |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=171, 175 |doi=10.1080/00438243.1972.9979530 |access-date=October 1, 2011 |archive-date=December 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221234337/http://www.desertfishes.org/cuatroc/literature/pdf/Taylor_1972_Hunter-gatherer_nomads.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Da yawa caches na mesquite wake a cikin plaited-matting jakunkuna <ref name="desertfishes_a">{{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=Walter W. |author-link=Walter W. Taylor |year=1972 |title=The Hunter-Gatherer Nomads of Northern Mexico: A Comparison of the Archival and Records |url=http://www.desertfishes.org/cuatroc/literature/pdf/Taylor_1972_Hunter-gatherer_nomads.pdf |journal=World Archaeology |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=173 |doi=10.1080/00438243.1972.9979530 |access-date=October 1, 2011 |archive-date=December 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221234337/http://www.desertfishes.org/cuatroc/literature/pdf/Taylor_1972_Hunter-gatherer_nomads.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Sama da 22,000 maguey 'quids' <ref name="desertfishes_a" /> * Abubuwa biyu, Taylor ya rarraba su azaman rasps na kiɗa <ref name="desertfishes_e">{{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=Walter W. |author-link=Walter W. Taylor |year=1972 |title=The Hunter-Gatherer Nomads of Northern Mexico: A Comparison of the Archival and Records |url=http://www.desertfishes.org/cuatroc/literature/pdf/Taylor_1972_Hunter-gatherer_nomads.pdf |journal=World Archaeology |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=174 |doi=10.1080/00438243.1972.9979530 |access-date=October 1, 2011 |archive-date=December 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221234337/http://www.desertfishes.org/cuatroc/literature/pdf/Taylor_1972_Hunter-gatherer_nomads.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> * “Yawancin faɗuwar pear, an raba buɗaɗɗe tare da ‘buɗaɗɗen gefen’ ɗinki tare don yin akwati mai wucewa” <ref name="desertfishes_b">{{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=Walter W. |author-link=Walter W. Taylor |year=1972 |title=The Hunter-Gatherer Nomads of Northern Mexico: A Comparison of the Archival and Records |url=http://www.desertfishes.org/cuatroc/literature/pdf/Taylor_1972_Hunter-gatherer_nomads.pdf |journal=World Archaeology |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=175 |doi=10.1080/00438243.1972.9979530 |access-date=October 1, 2011 |archive-date=December 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221234337/http://www.desertfishes.org/cuatroc/literature/pdf/Taylor_1972_Hunter-gatherer_nomads.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Jakunkuna da yawa na tsaba [[Aesculus arguta|na buckeye Texas]], da wake mescal, dukansu suna da halayen narcotic <ref name="desertfishes_b" /> * guda 1,195 na murɗaɗɗen igiya <ref name="desertfishes_b" /> * Kwallaye daban-daban na gashin mutum <ref name="desertfishes_c">{{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=Walter W. |author-link=Walter W. Taylor |year=1972 |title=The Hunter-Gatherer Nomads of Northern Mexico: A Comparison of the Archival and Records |url=http://www.desertfishes.org/cuatroc/literature/pdf/Taylor_1972_Hunter-gatherer_nomads.pdf |journal=World Archaeology |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=176 |doi=10.1080/00438243.1972.9979530 |access-date=October 1, 2011 |archive-date=December 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221234337/http://www.desertfishes.org/cuatroc/literature/pdf/Taylor_1972_Hunter-gatherer_nomads.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Ragowar wata tsohuwa, sanye da riga da takalmi , an nannade da tabarma An samo duk abubuwa a cikin nau'i uku, tare da wasu abubuwa na musamman ga kowane. Misali, yayin da aka sami sandal a kowane matakin, an sami gashin gashi ne kawai a cikin madaidaicin farko. <ref name="desertfishes_c"/> An gano benaye da aka shirya a farkon matakai biyu na kogon, waɗanda aka halicce su ta hanyar "kawo cikin ƙasa wanda ruwa ya haɗa shi kuma mai yiwuwa ya shafe." <ref name="desertfishes"/> Ko da yake na bakin ciki, sun yi aiki da aikin sassaukar da benen kogon . Ga alama an rarraba wuraren murhu ba da gangan ba. <ref name="desertfishes_d">{{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=Walter W. |author-link=Walter W. Taylor |year=1972 |title=The Hunter-Gatherer Nomads of Northern Mexico: A Comparison of the Archival and Records |url=http://www.desertfishes.org/cuatroc/literature/pdf/Taylor_1972_Hunter-gatherer_nomads.pdf |journal=World Archaeology |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=172 |doi=10.1080/00438243.1972.9979530 |access-date=October 1, 2011 |archive-date=December 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221234337/http://www.desertfishes.org/cuatroc/literature/pdf/Taylor_1972_Hunter-gatherer_nomads.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ko da yake an same su a cikin wasu kogo da yawa a yankin, Taylor ya ba da rahoton cewa babu wasu sassan kibiya da aka samu a cikin Frightful Cave, "waɗanda aikinsu ya yi da wuri." <ref name="desertfishes_e"/> == Nazarin Anthropological == A cikin kogon Frightful, kwatancen nau'ikan mabambantan sun ba da damar yin nazari na ɗan lokaci na mazauna kogon, yayin da kwatancen sauran kogon da ke yankin ya ba da damar yin nazarin sararin samaniya. A sarari, an gano cewa akwai yuwuwar yin musayar [[Al'ada|al'adu]] tsakanin [[Bararoji|ƙungiyoyin makiyaya]] daban-daban a cikin rukunin Coahuila da kuma yankuna na kusa. An kuma lura da yanayin zamani, wanda ke nuna maimaita aikin ƙungiyoyi masu kama da [[Al'ada|al'adu]] tare da haɓaka ayyukan [[Al'ada|al'adu]] . Musamman, canje-canje a cikin amfani da sararin samaniya a cikin [[kogo|kogon]] yana ba da shawarar canza salon rayuwa. [[Walter W. Taylor|Taylor]] ya lura cewa yayin da kasan [[Stratum|benaye]] guda biyu suna da benaye, ƙananan matakan bat guano kuma suna nuna "ƙaƙƙarfan hali na saka takalma a cikin mafi nisa na kogon," a cikin ɓangaren baya ba a shirya wani bene ba, an sami ƙarin [[Guano|jemagu]], kuma an ajiye [[Sandal|takalma]] a tsakiyar [[kogo|kogon]] . <ref name="sciencedirect2">{{Cite journal |last=Hudson |first=Corey M. |year=2008 |title=Walter Taylor and the History of American Archaeology |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=192–200 |doi=10.1016/j.jaa.2008.02.001}}</ref> Ana tunanin waɗannan dabi'un suna nuna canje-canjen ƙungiyoyi na tsawon lokacin zama, daga "mafi yawa ko žasa a cikin ƙananan matakan" zuwa "ƙara da raguwa a cikin manyan matakan," tun da ya bayyana cewa an yi ƙoƙari kaɗan don kiyaye sararin samaniya mai tsabta. <ref name="sciencedirect2" /> Canje-canje na wannan yanayin zai zama ma'ana idan ƙungiyoyin sun daina yin dogon lokaci a cikin [[kogo|kogon]] . An danganta wannan ci gaban da wani sanannen [[Ƙididdigar bushewa|karuwa na rashin ruwa]] a yankin <ref name="sciencedirect2" /> wanda zai iya haifar da sabon rarraba [[Abinci|kayan abinci]] . Muhawarar sauya [[Human migration|ƙaura]] bisa sabbin salon rayuwa abu ne mai ƙarfi, domin ƙungiyoyin da ke cikin [[Desert culture|al'adar hamada]] an yi imanin cewa [[Bararoji|makiyaya]] ne da za su zauna a yankuna daban-daban yayin da kayan abinci na gida suka samu. Shafer ya yi la'akari da cewa Tsoron Cave na iya kasancewa wani ɓangare na zagaye na yanayi da waɗannan [[Hunter-gatherer|ƙungiyoyin mafarauta]] suka yi, wanda, tare da sauran [[kogo]] a yankin, da an zauna daga [[Spring (season)|bazara]] zuwa farkon [[bazara|lokacin rani]], "lokacin da abinci irin su furanni, kwararan fitila, 'ya'yan itatuwa da plums ke samuwa." Hakazalika, [[Walter W. Taylor|Taylor]] ya ba da damar samun ruwa don zama madaidaicin yanayin [[Human migration|ƙaura]] na ƙungiyoyi, <ref name="sciencedirect2" /> ma'ana za a iya ƙididdige sauye-sauyen ta ta hanyar ƙara ƙazanta. Canje-canje a salo da ginin [[Sandal|sandal ɗin]] [[Radio-carbon dating|da aka yi amfani da su na zamani]] sun kuma ba da shawarar dakatar da al'adu a cikin aikin Kogon Frightful. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Turpin |first=Solveig A. |title=Walking the line: A Preliminary Sandal Chronology from Coahuila and Southwestern Texas |url=http://www.coahuilense.org/modules/pdf/sandals.pdf |journal=Journal of Big Bend Studies |issue=15 |pages=27–33 |access-date=2011-09-30 |archive-date=2012-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425225834/http://www.coahuilense.org/modules/pdf/sandals.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kusan babu wata shaida game da rayuwar [[addini]] ko [[Art|fasaha]] ta al'adun mazaunan Kogon Tsoro, ban da kasancewar gashin ɗan adam da aka samu a bayan kogon a farkon ɓangarorin farko. <ref name="desertfishes_c"/> Ga alama an yanke su "a lokaci-lokaci na kusan wata ɗaya" bisa ga yankewar ƙarshensu da tsayinsu. <ref name="desertfishes_c" /> Shaidar adana bayanai sun nuna cewa wannan na iya zama al'adar makoki, amma ba a fayyace manufar irin wannan al'adar sarrafa gashi ba. <ref name="desertfishes_c" /> == Manazarta == dx6udbdzxz7xd9rwat8rnrl0lxr5ma1 0 115455 906432 733345 2026-08-23T05:12:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906432 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" |+ class="infobox-title" id="4" style="font-size: 125%;" |Ma'aikatar Noma da Ci gaban Dabbobi <ref name="Ministry"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="365">[http://www.moald.gov.np/post/historical-background "कृषि, भूमि व्यवस्था तथा सहकारी मन्त्रालय - पृष्ठभूमि"]{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (in Nepali). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="366">Government of Nepal<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="367"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2018</span>.</span></cite></ref> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Emblem_of_Nepal_(alternative).svg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">[[Emblem of Nepal|Alamar Nepal]]</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef" |Bayani na hukumar |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An kafa shi | class="infobox-data" |1952 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ikon iko | class="infobox-data" |[[Government of Nepal|Gwamnatin Nepal]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ministan da ke da alhakin | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * Ram Nath Adhikari, Minista Mai Girma </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Shugabannin hukumar | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * Dokta Deepak Kumar Kharel, Sakatare (Ci gaban Aikin Gona) * Dokta Rajendra Prasad Mishra, Sakatare (Livestock Development) </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Shafin yanar gizo | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[http://www.moald.gov.np/ www.moald.gov.np] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909074941/https://moald.gov.np/ |date=2025-09-09 }}</span> |}   Ma'aikatar Noma da Ci gaban Dabbobi wata ƙungiya ce ta gwamnati ta Nepal da ke da alhakin haɓaka da haɓaka fannin noma a cikin ƙasar.[1] Kananan hukumomi kowanne yana da ofishin bunkasa noma (DADO). Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona da Ci gaban Dabbobi ita ce babbar ƙungiyar gwamnatin Nepal don kula da aikin gona da filayen da ke da alaƙa.[2] Ministan noma da kiwo na yanzu shine Ram Nath Adhikari. == Tarihin Ma'aikatar == Gwamnatin Nepal ta kafa farkon wannan ma'aikatar, Ma'aikatun Aikin Gona, a cikin 1952, ta rushe ''Majalisar Aikin Gona'', wanda shine mafi girman hukumar mulki har zuwa wannan lokacin. A shekara ta 1974, an haɓaka sashen zuwa ma'aikatar kuma an haɗa fayil ɗin ban ''Ruwa'' wanda ya haifar da Ma'aikatun Aikin Gona da ban ruwa. Bayan ci gaba da sake fasalin, an kafa Ma'aikatar Ruwa daban. A cikin 1991 ne Gwamnati ta yanke shawarar karfafa hadin gwiwa a duk faɗin Nepal kuma tsakanin 1999 zuwa 2001, an kira ma'aikatar Ma'aikatun Aikin Gona da hadin gwiwa. Lokacin da aka sake fitar da fayil ɗin hadin gwiwa, an san ma'aikatar da aka samu a ƙarƙashin sunayen Ma'aikatun Aikin Gona ko Ma'aikatu na Ci gaban Aikin Goma dangane da gwamnatin yanzu. A cikin 2018, a karkashin majalisar Oli ta biyu, an faɗaɗa fayil ɗin ma'aikatar kuma an kara fayil ɗin ''Gudanar da Ƙasa'' ga Ma'aikatun Ci gaban Aikin Gona na lokacin kuma an mayar da fayil ɗin ''Kungiyoyin hadin gwiwa'' ga ma'aikalin, yayin da aka dakatar da Ma'aikatu na Gyara da Gudanarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government restructuring its ministries |url=http://www.myrepublica.com/news/37259/ |access-date=20 March 2018 |publisher=República}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2018, an sake daidaita fayil ɗin ma'aikatar, saboda fadada majalisar ministoci, an sake buɗe Ma'aikatun Gudanar da Ƙasa, Kungiyoyi da Rage Talauci yayin da aka canza fayil ɗin da ke da alaƙa da aikin gona zuwa Ma'aikatu na Aikin Gona da Ci gaban Dabbobi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM expands Cabinet |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-08-04/pm-expands-cabinet.html |access-date=3 August 2018 |publisher=The Kathmandu Post}}</ref> == Ƙungiya == * Kamfanin Abinci na Nepal * Kamfanin Cinikin Gishiri == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 5gjqzn2ude93p8hnconlsk0i7xvg7dy 0 117309 906242 718567 2026-08-22T14:33:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   A ranar 26 ga Mayu, 2020, sama da mutane saba'in da hudu ne aka kashe a wasu hare-hare a kauyukan karamar hukumar [[Sabon Birni]] a [[Sokoto (jiha)|jihar Sokoto]], Najeriya. Hare-haren dai wani gangami ne na ramuwar gayya da aka kaiwa Garki, kuma ya biyo bayan kisan gillar da wasu ‘yan bindiga suka yi wa fararen hula goma sha tara a Sabon Birni mako guda da ya gabata. == Tarihi == 'Yan fashi sun lalata [[Sokoto (jiha)|Jihar Sokoto]] da sauran sassan Najeriya na tsawon shekaru, gami da yawancin yankunan [[Hausawa|Hausa]] na kasar. Wadannan rikice-rikicen 'yan fashi suna da kabilanci, tare da [[Fulani Makiyaya|Makiyaya na Fulani]] da ke samar da babban ɓangare na' yan fashi kuma wani lokacin ƙungiyoyin jihadi da kungiyoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Hausa waɗanda manoma ne. 'Yan fashi na Fulani galibi suna jin an ware su daga gwamnatin Najeriya tare da sake fasalin ƙasa wanda ke rage rayuwarsu. Kowace daga cikin unguwanni goma sha ɗaya na Sabon Birni tana da yankuna a ƙarƙashin ikon 'yan fashi.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2020-05-29 |title=Sokoto: 'Over 270 persons killed in 20 deadly attacks' |url=https://dailytrust.com/how-bandits-killed-over-70-in-sokoto/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref> Makon daya kafin kisan kiyashi na Sabon Birni, gwamnan Jihar Sokoto [[Aminu Waziri Tambuwal|Aminu Tambuwal]] ya zo LGA don nuna ta'aziyya ga kisan kiyashin da 'yan fashi suka yi wanda ya kashe mutane goma sha tara. Ya kuma yi magana da jami'an tsaro kan yadda za a karfafa yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bandits attack kills 'many' in NW Nigeria: Governor |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/bandits-attack-kills-many-in-nw-nigeria-governor/1856542 |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga watan Mayu, 'yan sanda a ƙauyen Garki a Sabon Birni LGA sun kashe' yan fashi biyu. Wadanda suka tsira daga kisan kiyashi sun bayyana cewa mazauna sun san 'yan fashi da ke shirin kai hare-hare kan Garki, kuma sun kira' yan sanda nan da nan. 'Yan sanda na Najeriya ba su dauki wani mataki ba kafin kisan kiyashi.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Grace |first=Ihesuilo |date=May 30, 2020 |title=Sokoto: How bandits attacked us- Sabon Birni residents |url=https://dailytimesng.com/sokoto-how-bandits-attacked-us-sabon-birni-residents/ |access-date=March 4, 2024 |website=Daily Times}}</ref> Kafin harin, 'yan fashi sun nemi taimako daga mazauna garin Isa da Bafarawa a Sokoto da Maradun a Jihar Zamfara.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Ibrahim |first=Aminu |date=2020-06-05 |title='Yan bindigan da suka kashe mutum 70 a Sokoto Fulani ne - Gobir |url=https://hausa.legit.ng/1336295-yan-bindigan-da-suka-kashe-mutum-70-a-sokoto-fulani-ne-gobir.html |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news. |language=ha}}</ref> == Kisan kiyashi == 'Yan fashi sun fara kamfen na tashin hankali a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa Garki. Wani jami'in 'yan sanda ya bayyana cewa tsakanin uku zuwa biyar da yamma, sashen ya karɓi kiran cewa kusan babura 150 tare da maza biyu a kowannensu suna tafiya ta ƙauyuka da yawa a kan hanyarsu zuwa Garki.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-05-29 |title=Sokoto: 'Over 270 persons killed in 20 deadly attacks' |url=https://dailytrust.com/how-bandits-killed-over-70-in-sokoto/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref> 'Yan fashi sun fito ne daga gandun daji na Issah, kusa da ƙauyuka. Garin farko da aka buga shi ne Dan a'dua, tare da akalla mutane goma sha uku da aka kashe kuma da yawa sun ɓace. Sai 'yan fashi suka kai hari ku Kuzari, suka kashe akalla mutane ashirin da biyar ciki har da imam na garin.<ref name=":2" /> A Kafi, an kashe mutane shida, a Katuma, an kashe mutum shida, kuma a Masawa, an kashe mmadụ biyar.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3"/> Wadanda suka tsira daga Garki sun bayyana cewa sun karbi kiran waya daga sauran ƙauyuka yayin hare-haren da ke gargadi su game da abin da ke faruwa.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/395162-how-sokoto-attacks-in-which-dozens-died-happened-residents.html?tztc=1 |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=www.premiumtimesng.com}}</ref> Garin da ya fi muni shi ne Garki. 'Yan fashi sun kewaye ƙauyen da farko, kuma sun harbe duk wanda za su iya.<ref name=":1"/> Wani wanda ya tsira ya lura cewa ba kamar hare-haren da suka gabata ba, 'yan fashi ba su sace komai a wannan lokacin ba, maimakon haka kawai suna harbi mutane.<ref name=":1" /> Akalla mutane ashirin da biyar ne aka kashe a kisan kiyashi na Garki.<ref name=":5"/> == Sakamakon haka == Akalla mutane saba'in da hudu ne suka mutu a cikin kisan kiyashi, kuma wasu da yawa sun ji rauni.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tauna |first=Amos |date=2020-05-28 |title=ACF laments attacks on communities in Sokoto |url=https://dailypost.ng/2020/05/28/acf-laments-attacks-on-communities-in-sokoto/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> Daruruwan wadanda suka tsira daga Garki da sauran ƙauyuka sun gudu zuwa Sabon Birni, babban birnin LGA, suna neman aminci da mafaka.<ref name=":5"/> 'Yan gudun hijira da yawa suna barci a kan tituna.<ref name=":3"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Displaced Persons In Sokoto Roam Streets Of Sabon Birni After Deadly Attack {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2020/05/29/displaced-persons-sokoto-roam-streets-sabon-birni-after-deadly-attack?o1gl.edu.cn |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref> Sauran 'yan gudun hijira sun gudu zuwa [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muhammad |first=Idris |date=2020-06-02 |title=Grief-Stricken Anxiety of Neighboring Communities of Sabon Birni |url=https://humanglemedia.com/grief-stricken-anxiety-of-neighboring-communities-of-sabon-birni/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=HumAngle |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305003508/https://humanglemedia.com/grief-stricken-anxiety-of-neighboring-communities-of-sabon-birni/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kungiyar masu fafutuka ta Coalition of Concerned Sokoto Citizens ta bayyana cewa yankin yana zama mai rikici yayin da kungiyoyin 'yan fashi daga [[Katsina (jiha)|Jihar Katsina]] da [[Zamfara|Jihar Zamfara]] suka yi ƙaura zuwa Sokoto. Sabon Birni LGA, a kan iyaka da Nijar, ya zama babban wurin tashin hankali saboda waɗannan ƙaura.<ref name=":5" /> Wani mazaunin Garki ya gano 'yan fashi a matsayin wadanda suka kai hari kauyukan Gangara, 'Yar Bulutu, da Garin Buture da ke kusa da LGA. <ref name=":1"/> Wani kyaftin din' yan sanda a yankin ya bayyana cewa babu isasshen albarkatu don kare LGA daga' yan fashi. Ya kuma bayyana cewa yayin da mazauna suka ba da rahoton hare-hare ga 'yan sanda, hare-haren ramuwar gayya za su faru kafin' yan sanda su sami damar amsawa.<ref name=":4"/> Ya kuma zargi 'yan fashi na Fulani waɗanda ba makiyaya ba ne da kai harin saboda maharan da ke magana da [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]].<ref name=":4" /> Wani hari na biyu ya kai ga Gatawa, wani kauye da ke sa ran kai hare-hare, a ranar 30 ga watan Mayu inda ya kashe mutane hudu, ya ji rauni da yawa, kuma ya sace mutane da yawa.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Muhammad |first=Idris |date=2020-06-02 |title=Grief-Stricken Anxiety of Neighboring Communities of Sabon Birni |url=https://humanglemedia.com/grief-stricken-anxiety-of-neighboring-communities-of-sabon-birni/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=HumAngle |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305003508/https://humanglemedia.com/grief-stricken-anxiety-of-neighboring-communities-of-sabon-birni/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sultan [[Alhaji Muhammad Saadu Abubakar III]] ya bukaci gwamnan Sokoto da ya kare yankin.<ref name=":6" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:2020 Kashe-kashe a Najeriya]] 3jl5a58uprza5zfsror2mce9s1agp6p 0 117329 906479 873683 2026-08-23T10:38:59Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* */ Inganta shafi 906479 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://labaranyau.com/full-biography-of-garzali-miko-education-net-worth/ |title=Full Biography Of Garzali Miko |website=Labaranyau |accessdate=30 September 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tarihin rayuwa da ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, karamar hukumar Taura, jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Bayanai kan makarantu da karatunsa ana samo su ne daga hira da bayanan da aka tattara a shafukan yanar gizo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://labaranyau.com/full-biography-of-garzali-miko-education-net-worth/ |title=Full Biography Of Garzali Miko |website=Labaranyau |accessdate=30 September 2025 |archive-date=18 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250618114050/https://labaranyau.com/full-biography-of-garzali-miko-education-net-worth/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Ayyukan fim== Garzali ya fara aiki a bangaren fasaha na fim, musamman a sashen wakkah da haske (Camera and Electrical Department), kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da aka samu sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. A wasu ayyukan an samu shi ne a matsayin lighting technician da kuma gaffer kafin ya sami matsayi na gaba a fagen wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Ayyukan kiɗa da Waƙa== A matsayin mawaki, Garzali Miko ya saki wakoki da dama cikin salon Hausa da Afrobeat. Daga cikin wakokinsa masu shahara akwai "Farar Zuma", "Rayuwar Masoya", "Soyayya", "Sautin Amarya", da "FATIMA". Ana samun wakokinsa a tashoshin dijital kamar Apple Music, YouTube da sauran dandamali na kiɗa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/artist/garzali-miko/1530869766 |title=Garzali Miko – Apple Music |website=Apple Music |accessdate=30 September 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tasiri da shahara== Garzali ya tara mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta, musamman tashar YouTube da Instagram inda yake wallafa bidiyon wakoki, hira da kuma tallata ayyukansa. A matsayin mawaki mai amfani da salon Afrobeat/Hausa, ya samu karɓuwa musamman daga masu sauraro a arewacin Najeriya da ma wasu sassan Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Zababbun wakoki (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Farar Zuma. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/farar-zuma-single/1533705289 |title=Farar Zuma – Apple Music |website=Apple Music |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rayuwar Masoya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Rayuwar Masoya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Soyayya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Soyayya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Fina-finai (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Dan Marayan Zaki (aikin lighting technician). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt26453302/fullcredits/ |title=Dan Marayan Zaki (full credits) |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Halacci (credit a sashen fasaha). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rariya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Hanyoyin sadarwa da tashoshi a yanar gizo== * Tashar YouTube: Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko – YouTube channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Instagram: @garzalimiko. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tushen bayanai== <references/> 4k63sdh3zpkdasdzlwjaeup8mqlkyh9 906480 906479 2026-08-23T10:39:41Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* */ Share manazarta marar tushe 906480 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Tarihin rayuwa da ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, karamar hukumar Taura, jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Bayanai kan makarantu da karatunsa ana samo su ne daga hira da bayanan da aka tattara a shafukan yanar gizo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://labaranyau.com/full-biography-of-garzali-miko-education-net-worth/ |title=Full Biography Of Garzali Miko |website=Labaranyau |accessdate=30 September 2025 |archive-date=18 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250618114050/https://labaranyau.com/full-biography-of-garzali-miko-education-net-worth/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Ayyukan fim== Garzali ya fara aiki a bangaren fasaha na fim, musamman a sashen wakkah da haske (Camera and Electrical Department), kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da aka samu sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. A wasu ayyukan an samu shi ne a matsayin lighting technician da kuma gaffer kafin ya sami matsayi na gaba a fagen wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Ayyukan kiɗa da Waƙa== A matsayin mawaki, Garzali Miko ya saki wakoki da dama cikin salon Hausa da Afrobeat. Daga cikin wakokinsa masu shahara akwai "Farar Zuma", "Rayuwar Masoya", "Soyayya", "Sautin Amarya", da "FATIMA". Ana samun wakokinsa a tashoshin dijital kamar Apple Music, YouTube da sauran dandamali na kiɗa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/artist/garzali-miko/1530869766 |title=Garzali Miko – Apple Music |website=Apple Music |accessdate=30 September 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tasiri da shahara== Garzali ya tara mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta, musamman tashar YouTube da Instagram inda yake wallafa bidiyon wakoki, hira da kuma tallata ayyukansa. A matsayin mawaki mai amfani da salon Afrobeat/Hausa, ya samu karɓuwa musamman daga masu sauraro a arewacin Najeriya da ma wasu sassan Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Zababbun wakoki (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Farar Zuma. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/farar-zuma-single/1533705289 |title=Farar Zuma – Apple Music |website=Apple Music |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rayuwar Masoya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Rayuwar Masoya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Soyayya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Soyayya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Fina-finai (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Dan Marayan Zaki (aikin lighting technician). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt26453302/fullcredits/ |title=Dan Marayan Zaki (full credits) |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Halacci (credit a sashen fasaha). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rariya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Hanyoyin sadarwa da tashoshi a yanar gizo== * Tashar YouTube: Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko – YouTube channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Instagram: @garzalimiko. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tushen bayanai== <references/> pdke3tj4wkpr807x0mniwdgwx0wa2k4 906481 906480 2026-08-23T10:40:10Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 906481 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, karamar hukumar Taura, jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Bayanai kan makarantu da karatunsa ana samo su ne daga hira da bayanan da aka tattara a shafukan yanar gizo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://labaranyau.com/full-biography-of-garzali-miko-education-net-worth/ |title=Full Biography Of Garzali Miko |website=Labaranyau |accessdate=30 September 2025 |archive-date=18 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250618114050/https://labaranyau.com/full-biography-of-garzali-miko-education-net-worth/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Ayyukan fim== Garzali ya fara aiki a bangaren fasaha na fim, musamman a sashen wakkah da haske (Camera and Electrical Department), kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da aka samu sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. A wasu ayyukan an samu shi ne a matsayin lighting technician da kuma gaffer kafin ya sami matsayi na gaba a fagen wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Ayyukan kiɗa da Waƙa== A matsayin mawaki, Garzali Miko ya saki wakoki da dama cikin salon Hausa da Afrobeat. Daga cikin wakokinsa masu shahara akwai "Farar Zuma", "Rayuwar Masoya", "Soyayya", "Sautin Amarya", da "FATIMA". Ana samun wakokinsa a tashoshin dijital kamar Apple Music, YouTube da sauran dandamali na kiɗa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/artist/garzali-miko/1530869766 |title=Garzali Miko – Apple Music |website=Apple Music |accessdate=30 September 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tasiri da shahara== Garzali ya tara mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta, musamman tashar YouTube da Instagram inda yake wallafa bidiyon wakoki, hira da kuma tallata ayyukansa. A matsayin mawaki mai amfani da salon Afrobeat/Hausa, ya samu karɓuwa musamman daga masu sauraro a arewacin Najeriya da ma wasu sassan Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Zababbun wakoki (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Farar Zuma. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/farar-zuma-single/1533705289 |title=Farar Zuma – Apple Music |website=Apple Music |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rayuwar Masoya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Rayuwar Masoya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Soyayya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Soyayya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Fina-finai (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Dan Marayan Zaki (aikin lighting technician). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt26453302/fullcredits/ |title=Dan Marayan Zaki (full credits) |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Halacci (credit a sashen fasaha). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rariya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Hanyoyin sadarwa da tashoshi a yanar gizo== * Tashar YouTube: Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko – YouTube channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Instagram: @garzalimiko. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tushen bayanai== <references/> i4k32ffg7ejixj2dxs6ajaj1c4vtkgx 906482 906481 2026-08-23T10:41:14Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Rayuwa da Ilimi */ 906482 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, karamar hukumar Taura, jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. ==Ayyukan fim== Garzali ya fara aiki a bangaren fasaha na fim, musamman a sashen wakkah da haske (Camera and Electrical Department), kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da aka samu sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. A wasu ayyukan an samu shi ne a matsayin lighting technician da kuma gaffer kafin ya sami matsayi na gaba a fagen wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Ayyukan kiɗa da Waƙa== A matsayin mawaki, Garzali Miko ya saki wakoki da dama cikin salon Hausa da Afrobeat. Daga cikin wakokinsa masu shahara akwai "Farar Zuma", "Rayuwar Masoya", "Soyayya", "Sautin Amarya", da "FATIMA". Ana samun wakokinsa a tashoshin dijital kamar Apple Music, YouTube da sauran dandamali na kiɗa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/artist/garzali-miko/1530869766 |title=Garzali Miko – Apple Music |website=Apple Music |accessdate=30 September 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tasiri da shahara== Garzali ya tara mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta, musamman tashar YouTube da Instagram inda yake wallafa bidiyon wakoki, hira da kuma tallata ayyukansa. A matsayin mawaki mai amfani da salon Afrobeat/Hausa, ya samu karɓuwa musamman daga masu sauraro a arewacin Najeriya da ma wasu sassan Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Zababbun wakoki (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Farar Zuma. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/farar-zuma-single/1533705289 |title=Farar Zuma – Apple Music |website=Apple Music |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rayuwar Masoya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Rayuwar Masoya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Soyayya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Soyayya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Fina-finai (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Dan Marayan Zaki (aikin lighting technician). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt26453302/fullcredits/ |title=Dan Marayan Zaki (full credits) |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Halacci (credit a sashen fasaha). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rariya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Hanyoyin sadarwa da tashoshi a yanar gizo== * Tashar YouTube: Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko – YouTube channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Instagram: @garzalimiko. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tushen bayanai== <references/> 5syxi7l1x8156f09uvzc8brvlulo7n1 906483 906482 2026-08-23T10:42:21Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Rayuwa da Ilimi */ 906483 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, karamar hukumar Taura, jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Yayi karatun firamare da sakandare duka a Kano har ila yau dai a cikin Kano yayi karatun aratun gaba da sakandare. ==Ayyukan fim== Garzali ya fara aiki a bangaren fasaha na fim, musamman a sashen wakkah da haske (Camera and Electrical Department), kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da aka samu sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. A wasu ayyukan an samu shi ne a matsayin lighting technician da kuma gaffer kafin ya sami matsayi na gaba a fagen wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Ayyukan kiɗa da Waƙa== A matsayin mawaki, Garzali Miko ya saki wakoki da dama cikin salon Hausa da Afrobeat. Daga cikin wakokinsa masu shahara akwai "Farar Zuma", "Rayuwar Masoya", "Soyayya", "Sautin Amarya", da "FATIMA". Ana samun wakokinsa a tashoshin dijital kamar Apple Music, YouTube da sauran dandamali na kiɗa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/artist/garzali-miko/1530869766 |title=Garzali Miko – Apple Music |website=Apple Music |accessdate=30 September 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tasiri da shahara== Garzali ya tara mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta, musamman tashar YouTube da Instagram inda yake wallafa bidiyon wakoki, hira da kuma tallata ayyukansa. A matsayin mawaki mai amfani da salon Afrobeat/Hausa, ya samu karɓuwa musamman daga masu sauraro a arewacin Najeriya da ma wasu sassan Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Zababbun wakoki (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Farar Zuma. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/farar-zuma-single/1533705289 |title=Farar Zuma – Apple Music |website=Apple Music |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rayuwar Masoya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Rayuwar Masoya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Soyayya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Soyayya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Fina-finai (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Dan Marayan Zaki (aikin lighting technician). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt26453302/fullcredits/ |title=Dan Marayan Zaki (full credits) |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Halacci (credit a sashen fasaha). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rariya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Hanyoyin sadarwa da tashoshi a yanar gizo== * Tashar YouTube: Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko – YouTube channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Instagram: @garzalimiko. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tushen bayanai== <references/> ts48se5uj4uewn7u4oj0qohr5muelec 906484 906483 2026-08-23T10:42:38Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 906484 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, karamar hukumar Taura, jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Yayi karatun firamare da sakandare duka a Kano har ila yau dai a cikin Kano yayi karatun aratun gaba da sakandare. ==Fina-finai== Garzali ya fara aiki a bangaren fasaha na fim, musamman a sashen wakkah da haske (Camera and Electrical Department), kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da aka samu sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. A wasu ayyukan an samu shi ne a matsayin lighting technician da kuma gaffer kafin ya sami matsayi na gaba a fagen wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Ayyukan kiɗa da Waƙa== A matsayin mawaki, Garzali Miko ya saki wakoki da dama cikin salon Hausa da Afrobeat. Daga cikin wakokinsa masu shahara akwai "Farar Zuma", "Rayuwar Masoya", "Soyayya", "Sautin Amarya", da "FATIMA". Ana samun wakokinsa a tashoshin dijital kamar Apple Music, YouTube da sauran dandamali na kiɗa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/artist/garzali-miko/1530869766 |title=Garzali Miko – Apple Music |website=Apple Music |accessdate=30 September 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tasiri da shahara== Garzali ya tara mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta, musamman tashar YouTube da Instagram inda yake wallafa bidiyon wakoki, hira da kuma tallata ayyukansa. A matsayin mawaki mai amfani da salon Afrobeat/Hausa, ya samu karɓuwa musamman daga masu sauraro a arewacin Najeriya da ma wasu sassan Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Zababbun wakoki (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Farar Zuma. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/farar-zuma-single/1533705289 |title=Farar Zuma – Apple Music |website=Apple Music |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rayuwar Masoya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Rayuwar Masoya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Soyayya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Soyayya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Fina-finai (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Dan Marayan Zaki (aikin lighting technician). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt26453302/fullcredits/ |title=Dan Marayan Zaki (full credits) |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Halacci (credit a sashen fasaha). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rariya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Hanyoyin sadarwa da tashoshi a yanar gizo== * Tashar YouTube: Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko – YouTube channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Instagram: @garzalimiko. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tushen bayanai== <references/> 9rwpknhj0qfr3pdprubspbc9yh65xjo 906486 906484 2026-08-23T10:45:40Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Fina-finai */ Inganta shafi 906486 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, karamar hukumar Taura, jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Yayi karatun firamare da sakandare duka a Kano har ila yau dai a cikin Kano yayi karatun aratun gaba da sakandare. ==Fina-finai== Garzali ya shiga bangaren har fim, musamman abinda ya shafi waƙoƙi, kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da ya fara fitowa sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. ==Ayyukan kiɗa da Waƙa== A matsayin mawaki, Garzali Miko ya saki wakoki da dama cikin salon Hausa da Afrobeat. Daga cikin wakokinsa masu shahara akwai "Farar Zuma", "Rayuwar Masoya", "Soyayya", "Sautin Amarya", da "FATIMA". Ana samun wakokinsa a tashoshin dijital kamar Apple Music, YouTube da sauran dandamali na kiɗa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/artist/garzali-miko/1530869766 |title=Garzali Miko – Apple Music |website=Apple Music |accessdate=30 September 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tasiri da shahara== Garzali ya tara mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta, musamman tashar YouTube da Instagram inda yake wallafa bidiyon wakoki, hira da kuma tallata ayyukansa. A matsayin mawaki mai amfani da salon Afrobeat/Hausa, ya samu karɓuwa musamman daga masu sauraro a arewacin Najeriya da ma wasu sassan Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Zababbun wakoki (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Farar Zuma. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/farar-zuma-single/1533705289 |title=Farar Zuma – Apple Music |website=Apple Music |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rayuwar Masoya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Rayuwar Masoya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Soyayya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Soyayya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Fina-finai (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Dan Marayan Zaki (aikin lighting technician). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt26453302/fullcredits/ |title=Dan Marayan Zaki (full credits) |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Halacci (credit a sashen fasaha). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rariya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Hanyoyin sadarwa da tashoshi a yanar gizo== * Tashar YouTube: Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko – YouTube channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Instagram: @garzalimiko. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tushen bayanai== <references/> d9n58dy4zg5k2p2ybilbc4cng6ktl6m 906487 906486 2026-08-23T10:46:16Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 906487 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, karamar hukumar Taura, jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Yayi karatun firamare da sakandare duka a Kano har ila yau dai a cikin Kano yayi karatun aratun gaba da sakandare. ==Fina-finai== Garzali ya shiga bangaren har fim, musamman abinda ya shafi waƙoƙi, kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da ya fara fitowa sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. ==Waƙoƙi== A matsayin mawaki, Garzali Miko ya saki wakoki da dama cikin salon Hausa da Afrobeat. Daga cikin wakokinsa masu shahara akwai "Farar Zuma", "Rayuwar Masoya", "Soyayya", "Sautin Amarya", da "FATIMA". Ana samun wakokinsa a tashoshin dijital kamar Apple Music, YouTube da sauran dandamali na kiɗa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/artist/garzali-miko/1530869766 |title=Garzali Miko – Apple Music |website=Apple Music |accessdate=30 September 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tasiri da shahara== Garzali ya tara mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta, musamman tashar YouTube da Instagram inda yake wallafa bidiyon wakoki, hira da kuma tallata ayyukansa. A matsayin mawaki mai amfani da salon Afrobeat/Hausa, ya samu karɓuwa musamman daga masu sauraro a arewacin Najeriya da ma wasu sassan Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Zababbun wakoki (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Farar Zuma. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/farar-zuma-single/1533705289 |title=Farar Zuma – Apple Music |website=Apple Music |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rayuwar Masoya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Rayuwar Masoya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Soyayya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Soyayya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Fina-finai (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Dan Marayan Zaki (aikin lighting technician). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt26453302/fullcredits/ |title=Dan Marayan Zaki (full credits) |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Halacci (credit a sashen fasaha). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rariya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Hanyoyin sadarwa da tashoshi a yanar gizo== * Tashar YouTube: Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko – YouTube channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Instagram: @garzalimiko. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tushen bayanai== <references/> arbqg0a5o3a82v2ynoh6pcs8x17uq74 906489 906487 2026-08-23T10:48:05Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 906489 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, karamar hukumar Taura, jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Yayi karatun firamare da sakandare duka a Kano har ila yau dai a cikin Kano yayi karatun aratun gaba da sakandare. ==Fina-finai== Garzali ya shiga bangaren har fim, musamman abinda ya shafi waƙoƙi, kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da ya fara fitowa sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. ==Waƙoƙi== Garzali Miko ya saki waƙoƙi da dama da Hausa da Afrobeat. Daga cikin shahararrun waƙoƙinshi akwai "Farar Zuma", "Rayuwar Masoya", "Soyayya", "Sautin Amarya", da "FATIMA". ==Tasiri da shahara== Garzali ya tara mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta, musamman tashar YouTube da Instagram inda yake wallafa bidiyon wakoki, hira da kuma tallata ayyukansa. A matsayin mawaki mai amfani da salon Afrobeat/Hausa, ya samu karɓuwa musamman daga masu sauraro a arewacin Najeriya da ma wasu sassan Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Zababbun wakoki (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Farar Zuma. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/farar-zuma-single/1533705289 |title=Farar Zuma – Apple Music |website=Apple Music |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rayuwar Masoya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Rayuwar Masoya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Soyayya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Soyayya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Fina-finai (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Dan Marayan Zaki (aikin lighting technician). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt26453302/fullcredits/ |title=Dan Marayan Zaki (full credits) |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Halacci (credit a sashen fasaha). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rariya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Hanyoyin sadarwa da tashoshi a yanar gizo== * Tashar YouTube: Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko – YouTube channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Instagram: @garzalimiko. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tushen bayanai== <references/> e1kzhx4upbqzq3dqqgn1scqcqmsyl02 906490 906489 2026-08-23T10:51:07Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Waƙoƙi */ 906490 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, karamar hukumar Taura, jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Yayi karatun firamare da sakandare duka a Kano har ila yau dai a cikin Kano yayi karatun aratun gaba da sakandare. ==Fina-finai== Garzali ya shiga bangaren har fim, musamman abinda ya shafi waƙoƙi, kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da ya fara fitowa sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. ==Waƙoƙi== Garzali Miko ya saki waƙoƙi da dama da Hausa da Afrobeat. Mafi shaharar waƙarsa itace '''Mai Sona''' sauran waƙoƙinshi sun haɗa da: #Farar Zuma #Rayuwar Masoya #Soyayya #Sautin Amarya #FATIMA #Mai Sona ==Tasiri da shahara== Garzali ya tara mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta, musamman tashar YouTube da Instagram inda yake wallafa bidiyon wakoki, hira da kuma tallata ayyukansa. A matsayin mawaki mai amfani da salon Afrobeat/Hausa, ya samu karɓuwa musamman daga masu sauraro a arewacin Najeriya da ma wasu sassan Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Zababbun wakoki (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Farar Zuma. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/farar-zuma-single/1533705289 |title=Farar Zuma – Apple Music |website=Apple Music |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rayuwar Masoya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Rayuwar Masoya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Soyayya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Soyayya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Fina-finai (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Dan Marayan Zaki (aikin lighting technician). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt26453302/fullcredits/ |title=Dan Marayan Zaki (full credits) |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Halacci (credit a sashen fasaha). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rariya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Hanyoyin sadarwa da tashoshi a yanar gizo== * Tashar YouTube: Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko – YouTube channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Instagram: @garzalimiko. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tushen bayanai== <references/> iyc8ffypj7zw416w7ijacvvqi7n20ot 906491 906490 2026-08-23T10:51:47Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 906491 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, karamar hukumar Taura, jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Yayi karatun firamare da sakandare duka a Kano har ila yau dai a cikin Kano yayi karatun aratun gaba da sakandare. ==Fina-finai== Garzali ya shiga bangaren har fim, musamman abinda ya shafi waƙoƙi, kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da ya fara fitowa sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. ==Waƙoƙi== Garzali Miko ya saki waƙoƙi da dama da [[Hausa]] da Afrobeat. Mafi shaharar waƙarsa itace '''Mai Sona''' sauran waƙoƙinshi sun haɗa da: #Farar Zuma #Rayuwar Masoya #Soyayya #Sautin Amarya #FATIMA #Mai Sona ==Tasiri da shahara== Garzali ya tara mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta, musamman tashar YouTube da Instagram inda yake wallafa bidiyon wakoki, hira da kuma tallata ayyukansa. A matsayin mawaki mai amfani da salon Afrobeat/Hausa, ya samu karɓuwa musamman daga masu sauraro a arewacin Najeriya da ma wasu sassan Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Zababbun wakoki (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Farar Zuma. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/farar-zuma-single/1533705289 |title=Farar Zuma – Apple Music |website=Apple Music |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rayuwar Masoya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Rayuwar Masoya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Soyayya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Soyayya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Fina-finai (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Dan Marayan Zaki (aikin lighting technician). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt26453302/fullcredits/ |title=Dan Marayan Zaki (full credits) |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Halacci (credit a sashen fasaha). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rariya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Hanyoyin sadarwa da tashoshi a yanar gizo== * Tashar YouTube: Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko – YouTube channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Instagram: @garzalimiko. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tushen bayanai== <references/> 03u8x8995nlz2uvutc5bl69p1o3eu3m 906492 906491 2026-08-23T10:55:17Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Tasiri da shahara */ 906492 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, karamar hukumar Taura, jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Yayi karatun firamare da sakandare duka a Kano har ila yau dai a cikin Kano yayi karatun aratun gaba da sakandare. ==Fina-finai== Garzali ya shiga bangaren har fim, musamman abinda ya shafi waƙoƙi, kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da ya fara fitowa sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. ==Waƙoƙi== Garzali Miko ya saki waƙoƙi da dama da [[Hausa]] da Afrobeat. Mafi shaharar waƙarsa itace '''Mai Sona''' sauran waƙoƙinshi sun haɗa da: #Farar Zuma #Rayuwar Masoya #Soyayya #Sautin Amarya #FATIMA #Mai Sona ==Tasiri da shahara== Garzali ya tara mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta musamman YouTube, Instagram Facebook Tiktok da sauran su. Mafi yawan mabiyan sa sun fito ne daga [[arewacin Najeriya]] da kuma ƙasar Nijar kasancewar waƙoƙin sa da Hausa yake yinsu. ==Zababbun wakoki (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Farar Zuma. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/farar-zuma-single/1533705289 |title=Farar Zuma – Apple Music |website=Apple Music |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rayuwar Masoya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Rayuwar Masoya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Soyayya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Soyayya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Fina-finai (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Dan Marayan Zaki (aikin lighting technician). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt26453302/fullcredits/ |title=Dan Marayan Zaki (full credits) |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Halacci (credit a sashen fasaha). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rariya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Hanyoyin sadarwa da tashoshi a yanar gizo== * Tashar YouTube: Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko – YouTube channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Instagram: @garzalimiko. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tushen bayanai== <references/> rrsut7s739mw4hgn47fv6fkhdc0w7j0 906493 906492 2026-08-23T10:55:42Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Tasiri da Shahara */ 906493 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, karamar hukumar Taura, jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Yayi karatun firamare da sakandare duka a Kano har ila yau dai a cikin Kano yayi karatun aratun gaba da sakandare. ==Fina-finai== Garzali ya shiga bangaren har fim, musamman abinda ya shafi waƙoƙi, kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da ya fara fitowa sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. ==Waƙoƙi== Garzali Miko ya saki waƙoƙi da dama da [[Hausa]] da Afrobeat. Mafi shaharar waƙarsa itace '''Mai Sona''' sauran waƙoƙinshi sun haɗa da: #Farar Zuma #Rayuwar Masoya #Soyayya #Sautin Amarya #FATIMA #Mai Sona ==Tasiri da Shahara== Garzali ya tara mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta musamman YouTube, Instagram Facebook Tiktok da sauran su. Mafi yawan mabiyan sa sun fito ne daga [[arewacin Najeriya]] da kuma ƙasar [[Nija]]r kasancewar waƙoƙin sa da Hausa yake yinsu. ==Zababbun wakoki (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Farar Zuma. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/farar-zuma-single/1533705289 |title=Farar Zuma – Apple Music |website=Apple Music |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rayuwar Masoya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Rayuwar Masoya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Soyayya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Soyayya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Fina-finai (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Dan Marayan Zaki (aikin lighting technician). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt26453302/fullcredits/ |title=Dan Marayan Zaki (full credits) |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Halacci (credit a sashen fasaha). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rariya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Hanyoyin sadarwa da tashoshi a yanar gizo== * Tashar YouTube: Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko – YouTube channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Instagram: @garzalimiko. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tushen bayanai== <references/> 18nk1f9s5aznf9c7jdfk282d23yqqml 906494 906493 2026-08-23T10:56:32Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Tasiri da Shahara */ 906494 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, karamar hukumar Taura, jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Yayi karatun firamare da sakandare duka a Kano har ila yau dai a cikin Kano yayi karatun aratun gaba da sakandare. ==Fina-finai== Garzali ya shiga bangaren har fim, musamman abinda ya shafi waƙoƙi, kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da ya fara fitowa sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. ==Waƙoƙi== Garzali Miko ya saki waƙoƙi da dama da [[Hausa]] da Afrobeat. Mafi shaharar waƙarsa itace '''Mai Sona''' sauran waƙoƙinshi sun haɗa da: #Farar Zuma #Rayuwar Masoya #Soyayya #Sautin Amarya #FATIMA #Mai Sona ==Tasiri da Shahara== Garzali ya tara mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta musamman YouTube, Instagram Facebook Tiktok da sauran su. Mafi yawan mabiyan sa sun fito ne daga [[arewacin Najeriya]] da kuma ƙasar [[Nijar (Kasa)]] kasancewar waƙoƙin sa da Hausa yake yinsu. ==Zababbun wakoki (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Farar Zuma. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/farar-zuma-single/1533705289 |title=Farar Zuma – Apple Music |website=Apple Music |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rayuwar Masoya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Rayuwar Masoya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Soyayya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Soyayya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Fina-finai (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Dan Marayan Zaki (aikin lighting technician). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt26453302/fullcredits/ |title=Dan Marayan Zaki (full credits) |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Halacci (credit a sashen fasaha). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rariya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Hanyoyin sadarwa da tashoshi a yanar gizo== * Tashar YouTube: Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko – YouTube channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Instagram: @garzalimiko. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tushen bayanai== <references/> rd3ttud04iwwqofq0rfevqkgahrteh5 906495 906494 2026-08-23T10:56:44Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Tasiri da Shahara */ 906495 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, karamar hukumar Taura, jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Yayi karatun firamare da sakandare duka a Kano har ila yau dai a cikin Kano yayi karatun aratun gaba da sakandare. ==Fina-finai== Garzali ya shiga bangaren har fim, musamman abinda ya shafi waƙoƙi, kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da ya fara fitowa sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. ==Waƙoƙi== Garzali Miko ya saki waƙoƙi da dama da [[Hausa]] da Afrobeat. Mafi shaharar waƙarsa itace '''Mai Sona''' sauran waƙoƙinshi sun haɗa da: #Farar Zuma #Rayuwar Masoya #Soyayya #Sautin Amarya #FATIMA #Mai Sona ==Tasiri da Shahara== Garzali ya tara mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta musamman YouTube, Instagram Facebook Tiktok da sauran su. Mafi yawan mabiyan sa sun fito ne daga [[arewacin Najeriya]] da kuma ƙasar [[Nijar (kasa)]] kasancewar waƙoƙin sa da Hausa yake yinsu. ==Zababbun wakoki (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Farar Zuma. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/farar-zuma-single/1533705289 |title=Farar Zuma – Apple Music |website=Apple Music |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rayuwar Masoya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Rayuwar Masoya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Soyayya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Soyayya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Fina-finai (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Dan Marayan Zaki (aikin lighting technician). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt26453302/fullcredits/ |title=Dan Marayan Zaki (full credits) |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Halacci (credit a sashen fasaha). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rariya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Hanyoyin sadarwa da tashoshi a yanar gizo== * Tashar YouTube: Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko – YouTube channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Instagram: @garzalimiko. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tushen bayanai== <references/> coxxvti8bosu845a2ysm8q9ghv5vbii 906496 906495 2026-08-23T10:56:57Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 906496 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, karamar hukumar Taura, jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Yayi karatun firamare da sakandare duka a Kano har ila yau dai a cikin Kano yayi karatun aratun gaba da sakandare. ==Fina-finai== Garzali ya shiga bangaren har fim, musamman abinda ya shafi waƙoƙi, kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da ya fara fitowa sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. ==Waƙoƙi== Garzali Miko ya saki waƙoƙi da dama da [[Hausa]] da Afrobeat. Mafi shaharar waƙarsa itace '''Mai Sona''' sauran waƙoƙinshi sun haɗa da: #Farar Zuma #Rayuwar Masoya #Soyayya #Sautin Amarya #FATIMA #Mai Sona ==Tasiri da Shahara== Garzali ya tara mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta musamman YouTube, Instagram Facebook Tiktok da sauran su. Mafi yawan mabiyan sa sun fito ne daga [[arewacin Najeriya]] da kuma ƙasar [[Nijar (kasa)|Nijar]] kasancewar waƙoƙin sa da Hausa yake yinsu. ==Zababbun wakoki (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Farar Zuma. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/farar-zuma-single/1533705289 |title=Farar Zuma – Apple Music |website=Apple Music |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rayuwar Masoya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Rayuwar Masoya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Soyayya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Soyayya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Fina-finai (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Dan Marayan Zaki (aikin lighting technician). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt26453302/fullcredits/ |title=Dan Marayan Zaki (full credits) |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Halacci (credit a sashen fasaha). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rariya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Hanyoyin sadarwa da tashoshi a yanar gizo== * Tashar YouTube: Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko – YouTube channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Instagram: @garzalimiko. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tushen bayanai== <references/> po5vuzq3l5md1o0ap7i1g0j9khdb3x3 906497 906496 2026-08-23T10:57:07Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Tasiri da Shahara */ 906497 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, karamar hukumar Taura, jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Yayi karatun firamare da sakandare duka a Kano har ila yau dai a cikin Kano yayi karatun aratun gaba da sakandare. ==Fina-finai== Garzali ya shiga bangaren har fim, musamman abinda ya shafi waƙoƙi, kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da ya fara fitowa sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. ==Waƙoƙi== Garzali Miko ya saki waƙoƙi da dama da [[Hausa]] da Afrobeat. Mafi shaharar waƙarsa itace '''Mai Sona''' sauran waƙoƙinshi sun haɗa da: #Farar Zuma #Rayuwar Masoya #Soyayya #Sautin Amarya #FATIMA #Mai Sona ==Tasiri da Shahara== Garzali ya tara mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta musamman YouTube, Instagram Facebook Tiktok da sauran su. Mafi yawan mabiyan sa sun fito ne daga [[Arewacin Najeriya]] da kuma ƙasar [[Nijar (kasa)|Nijar]] kasancewar waƙoƙin sa da Hausa yake yinsu. ==Zababbun wakoki (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Farar Zuma. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/farar-zuma-single/1533705289 |title=Farar Zuma – Apple Music |website=Apple Music |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rayuwar Masoya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Rayuwar Masoya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Soyayya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Soyayya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Fina-finai (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Dan Marayan Zaki (aikin lighting technician). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt26453302/fullcredits/ |title=Dan Marayan Zaki (full credits) |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Halacci (credit a sashen fasaha). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rariya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Hanyoyin sadarwa da tashoshi a yanar gizo== * Tashar YouTube: Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko – YouTube channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Instagram: @garzalimiko. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tushen bayanai== <references/> amc4n5lx59hgmqp6us8yo9uh8dgkijt 906498 906497 2026-08-23T10:57:50Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Tasiri da Shahara */ 906498 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, karamar hukumar Taura, jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Yayi karatun firamare da sakandare duka a Kano har ila yau dai a cikin Kano yayi karatun aratun gaba da sakandare. ==Fina-finai== Garzali ya shiga bangaren har fim, musamman abinda ya shafi waƙoƙi, kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da ya fara fitowa sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. ==Waƙoƙi== Garzali Miko ya saki waƙoƙi da dama da [[Hausa]] da Afrobeat. Mafi shaharar waƙarsa itace '''Mai Sona''' sauran waƙoƙinshi sun haɗa da: #Farar Zuma #Rayuwar Masoya #Soyayya #Sautin Amarya #FATIMA #Mai Sona ==Tasiri da Shahara== Garzali ya tara mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta musamman [[YouTube]], [[Instagram]] [[Facebook]] [[Tiktok]] da sauran su. Mafi yawan mabiyan sa sun fito ne daga [[Arewacin Najeriya]] da kuma ƙasar [[Nijar (kasa)|Nijar]] kasancewar waƙoƙin sa da Hausa yake yinsu. ==Zababbun wakoki (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Farar Zuma. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/farar-zuma-single/1533705289 |title=Farar Zuma – Apple Music |website=Apple Music |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rayuwar Masoya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Rayuwar Masoya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Soyayya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Soyayya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Fina-finai (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Dan Marayan Zaki (aikin lighting technician). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt26453302/fullcredits/ |title=Dan Marayan Zaki (full credits) |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Halacci (credit a sashen fasaha). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rariya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Hanyoyin sadarwa da tashoshi a yanar gizo== * Tashar YouTube: Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko – YouTube channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Instagram: @garzalimiko. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tushen bayanai== <references/> 4ayjg4dhtf9ldx3ijy3a7d3w0ux2lag 906499 906498 2026-08-23T10:58:18Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Tasiri da Shahara */ 906499 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, karamar hukumar Taura, jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Yayi karatun firamare da sakandare duka a Kano har ila yau dai a cikin Kano yayi karatun aratun gaba da sakandare. ==Fina-finai== Garzali ya shiga bangaren har fim, musamman abinda ya shafi waƙoƙi, kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da ya fara fitowa sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. ==Waƙoƙi== Garzali Miko ya saki waƙoƙi da dama da [[Hausa]] da Afrobeat. Mafi shaharar waƙarsa itace '''Mai Sona''' sauran waƙoƙinshi sun haɗa da: #Farar Zuma #Rayuwar Masoya #Soyayya #Sautin Amarya #FATIMA #Mai Sona ==Tasiri da Shahara== Garzali yanada mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta musamman [[YouTube]], [[Instagram]] [[Facebook]] [[Tiktok]] da sauran su. Mafi yawan mabiyan sa sun fito ne daga [[Arewacin Najeriya]] da kuma ƙasar [[Nijar (kasa)|Nijar]] kasancewar waƙoƙin sa da Hausa yake yinsu. ==Zababbun wakoki (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Farar Zuma. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/farar-zuma-single/1533705289 |title=Farar Zuma – Apple Music |website=Apple Music |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rayuwar Masoya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Rayuwar Masoya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Soyayya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTPvsHZgsBA |title=Soyayya – YouTube |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Fina-finai (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Dan Marayan Zaki (aikin lighting technician). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt26453302/fullcredits/ |title=Dan Marayan Zaki (full credits) |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Halacci (credit a sashen fasaha). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rariya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Hanyoyin sadarwa da tashoshi a yanar gizo== * Tashar YouTube: Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko – YouTube channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Instagram: @garzalimiko. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tushen bayanai== <references/> ri8v2rkkuh7dsi67omfylkhwrgyt1ce 906500 906499 2026-08-23T10:58:32Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 906500 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, karamar hukumar Taura, jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Yayi karatun firamare da sakandare duka a Kano har ila yau dai a cikin Kano yayi karatun aratun gaba da sakandare. ==Fina-finai== Garzali ya shiga bangaren har fim, musamman abinda ya shafi waƙoƙi, kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da ya fara fitowa sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. ==Waƙoƙi== Garzali Miko ya saki waƙoƙi da dama da [[Hausa]] da Afrobeat. Mafi shaharar waƙarsa itace '''Mai Sona''' sauran waƙoƙinshi sun haɗa da: #Farar Zuma #Rayuwar Masoya #Soyayya #Sautin Amarya #FATIMA #Mai Sona ==Tasiri da Shahara== Garzali yanada mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta musamman [[YouTube]], [[Instagram]] [[Facebook]] [[Tiktok]] da sauran su. Mafi yawan mabiyan sa sun fito ne daga [[Arewacin Najeriya]] da kuma ƙasar [[Nijar (kasa)|Nijar]] kasancewar waƙoƙin sa da Hausa yake yinsu. ==Fina-finai (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Dan Marayan Zaki (aikin lighting technician). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt26453302/fullcredits/ |title=Dan Marayan Zaki (full credits) |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Halacci (credit a sashen fasaha). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rariya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Hanyoyin sadarwa da tashoshi a yanar gizo== * Tashar YouTube: Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko – YouTube channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Instagram: @garzalimiko. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tushen bayanai== <references/> 3t9nocab3ndbuxhj30mu3w2jrbykygo 906501 906500 2026-08-23T10:58:49Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* */ 906501 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a watan Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, karamar hukumar Taura, jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Yayi karatun firamare da sakandare duka a Kano har ila yau dai a cikin Kano yayi karatun aratun gaba da sakandare. ==Fina-finai== Garzali ya shiga bangaren har fim, musamman abinda ya shafi waƙoƙi, kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da ya fara fitowa sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. ==Waƙoƙi== Garzali Miko ya saki waƙoƙi da dama da [[Hausa]] da Afrobeat. Mafi shaharar waƙarsa itace '''Mai Sona''' sauran waƙoƙinshi sun haɗa da: #Farar Zuma #Rayuwar Masoya #Soyayya #Sautin Amarya #FATIMA #Mai Sona ==Tasiri da Shahara== Garzali yanada mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta musamman [[YouTube]], [[Instagram]] [[Facebook]] [[Tiktok]] da sauran su. Mafi yawan mabiyan sa sun fito ne daga [[Arewacin Najeriya]] da kuma ƙasar [[Nijar (kasa)|Nijar]] kasancewar waƙoƙin sa da Hausa yake yinsu. ==Fina-finai (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Dan Marayan Zaki (aikin lighting technician). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt26453302/fullcredits/ |title=Dan Marayan Zaki (full credits) |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Halacci (credit a sashen fasaha). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rariya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Hanyoyin sadarwa da tashoshi a yanar gizo== * Tashar YouTube: Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko – YouTube channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Instagram: @garzalimiko. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tushen bayanai== <references/> 8uvvzzd9muduttjd3u8kgt2nx3y2o2i 906502 906501 2026-08-23T10:59:23Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Tasiri da Shahara */ 906502 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a watan Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, karamar hukumar Taura, jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Yayi karatun firamare da sakandare duka a Kano har ila yau dai a cikin Kano yayi karatun aratun gaba da sakandare. ==Fina-finai== Garzali ya shiga bangaren har fim, musamman abinda ya shafi waƙoƙi, kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da ya fara fitowa sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. ==Waƙoƙi== Garzali Miko ya saki waƙoƙi da dama da [[Hausa]] da Afrobeat. Mafi shaharar waƙarsa itace '''Mai Sona''' sauran waƙoƙinshi sun haɗa da: #Farar Zuma #Rayuwar Masoya #Soyayya #Sautin Amarya #FATIMA #Mai Sona ==Tasiri da Shahara== Garzali yanada mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta musamman [[YouTube]], [[Instagram]] [[Facebook]] [[TikTok]] da sauran su. Mafi yawan mabiyan sa sun fito ne daga [[Arewacin Najeriya]] da kuma ƙasar [[Nijar (kasa)|Nijar]] kasancewar waƙoƙin sa da Hausa yake yinsu. ==Fina-finai (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Dan Marayan Zaki (aikin lighting technician). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt26453302/fullcredits/ |title=Dan Marayan Zaki (full credits) |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Halacci (credit a sashen fasaha). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rariya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Hanyoyin sadarwa da tashoshi a yanar gizo== * Tashar YouTube: Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko – YouTube channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Instagram: @garzalimiko. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tushen bayanai== <references/> q45mpsf55r73i9qjztsw4nnjkcmpjsg 906503 906502 2026-08-23T10:59:46Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Tasiri da Shahara */ 906503 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a watan Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, karamar hukumar Taura, jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Yayi karatun firamare da sakandare duka a Kano har ila yau dai a cikin Kano yayi karatun aratun gaba da sakandare. ==Fina-finai== Garzali ya shiga bangaren har fim, musamman abinda ya shafi waƙoƙi, kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da ya fara fitowa sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. ==Waƙoƙi== Garzali Miko ya saki waƙoƙi da dama da [[Hausa]] da Afrobeat. Mafi shaharar waƙarsa itace '''Mai Sona''' sauran waƙoƙinshi sun haɗa da: #Farar Zuma #Rayuwar Masoya #Soyayya #Sautin Amarya #FATIMA #Mai Sona ==Tasiri da Shahara== Garzali yanada mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta musamman [[YouTube]], [[Instagram]] [[Facebook]] [[TikTok|Tik-tok]] da sauran su. Mafi yawan mabiyan sa sun fito ne daga [[Arewacin Najeriya]] da kuma ƙasar [[Nijar (kasa)|Nijar]] kasancewar waƙoƙin sa da Hausa yake yinsu. ==Fina-finai (zaɓaɓɓu)== * Dan Marayan Zaki (aikin lighting technician). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt26453302/fullcredits/ |title=Dan Marayan Zaki (full credits) |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Halacci (credit a sashen fasaha). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rariya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Hanyoyin sadarwa da tashoshi a yanar gizo== * Tashar YouTube: Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko – YouTube channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Instagram: @garzalimiko. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tushen bayanai== <references/> 4ufmgviart5c7sy4wnp86vt6y8co7g9 906504 906503 2026-08-23T11:00:06Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Fina-finai */ 906504 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a watan Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, karamar hukumar Taura, jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Yayi karatun firamare da sakandare duka a Kano har ila yau dai a cikin Kano yayi karatun aratun gaba da sakandare. ==Fina-finai== Garzali ya shiga bangaren har fim, musamman abinda ya shafi waƙoƙi, kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da ya fara fitowa sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. ==Waƙoƙi== Garzali Miko ya saki waƙoƙi da dama da [[Hausa]] da Afrobeat. Mafi shaharar waƙarsa itace '''Mai Sona''' sauran waƙoƙinshi sun haɗa da: #Farar Zuma #Rayuwar Masoya #Soyayya #Sautin Amarya #FATIMA #Mai Sona ==Tasiri da Shahara== Garzali yanada mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta musamman [[YouTube]], [[Instagram]] [[Facebook]] [[TikTok|Tik-tok]] da sauran su. Mafi yawan mabiyan sa sun fito ne daga [[Arewacin Najeriya]] da kuma ƙasar [[Nijar (kasa)|Nijar]] kasancewar waƙoƙin sa da Hausa yake yinsu. ==Fina-finai== * Dan Marayan Zaki (aikin lighting technician). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt26453302/fullcredits/ |title=Dan Marayan Zaki (full credits) |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Halacci (credit a sashen fasaha). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Rariya. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13842420/ |title=Garzali Miko – filmography |website=IMDb |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Hanyoyin sadarwa da tashoshi a yanar gizo== * Tashar YouTube: Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko – YouTube channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Instagram: @garzalimiko. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tushen bayanai== <references/> ladersuktf1v1nu2n936qc0pk8pf8vs 906505 906504 2026-08-23T11:00:44Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 906505 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a watan Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, karamar hukumar Taura, jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Yayi karatun firamare da sakandare duka a Kano har ila yau dai a cikin Kano yayi karatun aratun gaba da sakandare. ==Fina-finai== Garzali ya shiga bangaren har fim, musamman abinda ya shafi waƙoƙi, kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da ya fara fitowa sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. ==Waƙoƙi== Garzali Miko ya saki waƙoƙi da dama da [[Hausa]] da Afrobeat. Mafi shaharar waƙarsa itace '''Mai Sona''' sauran waƙoƙinshi sun haɗa da: #Farar Zuma #Rayuwar Masoya #Soyayya #Sautin Amarya #FATIMA #Mai Sona ==Tasiri da Shahara== Garzali yanada mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta musamman [[YouTube]], [[Instagram]] [[Facebook]] [[TikTok|Tik-tok]] da sauran su. Mafi yawan mabiyan sa sun fito ne daga [[Arewacin Najeriya]] da kuma ƙasar [[Nijar (kasa)|Nijar]] kasancewar waƙoƙin sa da Hausa yake yinsu. ==Hanyoyin sadarwa da tashoshi a yanar gizo== * Tashar YouTube: Garzali Miko Official Artist Channel. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDRwbRKsoMYpRAQURdgVpA |title=Garzali Miko – YouTube channel |website=YouTube |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> * Instagram: @garzalimiko. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/garzalimiko/ |title=Garzali Miko – Instagram |website=Instagram |accessdate=30 September 2025}}</ref> ==Tushen bayanai== <references/> ogpd205iczikaju4fq29vqg855hqzzu 906506 906505 2026-08-23T11:01:18Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 906506 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a watan Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, karamar hukumar Taura, jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Yayi karatun firamare da sakandare duka a Kano har ila yau dai a cikin Kano yayi karatun aratun gaba da sakandare. ==Fina-finai== Garzali ya shiga bangaren har fim, musamman abinda ya shafi waƙoƙi, kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da ya fara fitowa sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. ==Waƙoƙi== Garzali Miko ya saki waƙoƙi da dama da [[Hausa]] da Afrobeat. Mafi shaharar waƙarsa itace '''Mai Sona''' sauran waƙoƙinshi sun haɗa da: #Farar Zuma #Rayuwar Masoya #Soyayya #Sautin Amarya #FATIMA #Mai Sona ==Tasiri da Shahara== Garzali yanada mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta musamman [[YouTube]], [[Instagram]] [[Facebook]] [[TikTok|Tik-tok]] da sauran su. Mafi yawan mabiyan sa sun fito ne daga [[Arewacin Najeriya]] da kuma ƙasar [[Nijar (kasa)|Nijar]] kasancewar waƙoƙin sa da Hausa yake yinsu. ==Tushen bayanai== <references/> q3xn69dxv13yi5k9f4esfpjxu9evswm 906507 906506 2026-08-23T11:02:14Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 906507 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a watan Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, karamar hukumar Taura, jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Yayi karatun firamare da sakandare duka a Kano har ila yau dai a cikin Kano yayi karatun aratun gaba da sakandare. ==Fina-finai== Garzali ya shiga bangaren har fim, musamman abinda ya shafi waƙoƙi, kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da ya fara fitowa sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. ==Waƙoƙi== Garzali Miko ya saki waƙoƙi da dama da [[Hausa]] da Afrobeat. Mafi shaharar waƙarsa itace '''Mai Sona''' sauran waƙoƙinshi sun haɗa da: #Farar Zuma #Rayuwar Masoya #Soyayya #Sautin Amarya #FATIMA #Mai Sona ==Tasiri da Shahara== Garzali yanada mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta musamman [[YouTube]], [[Instagram]] [[Facebook]] [[TikTok|Tik-tok]] da sauran su. Mafi yawan mabiyan sa sun fito ne daga [[Arewacin Najeriya]] da kuma ƙasar [[Nijar (kasa)|Nijar]] kasancewar waƙoƙin sa da Hausa yake yinsu. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} b70v3xeb7krkykv769x286sznitzbej 906508 906507 2026-08-23T11:03:18Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Manazarta */ Sanya rukuni 906508 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a watan Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, karamar hukumar Taura, jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Yayi karatun firamare da sakandare duka a Kano har ila yau dai a cikin Kano yayi karatun aratun gaba da sakandare. ==Fina-finai== Garzali ya shiga bangaren har fim, musamman abinda ya shafi waƙoƙi, kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da ya fara fitowa sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. ==Waƙoƙi== Garzali Miko ya saki waƙoƙi da dama da [[Hausa]] da Afrobeat. Mafi shaharar waƙarsa itace '''Mai Sona''' sauran waƙoƙinshi sun haɗa da: #Farar Zuma #Rayuwar Masoya #Soyayya #Sautin Amarya #FATIMA #Mai Sona ==Tasiri da Shahara== Garzali yanada mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta musamman [[YouTube]], [[Instagram]] [[Facebook]] [[TikTok|Tik-tok]] da sauran su. Mafi yawan mabiyan sa sun fito ne daga [[Arewacin Najeriya]] da kuma ƙasar [[Nijar (kasa)|Nijar]] kasancewar waƙoƙin sa da Hausa yake yinsu. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mawakan Hausa]] 7iu8z2uz2ngvlumhtqw2dzuvr2b0kxy 906509 906508 2026-08-23T11:03:41Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Manazarta */ 906509 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a watan Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, karamar hukumar Taura, jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Yayi karatun firamare da sakandare duka a Kano har ila yau dai a cikin Kano yayi karatun aratun gaba da sakandare. ==Fina-finai== Garzali ya shiga bangaren har fim, musamman abinda ya shafi waƙoƙi, kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da ya fara fitowa sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. ==Waƙoƙi== Garzali Miko ya saki waƙoƙi da dama da [[Hausa]] da Afrobeat. Mafi shaharar waƙarsa itace '''Mai Sona''' sauran waƙoƙinshi sun haɗa da: #Farar Zuma #Rayuwar Masoya #Soyayya #Sautin Amarya #FATIMA #Mai Sona ==Tasiri da Shahara== Garzali yanada mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta musamman [[YouTube]], [[Instagram]] [[Facebook]] [[TikTok|Tik-tok]] da sauran su. Mafi yawan mabiyan sa sun fito ne daga [[Arewacin Najeriya]] da kuma ƙasar [[Nijar (kasa)|Nijar]] kasancewar waƙoƙin sa da Hausa yake yinsu. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mawakan Hausa]] [[Rukuni:Mawaka]] dwef4in267j8yq8kj9yy20z6uwx6yfy 906510 906509 2026-08-23T11:04:41Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Manazarta */ 906510 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a watan Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, karamar hukumar Taura, jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Yayi karatun firamare da sakandare duka a Kano har ila yau dai a cikin Kano yayi karatun aratun gaba da sakandare. ==Fina-finai== Garzali ya shiga bangaren har fim, musamman abinda ya shafi waƙoƙi, kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da ya fara fitowa sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. ==Waƙoƙi== Garzali Miko ya saki waƙoƙi da dama da [[Hausa]] da Afrobeat. Mafi shaharar waƙarsa itace '''Mai Sona''' sauran waƙoƙinshi sun haɗa da: #Farar Zuma #Rayuwar Masoya #Soyayya #Sautin Amarya #FATIMA #Mai Sona ==Tasiri da Shahara== Garzali yanada mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta musamman [[YouTube]], [[Instagram]] [[Facebook]] [[TikTok|Tik-tok]] da sauran su. Mafi yawan mabiyan sa sun fito ne daga [[Arewacin Najeriya]] da kuma ƙasar [[Nijar (kasa)|Nijar]] kasancewar waƙoƙin sa da Hausa yake yinsu. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mawakan Hausa]] [[Rukuni:Mawaka]] [[Rukuni:Rayyayun Mutane]] 70rml1r8kc3u85zp8si8sy83gnwg9on 906511 906510 2026-08-23T11:05:53Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Manazarta */ 906511 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a watan Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, karamar hukumar Taura, jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Yayi karatun firamare da sakandare duka a Kano har ila yau dai a cikin Kano yayi karatun aratun gaba da sakandare. ==Fina-finai== Garzali ya shiga bangaren har fim, musamman abinda ya shafi waƙoƙi, kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da ya fara fitowa sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. ==Waƙoƙi== Garzali Miko ya saki waƙoƙi da dama da [[Hausa]] da Afrobeat. Mafi shaharar waƙarsa itace '''Mai Sona''' sauran waƙoƙinshi sun haɗa da: #Farar Zuma #Rayuwar Masoya #Soyayya #Sautin Amarya #FATIMA #Mai Sona ==Tasiri da Shahara== Garzali yanada mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta musamman [[YouTube]], [[Instagram]] [[Facebook]] [[TikTok|Tik-tok]] da sauran su. Mafi yawan mabiyan sa sun fito ne daga [[Arewacin Najeriya]] da kuma ƙasar [[Nijar (kasa)|Nijar]] kasancewar waƙoƙin sa da Hausa yake yinsu. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mawakan Hausa]] [[Rukuni:Mawaka]] [[Rukuni:Rayyayun Mutane]] [[Rukuni:Ƴan Najeriya]] 38wlnu9mgpo566ob5qorg5l6lhdlc9d 906512 906511 2026-08-23T11:06:23Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Manazarta */ 906512 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a watan Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, karamar hukumar Taura, jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Yayi karatun firamare da sakandare duka a Kano har ila yau dai a cikin Kano yayi karatun aratun gaba da sakandare. ==Fina-finai== Garzali ya shiga bangaren har fim, musamman abinda ya shafi waƙoƙi, kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da ya fara fitowa sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. ==Waƙoƙi== Garzali Miko ya saki waƙoƙi da dama da [[Hausa]] da Afrobeat. Mafi shaharar waƙarsa itace '''Mai Sona''' sauran waƙoƙinshi sun haɗa da: #Farar Zuma #Rayuwar Masoya #Soyayya #Sautin Amarya #FATIMA #Mai Sona ==Tasiri da Shahara== Garzali yanada mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta musamman [[YouTube]], [[Instagram]] [[Facebook]] [[TikTok|Tik-tok]] da sauran su. Mafi yawan mabiyan sa sun fito ne daga [[Arewacin Najeriya]] da kuma ƙasar [[Nijar (kasa)|Nijar]] kasancewar waƙoƙin sa da Hausa yake yinsu. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mawakan Hausa]] [[Rukuni:Mawaka]] [[Rukuni:Rayyayun Mutane]] [[Rukuni:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Kano]] 5b2x8zsqomabrr8mqm9v31c33efa9sn 906513 906512 2026-08-23T11:07:30Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Manazarta */ 906513 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a watan Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, karamar hukumar Taura, jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Yayi karatun firamare da sakandare duka a Kano har ila yau dai a cikin Kano yayi karatun aratun gaba da sakandare. ==Fina-finai== Garzali ya shiga bangaren har fim, musamman abinda ya shafi waƙoƙi, kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da ya fara fitowa sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. ==Waƙoƙi== Garzali Miko ya saki waƙoƙi da dama da [[Hausa]] da Afrobeat. Mafi shaharar waƙarsa itace '''Mai Sona''' sauran waƙoƙinshi sun haɗa da: #Farar Zuma #Rayuwar Masoya #Soyayya #Sautin Amarya #FATIMA #Mai Sona ==Tasiri da Shahara== Garzali yanada mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta musamman [[YouTube]], [[Instagram]] [[Facebook]] [[TikTok|Tik-tok]] da sauran su. Mafi yawan mabiyan sa sun fito ne daga [[Arewacin Najeriya]] da kuma ƙasar [[Nijar (kasa)|Nijar]] kasancewar waƙoƙin sa da Hausa yake yinsu. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mawakan Hausa]] [[Rukuni:Mawaka]] [[Rukuni:Rayyayun Mutane]] [[Rukuni:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Kano]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1993]] pvp0hlmwqm76wqnzwhm367j14m80qej 906514 906513 2026-08-23T11:08:11Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Rayuwa da Ilimi */ 906514 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a watan Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, ƙaramar hukumar [[Taura]], jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Yayi karatun firamare da sakandare duka a Kano har ila yau dai a cikin Kano yayi karatun aratun gaba da sakandare. ==Fina-finai== Garzali ya shiga bangaren har fim, musamman abinda ya shafi waƙoƙi, kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da ya fara fitowa sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. ==Waƙoƙi== Garzali Miko ya saki waƙoƙi da dama da [[Hausa]] da Afrobeat. Mafi shaharar waƙarsa itace '''Mai Sona''' sauran waƙoƙinshi sun haɗa da: #Farar Zuma #Rayuwar Masoya #Soyayya #Sautin Amarya #FATIMA #Mai Sona ==Tasiri da Shahara== Garzali yanada mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta musamman [[YouTube]], [[Instagram]] [[Facebook]] [[TikTok|Tik-tok]] da sauran su. Mafi yawan mabiyan sa sun fito ne daga [[Arewacin Najeriya]] da kuma ƙasar [[Nijar (kasa)|Nijar]] kasancewar waƙoƙin sa da Hausa yake yinsu. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mawakan Hausa]] [[Rukuni:Mawaka]] [[Rukuni:Rayyayun Mutane]] [[Rukuni:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Kano]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1993]] iwddvw01l8tykk7lrf001qek3rq2hcu 906515 906514 2026-08-23T11:08:47Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Rayuwa da Ilimi */ 906515 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a watan Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, ƙaramar hukumar [[Taura (Nijeriya)]], jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Yayi karatun firamare da sakandare duka a Kano har ila yau dai a cikin Kano yayi karatun aratun gaba da sakandare. ==Fina-finai== Garzali ya shiga bangaren har fim, musamman abinda ya shafi waƙoƙi, kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da ya fara fitowa sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. ==Waƙoƙi== Garzali Miko ya saki waƙoƙi da dama da [[Hausa]] da Afrobeat. Mafi shaharar waƙarsa itace '''Mai Sona''' sauran waƙoƙinshi sun haɗa da: #Farar Zuma #Rayuwar Masoya #Soyayya #Sautin Amarya #FATIMA #Mai Sona ==Tasiri da Shahara== Garzali yanada mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta musamman [[YouTube]], [[Instagram]] [[Facebook]] [[TikTok|Tik-tok]] da sauran su. Mafi yawan mabiyan sa sun fito ne daga [[Arewacin Najeriya]] da kuma ƙasar [[Nijar (kasa)|Nijar]] kasancewar waƙoƙin sa da Hausa yake yinsu. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mawakan Hausa]] [[Rukuni:Mawaka]] [[Rukuni:Rayyayun Mutane]] [[Rukuni:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Kano]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1993]] mxh1e26286ds1gi2kgtilowigzsyywz 906516 906515 2026-08-23T11:08:57Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 906516 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a watan Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, ƙaramar hukumar [[Taura (Nijeriya)|Taura]], jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Yayi karatun firamare da sakandare duka a Kano har ila yau dai a cikin Kano yayi karatun aratun gaba da sakandare. ==Fina-finai== Garzali ya shiga bangaren har fim, musamman abinda ya shafi waƙoƙi, kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da ya fara fitowa sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. ==Waƙoƙi== Garzali Miko ya saki waƙoƙi da dama da [[Hausa]] da Afrobeat. Mafi shaharar waƙarsa itace '''Mai Sona''' sauran waƙoƙinshi sun haɗa da: #Farar Zuma #Rayuwar Masoya #Soyayya #Sautin Amarya #FATIMA #Mai Sona ==Tasiri da Shahara== Garzali yanada mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta musamman [[YouTube]], [[Instagram]] [[Facebook]] [[TikTok|Tik-tok]] da sauran su. Mafi yawan mabiyan sa sun fito ne daga [[Arewacin Najeriya]] da kuma ƙasar [[Nijar (kasa)|Nijar]] kasancewar waƙoƙin sa da Hausa yake yinsu. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mawakan Hausa]] [[Rukuni:Mawaka]] [[Rukuni:Rayyayun Mutane]] [[Rukuni:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Kano]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1993]] 9rin8apo92ky9g1jgixwdnnkpoy2kl7 906517 906516 2026-08-23T11:09:07Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Rayuwa da Ilimi */ 906517 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a watan Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, ƙaramar hukumar [[Taura (Nijeriya)|Taura]], jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Yayi karatun firamare da sakandare duka a Kano har ila yau dai a cikin Kano yayi karatun aratun gaba da sakandare. ==Fina-finai== Garzali ya shiga bangaren har fim, musamman abinda ya shafi waƙoƙi, kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da ya fara fitowa sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. ==Waƙoƙi== Garzali Miko ya saki waƙoƙi da dama da [[Hausa]] da Afrobeat. Mafi shaharar waƙarsa itace '''Mai Sona''' sauran waƙoƙinshi sun haɗa da: #Farar Zuma #Rayuwar Masoya #Soyayya #Sautin Amarya #FATIMA #Mai Sona ==Tasiri da Shahara== Garzali yanada mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta musamman [[YouTube]], [[Instagram]] [[Facebook]] [[TikTok|Tik-tok]] da sauran su. Mafi yawan mabiyan sa sun fito ne daga [[Arewacin Najeriya]] da kuma ƙasar [[Nijar (kasa)|Nijar]] kasancewar waƙoƙin sa da Hausa yake yinsu. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mawakan Hausa]] [[Rukuni:Mawaka]] [[Rukuni:Rayyayun Mutane]] [[Rukuni:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Kano]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1993]] 60fml24r2b3ghr7gaq6snn9lrt7lh46 906518 906517 2026-08-23T11:09:22Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Rayuwa da Ilimi */ 906518 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a watan Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, ƙaramar hukumar [[Taura (Nijeriya)|Taura]], [[jihar Jigawa]], Najeriya. Yayi karatun firamare da sakandare duka a Kano har ila yau dai a cikin Kano yayi karatun aratun gaba da sakandare. ==Fina-finai== Garzali ya shiga bangaren har fim, musamman abinda ya shafi waƙoƙi, kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da ya fara fitowa sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. ==Waƙoƙi== Garzali Miko ya saki waƙoƙi da dama da [[Hausa]] da Afrobeat. Mafi shaharar waƙarsa itace '''Mai Sona''' sauran waƙoƙinshi sun haɗa da: #Farar Zuma #Rayuwar Masoya #Soyayya #Sautin Amarya #FATIMA #Mai Sona ==Tasiri da Shahara== Garzali yanada mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta musamman [[YouTube]], [[Instagram]] [[Facebook]] [[TikTok|Tik-tok]] da sauran su. Mafi yawan mabiyan sa sun fito ne daga [[Arewacin Najeriya]] da kuma ƙasar [[Nijar (kasa)|Nijar]] kasancewar waƙoƙin sa da Hausa yake yinsu. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mawakan Hausa]] [[Rukuni:Mawaka]] [[Rukuni:Rayyayun Mutane]] [[Rukuni:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Kano]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1993]] pn9lcx0ftxjsrvlcd82rxgyinqxb59z 906519 906518 2026-08-23T11:09:43Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Rayuwa da Ilimi */ 906519 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a watan Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, ƙaramar hukumar [[Taura (Nijeriya)|Taura]], [[jihar Jigawa]], [[Najeriya]]. Yayi karatun firamare da sakandare duka a Kano har ila yau dai a cikin Kano yayi karatun aratun gaba da sakandare. ==Fina-finai== Garzali ya shiga bangaren har fim, musamman abinda ya shafi waƙoƙi, kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da ya fara fitowa sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Dan Marayan Zaki. ==Waƙoƙi== Garzali Miko ya saki waƙoƙi da dama da [[Hausa]] da Afrobeat. Mafi shaharar waƙarsa itace '''Mai Sona''' sauran waƙoƙinshi sun haɗa da: #Farar Zuma #Rayuwar Masoya #Soyayya #Sautin Amarya #FATIMA #Mai Sona ==Tasiri da Shahara== Garzali yanada mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta musamman [[YouTube]], [[Instagram]] [[Facebook]] [[TikTok|Tik-tok]] da sauran su. Mafi yawan mabiyan sa sun fito ne daga [[Arewacin Najeriya]] da kuma ƙasar [[Nijar (kasa)|Nijar]] kasancewar waƙoƙin sa da Hausa yake yinsu. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mawakan Hausa]] [[Rukuni:Mawaka]] [[Rukuni:Rayyayun Mutane]] [[Rukuni:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Kano]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1993]] 3ijag5wqtejooy6efo25uj85ew4k8qz 906520 906519 2026-08-23T11:09:58Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Fina-finai */ 906520 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a watan Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Hausa wato (Kannywood). Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, ƙaramar hukumar [[Taura (Nijeriya)|Taura]], [[jihar Jigawa]], [[Najeriya]]. Yayi karatun firamare da sakandare duka a Kano har ila yau dai a cikin Kano yayi karatun aratun gaba da sakandare. ==Fina-finai== Garzali ya shiga bangaren har fim, musamman abinda ya shafi waƙoƙi, kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da ya fara fitowa sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Ɗan Marayan Zaki. ==Waƙoƙi== Garzali Miko ya saki waƙoƙi da dama da [[Hausa]] da Afrobeat. Mafi shaharar waƙarsa itace '''Mai Sona''' sauran waƙoƙinshi sun haɗa da: #Farar Zuma #Rayuwar Masoya #Soyayya #Sautin Amarya #FATIMA #Mai Sona ==Tasiri da Shahara== Garzali yanada mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta musamman [[YouTube]], [[Instagram]] [[Facebook]] [[TikTok|Tik-tok]] da sauran su. Mafi yawan mabiyan sa sun fito ne daga [[Arewacin Najeriya]] da kuma ƙasar [[Nijar (kasa)|Nijar]] kasancewar waƙoƙin sa da Hausa yake yinsu. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mawakan Hausa]] [[Rukuni:Mawaka]] [[Rukuni:Rayyayun Mutane]] [[Rukuni:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Kano]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1993]] joj4j21d947l2ub4chv4cy00gu7jbdr 906521 906520 2026-08-23T11:10:42Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* */ 906521 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a watan Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar Kannywood. Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, ƙaramar hukumar [[Taura (Nijeriya)|Taura]], [[jihar Jigawa]], [[Najeriya]]. Yayi karatun firamare da sakandare duka a Kano har ila yau dai a cikin Kano yayi karatun aratun gaba da sakandare. ==Fina-finai== Garzali ya shiga bangaren har fim, musamman abinda ya shafi waƙoƙi, kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da ya fara fitowa sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Ɗan Marayan Zaki. ==Waƙoƙi== Garzali Miko ya saki waƙoƙi da dama da [[Hausa]] da Afrobeat. Mafi shaharar waƙarsa itace '''Mai Sona''' sauran waƙoƙinshi sun haɗa da: #Farar Zuma #Rayuwar Masoya #Soyayya #Sautin Amarya #FATIMA #Mai Sona ==Tasiri da Shahara== Garzali yanada mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta musamman [[YouTube]], [[Instagram]] [[Facebook]] [[TikTok|Tik-tok]] da sauran su. Mafi yawan mabiyan sa sun fito ne daga [[Arewacin Najeriya]] da kuma ƙasar [[Nijar (kasa)|Nijar]] kasancewar waƙoƙin sa da Hausa yake yinsu. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mawakan Hausa]] [[Rukuni:Mawaka]] [[Rukuni:Rayyayun Mutane]] [[Rukuni:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Kano]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1993]] 2vygapkznpuzofoag0f2q6tfl3ffdur 906522 906521 2026-08-23T11:10:58Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* */ 906522 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a watan Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar [[Kannywood]]. Ya fi shahara a fagen wakokin Hausa da Afrobeat da kuma aikin sa a bangaren fasaha da fitowa a fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, ƙaramar hukumar [[Taura (Nijeriya)|Taura]], [[jihar Jigawa]], [[Najeriya]]. Yayi karatun firamare da sakandare duka a Kano har ila yau dai a cikin Kano yayi karatun aratun gaba da sakandare. ==Fina-finai== Garzali ya shiga bangaren har fim, musamman abinda ya shafi waƙoƙi, kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da ya fara fitowa sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Ɗan Marayan Zaki. ==Waƙoƙi== Garzali Miko ya saki waƙoƙi da dama da [[Hausa]] da Afrobeat. Mafi shaharar waƙarsa itace '''Mai Sona''' sauran waƙoƙinshi sun haɗa da: #Farar Zuma #Rayuwar Masoya #Soyayya #Sautin Amarya #FATIMA #Mai Sona ==Tasiri da Shahara== Garzali yanada mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta musamman [[YouTube]], [[Instagram]] [[Facebook]] [[TikTok|Tik-tok]] da sauran su. Mafi yawan mabiyan sa sun fito ne daga [[Arewacin Najeriya]] da kuma ƙasar [[Nijar (kasa)|Nijar]] kasancewar waƙoƙin sa da Hausa yake yinsu. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mawakan Hausa]] [[Rukuni:Mawaka]] [[Rukuni:Rayyayun Mutane]] [[Rukuni:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Kano]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1993]] b77g94nv11rr71dffpybeo9a7oimleh 906523 906522 2026-08-23T11:11:59Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* */ 906523 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garzali Miko''' (an haife shi a watan Satumba 1993) mawaƙi ne, ɗan fim, marubuci kuma mai shirya fina-finai a masana'antar [[Kannywood]]. Ya fi shahara a waƙoƙin Hausa da Afrobeat da shirya fina-finai. ==Rayuwa da Ilimi== An haifi Garzali Miko a watan Satumba, shekarar 1993, a ƙauyen Yandutse, ƙaramar hukumar [[Taura (Nijeriya)|Taura]], [[jihar Jigawa]], [[Najeriya]]. Yayi karatun firamare da sakandare duka a Kano har ila yau dai a cikin Kano yayi karatun aratun gaba da sakandare. ==Fina-finai== Garzali ya shiga bangaren har fim, musamman abinda ya shafi waƙoƙi, kafin ya fara bayyana a matsayin jarumi a wasu fina-finai na Kannywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da ya fara fitowa sun haɗa da Rariya, Halacci, da Ɗan Marayan Zaki. ==Waƙoƙi== Garzali Miko ya saki waƙoƙi da dama da [[Hausa]] da Afrobeat. Mafi shaharar waƙarsa itace '''Mai Sona''' sauran waƙoƙinshi sun haɗa da: #Farar Zuma #Rayuwar Masoya #Soyayya #Sautin Amarya #FATIMA #Mai Sona ==Tasiri da Shahara== Garzali yanada mabiya da dama a shafukan sada zumunta musamman [[YouTube]], [[Instagram]] [[Facebook]] [[TikTok|Tik-tok]] da sauran su. Mafi yawan mabiyan sa sun fito ne daga [[Arewacin Najeriya]] da kuma ƙasar [[Nijar (kasa)|Nijar]] kasancewar waƙoƙin sa da Hausa yake yinsu. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mawakan Hausa]] [[Rukuni:Mawaka]] [[Rukuni:Rayyayun Mutane]] [[Rukuni:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Kano]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1993]] bctbkw4plf2aqi4zkwpvft8lkj4hts7 0 117457 906365 898497 2026-08-23T02:14:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Linda Obenewaa Akweley Ocloo''', an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairu 1979 a [[Ayinaa Abasa]], 'yar siyasar ce a Ghana kuma mamba ce a majalinsan ta Bakwai da Takwas da Ta tara na Jamhuriyyar Ghana ta Hudu mai wakiltar mazabar Shai-Osudoku a [[yankin Greater Accra]] a kan tikitin jam'iyyar Democratic Congress ta kasa . <ref name="e077">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2019 |title=HON. LINDA OBENEWAA AKWELEY OCLOO |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=223 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212013421/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=223 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |access-date=4 March 2025 |website=Parliament of Ghana}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2016 |title=Linda elected MP for Shai Osudoku |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/linda-elected-mp-for-shai-osudoku.html |access-date=2 March 2019 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> Ita ce kuma ministar [[yankin Greater Accra]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Linda Akweley Ocloo had the fastest vetting so far - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/linda-akweley-ocloo-had-the-fastest-vetting-so-far/ |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ilimi == A cikin shekara ta 2000, Ocloo ta sami Diploma a fannin Banki daga Kwalejin Cambridge a Accra da Gudanar da Kasuwanci (BA) daga [[Jami'ar Cape Coast]], Ghana. Ta yi difloma a fannin inshora daga Kwalejin Inshora ta Kasa a filin jirgin sama na Accra, wanda ta samu a 2004. <ref name="MPS">{{Cite web |title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Ocloo, Linda Obenewaa Akweley |url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5491 |access-date=2 March 2019 |website=GhanaMps. |archive-date=27 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927054442/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=5491 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kuma sami digiri na girmamawa daga Elohim Theological College & Seminary a 2024 da kuma MA a Banking and Finance daga Jami'ar Methodist ta Ghana a 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home - Methodist University Ghana |url=https://mug.edu.gh/ |access-date=2025-04-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Sana'a == Ocloo masanin tattalin arziki ne, ma'aikacin banki kuma mai inshorar sana'a. <ref name="MPS"/> Ta yi aiki a matsayin Mashawarcin Sabis na Abokin Ciniki a Tsohuwar Mutual Assurance, wanda a baya Inshorar Rayuwa ce. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Ocloo, Linda Obenewaa Akweley |url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5491 |access-date=9 April 2021 |website=GhanaMps. |archive-date=27 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927054442/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=5491 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Siyasa == Ocloo dan jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress ne mai wakiltar mazabar Shai-Osudoku a babban yankin Accra a majalisar dokoki ta bakwai da ta takwas na jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=71 |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=parliament of ghana |archive-date=2023-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029184115/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=71 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === zaben 2016 === Ocloo ya tsaya takarar dan majalisar wakilai na mazabar Shai-Osudoku a kan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress a lokacin babban zaben Ghana na 2016, kuma ya samu nasara da kuri'u 20,114 da ke wakiltar kashi 67.07% na kuri'un da aka kada. An zabe ta a kan Stephen Nene Oyortey na sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party wanda ya samu kuri'u 6,518, kwatankwacin kashi 21.73%, dan takarar majalisar wakilai na jam'iyyar PPP Emmanuel Martey Tetteh ya samu kuri'u 3,203 da ke wakiltar 10.68% sannan dan takarar majalisar wakilai na jam'iyyar Convention People's Party ya samu kuri'u 154 na yawan kuri'u 154.5%. <ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=Shai Osudoku Constituency Results - Election 2016 |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/greateraccra/shai_osudoku/ |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM |archive-date=2023-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109093735/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/greateraccra/shai_osudoku/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === zaben 2020 === An sake zabar Ocloo a matsayin dan majalisa na Shai-Osudoku a kan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress yayin babban zaben Ghana na 2020 . An zabe ta ne da kuri'u 32,516, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 67.2% a kan dan takarar majalisar dokoki na sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party Benjamin Nargeh, wanda ya samu kuri'u 15,900, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 32.8% na jimillar kuri'un. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliamentary Results for Shai-osudoku |url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ghanaelection2020/elections.constituency.results.php?mode=parliamentary&ID=163 |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=Mobile Ghana Web.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=Shai Osudoku Constituency Results - Election 2020 |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/greateraccra/shai_osudoku/ |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM |archive-date=2023-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003054004/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/greateraccra/shai_osudoku/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-08 |title=Shai Osudoku incumbent MP retains seat |url=https://elections.gna.org.gh/2020/12/08/shai-osudoku-incumbent-mp-retains-seat/ |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=Ghana News Agency |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Anang |first=Samuel Afotey |last2=Adjei |first2=Abigail A. Aryeh |date=2020 |title=Assessment of livelihood opportunities among farmers in the Shai Osudoku district of the Greater Accra Region, Ghana |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijarge.2020.115326 |journal=International Journal of Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology |volume=16 |issue=3/4 |pages=171 |doi=10.1504/ijarge.2020.115326 |issn=1462-4605 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ocloo takaba ce kuma tana da ‘ya’ya biyar. Mijinta, Desmond William Ocloo, shi ne dan takarar majalisar dokokin jam’iyyar NDC a mazabar Shai-Osudoku, amma ya rasu kafin zaben bayan wata taho-mu-gama da aka yi a kan tituna a watan Mayun 2016. Daga nan ne jam’iyyar ta zabe ta a madadin mijinta kuma ta samu kuri’u 13,596. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2020 |title=Wives of deceased MPs who succeeded them in Parliament |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Wives-of-deceased-MPs-who-succeeded-them-in-Parliament-1085122 |access-date=16 October 2020 |website= |publisher=GhanaWeb}}</ref> Ita [[Kirista|Kirista ce]] (Mission of God Church, Dodowa) <ref name="MPS"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=71 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=www.parliament.gh |archive-date=2023-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029184115/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=71 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Aiki == Ocloo ya yi aiki a; # Bankin Standard Chartered a matsayin sakataren reshe # Kamfanin Lantarki na Ghana a matsayin Mataimaki na Musamman ga MD. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=71 |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=www.parliament.gh |archive-date=2023-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029184115/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=71 |url-status=dead }}</ref> # Tsohon Mutual Assurance a matsayin mai ba da shawara na sabis na abokin ciniki. == Girmamawa == A cikin 2022, Ocloo ta sami lambar yabo ga ƙwararrun 'yan majalisar wakilai a Ghana daga lambar yabo ta shugabannin matasan Afirka ta Yamma (WAYLA) saboda kyakkyawar hidimar da ta yi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sackey |first=Samuel |date=2023-06-16 |title=Linda Ocloo adjudged 2022 outstanding female MP in Ghana |url=https://angelonline.com.gh/2023/06/16/linda-ocloo-adjudged-2022-outstanding-female-mp-in-ghana/ |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Angel Online |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829194746/https://angelonline.com.gh/2023/06/16/linda-ocloo-adjudged-2022-outstanding-female-mp-in-ghana/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] e0lk085uv41o700bjosh5dhvbv3b2w0 0 117731 906275 892304 2026-08-22T17:25:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Life_expectancy_development_in_Nigeria.svg|thumb|Rayuwa da aka haifa a Najeriya]] '''Kula da lafiya a [[Najeriya]]''' alhakin lokaci guda ne na matakai uku na gwamnati a kasar.{{Sfn|Akhtar|1991}} Masu ba da kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu suna da rawar da za su taka a cikin isar da kiwon lafiyar. Amfani da maganin gargajiya (TM) da kuma kari da madadin magani (CAM) ya karu sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata.<ref name="apps.who.int">{{Cite web |title=Medicinedocs(PDF) |url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/pdf/s5525e/s5525e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929084456/http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/pdf/s5525e/s5525e.pdf |archive-date=September 29, 2009}}</ref> Bayar da kiwon lafiya a Najeriya ya sami ci gaba da lalacewa sakamakon rashin saka hannun jari daga gwamnatoci masu zuwa, don magance matsalolin da suka wanzu a cikin bangaren shekaru da yawa. Wannan kai tsaye yana tasiri ga yawan aiki na 'yan ƙasa da ci gaban tattalin arzikin Najeriya ta hanyar fadadawa. Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2018, kasar ta kasance a matsayi na 187 daga cikin kasashe 191 a duniya, a cikin kimanta matakin bin ka'idojin Kiwon Lafiya na Duniya (UHC), saboda ƙananan jama'a suna da inshora na kiwon lafiya, yayin da har ma kasafin kudin gwamnati don ayyukan kiwon lafiya ba shi da mahimmanci. Biyan kuɗi na kiwon lafiya yana sa gidaje su kashe kuɗi mai yawa. Kudin masu zaman kansu akan kiwon lafiya a matsayin kashi na jimlar kudaden kiwon lafiya shine 74.85%. Sakamakon wannan shi ne cewa kashe kuɗin gwamnati don kiwon lafiya shine kawai kashi 5.03 na duk kuɗin da aka kashe akan kiwon lafiya a duk faɗin ƙasar. Daga cikin kashi da 'yan ƙasa suka kashe a kan kiwon lafiya (74.85%), kusan kashi 70% ana kashe su azaman kashewa daga aljihu don biyan kuɗi don samun damar sabis na kiwon lafiya a duka gwamnati da wuraren masu zaman kansu. Yawancin sauran kuɗin da 'yan ƙasa ke kashewa akan lafiyarsu ana amfani da su wajen samun 'sauran ra'ayi'. Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da aka horar da su a Najeriya wasu daga cikin mafi kyawun likitoci a duniya. Amma ƙananan albashi da al'adun wuraren aiki marasa kyau sun tilasta daruruwan dubban su gudu zuwa Turai da Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brain Drain: Nigeria now left with 55,000 doctors as 16,000 flee |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/health/health-news/676536-brain-drain-nigeria-now-left-with-55000-doctors-as-16000-emigrate-in-five-years-minister.html |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Premium Times Nigeria}}</ref> Koyaya, idan aka yi la'akari da girmansa da yawan jama'a, akwai ƙananan ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya ga kowane yanki fiye da yadda ake buƙata don samar da ingantaccen sabis na kiwon lafiya nye dukan ƙasar. Dalilin da ya fi dacewa shi ne ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwararrun masu kiwon lafiya a wasu ƙasashe, musamman a Turai da Amurka Ma'aikatar kiwon lafiya ta Najeriya tana aiki a cikin tsarin da aka tsara don samar da sabis na kiwon lafiya a matakai daban-daban. An rarraba tsarin kiwon lafiya a cikin matakan firamare, sakandare, da sakandare, kowannensu yana aiki daban-daban a cikin bangaren kiwon lafiya na kasar. Ma'aikatar Lafiya tana kula da daidaitawa da tsara Ayyukan kiwon lafiya, tabbatar da samun dama, inganci, da inganci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Levels of Healthcare |url=https://www.physio-pedia.com/Levels_of_Healthcare |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Physiopedia |language=en}}</ref> == Kayan kiwon Lafiya == Matsayin gwamnatin tarayya galibi yana iyakance ne ga daidaita al'amuran asibitocin koyarwa da jami'a, Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiya na Tarayya (kiwon lafiya na uku) yayin da gwamnatin jihar ke kula da manyan asibitoci daban-daban (kiwon lafiyar sakandare) kuma karamar hukuma tana mai da hankali kan dispensaries (kiwon Lafiya ta Farko), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Medical Centre Abeokuta: A Case Study in Hospital Management pp 1 |url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/21999635/Federal-Medical-Centre_-Abeokuta_HiA-Case-Study-in-Hospital-Management |access-date=13 June 2011 |publisher=docstoc}}</ref> waɗanda gwamnatin tarayya ke tsarawa ta hanyar NPHCDA. Jimlar kudaden da aka kashe a kan kiwon lafiya a matsayin kashi na GDP shine 5.03, yayin da kashi na kudaden da gwamnatin tarayya ke kashewa kan kiwon lafiyar jiki kusan 1.5%. Alamar dogon lokaci game da ikon ƙasar don samar da abinci mai gina jiki da guje wa rashin abinci mai gina gina jiki shine yawan ci gaban samar da abinci ga kowane mutum; daga 1970 zuwa 1990, adadin Najeriya ya kasance 0.25%.<ref name=":0" /> Kodayake karami ne, ƙimar da ta dace ga kowane mutum na iya zama saboda shigo da kayayyakin abinci na Najeriya. A ranar 12 ga watan Disamba, 2023, manyan masu ruwa da tsaki a bangaren kiwon lafiya sun sanya hannu kan sabon yarjejeniyar sabuntawa ta bangaren kiwo ta dukkan masu ruwa da kansu, gami da gwamnatocin tarayya da jihohi, masu ba da gudummawa, da abokan ci gaba, wanda aka fi sani da SWAp na farko a bangaren lafiya a Najeriya, wanda Ministan Kula da Lafiya da Lafiyar Jama'a Muhammad Pate ya gabatar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2024 |title=What Does Nigeria's Sector-Wide Approach Mean for the Health Sector? |url=https://nigeriahealthwatch.medium.com/what-does-nigerias-sector-wide-approach-mean-for-the-health-sector-ad12e774bb00}}</ref> A cikin 2024, gwamnatin Najeriya ta gudanar da tattaunawar ta farko ta kwata-kwata game da aikin bangaren kiwon lafiya a duk faɗin ƙasar tsakanin hukumomin tarayya da gwamnatocin ƙasa, da manyan masu ruwa da tsaki a bangaren kiwo. An shirya tattaunawar ne a matsayin wani ɓangare na jajircewar kasar don sake fasalin tsarin kiwon lafiya ta amfani da Shirin Sabuntawa na Sashen Lafiya da kuma Sashin Yankin Yankin, wanda Dokar Lafiya ta Kasa ta 2014 ta goyi bayan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Premium |date=2024-07-15 |title=Healthcare Reform: Nigerian govt holds first national performance dialogue for health sector |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/713864-healthcare-reform-nigerian-govt-holds-first-national-performance-dialogue-for-health-sector.html |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> === Cibiyoyin Kula da Lafiya na Farko (PHCs) === Cibiyoyin Kula da Lafiya na Farko (PHCs) <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oluwadare |first=Tunrayo |last2=Adegbilero-Iwari |first2=Oluwaseun |last3=Fasoro |first3=Ayodeji |last4=Faeji |first4=Charles |date=March 2023 |title=Utilization of Primary Healthcare Centers by Residents of Ido-Ekiti, Nigeria |journal=Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=227–236 |doi=10.4314/ejhs.v33i2.7 |issn=2413-7170 |pmc=10358379 |pmid=37484180}}</ref> suna aiki a matsayin tushe na tsarin kiwon lafiya na Najeriya, suna ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya da kulawa ta rigakafi. Yawanci suna cikin yankunan karkara da yankunan birane don tabbatar da samun dama ga mutanen da ba su da sabis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PUBLIC PRIMARY HEALTH CENTERS |url=https://hefamaa.lagosstate.gov.ng/registration/public-primary-health-centers/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=HEFAMAA |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Ayyukan Babban Asibitoci ==== * Shirye-shiryen rigakafi * Ayyukan kiwon lafiya na uwaye da yara * Ilimi na kiwon lafiya da kamfen ɗin wayar da kan jama'a * Magani da cututtuka na yau da kullun da ƙananan raunuka * Ayyukan abinci mai gina jiki da tsara iyali Hukumomin [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] ne ke gudanar da PHCs tare da tallafi daga gwamnatocin jihohi da tarayya, da kuma kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya na kasa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN PRIMARY HEALTH CARE SERVICES IN ETI-OSA LOCAL GOVERNMENTAREA, LAGOS STATE |url=https://nairaproject.com/projects/6031-the-role-of-local-government-in-primary-health-care-services-in-eti-osa-local-governmentarea-lagos-state.html |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=nairaproject.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/30146527 |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=bibliotekanauki.pl}}</ref> === Cibiyoyin Kula da Lafiya na Sakandare === Asibitoci na gabaɗaya sun fada ƙarƙashin rukunin wuraren kiwon lafiya na sakandare kuma suna aiki a matsayin cibiyoyin turawa don shari'o'in da ba za a iya magance su a PHCs ba. Wadannan asibitoci suna nan a cikin birane da yankunan birane, suna ba da kulawa ta musamman da ci gaba da shiga tsakani na likita. ==== Ayyukan Babban Asibitoci ==== * Kula da lafiyar gaggawa * Ayyukan ganewar asali kamar gwaje-gwaje na dakin gwaje-gaje da hotuna * Hanyoyin tiyata * Magunguna na musamman a fannoni kamar ilimin yara, ilimin mata, da likitan ciki * Ayyukan marasa lafiya da marasa lafiya Gwamnatocin jihohi ne ke kula da manyan asibitoci kuma galibi suna karɓar tallafin tarayya da tallafin fasaha. === Bayanan bayanai na kan layi na masu ba da kiwon lafiya === * Kungiyar hukuma da ke yin rajistar likitoci da likitocin hakora, Majalisar Likitoci da Likitoci ta Najeriya, ba ta da rajista ta kan layi. Suna ba da sabis don tabbatar da matsayin likita. * Majalisar likitoci ta Najeriya tana ba da damar bincika likitocin da aka tabbatar da su da kuma wuraren. * Medpages: Masu ba da kiwon lafiya ta hanyar rukuni da yanki. Bincike yana ba da damar gano masu samarwa ta suna ko ƙwarewa. === Inshorar Lafiya === A tarihi, ana iya amfani da inshorar kiwon lafiya a Najeriya ga 'yan lokuta: kulawar kiwon lafiya kyauta da aka bayar da kuma tallafawa ga dukkan' yan ƙasa, kulawar kiwo da gwamnati ta bayar ta hanyar tsarin inshorar kiwo na musamman ga ma'aikatan gwamnati da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ke shiga kwangila tare da masu ba da kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu. Koyaya, akwai mutane kalilan da suka fada cikin lokuta uku; tun daga shekarar 2015 ƙasa da 5% na 'yan Najeriya suna da inshorar lafiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Awosusi |first=Abiodun |last2=Folaranmi |first2=Temitope |last3=Yates |first3=Robert |date=1 September 2015 |title=Nigeria's new government and public financing for universal health coverage |journal=The Lancet Global Health |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=e514–e515 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00088-1 |pmid=26275321 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A watan Mayun 1999, gwamnati ta ƙirƙiri Tsarin Inshorar Lafiya ta Ƙasa, wanda ya ƙunshi ma'aikatan gwamnati, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da na yau da kullun . A tsarin doka kuma shirin ya shafi yara 'yan kasa da shekaru biyar, nakasassu na dindindin da kuma fursunonin kurkuku. A cikin 2004, gwamnatin Shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ta ba da ƙarin ikon yin doka a cikin shirin tare da gyare-gyare masu kyau ga ainihin dokar 1999. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Monye |first=Felicia N |date=September 2006 |title=An Appraisal of the National Health Insurance Scheme of Nigeria |journal=Commonwealth Law Bulletin |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=415–427 |doi=10.1080/03050710601074450 |s2cid=144728225}}</ref> Kashi 1.5 cikin 100 na ’yan Najeriya suna cikin tsarin inshorar lafiya na kasa tun lokacin da aka kafa shi. A cikin 2017, Kwamitin Majalisar [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|Wakilai]] kan Ayyukan Kula da Lafiya a [[Abuja]], ya shirya zaman binciken kwanaki biyu; Inda Ministan Lafiya [[Isaac Folorunso Adewole|Isaac Folorunsho Adewole]] ya bayyana cewa kawo yanzu an kashe Naira biliyan 351 ga kungiyoyin kula da lafiya. ba tare da kwatankwacin sakamako ba. A ranar 19 ga Mayu, 2022, Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya sanya hannu kan Dokar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa ta 2022 a cikin doka "don tabbatar da ɗaukar nauyin 'yan Najeriya matalauta miliyan 83 waɗanda ba za su iya biyan firam ɗin ba kamar yadda Hukumar Lancet ta Najeriya ta ba da shawarar".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=19 May 2022 |title=The Nation |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/buhari-signs-national-health-insurance-authority-bill-into-law/ |access-date=7 July 2024}}</ref> Wannan dokar "ta soke Dokar Shirin Inshorar Lafiya ta Kasa, Cap N42, Dokokin Tarayyar Najeriya ta 2004".<ref name=":3" /> A cikin 2024, Hukumar Inshorar Lafiya ta Kasa (NHIA) ta ba da sanarwar karuwar farashin kiwon lafiya, ta gabatar da karuwar kashi 60% a cikin capitation da kuma karkatar da kashi 40% a cikin kudaden Fee-For-Service (FFS), wanda aka ruwaito saboda hauhawar farashin kiwon lafiyar da kuma buƙatar kula da ingancin kulawa, koda kuwa gyare-gyaren na iya sanya nauyin kudi ga marasa lafiya da ma'aikata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chukwunedu |first=Chioma |date=2024-07-05 |title=NHIA increases health insurance capitation by 60%, implements 40% fee for service hike in Nigeria |url=https://nairametrics.com/2024/07/05/nhia-increases-health-insurance-capitation-by-60-implements-40-fee-for-service-hike-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=Nairametrics |language=en-US}}</ref> Akwai babbar ƙungiya mai zaman kanta a cikin makircin tare da HMOs kamar Health Partners HMO, Total Health Trust, Police HMO, Clearline HMO, Multi Shield Nigeria, Expatcare Health International, Oceanic Health Management da Zuma Health Trust. A cikin 2024, Gwamnatin Tarayya ta bayar da rahoton jimlar N37billion ga hukumomin kiwon lafiya masu dacewa ta hanyar Asusun Kula da Lafiya na asali (BHCPF) don wuraren kula da kiwon lafiya na farko (PHC). Fiye da 'yan Najeriya miliyan daya ana tura su cikin talauci a kowace shekara saboda kudaden da suka shafi kiwon lafiya, a cewar Bankin Duniya na Human Capital Public Expenditure Review da Institutional Review.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-12 |title='Over One Million Nigerians Are Pushed Into Poverty By Health-Related Expenses Yearly' – Independent Newspaper Nigeria |url=https://independent.ng/over-one-million-nigerians-are-pushed-into-poverty-by-health-related-expenses-yearly/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |language=en-GB}}</ref> === Yin tiyata a cikin kasusuwa === Sabon shirin bayar da gudummawar ƙashi, na biyu a Afirka, ya buɗe a cikin 2012. Tare da hadin gwiwar [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Najeriya]], tana tattara swabs na DNA daga mutanen da zasu iya so su taimaka wa mutumin da ke fama da cutar sankara, lymphoma, ko cututtukan sickle cell don samun mai ba da gudummawa mai dacewa don transplantation na ƙwayar ƙashi mai ceton rai. Yana fatan fadada don haɗawa da gudummawar jini a nan gaba.<ref name="McNeil" /> === Kula da cutar kansa === [[Fayil:Symptoms_of_cancer_metastasis.svg|thumb|Alamomin yaduwar cutar kansa]] Kula da cutar kansa a [[Najeriya]] yana kan hanya mai mahimmanci, yayin da kasar ke fuskantar karuwar cututtukan da suka shafi cutar kansa tare da iyakantaccen albarkatu don yaki da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cancer Care in Nigeria: A Call to Action |url=https://www.tchealthng.com/thought-pieces/cancer-care-in-nigeria-a-call-to-action |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=TC HEALTH}}</ref> Kimanin 'yan Najeriya 80,000 suna mutuwa daga [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] a kowace shekara kuma sama da 100,000 ana gano su da ciwon daji kowace shekara. Mutane da yawa suna mutuwa daga ciwon daji a Najeriya saboda ciwon daji da cututtukan da ba sa yaduwa ba a ba su fifiko a cikin kasafin kudin kiwon lafiya na kasar. [dubious - tattauna] Akwai cibiyoyin radiotherapy guda bakwai kawai a Najeriya. Makomar kula da cutar kansa a Najeriya ta dogara da aikin hadin gwiwa, kara kudade, da kuma kamfen ɗin wayar da kan jama'a don tabbatar da ganowa da wuri da kuma samun magani ga kowa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-06 |title=Nigeria Makes Strides in Cancer Control, Views Decentralization of Services to Expand Access |url=https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/nigeria-makes-strides-in-cancer-control-views-decentralization-of-services-to-expand-access |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=www.iaea.org}}</ref>  Yawancin mutuwar da suka shafi cutar kansa a Najeriya za a iya danganta su da rashin ilimi game da wannan iyalin cututtuka.<ref name="Closing the Cancer Divide Through U">{{Cite journal |last=Ngwa |first=Wilfred |last2=Ngoma |first2=Twalib |last3=Zietman |first3=Anthony |last4=Mayr |first4=Nina |last5=Elzawawy |first5=Ahmed |last6=Winningham |first6=Thomas A. |last7=Balogun |first7=Onyinye |last8=Enwerem-Bromson |first8=Nelly |last9=Ntizimira |first9=Christian |last10=Olopade |first10=Olufunmilayo I. |last11=Oluwole |first11=Doyin |last12=Odedina |first12=Folakemi |last13=Williams |first13=Makeda |last14=Flanigan |first14=John |last15=Asana |first15=Lydia |date=March 2016 |title=Closing the Cancer Divide Through Ubuntu: Information and Communication Technology-Powered Models for Global Radiation Oncology |journal=International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics |volume=94 |issue=3 |pages=440–449 |doi=10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.10.063 |pmc=4959435 |pmid=26867873}}</ref> Misali, ba a ba mata isasshen jagora don gano alamomi da alamun cutar kansar mama ba, kuma masu ba da kiwon lafiya ba su da ikon gano cutar kansar nono, koda bayan mata sun nemi gwaje-gwaje na likita.<ref name="spotlight.leeds.ac.uk">{{Cite web |title=The age of information: Ensuring better health |url=https://spotlight.leeds.ac.uk/the-age-of-information-ensuring-better-health/ |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=spotlight.leeds.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, rashin isasshen ilimi game da rigakafi da gano cutar kansa da wuri, tare da yanayin zamantakewa wanda zai iya inganta shiru da kuma sanya mummunan raunin zamantakewa ga irin waɗannan cututtukan, ya haifar da sama da kashi 33% na mutuwar cutar kansa. Bincike ya nuna cewa mata da yawa da ke fama da ciwon nono sun cika bukatunsu ta hanyar kimiyya da ba kai tsaye ba. Wasu sun yi imanin cewa ciwon nono na iya zama laifin mugayen ruhohi kuma mata da yawa sun zaɓi yin amfani da magani mai mahimmanci tare da daidaitaccen magani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Asuquo |first=Eme O. |last2=Absolom |first2=Kate |last3=Ebenso |first3=Bassey |last4=Allsop |first4=Mathew J. |date=May 2024 |title=Symptoms, concerns, and experiences of women living with and beyond breast cancer in Africa: A mixed-methods systematic review |journal=Psycho-Oncology |language=en |volume=33 |issue=5 |doi=10.1002/pon.6342 |issn=1057-9249 |pmid=38747633 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Closing the Cancer Divide Through U"/><ref name="spotlight.leeds.ac.uk"/> ==== Nau'o'in ==== Ciwon daji muhimmiyar matsala ce ta kiwon lafiya a Najeriya, tare da ciwon nono, ciwon nono na mahaifa, [[Ciwon daji na prostate]], da ciwon hanta sune nau'ikan da suka fi dacewa. A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO), kamuwa da cutar kansa a Najeriya suna ƙaruwa, tare da dubban sabbin ganewar asali a kowace shekara. Rashin cikakken rikodin cutar kansa yana haifar da ƙalubale ga tattara bayanai daidai, amma kimantawa ya nuna cewa Najeriya tana ɗauke da ɗayan nauyin cutar kansa mafi girma a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jedy-Agba |first=Elima |last2=Curado |first2=Maria Paula |last3=Ogunbiyi |first3=Olufemi |last4=Oga |first4=Emmanuel |last5=Fabowale |first5=Toyin |last6=Igbinoba |first6=Festus |last7=Osubor |first7=Gloria |last8=Otu |first8=Theresa |last9=Kumai |first9=Henry |last10=Koechlin |first10=Alice |last11=Osinubi |first11=Patience |last12=Dakum |first12=Patrick |last13=Blattner |first13=William |last14=Adebamowo |first14=Clement A. |date=October 2012 |title=Cancer incidence in Nigeria: a report from population-based cancer registries |journal=Cancer Epidemiology |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=e271–278 |doi=10.1016/j.canep.2012.04.007 |issn=1877-783X |pmc=3438369 |pmid=22621842}}</ref> ==== Ƙalubalen ==== * Ƙayyadadden Infrastructure na Kiwon Lafiya: Najeriya ba ta da isasshen adadin cibiyoyin kula da cutar kansa na musamman, tare da mafi yawansu sun fi mayar da hankali a manyan biranen kamar [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Abuja]], da [[Ibadan]]. Wannan rarrabawar birane ta sa ya zama da wahala sosai ga mutanen da ke yankunan karkara su sami damar samun isasshen kulawa da cutar kansa a kan lokaci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Avinash |last2=Alatise |first2=Olusegun Isaac |last3=O'Connell |first3=Kelli |last4=Ogunleye |first4=Samson Gbenga |last5=Aderounmu |first5=Adewale Abdulwasiu |last6=Samson |first6=Marquerite L. |last7=Wuraola |first7=Funmilola |last8=Olasehinde |first8=Olalekan |last9=Kingham |first9=T. Peter |last10=Du |first10=Mengmeng |date=2021-07-01 |title=Healthcare utilisation, cancer screening and potential barriers to accessing cancer care in rural South West Nigeria: a cross-sectional study |url=https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/11/7/e040352 |journal=BMJ Open |volume=11 |issue=7 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040352 |issn=2044-6055 |pmc=8314695 |pmid=34312189}}</ref> Rashin kayan aikin oncology a cikin asibitoci na gabaɗaya yana ƙara tsananta halin da ake ciki, saboda marasa lafiya galibi suna buƙatar tafiya mai nisa don ganewar asali da magani. A wasu lokuta, jinkiri a cikin turawa da kuma tsawon lokacin jira a cibiyoyin da suka cika suna haifar da ci gaban cutar kafin magani ya fara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abubakar |first=Ibrahim |last2=Dalglish |first2=Sarah L. |last3=Angell |first3=Blake |last4=Sanuade |first4=Olutobi |last5=Abimbola |first5=Seye |last6=Adamu |first6=Aishatu Lawal |last7=Adetifa |first7=Ifedayo M. O. |last8=Colbourn |first8=Tim |last9=Ogunlesi |first9=Afolabi Olaniyi |last10=Onwujekwe |first10=Obinna |last11=Owoaje |first11=Eme T. |last12=Okeke |first12=Iruka N. |last13=Adeyemo |first13=Adebowale |last14=Aliyu |first14=Gambo |last15=Aliyu |first15=Muktar H. |date=2022-03-19 |title=The Lancet Nigeria Commission: investing in health and the future of the nation |journal=Lancet |volume=399 |issue=10330 |pages=1155–1200 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02488-0 |issn=1474-547X |pmc=8943278 |pmid=35303470}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Onyekwelu |first=Stephen |date=2024-11-07 |title=Nigeria's cancer crisis: A call for systemic change |url=https://businessday.ng/partner-content/article/nigerias-cancer-crisis-a-call-for-systemic-change/ |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=Businessday NG}}</ref> * Babban Farashin Magani: Maganin Ciwon daji yana da tsada sosai ga 'yan Najeriya da yawa. Kudin chemotherapy, radiotherapy, tiyata, da sauran hanyoyin kiwon lafiya sun wuce karfin kudi na yawancin marasa lafiya. Wannan batun ya kara da gaskiyar cewa Shirin Inshorar Lafiya na Kasa na Najeriya (NHIS) ya rufe karamin ɓangare na yawan jama'a, yana barin yawancin marasa lafiya na ciwon daji su biya daga aljihu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE AUTHORITY – FINANCIAL ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE FOR ALL NIGERIANS |url=https://www.nhia.gov.ng/ |access-date=2025-03-22}}</ref> A sakamakon haka, mutane da yawa ko dai sun watsar da magani a tsakiyar hanya saboda matsalolin kudi ko kuma sun koma ga wasu hanyoyin da ba su da tasiri.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mustapha |first=Muhammad Inuwa |last2=Ali-Gombe |first2=Musa |last3=Abdullahi |first3=Adamu |last4=Adenipekun |first4=Adeniyi |last5=Campbell |first5=Oladapo Babatunde |date=2020 |title=Financial Burden of Cancer on Patients Treated at a Tertiary Health Facility in South West Nigeria |journal=Journal of the West African College of Surgeons |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=23–29 |doi=10.4103/jwas.jwas_4_22 |issn=2276-6944 |pmc=9267039 |pmid=35814963 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Late Diagnosis: Daya daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga sakamakon cutar kansa mara kyau a Najeriya shine babban adadin binciken ƙarshen. Marasa lafiya da yawa suna neman kulawar likita ne kawai lokacin da alamun suka zama masu tsanani, suna rage damar samun nasarar magani. Wannan matsala ta samo asali ne daga haɗuwa da dalilai, gami da shirye-shiryen tantance cutar kansa marasa isasshen, rashin binciken kiwon lafiya na yau da kullun, imani na al'adu da addini, da tsoron cutar. Bugu da ƙari, yawancin masu ba da kiwon lafiya na farko ba su da horo don gano alamun cutar kansa na farko, wanda ke haifar da rashin ganewar asali ko jinkiri a cikin turawa ga kwararru. * Rashin likitocin kanjamau da kwararru: Najeriya tana fuskantar matsanancin karancin masu kiwon lafiya da aka horar da su a fannin kanjamau. Adadin likitocin kanjamau, likitocin radiology, likitoci, da ma'aikatan jinya na kanjamau suna ƙasa da rabo da aka ba da shawarar da ake buƙata don sarrafa yawan adadin cututtukan ciwon daji. Yawancin ƙwararrun likitoci waɗanda suka ƙware a kula da cutar kansa suna barin ƙasar don samun dama mafi kyau a ƙasashen waje, suna ƙara matsalar zubar da ƙwaƙwalwa. Wannan karancin yana nufin cewa 'yan kwararru da ke akwai suna aiki da yawa, wanda ke haifar da dogon lokaci na jira da kuma rage ingancin kulawa ga marasa lafiya. * Ƙayyadadden Sanarwar Jama'a: Babban rabo na yawan mutanen Najeriya ba su da ilimi na asali game da ciwon daji, abubuwan haɗarinsa, alamun, da mahimmancin ganowa da wuri. Labarai da ra'ayoyi marasa kyau game da ciwon daji, kamar imanin cewa ikon ruhaniya ne ya haifar da shi ko kuma hukuncin kisa ne ba tare da magani ba, yana hana mutane neman taimakon likita. Bugu da ƙari, akwai iyakantaccen ilimin kiwon lafiya na jama'a da gwamnati ke jagoranta game da rigakafin cutar kansa, kuma kamfen ɗin wayar da kan jama'a ba su da yawa ko kuma sun dace. Wannan rashin wayar da kan jama'a yana haifar da ƙarancin tantancewa, zaɓin salon rayuwa mara lafiya, da jinkiri wajen neman shiga tsakani na likita. ==== Cibiyar Kulawa ==== * [[Asibitin Ƙasa, Abuja|Asibitin Kasa na Abuja]]: Asibitin kasa na Abuja yana daya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin kula da cutar kansa na Najeriya, sanye take da wuraren radiotherapy na zamani, rukunin chemotherapy, da kuma sashen ilimin kanjamau. Asibitin yana da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun, gami da likitocin kanjamau, likitocin radiology, da likitoci na kanjamau. Yana ba da cikakkiyar kulawa ta ciwon daji, gami da ganewar asali, magani, da kulawa mai laushi. Koyaya, saboda buƙata mai yawa, marasa lafiya galibi suna fuskantar lokutan jira na dogon lokaci don radiotherapy da sauran jiyya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Hospital Abuja |url=https://nationalhospital.gov.ng/ |access-date=2025-03-22 |archive-date=2026-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260515050902/http://nationalhospital.gov.ng/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Asibitin Koyarwa ta Jami'ar Legas|Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Legas]] (LUTH): Yana cikin Legas, LUTH yana ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin kula da cutar kansa da ke da kayan aiki a Najeriya. Yana ba da chemotherapy, radiotherapy, da sabis na tiyata. Asibitin yana da sashin binciken ciwon daji wanda ke mai da hankali kan inganta sakamakon maganin ciwon daji a Najeriya. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, LUTH ta inganta wuraren radiotherapy, ta sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan cibiyoyin a cikin ƙasar tare da masu saurin aiki don ingantaccen maganin radiation. Duk da wadannan ci gaba, samun damar magani ya kasance kalubale saboda yawan mai haƙuri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NSIA-LUTH Cancer Centre, Nigeria |url=https://www.esmo.org/for-patients/esmo-designated-centres-of-integrated-oncology-palliative-care/esmo-accredited-designated-centres/nsia-luth-cancer-centre-lagos-university-teaching-hospital |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=www.esmo.org |archive-date=2025-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322104012/https://www.esmo.org/for-patients/esmo-designated-centres-of-integrated-oncology-palliative-care/esmo-accredited-designated-centres/nsia-luth-cancer-centre-lagos-university-teaching-hospital |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Asibitin Kwalejin, Ibadan|Asibitin Kwalejin Jami'ar (UCH), Ibadan]]: A matsayin daya daga cikin tsofaffin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na Najeriya, UCH Ibadan yana da sashen ilimin kanjamau wanda ke ba da bincike, chemotherapy, da sabis na radiotherapy. Asibitin kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a binciken ciwon daji da horo na likita. UCH ta yi aiki tare da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa don inganta ayyukan kula da cutar kansa, kodayake kula da kayan aiki da kudade sun kasance manyan kalubale. * [[Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello (ABUTH), Zaria]]: ABUTH [[Zariya|Zaria]] wata babbar cibiyar bincike da magani ce a arewacin Najeriya. Yana ba da chemotherapy, radiotherapy, da sabis na tiyata. Asibitin yana ba da sabis ga yawancin jama'a daga yankin arewa, inda samun damar kula da cutar kansa na musamman yana da iyaka. Bukatar ingantaccen ababen more rayuwa da kara kudade don kula da kayan aiki babbar damuwa ce a ABUTH. * Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tarayya, Asaba: Cibiyar Kiwo ta Tarayya (FMC) Asaba ta haɗa maganin cutar kansa a cikin shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya, tana ba da maganin chemotherapy da sauran hanyoyin da suka shafi cutar kansa. Duk da yake ba su da kayan aiki kamar manyan asibitocin koyarwa, FMC Asaba tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da kula da cutar kansa ga marasa lafiya a yankin Kudu maso Kudu na Najeriya. Kamar sauran cibiyoyin ciwon daji da yawa a kasar, yana fuskantar kalubale kamar rashin isasshen kudade, iyakancewar likitocin kanjamau, da wuraren magani na zamani. ==== Kungiyoyin ba da agaji da ke da hannu sosai a kula da cutar kansa ==== * CancerAware Nigeria - Yana mai da hankali kan wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar kanjamau da kuma tantancewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CancerAware Nigeria {{!}} cancer ngo nigeria {{!}} Lagos Nigeria |url=https://www.canceraware.org.ng/ |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=canceraware}}</ref> * Project Pink Blue - Yana shiga cikin bayar da shawarwari game da cutar kansa, tallafin mai haƙuri, da tara kuɗi don magani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project Pink Blue – Stimulating Actions Against Cancer |url=https://projectpinkblue.org/ |access-date=2025-03-22 |archive-date=2025-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322104013/https://projectpinkblue.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Runcie Chidebe and Project PINK BLUE |url=https://igcs.org/awards/runcie-chidebe-and-project-pink-blue/ |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=IGCS}}</ref> * '''Kungiyar Ciwon Cutar nono ta Najeriya (BRECAN) ''' - Kungiyar da ke jagorantar wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar kanjamau da ilimi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://brecan.org/ |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=BRECAN |archive-date=2025-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322104014/https://brecan.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Lafiyar kwakwalwa === Yawancin ayyukan kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa ana bayar da su ne daga cibiyoyin kula da kwakwalwa na yanki 8 da sassan kula da kwakwalwar kwakwalwa da makarantun kiwon lafiya da manyan jami'o'i 12. Wasu asibitoci na gabaɗaya suna ba da sabis na kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa. Cibiyoyin da aka tsara sau da yawa suna fuskantar gasa daga masu ilimin ganye da cibiyoyin warkarwa na bangaskiya. Rabin masu ilimin halayyar dan adam da ma'aikatan zamantakewa shine 0.02 zuwa 100,000.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ayonrinde |first=Oyedeji |last2=Gureje |first2=Oye |last3=Lawal |first3=Rahmaan |date=June 2004 |title=Psychiatric research in Nigeria: Bridging tradition and modernisation |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=184 |issue=6 |pages=536–538 |doi=10.1192/bjp.184.6.536 |pmid=15172949 |s2cid=12541525 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Batutuwa == Duk da tsarin kiwon lafiya, bangaren kiwon lafiya na Najeriya yana fuskantar kalubale da yawa waɗanda ke hana isar da sabis mai inganci. Wadannan ƙalubalen suna shafar mazauna birane da yankunan karkara, suna iyakance samun damar kulawa mai inganci da kuma kara damuwa game da lafiyar jama'a. === Tsarin magunguna === A cikin 1989 doka ta yi tasiri jerin mahimman magunguna. Dokar kuma tana nufin iyakance kera da shigo da magungunan jabu ko marasa inganci da kuma dakile tallan karya. Duk da haka, daga baya an gyara sashin kan magunguna masu mahimmanci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ransome Kuti |first=O. |year=1992 |title=National Drug Policy in Nigeria |journal=Journal of Public Health Policy |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=367–373 |doi=10.2307/3342734 |jstor=3342734 |s2cid=68197988}}</ref> A cikin 2005, an kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 16.7% na magungunan da ke cikin ƙasar jabun ne. A shekara ta 2012, wani sabon bincike ya tabbatar da cewa adadin ya ragu zuwa 6.4%, wanda kashi 19.6% na maganin zazzabin cizon sauro . A cikin 2014, ya fadi zuwa 3.6%. Kimanin Naira Biliyan 29 na jabun magungunan an lalata su tsakanin 2015 – 2017 Ingancin magani shine da farko ana sarrafa shi ta Hukumar Kula da Abinci da Magunguna ta Kasa. Hukumar ta kafa Sabis na Tabbatar da Wayar hannu. Wata ƙungiyar 'yan mata daga makarantar sakandare ta Regina Pacis a [[Onitsha]] sun kirkiro mafita mafi kyau ta fasaha, aikace-aikacen da ake kira FD Detector wanda ke amfani da fasahar barcode don tabbatar da sahihancin magani da kwanakin ƙarewa. Wannan ya ba su matsayi a cikin Technovation Challenge 2018. Yawancin manyan gazawar ka'idoji sun haifar da abin kunya na kasa da kasa: * A cikin 1993, fasinja na [[paracetamol]] syrup ya shiga cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya a Oyo da [[Benue (jiha)|jihar Benue]], sakamakon mutuwar yara 100. Shekara guda bayan bala'in, ana iya siyan batches dauke da gubar ethylene glycol, babban dalilin mutuwar. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> * A cikin 1996, yara 11 sun mutu bayan gwajin asibiti da Pfizer ya yi wanda ya shafi magungunan trovafloxacin da ceftriaxone yayin barkewar [[Sanƙarau|cutar sankarau]] . * A cikin 2008-2009, aƙalla yara 84 ne suka mutu sakamakon gurɓataccen maganin haƙora. <ref>{{Cite web |title=84 Nigerian children dead from tainted formula |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/29057225 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210194943/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/29057225/ |archive-date=December 10, 2015 |access-date=2015-11-30 |website=NBC News}}</ref> A cikin 2024, Ministan Kula da Lafiya da Lafiyar Jama'a, Farfesa Muhammad Pate, ya koka game da cin hanci da rashawa a bangaren kiwon lafiya da kasar gabaɗaya, kamar shari'ar da aka ba da abinci mai warkewa ga yara kuma an ba da rahoton lamarin ga 'yan sanda.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Odeniyi |first=Solomon |date=2024-07-18 |title=Corruption in Nigeria's health sector very deep — Minister |url=https://punchng.com/corruption-in-nigerias-health-sector-very-deep-minister/ |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> === Samun damar samun magunguna === Najeriya ta dogara sosai da shigo da magunguna da kuma shigo da sinadaran da ake buƙata don samar da magunguna na gida. A cikin 2023, kamfanonin magunguna GlaxoSmithKline da Sanofi sun dakatar da masana'antar magunguna ta cikin gida, suna ambaton ƙalubalen aiki daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2024 |title=GSK, Sanofi Exit Nigerian Market Amid Lingering Foreign Exchange Crisis |url=https://www.biospace.com/article/gsk-sanofi-exit-nigerian-market-amid-lingering-foreign-exchange-crisis/ |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=BioSpace |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2024, a cikin rikodin shekaru 27 da suka fi girma na hauhawar farashin 28.92% da kuma raguwar darajar [[Naira]], farashin maganin rigakafi ya ga karuwar fiye da sau goma a farashin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bokinni |first=Yemisi |date=2024-03-01 |title=Antibiotic costs rise 1100% as big pharma exits Nigeria |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/384/bmj.q328 |journal=BMJ |language=en |volume=384 |pages=q328 |doi=10.1136/bmj.q328 |issn=1756-1833 |pmid=38428982 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Sauran magunguna, irin su inhalers na asma da magungunan ciwon sukari, suma sun sha wahala sosai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bokinni |first=Yemisi |date=2024-03-01 |title=Antibiotic costs rise 1100% as big pharma exits Nigeria |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/384/bmj.q328 |journal=BMJ |language=en |volume=384 |pages=q328 |doi=10.1136/bmj.q328 |issn=1756-1833 |pmid=38428982 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Rashin daidaiton yanki === [[Fayil:Mali_woman_selling_herbal_medicines.jpg|thumb|Baƙon Mali Fulani yana sayar da Magungunan ganye a kasuwar Najeriya]] Kiwon lafiya a Najeriya yana da tasiri da abubuwa daban-daban na gida da na yanki waɗanda ke tasiri inganci ko adadin da ke cikin wuri ɗaya. Saboda <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">da</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> ambata a baya, tsarin kiwon lafiya a Najeriya ya nuna bambancin sararin samaniya dangane da samuwa da ingancin kayan aiki dangane da buƙata. Duk da haka, wannan ya samo asali ne daga matakin shigar da jaha da ƙananan hukumomi da saka hannun jari a shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya da ilimi. Har ila yau, [[Ma’aikatar Lafiya ta Tarayya (Najeriya)|Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Najeriya]] tana kashe kusan kashi 70% na kasafin kudinta a biranen da kusan kashi 50% na al'ummar kasar ke zaune. {{Sfn|Akhtar|1991}} Samun ingancin kiwon lafiya a Najeriya ya kasance ƙalubale, musamman ga mutanen karkara. Rashin hanyoyin sadarwa, nesa mai tsawo zuwa wuraren kiwon lafiya, da farashin sufuri sun hana 'yan Najeriya da yawa neman kulawar likita nan da nan. Bugu da ƙari, bambance-bambance a cikin rarraba wuraren kiwon lafiya yana nufin cewa yayin da yankunan birane na iya samun asibitoci masu kyau, al'ummomin karkara galibi suna dogara da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na farko da ba su da kuɗi da kuma marasa ma'aikata. Rashin ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a waɗannan yankuna ya kara tsananta matsalar, wanda ke haifar da karuwar yawan mace-mace daga yanayin da za'a iya hanawa da magani. An gabatar da shirye-shirye irin su asibitocin kiwon lafiya na hannu da shirye-aikacen telemedicine don inganta damar kiwon lafiya a yankuna masu nisa, amma aiwatarwa da yawa ya kasance iyakance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Opinion |date=2024-11-24 |title=Making quality healthcare accessible to rural dwellers |url=https://punchng.com/making-quality-healthcare-accessible-to-rural-dwellers/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> Kalubale da ke fuskantar tsarin kiwon lafiya na Najeriya yana buƙatar sauye-sauyen manufofi na gaggawa, ƙara saka hannun jari na gwamnati, da haɗin gwiwar dabarun don inganta kudade, ababen more rayuwa, da riƙe ma'aikata. Ba tare da magance waɗannan mahimman batutuwa ba, cimma Universal Health Coverage (UHC) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Universal health coverage (UHC) |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/universal-health-coverage-(uhc) |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Universal Health Coverage |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/universalhealthcoverage |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> da inganta sakamakon kiwon lafiya gaba ɗaya zai kasance aiki ne mai wahala ga ƙasar. === Hijira na ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya === [[Fayil:Nurses_in_Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Ci gaba da ƙwararrun masu kula da lafiya muhimmiyar manufa ce]] Bincike ya nuna raguwar kwakwalwa a bangaren kiwon lafiya na Najeriya a cikin karuwar ƙaurawar ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya - likitoci, likitocin magunguna, ma'aikatan jinya, masana kimiyya na dakin gwaje-gwaje, likitoci da sauransu da yawa suna da wahalar shiga aikin biyan kuɗi. Yawancin sabbin likitoci, daga makarantun likita, kuma sun sami damar samun matsayi na gida, halin da ake ciki yana faruwa a kowace shekara. Matsalar ta ci gaba fiye da lokacin aikin gida ko horo, idan ya zo ga samun aikin da ya cancanta. Gabaɗaya babu isasshen matsayi na aiki don zagayawa. Kalubale na wannan a bayyane yake. Matsalar rarraba Sk, tare da 'yan ma'aikatan da ke akwai galibi a cikin birane, inda kusan dukkanin manyan wurare kamar Asibitoci na Janar da Asibitocin Koyarwa suke. Batutuwan da suka shafi wannan na iya haɗawa da yanayin siyasa, tare da wasu jihohi da ba sa son ɗaukar ma'aikata da yawa daga wasu sassan ƙasar a matsayin aikin manufofi na gangan, sun fi son yin amfani da 'yan asalin su, ko, inda akwai gajeren lokaci, suna daukar ma'aikata ga baƙi galibi daga Arewacin Afirka a kan kwangila na ɗan gajeren lokaci.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Okboh |first=Anthonia |date=28 January 2019 |title=Examining Nigeria's healthcare challenges |url=https://businessday.ng/why-nigeria-is-broke/article/examining-nigerias-healthcare-challenges/}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2007, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Tarayya ta tsara Manufofin Al'umma na Kasa don Lafiya kuma Majalisar Lafiya ta Kasa ta amince da ita. Daga baya, an tsara shirin dabarun kiwon lafiya na 2008-2012 don jagorantar aiwatar da manufofin a dukkan matakai. Babban manufar ita ce tabbatar da cewa isasshen adadin ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya masu motsawa suna samuwa kuma an rarraba su daidai a duk faɗin ƙasar don tabbatar da samar da sabis na kiwon lafiya mai inganci. Yanayin ya zama mafi muni. Yayin da zamanin Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci gaba ya fara kuma burin 2030 ya fara mayar da hankali, kididdigar ba ta da tabbaci.<ref name=":2" /> Akwai likitocin Najeriya 4000 da ke aiki a Amurka da 8000 da ke aiki da Ingila.<ref name="Ehigiator">{{Cite web |last=Ehigiator |first=Sunday |date=2022-04-17 |title=Brain Drain Overstretching Health Workers, NMA Laments |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/04/17/brain-drain-overstretching-health-workers-nma-laments/ |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=THISDAYLIVE |language=en-US}}</ref> Ci gaba da waɗannan ƙwararrun ƙwararrun an gano su a matsayin burin gaggawa. Rashin kwakwalwa ya yanke a duk masu sana'a na kiwon lafiya; dubban likitocin Najeriya da ma'aikatan jinya suna aiki a Burtaniya da Amurka.<ref name="Ehigiator" /> === Rashin isassun Kuɗi === [[Fayil:Kagarawal_Primary_Health_Centre_05.jpg|thumb|Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Firamare ta Kagarawal 05]] Ɗaya daga cikin manyan shingen da ke tattare da ingantaccen kiwon lafiya a Najeriya shine '''rashin isasshen kudade'''. Sashen kiwon lafiya koyaushe yana karɓar ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi fiye da ma'auni na 15% da Abuja Declaration na 2001, inda ƙasashen Tarayyar Afirka (AU) suka yi alkawarin ƙara kuɗin da aka kashe a bangaren kiwon lafiya. A sakamakon haka, wurare da yawa na kiwon lafiya ba su da albarkatun kuɗi don samar da ayyuka masu mahimmanci, sayen kayan aikin kiwon lafiya, da kula da ababen more rayuwa. Dogaro da kudaden da aka kashe don tallafawa kiwon lafiya yana sanya nauyi mai nauyi ga mutane, musamman wadanda ke cikin ƙananan al'ummomin karkara. Kokarin irin su '''Asusun Kula da Lafiya na asali (BHCPF) ''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Basic Health Care Provision Fund (BHCPF) – NPHCDA |url=https://nphcda.gov.ng/bhcpf/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=BASIC HEALTH CARE PROVISION FUND – NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE AUTHORITY |url=https://www.nhia.gov.ng/basic-health-care-provision-fund/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> suna da niyyar inganta kudaden kiwon lafiya, amma kalubalen aiwatarwa da rashin kula da kudade sun jinkirta ci gaba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-26 |title=African Governments Falling Short on Healthcare Funding {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/04/26/african-governments-falling-short-healthcare-funding |access-date=2025-03-27 |language=en}}</ref> === Sirri da kasuwanci na sabis na kiwon lafiyar jama'a === Ayyukan kiwon lafiya na jama'a a Najeriya ba su da inganci kuma ba su da isasshen samuwa, masu sauƙin isa, kuma masu araha ga mutane da yawa da ke buƙatar waɗannan ayyukan. Binciken mafita ya haifar da ra'ayin mallakar da kasuwanci na ayyukan kiwon lafiya na jama'a. Wannan ci gaban yana da matukar farin ciki da ra'ayin cewa zai kara gasa kuma ya haifar da rage farashin sabis na kiwon lafiya kuma ya sa irin waɗannan ayyukan su fi araha ga matalauta.<ref name=":1" /> Koyaya, gardamar da ke adawa da shi ita ce cewa keɓancewa da kasuwanci a Najeriya za su zama madubi sai dai idan an yi gyare-gyare na hukuma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stephen |first=Chukwuma Chukwudumebi |last2=Omokhudu |first2=Odiwo Williams |last3=Anthony |first3=Kifordu Anyibuofu |date=1 September 2016 |title=The Impact of Privatization and Commercialization in Nigeria |url=https://sloap.org/journals/index.php/irjmis/article/view/419 |journal=International Research Journal of Management, IT & Social Sciences |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=107–119}}</ref> === Marasa ababen more rayuwa === Yawancin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da manyan asibitoci a Najeriya suna fama da lalacewar ababen more rayuwa da kayan aikin kiwon lafiya. Rashin isasshen wutar lantarki, rashin tsabtace ruwa, da rashin kayan aikin bincike na aiki suna iyakance tasirin maganin likita. Wasu wuraren kiwon lafiya suna aiki ba tare da kayan more rayuwa ba kamar su '''ventilators, incubators, da dakunan gwaje-gwaje masu aiki''', suna sa ya zama da wahala a magance gaggawa da samar da kulawa ta musamman.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ogunyale |first=Kehinde |date=2024-12-17 |title=Report: Over 70% of public PHCs lack functional basic medical equipment |url=https://dataphyte.com/latest-reports/health/report-over-70-of-public-phcs-lack-functional-basic-medical-equipment/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Dataphyte |language=en-GB |archive-date=2025-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211155423/https://dataphyte.com/latest-reports/health/report-over-70-of-public-phcs-lack-functional-basic-medical-equipment/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Asibitoci masu girma a manyan birane kamar Legas, Abuja, da Kano galibi suna cike da kansu saboda gazawar cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na farko da na biyu don biyan bukatun masu haƙuri. Gwamnati ta fara shirye-shiryen farfadowa, amma ci gaba yana da jinkiri, kuma yankunan karkara sun kasance mafi yawan abin da ya shafa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwafor |date=2025-01-08 |title=Healing a Broken System: How lack of power, water, Japa degrades health sector |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/01/healing-a-broken-system-how-lack-of-power-water-japa-degrades-health-sector/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Magungunan gargajiya da na madadin == Kamar yadda rahotanni na baya-bayan nan suka nuna, ban da fa'idodi da yawa akwai kuma haɗarin da ke da alaƙa da nau'ikan maganin gargajiya / kari ko madadin magani.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-02 |title=How to develop traditional medicine in Nigeria, by experts |url=https://guardian.ng/features/how-to-develop-traditional-medicine-in-nigeria-by-experts/ |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> Kodayake masu amfani a yau suna da damar yin amfani da magunguna da magunguna daban-daban na TM / CAM, sau da yawa ba su da isasshen bayani game da abin da za su bincika lokacin amfani da TM / CAM don kauce wa lahani mara amfani.<ref name="apps.who.int"/> Duk da yake maganin gargajiya yana da yawa don ba da gudummawa ga kiwon lafiya da tattalin arziki, lahani mai yawa ya haifar da siyarwa ba tare da tsari ba da kuma amfani da maganin gargajiya / madadin magani da ganye a cikin ƙasar kuma ya jinkirta marasa lafiya neman kiwon lafiya na ƙwararru. == Ƙoƙarin gwamnati da gyare-gyare == Gwamnatin Najeriya, tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya na kasa da kasa, ta dauki matakai da yawa don inganta ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Waɗannan sun hada da: === Shirin Inshorar Lafiya na Ƙasa (NHIS) === '''Shirin Inshorar Lafiya na Kasa (NHIS) ''' wani shiri ne na gwamnati wanda aka kafa don inganta samun damar kiwon lafiya da araha ga 'yan Najeriya. An ƙaddamar da shirin a cikin 1999 kuma ya fara aiki a cikin 2005 a ƙarƙashin Dokar Shirin Inshorar Lafiya ta Kasa, da nufin rage kuɗin kiwon lafiya ta hanyar shirin kiwon lafiya da aka riga aka biya. NHIS tana ba da ɗaukar hoto don sabis na kiwon lafiya daban-daban, gami da shawarwari, gwaje-gwaje na bincike, jiyya, da shigar asibiti. A cikin shekaru, an yi ƙoƙari don fadada NHIS don rufe ma'aikatan sashen da ba na al'ada ba, ƙungiyoyi masu rauni, da al'ummomin karkara ta hanyar shirye-shirye irin su '''Asusun Kula da Lafiya na asali (BHCPF) ''' da kuma Group, Individual, da Family Social Health Insurance Programme (GIFSHIP). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alawode |first=Gafar |last2=Adewoyin |first2=Ayomide B. |last3=Abdulsalam |first3=Abdulmajeed O. |last4=Ilika |first4=Frances |last5=Chukwu |first5=Chidera |last6=Mohammed |first6=Zakariya |last7=Kurfi |first7=Abubakar |date=2022-01-01 |title=The Political Economy of the Design of the Basic Health Care Provision Fund (BHCPF) in Nigeria: A Retrospective Analysis for Prospective Action |journal=Health Systems & Reform |volume=8 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/23288604.2022.2124601 |issn=2328-8604 |pmid=36170653 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GROUP, INDIVIDUAL, AND FAMILY SOCIAL HEALTH INSURANCE PROGRAMME (GIFSHIP) – NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE AUTHORITY |url=https://www.nhia.gov.ng/service/land-insurance/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Koyaya, ƙalubalen kamar ƙarancin kuɗi, ƙarancin shiga, da rashin ingancin gudanarwa sun iyakance isa da tasiri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us – NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE AUTHORITY |url=https://www.nhia.gov.ng/about-us/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Sabunta Cibiyoyin Kula da Lafiya na Farko (PHCs) === Gwamnatin Najeriya ta ɗauki matakai da yawa don '''sake farfado da Cibiyoyin Kula da Lafiya na Farko (PHCs) ''', wanda ke aiki a matsayin farkon hanyar tuntuɓar kula da lafiya, musamman a yankunan karkara da wuraren da ba a kula da su ba. Wannan ƙoƙari yana daga cikin manyan dabarun '''Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Firamare ta Kasa (NPHCDA) ''', wanda ke neman gyarawa da kuma samar da PHCs a duk faɗin ƙasar. Shirye-shiryen irin su Saving One Million Lives (SOML) <ref>{{Cite web |title=404 Error - Page Not Found |url=https://www.worldbank.org/404_response.htm |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref> da kuma Manufar Kula da Lafiya ta Firamare a karkashin Rufi Ɗaya (PHCUOR) suna da niyyar tabbatar da wadatar magunguna masu mahimmanci, inganta kayan aikin kiwon lafiya, da haɓaka isar da sabis a matakin ƙasa. Duk da wadannan kokarin, PHCs suna ci gaba da fuskantar kalubale, gami da rashin isasshen ma'aikata, rashin isassu kayan kiwon lafiya, da kuma karancin kudade.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-24 |title=Primary Health Care Revitalization- Nigeria's Solution to Achieving Universal Health Coverage. {{!}} WHO {{!}} Regional Office for Africa |url=https://www.afro.who.int/news/primary-health-care-revitalization-nigerias-solution-achieving-universal-health-coverage |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=www.afro.who.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ore |first=Mosunmola |date=2022-03-25 |title=Nigerian Government restates commitment to revitalise primary healthcare services |url=https://von.gov.ng/119573/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Voice of Nigeria |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407174847/https://von.gov.ng/119573/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu (PPPs) a cikin Kiwon Lafiya === Haɗin gwiwar jama'a masu zaman kansu (PPPs) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Definition, How They Work, and Examples |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/public-private-partnerships.asp |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Investopedia |language=en}}</ref> an kara inganta su a matsayin dabarun da za a rufe gibin da ke cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya na Najeriya. Ta hanyar PPPs, ana ƙarfafa saka hannun jari na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a yankuna kamar kayan aikin asibiti, sayen kayan kiwon lafiya, da isar da sabis na kiwon lafiya. Gwamnatocin jihohi da yawa sun shiga haɗin gwiwa tare da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don gina da sarrafa wuraren kiwon lafiya. Shahararrun misalai sun haɗa da '''Shirin Lafiya na Jihar Legas (LSHS) ''', wanda ke ba da damar masu ba da kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu suyi aiki a cikin tsarin inshorar kiwon lafiya na jihar, da kuma Kungiyar Lafiya ta Kasuwanci ta Najeriya (PHN), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.lashmaregulations.com.ng/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=LASHMA - Lagos State Health Scheme |language=en-US}}</ref> wanda ke haɗin gwiwa tare da gwamnati kan ayyukan kiwon lafiya tsakanin uwa da yara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Private Sector Health Alliance of Nigeria – PSHAN |url=https://pshan.org/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Duk da yake PPPs sun inganta isar da sabis a wasu yankuna, damuwa ta kasance game da farashi, kula da tsari, da kuma samun dama ga ayyukan kiwon lafiya. === Samun ma'aikata da riƙe ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya === Najeriya ta fuskanci kalubale na ci gaba da karancin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, wanda ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar zubar da kwakwalwa, inda masu sana'a ke ƙaura zuwa ƙasashe masu inganci da yanayin aiki da albashi mafi girma. Don magance wannan, gwamnati ta gabatar da shirye-shirye daban-daban da shirye-aikacen horo da nufin daukar ma'aikata da riƙe masu sana'a na kiwon lafiya. Shirye-shiryen irin su '''Shirin Sabis na Midwives (MSS) ''' <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abimbola |first=Seye |last2=Okoli |first2=Ugo |last3=Olubajo |first3=Olalekan |last4=Abdullahi |first4=Mohammed J. |last5=Pate |first5=Muhammad A. |date=2012 |title=The midwives service scheme in Nigeria |journal=PLOS Medicine |volume=9 |issue=5 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001211 |issn=1549-1676 |pmc=3341343 |pmid=22563303 |doi-access=free}}</ref> da kuma National Health Workforce Registry <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-24 |title=Nigeria launches the National Health Workforce Country Profile towards achieving universal health coverage {{!}} WHO {{!}} Regional Office for Africa |url=https://www.afro.who.int/news/nigeria-launches-national-health-workforce-country-profile-towards-achieving-universal-health |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=www.afro.who.int |language=en}}</ref> suna mai da hankali kan tura ƙwararrun ma'aikata zuwa yankunan da ba a kula da su ba da kuma bin diddigin rarraba ma'aikata. Wasu jihohi sun aiwatar da gyare-gyaren albashi, alawus na haɗari, da shirye-shiryen ci gaban ƙwararru na ci gaba don inganta yanayin aiki da hana ƙaura. Koyaya, ƙalubalen kamar su albashi mara kyau, yanayin aiki mara kyau, da rashin gamsuwa da aiki suna ci gaba da fitar da ƙwararrun masu kiwon lafiya a ƙasashen waje, suna shafar isar da sabis na kiwon lafiya cikin ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ajoseh |first=Seun |last2=Langer |first2=Armin |last3=Amoniyan |first3=Oluwasegun |last4=Uyah |first4=Uduak-Abasi |date=2024-11-14 |title=Navigating brain drain: understanding public discourse on legislation to retain medical professionals in Nigeria |journal=Globalization and Health |volume=20 |issue=1 |page=80 |doi=10.1186/s12992-024-01077-1 |issn=1744-8603 |pmc=11566287 |pmid=39543665 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Haihuwar Yara a Najeriya|Haihuwar Yara a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Tushen == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] k36blalw1aer0gce8d2q54657soxpod 0 118973 906233 878098 2026-08-22T13:39:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906233 wikitext text/x-wiki Kisan masu zanga-zangar Biafra na 2015-2016 shine kisan masu zanga'ar da ke neman maido da ikon mallakar [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] ta jami'an tsaro na [[Najeriya]], musamman [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Sojojin Najeriya]], a fadin sassan [[Kasar Inyamurai|kudu maso gabas]] Najeriya. Masu zanga-zangar sun kasance karkashin jagorancin ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye da yawa. Bugu da kari, mazaunan yankin da aka ambata a sama galibi ana fuskantar su a cikin yanayin da ke daidai da waɗanda za a iya samu a Jihar 'yan sanda.<ref name="ReferenceP">{{Cite web |date=2 June 2016 |title=IPOB to IGP: Hide your face in shame for ordering disarmament of unarmed Biafrans |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/06/ipob-igp-hide-face-shame-ordering-disarmament-unarmed-biafrans/ |access-date=2 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web |date=31 May 2016 |title=IPOB/Police clash: We're in democracy, people should be entitled to speak their minds- Ekweremadu |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/05/ipobpolice-clash-democracy-people-entitled-speak-minds-ekweremadu/ |access-date=31 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceM">{{Cite web |date=31 May 2016 |title=Biafra protests: Ekweremadu urges security agents to be responsible |url=http://dailypost.ng/2016/05/31/biafra-protests-ekweremadu-urges-security-agents-to-be-responsible/ |access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref> Kungiyar Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kudu maso Gabas (SBCHROs) ta kiyasta cewa kimanin mambobi 80 na kungiyar masu goyon bayan Biafra 'Yan asalin Biafra (IPOB) da magoya bayansu an kashe su ne daga jami'an tsaro na Najeriya a karkashin umarnin gwamnatin Najeriya tsakanin 30 ga Agusta 2015 da 9 ga Fabrairu 2016. Abubuwan da suka fi shahara sune zanga-zangar da suka faru a [[Onitsha]] a ranar 2 ga Disamba, 2015 inda kimanin mutane 11 suka mutu, ciki har da 'yan sanda 2 da masu fafutuka 9; kuma a [[Aba]] a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu, 2016 inda jami'an tsaro na Najeriya suka kashe mambobi shida na kungiyar 'Yan asalin Biafra (IPOB) kuma an kama wasu kusan 20. Har ila yau, 'yan asalin Biafra sun yi iƙirarin cewa sojojin Najeriya sun kashe kuma sun ƙone gawawwakin masu fafutuka na Biafra a wani abin da ya faru a Aba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigerian Army Murders and Burns the Corpses of Pro-Biafra Activists |url=https://www.naij.com/754352-biafra-controversy-read-what-nigerian-army-did-to-13-dead-bodies.html/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307104641/https://www.naij.com/754352-biafra-controversy-read-what-nigerian-army-did-to-13-dead-bodies.html |archive-date=2016-03-07 |access-date=2016-03-06}}</ref> Baya ga kashe-kashen, mambobin kabilun Igbo, wadanda ke kan gaba a cikin tashin hankali na rabuwa, jami'an tsaro na Najeriya sun yi niyya. A ranar 23 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2015, yawancin Igbos da ke dawowa gida don bikin Kirsimeti daga yammacin kasar an tsare su a kan [[Onitsha]] Niger River Bridge na sa'o'i da yawa ta hanyar sojoji da ke gudanar da ayyukan tsayawa da bincike. Rashin da wannan ya haifar ya kai sa'o'i goma sha biyu tare da masu tafiya da yawa suna kwana a bangarorin biyu na gadar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Search for Pro-Biafra Agitators: Soldiers Block Onitsha Bridge Head |url=http://www.authorityngr.com/2015/12/Search-for-pro-Biafra-agitators--Soldiers-block-Onitsha-Bridge-Head/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311170707/http://www.authorityngr.com/2015/12/Search-for-pro-Biafra-agitators--Soldiers-block-Onitsha-Bridge-Head/ |archive-date=2016-03-11 |access-date=2016-03-06}}</ref> Sojojin Najeriya da Gwamnatin Tarayya sun ƙaryata yin wani daga cikin waɗannan ayyuka. A ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 2016, ƙungiyar Amnesty International ta zargi jami’an tsaron Najeriya da kashe aƙalla mutane 150 daga cikin masu fafutukar neman ‘yancin Biafra cikin lumana. Ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta kuma ce sojojin Najeriya sun yi amfani da harsashi na gaskiya, ba tare da isasshen gargadi ba, wajen tarwatsa mambobin ƙungiyar Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB) daga Agusta 2015 zuwa Agusta 2016. Sojoji da ‘yan sanda sun ƙaryata waɗannan zarge-zarge, suna cewa ana ƙoƙarin ɓata sunan jami’an tsaro ne.<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/nigeria-biafrans-activate-right-self-defence-civil-societies-condemn-aba-killings-1543181/ "Nigeria: Biafrans Activate Right to Self-Defence as Civil Societies Condemn Aba Killings"]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amnesty accuses Nigeria of killing at least 150 Biafra separatist |url=http://news.trust.org/item/20161124000447-d9mqq |access-date=2025-10-25 |archive-date=2025-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251204192240/https://news.trust.org/item/20161124000447-d9mqq |url-status=dead }}</ref> == zanga-zangar ranar Biafra == 30 Mayu 2016 [[Biyafara|Biafra]] Day Demonstrations - jerin zanga-zangar da ke tunawa da sanarwar 'yancin kai na yankin Biafran daga Najeriya a shekarar 1967 - sun zama masu zubar da jini a birane da yawa a kudu maso gabashin Najeriya yayin da jami'an tsaro na Najeriya suka yi karo da kungiyoyin masu goyon bayan Biafra.<ref name="ReferenceC" /><ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref name="ReferenceD">{{Cite web |date=30 May 2016 |title=Two killed as pro-Biafran rally turns violent in Delta |url=http://punchng.com/two-killed-pro-biafran-rally-turns-violent-delta-%E2%80%8E/ |access-date=31 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceE">{{Cite web |title=Dozens Killed, Several injuries Biafra-day rally turning bloody |url=http://dailymetro.info/dozens-killed-several-injuries-biafra-day-rally-turning-bloody |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531112855/http://dailymetro.info/dozens-killed-several-injuries-biafra-day-rally-turning-bloody |archive-date=31 May 2016 |access-date=31 May 2016}}</ref> Kafofin yada labarai na cikin gida, suna ambaton rahotanni na shaidu, sun ce an kashe mutane 40, yayin da aka kama mambobi sama da 50 masu goyon bayan Biafra a birnin kasuwanci na [[Onitsha]] a lokacin zanga-zangar.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite web |title=Dozens Killed, Several Injured as Biafra Day Rallies Turn Bloody |url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/05/31/dozens-killed-several-injured-as-biafra-day-rallies-turn-bloody/ |access-date=31 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |date=31 May 2016 |title=South-East burns as Biafra Day turns bloody |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/05/south-east-burns-as-biafra-day-turns-bloody/ |access-date=31 May 2016}}</ref> Lamarin, a cewar daya daga cikin shaidun, ya fara ne da misalin karfe 3 na safe lokacin da jami'an tsaro suka mamaye gidan cocin Katolika a Nkpor Agu, kusa da Onitsha, inda masu goyon bayan Biafra suka kafa sansani kuma ana zargin sun bude wuta. An kiyasta fararen hula biyar da aka kashe, yayin da wasu goma suka ji rauni.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> An rubuta wasu mutuwar 35 biyo bayan ci gaba da tashin hankali a kan wasu mambobin kungiyar pro-Biafra a cikin birnin kasuwanci ta jami'an tsaro.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Nnamdi globes ya kasance a wurin shakatawa na kasa, Afirka ta Kudu don yin alama a wurin zama a gida, 30 ga Mayu 2019. Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don 'Yancin Bil'adama da Dokar Shari'a, ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama, ta ce bincikenta ya nuna cewa jami'an tsaro sun harbe, sun kashe, sun karɓi gawawwakin kuma sun binne wadanda abin ya shafa a wuraren da ba a sani ba.<ref name="ReferencePB">{{Cite web |date=2 June 2016 |title=IPOB/Army clash: Relations move victims from hospitals to unknown places |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/06/ipobarmy-clash-relations-move-victims-hospitals-unknown-places/ |access-date=2 June 2016}}</ref> Wata sanarwa da Sojojin Najeriya suka fitar ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta kai hari kan masu fafutuka "saboda yawan tsoro, tashin hankali da tsoro da aka haifar daga ayyukan MASSOB da membobin IPOB. " <ref name="ReferenceG">{{Cite web |date=31 May 2016 |title=50th Celebration Of Biafra: Why We Attacked MASSOB, IPOB Members- Nigerian Military |url=http://saharareporters.com/2016/05/31/%E2%80%8E-50th-celebration-biafra-why-we-attacked-massob-ipob-members-nigerian-military |access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref> <ref name="ReferenceH">{{Cite web |date=31 May 2016 |title=Army explains why it attacked protesting MASSOB, IPOB members |url=http://dailypost.ng/2016/05/31/army-explains-why-it-attacked-protesting-massob-ipob-members/ |access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref> <ref name="ReferenceI">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2016 |title=Biafra: We acted in self-defence – Army |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/06/biafra-acted-self-defence-army/ |access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceK">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2016 |title=We Acted in Self Defence over Biafra Day Killings, Says Military |url=http://anambrariansnews.com.ng/?p=27279 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701155250/http://anambrariansnews.com.ng/?p=27279 |archive-date=2016-07-01 |access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref> == Halin cikin gida da na duniya == Tsohuwar Mataimakiyar Shugabar Jam’iyyar Labour ta Birtaniya, Harriet Harman, ta roƙi Sakataren Harkokin Waje da na Commonwealth na Birtaniya, Philip Hammond, da ya taimaka wajen sakin shugaban ƙungiyar Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB), Nnamdi Kanu, wanda aka tsare. A gefe guda kuma, ƙungiyar Amnesty International ta bayyana cewa tana aiki kan rahotanni masu maimaituwa da suka shafi yin amfani da ƙarfin soja fiye da kima wajen tarwatsa masu zanga-zangar da ke goyon bayan motsin Biafra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=British Parliament Member Petitions UK Government Over Nnamdi Kanu's Detention |url=https://www.naij.com/621175-photos-british-parliament-member-petitions-uk-government-nnamdi-kanus-detention.html/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308072713/https://www.naij.com/621175-photos-british-parliament-member-petitions-uk-government-nnamdi-kanus-detention.html/ |archive-date=2016-03-08 |access-date=2016-03-06}}</ref> '''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/nigeria-must-probe-serious-violence-claims-against-pro-biafrans-says-amnesty-international-1545567/ |title="Nigeria Must Probe Serious Violence Claims Against Pro-Biafrans Says Amnesty International" |access-date=2025-10-25 |archive-date=2025-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821110056/https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/nigeria-must-probe-serious-violence-claims-against-pro-biafrans-says-amnesty-international-1545567 |url-status=dead }}</ref>'''Wani rahoto daga [[Amnesty International]] ya zargi sojojin Najeriya da kashe akalla 'yan tawaye 17 na Biafra marasa makami a birnin [[Onitsha]] kafin tafiya a ranar 30 ga Mayu 2016 don tunawa da shekaru 49 na farkon rabuwa na Biafra. [[Tarayyar Turai]] ta hanyar Babban Wakilin Harkokin Waje da Manufofin Tsaro, Federica Mogherini a baya ta ce tana goyon bayan zaman lafiya na raba gardama kan 'yancin kai. Da yake mayar da martani ga kisan kiyashi na ranar [[Biyafara|Biafra]], Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya, [[Ike Ekweremadu]], ya koka cewa "a cikin dimokuradiyya ya kamata mutane su sami damar yin magana da tunaninsu da kuma taruwa a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai alhakin. " Da yake amsawa ga tashin hankali don sake rabuwa da Biafra wanda ya haifar da ra'ayi na warewa, tsohon Mataimakin shugaban Najeriya, [[Atiku Abubakar]], ya ba da shawarar sake fasalin Najeriya don cire cikas ga ci gaban tattalin arziki da siyasa na kasar kuma ya sanya shi ga rashin adalci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2016 |title=Biafra: Atiku calls for restructuring of federation |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/06/biafra-atiku-calls-restructuring-federation/ |access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] f2b2pwi1bm0nesxaj15gk3d9upwrvat 0 119793 906449 863738 2026-08-23T07:39:45Z Nnamadee 31123 Nnamadee moved page [[Nigerian Export-Import Bank]] to [[Bankin fitar da kayayyaki na Najeriya]] 863738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Bankin fitar da kayayyaki na [[Najeriya]] (NEXIM) hukuma ce ta bashi a Najeriya, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1991. A cikin aikinta, NEXIM tana mai da hankali kan ci gaba da faɗaɗa ɓangarorin da ba na mai ba na tattalin arziƙin Najeriya, tare da la'akari da rage dogaro da ƙasar kan fitar da mai. == Aikin == Manufar NEXIM ita ce ƙara yawan fitar da kayayyakin da ba na mai ba zuwa ƙasashen waje ga ƙananan, matsakaita, da manyan kamfanoni a dukkan fannoni na tattalin arziƙi, ta hanyar samar da kuɗaɗen tallafi, shirye-shiryen ɗaukar haɗari, da kuma ayyukan bayar da shawarwari da suka yi dai-dai da manufofin gwamnati na kasuwanci<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-20 |title=About Us {{!}} Nigeria Export Import Bank |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220175055/https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |archive-date=20 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-21}}</ref> == Wurin da yake == Hedikwatar Nexim tana cikin NEXIM House, Gundumar Kasuwanci ta Tsakiya, [[Abuja]]" id="mwHA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Garki, Abuja">Garki, Abuja, Najeriya.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: Contact Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/contact-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=Nigerian Export-Import Bank (NEXIM) |archive-date=7 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307204826/https://neximbank.com.ng/contact-us/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gidan Nexim yana da iyaka da Kur Mohammed Avenue zuwa arewa, Ahmadu Bello Way zuwa gabas da Constitution Avenue zuwa kudu. Yanayinta na ƙasa sune: 09°03'44.0"N, 07°29'37.0"E (Latitude: 09.062222; Longitude:07.493611). == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == An kafa NEXIM a cikin shekarar 1991 a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin [[Babban Bankin Najeriya]] (CBN) da [[Ma'aikatar Kudin Tarayyar Najeriya|Ma'aikatar Kudi ta Tarayya]] (MOFI), tare da babban birnin NGN: 50,000,000,000 (kimanin dala miliyan 132 a cikin kudi na 2021). <ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: About Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=NEXIM Bank (NEXIM) |archive-date=20 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220175055/https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> *<small>Lura: US $ 1.00 = NGN379.52 a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 2021.</small> A cewar shafin yanar gizon bankin, wasu daga cikin manyan ayyukanta sun haɗa da: <ref name="4R"/> 1. "Samun tabbacin bashi na fitarwa da inshorar bashi na fitar da kayayyaki ga abokan ciniki masu cancanta". 2. "Samun bashi a cikin kuɗin gida ga abokan cinikinta don tallafawa fitarwa". 3. "Tsarin asusun musayar ƙasashen waje don ba da rance ga masu fitar da kayayyaki waɗanda ke buƙatar shigo da kayan kasashen waje don sauƙaƙe samar da fitarwa". 4. "Tsarin tsarin bayanai na kasuwanci don tallafawa kasuwancin fitarwa".<ref name="4R"/> == Mallaka == Cibiyar hada-hadar kuɗi mallakar CBN da MOFI ne, a kan tushen 50/50. <ref name="4R"/> == Matsayin kuɗi == Ya zuwa 31 ga Disamban shekarar 2015, jimlar kadarorin bankin an kimanta su a NGN:64,731,403,000 (kimanin US $ 170,562,000 a cikin kuɗin 2021), tare da babban birnin masu hannun jari na NGN:41,150,885,000 (US $ 108,429,000). <ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=April 2019 |title=Audited Financial Statement As of 31 December 2015 |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NEXIM-AFS-2015-FINAL.pdf |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=Nigerian Export-Import Bank (NEXIM) |archive-date=1 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001200153/https://neximbank.com.ng/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NEXIM-AFS-2015-FINAL.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> *<small>Lura: US $ 1.00 = NGN379.52 a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 2021.</small> == Dubi kuma == * [[Bankunan Najeriya|Jerin bankunan a Najeriya]] * [[Tattalin arzikin Najeriya]] * [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] == Ofishin Jakadancin == '''NEXIM''' Manufarsa ita ce ƙara yawan fitar da kayayyakin da ba na mai ba zuwa ƙasashen waje ga ƙanana, matsakaita da manyan masana'antu a dukkan sassan tattalin arziki, ta hanyar samar da kuɗaɗen tallafi, shirye-shiryen ɗaukar haɗari (risk-bearing programs), da kuma ayyukan ba da shawara, bisa manufofin gwamnati na kasuwanci da fitar da kaya zuwa ƙasashen waje..<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-20 |title=About Us {{!}} Nigeria Export Import Bank |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220175055/https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |archive-date=20 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-21}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-20 |title=About Us {{!}} Nigeria Export Import Bank |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220175055/https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |archive-date=20 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-21}}</ref>Manufar Bankin NEXIM ita ce ƙara yawan fitar da kayayyakin da ba na mai ba zuwa ƙasashen waje ga ƙanana, matsakaita da manyan kamfanoni a dukkan sassan tattalin arziki. Bankin na cimma wannan buri ne ta hanyar samar da kuɗaɗen tallafi, shirye-shiryen ɗaukar haɗari (risk-bearing programs), da kuma ba da shawarwari da jagoranci, bisa manufofin kasuwanci da cinikayya na gwamnati. == Wuri == Hedikwatar NEXIM tana a NEXIM House, a Babban Yankin Kasuwanci (Central Business District), Garki, Abuja, Najeriya.   '''NEXIM''' Manufarsa ita ce ƙara yawan fitar da kayayyakin da ba na mai ba zuwa ƙasashen waje ga ƙanana, matsakaita da manyan masana'antu a dukkan sassan tattalin arziki, ta hanyar samar da kuɗaɗen tallafi, shirye-shiryen ɗaukar haɗari (risk-bearing programs), da kuma ayyukan ba da shawara, bisa manufofin gwamnati na kasuwanci da fitar da kaya zuwa ƙasashen waje..<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-20 |title=About Us {{!}} Nigeria Export Import Bank |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220175055/https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |archive-date=20 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-21}}</ref> Hedikwatar NEXIM tana a NEXIM House, a Babban Yankin Kasuwanci (Central Business District), Garki, Abuja, Najeriya. A cewar shafin yanar gizon bankin, wasu daga cikin manyan ayyukanta sun hada da: <ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: About Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)}}</ref> 1. ""Samar da garanti na bashin fitar da kaya zuwa ƙasashen waje (Export Credit Guarantee) da kuma inshorar bashin fitar da kaya (Export Credit Insurance) ga kwastomomin da suka cancanta." 2. "Samun bashi a cikin kuɗin gida ga abokan cinikinta don tallafawa fitarwa". 3. "Tsarin asusun musayar kasashen waje don ba da rance ga masu fitar da kayayyaki waɗanda ke buƙatar shigo da kayan kasashen waje don sauƙaƙe samar da fitarwa". 4. "Tsarin tsarin bayanai na kasuwanci don tallafawa kasuwancin fitarwa".<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: About Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)}}</ref> Cibiyar kuɗin tana mallakar haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin Babban Bankin Najeriya (CBN) da Kamfanin Kula da Zuba Jarin Gwamnati na Najeriya (MOFI), inda kowanne bangare yake da kaso 50 cikin 100 (50%) na mallaka. == Dubawa == A cewar shafin yanar gizon bankin, wasu daga cikin manyan ayyukanta sun hada da: <ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: About Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)}}</ref> 1. ""Samar da garanti na bashin fitar da kaya zuwa ƙasashen waje (Export Credit Guarantee) da kuma inshorar bashin fitar da kaya (Export Credit Insurance) ga kwastomomin da suka cancanta." 2. "Samun bashi a cikin kuɗin gida ga abokan cinikinta don tallafawa fitarwa". 3. "Tsarin asusun musayar kasashen waje don ba da rance ga masu fitar da kayayyaki waɗanda ke buƙatar shigo da kayan kasashen waje don sauƙaƙe samar da fitarwa". 4. "Tsarin tsarin bayanai na kasuwanci don tallafawa kasuwancin fitarwa".<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: About Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNEXIM2021">NEXIM (27 February 2021). [https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ "NEXIM Bank: About Us"]. Abuja: NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == Ownership == Cibiyar kuɗin tana mallakar haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin Babban Bankin Najeriya (CBN) da Kamfanin Kula da Zuba Jarin Gwamnati na Najeriya (MOFI), inda kowanne bangare yake da kaso 50 cikin 100 (50%) na mallaka. == Financial position ==   '''NEXIM''' Manufarsa ita ce ƙara yawan fitar da kayayyakin da ba na mai ba zuwa ƙasashen waje ga ƙanana, matsakaita da manyan masana'antu a dukkan sassan tattalin arziki, ta hanyar samar da kuɗaɗen tallafi, shirye-shiryen ɗaukar haɗari (risk-bearing programs), da kuma ayyukan ba da shawara, bisa manufofin gwamnati na kasuwanci da fitar da kaya zuwa ƙasashen waje..<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-20 |title=About Us {{!}} Nigeria Export Import Bank |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220175055/https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |archive-date=20 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-21}}</ref> Hedikwatar NEXIM tana a NEXIM House, a Babban Yankin Kasuwanci (Central Business District), Garki, Abuja, Najeriya. A cewar shafin yanar gizon bankin, wasu daga cikin manyan ayyukanta sun hada da: <ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: About Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)}}</ref> 1. ""Samar da garanti na bashin fitar da kaya zuwa ƙasashen waje (Export Credit Guarantee) da kuma inshorar bashin fitar da kaya (Export Credit Insurance) ga kwastomomin da suka cancanta." 2. "Samun bashi a cikin kuɗin gida ga abokan cinikinta don tallafawa fitarwa". 3. "Tsarin asusun musayar kasashen waje don ba da rance ga masu fitar da kayayyaki waɗanda ke buƙatar shigo da kayan kasashen waje don sauƙaƙe samar da fitarwa". 4. "Tsarin tsarin bayanai na kasuwanci don tallafawa kasuwancin fitarwa".<ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=NEXIM |date=27 February 2021 |title=NEXIM Bank: About Us |url=https://neximbank.com.ng/about-us/ |access-date=27 February 2021 |publisher=NEXIM Bank (NEXIM)}}</ref> Cibiyar kuɗin tana mallakar haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin Babban Bankin Najeriya (CBN) da Kamfanin Kula da Zuba Jarin Gwamnati na Najeriya (MOFI), inda kowanne bangare yake da kaso 50 cikin 100 (50%) na mallaka. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.wand.com/CORE/CompanyProfile.aspx?mfgcode=50650411&RGID=GLOBAL Bayanan Kamfanin A Wand.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305131544/http://www.wand.com/core/companyprofile.aspx?mfgcode=50650411&rgid=global |date=2016-03-05 }} An adana shi Ya zuwa Afrilu 2015. * [https://leadership.ng/nexim-bank-positioning-the-economy-for-post-crisis-performance/ Bankin NEXIM: Matsayi Tattalin Arziki Don Ayyukan Bayan Rikicin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120171122/https://leadership.ng/nexim-bank-positioning-the-economy-for-post-crisis-performance/ |date=2022-01-20 }} Ya zuwa Nuwamba 2020. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 132tf2by990v8rww015uop0c6u9xso5 0 121103 906461 738316 2026-08-23T09:10:59Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 906461 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Sunderland]] Association Football Club ta kasance kungiya ce ta ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa da ke zaune a [[Sunderland]], Tyne da Wear, Ingila . Kungiyar tana fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], matakin farko na tsarin gasar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta kasar [[Ingila]]. An kafa shi acikin shekara ta 1879, kulob din ya lashe lambobin yabo na farko guda shida (1892, 1893, 1895, 1902, 1913, da 1936) a cikin rukunin farko, kuma ya kammala matsayi na biyu sau biyar. Har ila yau, kulob din ya lashe Kofin FA sau biyu (1937 da 1973), kuma ya kasance mai cin gaba sau biyu (1913 da 1992), kuma ya lashe gasar FA Charity Shield a 1936. Sun kuma kasance 'yan wasan karshe na gasar cin Kofin Kwallon Kafa a 1985 da 2014. An ba shi suna Black Cats, Sunderland tana buga wasannin gida a filin wasa na Light mai daukar mutane kimanin 49,000, bayan ya ƙaura daga Roker Park a shekarar 1997. Kungiyar tana da tsananin kishiya da ke kusa da kungiyar Newcastle United, wanda aka fafata da Tyne-Wear derby tun 1898. Suna wasa a cikin ja da fararen riguna da gajeren baki. == Tarihi == [[File:Sunderland-1884.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton ƙungiyar da aka ɗauka a 1884]] === Shekaru na farko da "Team of All Talents" (1879-1908) === An kafa kulob din ne a matsayin Sunderland da Malaman Gundumar A.F.C. ta hanyar malamin makaranta James Allan a cikin abin da aka yi imanin cewa Oktoba ne na shekara ta 1879. Koyaya, shaidu sun nuna cewa ba a halicci kulob din ba har sai shekara guda bayan haka, a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba a shekarar 1880.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx |access-date=4 January 2019 |website=www.thestatcat.co.uk}}</ref> An sake masa suna Sunderland AFC kuma ya zama a buɗe ga malamai a makaranta a watana Oktoba na shekara ta 1880.<ref name="auto" /> [[Fayil:John_Middleton_Campbell.jpg|left|thumb|John Campbell, wani ɓangare na "Team of All Talents", kuma babban mai zira kwallaye a gasar a cikin sunayen sarauta uku na farko na Sunderland.]] Sunderland ta shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa a kakar 1890-91. <ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=Club History |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |archive-date=6 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> Tom Watson ya zama manajan farko na kungiyar Sunderland ''Lokaci'' da aka nada shi a shekara ta 1888. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Managers 1889–1939 |url=http://www.safc.com/history/?page_id=2997 |access-date=6 January 2009 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> A ƙarshen karni na 19, William McGregor, wanda ya kafa gasar, ya ayyana su a matsayin "Team of All Talents", bayan nasarar 7-2 a kan [[Aston Villa FC|Aston Villa]]. Sunderland ta lashe gasar zakarun a kakar 1891-92, kakar wasa daya bayan ta shiga The Football League, kuma wannan wasan kwaikwayon ya jagoranci The Times don bayyana 'yan wasan a matsayin "ƙungiya mai kyau". Sunderland ta samu nasarar kare taken a kakar wasa mai zuwa, tare da taimakon dan wasan tsakiya na Scotland John Campbell, wanda ya karya alamar kwallaye guda 30 a karo na biyu a cikin lokutan da suka biyo baya. A cikin tsari, sun zama tawagar farko da ta zira kwallaye 100 a cikin kakar wasa daya, wani abin da ba a daidaita shi ba har zuwa 1919-20. Sunderland ya zo kusa da lashe gasar zakarun Turai ta uku a kakar 1893-94, ya kammala na biyu a bayan kungiyar Aston Villa. Koyaya, sun sake samun taken a kakar 1894-95, tare da Campbell ya zama babban mai zira kwallaye a karo na uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Callaghan |first=Richard |date=20 July 2016 |title=Sunderland's First Great Centre Forward |url=https://rokerreport.sbnation.com/2016/7/20/12222208/sunderland-s-first-great-centre-forward |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=Roker Report}}</ref> Sunderland sa'an nan kuma ta doke zakarun Scotland Heart of Midlothian a wasan da aka bayyana a matsayin wasan "World Championship".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Jonathan Wilson |date=25 April 2020 |title=Sunderland's Victorian all-stars blazed trail for money's rule of football |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2020/apr/25/even-when-sunderland-ruled-the-globe-club-world-cups-were-controversial |access-date=16 May 2020 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2019 |title=When Sunderland met Hearts in the first ever 'Champions League' match |url=https://www.nutmegmagazine.co.uk/issue-5/when-sunderland-met-hearts-in-the-first-ever-champions-league-match/ |access-date=19 February 2021 |website=Nutmeg Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mai tsaron gidan su Ned Doig ya kafa tarihin [[duniya]] na karni na 19 ta hanyar ba da wani burin a cikin 87 daga cikin 290 da ya buga a saman rukuni (30%). <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2018 |title=History: Curiosities of World Football (1891–1900) |url=https://iffhs.de/history-curiosities-of-world-football-1891-1900 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827225306/https://iffhs.de/history-curiosities-of-world-football-1891-1900/ |archive-date=27 August 2019 |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=IFFHS}}</ref> Daga 1886 har zuwa 1898, gidan Sunderland yana cikin Newcastle Road. A shekara ta 1898, kulob din ya koma abin da zai zama gidansu kusan kusan ƙarni guda, Roker Park . Da farko ƙasa tana da damar 30,000.<ref name="rokerpark" /> Bayan ya dauki kulob din Sunderland zuwa gasar zakarun kasar [[Ingila]] uku, manajan Watson ya yi murabus a ƙarshen kakar 1895-96, don shiga [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]. Robert Campbell ya maye gurbinsa.<ref name="p39" /> Campbell bai sami nasarar wasa kamar Watson ba, yayin da Sunderland ya kasa lashe kowane lakabi a cikin shekaru uku da ya yi a kulob din. Scotsman Alex Mackie ya maye gurbin Campbell a matsayin manajan kakar 1899. Bayan kammala matsayi na biyu a 1900-01, kulob din ya lashe lambar yabo ta hudu a kakar 1901-02, <ref name=":2" /> kuma ya biyo bayan wannan tare da nasara a Sheriff na London Charity Shield. A watan Disamba a shekara ta 1902, Arthur Bridgett ya shiga ƙungiyar Sunderland . Ya ci gaba da zama kyaftin din "Black Cats" na tsawon shekaru goma kuma ya sami kwallo goma sha ɗaya na Ingila, wanda ya sa shi dan wasan na biyu da ya fi buga kwallo a Ingila a bayan Dave Watson . <ref>{{Cite web |title=England Players from Sunderland |url=https://www.englandstats.com/club.php?cid=104 |access-date=19 January 2020 |website=englandstats.com}}</ref> === Ƙarin sunayen sarauta na gasar (1908-1945) === [[Fayil:Rokerlads1937.jpg|left|thumb|Sunderland ta lashe kofin FA na 1937]] A ranar 5 ga watan Disamba na shekarar 1908, kungiyar Sunderland ta samu nasarar da ta samu a gasar, 9-1 a kan abokan hamayyar arewa maso gabashin Newcastle United . A karkashin kocin Irish Bob Kyle kuma tare da Scottish Charles Thomson a matsayin kyaftin, kulob din ya sake lashe gasar a 1913, amma ya rasa wasan karshe na FA Cup na farko 1-0 ga Aston Villa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=English FA Cup&nbsp;— Final 1913 |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/results3.sd?gameid=257177 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050222213709/http://www.soccerbase.com/results3.sd?gameid=257177 |archive-date=22 February 2005 |access-date=19 December 2008 |website=Soccerbase}}</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka Yaƙin Duniya na farko ya kawo karshen gasar. Bayan sake dawo da gasar, Sunderland ya kusa lashe wani gasar a kakar 1922-23, lokacin da suka kasance masu cin gaba ga Liverpool. Sun kuma zo kusa da kakar wasa mai zuwa, sun kammala na uku. Kungiyar ta tsere wa koma baya daga rukunin farko da maki daya a kakar 1927-28 duk da kwallaye 35 daga Dave Halliday. Halliday ya inganta burinsa zuwa kwallaye 43 a wasanni 42 a kakar wasa mai zuwa, rikodin Sunderland na kowane lokaci don kwallaye da aka zira a kakar wasa daya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M. |date=20 June 2019 |title=English League Leading Goalscorers |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engtops.html |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref><ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=Club History |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |archive-date=6 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html "Club History"]. </cite></ref>.. === Kungiyar "Bank of England", matsalolin kudi da kuma gasar cin kofin uku (1945-1995) === [[Fayil:Ianporterfieldgoal.jpg|right|thumb|Gasar cin nasara ta Ian Porterfield a gasar cin kofin FA ta 1973]] Ga Sunderland, shekarun da suka gabata bayan yakin sun kasance da kudade masu yawa; kulob din ya biya £18,000 (£803,000 a yau) ga Ivor Broadis na Carlisle United a watan Janairun a shekarar 1949.[33] Broadis kuma shine kocin Carlisle a lokacin, kuma wannan shine misali na farko na dan wasan da ya sauya kansa zuwa wani kulob.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amos |first=Mike |date=14 December 2007 |title=Broadis still; bubbling along at 85 |url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/1904999.broadis_still_bubbling_along_at_85/ |access-date=19 September 2008 |website=The Northern Echo}}</ref> Wannan, tare da kudaden canja wurin rikodin don tabbatar da ayyukan Len Shackleton da Trevor Ford na Welsh, ya haifar da sunan laƙabi na zamani, "Bank of England club". Kungiyar ta kammala ta uku a cikin Sashen Farko a 1950, mafi girman kammalawa tun daga gasar 1936.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Felton |first=Paul |title=Season 1949–50. |url=https://www.rsssf.org/engpaul/FLA/1949-50.html |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> A ƙarshen shekarun 1950s ya ga raguwa mai tsanani a cikin Sunderland, kuma kulob din ya sake shiga cikin babban abin kunya na kudi a shekara ta 1957. An same su da laifin biyan kuɗi ga 'yan wasan da suka wuce matsakaicin albashi, an ci su tarar £ 5,000 (£ 152,000 a yau), kuma an dakatar da shugaban su da daraktoci uku.[33]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harding |first=John |date=1 May 2007 |title=The Jimmy Hill Years: PFA Chairman 1957–1961 |url=http://www.givemefootball.com/pfa/pfa-history/the-jimmy-hill-years-pfa-chairman-1957-1961 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915053426/http://www.givemefootball.com/pfa/pfa-history/the-jimmy-hill-years-pfa-chairman-1957-1961 |archive-date=15 September 2010 |access-date=4 January 2009 |website=Professional Footballers' Association}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, an sake Sunderland daga mafi girman rukuni a karo na farko a tarihin league na shekaru 68. Rashin Sunderland daga saman jirgin ya dauki shekaru shida. Bayan kira na kusa a kakar da ta gabata, an inganta kulob din zuwa Division One a 1964 bayan ya gama a matsayi na biyu. A ƙarshen shekaru goma, an sake komawa su zuwa Sashe na Biyu bayan sun gama 21st. == Kididdiga da rikodin == [[Fayil:Sunderland_AFC_League_Performance.svg|right|thumb|300x300px|Matsayi na League tun daga kakar 1890-91.]] Mai riƙe da rikodin mafi yawan wasanni shine Jimmy Montgomery, bayan ya buga wasanni 527 na farko tsakanin 1961 da 1976. Babban mai zira kwallaye a kulob din shine Charlie Buchan, wanda ya zira kwallayi 209 daga 1911 zuwa 1925; Bobby Gurney shine mai zira kwallan rikodin a duk wasannin tare da kwallaye 228 tsakanin 1926 da 1939.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland all time records |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/team_records.sd?teamid=2493 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926194651/http://www.soccerbase.com/team_records.sd?teamid=2493 |archive-date=26 September 2008 |access-date=19 September 2008 |website=Soccerbase}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=11. Bobby Gurney |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/PlayersArticleDetail/0,,10281~1929361,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407043306/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/PlayersArticleDetail/0,,10281~1929361,00.html |archive-date=7 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> Dave Halliday yana da rikodin mafi yawan kwallaye da aka zira a kakar wasa daya: 43 a kakar 1928-29 a cikin Sashe na Farko.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2" /> Ya zuwa watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014 John O'Shea shine dan wasan da ya fi dacewa da kulob din, inda ya buga wasanni 100 a Jamhuriyar Ireland.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; === Masu zira kwallaye === 'Yan wasa goma na Sunderland sun zira kwallaye 100 ko fiye a gasar zakarun Turai.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx |access-date=4 January 2019 |website=www.thestatcat.co.uk}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx "Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records"]. </cite></ref> Su ne kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" ! !Sunan !Manufofin |- |'''1''' |[[Charlie Buchan]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |209 |- |'''2''' |[[Bobby Gurney]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |205 |- |'''3''' |[[Dave Halliday]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |156 |- |'''4''' |[[George Holley]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |150 |- |'''5''' |[[John Campbell (footballer, born 1869)|John Campbell]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |133 |- |'''6''' |[[Raich Carter]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |118 |- |'''7''' |[[Kevin Phillips (footballer)|Kevin Phillips]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |113 |- |'''8''' |[[Jimmy Millar (footballer, born 1870)|Jimmy Millar]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |109 |- |'''9''' |[[Arthur Bridgett]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |108 |- |'''10''' |[[Patrick Gallacher|Patsy Gallacher]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |100 |- |} Bobby Gurney yana da adadin kwallaye a duk gasa tare da jimlar 228 a wasanni da kofin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bobby Gurney |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Player.aspx?PlayerID=383 |access-date=22 August 2020 |website=The Stat Cat}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p2uj02c5j3yxgmx8dn2n5dtwxpy3ycv 906462 906461 2026-08-23T09:12:12Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 906462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Sunderland]] Association Football Club ta kasance kungiya ce ta ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa da ke zaune a [[Sunderland]], Tyne da Wear, Ingila . Kungiyar tana fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], matakin farko na tsarin gasar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta kasar [[Ingila]]. An kafa shi acikin shekara ta 1879, kulob din ya lashe lambobin yabo na farko guda shida acikin (1892, 1893, 1895, 1902, 1913, da 1936) a cikin rukunin farko, kuma ya kammala matsayi na biyu sau biyar. Har ila yau, kulob din ya lashe Kofin FA sau biyu (1937 da 1973), kuma ya kasance mai cin gaba sau biyu (1913 da 1992), kuma ya lashe gasar FA Charity Shield a 1936. Sun kuma kasance 'yan wasan karshe na gasar cin Kofin Kwallon Kafa a 1985 da 2014. An ba shi suna Black Cats, Sunderland tana buga wasannin gida a filin wasa na Light mai daukar mutane kimanin 49,000, bayan ya ƙaura daga Roker Park a shekarar 1997. Kungiyar tana da tsananin kishiya da ke kusa da kungiyar Newcastle United, wanda aka fafata da Tyne-Wear derby tun 1898. Suna wasa a cikin ja da fararen riguna da gajeren baki. == Tarihi == [[File:Sunderland-1884.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton ƙungiyar da aka ɗauka a 1884]] === Shekaru na farko da "Team of All Talents" (1879-1908) === An kafa kulob din ne a matsayin Sunderland da Malaman Gundumar A.F.C. ta hanyar malamin makaranta James Allan a cikin abin da aka yi imanin cewa Oktoba ne na shekara ta 1879. Koyaya, shaidu sun nuna cewa ba a halicci kulob din ba har sai shekara guda bayan haka, a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba a shekarar 1880.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx |access-date=4 January 2019 |website=www.thestatcat.co.uk}}</ref> An sake masa suna Sunderland AFC kuma ya zama a buɗe ga malamai a makaranta a watana Oktoba na shekara ta 1880.<ref name="auto" /> [[Fayil:John_Middleton_Campbell.jpg|left|thumb|John Campbell, wani ɓangare na "Team of All Talents", kuma babban mai zira kwallaye a gasar a cikin sunayen sarauta uku na farko na Sunderland.]] Sunderland ta shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa a kakar 1890-91. <ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=Club History |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |archive-date=6 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> Tom Watson ya zama manajan farko na kungiyar Sunderland ''Lokaci'' da aka nada shi a shekara ta 1888. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Managers 1889–1939 |url=http://www.safc.com/history/?page_id=2997 |access-date=6 January 2009 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> A ƙarshen karni na 19, William McGregor, wanda ya kafa gasar, ya ayyana su a matsayin "Team of All Talents", bayan nasarar 7-2 a kan [[Aston Villa FC|Aston Villa]]. Sunderland ta lashe gasar zakarun a kakar 1891-92, kakar wasa daya bayan ta shiga The Football League, kuma wannan wasan kwaikwayon ya jagoranci The Times don bayyana 'yan wasan a matsayin "ƙungiya mai kyau". Sunderland ta samu nasarar kare taken a kakar wasa mai zuwa, tare da taimakon dan wasan tsakiya na Scotland John Campbell, wanda ya karya alamar kwallaye guda 30 a karo na biyu a cikin lokutan da suka biyo baya. A cikin tsari, sun zama tawagar farko da ta zira kwallaye 100 a cikin kakar wasa daya, wani abin da ba a daidaita shi ba har zuwa 1919-20. Sunderland ya zo kusa da lashe gasar zakarun Turai ta uku a kakar 1893-94, ya kammala na biyu a bayan kungiyar Aston Villa. Koyaya, sun sake samun taken a kakar 1894-95, tare da Campbell ya zama babban mai zira kwallaye a karo na uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Callaghan |first=Richard |date=20 July 2016 |title=Sunderland's First Great Centre Forward |url=https://rokerreport.sbnation.com/2016/7/20/12222208/sunderland-s-first-great-centre-forward |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=Roker Report}}</ref> Sunderland sa'an nan kuma ta doke zakarun Scotland Heart of Midlothian a wasan da aka bayyana a matsayin wasan "World Championship".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Jonathan Wilson |date=25 April 2020 |title=Sunderland's Victorian all-stars blazed trail for money's rule of football |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2020/apr/25/even-when-sunderland-ruled-the-globe-club-world-cups-were-controversial |access-date=16 May 2020 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2019 |title=When Sunderland met Hearts in the first ever 'Champions League' match |url=https://www.nutmegmagazine.co.uk/issue-5/when-sunderland-met-hearts-in-the-first-ever-champions-league-match/ |access-date=19 February 2021 |website=Nutmeg Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mai tsaron gidan su Ned Doig ya kafa tarihin [[duniya]] na karni na 19 ta hanyar ba da wani burin a cikin 87 daga cikin 290 da ya buga a saman rukuni (30%). <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2018 |title=History: Curiosities of World Football (1891–1900) |url=https://iffhs.de/history-curiosities-of-world-football-1891-1900 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827225306/https://iffhs.de/history-curiosities-of-world-football-1891-1900/ |archive-date=27 August 2019 |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=IFFHS}}</ref> Daga 1886 har zuwa 1898, gidan Sunderland yana cikin Newcastle Road. A shekara ta 1898, kulob din ya koma abin da zai zama gidansu kusan kusan ƙarni guda, Roker Park . Da farko ƙasa tana da damar 30,000.<ref name="rokerpark" /> Bayan ya dauki kulob din Sunderland zuwa gasar zakarun kasar [[Ingila]] uku, manajan Watson ya yi murabus a ƙarshen kakar 1895-96, don shiga [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]. Robert Campbell ya maye gurbinsa.<ref name="p39" /> Campbell bai sami nasarar wasa kamar Watson ba, yayin da Sunderland ya kasa lashe kowane lakabi a cikin shekaru uku da ya yi a kulob din. Scotsman Alex Mackie ya maye gurbin Campbell a matsayin manajan kakar 1899. Bayan kammala matsayi na biyu a 1900-01, kulob din ya lashe lambar yabo ta hudu a kakar 1901-02, <ref name=":2" /> kuma ya biyo bayan wannan tare da nasara a Sheriff na London Charity Shield. A watan Disamba a shekara ta 1902, Arthur Bridgett ya shiga ƙungiyar Sunderland . Ya ci gaba da zama kyaftin din "Black Cats" na tsawon shekaru goma kuma ya sami kwallo goma sha ɗaya na Ingila, wanda ya sa shi dan wasan na biyu da ya fi buga kwallo a Ingila a bayan Dave Watson . <ref>{{Cite web |title=England Players from Sunderland |url=https://www.englandstats.com/club.php?cid=104 |access-date=19 January 2020 |website=englandstats.com}}</ref> === Ƙarin sunayen sarauta na gasar (1908-1945) === [[Fayil:Rokerlads1937.jpg|left|thumb|Sunderland ta lashe kofin FA na 1937]] A ranar 5 ga watan Disamba na shekarar 1908, kungiyar Sunderland ta samu nasarar da ta samu a gasar, 9-1 a kan abokan hamayyar arewa maso gabashin Newcastle United . A karkashin kocin Irish Bob Kyle kuma tare da Scottish Charles Thomson a matsayin kyaftin, kulob din ya sake lashe gasar a 1913, amma ya rasa wasan karshe na FA Cup na farko 1-0 ga Aston Villa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=English FA Cup&nbsp;— Final 1913 |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/results3.sd?gameid=257177 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050222213709/http://www.soccerbase.com/results3.sd?gameid=257177 |archive-date=22 February 2005 |access-date=19 December 2008 |website=Soccerbase}}</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka Yaƙin Duniya na farko ya kawo karshen gasar. Bayan sake dawo da gasar, Sunderland ya kusa lashe wani gasar a kakar 1922-23, lokacin da suka kasance masu cin gaba ga Liverpool. Sun kuma zo kusa da kakar wasa mai zuwa, sun kammala na uku. Kungiyar ta tsere wa koma baya daga rukunin farko da maki daya a kakar 1927-28 duk da kwallaye 35 daga Dave Halliday. Halliday ya inganta burinsa zuwa kwallaye 43 a wasanni 42 a kakar wasa mai zuwa, rikodin Sunderland na kowane lokaci don kwallaye da aka zira a kakar wasa daya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M. |date=20 June 2019 |title=English League Leading Goalscorers |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engtops.html |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref><ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=Club History |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |archive-date=6 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html "Club History"]. </cite></ref>.. === Kungiyar "Bank of England", matsalolin kudi da kuma gasar cin kofin uku (1945-1995) === [[Fayil:Ianporterfieldgoal.jpg|right|thumb|Gasar cin nasara ta Ian Porterfield a gasar cin kofin FA ta 1973]] Ga Sunderland, shekarun da suka gabata bayan yakin sun kasance da kudade masu yawa; kulob din ya biya £18,000 (£803,000 a yau) ga Ivor Broadis na Carlisle United a watan Janairun a shekarar 1949.[33] Broadis kuma shine kocin Carlisle a lokacin, kuma wannan shine misali na farko na dan wasan da ya sauya kansa zuwa wani kulob.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amos |first=Mike |date=14 December 2007 |title=Broadis still; bubbling along at 85 |url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/1904999.broadis_still_bubbling_along_at_85/ |access-date=19 September 2008 |website=The Northern Echo}}</ref> Wannan, tare da kudaden canja wurin rikodin don tabbatar da ayyukan Len Shackleton da Trevor Ford na Welsh, ya haifar da sunan laƙabi na zamani, "Bank of England club". Kungiyar ta kammala ta uku a cikin Sashen Farko a 1950, mafi girman kammalawa tun daga gasar 1936.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Felton |first=Paul |title=Season 1949–50. |url=https://www.rsssf.org/engpaul/FLA/1949-50.html |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> A ƙarshen shekarun 1950s ya ga raguwa mai tsanani a cikin Sunderland, kuma kulob din ya sake shiga cikin babban abin kunya na kudi a shekara ta 1957. An same su da laifin biyan kuɗi ga 'yan wasan da suka wuce matsakaicin albashi, an ci su tarar £ 5,000 (£ 152,000 a yau), kuma an dakatar da shugaban su da daraktoci uku.[33]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harding |first=John |date=1 May 2007 |title=The Jimmy Hill Years: PFA Chairman 1957–1961 |url=http://www.givemefootball.com/pfa/pfa-history/the-jimmy-hill-years-pfa-chairman-1957-1961 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915053426/http://www.givemefootball.com/pfa/pfa-history/the-jimmy-hill-years-pfa-chairman-1957-1961 |archive-date=15 September 2010 |access-date=4 January 2009 |website=Professional Footballers' Association}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, an sake Sunderland daga mafi girman rukuni a karo na farko a tarihin league na shekaru 68. Rashin Sunderland daga saman jirgin ya dauki shekaru shida. Bayan kira na kusa a kakar da ta gabata, an inganta kulob din zuwa Division One a 1964 bayan ya gama a matsayi na biyu. A ƙarshen shekaru goma, an sake komawa su zuwa Sashe na Biyu bayan sun gama 21st. == Kididdiga da rikodin == [[Fayil:Sunderland_AFC_League_Performance.svg|right|thumb|300x300px|Matsayi na League tun daga kakar 1890-91.]] Mai riƙe da rikodin mafi yawan wasanni shine Jimmy Montgomery, bayan ya buga wasanni 527 na farko tsakanin 1961 da 1976. Babban mai zira kwallaye a kulob din shine Charlie Buchan, wanda ya zira kwallayi 209 daga 1911 zuwa 1925; Bobby Gurney shine mai zira kwallan rikodin a duk wasannin tare da kwallaye 228 tsakanin 1926 da 1939.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland all time records |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/team_records.sd?teamid=2493 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926194651/http://www.soccerbase.com/team_records.sd?teamid=2493 |archive-date=26 September 2008 |access-date=19 September 2008 |website=Soccerbase}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=11. Bobby Gurney |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/PlayersArticleDetail/0,,10281~1929361,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407043306/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/PlayersArticleDetail/0,,10281~1929361,00.html |archive-date=7 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> Dave Halliday yana da rikodin mafi yawan kwallaye da aka zira a kakar wasa daya: 43 a kakar 1928-29 a cikin Sashe na Farko.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2" /> Ya zuwa watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014 John O'Shea shine dan wasan da ya fi dacewa da kulob din, inda ya buga wasanni 100 a Jamhuriyar Ireland.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; === Masu zira kwallaye === 'Yan wasa goma na Sunderland sun zira kwallaye 100 ko fiye a gasar zakarun Turai.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx |access-date=4 January 2019 |website=www.thestatcat.co.uk}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx "Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records"]. </cite></ref> Su ne kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" ! !Sunan !Manufofin |- |'''1''' |[[Charlie Buchan]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |209 |- |'''2''' |[[Bobby Gurney]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |205 |- |'''3''' |[[Dave Halliday]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |156 |- |'''4''' |[[George Holley]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |150 |- |'''5''' |[[John Campbell (footballer, born 1869)|John Campbell]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |133 |- |'''6''' |[[Raich Carter]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |118 |- |'''7''' |[[Kevin Phillips (footballer)|Kevin Phillips]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |113 |- |'''8''' |[[Jimmy Millar (footballer, born 1870)|Jimmy Millar]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |109 |- |'''9''' |[[Arthur Bridgett]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |108 |- |'''10''' |[[Patrick Gallacher|Patsy Gallacher]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |100 |- |} Bobby Gurney yana da adadin kwallaye a duk gasa tare da jimlar 228 a wasanni da kofin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bobby Gurney |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Player.aspx?PlayerID=383 |access-date=22 August 2020 |website=The Stat Cat}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 61x0ydd9l3otj5oxjcp3cka6sqwvpfi 906463 906462 2026-08-23T09:12:58Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 906463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Sunderland]] Association Football Club ta kasance kungiya ce ta ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa da ke zaune a [[Sunderland]], Tyne da Wear, Ingila . Kungiyar tana fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], matakin farko na tsarin gasar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta kasar [[Ingila]]. An kafa shi acikin shekara ta 1879, kulob din ya lashe lambobin yabo na farko guda shida acikin shekara ta(1892, 1893, 1895, 1902, 1913, da 1936) a cikin rukunin farko, kuma ya kammala matsayi na biyu sau biyar. Har ila yau, kulob din ya lashe Kofin FA sau biyu (1937 da 1973), kuma ya kasance mai cin gaba sau biyu (1913 da 1992), kuma ya lashe gasar FA Charity Shield a 1936. Sun kuma kasance 'yan wasan karshe na gasar cin Kofin Kwallon Kafa a 1985 da 2014. An ba shi suna Black Cats, Sunderland tana buga wasannin gida a filin wasa na Light mai daukar mutane kimanin 49,000, bayan ya ƙaura daga Roker Park a shekarar 1997. Kungiyar tana da tsananin kishiya da ke kusa da kungiyar Newcastle United, wanda aka fafata da Tyne-Wear derby tun 1898. Suna wasa a cikin ja da fararen riguna da gajeren baki. == Tarihi == [[File:Sunderland-1884.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton ƙungiyar da aka ɗauka a 1884]] === Shekaru na farko da "Team of All Talents" (1879-1908) === An kafa kulob din ne a matsayin Sunderland da Malaman Gundumar A.F.C. ta hanyar malamin makaranta James Allan a cikin abin da aka yi imanin cewa Oktoba ne na shekara ta 1879. Koyaya, shaidu sun nuna cewa ba a halicci kulob din ba har sai shekara guda bayan haka, a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba a shekarar 1880.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx |access-date=4 January 2019 |website=www.thestatcat.co.uk}}</ref> An sake masa suna Sunderland AFC kuma ya zama a buɗe ga malamai a makaranta a watana Oktoba na shekara ta 1880.<ref name="auto" /> [[Fayil:John_Middleton_Campbell.jpg|left|thumb|John Campbell, wani ɓangare na "Team of All Talents", kuma babban mai zira kwallaye a gasar a cikin sunayen sarauta uku na farko na Sunderland.]] Sunderland ta shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa a kakar 1890-91. <ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=Club History |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |archive-date=6 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> Tom Watson ya zama manajan farko na kungiyar Sunderland ''Lokaci'' da aka nada shi a shekara ta 1888. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Managers 1889–1939 |url=http://www.safc.com/history/?page_id=2997 |access-date=6 January 2009 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> A ƙarshen karni na 19, William McGregor, wanda ya kafa gasar, ya ayyana su a matsayin "Team of All Talents", bayan nasarar 7-2 a kan [[Aston Villa FC|Aston Villa]]. Sunderland ta lashe gasar zakarun a kakar 1891-92, kakar wasa daya bayan ta shiga The Football League, kuma wannan wasan kwaikwayon ya jagoranci The Times don bayyana 'yan wasan a matsayin "ƙungiya mai kyau". Sunderland ta samu nasarar kare taken a kakar wasa mai zuwa, tare da taimakon dan wasan tsakiya na Scotland John Campbell, wanda ya karya alamar kwallaye guda 30 a karo na biyu a cikin lokutan da suka biyo baya. A cikin tsari, sun zama tawagar farko da ta zira kwallaye 100 a cikin kakar wasa daya, wani abin da ba a daidaita shi ba har zuwa 1919-20. Sunderland ya zo kusa da lashe gasar zakarun Turai ta uku a kakar 1893-94, ya kammala na biyu a bayan kungiyar Aston Villa. Koyaya, sun sake samun taken a kakar 1894-95, tare da Campbell ya zama babban mai zira kwallaye a karo na uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Callaghan |first=Richard |date=20 July 2016 |title=Sunderland's First Great Centre Forward |url=https://rokerreport.sbnation.com/2016/7/20/12222208/sunderland-s-first-great-centre-forward |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=Roker Report}}</ref> Sunderland sa'an nan kuma ta doke zakarun Scotland Heart of Midlothian a wasan da aka bayyana a matsayin wasan "World Championship".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Jonathan Wilson |date=25 April 2020 |title=Sunderland's Victorian all-stars blazed trail for money's rule of football |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2020/apr/25/even-when-sunderland-ruled-the-globe-club-world-cups-were-controversial |access-date=16 May 2020 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2019 |title=When Sunderland met Hearts in the first ever 'Champions League' match |url=https://www.nutmegmagazine.co.uk/issue-5/when-sunderland-met-hearts-in-the-first-ever-champions-league-match/ |access-date=19 February 2021 |website=Nutmeg Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mai tsaron gidan su Ned Doig ya kafa tarihin [[duniya]] na karni na 19 ta hanyar ba da wani burin a cikin 87 daga cikin 290 da ya buga a saman rukuni (30%). <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2018 |title=History: Curiosities of World Football (1891–1900) |url=https://iffhs.de/history-curiosities-of-world-football-1891-1900 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827225306/https://iffhs.de/history-curiosities-of-world-football-1891-1900/ |archive-date=27 August 2019 |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=IFFHS}}</ref> Daga 1886 har zuwa 1898, gidan Sunderland yana cikin Newcastle Road. A shekara ta 1898, kulob din ya koma abin da zai zama gidansu kusan kusan ƙarni guda, Roker Park . Da farko ƙasa tana da damar 30,000.<ref name="rokerpark" /> Bayan ya dauki kulob din Sunderland zuwa gasar zakarun kasar [[Ingila]] uku, manajan Watson ya yi murabus a ƙarshen kakar 1895-96, don shiga [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]. Robert Campbell ya maye gurbinsa.<ref name="p39" /> Campbell bai sami nasarar wasa kamar Watson ba, yayin da Sunderland ya kasa lashe kowane lakabi a cikin shekaru uku da ya yi a kulob din. Scotsman Alex Mackie ya maye gurbin Campbell a matsayin manajan kakar 1899. Bayan kammala matsayi na biyu a 1900-01, kulob din ya lashe lambar yabo ta hudu a kakar 1901-02, <ref name=":2" /> kuma ya biyo bayan wannan tare da nasara a Sheriff na London Charity Shield. A watan Disamba a shekara ta 1902, Arthur Bridgett ya shiga ƙungiyar Sunderland . Ya ci gaba da zama kyaftin din "Black Cats" na tsawon shekaru goma kuma ya sami kwallo goma sha ɗaya na Ingila, wanda ya sa shi dan wasan na biyu da ya fi buga kwallo a Ingila a bayan Dave Watson . <ref>{{Cite web |title=England Players from Sunderland |url=https://www.englandstats.com/club.php?cid=104 |access-date=19 January 2020 |website=englandstats.com}}</ref> === Ƙarin sunayen sarauta na gasar (1908-1945) === [[Fayil:Rokerlads1937.jpg|left|thumb|Sunderland ta lashe kofin FA na 1937]] A ranar 5 ga watan Disamba na shekarar 1908, kungiyar Sunderland ta samu nasarar da ta samu a gasar, 9-1 a kan abokan hamayyar arewa maso gabashin Newcastle United . A karkashin kocin Irish Bob Kyle kuma tare da Scottish Charles Thomson a matsayin kyaftin, kulob din ya sake lashe gasar a 1913, amma ya rasa wasan karshe na FA Cup na farko 1-0 ga Aston Villa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=English FA Cup&nbsp;— Final 1913 |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/results3.sd?gameid=257177 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050222213709/http://www.soccerbase.com/results3.sd?gameid=257177 |archive-date=22 February 2005 |access-date=19 December 2008 |website=Soccerbase}}</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka Yaƙin Duniya na farko ya kawo karshen gasar. Bayan sake dawo da gasar, Sunderland ya kusa lashe wani gasar a kakar 1922-23, lokacin da suka kasance masu cin gaba ga Liverpool. Sun kuma zo kusa da kakar wasa mai zuwa, sun kammala na uku. Kungiyar ta tsere wa koma baya daga rukunin farko da maki daya a kakar 1927-28 duk da kwallaye 35 daga Dave Halliday. Halliday ya inganta burinsa zuwa kwallaye 43 a wasanni 42 a kakar wasa mai zuwa, rikodin Sunderland na kowane lokaci don kwallaye da aka zira a kakar wasa daya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M. |date=20 June 2019 |title=English League Leading Goalscorers |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engtops.html |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref><ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=Club History |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |archive-date=6 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html "Club History"]. </cite></ref>.. === Kungiyar "Bank of England", matsalolin kudi da kuma gasar cin kofin uku (1945-1995) === [[Fayil:Ianporterfieldgoal.jpg|right|thumb|Gasar cin nasara ta Ian Porterfield a gasar cin kofin FA ta 1973]] Ga Sunderland, shekarun da suka gabata bayan yakin sun kasance da kudade masu yawa; kulob din ya biya £18,000 (£803,000 a yau) ga Ivor Broadis na Carlisle United a watan Janairun a shekarar 1949.[33] Broadis kuma shine kocin Carlisle a lokacin, kuma wannan shine misali na farko na dan wasan da ya sauya kansa zuwa wani kulob.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amos |first=Mike |date=14 December 2007 |title=Broadis still; bubbling along at 85 |url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/1904999.broadis_still_bubbling_along_at_85/ |access-date=19 September 2008 |website=The Northern Echo}}</ref> Wannan, tare da kudaden canja wurin rikodin don tabbatar da ayyukan Len Shackleton da Trevor Ford na Welsh, ya haifar da sunan laƙabi na zamani, "Bank of England club". Kungiyar ta kammala ta uku a cikin Sashen Farko a 1950, mafi girman kammalawa tun daga gasar 1936.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Felton |first=Paul |title=Season 1949–50. |url=https://www.rsssf.org/engpaul/FLA/1949-50.html |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> A ƙarshen shekarun 1950s ya ga raguwa mai tsanani a cikin Sunderland, kuma kulob din ya sake shiga cikin babban abin kunya na kudi a shekara ta 1957. An same su da laifin biyan kuɗi ga 'yan wasan da suka wuce matsakaicin albashi, an ci su tarar £ 5,000 (£ 152,000 a yau), kuma an dakatar da shugaban su da daraktoci uku.[33]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harding |first=John |date=1 May 2007 |title=The Jimmy Hill Years: PFA Chairman 1957–1961 |url=http://www.givemefootball.com/pfa/pfa-history/the-jimmy-hill-years-pfa-chairman-1957-1961 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915053426/http://www.givemefootball.com/pfa/pfa-history/the-jimmy-hill-years-pfa-chairman-1957-1961 |archive-date=15 September 2010 |access-date=4 January 2009 |website=Professional Footballers' Association}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, an sake Sunderland daga mafi girman rukuni a karo na farko a tarihin league na shekaru 68. Rashin Sunderland daga saman jirgin ya dauki shekaru shida. Bayan kira na kusa a kakar da ta gabata, an inganta kulob din zuwa Division One a 1964 bayan ya gama a matsayi na biyu. A ƙarshen shekaru goma, an sake komawa su zuwa Sashe na Biyu bayan sun gama 21st. == Kididdiga da rikodin == [[Fayil:Sunderland_AFC_League_Performance.svg|right|thumb|300x300px|Matsayi na League tun daga kakar 1890-91.]] Mai riƙe da rikodin mafi yawan wasanni shine Jimmy Montgomery, bayan ya buga wasanni 527 na farko tsakanin 1961 da 1976. Babban mai zira kwallaye a kulob din shine Charlie Buchan, wanda ya zira kwallayi 209 daga 1911 zuwa 1925; Bobby Gurney shine mai zira kwallan rikodin a duk wasannin tare da kwallaye 228 tsakanin 1926 da 1939.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland all time records |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/team_records.sd?teamid=2493 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926194651/http://www.soccerbase.com/team_records.sd?teamid=2493 |archive-date=26 September 2008 |access-date=19 September 2008 |website=Soccerbase}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=11. Bobby Gurney |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/PlayersArticleDetail/0,,10281~1929361,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407043306/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/PlayersArticleDetail/0,,10281~1929361,00.html |archive-date=7 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> Dave Halliday yana da rikodin mafi yawan kwallaye da aka zira a kakar wasa daya: 43 a kakar 1928-29 a cikin Sashe na Farko.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2" /> Ya zuwa watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014 John O'Shea shine dan wasan da ya fi dacewa da kulob din, inda ya buga wasanni 100 a Jamhuriyar Ireland.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; === Masu zira kwallaye === 'Yan wasa goma na Sunderland sun zira kwallaye 100 ko fiye a gasar zakarun Turai.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx |access-date=4 January 2019 |website=www.thestatcat.co.uk}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx "Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records"]. </cite></ref> Su ne kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" ! !Sunan !Manufofin |- |'''1''' |[[Charlie Buchan]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |209 |- |'''2''' |[[Bobby Gurney]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |205 |- |'''3''' |[[Dave Halliday]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |156 |- |'''4''' |[[George Holley]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |150 |- |'''5''' |[[John Campbell (footballer, born 1869)|John Campbell]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |133 |- |'''6''' |[[Raich Carter]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |118 |- |'''7''' |[[Kevin Phillips (footballer)|Kevin Phillips]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |113 |- |'''8''' |[[Jimmy Millar (footballer, born 1870)|Jimmy Millar]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |109 |- |'''9''' |[[Arthur Bridgett]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |108 |- |'''10''' |[[Patrick Gallacher|Patsy Gallacher]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |100 |- |} Bobby Gurney yana da adadin kwallaye a duk gasa tare da jimlar 228 a wasanni da kofin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bobby Gurney |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Player.aspx?PlayerID=383 |access-date=22 August 2020 |website=The Stat Cat}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] plzs0gj047znqwimjztp0utdw4zg9me 906464 906463 2026-08-23T09:14:40Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 906464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Sunderland]] Association Football Club ta kasance kungiya ce ta ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa da ke zaune a [[Sunderland]], Tyne da Wear, Ingila . Kungiyar tana fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], matakin farko na tsarin gasar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta kasar [[Ingila]]. An kafa shi acikin shekara ta 1879, kulob din ya lashe lambobin yabo na farko guda shida acikin shekara ta(1892,har zuwacikin 1893, 1895, 1902, 1913, da 1936) a cikin rukunin farko, kuma ya kammala matsayi na biyu sau biyar. Har ila yau, kulob din ya lashe Kofin FA sau biyu (1937 da 1973), kuma ya kasance mai cin gaba sau biyu (1913 da 1992), kuma ya lashe gasar FA Charity Shield a 1936. Sun kuma kasance 'yan wasan karshe na gasar cin Kofin Kwallon Kafa a 1985 da 2014. An ba shi suna Black Cats, Sunderland tana buga wasannin gida a filin wasa na Light mai daukar mutane kimanin 49,000, bayan ya ƙaura daga Roker Park a shekarar 1997. Kungiyar tana da tsananin kishiya da ke kusa da kungiyar Newcastle United, wanda aka fafata da Tyne-Wear derby tun 1898. Suna wasa a cikin ja da fararen riguna da gajeren baki. == Tarihi == [[File:Sunderland-1884.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton ƙungiyar da aka ɗauka a 1884]] === Shekaru na farko da "Team of All Talents" (1879-1908) === An kafa kulob din ne a matsayin Sunderland da Malaman Gundumar A.F.C. ta hanyar malamin makaranta James Allan a cikin abin da aka yi imanin cewa Oktoba ne na shekara ta 1879. Koyaya, shaidu sun nuna cewa ba a halicci kulob din ba har sai shekara guda bayan haka, a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba a shekarar 1880.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx |access-date=4 January 2019 |website=www.thestatcat.co.uk}}</ref> An sake masa suna Sunderland AFC kuma ya zama a buɗe ga malamai a makaranta a watana Oktoba na shekara ta 1880.<ref name="auto" /> [[Fayil:John_Middleton_Campbell.jpg|left|thumb|John Campbell, wani ɓangare na "Team of All Talents", kuma babban mai zira kwallaye a gasar a cikin sunayen sarauta uku na farko na Sunderland.]] Sunderland ta shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa a kakar 1890-91. <ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=Club History |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |archive-date=6 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> Tom Watson ya zama manajan farko na kungiyar Sunderland ''Lokaci'' da aka nada shi a shekara ta 1888. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Managers 1889–1939 |url=http://www.safc.com/history/?page_id=2997 |access-date=6 January 2009 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> A ƙarshen karni na 19, William McGregor, wanda ya kafa gasar, ya ayyana su a matsayin "Team of All Talents", bayan nasarar 7-2 a kan [[Aston Villa FC|Aston Villa]]. Sunderland ta lashe gasar zakarun a kakar 1891-92, kakar wasa daya bayan ta shiga The Football League, kuma wannan wasan kwaikwayon ya jagoranci The Times don bayyana 'yan wasan a matsayin "ƙungiya mai kyau". Sunderland ta samu nasarar kare taken a kakar wasa mai zuwa, tare da taimakon dan wasan tsakiya na Scotland John Campbell, wanda ya karya alamar kwallaye guda 30 a karo na biyu a cikin lokutan da suka biyo baya. A cikin tsari, sun zama tawagar farko da ta zira kwallaye 100 a cikin kakar wasa daya, wani abin da ba a daidaita shi ba har zuwa 1919-20. Sunderland ya zo kusa da lashe gasar zakarun Turai ta uku a kakar 1893-94, ya kammala na biyu a bayan kungiyar Aston Villa. Koyaya, sun sake samun taken a kakar 1894-95, tare da Campbell ya zama babban mai zira kwallaye a karo na uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Callaghan |first=Richard |date=20 July 2016 |title=Sunderland's First Great Centre Forward |url=https://rokerreport.sbnation.com/2016/7/20/12222208/sunderland-s-first-great-centre-forward |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=Roker Report}}</ref> Sunderland sa'an nan kuma ta doke zakarun Scotland Heart of Midlothian a wasan da aka bayyana a matsayin wasan "World Championship".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Jonathan Wilson |date=25 April 2020 |title=Sunderland's Victorian all-stars blazed trail for money's rule of football |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2020/apr/25/even-when-sunderland-ruled-the-globe-club-world-cups-were-controversial |access-date=16 May 2020 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2019 |title=When Sunderland met Hearts in the first ever 'Champions League' match |url=https://www.nutmegmagazine.co.uk/issue-5/when-sunderland-met-hearts-in-the-first-ever-champions-league-match/ |access-date=19 February 2021 |website=Nutmeg Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mai tsaron gidan su Ned Doig ya kafa tarihin [[duniya]] na karni na 19 ta hanyar ba da wani burin a cikin 87 daga cikin 290 da ya buga a saman rukuni (30%). <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2018 |title=History: Curiosities of World Football (1891–1900) |url=https://iffhs.de/history-curiosities-of-world-football-1891-1900 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827225306/https://iffhs.de/history-curiosities-of-world-football-1891-1900/ |archive-date=27 August 2019 |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=IFFHS}}</ref> Daga 1886 har zuwa 1898, gidan Sunderland yana cikin Newcastle Road. A shekara ta 1898, kulob din ya koma abin da zai zama gidansu kusan kusan ƙarni guda, Roker Park . Da farko ƙasa tana da damar 30,000.<ref name="rokerpark" /> Bayan ya dauki kulob din Sunderland zuwa gasar zakarun kasar [[Ingila]] uku, manajan Watson ya yi murabus a ƙarshen kakar 1895-96, don shiga [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]. Robert Campbell ya maye gurbinsa.<ref name="p39" /> Campbell bai sami nasarar wasa kamar Watson ba, yayin da Sunderland ya kasa lashe kowane lakabi a cikin shekaru uku da ya yi a kulob din. Scotsman Alex Mackie ya maye gurbin Campbell a matsayin manajan kakar 1899. Bayan kammala matsayi na biyu a 1900-01, kulob din ya lashe lambar yabo ta hudu a kakar 1901-02, <ref name=":2" /> kuma ya biyo bayan wannan tare da nasara a Sheriff na London Charity Shield. A watan Disamba a shekara ta 1902, Arthur Bridgett ya shiga ƙungiyar Sunderland . Ya ci gaba da zama kyaftin din "Black Cats" na tsawon shekaru goma kuma ya sami kwallo goma sha ɗaya na Ingila, wanda ya sa shi dan wasan na biyu da ya fi buga kwallo a Ingila a bayan Dave Watson . <ref>{{Cite web |title=England Players from Sunderland |url=https://www.englandstats.com/club.php?cid=104 |access-date=19 January 2020 |website=englandstats.com}}</ref> === Ƙarin sunayen sarauta na gasar (1908-1945) === [[Fayil:Rokerlads1937.jpg|left|thumb|Sunderland ta lashe kofin FA na 1937]] A ranar 5 ga watan Disamba na shekarar 1908, kungiyar Sunderland ta samu nasarar da ta samu a gasar, 9-1 a kan abokan hamayyar arewa maso gabashin Newcastle United . A karkashin kocin Irish Bob Kyle kuma tare da Scottish Charles Thomson a matsayin kyaftin, kulob din ya sake lashe gasar a 1913, amma ya rasa wasan karshe na FA Cup na farko 1-0 ga Aston Villa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=English FA Cup&nbsp;— Final 1913 |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/results3.sd?gameid=257177 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050222213709/http://www.soccerbase.com/results3.sd?gameid=257177 |archive-date=22 February 2005 |access-date=19 December 2008 |website=Soccerbase}}</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka Yaƙin Duniya na farko ya kawo karshen gasar. Bayan sake dawo da gasar, Sunderland ya kusa lashe wani gasar a kakar 1922-23, lokacin da suka kasance masu cin gaba ga Liverpool. Sun kuma zo kusa da kakar wasa mai zuwa, sun kammala na uku. Kungiyar ta tsere wa koma baya daga rukunin farko da maki daya a kakar 1927-28 duk da kwallaye 35 daga Dave Halliday. Halliday ya inganta burinsa zuwa kwallaye 43 a wasanni 42 a kakar wasa mai zuwa, rikodin Sunderland na kowane lokaci don kwallaye da aka zira a kakar wasa daya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M. |date=20 June 2019 |title=English League Leading Goalscorers |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engtops.html |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref><ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=Club History |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |archive-date=6 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html "Club History"]. </cite></ref>.. === Kungiyar "Bank of England", matsalolin kudi da kuma gasar cin kofin uku (1945-1995) === [[Fayil:Ianporterfieldgoal.jpg|right|thumb|Gasar cin nasara ta Ian Porterfield a gasar cin kofin FA ta 1973]] Ga Sunderland, shekarun da suka gabata bayan yakin sun kasance da kudade masu yawa; kulob din ya biya £18,000 (£803,000 a yau) ga Ivor Broadis na Carlisle United a watan Janairun a shekarar 1949.[33] Broadis kuma shine kocin Carlisle a lokacin, kuma wannan shine misali na farko na dan wasan da ya sauya kansa zuwa wani kulob.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amos |first=Mike |date=14 December 2007 |title=Broadis still; bubbling along at 85 |url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/1904999.broadis_still_bubbling_along_at_85/ |access-date=19 September 2008 |website=The Northern Echo}}</ref> Wannan, tare da kudaden canja wurin rikodin don tabbatar da ayyukan Len Shackleton da Trevor Ford na Welsh, ya haifar da sunan laƙabi na zamani, "Bank of England club". Kungiyar ta kammala ta uku a cikin Sashen Farko a 1950, mafi girman kammalawa tun daga gasar 1936.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Felton |first=Paul |title=Season 1949–50. |url=https://www.rsssf.org/engpaul/FLA/1949-50.html |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> A ƙarshen shekarun 1950s ya ga raguwa mai tsanani a cikin Sunderland, kuma kulob din ya sake shiga cikin babban abin kunya na kudi a shekara ta 1957. An same su da laifin biyan kuɗi ga 'yan wasan da suka wuce matsakaicin albashi, an ci su tarar £ 5,000 (£ 152,000 a yau), kuma an dakatar da shugaban su da daraktoci uku.[33]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harding |first=John |date=1 May 2007 |title=The Jimmy Hill Years: PFA Chairman 1957–1961 |url=http://www.givemefootball.com/pfa/pfa-history/the-jimmy-hill-years-pfa-chairman-1957-1961 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915053426/http://www.givemefootball.com/pfa/pfa-history/the-jimmy-hill-years-pfa-chairman-1957-1961 |archive-date=15 September 2010 |access-date=4 January 2009 |website=Professional Footballers' Association}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, an sake Sunderland daga mafi girman rukuni a karo na farko a tarihin league na shekaru 68. Rashin Sunderland daga saman jirgin ya dauki shekaru shida. Bayan kira na kusa a kakar da ta gabata, an inganta kulob din zuwa Division One a 1964 bayan ya gama a matsayi na biyu. A ƙarshen shekaru goma, an sake komawa su zuwa Sashe na Biyu bayan sun gama 21st. == Kididdiga da rikodin == [[Fayil:Sunderland_AFC_League_Performance.svg|right|thumb|300x300px|Matsayi na League tun daga kakar 1890-91.]] Mai riƙe da rikodin mafi yawan wasanni shine Jimmy Montgomery, bayan ya buga wasanni 527 na farko tsakanin 1961 da 1976. Babban mai zira kwallaye a kulob din shine Charlie Buchan, wanda ya zira kwallayi 209 daga 1911 zuwa 1925; Bobby Gurney shine mai zira kwallan rikodin a duk wasannin tare da kwallaye 228 tsakanin 1926 da 1939.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland all time records |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/team_records.sd?teamid=2493 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926194651/http://www.soccerbase.com/team_records.sd?teamid=2493 |archive-date=26 September 2008 |access-date=19 September 2008 |website=Soccerbase}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=11. Bobby Gurney |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/PlayersArticleDetail/0,,10281~1929361,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407043306/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/PlayersArticleDetail/0,,10281~1929361,00.html |archive-date=7 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> Dave Halliday yana da rikodin mafi yawan kwallaye da aka zira a kakar wasa daya: 43 a kakar 1928-29 a cikin Sashe na Farko.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2" /> Ya zuwa watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014 John O'Shea shine dan wasan da ya fi dacewa da kulob din, inda ya buga wasanni 100 a Jamhuriyar Ireland.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; === Masu zira kwallaye === 'Yan wasa goma na Sunderland sun zira kwallaye 100 ko fiye a gasar zakarun Turai.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx |access-date=4 January 2019 |website=www.thestatcat.co.uk}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx "Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records"]. </cite></ref> Su ne kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" ! !Sunan !Manufofin |- |'''1''' |[[Charlie Buchan]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |209 |- |'''2''' |[[Bobby Gurney]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |205 |- |'''3''' |[[Dave Halliday]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |156 |- |'''4''' |[[George Holley]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |150 |- |'''5''' |[[John Campbell (footballer, born 1869)|John Campbell]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |133 |- |'''6''' |[[Raich Carter]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |118 |- |'''7''' |[[Kevin Phillips (footballer)|Kevin Phillips]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |113 |- |'''8''' |[[Jimmy Millar (footballer, born 1870)|Jimmy Millar]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |109 |- |'''9''' |[[Arthur Bridgett]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |108 |- |'''10''' |[[Patrick Gallacher|Patsy Gallacher]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |100 |- |} Bobby Gurney yana da adadin kwallaye a duk gasa tare da jimlar 228 a wasanni da kofin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bobby Gurney |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Player.aspx?PlayerID=383 |access-date=22 August 2020 |website=The Stat Cat}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] eu6zhkdn6chkqtm3muhh1eaj1tclekl 906465 906464 2026-08-23T09:15:41Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 906465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Sunderland]] Association Football Club ta kasance kungiya ce ta ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa da ke zaune a [[Sunderland]], Tyne da Wear, Ingila . Kungiyar tana fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], matakin farko na tsarin gasar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta kasar [[Ingila]]. An kafa shi acikin shekara ta 1879, kulob din ya lashe lambobin yabo na farko guda shida acikin shekara ta(1892,har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1893, 1895, 1902, 1913, da 1936) a cikin rukunin farko, kuma ya kammala matsayi na biyu sau biyar. Har ila yau, kulob din ya lashe Kofin FA sau biyu (1937 da 1973), kuma ya kasance mai cin gaba sau biyu (1913 da 1992), kuma ya lashe gasar FA Charity Shield a 1936. Sun kuma kasance 'yan wasan karshe na gasar cin Kofin Kwallon Kafa a 1985 da 2014. An ba shi suna Black Cats, Sunderland tana buga wasannin gida a filin wasa na Light mai daukar mutane kimanin 49,000, bayan ya ƙaura daga Roker Park a shekarar 1997. Kungiyar tana da tsananin kishiya da ke kusa da kungiyar Newcastle United, wanda aka fafata da Tyne-Wear derby tun 1898. Suna wasa a cikin ja da fararen riguna da gajeren baki. == Tarihi == [[File:Sunderland-1884.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton ƙungiyar da aka ɗauka a 1884]] === Shekaru na farko da "Team of All Talents" (1879-1908) === An kafa kulob din ne a matsayin Sunderland da Malaman Gundumar A.F.C. ta hanyar malamin makaranta James Allan a cikin abin da aka yi imanin cewa Oktoba ne na shekara ta 1879. Koyaya, shaidu sun nuna cewa ba a halicci kulob din ba har sai shekara guda bayan haka, a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba a shekarar 1880.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx |access-date=4 January 2019 |website=www.thestatcat.co.uk}}</ref> An sake masa suna Sunderland AFC kuma ya zama a buɗe ga malamai a makaranta a watana Oktoba na shekara ta 1880.<ref name="auto" /> [[Fayil:John_Middleton_Campbell.jpg|left|thumb|John Campbell, wani ɓangare na "Team of All Talents", kuma babban mai zira kwallaye a gasar a cikin sunayen sarauta uku na farko na Sunderland.]] Sunderland ta shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa a kakar 1890-91. <ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=Club History |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |archive-date=6 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> Tom Watson ya zama manajan farko na kungiyar Sunderland ''Lokaci'' da aka nada shi a shekara ta 1888. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Managers 1889–1939 |url=http://www.safc.com/history/?page_id=2997 |access-date=6 January 2009 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> A ƙarshen karni na 19, William McGregor, wanda ya kafa gasar, ya ayyana su a matsayin "Team of All Talents", bayan nasarar 7-2 a kan [[Aston Villa FC|Aston Villa]]. Sunderland ta lashe gasar zakarun a kakar 1891-92, kakar wasa daya bayan ta shiga The Football League, kuma wannan wasan kwaikwayon ya jagoranci The Times don bayyana 'yan wasan a matsayin "ƙungiya mai kyau". Sunderland ta samu nasarar kare taken a kakar wasa mai zuwa, tare da taimakon dan wasan tsakiya na Scotland John Campbell, wanda ya karya alamar kwallaye guda 30 a karo na biyu a cikin lokutan da suka biyo baya. A cikin tsari, sun zama tawagar farko da ta zira kwallaye 100 a cikin kakar wasa daya, wani abin da ba a daidaita shi ba har zuwa 1919-20. Sunderland ya zo kusa da lashe gasar zakarun Turai ta uku a kakar 1893-94, ya kammala na biyu a bayan kungiyar Aston Villa. Koyaya, sun sake samun taken a kakar 1894-95, tare da Campbell ya zama babban mai zira kwallaye a karo na uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Callaghan |first=Richard |date=20 July 2016 |title=Sunderland's First Great Centre Forward |url=https://rokerreport.sbnation.com/2016/7/20/12222208/sunderland-s-first-great-centre-forward |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=Roker Report}}</ref> Sunderland sa'an nan kuma ta doke zakarun Scotland Heart of Midlothian a wasan da aka bayyana a matsayin wasan "World Championship".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Jonathan Wilson |date=25 April 2020 |title=Sunderland's Victorian all-stars blazed trail for money's rule of football |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2020/apr/25/even-when-sunderland-ruled-the-globe-club-world-cups-were-controversial |access-date=16 May 2020 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2019 |title=When Sunderland met Hearts in the first ever 'Champions League' match |url=https://www.nutmegmagazine.co.uk/issue-5/when-sunderland-met-hearts-in-the-first-ever-champions-league-match/ |access-date=19 February 2021 |website=Nutmeg Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mai tsaron gidan su Ned Doig ya kafa tarihin [[duniya]] na karni na 19 ta hanyar ba da wani burin a cikin 87 daga cikin 290 da ya buga a saman rukuni (30%). <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2018 |title=History: Curiosities of World Football (1891–1900) |url=https://iffhs.de/history-curiosities-of-world-football-1891-1900 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827225306/https://iffhs.de/history-curiosities-of-world-football-1891-1900/ |archive-date=27 August 2019 |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=IFFHS}}</ref> Daga 1886 har zuwa 1898, gidan Sunderland yana cikin Newcastle Road. A shekara ta 1898, kulob din ya koma abin da zai zama gidansu kusan kusan ƙarni guda, Roker Park . Da farko ƙasa tana da damar 30,000.<ref name="rokerpark" /> Bayan ya dauki kulob din Sunderland zuwa gasar zakarun kasar [[Ingila]] uku, manajan Watson ya yi murabus a ƙarshen kakar 1895-96, don shiga [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]. Robert Campbell ya maye gurbinsa.<ref name="p39" /> Campbell bai sami nasarar wasa kamar Watson ba, yayin da Sunderland ya kasa lashe kowane lakabi a cikin shekaru uku da ya yi a kulob din. Scotsman Alex Mackie ya maye gurbin Campbell a matsayin manajan kakar 1899. Bayan kammala matsayi na biyu a 1900-01, kulob din ya lashe lambar yabo ta hudu a kakar 1901-02, <ref name=":2" /> kuma ya biyo bayan wannan tare da nasara a Sheriff na London Charity Shield. A watan Disamba a shekara ta 1902, Arthur Bridgett ya shiga ƙungiyar Sunderland . Ya ci gaba da zama kyaftin din "Black Cats" na tsawon shekaru goma kuma ya sami kwallo goma sha ɗaya na Ingila, wanda ya sa shi dan wasan na biyu da ya fi buga kwallo a Ingila a bayan Dave Watson . <ref>{{Cite web |title=England Players from Sunderland |url=https://www.englandstats.com/club.php?cid=104 |access-date=19 January 2020 |website=englandstats.com}}</ref> === Ƙarin sunayen sarauta na gasar (1908-1945) === [[Fayil:Rokerlads1937.jpg|left|thumb|Sunderland ta lashe kofin FA na 1937]] A ranar 5 ga watan Disamba na shekarar 1908, kungiyar Sunderland ta samu nasarar da ta samu a gasar, 9-1 a kan abokan hamayyar arewa maso gabashin Newcastle United . A karkashin kocin Irish Bob Kyle kuma tare da Scottish Charles Thomson a matsayin kyaftin, kulob din ya sake lashe gasar a 1913, amma ya rasa wasan karshe na FA Cup na farko 1-0 ga Aston Villa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=English FA Cup&nbsp;— Final 1913 |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/results3.sd?gameid=257177 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050222213709/http://www.soccerbase.com/results3.sd?gameid=257177 |archive-date=22 February 2005 |access-date=19 December 2008 |website=Soccerbase}}</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka Yaƙin Duniya na farko ya kawo karshen gasar. Bayan sake dawo da gasar, Sunderland ya kusa lashe wani gasar a kakar 1922-23, lokacin da suka kasance masu cin gaba ga Liverpool. Sun kuma zo kusa da kakar wasa mai zuwa, sun kammala na uku. Kungiyar ta tsere wa koma baya daga rukunin farko da maki daya a kakar 1927-28 duk da kwallaye 35 daga Dave Halliday. Halliday ya inganta burinsa zuwa kwallaye 43 a wasanni 42 a kakar wasa mai zuwa, rikodin Sunderland na kowane lokaci don kwallaye da aka zira a kakar wasa daya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M. |date=20 June 2019 |title=English League Leading Goalscorers |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engtops.html |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref><ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=Club History |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |archive-date=6 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html "Club History"]. </cite></ref>.. === Kungiyar "Bank of England", matsalolin kudi da kuma gasar cin kofin uku (1945-1995) === [[Fayil:Ianporterfieldgoal.jpg|right|thumb|Gasar cin nasara ta Ian Porterfield a gasar cin kofin FA ta 1973]] Ga Sunderland, shekarun da suka gabata bayan yakin sun kasance da kudade masu yawa; kulob din ya biya £18,000 (£803,000 a yau) ga Ivor Broadis na Carlisle United a watan Janairun a shekarar 1949.[33] Broadis kuma shine kocin Carlisle a lokacin, kuma wannan shine misali na farko na dan wasan da ya sauya kansa zuwa wani kulob.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amos |first=Mike |date=14 December 2007 |title=Broadis still; bubbling along at 85 |url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/1904999.broadis_still_bubbling_along_at_85/ |access-date=19 September 2008 |website=The Northern Echo}}</ref> Wannan, tare da kudaden canja wurin rikodin don tabbatar da ayyukan Len Shackleton da Trevor Ford na Welsh, ya haifar da sunan laƙabi na zamani, "Bank of England club". Kungiyar ta kammala ta uku a cikin Sashen Farko a 1950, mafi girman kammalawa tun daga gasar 1936.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Felton |first=Paul |title=Season 1949–50. |url=https://www.rsssf.org/engpaul/FLA/1949-50.html |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> A ƙarshen shekarun 1950s ya ga raguwa mai tsanani a cikin Sunderland, kuma kulob din ya sake shiga cikin babban abin kunya na kudi a shekara ta 1957. An same su da laifin biyan kuɗi ga 'yan wasan da suka wuce matsakaicin albashi, an ci su tarar £ 5,000 (£ 152,000 a yau), kuma an dakatar da shugaban su da daraktoci uku.[33]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harding |first=John |date=1 May 2007 |title=The Jimmy Hill Years: PFA Chairman 1957–1961 |url=http://www.givemefootball.com/pfa/pfa-history/the-jimmy-hill-years-pfa-chairman-1957-1961 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915053426/http://www.givemefootball.com/pfa/pfa-history/the-jimmy-hill-years-pfa-chairman-1957-1961 |archive-date=15 September 2010 |access-date=4 January 2009 |website=Professional Footballers' Association}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, an sake Sunderland daga mafi girman rukuni a karo na farko a tarihin league na shekaru 68. Rashin Sunderland daga saman jirgin ya dauki shekaru shida. Bayan kira na kusa a kakar da ta gabata, an inganta kulob din zuwa Division One a 1964 bayan ya gama a matsayi na biyu. A ƙarshen shekaru goma, an sake komawa su zuwa Sashe na Biyu bayan sun gama 21st. == Kididdiga da rikodin == [[Fayil:Sunderland_AFC_League_Performance.svg|right|thumb|300x300px|Matsayi na League tun daga kakar 1890-91.]] Mai riƙe da rikodin mafi yawan wasanni shine Jimmy Montgomery, bayan ya buga wasanni 527 na farko tsakanin 1961 da 1976. Babban mai zira kwallaye a kulob din shine Charlie Buchan, wanda ya zira kwallayi 209 daga 1911 zuwa 1925; Bobby Gurney shine mai zira kwallan rikodin a duk wasannin tare da kwallaye 228 tsakanin 1926 da 1939.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland all time records |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/team_records.sd?teamid=2493 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926194651/http://www.soccerbase.com/team_records.sd?teamid=2493 |archive-date=26 September 2008 |access-date=19 September 2008 |website=Soccerbase}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=11. Bobby Gurney |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/PlayersArticleDetail/0,,10281~1929361,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407043306/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/PlayersArticleDetail/0,,10281~1929361,00.html |archive-date=7 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> Dave Halliday yana da rikodin mafi yawan kwallaye da aka zira a kakar wasa daya: 43 a kakar 1928-29 a cikin Sashe na Farko.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2" /> Ya zuwa watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014 John O'Shea shine dan wasan da ya fi dacewa da kulob din, inda ya buga wasanni 100 a Jamhuriyar Ireland.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; === Masu zira kwallaye === 'Yan wasa goma na Sunderland sun zira kwallaye 100 ko fiye a gasar zakarun Turai.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx |access-date=4 January 2019 |website=www.thestatcat.co.uk}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx "Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records"]. </cite></ref> Su ne kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" ! !Sunan !Manufofin |- |'''1''' |[[Charlie Buchan]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |209 |- |'''2''' |[[Bobby Gurney]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |205 |- |'''3''' |[[Dave Halliday]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |156 |- |'''4''' |[[George Holley]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |150 |- |'''5''' |[[John Campbell (footballer, born 1869)|John Campbell]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |133 |- |'''6''' |[[Raich Carter]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |118 |- |'''7''' |[[Kevin Phillips (footballer)|Kevin Phillips]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |113 |- |'''8''' |[[Jimmy Millar (footballer, born 1870)|Jimmy Millar]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |109 |- |'''9''' |[[Arthur Bridgett]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |108 |- |'''10''' |[[Patrick Gallacher|Patsy Gallacher]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |100 |- |} Bobby Gurney yana da adadin kwallaye a duk gasa tare da jimlar 228 a wasanni da kofin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bobby Gurney |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Player.aspx?PlayerID=383 |access-date=22 August 2020 |website=The Stat Cat}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qmw503a4qojj0vldg5gxbv70ml4k245 906466 906465 2026-08-23T09:16:56Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 906466 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Sunderland]] Association Football Club ta kasance kungiya ce ta ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa da ke zaune a [[Sunderland]], Tyne da Wear, Ingila . Kungiyar tana fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], matakin farko na tsarin gasar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta kasar [[Ingila]]. An kafa shi acikin shekara ta 1879, kulob din ya lashe lambobin yabo na farko guda shida acikin shekara ta(1892,har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1893, 1895, 1902, 1913, da 1936) a cikin rukunin farko, kuma ya kammala matsayi na biyu sau biyar. Har ila yau, kulob din ya lashe Kofin FA sau biyu acikin (1937 da 1973), kuma ya kasance mai cin gaba sau biyu (1913 da 1992), kuma ya lashe gasar FA Charity Shield a 1936. Sun kuma kasance 'yan wasan karshe na gasar cin Kofin Kwallon Kafa a 1985 da 2014. An ba shi suna Black Cats, Sunderland tana buga wasannin gida a filin wasa na Light mai daukar mutane kimanin 49,000, bayan ya ƙaura daga Roker Park a shekarar 1997. Kungiyar tana da tsananin kishiya da ke kusa da kungiyar Newcastle United, wanda aka fafata da Tyne-Wear derby tun 1898. Suna wasa a cikin ja da fararen riguna da gajeren baki. == Tarihi == [[File:Sunderland-1884.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton ƙungiyar da aka ɗauka a 1884]] === Shekaru na farko da "Team of All Talents" (1879-1908) === An kafa kulob din ne a matsayin Sunderland da Malaman Gundumar A.F.C. ta hanyar malamin makaranta James Allan a cikin abin da aka yi imanin cewa Oktoba ne na shekara ta 1879. Koyaya, shaidu sun nuna cewa ba a halicci kulob din ba har sai shekara guda bayan haka, a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba a shekarar 1880.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx |access-date=4 January 2019 |website=www.thestatcat.co.uk}}</ref> An sake masa suna Sunderland AFC kuma ya zama a buɗe ga malamai a makaranta a watana Oktoba na shekara ta 1880.<ref name="auto" /> [[Fayil:John_Middleton_Campbell.jpg|left|thumb|John Campbell, wani ɓangare na "Team of All Talents", kuma babban mai zira kwallaye a gasar a cikin sunayen sarauta uku na farko na Sunderland.]] Sunderland ta shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa a kakar 1890-91. <ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=Club History |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |archive-date=6 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> Tom Watson ya zama manajan farko na kungiyar Sunderland ''Lokaci'' da aka nada shi a shekara ta 1888. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Managers 1889–1939 |url=http://www.safc.com/history/?page_id=2997 |access-date=6 January 2009 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> A ƙarshen karni na 19, William McGregor, wanda ya kafa gasar, ya ayyana su a matsayin "Team of All Talents", bayan nasarar 7-2 a kan [[Aston Villa FC|Aston Villa]]. Sunderland ta lashe gasar zakarun a kakar 1891-92, kakar wasa daya bayan ta shiga The Football League, kuma wannan wasan kwaikwayon ya jagoranci The Times don bayyana 'yan wasan a matsayin "ƙungiya mai kyau". Sunderland ta samu nasarar kare taken a kakar wasa mai zuwa, tare da taimakon dan wasan tsakiya na Scotland John Campbell, wanda ya karya alamar kwallaye guda 30 a karo na biyu a cikin lokutan da suka biyo baya. A cikin tsari, sun zama tawagar farko da ta zira kwallaye 100 a cikin kakar wasa daya, wani abin da ba a daidaita shi ba har zuwa 1919-20. Sunderland ya zo kusa da lashe gasar zakarun Turai ta uku a kakar 1893-94, ya kammala na biyu a bayan kungiyar Aston Villa. Koyaya, sun sake samun taken a kakar 1894-95, tare da Campbell ya zama babban mai zira kwallaye a karo na uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Callaghan |first=Richard |date=20 July 2016 |title=Sunderland's First Great Centre Forward |url=https://rokerreport.sbnation.com/2016/7/20/12222208/sunderland-s-first-great-centre-forward |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=Roker Report}}</ref> Sunderland sa'an nan kuma ta doke zakarun Scotland Heart of Midlothian a wasan da aka bayyana a matsayin wasan "World Championship".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Jonathan Wilson |date=25 April 2020 |title=Sunderland's Victorian all-stars blazed trail for money's rule of football |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2020/apr/25/even-when-sunderland-ruled-the-globe-club-world-cups-were-controversial |access-date=16 May 2020 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2019 |title=When Sunderland met Hearts in the first ever 'Champions League' match |url=https://www.nutmegmagazine.co.uk/issue-5/when-sunderland-met-hearts-in-the-first-ever-champions-league-match/ |access-date=19 February 2021 |website=Nutmeg Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mai tsaron gidan su Ned Doig ya kafa tarihin [[duniya]] na karni na 19 ta hanyar ba da wani burin a cikin 87 daga cikin 290 da ya buga a saman rukuni (30%). <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2018 |title=History: Curiosities of World Football (1891–1900) |url=https://iffhs.de/history-curiosities-of-world-football-1891-1900 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827225306/https://iffhs.de/history-curiosities-of-world-football-1891-1900/ |archive-date=27 August 2019 |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=IFFHS}}</ref> Daga 1886 har zuwa 1898, gidan Sunderland yana cikin Newcastle Road. A shekara ta 1898, kulob din ya koma abin da zai zama gidansu kusan kusan ƙarni guda, Roker Park . Da farko ƙasa tana da damar 30,000.<ref name="rokerpark" /> Bayan ya dauki kulob din Sunderland zuwa gasar zakarun kasar [[Ingila]] uku, manajan Watson ya yi murabus a ƙarshen kakar 1895-96, don shiga [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]. Robert Campbell ya maye gurbinsa.<ref name="p39" /> Campbell bai sami nasarar wasa kamar Watson ba, yayin da Sunderland ya kasa lashe kowane lakabi a cikin shekaru uku da ya yi a kulob din. Scotsman Alex Mackie ya maye gurbin Campbell a matsayin manajan kakar 1899. Bayan kammala matsayi na biyu a 1900-01, kulob din ya lashe lambar yabo ta hudu a kakar 1901-02, <ref name=":2" /> kuma ya biyo bayan wannan tare da nasara a Sheriff na London Charity Shield. A watan Disamba a shekara ta 1902, Arthur Bridgett ya shiga ƙungiyar Sunderland . Ya ci gaba da zama kyaftin din "Black Cats" na tsawon shekaru goma kuma ya sami kwallo goma sha ɗaya na Ingila, wanda ya sa shi dan wasan na biyu da ya fi buga kwallo a Ingila a bayan Dave Watson . <ref>{{Cite web |title=England Players from Sunderland |url=https://www.englandstats.com/club.php?cid=104 |access-date=19 January 2020 |website=englandstats.com}}</ref> === Ƙarin sunayen sarauta na gasar (1908-1945) === [[Fayil:Rokerlads1937.jpg|left|thumb|Sunderland ta lashe kofin FA na 1937]] A ranar 5 ga watan Disamba na shekarar 1908, kungiyar Sunderland ta samu nasarar da ta samu a gasar, 9-1 a kan abokan hamayyar arewa maso gabashin Newcastle United . A karkashin kocin Irish Bob Kyle kuma tare da Scottish Charles Thomson a matsayin kyaftin, kulob din ya sake lashe gasar a 1913, amma ya rasa wasan karshe na FA Cup na farko 1-0 ga Aston Villa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=English FA Cup&nbsp;— Final 1913 |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/results3.sd?gameid=257177 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050222213709/http://www.soccerbase.com/results3.sd?gameid=257177 |archive-date=22 February 2005 |access-date=19 December 2008 |website=Soccerbase}}</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka Yaƙin Duniya na farko ya kawo karshen gasar. Bayan sake dawo da gasar, Sunderland ya kusa lashe wani gasar a kakar 1922-23, lokacin da suka kasance masu cin gaba ga Liverpool. Sun kuma zo kusa da kakar wasa mai zuwa, sun kammala na uku. Kungiyar ta tsere wa koma baya daga rukunin farko da maki daya a kakar 1927-28 duk da kwallaye 35 daga Dave Halliday. Halliday ya inganta burinsa zuwa kwallaye 43 a wasanni 42 a kakar wasa mai zuwa, rikodin Sunderland na kowane lokaci don kwallaye da aka zira a kakar wasa daya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M. |date=20 June 2019 |title=English League Leading Goalscorers |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engtops.html |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref><ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=Club History |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |archive-date=6 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html "Club History"]. </cite></ref>.. === Kungiyar "Bank of England", matsalolin kudi da kuma gasar cin kofin uku (1945-1995) === [[Fayil:Ianporterfieldgoal.jpg|right|thumb|Gasar cin nasara ta Ian Porterfield a gasar cin kofin FA ta 1973]] Ga Sunderland, shekarun da suka gabata bayan yakin sun kasance da kudade masu yawa; kulob din ya biya £18,000 (£803,000 a yau) ga Ivor Broadis na Carlisle United a watan Janairun a shekarar 1949.[33] Broadis kuma shine kocin Carlisle a lokacin, kuma wannan shine misali na farko na dan wasan da ya sauya kansa zuwa wani kulob.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amos |first=Mike |date=14 December 2007 |title=Broadis still; bubbling along at 85 |url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/1904999.broadis_still_bubbling_along_at_85/ |access-date=19 September 2008 |website=The Northern Echo}}</ref> Wannan, tare da kudaden canja wurin rikodin don tabbatar da ayyukan Len Shackleton da Trevor Ford na Welsh, ya haifar da sunan laƙabi na zamani, "Bank of England club". Kungiyar ta kammala ta uku a cikin Sashen Farko a 1950, mafi girman kammalawa tun daga gasar 1936.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Felton |first=Paul |title=Season 1949–50. |url=https://www.rsssf.org/engpaul/FLA/1949-50.html |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> A ƙarshen shekarun 1950s ya ga raguwa mai tsanani a cikin Sunderland, kuma kulob din ya sake shiga cikin babban abin kunya na kudi a shekara ta 1957. An same su da laifin biyan kuɗi ga 'yan wasan da suka wuce matsakaicin albashi, an ci su tarar £ 5,000 (£ 152,000 a yau), kuma an dakatar da shugaban su da daraktoci uku.[33]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harding |first=John |date=1 May 2007 |title=The Jimmy Hill Years: PFA Chairman 1957–1961 |url=http://www.givemefootball.com/pfa/pfa-history/the-jimmy-hill-years-pfa-chairman-1957-1961 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915053426/http://www.givemefootball.com/pfa/pfa-history/the-jimmy-hill-years-pfa-chairman-1957-1961 |archive-date=15 September 2010 |access-date=4 January 2009 |website=Professional Footballers' Association}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, an sake Sunderland daga mafi girman rukuni a karo na farko a tarihin league na shekaru 68. Rashin Sunderland daga saman jirgin ya dauki shekaru shida. Bayan kira na kusa a kakar da ta gabata, an inganta kulob din zuwa Division One a 1964 bayan ya gama a matsayi na biyu. A ƙarshen shekaru goma, an sake komawa su zuwa Sashe na Biyu bayan sun gama 21st. == Kididdiga da rikodin == [[Fayil:Sunderland_AFC_League_Performance.svg|right|thumb|300x300px|Matsayi na League tun daga kakar 1890-91.]] Mai riƙe da rikodin mafi yawan wasanni shine Jimmy Montgomery, bayan ya buga wasanni 527 na farko tsakanin 1961 da 1976. Babban mai zira kwallaye a kulob din shine Charlie Buchan, wanda ya zira kwallayi 209 daga 1911 zuwa 1925; Bobby Gurney shine mai zira kwallan rikodin a duk wasannin tare da kwallaye 228 tsakanin 1926 da 1939.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland all time records |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/team_records.sd?teamid=2493 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926194651/http://www.soccerbase.com/team_records.sd?teamid=2493 |archive-date=26 September 2008 |access-date=19 September 2008 |website=Soccerbase}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=11. Bobby Gurney |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/PlayersArticleDetail/0,,10281~1929361,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407043306/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/PlayersArticleDetail/0,,10281~1929361,00.html |archive-date=7 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> Dave Halliday yana da rikodin mafi yawan kwallaye da aka zira a kakar wasa daya: 43 a kakar 1928-29 a cikin Sashe na Farko.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2" /> Ya zuwa watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014 John O'Shea shine dan wasan da ya fi dacewa da kulob din, inda ya buga wasanni 100 a Jamhuriyar Ireland.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; === Masu zira kwallaye === 'Yan wasa goma na Sunderland sun zira kwallaye 100 ko fiye a gasar zakarun Turai.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx |access-date=4 January 2019 |website=www.thestatcat.co.uk}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx "Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records"]. </cite></ref> Su ne kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" ! !Sunan !Manufofin |- |'''1''' |[[Charlie Buchan]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |209 |- |'''2''' |[[Bobby Gurney]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |205 |- |'''3''' |[[Dave Halliday]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |156 |- |'''4''' |[[George Holley]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |150 |- |'''5''' |[[John Campbell (footballer, born 1869)|John Campbell]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |133 |- |'''6''' |[[Raich Carter]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |118 |- |'''7''' |[[Kevin Phillips (footballer)|Kevin Phillips]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |113 |- |'''8''' |[[Jimmy Millar (footballer, born 1870)|Jimmy Millar]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |109 |- |'''9''' |[[Arthur Bridgett]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |108 |- |'''10''' |[[Patrick Gallacher|Patsy Gallacher]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |100 |- |} Bobby Gurney yana da adadin kwallaye a duk gasa tare da jimlar 228 a wasanni da kofin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bobby Gurney |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Player.aspx?PlayerID=383 |access-date=22 August 2020 |website=The Stat Cat}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pvrho0gzasc1gpgeg5x2pm9k791uxqu 906467 906466 2026-08-23T09:17:49Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 906467 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Sunderland]] Association Football Club ta kasance kungiya ce ta ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa da ke zaune a [[Sunderland]], Tyne da Wear, Ingila . Kungiyar tana fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], matakin farko na tsarin gasar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta kasar [[Ingila]]. An kafa shi acikin shekara ta 1879, kulob din ya lashe lambobin yabo na farko guda shida acikin shekara ta(1892,har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1893, 1895, 1902, 1913, da 1936) a cikin rukunin farko, kuma ya kammala matsayi na biyu sau biyar. Har ila yau, kulob din ya lashe Kofin FA sau biyu acikin shekara ta (1937 da 1973), kuma ya kasance mai cin gaba sau biyu (1913 da 1992), kuma ya lashe gasar FA Charity Shield a 1936. Sun kuma kasance 'yan wasan karshe na gasar cin Kofin Kwallon Kafa a 1985 da 2014. An ba shi suna Black Cats, Sunderland tana buga wasannin gida a filin wasa na Light mai daukar mutane kimanin 49,000, bayan ya ƙaura daga Roker Park a shekarar 1997. Kungiyar tana da tsananin kishiya da ke kusa da kungiyar Newcastle United, wanda aka fafata da Tyne-Wear derby tun 1898. Suna wasa a cikin ja da fararen riguna da gajeren baki. == Tarihi == [[File:Sunderland-1884.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton ƙungiyar da aka ɗauka a 1884]] === Shekaru na farko da "Team of All Talents" (1879-1908) === An kafa kulob din ne a matsayin Sunderland da Malaman Gundumar A.F.C. ta hanyar malamin makaranta James Allan a cikin abin da aka yi imanin cewa Oktoba ne na shekara ta 1879. Koyaya, shaidu sun nuna cewa ba a halicci kulob din ba har sai shekara guda bayan haka, a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba a shekarar 1880.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx |access-date=4 January 2019 |website=www.thestatcat.co.uk}}</ref> An sake masa suna Sunderland AFC kuma ya zama a buɗe ga malamai a makaranta a watana Oktoba na shekara ta 1880.<ref name="auto" /> [[Fayil:John_Middleton_Campbell.jpg|left|thumb|John Campbell, wani ɓangare na "Team of All Talents", kuma babban mai zira kwallaye a gasar a cikin sunayen sarauta uku na farko na Sunderland.]] Sunderland ta shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa a kakar 1890-91. <ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=Club History |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |archive-date=6 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> Tom Watson ya zama manajan farko na kungiyar Sunderland ''Lokaci'' da aka nada shi a shekara ta 1888. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Managers 1889–1939 |url=http://www.safc.com/history/?page_id=2997 |access-date=6 January 2009 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> A ƙarshen karni na 19, William McGregor, wanda ya kafa gasar, ya ayyana su a matsayin "Team of All Talents", bayan nasarar 7-2 a kan [[Aston Villa FC|Aston Villa]]. Sunderland ta lashe gasar zakarun a kakar 1891-92, kakar wasa daya bayan ta shiga The Football League, kuma wannan wasan kwaikwayon ya jagoranci The Times don bayyana 'yan wasan a matsayin "ƙungiya mai kyau". Sunderland ta samu nasarar kare taken a kakar wasa mai zuwa, tare da taimakon dan wasan tsakiya na Scotland John Campbell, wanda ya karya alamar kwallaye guda 30 a karo na biyu a cikin lokutan da suka biyo baya. A cikin tsari, sun zama tawagar farko da ta zira kwallaye 100 a cikin kakar wasa daya, wani abin da ba a daidaita shi ba har zuwa 1919-20. Sunderland ya zo kusa da lashe gasar zakarun Turai ta uku a kakar 1893-94, ya kammala na biyu a bayan kungiyar Aston Villa. Koyaya, sun sake samun taken a kakar 1894-95, tare da Campbell ya zama babban mai zira kwallaye a karo na uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Callaghan |first=Richard |date=20 July 2016 |title=Sunderland's First Great Centre Forward |url=https://rokerreport.sbnation.com/2016/7/20/12222208/sunderland-s-first-great-centre-forward |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=Roker Report}}</ref> Sunderland sa'an nan kuma ta doke zakarun Scotland Heart of Midlothian a wasan da aka bayyana a matsayin wasan "World Championship".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Jonathan Wilson |date=25 April 2020 |title=Sunderland's Victorian all-stars blazed trail for money's rule of football |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2020/apr/25/even-when-sunderland-ruled-the-globe-club-world-cups-were-controversial |access-date=16 May 2020 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2019 |title=When Sunderland met Hearts in the first ever 'Champions League' match |url=https://www.nutmegmagazine.co.uk/issue-5/when-sunderland-met-hearts-in-the-first-ever-champions-league-match/ |access-date=19 February 2021 |website=Nutmeg Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mai tsaron gidan su Ned Doig ya kafa tarihin [[duniya]] na karni na 19 ta hanyar ba da wani burin a cikin 87 daga cikin 290 da ya buga a saman rukuni (30%). <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2018 |title=History: Curiosities of World Football (1891–1900) |url=https://iffhs.de/history-curiosities-of-world-football-1891-1900 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827225306/https://iffhs.de/history-curiosities-of-world-football-1891-1900/ |archive-date=27 August 2019 |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=IFFHS}}</ref> Daga 1886 har zuwa 1898, gidan Sunderland yana cikin Newcastle Road. A shekara ta 1898, kulob din ya koma abin da zai zama gidansu kusan kusan ƙarni guda, Roker Park . Da farko ƙasa tana da damar 30,000.<ref name="rokerpark" /> Bayan ya dauki kulob din Sunderland zuwa gasar zakarun kasar [[Ingila]] uku, manajan Watson ya yi murabus a ƙarshen kakar 1895-96, don shiga [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]. Robert Campbell ya maye gurbinsa.<ref name="p39" /> Campbell bai sami nasarar wasa kamar Watson ba, yayin da Sunderland ya kasa lashe kowane lakabi a cikin shekaru uku da ya yi a kulob din. Scotsman Alex Mackie ya maye gurbin Campbell a matsayin manajan kakar 1899. Bayan kammala matsayi na biyu a 1900-01, kulob din ya lashe lambar yabo ta hudu a kakar 1901-02, <ref name=":2" /> kuma ya biyo bayan wannan tare da nasara a Sheriff na London Charity Shield. A watan Disamba a shekara ta 1902, Arthur Bridgett ya shiga ƙungiyar Sunderland . Ya ci gaba da zama kyaftin din "Black Cats" na tsawon shekaru goma kuma ya sami kwallo goma sha ɗaya na Ingila, wanda ya sa shi dan wasan na biyu da ya fi buga kwallo a Ingila a bayan Dave Watson . <ref>{{Cite web |title=England Players from Sunderland |url=https://www.englandstats.com/club.php?cid=104 |access-date=19 January 2020 |website=englandstats.com}}</ref> === Ƙarin sunayen sarauta na gasar (1908-1945) === [[Fayil:Rokerlads1937.jpg|left|thumb|Sunderland ta lashe kofin FA na 1937]] A ranar 5 ga watan Disamba na shekarar 1908, kungiyar Sunderland ta samu nasarar da ta samu a gasar, 9-1 a kan abokan hamayyar arewa maso gabashin Newcastle United . A karkashin kocin Irish Bob Kyle kuma tare da Scottish Charles Thomson a matsayin kyaftin, kulob din ya sake lashe gasar a 1913, amma ya rasa wasan karshe na FA Cup na farko 1-0 ga Aston Villa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=English FA Cup&nbsp;— Final 1913 |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/results3.sd?gameid=257177 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050222213709/http://www.soccerbase.com/results3.sd?gameid=257177 |archive-date=22 February 2005 |access-date=19 December 2008 |website=Soccerbase}}</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka Yaƙin Duniya na farko ya kawo karshen gasar. Bayan sake dawo da gasar, Sunderland ya kusa lashe wani gasar a kakar 1922-23, lokacin da suka kasance masu cin gaba ga Liverpool. Sun kuma zo kusa da kakar wasa mai zuwa, sun kammala na uku. Kungiyar ta tsere wa koma baya daga rukunin farko da maki daya a kakar 1927-28 duk da kwallaye 35 daga Dave Halliday. Halliday ya inganta burinsa zuwa kwallaye 43 a wasanni 42 a kakar wasa mai zuwa, rikodin Sunderland na kowane lokaci don kwallaye da aka zira a kakar wasa daya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M. |date=20 June 2019 |title=English League Leading Goalscorers |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engtops.html |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref><ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=Club History |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |archive-date=6 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html "Club History"]. </cite></ref>.. === Kungiyar "Bank of England", matsalolin kudi da kuma gasar cin kofin uku (1945-1995) === [[Fayil:Ianporterfieldgoal.jpg|right|thumb|Gasar cin nasara ta Ian Porterfield a gasar cin kofin FA ta 1973]] Ga Sunderland, shekarun da suka gabata bayan yakin sun kasance da kudade masu yawa; kulob din ya biya £18,000 (£803,000 a yau) ga Ivor Broadis na Carlisle United a watan Janairun a shekarar 1949.[33] Broadis kuma shine kocin Carlisle a lokacin, kuma wannan shine misali na farko na dan wasan da ya sauya kansa zuwa wani kulob.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amos |first=Mike |date=14 December 2007 |title=Broadis still; bubbling along at 85 |url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/1904999.broadis_still_bubbling_along_at_85/ |access-date=19 September 2008 |website=The Northern Echo}}</ref> Wannan, tare da kudaden canja wurin rikodin don tabbatar da ayyukan Len Shackleton da Trevor Ford na Welsh, ya haifar da sunan laƙabi na zamani, "Bank of England club". Kungiyar ta kammala ta uku a cikin Sashen Farko a 1950, mafi girman kammalawa tun daga gasar 1936.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Felton |first=Paul |title=Season 1949–50. |url=https://www.rsssf.org/engpaul/FLA/1949-50.html |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> A ƙarshen shekarun 1950s ya ga raguwa mai tsanani a cikin Sunderland, kuma kulob din ya sake shiga cikin babban abin kunya na kudi a shekara ta 1957. An same su da laifin biyan kuɗi ga 'yan wasan da suka wuce matsakaicin albashi, an ci su tarar £ 5,000 (£ 152,000 a yau), kuma an dakatar da shugaban su da daraktoci uku.[33]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harding |first=John |date=1 May 2007 |title=The Jimmy Hill Years: PFA Chairman 1957–1961 |url=http://www.givemefootball.com/pfa/pfa-history/the-jimmy-hill-years-pfa-chairman-1957-1961 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915053426/http://www.givemefootball.com/pfa/pfa-history/the-jimmy-hill-years-pfa-chairman-1957-1961 |archive-date=15 September 2010 |access-date=4 January 2009 |website=Professional Footballers' Association}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, an sake Sunderland daga mafi girman rukuni a karo na farko a tarihin league na shekaru 68. Rashin Sunderland daga saman jirgin ya dauki shekaru shida. Bayan kira na kusa a kakar da ta gabata, an inganta kulob din zuwa Division One a 1964 bayan ya gama a matsayi na biyu. A ƙarshen shekaru goma, an sake komawa su zuwa Sashe na Biyu bayan sun gama 21st. == Kididdiga da rikodin == [[Fayil:Sunderland_AFC_League_Performance.svg|right|thumb|300x300px|Matsayi na League tun daga kakar 1890-91.]] Mai riƙe da rikodin mafi yawan wasanni shine Jimmy Montgomery, bayan ya buga wasanni 527 na farko tsakanin 1961 da 1976. Babban mai zira kwallaye a kulob din shine Charlie Buchan, wanda ya zira kwallayi 209 daga 1911 zuwa 1925; Bobby Gurney shine mai zira kwallan rikodin a duk wasannin tare da kwallaye 228 tsakanin 1926 da 1939.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland all time records |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/team_records.sd?teamid=2493 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926194651/http://www.soccerbase.com/team_records.sd?teamid=2493 |archive-date=26 September 2008 |access-date=19 September 2008 |website=Soccerbase}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=11. Bobby Gurney |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/PlayersArticleDetail/0,,10281~1929361,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407043306/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/PlayersArticleDetail/0,,10281~1929361,00.html |archive-date=7 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> Dave Halliday yana da rikodin mafi yawan kwallaye da aka zira a kakar wasa daya: 43 a kakar 1928-29 a cikin Sashe na Farko.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2" /> Ya zuwa watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014 John O'Shea shine dan wasan da ya fi dacewa da kulob din, inda ya buga wasanni 100 a Jamhuriyar Ireland.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; === Masu zira kwallaye === 'Yan wasa goma na Sunderland sun zira kwallaye 100 ko fiye a gasar zakarun Turai.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx |access-date=4 January 2019 |website=www.thestatcat.co.uk}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx "Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records"]. </cite></ref> Su ne kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" ! !Sunan !Manufofin |- |'''1''' |[[Charlie Buchan]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |209 |- |'''2''' |[[Bobby Gurney]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |205 |- |'''3''' |[[Dave Halliday]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |156 |- |'''4''' |[[George Holley]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |150 |- |'''5''' |[[John Campbell (footballer, born 1869)|John Campbell]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |133 |- |'''6''' |[[Raich Carter]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |118 |- |'''7''' |[[Kevin Phillips (footballer)|Kevin Phillips]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |113 |- |'''8''' |[[Jimmy Millar (footballer, born 1870)|Jimmy Millar]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |109 |- |'''9''' |[[Arthur Bridgett]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |108 |- |'''10''' |[[Patrick Gallacher|Patsy Gallacher]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |100 |- |} Bobby Gurney yana da adadin kwallaye a duk gasa tare da jimlar 228 a wasanni da kofin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bobby Gurney |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Player.aspx?PlayerID=383 |access-date=22 August 2020 |website=The Stat Cat}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mxydcwx0gmt3f2ly5kn6jsmty3g4uea 906468 906467 2026-08-23T09:18:51Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 906468 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Sunderland]] Association Football Club ta kasance kungiya ce ta ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa da ke zaune a [[Sunderland]], Tyne da Wear, Ingila . Kungiyar tana fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], matakin farko na tsarin gasar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta kasar [[Ingila]]. An kafa shi acikin shekara ta 1879, kulob din ya lashe lambobin yabo na farko guda shida acikin shekara ta(1892,har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1893, 1895, 1902, 1913, da 1936) a cikin rukunin farko, kuma ya kammala matsayi na biyu sau biyar. Har ila yau, kulob din ya lashe Kofin FA sau biyu acikin shekara ta (1937 dakuma cikin 1973), kuma ya kasance mai cin gaba sau biyu (1913 da 1992), kuma ya lashe gasar FA Charity Shield a 1936. Sun kuma kasance 'yan wasan karshe na gasar cin Kofin Kwallon Kafa a 1985 da 2014. An ba shi suna Black Cats, Sunderland tana buga wasannin gida a filin wasa na Light mai daukar mutane kimanin 49,000, bayan ya ƙaura daga Roker Park a shekarar 1997. Kungiyar tana da tsananin kishiya da ke kusa da kungiyar Newcastle United, wanda aka fafata da Tyne-Wear derby tun 1898. Suna wasa a cikin ja da fararen riguna da gajeren baki. == Tarihi == [[File:Sunderland-1884.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton ƙungiyar da aka ɗauka a 1884]] === Shekaru na farko da "Team of All Talents" (1879-1908) === An kafa kulob din ne a matsayin Sunderland da Malaman Gundumar A.F.C. ta hanyar malamin makaranta James Allan a cikin abin da aka yi imanin cewa Oktoba ne na shekara ta 1879. Koyaya, shaidu sun nuna cewa ba a halicci kulob din ba har sai shekara guda bayan haka, a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba a shekarar 1880.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx |access-date=4 January 2019 |website=www.thestatcat.co.uk}}</ref> An sake masa suna Sunderland AFC kuma ya zama a buɗe ga malamai a makaranta a watana Oktoba na shekara ta 1880.<ref name="auto" /> [[Fayil:John_Middleton_Campbell.jpg|left|thumb|John Campbell, wani ɓangare na "Team of All Talents", kuma babban mai zira kwallaye a gasar a cikin sunayen sarauta uku na farko na Sunderland.]] Sunderland ta shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa a kakar 1890-91. <ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=Club History |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |archive-date=6 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> Tom Watson ya zama manajan farko na kungiyar Sunderland ''Lokaci'' da aka nada shi a shekara ta 1888. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Managers 1889–1939 |url=http://www.safc.com/history/?page_id=2997 |access-date=6 January 2009 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> A ƙarshen karni na 19, William McGregor, wanda ya kafa gasar, ya ayyana su a matsayin "Team of All Talents", bayan nasarar 7-2 a kan [[Aston Villa FC|Aston Villa]]. Sunderland ta lashe gasar zakarun a kakar 1891-92, kakar wasa daya bayan ta shiga The Football League, kuma wannan wasan kwaikwayon ya jagoranci The Times don bayyana 'yan wasan a matsayin "ƙungiya mai kyau". Sunderland ta samu nasarar kare taken a kakar wasa mai zuwa, tare da taimakon dan wasan tsakiya na Scotland John Campbell, wanda ya karya alamar kwallaye guda 30 a karo na biyu a cikin lokutan da suka biyo baya. A cikin tsari, sun zama tawagar farko da ta zira kwallaye 100 a cikin kakar wasa daya, wani abin da ba a daidaita shi ba har zuwa 1919-20. Sunderland ya zo kusa da lashe gasar zakarun Turai ta uku a kakar 1893-94, ya kammala na biyu a bayan kungiyar Aston Villa. Koyaya, sun sake samun taken a kakar 1894-95, tare da Campbell ya zama babban mai zira kwallaye a karo na uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Callaghan |first=Richard |date=20 July 2016 |title=Sunderland's First Great Centre Forward |url=https://rokerreport.sbnation.com/2016/7/20/12222208/sunderland-s-first-great-centre-forward |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=Roker Report}}</ref> Sunderland sa'an nan kuma ta doke zakarun Scotland Heart of Midlothian a wasan da aka bayyana a matsayin wasan "World Championship".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Jonathan Wilson |date=25 April 2020 |title=Sunderland's Victorian all-stars blazed trail for money's rule of football |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2020/apr/25/even-when-sunderland-ruled-the-globe-club-world-cups-were-controversial |access-date=16 May 2020 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2019 |title=When Sunderland met Hearts in the first ever 'Champions League' match |url=https://www.nutmegmagazine.co.uk/issue-5/when-sunderland-met-hearts-in-the-first-ever-champions-league-match/ |access-date=19 February 2021 |website=Nutmeg Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mai tsaron gidan su Ned Doig ya kafa tarihin [[duniya]] na karni na 19 ta hanyar ba da wani burin a cikin 87 daga cikin 290 da ya buga a saman rukuni (30%). <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2018 |title=History: Curiosities of World Football (1891–1900) |url=https://iffhs.de/history-curiosities-of-world-football-1891-1900 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827225306/https://iffhs.de/history-curiosities-of-world-football-1891-1900/ |archive-date=27 August 2019 |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=IFFHS}}</ref> Daga 1886 har zuwa 1898, gidan Sunderland yana cikin Newcastle Road. A shekara ta 1898, kulob din ya koma abin da zai zama gidansu kusan kusan ƙarni guda, Roker Park . Da farko ƙasa tana da damar 30,000.<ref name="rokerpark" /> Bayan ya dauki kulob din Sunderland zuwa gasar zakarun kasar [[Ingila]] uku, manajan Watson ya yi murabus a ƙarshen kakar 1895-96, don shiga [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]. Robert Campbell ya maye gurbinsa.<ref name="p39" /> Campbell bai sami nasarar wasa kamar Watson ba, yayin da Sunderland ya kasa lashe kowane lakabi a cikin shekaru uku da ya yi a kulob din. Scotsman Alex Mackie ya maye gurbin Campbell a matsayin manajan kakar 1899. Bayan kammala matsayi na biyu a 1900-01, kulob din ya lashe lambar yabo ta hudu a kakar 1901-02, <ref name=":2" /> kuma ya biyo bayan wannan tare da nasara a Sheriff na London Charity Shield. A watan Disamba a shekara ta 1902, Arthur Bridgett ya shiga ƙungiyar Sunderland . Ya ci gaba da zama kyaftin din "Black Cats" na tsawon shekaru goma kuma ya sami kwallo goma sha ɗaya na Ingila, wanda ya sa shi dan wasan na biyu da ya fi buga kwallo a Ingila a bayan Dave Watson . <ref>{{Cite web |title=England Players from Sunderland |url=https://www.englandstats.com/club.php?cid=104 |access-date=19 January 2020 |website=englandstats.com}}</ref> === Ƙarin sunayen sarauta na gasar (1908-1945) === [[Fayil:Rokerlads1937.jpg|left|thumb|Sunderland ta lashe kofin FA na 1937]] A ranar 5 ga watan Disamba na shekarar 1908, kungiyar Sunderland ta samu nasarar da ta samu a gasar, 9-1 a kan abokan hamayyar arewa maso gabashin Newcastle United . A karkashin kocin Irish Bob Kyle kuma tare da Scottish Charles Thomson a matsayin kyaftin, kulob din ya sake lashe gasar a 1913, amma ya rasa wasan karshe na FA Cup na farko 1-0 ga Aston Villa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=English FA Cup&nbsp;— Final 1913 |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/results3.sd?gameid=257177 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050222213709/http://www.soccerbase.com/results3.sd?gameid=257177 |archive-date=22 February 2005 |access-date=19 December 2008 |website=Soccerbase}}</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka Yaƙin Duniya na farko ya kawo karshen gasar. Bayan sake dawo da gasar, Sunderland ya kusa lashe wani gasar a kakar 1922-23, lokacin da suka kasance masu cin gaba ga Liverpool. Sun kuma zo kusa da kakar wasa mai zuwa, sun kammala na uku. Kungiyar ta tsere wa koma baya daga rukunin farko da maki daya a kakar 1927-28 duk da kwallaye 35 daga Dave Halliday. Halliday ya inganta burinsa zuwa kwallaye 43 a wasanni 42 a kakar wasa mai zuwa, rikodin Sunderland na kowane lokaci don kwallaye da aka zira a kakar wasa daya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M. |date=20 June 2019 |title=English League Leading Goalscorers |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engtops.html |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref><ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=Club History |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |archive-date=6 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html "Club History"]. </cite></ref>.. === Kungiyar "Bank of England", matsalolin kudi da kuma gasar cin kofin uku (1945-1995) === [[Fayil:Ianporterfieldgoal.jpg|right|thumb|Gasar cin nasara ta Ian Porterfield a gasar cin kofin FA ta 1973]] Ga Sunderland, shekarun da suka gabata bayan yakin sun kasance da kudade masu yawa; kulob din ya biya £18,000 (£803,000 a yau) ga Ivor Broadis na Carlisle United a watan Janairun a shekarar 1949.[33] Broadis kuma shine kocin Carlisle a lokacin, kuma wannan shine misali na farko na dan wasan da ya sauya kansa zuwa wani kulob.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amos |first=Mike |date=14 December 2007 |title=Broadis still; bubbling along at 85 |url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/1904999.broadis_still_bubbling_along_at_85/ |access-date=19 September 2008 |website=The Northern Echo}}</ref> Wannan, tare da kudaden canja wurin rikodin don tabbatar da ayyukan Len Shackleton da Trevor Ford na Welsh, ya haifar da sunan laƙabi na zamani, "Bank of England club". Kungiyar ta kammala ta uku a cikin Sashen Farko a 1950, mafi girman kammalawa tun daga gasar 1936.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Felton |first=Paul |title=Season 1949–50. |url=https://www.rsssf.org/engpaul/FLA/1949-50.html |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> A ƙarshen shekarun 1950s ya ga raguwa mai tsanani a cikin Sunderland, kuma kulob din ya sake shiga cikin babban abin kunya na kudi a shekara ta 1957. An same su da laifin biyan kuɗi ga 'yan wasan da suka wuce matsakaicin albashi, an ci su tarar £ 5,000 (£ 152,000 a yau), kuma an dakatar da shugaban su da daraktoci uku.[33]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harding |first=John |date=1 May 2007 |title=The Jimmy Hill Years: PFA Chairman 1957–1961 |url=http://www.givemefootball.com/pfa/pfa-history/the-jimmy-hill-years-pfa-chairman-1957-1961 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915053426/http://www.givemefootball.com/pfa/pfa-history/the-jimmy-hill-years-pfa-chairman-1957-1961 |archive-date=15 September 2010 |access-date=4 January 2009 |website=Professional Footballers' Association}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, an sake Sunderland daga mafi girman rukuni a karo na farko a tarihin league na shekaru 68. Rashin Sunderland daga saman jirgin ya dauki shekaru shida. Bayan kira na kusa a kakar da ta gabata, an inganta kulob din zuwa Division One a 1964 bayan ya gama a matsayi na biyu. A ƙarshen shekaru goma, an sake komawa su zuwa Sashe na Biyu bayan sun gama 21st. == Kididdiga da rikodin == [[Fayil:Sunderland_AFC_League_Performance.svg|right|thumb|300x300px|Matsayi na League tun daga kakar 1890-91.]] Mai riƙe da rikodin mafi yawan wasanni shine Jimmy Montgomery, bayan ya buga wasanni 527 na farko tsakanin 1961 da 1976. Babban mai zira kwallaye a kulob din shine Charlie Buchan, wanda ya zira kwallayi 209 daga 1911 zuwa 1925; Bobby Gurney shine mai zira kwallan rikodin a duk wasannin tare da kwallaye 228 tsakanin 1926 da 1939.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland all time records |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/team_records.sd?teamid=2493 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926194651/http://www.soccerbase.com/team_records.sd?teamid=2493 |archive-date=26 September 2008 |access-date=19 September 2008 |website=Soccerbase}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=11. Bobby Gurney |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/PlayersArticleDetail/0,,10281~1929361,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407043306/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/PlayersArticleDetail/0,,10281~1929361,00.html |archive-date=7 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> Dave Halliday yana da rikodin mafi yawan kwallaye da aka zira a kakar wasa daya: 43 a kakar 1928-29 a cikin Sashe na Farko.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2" /> Ya zuwa watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014 John O'Shea shine dan wasan da ya fi dacewa da kulob din, inda ya buga wasanni 100 a Jamhuriyar Ireland.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; === Masu zira kwallaye === 'Yan wasa goma na Sunderland sun zira kwallaye 100 ko fiye a gasar zakarun Turai.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx |access-date=4 January 2019 |website=www.thestatcat.co.uk}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx "Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records"]. </cite></ref> Su ne kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" ! !Sunan !Manufofin |- |'''1''' |[[Charlie Buchan]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |209 |- |'''2''' |[[Bobby Gurney]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |205 |- |'''3''' |[[Dave Halliday]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |156 |- |'''4''' |[[George Holley]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |150 |- |'''5''' |[[John Campbell (footballer, born 1869)|John Campbell]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |133 |- |'''6''' |[[Raich Carter]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |118 |- |'''7''' |[[Kevin Phillips (footballer)|Kevin Phillips]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |113 |- |'''8''' |[[Jimmy Millar (footballer, born 1870)|Jimmy Millar]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |109 |- |'''9''' |[[Arthur Bridgett]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |108 |- |'''10''' |[[Patrick Gallacher|Patsy Gallacher]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |100 |- |} Bobby Gurney yana da adadin kwallaye a duk gasa tare da jimlar 228 a wasanni da kofin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bobby Gurney |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Player.aspx?PlayerID=383 |access-date=22 August 2020 |website=The Stat Cat}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9wzp09yanppfaze3756nsjllcp39knx 906469 906468 2026-08-23T09:19:24Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 906469 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Sunderland]] Association Football Club ta kasance kungiya ce ta ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa da ke zaune a [[Sunderland]], Tyne da Wear, Ingila . Kungiyar tana fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], matakin farko na tsarin gasar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta kasar [[Ingila]]. An kafa shi acikin shekara ta 1879, kulob din ya lashe lambobin yabo na farko guda shida acikin shekara ta(1892,har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1893, 1895, 1902, 1913, da 1936) a cikin rukunin farko, kuma ya kammala matsayi na biyu sau biyar. Har ila yau, kulob din ya lashe Kofin FA sau biyu acikin shekara ta (1937 dakuma cikin shekara ta 1973), kuma ya kasance mai cin gaba sau biyu (1913 da 1992), kuma ya lashe gasar FA Charity Shield a 1936. Sun kuma kasance 'yan wasan karshe na gasar cin Kofin Kwallon Kafa a 1985 da 2014. An ba shi suna Black Cats, Sunderland tana buga wasannin gida a filin wasa na Light mai daukar mutane kimanin 49,000, bayan ya ƙaura daga Roker Park a shekarar 1997. Kungiyar tana da tsananin kishiya da ke kusa da kungiyar Newcastle United, wanda aka fafata da Tyne-Wear derby tun 1898. Suna wasa a cikin ja da fararen riguna da gajeren baki. == Tarihi == [[File:Sunderland-1884.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton ƙungiyar da aka ɗauka a 1884]] === Shekaru na farko da "Team of All Talents" (1879-1908) === An kafa kulob din ne a matsayin Sunderland da Malaman Gundumar A.F.C. ta hanyar malamin makaranta James Allan a cikin abin da aka yi imanin cewa Oktoba ne na shekara ta 1879. Koyaya, shaidu sun nuna cewa ba a halicci kulob din ba har sai shekara guda bayan haka, a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba a shekarar 1880.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx |access-date=4 January 2019 |website=www.thestatcat.co.uk}}</ref> An sake masa suna Sunderland AFC kuma ya zama a buɗe ga malamai a makaranta a watana Oktoba na shekara ta 1880.<ref name="auto" /> [[Fayil:John_Middleton_Campbell.jpg|left|thumb|John Campbell, wani ɓangare na "Team of All Talents", kuma babban mai zira kwallaye a gasar a cikin sunayen sarauta uku na farko na Sunderland.]] Sunderland ta shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa a kakar 1890-91. <ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=Club History |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |archive-date=6 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> Tom Watson ya zama manajan farko na kungiyar Sunderland ''Lokaci'' da aka nada shi a shekara ta 1888. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Managers 1889–1939 |url=http://www.safc.com/history/?page_id=2997 |access-date=6 January 2009 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> A ƙarshen karni na 19, William McGregor, wanda ya kafa gasar, ya ayyana su a matsayin "Team of All Talents", bayan nasarar 7-2 a kan [[Aston Villa FC|Aston Villa]]. Sunderland ta lashe gasar zakarun a kakar 1891-92, kakar wasa daya bayan ta shiga The Football League, kuma wannan wasan kwaikwayon ya jagoranci The Times don bayyana 'yan wasan a matsayin "ƙungiya mai kyau". Sunderland ta samu nasarar kare taken a kakar wasa mai zuwa, tare da taimakon dan wasan tsakiya na Scotland John Campbell, wanda ya karya alamar kwallaye guda 30 a karo na biyu a cikin lokutan da suka biyo baya. A cikin tsari, sun zama tawagar farko da ta zira kwallaye 100 a cikin kakar wasa daya, wani abin da ba a daidaita shi ba har zuwa 1919-20. Sunderland ya zo kusa da lashe gasar zakarun Turai ta uku a kakar 1893-94, ya kammala na biyu a bayan kungiyar Aston Villa. Koyaya, sun sake samun taken a kakar 1894-95, tare da Campbell ya zama babban mai zira kwallaye a karo na uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Callaghan |first=Richard |date=20 July 2016 |title=Sunderland's First Great Centre Forward |url=https://rokerreport.sbnation.com/2016/7/20/12222208/sunderland-s-first-great-centre-forward |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=Roker Report}}</ref> Sunderland sa'an nan kuma ta doke zakarun Scotland Heart of Midlothian a wasan da aka bayyana a matsayin wasan "World Championship".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Jonathan Wilson |date=25 April 2020 |title=Sunderland's Victorian all-stars blazed trail for money's rule of football |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2020/apr/25/even-when-sunderland-ruled-the-globe-club-world-cups-were-controversial |access-date=16 May 2020 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2019 |title=When Sunderland met Hearts in the first ever 'Champions League' match |url=https://www.nutmegmagazine.co.uk/issue-5/when-sunderland-met-hearts-in-the-first-ever-champions-league-match/ |access-date=19 February 2021 |website=Nutmeg Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mai tsaron gidan su Ned Doig ya kafa tarihin [[duniya]] na karni na 19 ta hanyar ba da wani burin a cikin 87 daga cikin 290 da ya buga a saman rukuni (30%). <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2018 |title=History: Curiosities of World Football (1891–1900) |url=https://iffhs.de/history-curiosities-of-world-football-1891-1900 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827225306/https://iffhs.de/history-curiosities-of-world-football-1891-1900/ |archive-date=27 August 2019 |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=IFFHS}}</ref> Daga 1886 har zuwa 1898, gidan Sunderland yana cikin Newcastle Road. A shekara ta 1898, kulob din ya koma abin da zai zama gidansu kusan kusan ƙarni guda, Roker Park . Da farko ƙasa tana da damar 30,000.<ref name="rokerpark" /> Bayan ya dauki kulob din Sunderland zuwa gasar zakarun kasar [[Ingila]] uku, manajan Watson ya yi murabus a ƙarshen kakar 1895-96, don shiga [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]. Robert Campbell ya maye gurbinsa.<ref name="p39" /> Campbell bai sami nasarar wasa kamar Watson ba, yayin da Sunderland ya kasa lashe kowane lakabi a cikin shekaru uku da ya yi a kulob din. Scotsman Alex Mackie ya maye gurbin Campbell a matsayin manajan kakar 1899. Bayan kammala matsayi na biyu a 1900-01, kulob din ya lashe lambar yabo ta hudu a kakar 1901-02, <ref name=":2" /> kuma ya biyo bayan wannan tare da nasara a Sheriff na London Charity Shield. A watan Disamba a shekara ta 1902, Arthur Bridgett ya shiga ƙungiyar Sunderland . Ya ci gaba da zama kyaftin din "Black Cats" na tsawon shekaru goma kuma ya sami kwallo goma sha ɗaya na Ingila, wanda ya sa shi dan wasan na biyu da ya fi buga kwallo a Ingila a bayan Dave Watson . <ref>{{Cite web |title=England Players from Sunderland |url=https://www.englandstats.com/club.php?cid=104 |access-date=19 January 2020 |website=englandstats.com}}</ref> === Ƙarin sunayen sarauta na gasar (1908-1945) === [[Fayil:Rokerlads1937.jpg|left|thumb|Sunderland ta lashe kofin FA na 1937]] A ranar 5 ga watan Disamba na shekarar 1908, kungiyar Sunderland ta samu nasarar da ta samu a gasar, 9-1 a kan abokan hamayyar arewa maso gabashin Newcastle United . A karkashin kocin Irish Bob Kyle kuma tare da Scottish Charles Thomson a matsayin kyaftin, kulob din ya sake lashe gasar a 1913, amma ya rasa wasan karshe na FA Cup na farko 1-0 ga Aston Villa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=English FA Cup&nbsp;— Final 1913 |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/results3.sd?gameid=257177 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050222213709/http://www.soccerbase.com/results3.sd?gameid=257177 |archive-date=22 February 2005 |access-date=19 December 2008 |website=Soccerbase}}</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka Yaƙin Duniya na farko ya kawo karshen gasar. Bayan sake dawo da gasar, Sunderland ya kusa lashe wani gasar a kakar 1922-23, lokacin da suka kasance masu cin gaba ga Liverpool. Sun kuma zo kusa da kakar wasa mai zuwa, sun kammala na uku. Kungiyar ta tsere wa koma baya daga rukunin farko da maki daya a kakar 1927-28 duk da kwallaye 35 daga Dave Halliday. Halliday ya inganta burinsa zuwa kwallaye 43 a wasanni 42 a kakar wasa mai zuwa, rikodin Sunderland na kowane lokaci don kwallaye da aka zira a kakar wasa daya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M. |date=20 June 2019 |title=English League Leading Goalscorers |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engtops.html |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref><ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=Club History |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |archive-date=6 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html "Club History"]. </cite></ref>.. === Kungiyar "Bank of England", matsalolin kudi da kuma gasar cin kofin uku (1945-1995) === [[Fayil:Ianporterfieldgoal.jpg|right|thumb|Gasar cin nasara ta Ian Porterfield a gasar cin kofin FA ta 1973]] Ga Sunderland, shekarun da suka gabata bayan yakin sun kasance da kudade masu yawa; kulob din ya biya £18,000 (£803,000 a yau) ga Ivor Broadis na Carlisle United a watan Janairun a shekarar 1949.[33] Broadis kuma shine kocin Carlisle a lokacin, kuma wannan shine misali na farko na dan wasan da ya sauya kansa zuwa wani kulob.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amos |first=Mike |date=14 December 2007 |title=Broadis still; bubbling along at 85 |url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/1904999.broadis_still_bubbling_along_at_85/ |access-date=19 September 2008 |website=The Northern Echo}}</ref> Wannan, tare da kudaden canja wurin rikodin don tabbatar da ayyukan Len Shackleton da Trevor Ford na Welsh, ya haifar da sunan laƙabi na zamani, "Bank of England club". Kungiyar ta kammala ta uku a cikin Sashen Farko a 1950, mafi girman kammalawa tun daga gasar 1936.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Felton |first=Paul |title=Season 1949–50. |url=https://www.rsssf.org/engpaul/FLA/1949-50.html |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> A ƙarshen shekarun 1950s ya ga raguwa mai tsanani a cikin Sunderland, kuma kulob din ya sake shiga cikin babban abin kunya na kudi a shekara ta 1957. An same su da laifin biyan kuɗi ga 'yan wasan da suka wuce matsakaicin albashi, an ci su tarar £ 5,000 (£ 152,000 a yau), kuma an dakatar da shugaban su da daraktoci uku.[33]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harding |first=John |date=1 May 2007 |title=The Jimmy Hill Years: PFA Chairman 1957–1961 |url=http://www.givemefootball.com/pfa/pfa-history/the-jimmy-hill-years-pfa-chairman-1957-1961 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915053426/http://www.givemefootball.com/pfa/pfa-history/the-jimmy-hill-years-pfa-chairman-1957-1961 |archive-date=15 September 2010 |access-date=4 January 2009 |website=Professional Footballers' Association}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, an sake Sunderland daga mafi girman rukuni a karo na farko a tarihin league na shekaru 68. Rashin Sunderland daga saman jirgin ya dauki shekaru shida. Bayan kira na kusa a kakar da ta gabata, an inganta kulob din zuwa Division One a 1964 bayan ya gama a matsayi na biyu. A ƙarshen shekaru goma, an sake komawa su zuwa Sashe na Biyu bayan sun gama 21st. == Kididdiga da rikodin == [[Fayil:Sunderland_AFC_League_Performance.svg|right|thumb|300x300px|Matsayi na League tun daga kakar 1890-91.]] Mai riƙe da rikodin mafi yawan wasanni shine Jimmy Montgomery, bayan ya buga wasanni 527 na farko tsakanin 1961 da 1976. Babban mai zira kwallaye a kulob din shine Charlie Buchan, wanda ya zira kwallayi 209 daga 1911 zuwa 1925; Bobby Gurney shine mai zira kwallan rikodin a duk wasannin tare da kwallaye 228 tsakanin 1926 da 1939.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland all time records |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/team_records.sd?teamid=2493 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926194651/http://www.soccerbase.com/team_records.sd?teamid=2493 |archive-date=26 September 2008 |access-date=19 September 2008 |website=Soccerbase}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=11. Bobby Gurney |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/PlayersArticleDetail/0,,10281~1929361,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407043306/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/PlayersArticleDetail/0,,10281~1929361,00.html |archive-date=7 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> Dave Halliday yana da rikodin mafi yawan kwallaye da aka zira a kakar wasa daya: 43 a kakar 1928-29 a cikin Sashe na Farko.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2" /> Ya zuwa watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014 John O'Shea shine dan wasan da ya fi dacewa da kulob din, inda ya buga wasanni 100 a Jamhuriyar Ireland.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; === Masu zira kwallaye === 'Yan wasa goma na Sunderland sun zira kwallaye 100 ko fiye a gasar zakarun Turai.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx |access-date=4 January 2019 |website=www.thestatcat.co.uk}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx "Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records"]. </cite></ref> Su ne kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" ! !Sunan !Manufofin |- |'''1''' |[[Charlie Buchan]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |209 |- |'''2''' |[[Bobby Gurney]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |205 |- |'''3''' |[[Dave Halliday]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |156 |- |'''4''' |[[George Holley]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |150 |- |'''5''' |[[John Campbell (footballer, born 1869)|John Campbell]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |133 |- |'''6''' |[[Raich Carter]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |118 |- |'''7''' |[[Kevin Phillips (footballer)|Kevin Phillips]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |113 |- |'''8''' |[[Jimmy Millar (footballer, born 1870)|Jimmy Millar]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |109 |- |'''9''' |[[Arthur Bridgett]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |108 |- |'''10''' |[[Patrick Gallacher|Patsy Gallacher]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |100 |- |} Bobby Gurney yana da adadin kwallaye a duk gasa tare da jimlar 228 a wasanni da kofin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bobby Gurney |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Player.aspx?PlayerID=383 |access-date=22 August 2020 |website=The Stat Cat}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] td4ba09ne0gvok5znbmux97g8vswsvs 906470 906469 2026-08-23T09:20:14Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 906470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Sunderland]] Association Football Club ta kasance kungiya ce ta ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa da ke zaune a [[Sunderland]], Tyne da Wear, Ingila . Kungiyar tana fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], matakin farko na tsarin gasar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta kasar [[Ingila]]. An kafa shi acikin shekara ta 1879, kulob din ya lashe lambobin yabo na farko guda shida acikin shekara ta(1892,har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1893, 1895, 1902, 1913, da 1936) a cikin rukunin farko, kuma ya kammala matsayi na biyu sau biyar. Har ila yau, kulob din ya lashe Kofin FA sau biyu acikin shekara ta (1937 dakuma cikin shekara ta 1973), kuma ya kasance mai cin gaba sau biyu aikin shekara ta (1913 da 1992), kuma ya lashe gasar FA Charity Shield a 1936. Sun kuma kasance 'yan wasan karshe na gasar cin Kofin Kwallon Kafa a 1985 da 2014. An ba shi suna Black Cats, Sunderland tana buga wasannin gida a filin wasa na Light mai daukar mutane kimanin 49,000, bayan ya ƙaura daga Roker Park a shekarar 1997. Kungiyar tana da tsananin kishiya da ke kusa da kungiyar Newcastle United, wanda aka fafata da Tyne-Wear derby tun 1898. Suna wasa a cikin ja da fararen riguna da gajeren baki. == Tarihi == [[File:Sunderland-1884.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton ƙungiyar da aka ɗauka a 1884]] === Shekaru na farko da "Team of All Talents" (1879-1908) === An kafa kulob din ne a matsayin Sunderland da Malaman Gundumar A.F.C. ta hanyar malamin makaranta James Allan a cikin abin da aka yi imanin cewa Oktoba ne na shekara ta 1879. Koyaya, shaidu sun nuna cewa ba a halicci kulob din ba har sai shekara guda bayan haka, a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba a shekarar 1880.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx |access-date=4 January 2019 |website=www.thestatcat.co.uk}}</ref> An sake masa suna Sunderland AFC kuma ya zama a buɗe ga malamai a makaranta a watana Oktoba na shekara ta 1880.<ref name="auto" /> [[Fayil:John_Middleton_Campbell.jpg|left|thumb|John Campbell, wani ɓangare na "Team of All Talents", kuma babban mai zira kwallaye a gasar a cikin sunayen sarauta uku na farko na Sunderland.]] Sunderland ta shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa a kakar 1890-91. <ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=Club History |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |archive-date=6 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> Tom Watson ya zama manajan farko na kungiyar Sunderland ''Lokaci'' da aka nada shi a shekara ta 1888. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Managers 1889–1939 |url=http://www.safc.com/history/?page_id=2997 |access-date=6 January 2009 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> A ƙarshen karni na 19, William McGregor, wanda ya kafa gasar, ya ayyana su a matsayin "Team of All Talents", bayan nasarar 7-2 a kan [[Aston Villa FC|Aston Villa]]. Sunderland ta lashe gasar zakarun a kakar 1891-92, kakar wasa daya bayan ta shiga The Football League, kuma wannan wasan kwaikwayon ya jagoranci The Times don bayyana 'yan wasan a matsayin "ƙungiya mai kyau". Sunderland ta samu nasarar kare taken a kakar wasa mai zuwa, tare da taimakon dan wasan tsakiya na Scotland John Campbell, wanda ya karya alamar kwallaye guda 30 a karo na biyu a cikin lokutan da suka biyo baya. A cikin tsari, sun zama tawagar farko da ta zira kwallaye 100 a cikin kakar wasa daya, wani abin da ba a daidaita shi ba har zuwa 1919-20. Sunderland ya zo kusa da lashe gasar zakarun Turai ta uku a kakar 1893-94, ya kammala na biyu a bayan kungiyar Aston Villa. Koyaya, sun sake samun taken a kakar 1894-95, tare da Campbell ya zama babban mai zira kwallaye a karo na uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Callaghan |first=Richard |date=20 July 2016 |title=Sunderland's First Great Centre Forward |url=https://rokerreport.sbnation.com/2016/7/20/12222208/sunderland-s-first-great-centre-forward |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=Roker Report}}</ref> Sunderland sa'an nan kuma ta doke zakarun Scotland Heart of Midlothian a wasan da aka bayyana a matsayin wasan "World Championship".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Jonathan Wilson |date=25 April 2020 |title=Sunderland's Victorian all-stars blazed trail for money's rule of football |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2020/apr/25/even-when-sunderland-ruled-the-globe-club-world-cups-were-controversial |access-date=16 May 2020 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2019 |title=When Sunderland met Hearts in the first ever 'Champions League' match |url=https://www.nutmegmagazine.co.uk/issue-5/when-sunderland-met-hearts-in-the-first-ever-champions-league-match/ |access-date=19 February 2021 |website=Nutmeg Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mai tsaron gidan su Ned Doig ya kafa tarihin [[duniya]] na karni na 19 ta hanyar ba da wani burin a cikin 87 daga cikin 290 da ya buga a saman rukuni (30%). <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2018 |title=History: Curiosities of World Football (1891–1900) |url=https://iffhs.de/history-curiosities-of-world-football-1891-1900 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827225306/https://iffhs.de/history-curiosities-of-world-football-1891-1900/ |archive-date=27 August 2019 |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=IFFHS}}</ref> Daga 1886 har zuwa 1898, gidan Sunderland yana cikin Newcastle Road. A shekara ta 1898, kulob din ya koma abin da zai zama gidansu kusan kusan ƙarni guda, Roker Park . Da farko ƙasa tana da damar 30,000.<ref name="rokerpark" /> Bayan ya dauki kulob din Sunderland zuwa gasar zakarun kasar [[Ingila]] uku, manajan Watson ya yi murabus a ƙarshen kakar 1895-96, don shiga [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]. Robert Campbell ya maye gurbinsa.<ref name="p39" /> Campbell bai sami nasarar wasa kamar Watson ba, yayin da Sunderland ya kasa lashe kowane lakabi a cikin shekaru uku da ya yi a kulob din. Scotsman Alex Mackie ya maye gurbin Campbell a matsayin manajan kakar 1899. Bayan kammala matsayi na biyu a 1900-01, kulob din ya lashe lambar yabo ta hudu a kakar 1901-02, <ref name=":2" /> kuma ya biyo bayan wannan tare da nasara a Sheriff na London Charity Shield. A watan Disamba a shekara ta 1902, Arthur Bridgett ya shiga ƙungiyar Sunderland . Ya ci gaba da zama kyaftin din "Black Cats" na tsawon shekaru goma kuma ya sami kwallo goma sha ɗaya na Ingila, wanda ya sa shi dan wasan na biyu da ya fi buga kwallo a Ingila a bayan Dave Watson . <ref>{{Cite web |title=England Players from Sunderland |url=https://www.englandstats.com/club.php?cid=104 |access-date=19 January 2020 |website=englandstats.com}}</ref> === Ƙarin sunayen sarauta na gasar (1908-1945) === [[Fayil:Rokerlads1937.jpg|left|thumb|Sunderland ta lashe kofin FA na 1937]] A ranar 5 ga watan Disamba na shekarar 1908, kungiyar Sunderland ta samu nasarar da ta samu a gasar, 9-1 a kan abokan hamayyar arewa maso gabashin Newcastle United . A karkashin kocin Irish Bob Kyle kuma tare da Scottish Charles Thomson a matsayin kyaftin, kulob din ya sake lashe gasar a 1913, amma ya rasa wasan karshe na FA Cup na farko 1-0 ga Aston Villa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=English FA Cup&nbsp;— Final 1913 |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/results3.sd?gameid=257177 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050222213709/http://www.soccerbase.com/results3.sd?gameid=257177 |archive-date=22 February 2005 |access-date=19 December 2008 |website=Soccerbase}}</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka Yaƙin Duniya na farko ya kawo karshen gasar. Bayan sake dawo da gasar, Sunderland ya kusa lashe wani gasar a kakar 1922-23, lokacin da suka kasance masu cin gaba ga Liverpool. Sun kuma zo kusa da kakar wasa mai zuwa, sun kammala na uku. Kungiyar ta tsere wa koma baya daga rukunin farko da maki daya a kakar 1927-28 duk da kwallaye 35 daga Dave Halliday. Halliday ya inganta burinsa zuwa kwallaye 43 a wasanni 42 a kakar wasa mai zuwa, rikodin Sunderland na kowane lokaci don kwallaye da aka zira a kakar wasa daya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M. |date=20 June 2019 |title=English League Leading Goalscorers |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engtops.html |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref><ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=Club History |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |archive-date=6 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html "Club History"]. </cite></ref>.. === Kungiyar "Bank of England", matsalolin kudi da kuma gasar cin kofin uku (1945-1995) === [[Fayil:Ianporterfieldgoal.jpg|right|thumb|Gasar cin nasara ta Ian Porterfield a gasar cin kofin FA ta 1973]] Ga Sunderland, shekarun da suka gabata bayan yakin sun kasance da kudade masu yawa; kulob din ya biya £18,000 (£803,000 a yau) ga Ivor Broadis na Carlisle United a watan Janairun a shekarar 1949.[33] Broadis kuma shine kocin Carlisle a lokacin, kuma wannan shine misali na farko na dan wasan da ya sauya kansa zuwa wani kulob.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amos |first=Mike |date=14 December 2007 |title=Broadis still; bubbling along at 85 |url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/1904999.broadis_still_bubbling_along_at_85/ |access-date=19 September 2008 |website=The Northern Echo}}</ref> Wannan, tare da kudaden canja wurin rikodin don tabbatar da ayyukan Len Shackleton da Trevor Ford na Welsh, ya haifar da sunan laƙabi na zamani, "Bank of England club". Kungiyar ta kammala ta uku a cikin Sashen Farko a 1950, mafi girman kammalawa tun daga gasar 1936.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Felton |first=Paul |title=Season 1949–50. |url=https://www.rsssf.org/engpaul/FLA/1949-50.html |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> A ƙarshen shekarun 1950s ya ga raguwa mai tsanani a cikin Sunderland, kuma kulob din ya sake shiga cikin babban abin kunya na kudi a shekara ta 1957. An same su da laifin biyan kuɗi ga 'yan wasan da suka wuce matsakaicin albashi, an ci su tarar £ 5,000 (£ 152,000 a yau), kuma an dakatar da shugaban su da daraktoci uku.[33]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harding |first=John |date=1 May 2007 |title=The Jimmy Hill Years: PFA Chairman 1957–1961 |url=http://www.givemefootball.com/pfa/pfa-history/the-jimmy-hill-years-pfa-chairman-1957-1961 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915053426/http://www.givemefootball.com/pfa/pfa-history/the-jimmy-hill-years-pfa-chairman-1957-1961 |archive-date=15 September 2010 |access-date=4 January 2009 |website=Professional Footballers' Association}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, an sake Sunderland daga mafi girman rukuni a karo na farko a tarihin league na shekaru 68. Rashin Sunderland daga saman jirgin ya dauki shekaru shida. Bayan kira na kusa a kakar da ta gabata, an inganta kulob din zuwa Division One a 1964 bayan ya gama a matsayi na biyu. A ƙarshen shekaru goma, an sake komawa su zuwa Sashe na Biyu bayan sun gama 21st. == Kididdiga da rikodin == [[Fayil:Sunderland_AFC_League_Performance.svg|right|thumb|300x300px|Matsayi na League tun daga kakar 1890-91.]] Mai riƙe da rikodin mafi yawan wasanni shine Jimmy Montgomery, bayan ya buga wasanni 527 na farko tsakanin 1961 da 1976. Babban mai zira kwallaye a kulob din shine Charlie Buchan, wanda ya zira kwallayi 209 daga 1911 zuwa 1925; Bobby Gurney shine mai zira kwallan rikodin a duk wasannin tare da kwallaye 228 tsakanin 1926 da 1939.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland all time records |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/team_records.sd?teamid=2493 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926194651/http://www.soccerbase.com/team_records.sd?teamid=2493 |archive-date=26 September 2008 |access-date=19 September 2008 |website=Soccerbase}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=11. Bobby Gurney |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/PlayersArticleDetail/0,,10281~1929361,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407043306/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/PlayersArticleDetail/0,,10281~1929361,00.html |archive-date=7 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> Dave Halliday yana da rikodin mafi yawan kwallaye da aka zira a kakar wasa daya: 43 a kakar 1928-29 a cikin Sashe na Farko.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2" /> Ya zuwa watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014 John O'Shea shine dan wasan da ya fi dacewa da kulob din, inda ya buga wasanni 100 a Jamhuriyar Ireland.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; === Masu zira kwallaye === 'Yan wasa goma na Sunderland sun zira kwallaye 100 ko fiye a gasar zakarun Turai.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx |access-date=4 January 2019 |website=www.thestatcat.co.uk}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx "Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records"]. </cite></ref> Su ne kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" ! !Sunan !Manufofin |- |'''1''' |[[Charlie Buchan]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |209 |- |'''2''' |[[Bobby Gurney]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |205 |- |'''3''' |[[Dave Halliday]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |156 |- |'''4''' |[[George Holley]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |150 |- |'''5''' |[[John Campbell (footballer, born 1869)|John Campbell]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |133 |- |'''6''' |[[Raich Carter]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |118 |- |'''7''' |[[Kevin Phillips (footballer)|Kevin Phillips]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |113 |- |'''8''' |[[Jimmy Millar (footballer, born 1870)|Jimmy Millar]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |109 |- |'''9''' |[[Arthur Bridgett]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |108 |- |'''10''' |[[Patrick Gallacher|Patsy Gallacher]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |100 |- |} Bobby Gurney yana da adadin kwallaye a duk gasa tare da jimlar 228 a wasanni da kofin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bobby Gurney |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Player.aspx?PlayerID=383 |access-date=22 August 2020 |website=The Stat Cat}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ayakf88aw3ur7zk9n4p2nb5qe51ku7v 906471 906470 2026-08-23T09:21:04Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 906471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Sunderland]] Association Football Club ta kasance kungiya ce ta ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa da ke zaune a [[Sunderland]], Tyne da Wear, Ingila . Kungiyar tana fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], matakin farko na tsarin gasar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta kasar [[Ingila]]. An kafa shi acikin shekara ta 1879, kulob din ya lashe lambobin yabo na farko guda shida acikin shekara ta(1892,har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1893, 1895, 1902, 1913, da 1936) a cikin rukunin farko, kuma ya kammala matsayi na biyu sau biyar. Har ila yau, kulob din ya lashe Kofin FA sau biyu acikin shekara ta (1937 dakuma cikin shekara ta 1973), kuma ya kasance mai cin gaba sau biyu aikin shekara ta (1913 da 1992), kuma ya lashe gasar FA Charity Shield a 1936. Sun kuma kasance 'yan wasan karshe na gasar cin Kofin Kwallon Kafa acikin 1985 da 2014. An ba shi suna Black Cats, Sunderland tana buga wasannin gida a filin wasa na Light mai daukar mutane kimanin 49,000, bayan ya ƙaura daga Roker Park a shekarar 1997. Kungiyar tana da tsananin kishiya da ke kusa da kungiyar Newcastle United, wanda aka fafata da Tyne-Wear derby tun 1898. Suna wasa a cikin ja da fararen riguna da gajeren baki. == Tarihi == [[File:Sunderland-1884.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton ƙungiyar da aka ɗauka a 1884]] === Shekaru na farko da "Team of All Talents" (1879-1908) === An kafa kulob din ne a matsayin Sunderland da Malaman Gundumar A.F.C. ta hanyar malamin makaranta James Allan a cikin abin da aka yi imanin cewa Oktoba ne na shekara ta 1879. Koyaya, shaidu sun nuna cewa ba a halicci kulob din ba har sai shekara guda bayan haka, a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba a shekarar 1880.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx |access-date=4 January 2019 |website=www.thestatcat.co.uk}}</ref> An sake masa suna Sunderland AFC kuma ya zama a buɗe ga malamai a makaranta a watana Oktoba na shekara ta 1880.<ref name="auto" /> [[Fayil:John_Middleton_Campbell.jpg|left|thumb|John Campbell, wani ɓangare na "Team of All Talents", kuma babban mai zira kwallaye a gasar a cikin sunayen sarauta uku na farko na Sunderland.]] Sunderland ta shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa a kakar 1890-91. <ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=Club History |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |archive-date=6 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> Tom Watson ya zama manajan farko na kungiyar Sunderland ''Lokaci'' da aka nada shi a shekara ta 1888. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Managers 1889–1939 |url=http://www.safc.com/history/?page_id=2997 |access-date=6 January 2009 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> A ƙarshen karni na 19, William McGregor, wanda ya kafa gasar, ya ayyana su a matsayin "Team of All Talents", bayan nasarar 7-2 a kan [[Aston Villa FC|Aston Villa]]. Sunderland ta lashe gasar zakarun a kakar 1891-92, kakar wasa daya bayan ta shiga The Football League, kuma wannan wasan kwaikwayon ya jagoranci The Times don bayyana 'yan wasan a matsayin "ƙungiya mai kyau". Sunderland ta samu nasarar kare taken a kakar wasa mai zuwa, tare da taimakon dan wasan tsakiya na Scotland John Campbell, wanda ya karya alamar kwallaye guda 30 a karo na biyu a cikin lokutan da suka biyo baya. A cikin tsari, sun zama tawagar farko da ta zira kwallaye 100 a cikin kakar wasa daya, wani abin da ba a daidaita shi ba har zuwa 1919-20. Sunderland ya zo kusa da lashe gasar zakarun Turai ta uku a kakar 1893-94, ya kammala na biyu a bayan kungiyar Aston Villa. Koyaya, sun sake samun taken a kakar 1894-95, tare da Campbell ya zama babban mai zira kwallaye a karo na uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Callaghan |first=Richard |date=20 July 2016 |title=Sunderland's First Great Centre Forward |url=https://rokerreport.sbnation.com/2016/7/20/12222208/sunderland-s-first-great-centre-forward |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=Roker Report}}</ref> Sunderland sa'an nan kuma ta doke zakarun Scotland Heart of Midlothian a wasan da aka bayyana a matsayin wasan "World Championship".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Jonathan Wilson |date=25 April 2020 |title=Sunderland's Victorian all-stars blazed trail for money's rule of football |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2020/apr/25/even-when-sunderland-ruled-the-globe-club-world-cups-were-controversial |access-date=16 May 2020 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2019 |title=When Sunderland met Hearts in the first ever 'Champions League' match |url=https://www.nutmegmagazine.co.uk/issue-5/when-sunderland-met-hearts-in-the-first-ever-champions-league-match/ |access-date=19 February 2021 |website=Nutmeg Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mai tsaron gidan su Ned Doig ya kafa tarihin [[duniya]] na karni na 19 ta hanyar ba da wani burin a cikin 87 daga cikin 290 da ya buga a saman rukuni (30%). <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2018 |title=History: Curiosities of World Football (1891–1900) |url=https://iffhs.de/history-curiosities-of-world-football-1891-1900 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827225306/https://iffhs.de/history-curiosities-of-world-football-1891-1900/ |archive-date=27 August 2019 |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=IFFHS}}</ref> Daga 1886 har zuwa 1898, gidan Sunderland yana cikin Newcastle Road. A shekara ta 1898, kulob din ya koma abin da zai zama gidansu kusan kusan ƙarni guda, Roker Park . Da farko ƙasa tana da damar 30,000.<ref name="rokerpark" /> Bayan ya dauki kulob din Sunderland zuwa gasar zakarun kasar [[Ingila]] uku, manajan Watson ya yi murabus a ƙarshen kakar 1895-96, don shiga [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]. Robert Campbell ya maye gurbinsa.<ref name="p39" /> Campbell bai sami nasarar wasa kamar Watson ba, yayin da Sunderland ya kasa lashe kowane lakabi a cikin shekaru uku da ya yi a kulob din. Scotsman Alex Mackie ya maye gurbin Campbell a matsayin manajan kakar 1899. Bayan kammala matsayi na biyu a 1900-01, kulob din ya lashe lambar yabo ta hudu a kakar 1901-02, <ref name=":2" /> kuma ya biyo bayan wannan tare da nasara a Sheriff na London Charity Shield. A watan Disamba a shekara ta 1902, Arthur Bridgett ya shiga ƙungiyar Sunderland . Ya ci gaba da zama kyaftin din "Black Cats" na tsawon shekaru goma kuma ya sami kwallo goma sha ɗaya na Ingila, wanda ya sa shi dan wasan na biyu da ya fi buga kwallo a Ingila a bayan Dave Watson . <ref>{{Cite web |title=England Players from Sunderland |url=https://www.englandstats.com/club.php?cid=104 |access-date=19 January 2020 |website=englandstats.com}}</ref> === Ƙarin sunayen sarauta na gasar (1908-1945) === [[Fayil:Rokerlads1937.jpg|left|thumb|Sunderland ta lashe kofin FA na 1937]] A ranar 5 ga watan Disamba na shekarar 1908, kungiyar Sunderland ta samu nasarar da ta samu a gasar, 9-1 a kan abokan hamayyar arewa maso gabashin Newcastle United . A karkashin kocin Irish Bob Kyle kuma tare da Scottish Charles Thomson a matsayin kyaftin, kulob din ya sake lashe gasar a 1913, amma ya rasa wasan karshe na FA Cup na farko 1-0 ga Aston Villa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=English FA Cup&nbsp;— Final 1913 |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/results3.sd?gameid=257177 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050222213709/http://www.soccerbase.com/results3.sd?gameid=257177 |archive-date=22 February 2005 |access-date=19 December 2008 |website=Soccerbase}}</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka Yaƙin Duniya na farko ya kawo karshen gasar. Bayan sake dawo da gasar, Sunderland ya kusa lashe wani gasar a kakar 1922-23, lokacin da suka kasance masu cin gaba ga Liverpool. Sun kuma zo kusa da kakar wasa mai zuwa, sun kammala na uku. Kungiyar ta tsere wa koma baya daga rukunin farko da maki daya a kakar 1927-28 duk da kwallaye 35 daga Dave Halliday. Halliday ya inganta burinsa zuwa kwallaye 43 a wasanni 42 a kakar wasa mai zuwa, rikodin Sunderland na kowane lokaci don kwallaye da aka zira a kakar wasa daya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M. |date=20 June 2019 |title=English League Leading Goalscorers |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engtops.html |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref><ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=Club History |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |archive-date=6 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html "Club History"]. </cite></ref>.. === Kungiyar "Bank of England", matsalolin kudi da kuma gasar cin kofin uku (1945-1995) === [[Fayil:Ianporterfieldgoal.jpg|right|thumb|Gasar cin nasara ta Ian Porterfield a gasar cin kofin FA ta 1973]] Ga Sunderland, shekarun da suka gabata bayan yakin sun kasance da kudade masu yawa; kulob din ya biya £18,000 (£803,000 a yau) ga Ivor Broadis na Carlisle United a watan Janairun a shekarar 1949.[33] Broadis kuma shine kocin Carlisle a lokacin, kuma wannan shine misali na farko na dan wasan da ya sauya kansa zuwa wani kulob.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amos |first=Mike |date=14 December 2007 |title=Broadis still; bubbling along at 85 |url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/1904999.broadis_still_bubbling_along_at_85/ |access-date=19 September 2008 |website=The Northern Echo}}</ref> Wannan, tare da kudaden canja wurin rikodin don tabbatar da ayyukan Len Shackleton da Trevor Ford na Welsh, ya haifar da sunan laƙabi na zamani, "Bank of England club". Kungiyar ta kammala ta uku a cikin Sashen Farko a 1950, mafi girman kammalawa tun daga gasar 1936.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Felton |first=Paul |title=Season 1949–50. |url=https://www.rsssf.org/engpaul/FLA/1949-50.html |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> A ƙarshen shekarun 1950s ya ga raguwa mai tsanani a cikin Sunderland, kuma kulob din ya sake shiga cikin babban abin kunya na kudi a shekara ta 1957. An same su da laifin biyan kuɗi ga 'yan wasan da suka wuce matsakaicin albashi, an ci su tarar £ 5,000 (£ 152,000 a yau), kuma an dakatar da shugaban su da daraktoci uku.[33]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harding |first=John |date=1 May 2007 |title=The Jimmy Hill Years: PFA Chairman 1957–1961 |url=http://www.givemefootball.com/pfa/pfa-history/the-jimmy-hill-years-pfa-chairman-1957-1961 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915053426/http://www.givemefootball.com/pfa/pfa-history/the-jimmy-hill-years-pfa-chairman-1957-1961 |archive-date=15 September 2010 |access-date=4 January 2009 |website=Professional Footballers' Association}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, an sake Sunderland daga mafi girman rukuni a karo na farko a tarihin league na shekaru 68. Rashin Sunderland daga saman jirgin ya dauki shekaru shida. Bayan kira na kusa a kakar da ta gabata, an inganta kulob din zuwa Division One a 1964 bayan ya gama a matsayi na biyu. A ƙarshen shekaru goma, an sake komawa su zuwa Sashe na Biyu bayan sun gama 21st. == Kididdiga da rikodin == [[Fayil:Sunderland_AFC_League_Performance.svg|right|thumb|300x300px|Matsayi na League tun daga kakar 1890-91.]] Mai riƙe da rikodin mafi yawan wasanni shine Jimmy Montgomery, bayan ya buga wasanni 527 na farko tsakanin 1961 da 1976. Babban mai zira kwallaye a kulob din shine Charlie Buchan, wanda ya zira kwallayi 209 daga 1911 zuwa 1925; Bobby Gurney shine mai zira kwallan rikodin a duk wasannin tare da kwallaye 228 tsakanin 1926 da 1939.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland all time records |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/team_records.sd?teamid=2493 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926194651/http://www.soccerbase.com/team_records.sd?teamid=2493 |archive-date=26 September 2008 |access-date=19 September 2008 |website=Soccerbase}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=11. Bobby Gurney |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/PlayersArticleDetail/0,,10281~1929361,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407043306/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/PlayersArticleDetail/0,,10281~1929361,00.html |archive-date=7 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> Dave Halliday yana da rikodin mafi yawan kwallaye da aka zira a kakar wasa daya: 43 a kakar 1928-29 a cikin Sashe na Farko.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2" /> Ya zuwa watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014 John O'Shea shine dan wasan da ya fi dacewa da kulob din, inda ya buga wasanni 100 a Jamhuriyar Ireland.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; === Masu zira kwallaye === 'Yan wasa goma na Sunderland sun zira kwallaye 100 ko fiye a gasar zakarun Turai.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx |access-date=4 January 2019 |website=www.thestatcat.co.uk}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx "Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records"]. </cite></ref> Su ne kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" ! !Sunan !Manufofin |- |'''1''' |[[Charlie Buchan]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |209 |- |'''2''' |[[Bobby Gurney]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |205 |- |'''3''' |[[Dave Halliday]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |156 |- |'''4''' |[[George Holley]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |150 |- |'''5''' |[[John Campbell (footballer, born 1869)|John Campbell]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |133 |- |'''6''' |[[Raich Carter]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |118 |- |'''7''' |[[Kevin Phillips (footballer)|Kevin Phillips]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |113 |- |'''8''' |[[Jimmy Millar (footballer, born 1870)|Jimmy Millar]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |109 |- |'''9''' |[[Arthur Bridgett]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |108 |- |'''10''' |[[Patrick Gallacher|Patsy Gallacher]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |100 |- |} Bobby Gurney yana da adadin kwallaye a duk gasa tare da jimlar 228 a wasanni da kofin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bobby Gurney |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Player.aspx?PlayerID=383 |access-date=22 August 2020 |website=The Stat Cat}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 65mztmy2nxxek8a0xrll9rodj3lur9a 906472 906471 2026-08-23T09:21:40Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 906472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Sunderland]] Association Football Club ta kasance kungiya ce ta ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa da ke zaune a [[Sunderland]], Tyne da Wear, Ingila . Kungiyar tana fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], matakin farko na tsarin gasar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta kasar [[Ingila]]. An kafa shi acikin shekara ta 1879, kulob din ya lashe lambobin yabo na farko guda shida acikin shekara ta(1892,har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1893, 1895, 1902, 1913, da 1936) a cikin rukunin farko, kuma ya kammala matsayi na biyu sau biyar. Har ila yau, kulob din ya lashe Kofin FA sau biyu acikin shekara ta (1937 dakuma cikin shekara ta 1973), kuma ya kasance mai cin gaba sau biyu aikin shekara ta (1913 da 1992), kuma ya lashe gasar FA Charity Shield a 1936. Sun kuma kasance 'yan wasan karshe na gasar cin Kofin Kwallon Kafa acikin shekara ta 1985 da 2014. An ba shi suna Black Cats, Sunderland tana buga wasannin gida a filin wasa na Light mai daukar mutane kimanin 49,000, bayan ya ƙaura daga Roker Park a shekarar 1997. Kungiyar tana da tsananin kishiya da ke kusa da kungiyar Newcastle United, wanda aka fafata da Tyne-Wear derby tun 1898. Suna wasa a cikin ja da fararen riguna da gajeren baki. == Tarihi == [[File:Sunderland-1884.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton ƙungiyar da aka ɗauka a 1884]] === Shekaru na farko da "Team of All Talents" (1879-1908) === An kafa kulob din ne a matsayin Sunderland da Malaman Gundumar A.F.C. ta hanyar malamin makaranta James Allan a cikin abin da aka yi imanin cewa Oktoba ne na shekara ta 1879. Koyaya, shaidu sun nuna cewa ba a halicci kulob din ba har sai shekara guda bayan haka, a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba a shekarar 1880.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx |access-date=4 January 2019 |website=www.thestatcat.co.uk}}</ref> An sake masa suna Sunderland AFC kuma ya zama a buɗe ga malamai a makaranta a watana Oktoba na shekara ta 1880.<ref name="auto" /> [[Fayil:John_Middleton_Campbell.jpg|left|thumb|John Campbell, wani ɓangare na "Team of All Talents", kuma babban mai zira kwallaye a gasar a cikin sunayen sarauta uku na farko na Sunderland.]] Sunderland ta shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa a kakar 1890-91. <ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=Club History |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |archive-date=6 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> Tom Watson ya zama manajan farko na kungiyar Sunderland ''Lokaci'' da aka nada shi a shekara ta 1888. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Managers 1889–1939 |url=http://www.safc.com/history/?page_id=2997 |access-date=6 January 2009 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> A ƙarshen karni na 19, William McGregor, wanda ya kafa gasar, ya ayyana su a matsayin "Team of All Talents", bayan nasarar 7-2 a kan [[Aston Villa FC|Aston Villa]]. Sunderland ta lashe gasar zakarun a kakar 1891-92, kakar wasa daya bayan ta shiga The Football League, kuma wannan wasan kwaikwayon ya jagoranci The Times don bayyana 'yan wasan a matsayin "ƙungiya mai kyau". Sunderland ta samu nasarar kare taken a kakar wasa mai zuwa, tare da taimakon dan wasan tsakiya na Scotland John Campbell, wanda ya karya alamar kwallaye guda 30 a karo na biyu a cikin lokutan da suka biyo baya. A cikin tsari, sun zama tawagar farko da ta zira kwallaye 100 a cikin kakar wasa daya, wani abin da ba a daidaita shi ba har zuwa 1919-20. Sunderland ya zo kusa da lashe gasar zakarun Turai ta uku a kakar 1893-94, ya kammala na biyu a bayan kungiyar Aston Villa. Koyaya, sun sake samun taken a kakar 1894-95, tare da Campbell ya zama babban mai zira kwallaye a karo na uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Callaghan |first=Richard |date=20 July 2016 |title=Sunderland's First Great Centre Forward |url=https://rokerreport.sbnation.com/2016/7/20/12222208/sunderland-s-first-great-centre-forward |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=Roker Report}}</ref> Sunderland sa'an nan kuma ta doke zakarun Scotland Heart of Midlothian a wasan da aka bayyana a matsayin wasan "World Championship".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Jonathan Wilson |date=25 April 2020 |title=Sunderland's Victorian all-stars blazed trail for money's rule of football |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2020/apr/25/even-when-sunderland-ruled-the-globe-club-world-cups-were-controversial |access-date=16 May 2020 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2019 |title=When Sunderland met Hearts in the first ever 'Champions League' match |url=https://www.nutmegmagazine.co.uk/issue-5/when-sunderland-met-hearts-in-the-first-ever-champions-league-match/ |access-date=19 February 2021 |website=Nutmeg Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mai tsaron gidan su Ned Doig ya kafa tarihin [[duniya]] na karni na 19 ta hanyar ba da wani burin a cikin 87 daga cikin 290 da ya buga a saman rukuni (30%). <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2018 |title=History: Curiosities of World Football (1891–1900) |url=https://iffhs.de/history-curiosities-of-world-football-1891-1900 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827225306/https://iffhs.de/history-curiosities-of-world-football-1891-1900/ |archive-date=27 August 2019 |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=IFFHS}}</ref> Daga 1886 har zuwa 1898, gidan Sunderland yana cikin Newcastle Road. A shekara ta 1898, kulob din ya koma abin da zai zama gidansu kusan kusan ƙarni guda, Roker Park . Da farko ƙasa tana da damar 30,000.<ref name="rokerpark" /> Bayan ya dauki kulob din Sunderland zuwa gasar zakarun kasar [[Ingila]] uku, manajan Watson ya yi murabus a ƙarshen kakar 1895-96, don shiga [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]. Robert Campbell ya maye gurbinsa.<ref name="p39" /> Campbell bai sami nasarar wasa kamar Watson ba, yayin da Sunderland ya kasa lashe kowane lakabi a cikin shekaru uku da ya yi a kulob din. Scotsman Alex Mackie ya maye gurbin Campbell a matsayin manajan kakar 1899. Bayan kammala matsayi na biyu a 1900-01, kulob din ya lashe lambar yabo ta hudu a kakar 1901-02, <ref name=":2" /> kuma ya biyo bayan wannan tare da nasara a Sheriff na London Charity Shield. A watan Disamba a shekara ta 1902, Arthur Bridgett ya shiga ƙungiyar Sunderland . Ya ci gaba da zama kyaftin din "Black Cats" na tsawon shekaru goma kuma ya sami kwallo goma sha ɗaya na Ingila, wanda ya sa shi dan wasan na biyu da ya fi buga kwallo a Ingila a bayan Dave Watson . <ref>{{Cite web |title=England Players from Sunderland |url=https://www.englandstats.com/club.php?cid=104 |access-date=19 January 2020 |website=englandstats.com}}</ref> === Ƙarin sunayen sarauta na gasar (1908-1945) === [[Fayil:Rokerlads1937.jpg|left|thumb|Sunderland ta lashe kofin FA na 1937]] A ranar 5 ga watan Disamba na shekarar 1908, kungiyar Sunderland ta samu nasarar da ta samu a gasar, 9-1 a kan abokan hamayyar arewa maso gabashin Newcastle United . A karkashin kocin Irish Bob Kyle kuma tare da Scottish Charles Thomson a matsayin kyaftin, kulob din ya sake lashe gasar a 1913, amma ya rasa wasan karshe na FA Cup na farko 1-0 ga Aston Villa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=English FA Cup&nbsp;— Final 1913 |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/results3.sd?gameid=257177 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050222213709/http://www.soccerbase.com/results3.sd?gameid=257177 |archive-date=22 February 2005 |access-date=19 December 2008 |website=Soccerbase}}</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka Yaƙin Duniya na farko ya kawo karshen gasar. Bayan sake dawo da gasar, Sunderland ya kusa lashe wani gasar a kakar 1922-23, lokacin da suka kasance masu cin gaba ga Liverpool. Sun kuma zo kusa da kakar wasa mai zuwa, sun kammala na uku. Kungiyar ta tsere wa koma baya daga rukunin farko da maki daya a kakar 1927-28 duk da kwallaye 35 daga Dave Halliday. Halliday ya inganta burinsa zuwa kwallaye 43 a wasanni 42 a kakar wasa mai zuwa, rikodin Sunderland na kowane lokaci don kwallaye da aka zira a kakar wasa daya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M. |date=20 June 2019 |title=English League Leading Goalscorers |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engtops.html |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref><ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=Club History |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |archive-date=6 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html "Club History"]. </cite></ref>.. === Kungiyar "Bank of England", matsalolin kudi da kuma gasar cin kofin uku (1945-1995) === [[Fayil:Ianporterfieldgoal.jpg|right|thumb|Gasar cin nasara ta Ian Porterfield a gasar cin kofin FA ta 1973]] Ga Sunderland, shekarun da suka gabata bayan yakin sun kasance da kudade masu yawa; kulob din ya biya £18,000 (£803,000 a yau) ga Ivor Broadis na Carlisle United a watan Janairun a shekarar 1949.[33] Broadis kuma shine kocin Carlisle a lokacin, kuma wannan shine misali na farko na dan wasan da ya sauya kansa zuwa wani kulob.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amos |first=Mike |date=14 December 2007 |title=Broadis still; bubbling along at 85 |url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/1904999.broadis_still_bubbling_along_at_85/ |access-date=19 September 2008 |website=The Northern Echo}}</ref> Wannan, tare da kudaden canja wurin rikodin don tabbatar da ayyukan Len Shackleton da Trevor Ford na Welsh, ya haifar da sunan laƙabi na zamani, "Bank of England club". Kungiyar ta kammala ta uku a cikin Sashen Farko a 1950, mafi girman kammalawa tun daga gasar 1936.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Felton |first=Paul |title=Season 1949–50. |url=https://www.rsssf.org/engpaul/FLA/1949-50.html |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> A ƙarshen shekarun 1950s ya ga raguwa mai tsanani a cikin Sunderland, kuma kulob din ya sake shiga cikin babban abin kunya na kudi a shekara ta 1957. An same su da laifin biyan kuɗi ga 'yan wasan da suka wuce matsakaicin albashi, an ci su tarar £ 5,000 (£ 152,000 a yau), kuma an dakatar da shugaban su da daraktoci uku.[33]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harding |first=John |date=1 May 2007 |title=The Jimmy Hill Years: PFA Chairman 1957–1961 |url=http://www.givemefootball.com/pfa/pfa-history/the-jimmy-hill-years-pfa-chairman-1957-1961 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915053426/http://www.givemefootball.com/pfa/pfa-history/the-jimmy-hill-years-pfa-chairman-1957-1961 |archive-date=15 September 2010 |access-date=4 January 2009 |website=Professional Footballers' Association}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, an sake Sunderland daga mafi girman rukuni a karo na farko a tarihin league na shekaru 68. Rashin Sunderland daga saman jirgin ya dauki shekaru shida. Bayan kira na kusa a kakar da ta gabata, an inganta kulob din zuwa Division One a 1964 bayan ya gama a matsayi na biyu. A ƙarshen shekaru goma, an sake komawa su zuwa Sashe na Biyu bayan sun gama 21st. == Kididdiga da rikodin == [[Fayil:Sunderland_AFC_League_Performance.svg|right|thumb|300x300px|Matsayi na League tun daga kakar 1890-91.]] Mai riƙe da rikodin mafi yawan wasanni shine Jimmy Montgomery, bayan ya buga wasanni 527 na farko tsakanin 1961 da 1976. Babban mai zira kwallaye a kulob din shine Charlie Buchan, wanda ya zira kwallayi 209 daga 1911 zuwa 1925; Bobby Gurney shine mai zira kwallan rikodin a duk wasannin tare da kwallaye 228 tsakanin 1926 da 1939.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland all time records |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/team_records.sd?teamid=2493 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926194651/http://www.soccerbase.com/team_records.sd?teamid=2493 |archive-date=26 September 2008 |access-date=19 September 2008 |website=Soccerbase}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=11. Bobby Gurney |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/PlayersArticleDetail/0,,10281~1929361,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407043306/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/PlayersArticleDetail/0,,10281~1929361,00.html |archive-date=7 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> Dave Halliday yana da rikodin mafi yawan kwallaye da aka zira a kakar wasa daya: 43 a kakar 1928-29 a cikin Sashe na Farko.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2" /> Ya zuwa watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014 John O'Shea shine dan wasan da ya fi dacewa da kulob din, inda ya buga wasanni 100 a Jamhuriyar Ireland.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; === Masu zira kwallaye === 'Yan wasa goma na Sunderland sun zira kwallaye 100 ko fiye a gasar zakarun Turai.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx |access-date=4 January 2019 |website=www.thestatcat.co.uk}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx "Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records"]. </cite></ref> Su ne kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" ! !Sunan !Manufofin |- |'''1''' |[[Charlie Buchan]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |209 |- |'''2''' |[[Bobby Gurney]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |205 |- |'''3''' |[[Dave Halliday]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |156 |- |'''4''' |[[George Holley]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |150 |- |'''5''' |[[John Campbell (footballer, born 1869)|John Campbell]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |133 |- |'''6''' |[[Raich Carter]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |118 |- |'''7''' |[[Kevin Phillips (footballer)|Kevin Phillips]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |113 |- |'''8''' |[[Jimmy Millar (footballer, born 1870)|Jimmy Millar]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |109 |- |'''9''' |[[Arthur Bridgett]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |108 |- |'''10''' |[[Patrick Gallacher|Patsy Gallacher]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |100 |- |} Bobby Gurney yana da adadin kwallaye a duk gasa tare da jimlar 228 a wasanni da kofin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bobby Gurney |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Player.aspx?PlayerID=383 |access-date=22 August 2020 |website=The Stat Cat}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4iuow987g1g98nmigj1tv6tr3p8xyn5 906473 906472 2026-08-23T09:22:18Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 906473 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Sunderland]] Association Football Club ta kasance kungiya ce ta ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa da ke zaune a [[Sunderland]], Tyne da Wear, Ingila . Kungiyar tana fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], matakin farko na tsarin gasar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta kasar [[Ingila]]. An kafa shi acikin shekara ta 1879, kulob din ya lashe lambobin yabo na farko guda shida acikin shekara ta(1892,har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1893, 1895, 1902, 1913, da 1936) a cikin rukunin farko, kuma ya kammala matsayi na biyu sau biyar. Har ila yau, kulob din ya lashe Kofin FA sau biyu acikin shekara ta (1937 dakuma cikin shekara ta 1973), kuma ya kasance mai cin gaba sau biyu aikin shekara ta (1913 da 1992), kuma ya lashe gasar FA Charity Shield a 1936. Sun kuma kasance 'yan wasan karshe na gasar cin Kofin Kwallon Kafa acikin shekara ta 1985 dakuma cikin 2014. An ba shi suna Black Cats, Sunderland tana buga wasannin gida a filin wasa na Light mai daukar mutane kimanin 49,000, bayan ya ƙaura daga Roker Park a shekarar 1997. Kungiyar tana da tsananin kishiya da ke kusa da kungiyar Newcastle United, wanda aka fafata da Tyne-Wear derby tun 1898. Suna wasa a cikin ja da fararen riguna da gajeren baki. == Tarihi == [[File:Sunderland-1884.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton ƙungiyar da aka ɗauka a 1884]] === Shekaru na farko da "Team of All Talents" (1879-1908) === An kafa kulob din ne a matsayin Sunderland da Malaman Gundumar A.F.C. ta hanyar malamin makaranta James Allan a cikin abin da aka yi imanin cewa Oktoba ne na shekara ta 1879. Koyaya, shaidu sun nuna cewa ba a halicci kulob din ba har sai shekara guda bayan haka, a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba a shekarar 1880.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx |access-date=4 January 2019 |website=www.thestatcat.co.uk}}</ref> An sake masa suna Sunderland AFC kuma ya zama a buɗe ga malamai a makaranta a watana Oktoba na shekara ta 1880.<ref name="auto" /> [[Fayil:John_Middleton_Campbell.jpg|left|thumb|John Campbell, wani ɓangare na "Team of All Talents", kuma babban mai zira kwallaye a gasar a cikin sunayen sarauta uku na farko na Sunderland.]] Sunderland ta shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa a kakar 1890-91. <ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=Club History |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |archive-date=6 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> Tom Watson ya zama manajan farko na kungiyar Sunderland ''Lokaci'' da aka nada shi a shekara ta 1888. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Managers 1889–1939 |url=http://www.safc.com/history/?page_id=2997 |access-date=6 January 2009 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> A ƙarshen karni na 19, William McGregor, wanda ya kafa gasar, ya ayyana su a matsayin "Team of All Talents", bayan nasarar 7-2 a kan [[Aston Villa FC|Aston Villa]]. Sunderland ta lashe gasar zakarun a kakar 1891-92, kakar wasa daya bayan ta shiga The Football League, kuma wannan wasan kwaikwayon ya jagoranci The Times don bayyana 'yan wasan a matsayin "ƙungiya mai kyau". Sunderland ta samu nasarar kare taken a kakar wasa mai zuwa, tare da taimakon dan wasan tsakiya na Scotland John Campbell, wanda ya karya alamar kwallaye guda 30 a karo na biyu a cikin lokutan da suka biyo baya. A cikin tsari, sun zama tawagar farko da ta zira kwallaye 100 a cikin kakar wasa daya, wani abin da ba a daidaita shi ba har zuwa 1919-20. Sunderland ya zo kusa da lashe gasar zakarun Turai ta uku a kakar 1893-94, ya kammala na biyu a bayan kungiyar Aston Villa. Koyaya, sun sake samun taken a kakar 1894-95, tare da Campbell ya zama babban mai zira kwallaye a karo na uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Callaghan |first=Richard |date=20 July 2016 |title=Sunderland's First Great Centre Forward |url=https://rokerreport.sbnation.com/2016/7/20/12222208/sunderland-s-first-great-centre-forward |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=Roker Report}}</ref> Sunderland sa'an nan kuma ta doke zakarun Scotland Heart of Midlothian a wasan da aka bayyana a matsayin wasan "World Championship".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Jonathan Wilson |date=25 April 2020 |title=Sunderland's Victorian all-stars blazed trail for money's rule of football |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2020/apr/25/even-when-sunderland-ruled-the-globe-club-world-cups-were-controversial |access-date=16 May 2020 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2019 |title=When Sunderland met Hearts in the first ever 'Champions League' match |url=https://www.nutmegmagazine.co.uk/issue-5/when-sunderland-met-hearts-in-the-first-ever-champions-league-match/ |access-date=19 February 2021 |website=Nutmeg Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mai tsaron gidan su Ned Doig ya kafa tarihin [[duniya]] na karni na 19 ta hanyar ba da wani burin a cikin 87 daga cikin 290 da ya buga a saman rukuni (30%). <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2018 |title=History: Curiosities of World Football (1891–1900) |url=https://iffhs.de/history-curiosities-of-world-football-1891-1900 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827225306/https://iffhs.de/history-curiosities-of-world-football-1891-1900/ |archive-date=27 August 2019 |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=IFFHS}}</ref> Daga 1886 har zuwa 1898, gidan Sunderland yana cikin Newcastle Road. A shekara ta 1898, kulob din ya koma abin da zai zama gidansu kusan kusan ƙarni guda, Roker Park . Da farko ƙasa tana da damar 30,000.<ref name="rokerpark" /> Bayan ya dauki kulob din Sunderland zuwa gasar zakarun kasar [[Ingila]] uku, manajan Watson ya yi murabus a ƙarshen kakar 1895-96, don shiga [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]. Robert Campbell ya maye gurbinsa.<ref name="p39" /> Campbell bai sami nasarar wasa kamar Watson ba, yayin da Sunderland ya kasa lashe kowane lakabi a cikin shekaru uku da ya yi a kulob din. Scotsman Alex Mackie ya maye gurbin Campbell a matsayin manajan kakar 1899. Bayan kammala matsayi na biyu a 1900-01, kulob din ya lashe lambar yabo ta hudu a kakar 1901-02, <ref name=":2" /> kuma ya biyo bayan wannan tare da nasara a Sheriff na London Charity Shield. A watan Disamba a shekara ta 1902, Arthur Bridgett ya shiga ƙungiyar Sunderland . Ya ci gaba da zama kyaftin din "Black Cats" na tsawon shekaru goma kuma ya sami kwallo goma sha ɗaya na Ingila, wanda ya sa shi dan wasan na biyu da ya fi buga kwallo a Ingila a bayan Dave Watson . <ref>{{Cite web |title=England Players from Sunderland |url=https://www.englandstats.com/club.php?cid=104 |access-date=19 January 2020 |website=englandstats.com}}</ref> === Ƙarin sunayen sarauta na gasar (1908-1945) === [[Fayil:Rokerlads1937.jpg|left|thumb|Sunderland ta lashe kofin FA na 1937]] A ranar 5 ga watan Disamba na shekarar 1908, kungiyar Sunderland ta samu nasarar da ta samu a gasar, 9-1 a kan abokan hamayyar arewa maso gabashin Newcastle United . A karkashin kocin Irish Bob Kyle kuma tare da Scottish Charles Thomson a matsayin kyaftin, kulob din ya sake lashe gasar a 1913, amma ya rasa wasan karshe na FA Cup na farko 1-0 ga Aston Villa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=English FA Cup&nbsp;— Final 1913 |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/results3.sd?gameid=257177 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050222213709/http://www.soccerbase.com/results3.sd?gameid=257177 |archive-date=22 February 2005 |access-date=19 December 2008 |website=Soccerbase}}</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka Yaƙin Duniya na farko ya kawo karshen gasar. Bayan sake dawo da gasar, Sunderland ya kusa lashe wani gasar a kakar 1922-23, lokacin da suka kasance masu cin gaba ga Liverpool. Sun kuma zo kusa da kakar wasa mai zuwa, sun kammala na uku. Kungiyar ta tsere wa koma baya daga rukunin farko da maki daya a kakar 1927-28 duk da kwallaye 35 daga Dave Halliday. Halliday ya inganta burinsa zuwa kwallaye 43 a wasanni 42 a kakar wasa mai zuwa, rikodin Sunderland na kowane lokaci don kwallaye da aka zira a kakar wasa daya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M. |date=20 June 2019 |title=English League Leading Goalscorers |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engtops.html |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref><ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=Club History |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |archive-date=6 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html "Club History"]. </cite></ref>.. === Kungiyar "Bank of England", matsalolin kudi da kuma gasar cin kofin uku (1945-1995) === [[Fayil:Ianporterfieldgoal.jpg|right|thumb|Gasar cin nasara ta Ian Porterfield a gasar cin kofin FA ta 1973]] Ga Sunderland, shekarun da suka gabata bayan yakin sun kasance da kudade masu yawa; kulob din ya biya £18,000 (£803,000 a yau) ga Ivor Broadis na Carlisle United a watan Janairun a shekarar 1949.[33] Broadis kuma shine kocin Carlisle a lokacin, kuma wannan shine misali na farko na dan wasan da ya sauya kansa zuwa wani kulob.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amos |first=Mike |date=14 December 2007 |title=Broadis still; bubbling along at 85 |url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/1904999.broadis_still_bubbling_along_at_85/ |access-date=19 September 2008 |website=The Northern Echo}}</ref> Wannan, tare da kudaden canja wurin rikodin don tabbatar da ayyukan Len Shackleton da Trevor Ford na Welsh, ya haifar da sunan laƙabi na zamani, "Bank of England club". Kungiyar ta kammala ta uku a cikin Sashen Farko a 1950, mafi girman kammalawa tun daga gasar 1936.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Felton |first=Paul |title=Season 1949–50. |url=https://www.rsssf.org/engpaul/FLA/1949-50.html |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> A ƙarshen shekarun 1950s ya ga raguwa mai tsanani a cikin Sunderland, kuma kulob din ya sake shiga cikin babban abin kunya na kudi a shekara ta 1957. An same su da laifin biyan kuɗi ga 'yan wasan da suka wuce matsakaicin albashi, an ci su tarar £ 5,000 (£ 152,000 a yau), kuma an dakatar da shugaban su da daraktoci uku.[33]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harding |first=John |date=1 May 2007 |title=The Jimmy Hill Years: PFA Chairman 1957–1961 |url=http://www.givemefootball.com/pfa/pfa-history/the-jimmy-hill-years-pfa-chairman-1957-1961 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915053426/http://www.givemefootball.com/pfa/pfa-history/the-jimmy-hill-years-pfa-chairman-1957-1961 |archive-date=15 September 2010 |access-date=4 January 2009 |website=Professional Footballers' Association}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, an sake Sunderland daga mafi girman rukuni a karo na farko a tarihin league na shekaru 68. Rashin Sunderland daga saman jirgin ya dauki shekaru shida. Bayan kira na kusa a kakar da ta gabata, an inganta kulob din zuwa Division One a 1964 bayan ya gama a matsayi na biyu. A ƙarshen shekaru goma, an sake komawa su zuwa Sashe na Biyu bayan sun gama 21st. == Kididdiga da rikodin == [[Fayil:Sunderland_AFC_League_Performance.svg|right|thumb|300x300px|Matsayi na League tun daga kakar 1890-91.]] Mai riƙe da rikodin mafi yawan wasanni shine Jimmy Montgomery, bayan ya buga wasanni 527 na farko tsakanin 1961 da 1976. Babban mai zira kwallaye a kulob din shine Charlie Buchan, wanda ya zira kwallayi 209 daga 1911 zuwa 1925; Bobby Gurney shine mai zira kwallan rikodin a duk wasannin tare da kwallaye 228 tsakanin 1926 da 1939.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland all time records |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/team_records.sd?teamid=2493 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926194651/http://www.soccerbase.com/team_records.sd?teamid=2493 |archive-date=26 September 2008 |access-date=19 September 2008 |website=Soccerbase}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=11. Bobby Gurney |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/PlayersArticleDetail/0,,10281~1929361,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407043306/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/PlayersArticleDetail/0,,10281~1929361,00.html |archive-date=7 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> Dave Halliday yana da rikodin mafi yawan kwallaye da aka zira a kakar wasa daya: 43 a kakar 1928-29 a cikin Sashe na Farko.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2" /> Ya zuwa watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014 John O'Shea shine dan wasan da ya fi dacewa da kulob din, inda ya buga wasanni 100 a Jamhuriyar Ireland.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; === Masu zira kwallaye === 'Yan wasa goma na Sunderland sun zira kwallaye 100 ko fiye a gasar zakarun Turai.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx |access-date=4 January 2019 |website=www.thestatcat.co.uk}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx "Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records"]. </cite></ref> Su ne kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" ! !Sunan !Manufofin |- |'''1''' |[[Charlie Buchan]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |209 |- |'''2''' |[[Bobby Gurney]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |205 |- |'''3''' |[[Dave Halliday]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |156 |- |'''4''' |[[George Holley]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |150 |- |'''5''' |[[John Campbell (footballer, born 1869)|John Campbell]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |133 |- |'''6''' |[[Raich Carter]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |118 |- |'''7''' |[[Kevin Phillips (footballer)|Kevin Phillips]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |113 |- |'''8''' |[[Jimmy Millar (footballer, born 1870)|Jimmy Millar]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |109 |- |'''9''' |[[Arthur Bridgett]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |108 |- |'''10''' |[[Patrick Gallacher|Patsy Gallacher]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |100 |- |} Bobby Gurney yana da adadin kwallaye a duk gasa tare da jimlar 228 a wasanni da kofin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bobby Gurney |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Player.aspx?PlayerID=383 |access-date=22 August 2020 |website=The Stat Cat}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] stsq30b7y1ecvxif160afykv1rwgifx 906474 906473 2026-08-23T09:22:52Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 906474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Sunderland]] Association Football Club ta kasance kungiya ce ta ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa da ke zaune a [[Sunderland]], Tyne da Wear, Ingila . Kungiyar tana fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]], matakin farko na tsarin gasar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta kasar [[Ingila]]. An kafa shi acikin shekara ta 1879, kulob din ya lashe lambobin yabo na farko guda shida acikin shekara ta(1892,har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1893, 1895, 1902, 1913, da 1936) a cikin rukunin farko, kuma ya kammala matsayi na biyu sau biyar. Har ila yau, kulob din ya lashe Kofin FA sau biyu acikin shekara ta (1937 dakuma cikin shekara ta 1973), kuma ya kasance mai cin gaba sau biyu aikin shekara ta (1913 da 1992), kuma ya lashe gasar FA Charity Shield a 1936. Sun kuma kasance 'yan wasan karshe na gasar cin Kofin Kwallon Kafa acikin shekara ta 1985 dakuma cikin shekara ta 2014. An ba shi suna Black Cats, Sunderland tana buga wasannin gida a filin wasa na Light mai daukar mutane kimanin 49,000, bayan ya ƙaura daga Roker Park a shekarar 1997. Kungiyar tana da tsananin kishiya da ke kusa da kungiyar Newcastle United, wanda aka fafata da Tyne-Wear derby tun 1898. Suna wasa a cikin ja da fararen riguna da gajeren baki. == Tarihi == [[File:Sunderland-1884.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton ƙungiyar da aka ɗauka a 1884]] === Shekaru na farko da "Team of All Talents" (1879-1908) === An kafa kulob din ne a matsayin Sunderland da Malaman Gundumar A.F.C. ta hanyar malamin makaranta James Allan a cikin abin da aka yi imanin cewa Oktoba ne na shekara ta 1879. Koyaya, shaidu sun nuna cewa ba a halicci kulob din ba har sai shekara guda bayan haka, a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba a shekarar 1880.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx |access-date=4 January 2019 |website=www.thestatcat.co.uk}}</ref> An sake masa suna Sunderland AFC kuma ya zama a buɗe ga malamai a makaranta a watana Oktoba na shekara ta 1880.<ref name="auto" /> [[Fayil:John_Middleton_Campbell.jpg|left|thumb|John Campbell, wani ɓangare na "Team of All Talents", kuma babban mai zira kwallaye a gasar a cikin sunayen sarauta uku na farko na Sunderland.]] Sunderland ta shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa a kakar 1890-91. <ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=Club History |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |archive-date=6 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> Tom Watson ya zama manajan farko na kungiyar Sunderland ''Lokaci'' da aka nada shi a shekara ta 1888. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Managers 1889–1939 |url=http://www.safc.com/history/?page_id=2997 |access-date=6 January 2009 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> A ƙarshen karni na 19, William McGregor, wanda ya kafa gasar, ya ayyana su a matsayin "Team of All Talents", bayan nasarar 7-2 a kan [[Aston Villa FC|Aston Villa]]. Sunderland ta lashe gasar zakarun a kakar 1891-92, kakar wasa daya bayan ta shiga The Football League, kuma wannan wasan kwaikwayon ya jagoranci The Times don bayyana 'yan wasan a matsayin "ƙungiya mai kyau". Sunderland ta samu nasarar kare taken a kakar wasa mai zuwa, tare da taimakon dan wasan tsakiya na Scotland John Campbell, wanda ya karya alamar kwallaye guda 30 a karo na biyu a cikin lokutan da suka biyo baya. A cikin tsari, sun zama tawagar farko da ta zira kwallaye 100 a cikin kakar wasa daya, wani abin da ba a daidaita shi ba har zuwa 1919-20. Sunderland ya zo kusa da lashe gasar zakarun Turai ta uku a kakar 1893-94, ya kammala na biyu a bayan kungiyar Aston Villa. Koyaya, sun sake samun taken a kakar 1894-95, tare da Campbell ya zama babban mai zira kwallaye a karo na uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Callaghan |first=Richard |date=20 July 2016 |title=Sunderland's First Great Centre Forward |url=https://rokerreport.sbnation.com/2016/7/20/12222208/sunderland-s-first-great-centre-forward |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=Roker Report}}</ref> Sunderland sa'an nan kuma ta doke zakarun Scotland Heart of Midlothian a wasan da aka bayyana a matsayin wasan "World Championship".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Jonathan Wilson |date=25 April 2020 |title=Sunderland's Victorian all-stars blazed trail for money's rule of football |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2020/apr/25/even-when-sunderland-ruled-the-globe-club-world-cups-were-controversial |access-date=16 May 2020 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2019 |title=When Sunderland met Hearts in the first ever 'Champions League' match |url=https://www.nutmegmagazine.co.uk/issue-5/when-sunderland-met-hearts-in-the-first-ever-champions-league-match/ |access-date=19 February 2021 |website=Nutmeg Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mai tsaron gidan su Ned Doig ya kafa tarihin [[duniya]] na karni na 19 ta hanyar ba da wani burin a cikin 87 daga cikin 290 da ya buga a saman rukuni (30%). <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2018 |title=History: Curiosities of World Football (1891–1900) |url=https://iffhs.de/history-curiosities-of-world-football-1891-1900 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827225306/https://iffhs.de/history-curiosities-of-world-football-1891-1900/ |archive-date=27 August 2019 |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=IFFHS}}</ref> Daga 1886 har zuwa 1898, gidan Sunderland yana cikin Newcastle Road. A shekara ta 1898, kulob din ya koma abin da zai zama gidansu kusan kusan ƙarni guda, Roker Park . Da farko ƙasa tana da damar 30,000.<ref name="rokerpark" /> Bayan ya dauki kulob din Sunderland zuwa gasar zakarun kasar [[Ingila]] uku, manajan Watson ya yi murabus a ƙarshen kakar 1895-96, don shiga [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]. Robert Campbell ya maye gurbinsa.<ref name="p39" /> Campbell bai sami nasarar wasa kamar Watson ba, yayin da Sunderland ya kasa lashe kowane lakabi a cikin shekaru uku da ya yi a kulob din. Scotsman Alex Mackie ya maye gurbin Campbell a matsayin manajan kakar 1899. Bayan kammala matsayi na biyu a 1900-01, kulob din ya lashe lambar yabo ta hudu a kakar 1901-02, <ref name=":2" /> kuma ya biyo bayan wannan tare da nasara a Sheriff na London Charity Shield. A watan Disamba a shekara ta 1902, Arthur Bridgett ya shiga ƙungiyar Sunderland . Ya ci gaba da zama kyaftin din "Black Cats" na tsawon shekaru goma kuma ya sami kwallo goma sha ɗaya na Ingila, wanda ya sa shi dan wasan na biyu da ya fi buga kwallo a Ingila a bayan Dave Watson . <ref>{{Cite web |title=England Players from Sunderland |url=https://www.englandstats.com/club.php?cid=104 |access-date=19 January 2020 |website=englandstats.com}}</ref> === Ƙarin sunayen sarauta na gasar (1908-1945) === [[Fayil:Rokerlads1937.jpg|left|thumb|Sunderland ta lashe kofin FA na 1937]] A ranar 5 ga watan Disamba na shekarar 1908, kungiyar Sunderland ta samu nasarar da ta samu a gasar, 9-1 a kan abokan hamayyar arewa maso gabashin Newcastle United . A karkashin kocin Irish Bob Kyle kuma tare da Scottish Charles Thomson a matsayin kyaftin, kulob din ya sake lashe gasar a 1913, amma ya rasa wasan karshe na FA Cup na farko 1-0 ga Aston Villa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=English FA Cup&nbsp;— Final 1913 |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/results3.sd?gameid=257177 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050222213709/http://www.soccerbase.com/results3.sd?gameid=257177 |archive-date=22 February 2005 |access-date=19 December 2008 |website=Soccerbase}}</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka Yaƙin Duniya na farko ya kawo karshen gasar. Bayan sake dawo da gasar, Sunderland ya kusa lashe wani gasar a kakar 1922-23, lokacin da suka kasance masu cin gaba ga Liverpool. Sun kuma zo kusa da kakar wasa mai zuwa, sun kammala na uku. Kungiyar ta tsere wa koma baya daga rukunin farko da maki daya a kakar 1927-28 duk da kwallaye 35 daga Dave Halliday. Halliday ya inganta burinsa zuwa kwallaye 43 a wasanni 42 a kakar wasa mai zuwa, rikodin Sunderland na kowane lokaci don kwallaye da aka zira a kakar wasa daya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M. |date=20 June 2019 |title=English League Leading Goalscorers |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engtops.html |access-date=5 July 2020 |website=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref><ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=Club History |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html |archive-date=6 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180406232607/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/ClubHistoryDetail/0,,10281,00.html "Club History"]. </cite></ref>.. === Kungiyar "Bank of England", matsalolin kudi da kuma gasar cin kofin uku (1945-1995) === [[Fayil:Ianporterfieldgoal.jpg|right|thumb|Gasar cin nasara ta Ian Porterfield a gasar cin kofin FA ta 1973]] Ga Sunderland, shekarun da suka gabata bayan yakin sun kasance da kudade masu yawa; kulob din ya biya £18,000 (£803,000 a yau) ga Ivor Broadis na Carlisle United a watan Janairun a shekarar 1949.[33] Broadis kuma shine kocin Carlisle a lokacin, kuma wannan shine misali na farko na dan wasan da ya sauya kansa zuwa wani kulob.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amos |first=Mike |date=14 December 2007 |title=Broadis still; bubbling along at 85 |url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/1904999.broadis_still_bubbling_along_at_85/ |access-date=19 September 2008 |website=The Northern Echo}}</ref> Wannan, tare da kudaden canja wurin rikodin don tabbatar da ayyukan Len Shackleton da Trevor Ford na Welsh, ya haifar da sunan laƙabi na zamani, "Bank of England club". Kungiyar ta kammala ta uku a cikin Sashen Farko a 1950, mafi girman kammalawa tun daga gasar 1936.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Felton |first=Paul |title=Season 1949–50. |url=https://www.rsssf.org/engpaul/FLA/1949-50.html |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> A ƙarshen shekarun 1950s ya ga raguwa mai tsanani a cikin Sunderland, kuma kulob din ya sake shiga cikin babban abin kunya na kudi a shekara ta 1957. An same su da laifin biyan kuɗi ga 'yan wasan da suka wuce matsakaicin albashi, an ci su tarar £ 5,000 (£ 152,000 a yau), kuma an dakatar da shugaban su da daraktoci uku.[33]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harding |first=John |date=1 May 2007 |title=The Jimmy Hill Years: PFA Chairman 1957–1961 |url=http://www.givemefootball.com/pfa/pfa-history/the-jimmy-hill-years-pfa-chairman-1957-1961 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915053426/http://www.givemefootball.com/pfa/pfa-history/the-jimmy-hill-years-pfa-chairman-1957-1961 |archive-date=15 September 2010 |access-date=4 January 2009 |website=Professional Footballers' Association}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, an sake Sunderland daga mafi girman rukuni a karo na farko a tarihin league na shekaru 68. Rashin Sunderland daga saman jirgin ya dauki shekaru shida. Bayan kira na kusa a kakar da ta gabata, an inganta kulob din zuwa Division One a 1964 bayan ya gama a matsayi na biyu. A ƙarshen shekaru goma, an sake komawa su zuwa Sashe na Biyu bayan sun gama 21st. == Kididdiga da rikodin == [[Fayil:Sunderland_AFC_League_Performance.svg|right|thumb|300x300px|Matsayi na League tun daga kakar 1890-91.]] Mai riƙe da rikodin mafi yawan wasanni shine Jimmy Montgomery, bayan ya buga wasanni 527 na farko tsakanin 1961 da 1976. Babban mai zira kwallaye a kulob din shine Charlie Buchan, wanda ya zira kwallayi 209 daga 1911 zuwa 1925; Bobby Gurney shine mai zira kwallan rikodin a duk wasannin tare da kwallaye 228 tsakanin 1926 da 1939.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland all time records |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/team_records.sd?teamid=2493 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926194651/http://www.soccerbase.com/team_records.sd?teamid=2493 |archive-date=26 September 2008 |access-date=19 September 2008 |website=Soccerbase}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=11. Bobby Gurney |url=http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/PlayersArticleDetail/0,,10281~1929361,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407043306/http://www.safc.premiumtv.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/PlayersArticleDetail/0,,10281~1929361,00.html |archive-date=7 April 2018 |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> Dave Halliday yana da rikodin mafi yawan kwallaye da aka zira a kakar wasa daya: 43 a kakar 1928-29 a cikin Sashe na Farko.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2" /> Ya zuwa watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014 John O'Shea shine dan wasan da ya fi dacewa da kulob din, inda ya buga wasanni 100 a Jamhuriyar Ireland.<ref name="soccerbaserecords2" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; === Masu zira kwallaye === 'Yan wasa goma na Sunderland sun zira kwallaye 100 ko fiye a gasar zakarun Turai.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx |access-date=4 January 2019 |website=www.thestatcat.co.uk}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Article1.aspx "Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records"]. </cite></ref> Su ne kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" ! !Sunan !Manufofin |- |'''1''' |[[Charlie Buchan]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |209 |- |'''2''' |[[Bobby Gurney]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |205 |- |'''3''' |[[Dave Halliday]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |156 |- |'''4''' |[[George Holley]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |150 |- |'''5''' |[[John Campbell (footballer, born 1869)|John Campbell]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |133 |- |'''6''' |[[Raich Carter]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |118 |- |'''7''' |[[Kevin Phillips (footballer)|Kevin Phillips]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |113 |- |'''8''' |[[Jimmy Millar (footballer, born 1870)|Jimmy Millar]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |109 |- |'''9''' |[[Arthur Bridgett]]{{Flagicon|ENG}} |108 |- |'''10''' |[[Patrick Gallacher|Patsy Gallacher]]{{Flagicon|SCO}} |100 |- |} Bobby Gurney yana da adadin kwallaye a duk gasa tare da jimlar 228 a wasanni da kofin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bobby Gurney |url=http://www.thestatcat.co.uk/Player.aspx?PlayerID=383 |access-date=22 August 2020 |website=The Stat Cat}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6s0hcxtodpyxbe8dr1be5ux1lx9ucp6 0 121216 906359 861060 2026-08-23T01:18:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Leslie Ferdinand''' (An haife shi ne a ranar 8 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta 1966) shi ne kocin kwallon kafa na Ingila, tsohon [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|dan wasan kwallon kafa]] kuma masanin talabijin. Dan wasan gaba, aikinsa na wasa ya haɗa da sanannun wasanni a Premier League tare da kungiyoyin Queens Park Rangers, [[Newcastle United FC|Newcastle United]], Tottenham Hotspur, West Ham United, Leicester City da kuma kungiyar Bolton Wanderers . Ya kuma taka leda a [[Turkiyya]] tare da kungiyar Beşiktaş kuma a cikin Kungiyar kwallon kafa tare da kungiyar [[Brentford FC|Brentford]], Reading da kuma Watford . Kafin ya zama dan wasan kwararru, Ferdinand ya buga wasan kwallon kafa ba tare da Southall da Hayes ba. Ya ci kwallo 17 a kasar [[Ingila]] kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na Yuro 96 da World Cup 98 teams. Shi ne na goma sha ɗaya mafi girma a tarihin [[Premier League]], tare da kwallaye 149 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stats |url=http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/index.html?paramSearchType=BY_STAT |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604174131/http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/index.html?paramSearchType=BY_STAT |archive-date=4 June 2013 |access-date=7 February 2020 |website=Premier League}}</ref> kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙarin 49 a cikin rukuni. <ref name="PremierLeagueProfile">{{Cite web |title=Les Ferdinand: Overview |url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/462/Les-Ferdinand/overview |access-date=22 March 2020 |publisher=Premier League}}</ref> Bayan ya yi ritaya, Ferdinand ya fi samun aiki a matsayin masanin kimiyya. Ya koma ƙungiyar Tottenham Hotspur a shekara ta 2008 a matsayin kocin dan wasan gaba, ya tashi a shekara ta 2014. Daga nan sai ya koma ƙungiyar QPR, da farko a matsayin shugaban ayyukan kwallon kafa sannan daga baya a matsayin darektan kwallon kafa. A shekara ta 2015, an nada shi a matsayin manaja mai kulawa na ɗan gajeren lokaci. == Farkon rayuwar mutum == An haifi Ferdinand a Acton, Greater London . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Les Ferdinand |url=https://www.11v11.com/players/les-ferdinand-503/ |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=11v11.com |publisher=AFS Enterprises}}</ref> Shi ne dan uwan na biyu na 'yan uwan kwallon kafa Rio da Anton Ferdinand kuma dan uwan dan wasan kungiyar Maidenhead United Kane Ferdinand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=QPR defender Ferdinand: Bursaspor fans excited about family name |url=https://www.tribalfootball.com/articles/qpr-defender-ferdinand-bursaspor-fans-excited-about-family-name-3956518 |access-date=9 July 2023 |publisher=Tribal Football |archive-date=23 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260423195216/https://www.tribalfootball.com/articles/qpr-defender-ferdinand-bursaspor-fans-excited-about-family-name-3956518 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An buga tarihin kansa, ''Sir Les'', a cikin shekara ta 1997. An nada Ferdinand a matsayin [[Order of the British Empire|memba na Order of the British Empire]] (MBE) a cikin girmamawar ranar haihuwar shekara ta 2005. A wata hira da Evening Standard a watan Fabrairun 2020, Ferdinand ya bayyana cewa magoya bayan sun yi masa cin zarafin launin fata a lokacin da yake dan wasa da darektan kwallon kafa.<ref name="Standard">{{Cite web |date=6 February 2020 |title=Les Ferdinand interview: 'Top clubs don't have the patience to find players like me any more' |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/football/les-ferdinand-interview-qpr-newcastle-england-tottenham-a4355496.html |access-date=7 February 2020 |website=Evening Standard}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == === Farkon aiki === Ferdinand ya fara aikinsa a wasan kwallon kafa ba tare da gasar ba, na farko a Viking Sports kafin ya koma Southall . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Les Ferdinand {{!}} Sky Sports |url=https://www.skysports.com/lesferdinand |access-date=2021-01-08 |publisher=Sky Sports |language=en}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasan farko a Southall a watan Agustan 1984 a kan Chertsey Town, kuma ya kasance daga cikin tawagar da ta kai wasan karshe na FA Vase a 1986, inda ta sha kashi 3-0 a Halesowen Town.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=30 April 1986 |title=Appearances : Goals |journal=The Official Match-Day Programme of Southall Football Club |volume=vs Bracknell Town |pages=11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://www.southallfc.com/club-history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111221913/https://www.southallfc.com/club-history |archive-date=11 January 2021 |access-date=2021-01-08 |website=southallfc.com}}</ref> Bayan wannan, Ferdinand ya koma Hayes, inda ya zira kwallaye 20 a wasanni 42 a duk gasa (ciki har da abokantaka). <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2 May 1987 |title=Appearances & Goalscorers 1986–87 |journal=Hayes Football Club Official Programme |volume=vs Walthamstow Avenue |pages=13}}</ref> kulob din Queens Park Rangers ne suka hango shi kuma suka koma can akan kudi £ 50,000.<ref name="TheseFootballTimes">{{Cite web |date=9 October 2019 |title=Names of the Nineties: Les Ferdinand |url=https://thesefootballtimes.co/2019/09/10/names-of-the-nineties-les-ferdinand/ |access-date=7 February 2020 |website=These Football Times}}</ref> === Queens Park Rangers === Ferdinand ya fara wasan QPR a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 1987, yana da shekaru 20, a matsayin mai maye gurbin a wasan da Coventry City ta yi a 4-1 a Highfield Road - na farko na wasanni biyu a wannan kakar. Ya sake buga wasan league a 1987-88, kuma an ba da rancen wasanni uku ga Division na Uku [[Brentford FC|Brentford]] . A shekara ta 1988, an ba da rancensa ga kungiyar Beşiktaş ta Turkiyya na wani lokaci, kuma ya yi kyau tare da kwallaye 14 a wasanni 24 na gasar kuma ya kuma sami ɗanɗano na farko na azurfa, ya taimaka wa kulob din zuwa nasarar 3-1 a kan Fenerbahçe S.K. a gasar cin Kofin Turkiyya.<ref name="BesiktasCareer">{{Cite web |date=30 September 2013 |title=Brits abroad – Les Ferdinand |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11096/8913500/brits-abroad-les-ferdinand |access-date=7 February 2020 |publisher=Sky Sports}}</ref> Ya koma kungiyar QPR a kakar 1989-90, kuma ya bayyana a wasanni tara na farko da ya zira kwallaye biyu na farko na Ingila. Ya yi fice a 1990-91, yana wasa a wasanni 18 na league kuma ya zira kwallaye takwas yayin da QPR ya ƙare a tsakiyar tebur. Goals 10 da ya ci daga wasanni 23 a 1991-92 sun taimaka wajen tabbatar da matsayin QPR a matsayin mambobin kafa sabuwar [[Premier League|FA Premier League]] a kakar 1992-93, kuma a lokacin [[Landan]] kamfen ne ya kafa kansa a matsayin babban dan wasan gaba, ya zira kwallaye 20 a wasanni 37 yayin da QPR ta kammala ta biyar - mafi girma a dukkan bangarorin London. A cikin tarihin kansa, ''Sir Les'', Ferdinand ya rubuta game da girman kai na zira kwallaye a cikin nasara 5-3 a kan [[Everton FC|Everton]] a Goodison Park a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1993, wurin da ya riga ya sami cin zarafin wariyar launin fata:&nbsp; === Newcastle United === An sayar da Ferdinand ga [[Newcastle United FC|Newcastle]] a shekarar 1995 don fam miliyan 6, tare da Hayes ya karbi fam 600,000 saboda yarjejeniyar sayar da ita bayan ya koma QPR. Tare da kuɗin da aka karɓa, Hayes ya gina ɗakin aiki kuma ya ba shi suna "The Ferdinand Suite" don girmama shi.<ref name="Standard"/> Zuwansa a kulob din ya zo kusan shekaru uku bayan Magpies sun ba shi QPR £ miliyan 3.3 a lokacin da suka samu ci gaba a Division One - amma an ƙi tayin.&nbsp; Wannan sihiri a kan Tyneside shine mafi kyawun kulob din Ferdinand. Ya zira kwallaye 29 a kakar wasa ta farko tare da Newcastle, kuma ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga kungiyar ta shiga cikin nesa mai ban sha'awa na taken Firayim Minista a kakar 1995-96. <ref name="TheseFootballTimes"/> Newcastle ta jagoranci gasar da maki 12 a mataki daya, amma Manchester United ta sake gyara su a cikin watanni uku na karshe na kakar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2018 |title=Manchester United hunted down Newcastle in 1996 – can they catch City from the same position in 2018? |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/manchester-united-news-city-title-race-table-201718-199596-newcastle-nemanja-matic-a8170826.html |access-date=7 February 2020 |website=Independent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2008 |title=Why Keegan's class of '96 blew a 12-point lead |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/2289437/Why-Keegans-class-of-96-blew-a-12-point-lead.html |access-date=7 February 2020 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref> === Tottenham Hotspur === A shekara ta 1997 Tottenham Hotspur, kulob din da ya goyi bayan tun yana yaro, ya sayi Ferdinand na fam miliyan 6.<ref name="TheseFootballTimes"/> Raunin da ya samu ya rushe kakar wasa ta farko a kulob din, amma zuwa ƙarshen kamfen ɗin ya kafa kyakkyawar haɗin gwiwa tare da Jürgen Klinsmann, kuma burin biyun ya ceci Spurs daga sakewa daga Firayim Minista.<ref name="TheseFootballTimes" /> Ferdinand ya taimaka wa Spurs lashe kofin League a 1999, inda ya doke Leicester City 1-0 a wasan karshe a Wembley, amma raunin da ya samu ya hana shi kwallaye 12 kawai a cikin shekaru uku na farko a kulob din.<ref name="TheseFootballTimes" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Leicester 0 Spurs 1 |url=http://www.spursodyssey.com/articles/wcfin1.html |access-date=7 October 2014 |website=Spursodyssey}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1999 League Cup Final |url=http://www.lcfc.com/news/article/190314-twih-1999-league-cup-final-1431026.aspx |access-date=7 October 2014 |website=lcfc.com}}</ref> Ya inganta dawowarsa ta zira kwallaye a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, ya ba da gudummawa ga kwallaye 10 a kakar 2000-01 da kuma ƙarin 15 a lokacin yakin 2001-02. Ferdinand ya zira kwallaye 10,000 a tarihin Firayim Minista a ranar 15 ga Disamba 2001 a cikin nasara 4-0 a kan Fulham . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Russell |date=17 December 2001 |title=Ferdinand exemplifies golden touch of Spurs |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2001/dec/17/match.sport3 |access-date=31 January 2021 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Ya taka leda a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin League na biyu a kulob din da Blackburn Rovers a shekara ta 2002, amma mai tsaron gidan Rovers Brad Friedel ya hana shi sau uku yayin da Spurs suka rasa 2-1 . === Ayyukansa na baya === Bayan ya yi gwagwarmaya don samun wuri a kakar wasa ta farko ta Spurs bayan sayen Glenn Hoddle na Robbie Keane daga [[Leeds United F.C.|Leeds]], ya koma West Ham United a ranar 21 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2003 don kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2003 |title=Ferdinand joins West Ham |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/w/west_ham_utd/2678575.stm |access-date=7 February 2020 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye na farko a kulob din a kan tsohon kulob din Tottenham, amma bai iya hana kulob din koma baya daga Premier League ba kuma ya zaɓi ya kasance a cikin saman jirgin ta hanyar sanya hannu ga sabuwar Leicester City a kan canja wurin kyauta. Yayinda yake a Leicester Ferdinand ya zira kwallaye 14 na Firayim Minista, duk da cewa yana da shekaru 37. Bayan da aka sake Foxes a ƙarshen wannan kakar, ya ƙi sabon kwangila kuma ya shiga Bolton Wanderers . == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Ferdinand ya fara bugawa Ingila wasa a watan Fabrairun 1993 a kan San Marino, inda ya zira kwallaye na karshe a nasarar 6-0 a Wembley . Ya kasance daga cikin 'yan wasan Yuro 96 da 1998 FIFA World Cup, kodayake bai fito a kowane wasa na gasar ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Strack-Zimmermann |first=Benjamin |title=Les Ferdinand (Player) |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/10349/Les_Ferdinand.html |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=www.national-football-teams.com |language=en}}</ref> An rufe shi sau 17, ya zira kwallaye biyar.<ref name=":0" /> == Ayyukan horarwa == A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 2008 Ferdinand ya shiga tsohon dan wasan Tottenham [[Tim Sherwood]] a kan ma'aikatan kocin Tottenham Hotspur, don yin aiki tare da [[Ataka|masu yajin aiki]]. Ferdinand ya bar kulob din a ranar 19 ga Yuni 2014. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014, Ferdinand ya zama shugaban ayyukan kwallon kafa a [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Park Rangers]], kafin a nada shi a matsayin darektan kwallon kafa a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2015. A ranar 16 ga Yuni 2023, an ba da sanarwar cewa Ferdinand ya sauka a matsayin darektan kwallon kafa tare da kulob din yammacin London, yana mai cewa lokaci ne da ya dace don ci gaba bayan shekaru takwas a kan shugabanci. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gcmru1hp9x4pi1c1mstxsx60ztkzmtj 0 121500 906261 819462 2026-08-22T15:53:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  [[Fayil:Waitetuna_valley_from_Plateau_Rd.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Upper Waitetuna kwarin daga Wharauroa Plateau]] '''Kogin Waitetuna''' wani kogi ne na Yankin Waikato na Tsibirin Arewa [[New Zealand]] . Yana gudana gabaɗaya daga arewa maso yamma daga tushe kudu maso yammacin Whatawhata don isa gabar kudu maso gabashin [[Raglan, New Zealand|Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Raglan]].<ref>{{LINZ|id=|name=Waitetuna River|access-date=12 July 2009}}</ref> == Ilimin ƙasa == Yawanci Upper Pliocene-Lower Pleistocene Okete volcanics ya fashe daga hanyoyi da yawa, <ref name="autogenerated1994">Geology of the Raglan-Kawhia Area: Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences (N.Z.), Barry Clayton Waterhouse, P. J. White 1994 {{ISBN|0-478-08837-X}}</ref> galibi suna samar da greywacke, tare da ƙananan yankuna na tephra. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Air Water Aotearoa |url=http://www.lawa.org.nz/explore-data/waikato-region/waitetuna-river/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323075312/http://www.lawa.org.nz/explore-data/waikato-region/waitetuna-river/ |archive-date=23 March 2014 |access-date=23 March 2014}}</ref> == Tarihi == Wani bincike ga Majalisar Yanki ya ce, "Harbour-wide sediment accumulation rate (SAR) ya kai 0.3-0.5 mm yr-1 a cikin shekaru 8000-6500 da suka wuce. Sakamakon saren gandun daji mai girma (1890-1920s), juyin juya hali zuwa makiyaya da dazuzzuka na Waaro da gandun daji na daban-daban (195) Hannun Waitetuna na tashar jiragen ruwa A hannun Waitetuna, 14C Dating na harsashi da bayanin martaba-pollen da aka adana a cikin ainihin 12B sun nuna cewa SAR na farko na 0.35 mm yr-1 ya karu sau uku bayan sare gandun daji da matsakaicin 1.1 mm yr-1 tun daga 1890. Pollen ya haifar da yawa. Ya ƙara ƙaruwa zuwa 2.5 mm yr-1 tun farkon 1990s A Okete Bay (core 10B) SAR kafin mutum ya kai 0.5 mm yr−1.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=A. Swales, R. Ovenden, M.S. McGlone, N. Hermanspahn, R. Budd, M.J. Okey, J. Hawken, Landcare Research Ltd |date=2005 |title=Whaingaroa (Raglan) Harbour: sedimentation rates and the effects of historical catchment landcover changes |url=https://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/assets/WRC/WRC-2019/tr05-36.pdf |website=Waikato Regional Council |access-date=2025-11-30 |archive-date=2025-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529122341/https://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/assets/WRC/WRC-2019/tr05-36.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mafi girma fiye da matsakaicin sashi na wancan canji bayan 1890 ya faru lokacin da 2,569 acres (1,040 ha) Puketutu block, kusa da estuary, da Watkins Brothers suka saya a 1901. Sun gudu da itacen itace a Raglan daga 1905 zuwa 1910, da yawa kogin kawo tare da katako da harboured saukar da tashar jiragen ruwa. A cikin 1907 Watkins suna sayar da kahikatea da rimu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 Aug 1907 |title=KAWHIA SETTLER AND RAGLAN ADVERTISER |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/KSRA19070830.2.2.5 |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz}}</ref> Kashe gandun daji ya faru ne bayan sayar da mafi yawan ƙasa a yankin ga mazauna. Kogin ya kasance iyakar babbar siyarwar ƙasa ta farko. "A ranar 22 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1851, sarakuna goma sha takwas na Ngāti-Māhanga da Ngāti-Hourua, karkashin jagorancin William Naylor, sun sayar wa Sarauniya Victoria don adadin £ 400, kadada 19,680 na ƙasar da ke kan iyakar kudancin tashar jiragen ruwa. Yankin yammacin Whāingaroa Block, kamar yadda aka sani, ya fara ne a Putoe (wurin da garin Raglan yanzu yake tsaye) kuma ya bi kogin a gefen Hute, wanda aka haƙa da ita a gefen Aotea. "A nan ya juya zuwa arewa maso gabas don gudu (kuma a cikin layi madaidaiciya) na mil takwas ta cikin gandun daji mai yawa don saduwa da Kogin Waitetuna, 'yan mil na ƙarshe waɗanda suka kafa iyakar gabas. Yankin murabba'in kilomita 30 da aka kewaye ta haka ya haɗa da mafi yawan gonakin da ke tsakanin Dutsen Karioi a yamma da Waitetuna a gabas; tashar jiragen ruwa a arewa da Wharaa Plateau a kudu. Bayyanawa ga Sakataren mulkin mallaka a ranar 15 ga Afrilu 1852, bayan ya jawo hankali ga wannan gaskiyar cewa: "Yar ruwa ta biyu don samar da ita ce mafi girma ga wannan matsala, Ligar ya warware matsalar ta hanyar samarwa ta hanyar samar da ita, mafi girma, mafi girma ga wasu bangar ruwa". Hakanan ana shayar da shi sosai kuma yana da wadataccen katako don man fetur, don dalilai na gini ko don kasuwanci. " == Shuke-shuke == Pollen analysis shows that the original vegetation was kahikatea on the flats, and a mixed podocarp-hardwood forest on the slopes, with tōtara, maire, matai, rimu, rata, beech and tree ferns. Kauri was present, but not abundant. From 1890 to 1930 80% of the forest was converted to pasture, though some pines have since been planted on former pasture, including {{Convert|5|km2}} by Vela Holdings east of Mangaokahu Stream in 1990–1991. By the mid-1920s indigenous forest was restricted to the steeplands of Mount Karioi, Pirongia and the Moerangi Plateau.<ref name=":0"/> == Fauna da ingancin ruwa == Dajin podocarp yanzu galibi gonakin tumaki ne da naman sa, tare da Te Uku Wind Farm a kusa da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa zuwa kudu. Wani bincike ga gonar iska <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.wel.co.nz/files/Wind%20Generation/Kessels%20Feb%2008.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206034207/http://wel.co.nz/files/Wind%20Generation/Kessels%20Feb%2008.PDF |archive-date=6 February 2013 |access-date=20 January 2013}}</ref> ya ce, "Ƙananan da matsakaicin matsakaicin . . . Matakotea Stream yana ba da kyakkyawan wurin zama na kifi, musamman ga inanga, kuma a cikin tsire-tsire masu kyau, banded kokopu. " Ya bayyana Waitetuna a bakinsa kamar yana da matsakaitan lafiyar muhalli. Wani binciken watan Janairun 2008 ya gano wadannan nau'ikan masu nuna alama don ingancin rafi kamar yadda yake a cikin Waitetuna inda ya shiga tashar jiragen ruwa kuma a cikin mahaɗanta, Matakotea Stream, (lambar da ke hagu sune MCI Score - mafi girman maki, mafi mahimmanci waɗannan macroinvertebrates suna ga gurɓataccen yanayi.<ref name="waitakere.govt">{{Cite web |title=Underwater Life – Macroinvertibrates |url=http://www.waitakere.govt.nz/AbtCit/ei/EcoWtr/macroinv/macroinvertebrates.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208160901/http://www.waitakere.govt.nz/AbtCit/ei/EcoWtr/macroinv/macroinvertebrates.asp |archive-date=8 February 2013 |access-date=20 January 2013}}.</ref> Kalmomin da ke dama suna nuna yadda aka saba ko kuma ba su da yawa a cikin Matakotea Stream / Waitetuna a saukowar Te Uku): [[Fayil:Waitetuna_River_about_3km_from_the_harbour.JPG|thumb|Kogin Waitetuna kimanin kilomita 3 daga tashar jiragen ruwa]] (8) mayfly <ref name="waitakere.govt"/> (''[[Deleatidium]]'') mai yawa / mai wuya (7) caddisfly (Rhyacophilidae) lokaci-lokaci / lokaci-lokacin (7) dobsonfly (Archichauliodes diversus) <ref name="waitakere.govt"/> mai ban sha'awa / lokaci-lokaci (6) kwari na riffle (Elmidae) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-25 |title=Riffle beetles |url=http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/resources/identification/animals/freshwater-invertebrates/guide/jointed-legs/insects-and-springtails/adult-beetles/riffle-beetles2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216184633/http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/resources/identification/animals/freshwater-invertebrates/guide/jointed-legs/insects-and-springtails/adult-beetles/riffle-beetles2 |archive-date=16 February 2013 |access-date=2012-12-26 |publisher=Landcare Research}}</ref> 6 na kowa / na kowa (5) Caddisfly mai laushi (''Pycnocentrodes'') <ref>{{Cite web |title=Underwater life – Macroinvertibrates – More information |url=http://www.waitakere.govt.nz/abtcit/ei/ecowtr/macroinv/bugsadultinfo.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027033101/http://www.waitakere.govt.nz/abtcit/ei/ecowtr/macroinv/bugsadultinfo.asp |archive-date=27 October 2012 |access-date=16 February 2022}}.</ref> lokaci-lokaci / lokaci-lokacin (5) Crustacea (''Paratya curvirostris'') lokaci-lokaci / mai yawa (4) kwari mai laushi (''Potamopyrgus antipodarum'') mai yawa / mai yawa (3) yashi fly (''Austrosimulium'') na yau da kullun / lokaci Cibiyar Bayanan Kifi ta NIWA <ref>{{Cite web |title=Register &#124; NIWA |url=http://www.niwa.co.nz/freshwater-and-estuaries/nzffd/register |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212150145/http://www.niwa.co.nz/freshwater-and-estuaries/nzffd/register |archive-date=12 February 2013 |access-date=20 January 2013}}</ref> ta nuna cewa Waitetuna tana da longfin da shortfin eels, na kowa da redfin bully, galaxiids da inanga. == Rashin gurɓataccen yanayi == Ma'aikatar Muhalli <ref>{{Cite web |title=Water quality trends at National River Water Quality Network sites for 1989–2007 &#124; Ministry for the Environment |url=http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/water/water-quality-trends-1989-2007/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210035927/http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/water/water-quality-trends-1989-2007/index.html |archive-date=10 February 2013 |access-date=20 January 2013}}</ref> ta nuna Waitetuna a bakinta yana da 600 E. coli a kowace 100ml (17th mafi muni daga 154), 620 faecal coliforms a kowace 100 ml (38th na 252), 0.49 MG / lita nitrogen (174th na 342) da 0.04 MG / lita phosphorus (140th na 361). <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |title=Waitetuna River at te Uku |url=http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/Environment/Natural-resources/Water/Rivers/Our-other-rivers/Water-quality-monitoring-map/Waitetuna-River-at-Te-Uku/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218120310/http://waikatoregion.govt.nz/Environment/Natural-resources/Water/Rivers/Our-other-rivers/Water-quality-monitoring-map/Waitetuna-River-at-Te-Uku/ |archive-date=18 February 2013 |access-date=15 January 2013}}</ref> Ingancin yana cikin mafi munin 25% na koguna don E.coli, haske, turbidity da mafi munin 50% don nitrogen da phosphorus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Waitetuna River at Te Uku-Waingaro Rd River Quality |url=https://www.lawa.org.nz/explore-data/waikato-region/river-quality/waitetuna-river/waitetuna-river-at-te-uku-waingaro-rd/ |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=Land, Air, Water Aotearoa (LAWA)}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; Wani binciken gwamnati ya ce, "Kogunan Waitetuna sun rubuta matsakaicin adadin Enterococcus kusa ko sama da 100/100 ml, lokacin da karatun 33/100 ml ake la'akari da matsakaicin matakin aminci don nishaɗin saduwa (watau iyo). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/water/managing-waterways-jul01/case-study-7-jul01.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214060500/http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/water/managing-waterways-jul01/case-study-7-jul01.pdf |archive-date=14 February 2013 |access-date=15 January 2013}}</ref> Kogin yana da 23 km (6.9%) na shinge, wanda ke rage gurɓataccen kayan gona. Abinda kawai ya dace da ƙididdiga game da gurɓataccen shine na acidity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Air Water Aotearaoa pollution sampling |url=http://www.lawa.org.nz/explore-data/waikato-region/waitetuna-river/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323075312/http://www.lawa.org.nz/explore-data/waikato-region/waitetuna-river/ |archive-date=23 March 2014 |access-date=23 March 2014}}</ref>&nbsp; Gurɓataccen ya inganta a 1.3% a kowace shekara don shekarun 1993-2017 don nitrate-N da 3.3% don 2008-2017 don bayyanar gani kamar yadda aka auna ta hanyar mahimman (watau yiwuwar gangara sama da 95% da RSKSE sama da 1% pa) ci gaba a cikin yanayin ƙididdigar gangara ta Kendall (RSKSE) (an daidaita rikodin kowane wata ta amfani da ƙuƙwalwar Lowess tare da 30%). A cikin 2017, an ci tarar gonar kusan $ 50,000 don yin famfo a cikin wani yanki inda ya kwanta kusa da kogi, inda za'a iya ganinsa daga babbar hanya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2017 |title=WAIKATO REGIONAL COUNCIL v ACORN FARMS LIMITED and A & T DAIRIES LIMITED |url=https://www.capitalletter.co.nz/sites/default/files/rma_pdfs/rma_net_217nzdc18293.pdf}}</ref> Yana yiwuwa irin waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru a wuraren da ba su da yawa na iya haifar da binciken da aka samu a cikin 2011 cewa yawancin gurbataccen ruwa a cikin kogi suna lalacewa, duk da shinge da dasa shuka. Har ila yau, binciken ba shi da bayanan tushe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tanya Gray |date=2011 |title=Restoration of Whaingaroa (Raglan) Harbour |url=https://www.nrc.govt.nz/media/hjibdwqy/restorationofwhaingaroaraglanharbourreportfornrc.pdf |website=Northland Regional Council |page=46}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin koguna na New Zealand == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * 1:50,000 taswirar http://www.topomap.co.nz/NZTopoMap/nz53407/Waitetuna-River/Waikato * [http://rainfallmap.waikatoregion.govt.nz/cgi-bin/hydwebserver.cgi/points/details?point=1076&catchment=16 Ruwan sama a Karamu Walkway (kusa da tushe)] * [https://www.lawa.org.nz/explore-data/waikato-region/river-quality/waitetuna-river/ Matsayin gurɓataccen yanayi] Hotuna na National Library 1910 - * [http://natlib.govt.nz/records/22438637 Saukowar Te Uku] * [http://natlib.govt.nz/records/22708935 Babbar Te Uku] * [http://natlib.govt.nz/records/22811202 Kogin Mangakino (ya haɗu da Waitetuna kusa da Te Uku)] * [http://natlib.govt.nz/records/23046057 Hotuna 3] {{Coord|-37.799533|174.971645|region:NZ_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 68akrqzzv3gulg7va9ll2g7zpee3csq 0 123512 906447 748770 2026-08-23T07:06:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Majalisar Kwamfuta ta Bangladesh''' ('''BCC''') kungiya ce ta doka da ke aiki a karkashin Sashen Fasahar Bayanai da Sadarwa na Ma'aikatar Sadarwa, Sadarwa da Fasahar Sadarwa ta Gwamnatin Bangladesh. Hedkwatar ta tana cikin Agargaon, Dhaka, Bangladesh . <ref name="bcc overview">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=27 February 2023 |title=Overview |url=https://bcc.gov.bd/site/page/01cbf22a-b9f5-4a67-829e-55c27ab216f6/- |access-date=15 March 2023 |website=Bangladesh Computer Council (BCC)-Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh}}</ref> Da farko an san shi da ''Kwamitin Kwamfuta na Kasa'' (NCC) a 1983 kuma ya canza zuwa ''Majalisar Kwamfuta ta Bangladesh'' ta hanyar Dokar No. 9 na Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a 1990. <ref name="bcc overview" /> Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, BCC ta kasance muhimmiyar mai ba da shawara ga ci gaban fasaha na kasar, musamman a cikin fasahar sadarwa da sadarwa (ICT). Tare da hadin gwiwar Kungiyoyin gwamnati a Bangladesh, wannan kungiyar tana da alhakin bunkasa shirye-shiryen ICT na kasa, dabaru, da manufofi, karfafa Digital Bangladesh, aiwatar da e-gwamnati, da kuma hadin gwiwa tare da kungiyoyin gwamnati daban-daban da abokan hulɗa na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Har ila yau, sun saita ka'idojin ICT da ƙayyadaddun bayanai, haɓaka ababen more rayuwa na ICT, ba da shawara game da amfani da fasahar IT da matakan tsaro, gano batutuwan da suka shafi tsaron yanar gizo na ƙasa da [[Cybercrime|Laifukan yanar gizo]], da bincika, gyara, hanawa, da kuma hana waɗannan batutuwan.<ref name="bcc overview"/><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=27 February 2023 |title=Aims & Objectives of BCC |url=https://bcc.gov.bd/site/page/0d2d0333-4b3c-475e-bce3-c1b099eeaf14/- |website=Bangladesh Computer Council}}</ref> BCC ta gudanar da ayyuka da yawa don inganta kayan aikin ICT na kasar, kamar su ''BanglaGovNet'', Info-Sarker Mataki na II da III, ''Haɗin Bangladesh'', da sauransu, da yawa daga cikinsu an riga an kammala su. Har ila yau, ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga ci gaban albarkatun ɗan adam ta hanyar ba da horo ga dubban mutane, gami da nakasassu, al'ummomin transgender da ''Na Uku'', da 'yan kasuwa mata.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Project Details |url=https://bcc.gov.bd/site/page/6a8cfbab-51b4-4d90-922c-c63e5cc1f541/- |website=Bangladesh Computer Council}}</ref> BCC tana shirya gasa da abubuwan da suka faru daban-daban don inganta ilimin fasahar bayanai a kasar, gami da Gasar Shirye-shiryen Yara da Matasa ta Kasa, Gasar Blockchain ta Duniya, da Gasar Shirin Kwalejin Kasa da Kasa. Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru suna ba da dama ga mutane na kowane zamani da kuma asali don nuna ƙwarewarsu da sha'awar wannan fagen, ci gaba da tsarin halittu na farawa na ƙasar, da haɓaka shahararren shirye-shiryen kwamfuta tsakanin matasa. A cikin 2022, BCC ta shirya Gasar Shirye-shiryen Kwalejin Kasa da Kasa ta 45 a Dhaka, Bangladesh . <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Events |url=https://bcc.gov.bd/site/page/52a3188d-6e68-43b7-a604-3a34e83f2aad/- |website=Bangladesh Computer Council |access-date=2025-12-24 |archive-date=2025-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250801085916/https://bcc.gov.bd/site/page/52a3188d-6e68-43b7-a604-3a34e83f2aad/- |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kungiyar ta sami kyaututtuka da yawa da kuma karramawa saboda nasarorin da ta samu wajen inganta ICT a Bangladesh, kamar lambar yabo ta WITSA[1], lambar yabo ta WSIS[2], lambar yabo ta Gwamnatin Digital ta ASOCIO[3], lambar yabo ce ta Shugaban Ƙungiyar Open[4], lambar yabo na Gudanar da Jama'a 2017, da sauransu. == Tarihi == [[Government of Bangladesh|Gwamnatin Bangladesh]] ta kafa ''Kwamitin Kwamfuta na Kasa'' (NCC) a shekarar 1983. Duk da haka, Hukumar Kwamfuta ta Kasa (NCB) ta ɗauki matsayin NCC a shekarar 1988. A shekara ta 1989, an sanya "Bangladesh Computer Council Ordinance" a cikin aiki. A shekara mai zuwa, [[Jatiya Sangsad|Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa]] ta kafa Dokar No. 9, "''Dokar Majalisar Kwamfuta ta Bangladesh'', 1990", wanda ya canza Hukumar Kwamfuta ta Kasa zuwa wata kungiya ta doka a ƙarƙashin sunan "Bangladesh Computer Council". BCC ta ci gaba da aiki a karkashin [[President of Bangladesh|Sakatariyar Shugaban kasa]] har zuwa 1991. A cikin 1991, an sanya wannan kungiyar a ƙarƙashin [[Ministry of Science and Technology (Bangladesh)|Ma'aikatar Kimiyya da Fasaha]], wanda daga baya ya zama Ma'aikatu na Kimiyya da Bayanai da Fasahar Sadarwa. A cikin shekaru, BCC ta samo asali kuma ta fadada ayyukanta don biyan buƙatun da ke ƙaruwa na ɓangaren ICT. A cikin shekara ta 2011, an sanya BCC a ƙarƙashin sabon Sashen Fasahar Bayanai da Sadarwa na Ma'aikatar Sadarwa, Sadarwa da Fasahar Bayanai na Gwamnatin Bangladesh (GoB). <ref name="bcc overview"/><ref name="bcc_en_banglapedia">{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh Computer Council |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Bangladesh_Computer_Council |website=Banglapedia |language=en}}</ref> == Manufofin == Majalisar Kwamfuta ta Bangladesh tana aiki tare da manufofi masu zuwa don inganta ICT a Bangladesh: <ref name=":13"/> * ''Kafa da aiwatar da manufofi, dabarun, da tsare-tsare don ingantaccen aikace-aikace da fadada ICT a cikin ƙasar'' * ''Ƙarfafa Bangladesh ta dijital.'' * ''Aiwatar da e-gwamnati.'' * ''Haɗin gwiwa tare da hukumomin gwamnati daban-daban da abokan hulɗa na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don aiwatar da Shirye-shiryen ICT na Kasa.'' * ''Kula da bincike da ci gaba a cikin ICT.'' * ''Ci gaba da ƙwararrun albarkatun ɗan adam don masana'antun IT.'' == Ayyuka == Babban nauyin Majalisar Kwamfuta ta Bangladesh sun hada da: <ref>{{Cite web |title=BCC Act-1990 |url=https://bcc.gov.bd/site/page/7888ae67-2adc-4aab-962f-4ad0e5c924f2/- |website=Bangladesh Computer Council}}</ref> # ''Karfafa amfani da ICT don ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki'' # ''Ci gaba da ababen more rayuwa don amfani da kwamfutoci a bangarori daban-daban na tattalin arzikin ƙasa da inganta ingancin ilimi, horo, da ka'idojin ƙwararru da suka shafi kwamfutocin'' # ''Taimaka wa 'yan ƙasar Bangladesh su zama masu gasa a fagen fasahar bayanai'' # ''Ci gaba da albarkatun mutane da ƙwarewa a cikin fasahar kwamfuta da fitar da waɗannan albarkatun zuwa kasuwar duniya'' # ''Shirya da aiwatar da dabarun ICT da manufofi na kasa'' # ''Haɗin kai tare da gwamnati da sauran kungiyoyi wajen amfani da ICT da kuma ba su shawara'' # ''Inganta amfani da ICT a cikin gwamnati da sauran kungiyoyi'' # ''Bayar da shawara game da matakan tsaro don amfani da ICT'' # ''Gina cibiyoyin horo, ɗakunan karatu, da dakunan gwaje-gwaje don kimiyyar kwamfuta, samar da kayan aikin da ake buƙata, da kiyaye su'' # ''Tattara, nazari, da rarraba bayanai game da ICT'' # ''Rahotanni na bugawa, ayyukan, da kuma lokaci-lokaci kan kimiyyar kwamfuta da ICT'' # ''Shirya tattaunawa da bita kan kimiyyar kwamfuta, ICT, da sauran batutuwa masu alaƙa da gudanar da horo a kan waɗannan batutuwa'' # ''Bayar da tallafi don bincike, ilimi, da horo a cikin ICT'' # ''Sadarwa da hadin kai tare da dukkan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, na cikin gida, da na kasashen waje don cimma burin kasa a fagen ICT'' # ''Tattaunawa da sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da kungiyoyin cikin gida da na kasashen waje tare da amincewar gwamnati kamar yadda ya cancanta don aiwatar da ayyukan BCC'' # ''Gudanar da duk wani aiki na musamman da gwamnati ta ba shi da alaƙa da kimiyyar kwamfuta'' # ''Bayyana ka'idoji da ƙayyadaddun kimiyyar kwamfuta da ICT'' # ''Ɗauki duk wani matakai da ya dace don aiwatar da ayyukan da aka ambata a sama'' Wadannan nauyin sun hada da shirye-shirye da ayyukan da aka tsara don ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban sashin ICT a Bangladesh. == Manazarta == sodmj6ljf9oiuhyjbjp5ukn6jqo12tw 0 123741 906443 749385 2026-08-23T06:44:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906443 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Jaridar The Blue Mountains Advertiser''''' jarida ce ta Turanci da ake bugawa duk mako-mako a Katoomba, New South Wales, Ostiraliya. Jaridar, wacce aka buga daga 1939 zuwa 1978, ta sauya sunaye sau da yawa a tarihinta. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=The Blue Mountains Advertiser |url=http://library.sl.nsw.gov.au/record=b1174050~S2 |access-date=6 February 2015 |website=State Library of NSW Catalogue |publisher= |archive-date=6 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206032954/http://library.sl.nsw.gov.au/record=b1174050~S2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == {| class="wikitable" !Lakabi ! Kwanaki |- | ''Springwood Sentinel'' <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=The Blue Mountains Advertiser |url=http://library.sl.nsw.gov.au/record=b1174050~S2 |access-date=6 February 2015 |website=State Library of NSW Catalogue |publisher= |archive-date=6 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206032954/http://library.sl.nsw.gov.au/record=b1174050~S2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- | ''Mai jigilar kaya daga tsaunukan Blue Mountains'' | 1960 <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Blue Mountains advertiser |url=http://library.sl.nsw.gov.au/record=b1174050~S2 |access-date=6 February 2015 |website=Catalogue |publisher=State Library of NSW |archive-date=6 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206032954/http://library.sl.nsw.gov.au/record=b1174050~S2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} Jaridar Blue Mountains Advertiser wata jarida ce ta mako-mako wadda ta fara bugawa a shekarar 1939, kodayake babu fitowar farko da ta wanzu. James Robert Wighton, tsohon mawallafi tare da jaridar Daily, da Cecil Thomas Roberts ne suka kafa ta, kuma an buga fitowar farko a Parramatta . Daga fitowa ta 20 (19 ga Janairu 1940), Wilfrid Mason ne ya buga ta kuma aka buga ta a ofishin Daily, 23 Parke Street, Katoomba. Yaɗuwarta ta shafi kusan dukkan tsaunukan Blue Mountains, daga Glenbrook (da kuma daga baya Emu Plains) zuwa Mount Victoria. A watan Yunin 1942, sunan Mason ya ɓace daga jaridar kuma an jera mawallafin a matsayin "Blue Mountains Daily Pty., Ltd." Wani lokaci a lokacin Janairu - Yuli 1948, an fara buga jaridar a Parramatta, a ofishin Cumberland Newspapers. A ranar 4 ga Oktoba, 1948, Mai Talla ya koma 134 Titin Katoomba kuma ofishin Parke Street, bayan dogon tarihin jarida, a ƙarshe aka rufe shi kuma masana'antar ta watse. Daga wannan rana, an lissafa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a matsayin masu mallakar: "The Blue Mountain Advertiser Co." (zuwa Afrilu 1949); "Blue Mountains Newspaper Co." (zuwa c. 1957 ); "Jaridu na Babban Taron" (daga c. 1957 zuwa Oktoba 1965). Daga Oktoba 1965, Cumberland Newspapers, Parramatta, ta buga kuma ta buga Mai Talla, ofishin yankin yana nan a lamba 134 Katoomba Street, Katoomba. [1] == Canzawa ta hanyar dijital == An mayar ''da Mai Tallata Blue Mountains'' zuwa dijital a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin Shirin Digitisation na Jaridun Australiya na Laburaren Ƙasa na Australiya . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=The Blue Mountains Advertiser |url=http://library.sl.nsw.gov.au/record=b1174050~S2 |access-date=6 February 2015 |website=State Library of NSW Catalogue |publisher= |archive-date=6 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206032954/http://library.sl.nsw.gov.au/record=b1174050~S2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=The Blue Mountains Advertiser |url=http://library.sl.nsw.gov.au/record=b1174050~S2 |access-date=6 February 2015 |website=State Library of NSW Catalogue |publisher= |archive-date=6 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206032954/http://library.sl.nsw.gov.au/record=b1174050~S2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin jaridu a New South Wales * Jerin jaridu a Ostiraliya == Manazarta == <references /> sxitv6h1kyd4u24hmpt7sjnnpc7sqsv 0 124020 906478 750151 2026-08-23T10:38:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906478 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Jaridar '''''The Farmer & Settler''''' jarida ce mai watsa shirye-shirye a harshen Turanci da ake bugawa a [[Sydney]], New South Wales, Ostiraliya, tsakanin 1906 da 1957.<ref name="the catalogue">{{Cite web |title=The Farmer and settler : the official newspaper of the Farmers and Settlers Association of New South Wales, State Library of NSW catalogue entry |url=http://library.sl.nsw.gov.au/record=b1173019~S1 |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-date=1 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101122641/http://library.sl.nsw.gov.au/record=b1173019~S1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An fi buga ta a kowane mako. [[Fayil:Farmer_and_Settler_banner.png|center|400x400px]] An yi wa tutar fitowar farko ta Manomi da Settler taken "Jaridar Hukuma ta Ƙungiyar Manoma da Settlers ta New South Wales", sannan daga Juzu'i na II mai lamba 1 na 8 ga Fabrairu 1907, taken "Ƙungiyar Manoma da Settlers ta NSW", wanda a watan Yuli 1910 ya zama "Muryar Duniyar Karkara",[1] daga 22 ga Maris 1918 "da Mujallar Masu Kiwo da Dabbobi"; daga 30 ga Janairu 1932 "An Gudanar da shi ta Uncle Wiseman"; [lower-alpha 1] sannan daga 29 ga Yuli 1937 "Shekarar 32 ta Bugawa" (ana sabunta ta kowace Fabrairu). == Tarihi == [[Fayil:The_Farmer_&_Settler_7_February_1906.PNG|thumb|''Manomi da Matsuguni'', 7 ga Fabrairu, 1906]] An buga fitowar farko a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, 1906 a matsayin jaridar hukuma ta Ƙungiyar Manoma da Mazauna New South Wales ".<ref name="the catalogue"/> Editan farko na jaridar shine sakataren (a lokacin) na Ƙungiyar F&S, [[T. I. Campbell|TI Campbell]], tare da Charles White mataimakin edita. Har yanzu White yana aiki haka a watan Disamba, 1909, a mafi yawan lokacin a ƙarƙashin "babban ƙaramin edita" Harry J. Stephens. A watan Yulin 1907, an yi wa wani sabon kamfani '''mai suna Farmers' and Settlers' Publishers Limited''', wanda ke da kadarorin £20,000 a cikin £1, don kwace kadarorin jaridar. Ƙungiyar Manoma da Settlers' Association ba za ta iya dogara da jaridar don ta zama muryarta ba, kuma a watan Janairun 1911, Ƙungiyar ta ƙaddamar da wata sabuwar takarda, ''The Land'' in competition. A watan Agusta na shekarar 1911, jaridar ta fara bugawa sau biyu a mako, kuma hakan ya ci gaba har zuwa jim kaɗan bayan fara Yaƙin Duniya na 1. Daga ranar Litinin 7 ga Satumba, 1914, ana buga jaridar kowace rana don bayar da rahoto game da "yaƙin daga rana zuwa rana".<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> A shekarar 1916, jaridar ta ba wa Jean Williamson aikinta na farko. Ita ce ke gudanar da sashin mata na jaridar. == Canzawa ta hanyar dijital == An mayar da wannan takarda ta hanyar dijital a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Dijital na Jaridun Australiya na Laburaren Ƙasa na Australiya. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} stmpywqgtbpucgrduluuebmhlr0hs0i 0 124201 906385 905944 2026-08-23T04:36:26Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mohammed Ibrahim Hakki''' (7 ga Afrilun shekarar 1933, [[Kairo|Alkahira]] - 24 ga Oktoban shekarar 2015, [[Virginia]]) ɗan jaridar Masar ne, manajan hulɗa da jama'a kuma diflomasiyya, kuma an ɗauke shi babban marubuci da masanin siyasa, kuma mai shaida na shekaru da yawa kuma masanin dangantakar Masar da Amurka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> A cikin aikin da ya kai sama da shekaru ashirin, Haƙƙin ya kasance babban edita da shugaban ofishin jaridu da yawa na Masar da Larabawa, kuma ya riƙe muƙamin a Bankin Duniya, gwamnatin Masar, kuma ya kasance mai magana da yawun marigayi shugaban ƙasar [[Anwar Sadat]]. == Jarida == Hakki ya fara aikinsa a jaridar Masar mai suna ''Al-Ahram'' a shekarar 1959, inda kuma ya zama Babban Editan Ƙasashen Waje a cikin shekarun 1960 kuma "ɗaya daga cikin tauraron 'yan jarida... a lokacin da yake da zinariya". <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Goweida |first=Farouk |date=2015-10-31 |title=محمد حقى رحيل صامت |url=https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/الاعمدة/محمد-حقى-رحيل-صامت.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211212135/https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%89-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA.aspx |archive-date=2022-12-11 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=الأهرام اليومي |language=ar}}</ref> Matsayinsa yana nufin cewa ba wai kawai ya rufe duniya ba, amma ya yi tafiya, ya ziyarci ƙasashe a Turai, Asiya, tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, da kusan ƙasashe 25 na Afirka, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> yana hira da masu yanke shawara da yawa ciki har da Shugaba na Jamus Willy Brandt a shekarar 1969. A farkon shekarun 1970s, Hakki ya bar aikin jarida na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin alaƙar jama'a da diflomasiyya, ya koma rubuce-rubuce a farkon shekarun 1980. A shekara ta 1982 an ba shi wata ƙungiya a Cibiyar Woodrow Wilson don rubuta littafi game da dangantakar Masar da Amurka a ƙarƙashin taken aiki The Domestic Determinants of Egypt's Foreign Policy . A cikin shekarun 1980 da 90 Haƙƙin ya zama Babban Ofishin Washington na [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]] ''Al-Anba"'' sannan kuma jaridar [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabiya]] ''Okaz''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Mohamed Hakki |url=https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209102930/https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-date=2022-12-09 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=State Information Service |language=Ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Wadannan mukamai suna nufin cewa an gayyace shi akai-akai don yin sharhi game da batutuwan Larabawa da Amurka, musamman a lokacin Yakin Gulf, da kuma nuna bambanci ga al'ummar Larabawa da Amirka a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Coverage of the Persian Gulf {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?16542-1/international-coverage-persian-gulf |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Gulf War and the Media: A Retrospective {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?17157-1/gulf-war-media-retrospective |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Press: Achieving Balanced Coverage {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?64961-1/us-press-achieving-balanced-coverage |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref> Duk da yin ritaya daga aikin cikakken lokaci a ƙarshen shekarun 1990, Haƙƙin ya kasance mai ba da labari na yau da kullun kan batutuwan Masar-Amurka da Larabawa-Amurka, musamman bayan [[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren 9/11]], da mamayewar Iraki na shekarar 2003, yana rubutu a kai a kai don tashar kiransa ta farko, ''Al-Ahram'', da reshen Ingilishi, a cikin shekarun 1990 da 2000, da kuma kasancewa mai baƙon baki a cikin kafofin watsa labarai da yawa na duniya - Rubuce-rubuce a ƙasa. == Dangantaka da diflomasiyya == A shekara ta 1972, Hakki ya koma [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]] ya shiga Bankin Duniya a matsayin Jami'in Bayanai da Harkokin Jama'a.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGorguissian2015">Gorguissian, Thomas (2015-10-29). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx "Witness to Arab-US Milestones"]. Al-Ahram Weekly. Archived from [http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx the original] on 2016-11-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-11</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Koyaya, a cikin shekarar 1975 shugaban kasar Anwar Sadat ya ba shi aiki da kafa [[List of diplomatic missions of Egypt|Ofishin Jakadancin Masar a Washington DC]], ya zama babban mai hulɗa da manema labarai don manyan abubuwan da suka faru a dangantakar Masar da Amurka a cikin shekaru shida da suka biyo baya.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Mohamed Hakki |url=https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209102930/https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-date=2022-12-09 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=State Information Service |language=Ar}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Goweida |first=Farouk |date=2015-10-31 |title=محمد حقى رحيل صامت |url=https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/الاعمدة/محمد-حقى-رحيل-صامت.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211212135/https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%89-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA.aspx |archive-date=2022-12-11 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=الأهرام اليومي |language=ar}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> Hakki ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan [[State Information Service|Ofishin Bayanai na Jiha]] Alkahira a shekarar 1980, kuma ya zama mai magana da yawun Sadat, <ref name=":32" /> ya maye gurbin [[Safwat El-Sherif|Safwat al-Sharif]] . A bayyane yake an ba Hakki wannan matsayi tare da alkawarin rike mukamin ministoci a nan gaba - mai yiwuwa don maye gurbin [[Ministry of Information (Egypt)|Ministan Bayanai]] da Harkokin Shugaban kasa [[Mansour Hassan]] wanda daga ƙarshe aka cire shi / ya yi murabus a watan Satumbar 1981. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Wannan yiwuwar ta lalace tare da [[Assassination of Anwar Sadat|kisan Sadat]] a watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar, da kuma ƙarshen zamansa a matsayin shugaban SIS a cikin shekara guda na shugaban [[Hosni Mubarak]] ya zo mulki.<ref name=":22" /> [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1933]] ==manazarta == lfyofr3bqrm8jgouutqqtfrd7dv9sfi 906386 906385 2026-08-23T04:36:50Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mohammed Ibrahim Hakki''' (7 ga Afrilun shekarar 1933, [[Kairo|Alkahira]] - 24 ga Oktoban shekarar 2015, [[Virginia]]) ɗan jaridar Masar ne, manajan hulɗa da jama'a kuma diflomasiyya, kuma an ɗauke shi babban marubuci da masanin siyasa, kuma mai shaida na shekaru da yawa kuma masanin dangantakar Masar da Amurka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> A cikin aikin da ya kai sama da shekaru ashirin, Haƙƙin ya kasance babban edita da shugaban ofishin jaridu da yawa na Masar da Larabawa, kuma ya riƙe muƙamin a Bankin Duniya, gwamnatin Masar, kuma ya kasance mai magana da yawun marigayi shugaban ƙasar [[Anwar Sadat]]. == Jarida == Hakki ya fara aikinsa a jaridar Masar mai suna ''Al-Ahram'' a shekarar 1959, inda kuma ya zama Babban Editan Ƙasashen Waje a cikin shekarun 1960 kuma "ɗaya daga cikin tauraron 'yan jarida... a lokacin da yake da zinariya". <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Goweida |first=Farouk |date=2015-10-31 |title=محمد حقى رحيل صامت |url=https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/الاعمدة/محمد-حقى-رحيل-صامت.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211212135/https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%89-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA.aspx |archive-date=2022-12-11 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=الأهرام اليومي |language=ar}}</ref> Matsayinsa yana nufin cewa ba wai kawai ya rufe duniya ba, amma ya yi tafiya, ya ziyarci ƙasashe a Turai, Asiya, tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, da kusan ƙasashe 25 na Afirka, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> yana hira da masu yanke shawara da yawa ciki har da Shugaba na Jamus Willy Brandt a shekarar 1969. A farkon shekarun 1970s, Hakki ya bar aikin jarida na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin alaƙar jama'a da diflomasiyya, ya koma rubuce-rubuce a farkon shekarun 1980. A shekara ta 1982 an ba shi wata ƙungiya a Cibiyar Woodrow Wilson don rubuta littafi game da dangantakar Masar da Amurka a ƙarƙashin taken aiki The Domestic Determinants of Egypt's Foreign Policy . A cikin shekarun 1980 da 90 Haƙƙin ya kuma zama Babban Ofishin Washington na [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]] ''Al-Anba"'' sannan kuma jaridar [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabiya]] ''Okaz''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Mohamed Hakki |url=https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209102930/https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-date=2022-12-09 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=State Information Service |language=Ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Wadannan mukamai suna nufin cewa an gayyace shi akai-akai don yin sharhi game da batutuwan Larabawa da Amurka, musamman a lokacin Yakin Gulf, da kuma nuna bambanci ga al'ummar Larabawa da Amirka a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Coverage of the Persian Gulf {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?16542-1/international-coverage-persian-gulf |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Gulf War and the Media: A Retrospective {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?17157-1/gulf-war-media-retrospective |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Press: Achieving Balanced Coverage {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?64961-1/us-press-achieving-balanced-coverage |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref> Duk da yin ritaya daga aikin cikakken lokaci a ƙarshen shekarun 1990, Haƙƙin ya kasance mai ba da labari na yau da kullun kan batutuwan Masar-Amurka da Larabawa-Amurka, musamman bayan [[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren 9/11]], da mamayewar Iraki na shekarar 2003, yana rubutu a kai a kai don tashar kiransa ta farko, ''Al-Ahram'', da reshen Ingilishi, a cikin shekarun 1990 da 2000, da kuma kasancewa mai baƙon baki a cikin kafofin watsa labarai da yawa na duniya - Rubuce-rubuce a ƙasa. == Dangantaka da diflomasiyya == A shekara ta 1972, Hakki ya koma [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]] ya shiga Bankin Duniya a matsayin Jami'in Bayanai da Harkokin Jama'a.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGorguissian2015">Gorguissian, Thomas (2015-10-29). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx "Witness to Arab-US Milestones"]. Al-Ahram Weekly. Archived from [http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx the original] on 2016-11-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-11</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Koyaya, a cikin shekarar 1975 shugaban kasar Anwar Sadat ya ba shi aiki da kafa [[List of diplomatic missions of Egypt|Ofishin Jakadancin Masar a Washington DC]], ya zama babban mai hulɗa da manema labarai don manyan abubuwan da suka faru a dangantakar Masar da Amurka a cikin shekaru shida da suka biyo baya.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Mohamed Hakki |url=https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209102930/https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-date=2022-12-09 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=State Information Service |language=Ar}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Goweida |first=Farouk |date=2015-10-31 |title=محمد حقى رحيل صامت |url=https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/الاعمدة/محمد-حقى-رحيل-صامت.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211212135/https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%89-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA.aspx |archive-date=2022-12-11 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=الأهرام اليومي |language=ar}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> Hakki ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan [[State Information Service|Ofishin Bayanai na Jiha]] Alkahira a shekarar 1980, kuma ya zama mai magana da yawun Sadat, <ref name=":32" /> ya maye gurbin [[Safwat El-Sherif|Safwat al-Sharif]] . A bayyane yake an ba Hakki wannan matsayi tare da alkawarin rike mukamin ministoci a nan gaba - mai yiwuwa don maye gurbin [[Ministry of Information (Egypt)|Ministan Bayanai]] da Harkokin Shugaban kasa [[Mansour Hassan]] wanda daga ƙarshe aka cire shi / ya yi murabus a watan Satumbar 1981. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Wannan yiwuwar ta lalace tare da [[Assassination of Anwar Sadat|kisan Sadat]] a watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar, da kuma ƙarshen zamansa a matsayin shugaban SIS a cikin shekara guda na shugaban [[Hosni Mubarak]] ya zo mulki.<ref name=":22" /> [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1933]] ==manazarta == ai2o7lz0849ekd3xdx8e8d0o7ihszbi 906387 906386 2026-08-23T04:37:14Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906387 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mohammed Ibrahim Hakki''' (7 ga Afrilun shekarar 1933, [[Kairo|Alkahira]] - 24 ga Oktoban shekarar 2015, [[Virginia]]) ɗan jaridar Masar ne, manajan hulɗa da jama'a kuma diflomasiyya, kuma an ɗauke shi babban marubuci da masanin siyasa, kuma mai shaida na shekaru da yawa kuma masanin dangantakar Masar da Amurka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> A cikin aikin da ya kai sama da shekaru ashirin, Haƙƙin ya kasance babban edita da shugaban ofishin jaridu da yawa na Masar da Larabawa, kuma ya riƙe muƙamin a Bankin Duniya, gwamnatin Masar, kuma ya kasance mai magana da yawun marigayi shugaban ƙasar [[Anwar Sadat]]. == Jarida == Hakki ya fara aikinsa a jaridar Masar mai suna ''Al-Ahram'' a shekarar 1959, inda kuma ya zama Babban Editan Ƙasashen Waje a cikin shekarun 1960 kuma "ɗaya daga cikin tauraron 'yan jarida... a lokacin da yake da zinariya". <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Goweida |first=Farouk |date=2015-10-31 |title=محمد حقى رحيل صامت |url=https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/الاعمدة/محمد-حقى-رحيل-صامت.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211212135/https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%89-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA.aspx |archive-date=2022-12-11 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=الأهرام اليومي |language=ar}}</ref> Matsayinsa yana nufin cewa ba wai kawai ya rufe duniya ba, amma ya yi tafiya, ya ziyarci ƙasashe a Turai, Asiya, tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, da kusan ƙasashe 25 na Afirka, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> yana hira da masu yanke shawara da yawa ciki har da Shugaba na Jamus Willy Brandt a shekarar 1969. A farkon shekarun 1970s, Hakki ya bar aikin jarida na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin alaƙar jama'a da diflomasiyya, ya koma rubuce-rubuce a farkon shekarun 1980. A shekara ta 1982 an ba shi wata ƙungiya a Cibiyar Woodrow Wilson don rubuta littafi game da dangantakar Masar da Amurka a ƙarƙashin taken aiki The Domestic Determinants of Egypt's Foreign Policy . A cikin shekarun 1980 da 90 Haƙƙin ya kuma zama Babban Ofishin Washington na [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]] ''Al-Anba"'' sannan kuma jaridar [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabiya]] ''Okaz''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Mohamed Hakki |url=https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209102930/https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-date=2022-12-09 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=State Information Service |language=Ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Wadannan mukamai suna nufin cewa an gayyace shi akai-akai don yin sharhi game da batutuwan Larabawa da Amurka, musamman a lokacin Yakin Gulf, da kuma nuna bambanci ga al'ummar Larabawa da Amirka a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Coverage of the Persian Gulf {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?16542-1/international-coverage-persian-gulf |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Gulf War and the Media: A Retrospective {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?17157-1/gulf-war-media-retrospective |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Press: Achieving Balanced Coverage {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?64961-1/us-press-achieving-balanced-coverage |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref> Duk da yin ritaya daga aikin cikakken lokaci a ƙarshen shekarun 1990, Haƙƙin ya kasance mai ba da labari na yau da kullun kan batutuwan Masar-Amurka da Larabawa-Amurka, musamman bayan [[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren 9/11]], da mamayewar Iraki na shekarar 2003, yana rubutu a kai a kai don tashar kiransa ta farko, ''Al-Ahram'', da reshen Ingilishi, a cikin shekarun 1990 da 2000, da kuma kasancewa mai baƙon baki a cikin kafofin watsa labarai da yawa na duniya - Rubuce-rubuce a ƙasa. == Dangantaka da diflomasiyya == A shekara ta 1972, Haƙƙi ya koma [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]] ya shiga Bankin Duniya a matsayin Jami'in Bayanai da Harkokin Jama'a.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGorguissian2015">Gorguissian, Thomas (2015-10-29). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx "Witness to Arab-US Milestones"]. Al-Ahram Weekly. Archived from [http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx the original] on 2016-11-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-11</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Koyaya, a cikin shekarar 1975 shugaban kasar Anwar Sadat ya ba shi aiki da kafa [[List of diplomatic missions of Egypt|Ofishin Jakadancin Masar a Washington DC]], ya zama babban mai hulɗa da manema labarai don manyan abubuwan da suka faru a dangantakar Masar da Amurka a cikin shekaru shida da suka biyo baya.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Mohamed Hakki |url=https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209102930/https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-date=2022-12-09 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=State Information Service |language=Ar}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Goweida |first=Farouk |date=2015-10-31 |title=محمد حقى رحيل صامت |url=https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/الاعمدة/محمد-حقى-رحيل-صامت.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211212135/https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%89-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA.aspx |archive-date=2022-12-11 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=الأهرام اليومي |language=ar}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> Hakki ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan [[State Information Service|Ofishin Bayanai na Jiha]] Alkahira a shekarar 1980, kuma ya zama mai magana da yawun Sadat, <ref name=":32" /> ya maye gurbin [[Safwat El-Sherif|Safwat al-Sharif]] . A bayyane yake an ba Hakki wannan matsayi tare da alkawarin rike mukamin ministoci a nan gaba - mai yiwuwa don maye gurbin [[Ministry of Information (Egypt)|Ministan Bayanai]] da Harkokin Shugaban kasa [[Mansour Hassan]] wanda daga ƙarshe aka cire shi / ya yi murabus a watan Satumbar 1981. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Wannan yiwuwar ta lalace tare da [[Assassination of Anwar Sadat|kisan Sadat]] a watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar, da kuma ƙarshen zamansa a matsayin shugaban SIS a cikin shekara guda na shugaban [[Hosni Mubarak]] ya zo mulki.<ref name=":22" /> [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1933]] ==manazarta == ci36frlkrzn3g3fh2w7pwoovwx0pen8 906388 906387 2026-08-23T04:37:35Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mohammed Ibrahim Hakki''' (7 ga Afrilun shekarar 1933, [[Kairo|Alkahira]] - 24 ga Oktoban shekarar 2015, [[Virginia]]) ɗan jaridar Masar ne, manajan hulɗa da jama'a kuma diflomasiyya, kuma an ɗauke shi babban marubuci da masanin siyasa, kuma mai shaida na shekaru da yawa kuma masanin dangantakar Masar da Amurka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> A cikin aikin da ya kai sama da shekaru ashirin, Haƙƙin ya kasance babban edita da shugaban ofishin jaridu da yawa na Masar da Larabawa, kuma ya riƙe muƙamin a Bankin Duniya, gwamnatin Masar, kuma ya kasance mai magana da yawun marigayi shugaban ƙasar [[Anwar Sadat]]. == Jarida == Hakki ya fara aikinsa a jaridar Masar mai suna ''Al-Ahram'' a shekarar 1959, inda kuma ya zama Babban Editan Ƙasashen Waje a cikin shekarun 1960 kuma "ɗaya daga cikin tauraron 'yan jarida... a lokacin da yake da zinariya". <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Goweida |first=Farouk |date=2015-10-31 |title=محمد حقى رحيل صامت |url=https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/الاعمدة/محمد-حقى-رحيل-صامت.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211212135/https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%89-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA.aspx |archive-date=2022-12-11 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=الأهرام اليومي |language=ar}}</ref> Matsayinsa yana nufin cewa ba wai kawai ya rufe duniya ba, amma ya yi tafiya, ya ziyarci ƙasashe a Turai, Asiya, tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, da kusan ƙasashe 25 na Afirka, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> yana hira da masu yanke shawara da yawa ciki har da Shugaba na Jamus Willy Brandt a shekarar 1969. A farkon shekarun 1970s, Hakki ya bar aikin jarida na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin alaƙar jama'a da diflomasiyya, ya koma rubuce-rubuce a farkon shekarun 1980. A shekara ta 1982 an ba shi wata ƙungiya a Cibiyar Woodrow Wilson don rubuta littafi game da dangantakar Masar da Amurka a ƙarƙashin taken aiki The Domestic Determinants of Egypt's Foreign Policy . A cikin shekarun 1980 da 90 Haƙƙin ya kuma zama Babban Ofishin Washington na [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]] ''Al-Anba"'' sannan kuma jaridar [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabiya]] ''Okaz''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Mohamed Hakki |url=https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209102930/https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-date=2022-12-09 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=State Information Service |language=Ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Wadannan mukamai suna nufin cewa an gayyace shi akai-akai don yin sharhi game da batutuwan Larabawa da Amurka, musamman a lokacin Yakin Gulf, da kuma nuna bambanci ga al'ummar Larabawa da Amirka a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Coverage of the Persian Gulf {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?16542-1/international-coverage-persian-gulf |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Gulf War and the Media: A Retrospective {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?17157-1/gulf-war-media-retrospective |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Press: Achieving Balanced Coverage {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?64961-1/us-press-achieving-balanced-coverage |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref> Duk da yin ritaya daga aikin cikakken lokaci a ƙarshen shekarun 1990, Haƙƙin ya kasance mai ba da labari na yau da kullun kan batutuwan Masar-Amurka da Larabawa-Amurka, musamman bayan [[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren 9/11]], da mamayewar Iraki na shekarar 2003, yana rubutu a kai a kai don tashar kiransa ta farko, ''Al-Ahram'', da reshen Ingilishi, a cikin shekarun 1990 da 2000, da kuma kasancewa mai baƙon baki a cikin kafofin watsa labarai da yawa na duniya - Rubuce-rubuce a ƙasa. == Dangantaka da diflomasiyya == A shekara ta 1972, Haƙƙi ya koma [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]] ya shiga Bankin Duniya a matsayin Jami'in Bayanai da Harkokin Jama'a.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGorguissian2015">Gorguissian, Thomas (2015-10-29). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx "Witness to Arab-US Milestones"]. Al-Ahram Weekly. Archived from [http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx the original] on 2016-11-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-11</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Koyaya, a cikin shekarar 1975 shugaban ƙasar Anwar Sadat ya ba shi aiki da kafa [[List of diplomatic missions of Egypt|Ofishin Jakadancin Masar a Washington DC]], ya zama babban mai hulɗa da manema labarai don manyan abubuwan da suka faru a dangantakar Masar da Amurka a cikin shekaru shida da suka biyo baya.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Mohamed Hakki |url=https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209102930/https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-date=2022-12-09 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=State Information Service |language=Ar}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Goweida |first=Farouk |date=2015-10-31 |title=محمد حقى رحيل صامت |url=https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/الاعمدة/محمد-حقى-رحيل-صامت.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211212135/https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%89-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA.aspx |archive-date=2022-12-11 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=الأهرام اليومي |language=ar}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> Hakki ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan [[State Information Service|Ofishin Bayanai na Jiha]] Alkahira a shekarar 1980, kuma ya zama mai magana da yawun Sadat, <ref name=":32" /> ya maye gurbin [[Safwat El-Sherif|Safwat al-Sharif]] . A bayyane yake an ba Hakki wannan matsayi tare da alkawarin rike mukamin ministoci a nan gaba - mai yiwuwa don maye gurbin [[Ministry of Information (Egypt)|Ministan Bayanai]] da Harkokin Shugaban kasa [[Mansour Hassan]] wanda daga ƙarshe aka cire shi / ya yi murabus a watan Satumbar 1981. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Wannan yiwuwar ta lalace tare da [[Assassination of Anwar Sadat|kisan Sadat]] a watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar, da kuma ƙarshen zamansa a matsayin shugaban SIS a cikin shekara guda na shugaban [[Hosni Mubarak]] ya zo mulki.<ref name=":22" /> [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1933]] ==manazarta == 1qp6vfltwqp2lhtlkk5v1i4161fyu9d 906389 906388 2026-08-23T04:37:58Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mohammed Ibrahim Hakki''' (7 ga Afrilun shekarar 1933, [[Kairo|Alkahira]] - 24 ga Oktoban shekarar 2015, [[Virginia]]) ɗan jaridar Masar ne, manajan hulɗa da jama'a kuma diflomasiyya, kuma an ɗauke shi babban marubuci da masanin siyasa, kuma mai shaida na shekaru da yawa kuma masanin dangantakar Masar da Amurka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> A cikin aikin da ya kai sama da shekaru ashirin, Haƙƙin ya kasance babban edita da shugaban ofishin jaridu da yawa na Masar da Larabawa, kuma ya riƙe muƙamin a Bankin Duniya, gwamnatin Masar, kuma ya kasance mai magana da yawun marigayi shugaban ƙasar [[Anwar Sadat]]. == Jarida == Hakki ya fara aikinsa a jaridar Masar mai suna ''Al-Ahram'' a shekarar 1959, inda kuma ya zama Babban Editan Ƙasashen Waje a cikin shekarun 1960 kuma "ɗaya daga cikin tauraron 'yan jarida... a lokacin da yake da zinariya". <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Goweida |first=Farouk |date=2015-10-31 |title=محمد حقى رحيل صامت |url=https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/الاعمدة/محمد-حقى-رحيل-صامت.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211212135/https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%89-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA.aspx |archive-date=2022-12-11 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=الأهرام اليومي |language=ar}}</ref> Matsayinsa yana nufin cewa ba wai kawai ya rufe duniya ba, amma ya yi tafiya, ya ziyarci ƙasashe a Turai, Asiya, tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, da kusan ƙasashe 25 na Afirka, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> yana hira da masu yanke shawara da yawa ciki har da Shugaba na Jamus Willy Brandt a shekarar 1969. A farkon shekarun 1970s, Hakki ya bar aikin jarida na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin alaƙar jama'a da diflomasiyya, ya koma rubuce-rubuce a farkon shekarun 1980. A shekara ta 1982 an ba shi wata ƙungiya a Cibiyar Woodrow Wilson don rubuta littafi game da dangantakar Masar da Amurka a ƙarƙashin taken aiki The Domestic Determinants of Egypt's Foreign Policy . A cikin shekarun 1980 da 90 Haƙƙin ya kuma zama Babban Ofishin Washington na [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]] ''Al-Anba"'' sannan kuma jaridar [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabiya]] ''Okaz''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Mohamed Hakki |url=https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209102930/https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-date=2022-12-09 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=State Information Service |language=Ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Wadannan mukamai suna nufin cewa an gayyace shi akai-akai don yin sharhi game da batutuwan Larabawa da Amurka, musamman a lokacin Yakin Gulf, da kuma nuna bambanci ga al'ummar Larabawa da Amirka a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Coverage of the Persian Gulf {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?16542-1/international-coverage-persian-gulf |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Gulf War and the Media: A Retrospective {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?17157-1/gulf-war-media-retrospective |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Press: Achieving Balanced Coverage {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?64961-1/us-press-achieving-balanced-coverage |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.c-span.org}}</ref> Duk da yin ritaya daga aikin cikakken lokaci a ƙarshen shekarun 1990, Haƙƙin ya kasance mai ba da labari na yau da kullun kan batutuwan Masar-Amurka da Larabawa-Amurka, musamman bayan [[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren 9/11]], da mamayewar Iraki na shekarar 2003, yana rubutu a kai a kai don tashar kiransa ta farko, ''Al-Ahram'', da reshen Ingilishi, a cikin shekarun 1990 da 2000, da kuma kasancewa mai baƙon baki a cikin kafofin watsa labarai da yawa na duniya - Rubuce-rubuce a ƙasa. == Dangantaka da diflomasiyya == A shekara ta 1972, Haƙƙi ya koma [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]] ya shiga Bankin Duniya a matsayin Jami'in Bayanai da Harkokin Jama'a.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGorguissian2015">Gorguissian, Thomas (2015-10-29). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx "Witness to Arab-US Milestones"]. Al-Ahram Weekly. Archived from [http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx the original] on 2016-11-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-11</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Koyaya, a cikin shekarar 1975 shugaban ƙasar Anwar Sadat ya ba shi aiki da kafa [[List of diplomatic missions of Egypt|Ofishin Jakadancin Masar a Washington DC]], ya zama babban mai hulɗa da manema labarai don manyan abubuwan da suka faru a dangantakar Masar da Amurka a cikin shekaru shida da suka biyo baya.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Mohamed Hakki |url=https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209102930/https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/113972/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A?lang=ar |archive-date=2022-12-09 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=State Information Service |language=Ar}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Goweida |first=Farouk |date=2015-10-31 |title=محمد حقى رحيل صامت |url=https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/الاعمدة/محمد-حقى-رحيل-صامت.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211212135/https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/131709/11/450005/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%89-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA.aspx |archive-date=2022-12-11 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=الأهرام اليومي |language=ar}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Gorguissian |first=Thomas |date=2015-10-29 |title=Witness to Arab-US Milestones |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107181517/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/13626/17/Witness-to-Arab-US-milestones.aspx |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2022-12-11 |publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly}}</ref> Hakki ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan [[State Information Service|Ofishin Bayanai na Jiha]] Alkahira a shekarar 1980, kuma ya zama mai magana da yawun Sadat, <ref name=":32" /> ya maye gurbin [[Safwat El-Sherif|Safwat al-Sharif]] . A bayyane yake an ba Haƙƙi wannan matsayi tare da alkawarin rike mukamin ministoci a nan gaba - mai yiwuwa don maye gurbin [[Ministry of Information (Egypt)|Ministan Bayanai]] da Harkokin Shugaban kasa [[Mansour Hassan]] wanda kuma daga ƙarshe aka cire shi / ya yi murabus a watan Satumbar 1981. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hakki |first=Mohamed |date=1969-12-12 |title=أول حديث لمستشار ألمانيا الغربية بعد الاعتراف بألمانيا الشرقية |url=https://archive.org/details/AlAhram1969EgyptArabic/Dec%2012%201969%2C%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28Al-Ahram%29%2C%20%2330317%2C%20Egypt%20%28ar%29/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=الأهرام اليومي |pages=4}}</ref> Wannan yiwuwar ta lalace tare da [[Assassination of Anwar Sadat|kisan Sadat]] a watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar, da kuma ƙarshen zamansa a matsayin shugaban SIS a cikin shekara guda na shugaban [[Hosni Mubarak]] ya zo mulki.<ref name=":22" /> [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1933]] ==manazarta == sqadg43kx49f21pf7exfdmc9nahs5vk 0 127424 906269 786033 2026-08-22T16:54:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kristin Carson-Chahhoud''' mai binciken kiwon lafiya ne na Australiya wanda ke da ƙwarewa a fannin kiwon lafiyar huhu. Ita farfesa ce a Jami'ar Kudancin Ostiraliya, tana jagorantar ƙungiyar bincike a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Adelaide.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Kristin Carson {{!}} Researcher Profiles |url=https://researchers.adelaide.edu.au/profile/kristin.carson |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=researchers.adelaide.edu.au }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ORCID |url=https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9966-9289 |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=orcid.org}}</ref> Kwararre a fannin maganin numfashi, kula da taba da kuma kula da cututtukan da suka shafi taba, Carson yana da niyyar rufe rata tsakanin gwaje-gwajen bincike na asibiti da kula da marasa lafiya na ainihi. == Ilimi == Bayan kammala takardar shaidar III a cikin Kwarewar Gidan Gida a shekara ta 2004 da kuma difloma a cikin Fasahar Gida (Gwaji na Pathology) a 2007 a TAFE SA, Carson ya kammala Dokta na Falsafa a Medicine (PhD) a 2015 a Jami'ar Adelaide. Rubutun ta na PhD yana da taken "Inganta zaɓuɓɓukan magani don dakatar da taba, rigakafi da cututtukan da suka danganci, tare da takamaiman ambaton al'ummomin 'yan asalin ƙasar" kuma an kammala shi yayin aiki na cikakken lokaci don Lafiya ta SA a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana kimiyya na binciken likitanci. An ba da rubutun Carson lambar yabo ta Dean don Kyautar Dokta. <ref name=":0" /> A cikin 2015 an ba Carson lambar yabo ta Master of Science a cikin Manufofin Jama'a da Gudanarwa kuma ta kammala Master of Science in Public Policy and Management (MSPPM) a [[Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Ostiraliya|Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon]] a cikin 2016.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Kristin Carson {{!}} Carnegie Mellon University |url=https://www.australia.cmu.edu/testimonials/kristin-carson |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Carnegie Mellon University |language=en |archive-date=2022-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016070052/https://www.australia.cmu.edu/testimonials/kristin-carson |url-status=dead }}</ref> An goyi bayan ta a matsayin NHMRC / Cancer Australia TRIP Fellow da kuma tallafin aikin daga NHMRC.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=NHMRC Early Career Fellowships 2018 |url=https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/attachments/Outcomes/early-career-fellowships-2018.pdf |access-date=15 October 2022 |website=NHMRC}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Training health professionals in tobacco cessation and evidence translation for Aboriginal Australians |url=http://purl.org/au-research/grants/nhmrc/GNT1108309 |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Research Data Australia |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Title: 'Indigenous Counselling and Nicotine (ICAN) QUIT in Pregnancy' - a cluster randomised trial to implement culturally competent evidence-based smoking cessation for pregnant Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander smokers |url=http://purl.org/au-research/grants/nhmrc/1116084 |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Research Data Australia |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da kyaututtuka == An ba Carson lambar yabo ta Eureka ta 2021 don Jagora mai tasowa a Kimiyya saboda aikinta kan lafiyar huhu.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=2021 Australian Museum Eureka Prize winners |url=https://australian.museum/get-involved/eureka-prizes/2021-eureka-prizes-winners/australian.museum/get-involved/eureka-prizes/2021-eureka-prizes-winners/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008011636/https://australian.museum/get-involved/eureka-prizes/2021-eureka-prizes-winners/ |archive-date=2021-10-08 |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=The Australian Museum |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Tu |first=Jessie |date=2021-09-02 |title=Meet the women transforming science in Australia: Eureka Prize finalists |url=https://womensagenda.com.au/latest/meet-the-women-transforming-science-in-australia-eureka-prize-finalists/ |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=Women's Agenda |language=en-AU}}</ref> Carson ta amince da ExpertScape a matsayin kasancewa a saman 1.3% na masana a duk duniya kan shan sigari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ORCID |url=https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9966-9289 |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=orcid.org}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] i1y76m51t02ltomy58jmcwyjzk5d98s 0 128639 906193 763204 2026-08-22T12:22:30Z BnHamid 12586 /* top */ Sanya databox, replaced: → {{databox}} using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 906193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Georg Thomas Sabler (Rashanci: Его́р Его́рович Са́блер ko Георг Заблер, Lithuanian: Georgas Tomas Sableris; 30 Afrilu [O.S. 18 Afrilu] 1810 - 7 Disamba 1865 asalin Jamusanci) yankunan Estonia na zamani, Lithuania, Ukraine, da kuma Rasha (sa'an nan duk wani ɓangare na Rasha Empire). Ɗalibi ne na Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve, Sabler ya yi karatun tauhidin da lissafi a Jami'ar Tartu . Da yake sha'awar laccocin Struve na ilimin taurari, Sabler ya shiga cikin wani balaguro wanda ya auna bambancin matakan teku a cikin Tekun Baƙi da Tekun Caspian. Sabler ya yi aiki a matsayin masanin taurari a Tartu Observatory da Pulkovo Observatory, kuma daga baya ya zama darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Astronomical ta Jami'ar Vilnius, wanda ya sami nasa hoton hoto saboda kokarin Sabler. Na'urar daukar hoto ita ce ta biyu da aka samar a duniya. Sabler da mataimakinsa Matvey Gusev sun fara daukar hoto da bincike kan sunspots. An bayyana shi a matsayin "mai kirkirar kuma mai gabatarwa na sabon binciken astrophysical a wurin lura da Vilnius". Sabler ya kuma gina kundin taurari, ya kula da hanyoyin lura, kuma ya gina kayan aikin astronomical daban-daban kamar ruwan tabarau. Musamman, Sabler ya shiga cikin tantance Struve Geodetic Arc a Finland, Lithuania, Ukraine, da Bessarabiya. Sabler shine na farko da ya sami hanyar tantance kusurwar refraction a cikin kafofin watsa labarai masu gaskiya. === Rayuwa ta farko da karatu === An haifi Georg Thomas Sabler a ranar 30 ga Afrilu [ ] a Haljala, yanzu wani ɓangare na Lääne-Viru County, Estonia. Mahaifinsa, Georg Christian Sabler (1776-1819), fasto ne na Lutheran . <ref name="bbld">{{Cite web |title=Sabler, Georg* Thomas (1810-1865) |url=https://bbld.de/0000000020144854 |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=bbld.de |publisher=Baltic Historical Commission (BHK)}}</ref> Da farko, Sabler ya yi karatu a asirce. Daga baya, Sabler ta kammala karatu daga gidan wasan motsa jiki na Tartu Evangelical Cathedral.<ref name="ukr">{{Cite web |title=SABLER GEORG THOMAS [SABLER YEHOR (GEORGE) YEHOROVICH] |url=http://ukr-vo.org/personalities/index.php?b&6&lit=S&idp=1973 |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=ukr-vo.org}}</ref> Sabler ta yi karatun tauhidin (1828-1832) da lissafi (1832-1839) a Jami'ar Tartu . Ya ci gaba da sha'awar kimiyyar halitta, musamman a cikin ilimin taurari, wanda Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve ya ba da lacca. A lokacin karatunsa, Sabler ya shiga cikin binciken taurari, musamman na taurari biyu.<ref name="VLE">{{Cite web |last=Matulaitytė |first=Stasė |title=Georg Thomas Sabler |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/georg-thomas-sabler/ |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=vle.lt}}</ref> An buga wasu ayyukansa a cikin jaridar kimiyya. Don iyawarsa ta kimiyya, von Struve ya tabbatar da cewa Sabler ya fara aiki a Tartu Observatory a matsayin mataimakin darektan har zuwa 1839.<ref name="mokslas">{{Cite web |title=Pažymint astronomo Georgo Sablerio 200 metų sukaktį |url=http://mokslasplius.lt/mokslo-lietuva/2006-2011/node/3207.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511235931/http://mokslasplius.lt/mokslo-lietuva/2006-2011/node/3207.html |archive-date=11 May 2019 |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=mokslasplius.lt}}</ref> A cikin 1836-1837 Sabler ya shiga cikin wani balaguro wanda ya ƙayyade bambancin tsakanin matakan teku na Tekun Black da [[Tekun Caspian]].<ref name="VLE">{{Cite web |last=Matulaitytė |first=Stasė |title=Georg Thomas Sabler |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/georg-thomas-sabler/ |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=vle.lt}}</ref> Ya kuma shirya kayan da aka tattara a lokacin balaguron kuma ya buga shi a cikin Jamusanci a ƙarƙashin taken "Beschreibung der zur Ermittelung des Höhenunterschiedes zwischen dem Schwarzen und dem Caspischen Meere... in den Jahren 1836 und 1837 von Gr. Fuss, A. Sawitsch und G. Sablerellt Messungen... zusammengest von G. Sablers. Sabler. Don aikinsa, wanda ya rubuta game da shi a 1839, ya sami digiri na digiri, kuma daga baya ya kammala a wannan shekarar.<ref name="mokslas">{{Cite web |title=Pažymint astronomo Georgo Sablerio 200 metų sukaktį |url=http://mokslasplius.lt/mokslo-lietuva/2006-2011/node/3207.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511235931/http://mokslasplius.lt/mokslo-lietuva/2006-2011/node/3207.html |archive-date=11 May 2019 |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=mokslasplius.lt}}</ref> === Masanin taurari === Daga 1839 zuwa 1854 Sabler ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin kuma babban masanin taurari a Pulkovo Observatory kusa da [[Saint-Petersburg|St. Petersburg]], inda Struve ya kasance darektan. Da yake shiga cikin binciken astronomical, an ba Sabler aikin auna ainihin ma'aunin taurari ta amfani da babban da'irar meridian. Daga 1844 zuwa 1853, Sabler da [[Carl Friedrich Tenner]] sun shiga cikin gina Struve Geodetic Arc a cikin Finland na zamani, Bessarabiya, da Ukraine.<ref name="mokslas">{{Cite web |title=Pažymint astronomo Georgo Sablerio 200 metų sukaktį |url=http://mokslasplius.lt/mokslo-lietuva/2006-2011/node/3207.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511235931/http://mokslasplius.lt/mokslo-lietuva/2006-2011/node/3207.html |archive-date=11 May 2019 |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=mokslasplius.lt}}</ref> A Ukraine, musamman Gundumar Khotynsky, masana kimiyya sun zaɓi tsaunuka masu tsawo na yankin, waɗanda ke kusa da ƙauyukan Romankivtsi, Shebutyntsi, Selishche, da Hrubno. Sabler ya zauna a Romankivtsi sama da mako guda. An buga sakamakon binciken a cikin sanarwar Imperial Russian Geographical Society, mujallar Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Kasa, da sauransu.<ref name="ukr">{{Cite web |title=SABLER GEORG THOMAS [SABLER YEHOR (GEORGE) YEHOROVICH] |url=http://ukr-vo.org/personalities/index.php?b&6&lit=S&idp=1973 |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=ukr-vo.org}}</ref> Sabler ya kuma shiga cikin auna bambancin tsawon tsakanin Pulkovo Observatory da Altona Observatory . <ref name="ukr">{{Cite web |title=SABLER GEORG THOMAS [SABLER YEHOR (GEORGE) YEHOROVICH] |url=http://ukr-vo.org/personalities/index.php?b&6&lit=S&idp=1973 |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=ukr-vo.org}}</ref> A lokacinsa na kyauta, Sabler ya goge ruwan tabarau, ya sami nasarar yin ruwan tabarau na achromatic mai inganci ta amfani da tabarau biyu na gilashin kambi tsakanin wanda ya shimfiɗa ruwa mai haske tare da ƙimar warwatsawa da haske.<ref name="ukr" /> An bayyana ruwan tabarau a cikin takardar labarai ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta St. Petersburg. Ɗaya daga cikin ruwan tabarau na Sabler ya tsira har zuwa yau kuma nune-nunen ne a Gidan Tarihin Kimiyya na Jami'ar Vilnius . <ref name="mokslas">{{Cite web |title=Pažymint astronomo Georgo Sablerio 200 metų sukaktį |url=http://mokslasplius.lt/mokslo-lietuva/2006-2011/node/3207.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511235931/http://mokslasplius.lt/mokslo-lietuva/2006-2011/node/3207.html |archive-date=11 May 2019 |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=mokslasplius.lt}}</ref> === Ayyuka a Vilnius === Bayan ya zo [[Vilnius]], Sabler ya ƙayyade matsayin ƙasa na ɗaya daga cikin maki da aka yi amfani da su don auna Struve Geodetic Arc kusa da ƙauyen Nemėžis . <ref name="VLE">{{Cite web |last=Matulaitytė |first=Stasė |title=Georg Thomas Sabler |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/georg-thomas-sabler/ |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=vle.lt}}</ref> Daga 1854 zuwa 1865, Sabler ya kasance darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Astronomical ta Jami'ar Vilnius.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Matulaitytė |first=Stasė |title=Vilniaus universiteto astronomijos observatorija |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/vilniaus-universiteto-astronomijos-observatorija/ |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=vle.lt}}</ref> Sabler ya aika da mataimakinsa kuma ɗan'uwansa masanin taurari Matvey Gusev don yin horo zuwa Ingila a 1858-1860, inda suka koyi game da kayan aikin daukar hoto a cikin ilimin taurari a Kew Observatory, wanda masanin tauraron dan adam Warren De la Rue ya fara. A ranar 19 ga Afrilu 1861, Sabler ya halarci taron da aka shirya ta sashen kimiyyar lissafi da lissafi na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta St. Petersburg a Pulkovo. A cikin taron, Sabler ya yi jayayya cewa cibiyar kula da jami'ar tana buƙatar na'urar daukar hoto ta Hasken rana, yana jaddada cewa cibiyar ta kamata ta jagoranci duk kokarin binciken astrophysics na sunspots da star photometry maimakon astrometry na gargajiya.<ref name="mokslas">{{Cite web |title=Pažymint astronomo Georgo Sablerio 200 metų sukaktį |url=http://mokslasplius.lt/mokslo-lietuva/2006-2011/node/3207.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511235931/http://mokslasplius.lt/mokslo-lietuva/2006-2011/node/3207.html |archive-date=11 May 2019 |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=mokslasplius.lt}}</ref> A cikin 1862-1864, yayin da yake a Biritaniya, Sabler ya lura da ci gaban na'urar daukar hoto ta hasken rana.<ref name="VLE">{{Cite web |last=Matulaitytė |first=Stasė |title=Georg Thomas Sabler |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/georg-thomas-sabler/ |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=vle.lt}}</ref> Ya sami nasarar ba da umarni ga ɗaya daga cikin telescopes na hasken rana bayan tattaunawa da John Henry Dallmeyer da izini daga Struve.<ref name="ukr">{{Cite web |title=SABLER GEORG THOMAS [SABLER YEHOR (GEORGE) YEHOROVICH] |url=http://ukr-vo.org/personalities/index.php?b&6&lit=S&idp=1973 |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=ukr-vo.org}}</ref> A cikin 1864, cibiyar lura da Vilnius ta sami nasarar karɓar na'urar hasken rana kuma ta samar da ɗaya daga cikin hotuna na farko na sunspots.<ref name="VLE" /> Za a lalata na'urar a cikin wuta a cikin 1876. Sabler ya yi amfani da hanyar rufe farantin hoto tare da collodion, wanda shine hanyar da aka kirkira a 1850. Da farko, za a cika gilashin da maganin nitrocellulose wanda aka wadata da iodides da bromides kuma ya bushe. Kafin daukar hoto, farantin zai kara karfafawa ta hanyar tsoma shi cikin maganin nitrate na azurfa da iodide na azurfurwa. Dole ne a fallasa farantin daukar hoto da aka shirya na minti 10 ko 15 kuma a haɓaka nan da nan.<ref name="mokslas">{{Cite web |title=Pažymint astronomo Georgo Sablerio 200 metų sukaktį |url=http://mokslasplius.lt/mokslo-lietuva/2006-2011/node/3207.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511235931/http://mokslasplius.lt/mokslo-lietuva/2006-2011/node/3207.html |archive-date=11 May 2019 |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=mokslasplius.lt}}</ref> Kafa sabon na'urar daukar hoto ta hasken rana yana nufin sake gina hasumiyoyin masu lura da hasumiya. Koyaya, yayin da Sabler ya ƙara rashin lafiya, ya sanya Gusev da alhakin ci gaba da ayyukansa. Sabler ya yi tafiya zuwa St. Petersburg don magani, bayan haka ya zama mara lafiya, amma na ɗan gajeren lokaci. A cikin kaka na shekara ta 1865 cutar, wacce ta kasance Ciwon ƙwaƙwalwa, ta fara ci gaba da sauri. Sabler ta ci gaba da aiki a cikin observatory da Gusev da Pyotr Smyslov.<ref name="mokslas">{{Cite web |title=Pažymint astronomo Georgo Sablerio 200 metų sukaktį |url=http://mokslasplius.lt/mokslo-lietuva/2006-2011/node/3207.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511235931/http://mokslasplius.lt/mokslo-lietuva/2006-2011/node/3207.html |archive-date=11 May 2019 |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=mokslasplius.lt}}</ref> === Mutuwa === Sabler ya mutu a ranar 7 ga Disamba 1865 a [[Vilnius]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Matulaitytė |first=Stasė |title=Vilniaus universiteto astronomijos observatorija |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/vilniaus-universiteto-astronomijos-observatorija/ |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=vle.lt}}</ref> An binne shi a Kabari na Lutheran na Vilnius. An lalata kabarin a lokacin da Soviet ta mamaye Lithuania.<ref name="mokslas">{{Cite web |title=Pažymint astronomo Georgo Sablerio 200 metų sukaktį |url=http://mokslasplius.lt/mokslo-lietuva/2006-2011/node/3207.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511235931/http://mokslasplius.lt/mokslo-lietuva/2006-2011/node/3207.html |archive-date=11 May 2019 |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=mokslasplius.lt}}</ref> == Tunawa == An gano wani abin tunawa a ƙauyensa na Haljala a ranar 24 ga Yuni 1991. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Matulaitytė |first=Stasė |title=Vilniaus universiteto astronomijos observatorija |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/vilniaus-universiteto-astronomijos-observatorija/ |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=vle.lt}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kcpqirf55jlkhr98yt6yjp51uihqt0t 0 129613 906191 765607 2026-08-22T12:21:46Z BnHamid 12586 /* top */ Sanya databox, replaced: → {{databox}} using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 906191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''Gennaro Rubino''' (23 ga Nuwamba, 1859 - 14 ga Maris, 1918; kuma an rubuta '''Rubini''') ɗan ƙasar Italiya ne wanda bai yi nasara ba ya ƙoƙarin kashe Sarki Leopold II na [[Beljik|Belgium]] . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Rubino a Bitonto, a lokacin hadin kan Italiya. Yayinda yake aiki a cikin sojojin Italiya tun yana saurayi, an yanke wa Rubino hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru biyar saboda rubuta wani labarin jarida mai tayar da kayar baya. A shekara ta 1898, an sake kama shi a lokacin tashin hankali a [[Milano|Milan]]. Maimakon yin dogon lokaci a kurkuku, Rubino ya tsere daga kasar. Ya fara zama a [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]] [[Landan]] ya koma London. Ya kasa samun aiki, duk da haka, har sai da Ofishin Jakadancin Italiya ya ba da taimako. Daga nan sai Ma'aikatar Asirin Italiya ta yi masa aiki don yin leken asiri a kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye a London. An kore shi daga aikin, duk da haka, da zarar jami'an ofishin jakadancin sun gano cewa yana jin tausayi ga 'yan tawaye. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1902, an gano aikin Rubino tare da Ofishin Asirin Italiya, kuma 'yan jarida na duniya sun zarge shi da zama ɗan leƙen asiri. A bayyane yake, Rubino ya yanke shawarar yin kisan kai don tabbatar da amincinsa ga manufar anarchist. Kamar yadda ya rubuta a cikin wata wasika ga tsoffin abokan aikinsa, "watakila gobe ko bayan haka, zan iya tabbatar da tawaye ta hanyar da ta fi dacewa da burina da burinku. " A cewar tambayoyin 'yan sanda daga baya, ya yi la'akari da kashe Sarki Edward VII, amma ya yanke shawara a kan shi saboda ƙarfin jin daɗin mutanen Ingila na goyon bayan mulkin mallaka. Maimakon haka ya zaɓi Sarki Leopold II na Belgium . == Yunkurin kisan kai == A ƙarshen Oktoba, 1902, Rubino ya koma Brussels. A safiyar ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 1902, Sarki Leopold yana dawowa daga wani bikin tunawa da matarsa da ta mutu kwanan nan, Marie Henriette . Rundunar sarauta ta bar babban coci. A cikin karusar farko Yarima Albert ya zauna tare da sarki, kuma a cikin karusar ta biyu yarima Elisabeth ta zauna. Rubino ya ɗauki bindiga ya jira taron Sarki a cikin taron jama'a a kan Rue Royale a gaban Bankin Brussels. Bayan da karusar Leopold ta wuce, Rubino ya jawo bindigarsa kuma ya harbe harbe sau uku a karusar ta uku. A cikin wannan karusar Count Charles John d'Oultremont, Grand Marshal na kotun Royal ya zauna, kuma ya karɓi gilashin da ya fashe a fuskarsa. Karusai ba su tsaya ba kuma sun ci gaba zuwa fadar. Lokacin da ya isa fadar sarauta, jami'ai sun tambayi Grand Marshal. An rufe tufafinsa da gilashin da ya fashe. An gaya wa sarki da dangin sarauta cewa sun tsere wa yunkurin kisan kai. Sarkin ya tambayi ko wani ya ji rauni sannan ya ci gaba da kwanakinsa. Dukkanin harbe-harbe guda uku sun ɓace, kodayake daya ya fashe taga na karusar Count Charles d'Oultremont, wanda kusan aka kashe shi. M. J. Bernard ne ya ceci sarki daga Bar-le-duc wanda ya sami nasarar kawar da Rubino. Paul van den Bosch, daga Liege, ya kama Rubino da makogwaro kuma ya mika shi ga 'yan sanda. 'Yan sanda sun sanya Rubino a cikin taksi, wanda nan da nan ya kewaye da taron jama'a masu fushi. 'Yan sanda sun sami matsala sosai wajen tilasta musu shiga cikin taron, wanda ya yi ihu, "Ka kashe shi!" da kuma "Long live the King!" A ofishin 'yan sanda, an bincika Rubino kuma an gano yana ɗauke da kunshin katunan kwallon da hotuna masu dauke da hotuna na Sarki Leopold, Yarima Albert, da Gimbiya Elisabeth. Rubino ya ce ya sayi katunan don ya iya gane dangin sarauta. Ya kuma ce bai yi nadamar aikinsa ba kuma zai harbe "Sarkin Italiya kamar yadda yake ga Sarkin Belgium, saboda sarakuna masu zalunci ne waɗanda ke haifar da masifar mutanensu. " Ya kuma tabbatar da cewa ba shi da abokan tarayya, kodayake mutane da yawa da ke kusa da Rubino lokacin da ya harbe bindigar sun tabbatar da cewa wani mutum ne wanda ya tsere daga cikin taron. Bayan yunkurin kisan kai, 'yan tawaye sun ci gaba da hukunta Rubino a matsayin wakili mai tayar da hankali, tare da wasu har ma da hasashen cewa an shirya dukkan taron ne don tabbatar da hare-haren' yan sanda da suka biyo baya a kan' yan tawaye na Turai.<ref>Some sources report Rubino's date of birth as November 24, 1859, due to a discrepancy in the birth records of the city of Bitonto. The original baptism record, however, records the date as November 23.</ref> Wannan hasashe ya samo asali ne daga rahotanni na farko cewa katunan da ba a kashe su ba da aka bari a cikin bindigar Rubino sun kasance babu komai. Wannan ya saba wa rahotanni daga baya cewa 'yan sanda ba su taba samun bindigar Rubino ba. == Shari'a da ɗaurin kurkuku == Bayan yunkurin an tura shi kurkukun Saint Gilles, inda ya karbi gilashin giya guda uku don abincin dare da kuma gurasa. Mai jarrabawar majistare M. J. Count d'Oultremont ya yi masa tambayoyi. Rubino ya zaɓi Émile Royer, ɗan gurguzu wanda a baya ya kare mai mulkin mallaka [[Jules Moineau (anarchist)|Jules Moineau]], a matsayin lauyansa.<ref name="Delhaye">{{Cite web |last=Delhaye |first=Jean-Pierre |title=ROYER Émile |url=http://www.wallonie-en-ligne.net/Encyclopedie/Biographies/Royer_Emile.htm |access-date=23 July 2020 |website=L'Institut Destrée: The Wallonia Policy Lab |language=FR}}</ref> Akwai matsala: saboda babban Marshall na Kotun sarauta Charles d'Oultremont yana da alaƙa da majistare mai jarrabawa M. J. d'Oiltremont, dole ne Mista van Nerom ya maye gurbinsa don girmama jarrabawar tsaka-tsaki. Rubino ya tsaya a gaban shari'a a Brussels a watan Fabrairun 1903. A lokacin shari'ar Rubino bai tuba ba har ma da alfahari, yana mai bayyana cewa yana fatan zai iya kashe Sarki, Yarima Albert, da wasu daga cikin malamai.[1] A lokacin shari'ar Rubino sau da yawa ya bayyana koyarwar anarchist wanda, in ji shi, bai amince da dokoki ko alƙalai ba.[undefined] Kotun ta sami Rubino da laifi kuma kotun ta yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai.[3][2] == Mutuwa == Rubino ya mutu a ranar 14 ga Maris, 1918, a Leuven Centraal, babban kurkuku na Leuven, Belgium. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6ss8tlg8jvyi95mdto9qnkc58jzap4b 0 131563 906279 827986 2026-08-22T18:15:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906279 wikitext text/x-wiki Kungiyar Masana'antu ta Malaysia (MIGHT) wani tanki ne mai ba ba riba ba a karkashin kulawar Ma'aikatar Kimiyya, Fasaha da Innovation (Malaysia) . An kafa shi a 1993 don tallafawa Mai ba da shawara na Kimiyya ga Firayim Minista da kuma amfani da haɗin gwiwar bangarori da ma'aikatun daga masana'antu da gwamnati. An ba da umurni ga MIGHT don taimakawa wajen bunkasa ƙwarewar fasaha da iyawa a Malaysia. Kungiyar haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu a cikin yanayi, tana ba da dandalin ginin yarjejeniya don haɗin gwiwa wajen bunkasa manufofi da samar da shawarwari na dabarun ga gwamnati. Ta hanyar dandamali da ayyukanta, MIGHT ta haifi sanannun shirye-shiryen kasa masu mahimmanci kamar su Malaysian Formula 1 Grand Prix, Kulim High-Tech Park, Cibiyar Kula da Motoci ta Malaysia, Hukumar Kula da Fasaha da sauransu da yawa. == Tarihi == Matsayin Malaysia game da ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha ba sabon abu ba ne. Gwamnati ta daɗe tana fara matakan aiki don ingantawa da haɓaka damar kasuwanci ta fasaha ta hanyar amfani da kimiyya da fasaha. A shekara ta 1984, a karkashin Firayim Minista na lokacin Dr. Mahathir Mohamad, an kirkiro mukamin mai ba da shawara kan kimiyya a Ma'aikatar Firayim Ministan don ƙirƙirar tsarin halittu mai kyau inda kimiyya da fasaha da ɗaukar ta zasu iya bunƙasa. Ana ganin wannan matakin a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa da kuma samar da ra'ayi na biyu ga waɗanda ke cikin Ma'aikatun da suka dace. Dokta Omar Abdul Rahman [1] an nada shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan kimiyya ga Firayim Minista kuma ya rike mukamin har sai da ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 2001. An shuka iri na MIGHT lokacin da aka kirkiro Sashin a ƙarƙashin Ofishin Mai ba da shawara na Kimiyya wanda ake kira 'Sashin Fasaha na Musamman' '' (Unit Khas Teknologi Tinggi) ''. Wannan rukunin ya girma ya zama abin da MIGHT yake a yau. MIGHT ta mayar da hankali da kuma jaddada ya kasance mai karfi sosai a cikin shekaru amma koyaushe ya kasance a cikin fannonin fasaha mai zurfi da injiniya mai nauyi. An mayar da hankali kan tsufa na masana'antar da kuma lokacin shiga tsakani. {| class="wikitable" !Yankin !Yankin !Yankin |- |Aerospace |Motar |Kayan aiki na gaba |- |Fasahar halittu |Kayan shafawa da magunguna |Makamashi |- |Lantarki da lantarki |Gudanar da kore |Magunguna |- |Gidaje da gini |Tsarin sufuri mai hankali |Jirgin ƙasa |- |Jirgin ƙasa |Birni mai hankali |Gina jirgi da gyaran jirgi |- |Sadarwa |Rashin da aka yi |Nanotechnology |- |Kayan kiwon lafiya |Sensors |Shuka shuke-shuke da kayayyaki |} == Kwamitin da gudanarwa == === Shugabannin hadin gwiwa === MIGHT tana karkashin jagorancin hadin gwiwa ta mai ba da shawara kan kimiyya da kuma babban kyaftin din masana'antar da Firayim Minista na Malaysia ya nada. * [[Zakri Abdul Hamid|Farfesa Dokta Zakri Abdul Hamid]], Mai ba da shawara kan kimiyya ga Firayim Minista na Malaysia * Dokta Ir. Ahmad Tajuddin Ali, Shugaban Kungiyar UEM, Shugaban [[SIRIM]] === Kwamitin Daraktoci === Kwamitin MIGHT yana wakiltar manyan jami'an gwamnati da kyaftin din masana'antu. ==== Wakilin gwamnati ==== # Ma'aikatar Firayim Minista # Sashin Shirye-shiryen Tattalin Arziki # Ma'aikatar Kudi # Ma'aikatar Kimiyya, Fasaha da Innovation # Ma'aikatar Makamashi, Fasahar Green da Ruwa # Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci da Masana'antu ta Duniya ==== Wakilin masana'antu ==== # Petronas - Petroliam Nasional Berhad # TNB - Tenaga Nasional Berhad # MARA - Majlis Amanah Rakyat # Sime Darby Berhad # BPHB - [https://www.binapuri.com.my Bina Puri Holdings Berhad] # FSMSB - [https://www.firstsolar.com Na farko Solar Malaysia Sdn Bhd] # SCS - [https://www.scs.my Ayyukan Ba da Shawara na Tsarin Sdn Bhd] === Babban Gudanarwa === MIGHT tana karkashin jagorancin Shugaban kasa da Babban Jami'in zartarwa kuma manyan Mataimakan Shugabanni da Mataimakin Shugabanni suna tallafawa. Tsarin manyan gudanarwa yana canzawa tare da ci gaban kungiyar da kuma canje-canje a cikin girmamawa don nuna yanayin yanayin MIGHT. ==== Shugaba da Shugaba ==== * Tun daga shekara ta 2008 - Dokta Yusoff Sulaiman - [https://might.org.my/senior-management/ Shafin yanar gizo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208044406/https://might.org.my/senior-management/ |date=2025-12-08 }} ==== Manyan mataimakan shugaban kasa ==== * Tun daga 2012 - Dokta Raslan Ahmad - [https://might.org.my/senior-management/ Shafin yanar gizo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208044406/https://might.org.my/senior-management/ |date=2025-12-08 }} * Tun daga shekara ta 2014 - Rushdi Abdul Rahim - [https://might.org.my/senior-management/ Shafin yanar gizo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208044406/https://might.org.my/senior-management/ |date=2025-12-08 }} ==== Mataimakin shugaban kasa ==== * Tun daga shekara ta 2009 - Abdul Halim Bisri * Tun daga shekara ta 2009 - Mohd Zakwan Mohd Zabidi == Shirye-shirye da ayyukan == === Halitta da tunanin makomar === Halin hangen nesa da tunanin makomar shine ainihin ƙwarewa da aikin MIGHT. An san shi da binciken fasaha a farkon kwanakinsa, MIGHT yana gudanar da hangen nesa na fasaha da nazarin makomar don tallafawa sauran ayyukansa kodayake akwai juyin halitta da canje-canje ga hanyoyin da matakai. Don fadada hangen nesa fiye da fasaha, MIGHT ta kirkiro myForesight - Cibiyar Kula da Haske ta Malaysia a cikin 2012. == Hanyoyin Haɗin waje == # [http://www.might.org.my Kungiyar Gwamnatin Masana'antu ta Malaysia don Babban Fasaha] # [http://www.jpm.gov.my/jpm2/en Ofishin Ofishin Sashen Firayim Minista] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206111908/http://www.jpm.gov.my/jpm2/en |date=2018-12-06 }} # [http://www.gsiac.org Kwamitin Kimiyya na Duniya, Innovation da Shawara]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} # [http://malaysia.cleantechopen.org/ Shirin Innovation na Duniya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211132134/http://malaysia.cleantechopen.org/ |date=2018-12-11 }} # [http://www.myforesight.my myForesight - Cibiyar Foresight ta Malaysia] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cjewhrhn2gh6m0bgdtkfrnbx2oomqct 0 132119 906412 771400 2026-08-23T04:49:41Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906412 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An kafa '''Majalisar Bishiyoyi''' a shekarar 1973 a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], kuma ta zama [[Charitable organization#Registration|kungiyar agaji mai rijista]] a shekarar 1978. Babban manufarta ita ce ta zama [[Umbrella organisation|kungiyar laima]] ga ƙungiyoyin gida da ke da hannu a dasa, kulawa da kiyaye bishiyoyi a duk faɗin Burtaniya, kuma ƙirƙirar ta ya biyo bayan yaƙin neman zaɓen [[Plant A Tree In '73|Shuka Itace A '73 da]] gwamnati ta ɗauki nauyinsa. Ƙungiyar agajin tana da hedikwata a Kanada Water, Surrey Quays, London. <ref>{{EW charity|279000}}</ref> Ayyukanta sun haɗa da: * Gudanar da rundunar ƙasa ta masu sa kai na Masu Kula da Bishiyoyi waɗanda ke kula da bishiyoyin yankinsu * Shirin Zakarun Matasan Bishiyoyi * Gonakin Makarantu * Kimiyya da bincike * Bishiyoyi a Waje da Daji * Tallafin al'umma == Ayyuka == * A shekarar 2002, an kuma zaɓi manyan bishiyoyi 50 na Birtaniya don girmama bikin zagayowar zagayowar haihuwar Sarauniya a kan karagar mulki. * Tallafawa kamfen ɗin gwamnatin Burtaniya na [[Shuka Mai Girman Itace|Shuka Manyan Itace]], wanda ya dasa bishiyoyi miliyan ɗaya tsakanin 2011 da 2015 * Tallafawa Yarjejeniyar 2017 ga Bishiyoyi, Dazuzzuka da Mutane * Tallafawa Sarauniyar Green Canopy don bikin cika shekaru 100 na bikin Platinum Jubilee a shekarar 2022 <ref>{{EW charity|279000}}</ref> * Shirya Makon Bishiyoyi na Ƙasa a watan Nuwamba kowace shekara <ref>{{EW charity|279000}}</ref> * Gwaje-gwajen Hedgerow na Hadley Wood == Shahararrun mutane == Mai tsara shimfidar wuri kuma mai tsara lambu Dame Sylvia Crowe ita ce shugabar ƙungiyar tsakanin 1974 da 1976. <ref>{{EW charity|279000}}</ref> Joel Cadbury shine shugaban Majalisar Itace ta yanzu. == Manazarta == 7g4vmp3eogorpnete42q2me1bbtxwae 906413 906412 2026-08-23T04:49:57Z Aminu Badamasi 14661 906413 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An kafa '''Majalisar Bishiyoyi''' a shekarar 1973 a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], kuma ta zama [[Charitable organization#Registration|kungiyar agaji mai rijista]] a shekarar 1978. Babban manufarta ita ce ta zama [[Umbrella organisation|kungiyar laima]] ga ƙungiyoyin gida da ke da hannu a dasa, kulawa da kiyaye bishiyoyi a duk faɗin Burtaniya, kuma ƙirƙirar ta ya biyo bayan yaƙin neman zaɓen [[Plant A Tree In '73|Shuka Itace A '73 da]] gwamnati ta ɗauki nauyinsa. Ƙungiyar agajin tana da hedikwata a Kanada Water, Surrey Quays, London. <ref>{{EW charity|279000}}</ref> Ayyukanta sun haɗa da: * Gudanar da rundunar ƙasa ta masu sa kai na Masu Kula da Bishiyoyi waɗanda ke kula da bishiyoyin yankinsu * Shirin Zakarun Matasan Bishiyoyi * Gonakin Makarantu * Kimiyya da bincike * Bishiyoyi a Waje da Daji * Tallafin al'umma == Ayyuka == * A shekarar 2002, an kuma zaɓi manyan bishiyoyi 50 na Birtaniya don girmama bikin zagayowar zagayowar haihuwar Sarauniya a kan karagar mulki. * Tallafawa kamfen ɗin gwamnatin Burtaniya na [[Shuka Mai Girman Itace|Shuka Manyan Itace]], wanda ya dasa bishiyoyi miliyan ɗaya tsakanin 2011 da 2015 * Tallafawa Yarjejeniyar 2017 ga Bishiyoyi, Dazuzzuka da Mutane * Tallafawa Sarauniyar Green Canopy don bikin cika shekaru 100 na bikin Platinum Jubilee a shekarar 2022 <ref>{{EW charity|279000}}</ref> * Shirya Makon Bishiyoyi na Ƙasa a watan Nuwamba kowace shekara <ref>{{EW charity|279000}}</ref> * Gwaje-gwajen Hedgerow na Hadley Wood == Shahararrun mutane == Mai tsara shimfidar wuri kuma mai tsara lambu Dame Sylvia Crowe ita ce shugabar ƙungiyar tsakanin shekarar 1974 da 1976. <ref>{{EW charity|279000}}</ref> Joel Cadbury shine shugaban Majalisar Itace ta yanzu. == Manazarta == oa1j2jllbkfpz8ac75fzl22h1aojzwz 0 133351 906303 793740 2026-08-22T20:22:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwalejin Mater Christi''' makaranta ce mai zaman kanta ta Roman Katolika ga 'yan mata da ke Belgrave, Victoria, a gabashin [[Melbourne]]. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Mater_Christi_College,_Belgrave_1953-63.jpg|thumb|Shekarar Gidauniyar, Kwalejin Mater Christi, Belgrave, Victoria, Ostiraliya]] Uwa Mary Olivera, Babbar Janar ta Cocin Katolika ta ayyana a shekarar 1962, "Bari mu gina makarantar kwana a saman tudun da ke Belgrave".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mater Christi Student Guide |url=https://pronto-core-cdn.prontomarketing.com/2/wp-content/uploads/sites/1783/2021/02/Student-Guide-CURRENT-Complete-FEB-2021.pdf |access-date=29 March 2023 |publisher=Mater Christi College |page=2 |quote=When Mother Mary Olivera, Superior General of the Good Samaritan Order of the Catholic Church declared in 1962, “Let’s build a boarding school on top of the hill in Belgrave,”....}}</ref> Daga baya, Sisters of the Good Samaritan religion suka kafa makarantar a shekarar 1963 a wajen Belgrave, suna kallon Dandenong Ranges na Victoria. Six Good Samaritan Sisters da farko sun koyar da ɗalibai mata 62, suna ba da ilimin ilimi, "bisa ga ƙa'idodin Benedictine". <ref name="Compassion" /> Wurin da aka zaɓa a shekarar 1962 ya ƙunshi filaye waɗanda suka ƙunshi Heathermont, {{Circa|1920s}}Gidan baƙi.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=Heathermont guest house - later the site of Mater Christi College, Belgrave. |url=https://www.imagesofyesteryear.com.au/products/view/belgrave_135p |access-date=19 February 2019 |publisher=Images of Yesteryear |archive-date=19 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219130412/https://www.imagesofyesteryear.com.au/products/view/belgrave_135p |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sunny Siesta tana kan juyawar digiri 90 a saman titin Bayview kuma shine inda 'yan'uwa mata na farko suka kafa gidan sufanci a watan Mayu 1962. An buɗe sabon gidan sufanci, cocin ibada da azuzuwa a shekarar 1964.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keane |first=M. |date=20 March 2013 |title=Fire and all it brings to mind |url=http://www.catholicreligiousaustralia.org.au/index.php/news-a-views/our-stories/item/983-fire-and-all-it-brings-to-mind |access-date=19 November 2018 |website=catholicreligiousaustralia.org.au |quote=Margaret Keane is a Good Samaritan Sister who worked in secondary education for most of her active ministry. She was at Mater Christi College, Belgrave during one time of serious fires, and remembers being evacuated to a cricket oval and not able to return to the convent until morning. |archive-date=19 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119091913/http://www.catholicreligiousaustralia.org.au/index.php/news-a-views/our-stories/item/983-fire-and-all-it-brings-to-mind |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Compassion">{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Informed, Compassionate, Creative: Mater Christi College: a School of Good Samaritan Education Celebrating 50 Years 1963-2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G2TeuQEACAAJ&dq=mater+christi+samaritan+belgrave |access-date=19 February 2019 |publisher=Mater Christi College, Belgrave}}</ref> Duk da cewa da farko an yi hasashen cewa za a yi makarantar kwana da kuma ƙaramin makaranta a gabashin Melbourne, yawan jama'a da ke ƙaruwa cikin sauri a yankunan gabashin Melbourne ya sa Kwalejin Mater Christi ta ƙaru, kuma a yau akwai 'yan mata sama da 850 da suka yi rajista a kwalejin, ciki har da ɗalibai daga ƙasashe da dama na Asiya-Pacific. A shekarar 1989, an haɗa gidan kwana da kwalejin. An rufe ta a shekarar 2015.[1] Wani shiri na ɗalibai na ƙasashen duniya yana aiki a kwalejin, yana amfani da iyalai na zama a gida don ɗaukar 'yan matan tare da shirin Turanci da shirye-shiryen shirye-shirye a harabar jami'a. Mater Christi tana ba da fannoni daban-daban don dacewa da ɗalibai kuma an tsara ta ne don ɗalibai su yi karatu daga dukkan fannoni na koyo a Aji 7 zuwa 12. Sannan ɗalibai za su iya zaɓar daga cikin nau'ikan VCE iri-iri.[2] [3] [4] == Kayan aiki == Kayan aiki a Kwalejin Mater Christi sun haɗa da: * Cikakken Cibiyar WiFi * Shirin MacBook * Wuraren ilmantarwa na zamani * Dakunan gwaje-gwajen Kimiyya * Laburare/Majalisar Koyo * Cocin coci * Studios na Fasaha / daukar hoto da yumbu * Cibiyar Fasaha (yadi) * Ɗakunan kwana ɗaya na cikin gida tare da filin wasan ƙwallon kwando mai girman girma * Wurin horo a filin wasa na waje * Cibiyoyin baƙunci/fasahar abinci na yau da kullun na masana'antu * Filin wasan tennis na waje * Studio na Rawa * Gidan shayi == Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai == * Renae Hallinan, ’yar wasan ƙwallon raga ta Australiya da Melbourne Vixens . * Jane Flemming, tsohuwar [[Gasar Olympic|'yar wasan Olympics]] kuma 'yar Commonwealth, mai sharhi kan kafofin watsa labarai na wasanni * Radha Stirling, mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam * Candy Yuen Ka-man, Miss Photogenic na Miss Hong Kong 2009 pageant, 'yar wasan Hong Kong, mai gabatarwa == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 4ontk4oqwm21txtp27ihzbogmq0fb43 0 135508 906265 792245 2026-08-22T16:25:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Konstantinos Demertzis''' (Girkanci; 12 ga Janairu, 1876, a [[Athens]] - 13 ga Afrilu, 1936, a Athens) masanin kimiyya ne kuma ɗan siyasa na Girka. Ya kasance Firayim Minista na 49 na Girka daga Nuwamba 1935 zuwa Afrilu 1936. Demertzis ya mutu a lokacin mulkinsa, daga [[ciwon zuciya]], a ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 1936. <ref name=":2" /> == Rayuwa da aiki == An haife shi a [[Athens]] kuma ya yi karatu a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Athens, daga inda aka ba shi digiri a shekara ta 1896. Daga nan sai ya tafi [[München|Munich]] inda ya zauna na tsawon shekaru uku. Da ya dawo Athens, ya fara koyarwa a matsayin farfesa na shari'a.<ref name=":3" /> A shekara ta 1904, ya zama farfesa a fannin shari'ar jama'a, yana koyarwa na tsawon shekaru hudu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Μακρυδημήτρης |first=Αντώνης |year=2000 |title=Anemi - Digital Library of Modern Greek Studies - Οι υπουργοί των εξωτερικών της Ελλάδας 1829-2000 / Αντώνης Μακρυδημήτρης. |url=https://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/metadata/4/1/8/metadata-01-0001466.tkl |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=anemi.lib.uoc.gr |page=89 |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204023935/https://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/metadata/4/1/8/metadata-01-0001466.tkl |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 1910, an zabe shi a karo na farko a matsayin memba na majalisa tare da Jam'iyyar Liberal a zaben majalisar da aka gudanar a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba, 1910, wanda ya ba da gudummawa sosai saboda iliminsa ga sake fasalin Kundin Tsarin Mulki a shekarar 1911. Da yake yana da kyakkyawan umurni na shari'a, ya goyi bayan dakatar da alƙalai har abada. == Ayyukan siyasa == === Lokacin farko na aikin siyasa (1912-1928) === A cikin zaɓen da aka yi a ranar 11 ga Maris, 1912, an zabe shi memba na majalisa kuma a 1913 ya gaji Nikolaos Stratos a Ma'aikatar Marines ta gwamnatin Venizelos, inda ya kasance kusan shekara guda. Koyaya, ya kuma zama Ministan Sojan Ruwa a karo na biyu a lokacin gwamnatin Alexandros Zaimis a shekarar 1917. A shekara ta 1924, tare da sauran 'yan siyasa na lokacin, ya kafa "Unionist Progressive Party", inda aka ayyana shi jagora. Rayuwar wannan jam'iyyar ba ta da tsawo. Janar Theodoros Pangalos ya hau mulki a watan Yunin 1925, kuma ya rushe majalisar a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar. Bayan 'yan watanni, a watan Maris na shekara ta 1926, bayan murabus din Shugaban Jamhuriyar, Pavlos Kountouriotis, wanda ke nuna rashin amincewa da mulkin kama-karya na gwamnatin Pangalos, kusan dukkanin jam'iyyun a lokacin sun zabi Demertzis a matsayin dan takara na kowa don ya gaji shi. Jam'iyyun dimokuradiyya a ƙarshe sun yi kira ga kada a tsaya, amma ba su da amfani, yayin da Demertzis ma bai sami goyon baya ba. An zabi Pangalos a matsayin Shugaban Jamhuriyar, inda ya samu kuri'u 782,589 a kan Demertzis 56,126. Bayan faduwar mulkin kama-karya na Pangalos, a zaben da aka yi a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 1926, an zabe shi dan majalisa na Athens. A shekara ta 1928, ya ɗauki matsayin farfesa na Dokar iyali a Makarantar Shari'a ta Athens . Daga wannan shekarar har zuwa 1935, ya kasance daga duk wani shiga siyasa, yana iyakance kansa ga ayyukansa na jami'a. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] q6d2jn0upgo4l26fetac876lvxwtlx1 0 135513 906198 889683 2026-08-22T12:32:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kenzaburo Hara''' (原 健三郎, ''Hara Kenzaburō'', 6 ga Fabrairu 1907 - 7 ga Nuwamba 2004) ɗan siyasa ne na Japan wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai daga 1986 zuwa 1989. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar na tsawon shekaru 54 daga 1946 har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a 2000, kuma ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya a [[Tokyo]] yana da shekaru 97. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Hara a Hokudan, a wani tsibiri a cikin ƙungiyar tsibirin Awaji, a gundumar Hyogo a shekarar 1907. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga sashen siyasa da tattalin arziki na Jami'ar Waseda da kuma kwas ɗin digiri na biyu na Jami'ar Oregon, ya shiga Kodansha Ltd., wani babban gidan buga littattafai. Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban editan mujallar " Gendai " kafin ya zama ɗan majalisa. An kuma san shi da marubucin asali ko kuma marubucin yanayi na fina-finai biyar daga cikin tara a cikin jerin "Wataridori" ("Migratory Tsuntsaye") wanda Nikkatsu Corp ya shirya. == Aikin siyasa == An fara zaɓen Hara a zaɓen Majalisar Dokoki ta farko a [[Japan]] bayan yaƙin basasa, wanda aka gudanar a shekarar 1946 tare da goyon bayan Jam'iyyar Ci Gaban Japan da ta ruguje. Daga baya ya shiga Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) mai mulki. Ya yi wa'adi 20, jimilla shekaru 54, a matsayin ɗan Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa har sai da ya yi ritaya daga siyasa yana da shekaru 93 a watan Yunin 2000 jim kaɗan kafin zaɓen gama gari. Hara shi ne ɗan majalisar dokoki na biyu mafi daɗewa a lokacin bayan yaƙin bayan yaƙi, bayan tsohon firayim minista Yasuhiro Nakasone . Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin [[Minister of Labour (Japan)|ministan kwadago]] da kuma darakta janar na Hukumar Kasa da Hukumar Ci Gaban Hokkaido, ya yi aiki a matsayin kakakin Majalisar Wakilai daga Yulin 1986 zuwa Yunin 1989. An san Hara da shi ga mutanen da ke zaune a yankinsa da laƙabin "Haraken", kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan siyasa mafi tasiri a Japan a ƙarni na 20. Ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan majalisa na tsawon fiye da rabin ƙarni kuma ya zama Shugaban Majalisar Wakilai. An fara zaɓensa a shekarar 1946 lokacin da Janar Douglas MacArthur ya isa don kula da mamayar da sake gina Japan, bayan miƙa wuya a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan majalisar dokoki kaɗan da suka iya Turanci sosai, an gayyaci Hara zuwa tattaunawar da aka yi da da'irar MacArthur. Hara ya yi kalamai masu tayar da hankali kamar yadda aka auna ta hanyar ƙa'idodin yamma. An soki shi da cewa, "Waɗanda za su je gidajen kula da tsofaffi [bayan sun tsufa] su ne mafi muni," a cikin wani jawabi da ya yi a wani bikin Ranar Hawan Shekaru a Sumoto, Tsibirin Awaji, a watan Janairun 1972. Ya yi wa masu zaɓe alƙawari a bainar jama'a a mazabarsa cewa za a gina gadar Akashi Strait tsakanin Kobe da Tsibirin Awaji . A matsayin alamar tasirin da yake da shi, an buɗe gadar ga masu ababen hawa a watan Afrilun 1998. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.jmdb.ne.jp/person/p0096740.htm|title=原健三郎|publisher=[[Japanese Movie Database]]|accessdate=2010-01-23|language=ja|archive-date=2009-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090916030105/http://www.jmdb.ne.jp/person/p0096740.htm|url-status=dead}} * {{cite book|title=選挙だ!!選挙だ: ウラもオモテも楽しみたい|publisher=[[Takarajimasha]]|year=1998|isbn=9784796614238|pages=94–103|language=ja}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hara, Kenzaburo}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1907]] 2w9m10m1i4ap3uvviwci1l03o4jouu5 0 137349 906267 789509 2026-08-22T16:32:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Konstantinos M. Mitsopoulos''' (Girkanci; c. 1844-1911) marubuci ne, masanin ilimin ƙasa, masanin ma'adinai, masanin sunadarai, kuma farfesa. Kakansa Iraklis Mitsopoulos shine mahaifin kimiyyar halitta ta zamani a Girka. Ya bi sawun kawunsa, kuma shi ne dalibi na farko da ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyyar halitta a Jami'ar Athens a 1868. Ya kasance daya daga cikin masana kimiyya na farko a Girka don inganta Ka'idar juyin halitta ta Darwin a bainar jama'a. Ya shirya kuma ya buga jaridar da aka sani da ''Prometheus'' a cikin 1890, yana inganta ra'ayoyin Darwinist. Ikilisiyar ta rufe littafin shekaru biyu bayan haka. {{Sfn|Tampakis|2013}} {{Sfn|Stefanidis|1952}}{{Sfn|Tampakis|2014}} An haifi Mitsopoulos a Patras . Ya bi hanyar digiri na kimiyyar halitta a Jami'ar Athens a cikin shekarun 1860. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Jamus a Jami'ar Freiberg ta Ma'adinai da Fasaha . Yana daya daga cikin manyan jami'o'i a Turai don ilimin ƙasa da ilimin ma'adinai. Wasu daga cikin farfesa sun hada da Hieronymous Theodor Richter da Clemens Winkler . Ya koma Girka kuma ya zama farfesa a Jami'ar Athens da Jami'ar Polytechnic ta Athens . Ya zama dean na Makarantar Falsafa, shugaban Jami'ar Athens da Jami'ar Polytechnic ta Athens. Ya mutu a Athens a shekara ta 1911 yana da shekaru 67. An girmama shi da lambar yabo ta azurfa ta Order of the Redeemer . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff Writers |date=October 23, 2022 |title=Konstantinos Mitsopoulos |url=https://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/search/?dtab=m&search_type=simple&search_help=&display_mode=overview&wf_step=init&show_hidden=0&number=10&keep_number=10&cclterm1=&cclterm2=&cclterm3=&cclterm4=&cclterm5=&cclterm6=&cclterm7=&cclterm8=&cclfield1=&cclfield2=&cclfield3=&cclfield4=&cclfield5=&cclfield6=&cclfield7=&cclfield8=&cclop1=&cclop2=&cclop3=&cclop4=&cclop5=&cclop6=&cclop7=&isp=&display_help=0&offset=1&search_coll&#91;metadata&#93;=1&&stored_cclquery=creator%3D%28%CE%9C%CE%B7%CF%84%CF%83%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82%2C+%CE%9A%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%9C.%2C%29&skin=&rss=0&show_form=&export_method=none&lang=en&ioffset=1&offset=1 |access-date=October 23, 2022 |publisher=The Digital Library of Modern Greek Studies |archive-date=October 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023230822/https://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/search/?dtab=m&search_type=simple&search_help=&display_mode=overview&wf_step=init&show_hidden=0&number=10&keep_number=10&cclterm1=&cclterm2=&cclterm3=&cclterm4=&cclterm5=&cclterm6=&cclterm7=&cclterm8=&cclfield1=&cclfield2=&cclfield3=&cclfield4=&cclfield5=&cclfield6=&cclfield7=&cclfield8=&cclop1=&cclop2=&cclop3=&cclop4=&cclop5=&cclop6=&cclop7=&isp=&display_help=0&offset=1&search_coll%5Bmetadata%5D=1&&stored_cclquery=creator%3D(%CE%9C%CE%B7%CF%84%CF%83%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82,+%CE%9A%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%9C.,)&skin=&rss=0&show_form=&export_method=none&lang=en&ioffset=1&offset=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{Sfn|Savaidou|2010}} == Tarihin rayuwa == An haife shi a Patra a 1844. Kakansa shi ne Hercules Anastasios Mitsopoulos . Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Athens wasu daga cikin farfesa sune Dimitrios Stroumpos, Vassilios Lakon, da Anastassios Christomanos . Kakansa shi ne shugaban Jami'ar Athens a lokacin. Shi ne dalibi na farko da ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyyar halitta a Jami'ar Athens a 1868. Ya kammala karatu tare da girmamawa kuma ya tafi babbar makarantar hakar ma'adinai ta Jamus Jami'ar Freiberg daga 1868 zuwa 1874. [1] Wasu daga cikin farfesa sun hada da Hieronymous Theodor Richter, Clemens Winkler, Gustav Zeuner, da Ferdinand Reich . Agusta Meyer ma yana halartar jami'a a lokacin. Konstantinos ya yi karatun kimiyyar lissafi, ilmin sunadarai, pyrochemistry, ilimin ƙasa, geodesics, metallurgy, hakar ma'adinai, dokar hakar ma-adinai, da injiniyan injiniya na tsawon shekaru shida. Yayinda yake dalibi Konstantinos da Armin Junge sun inganta na'urar hurawa don hakar bututu.[1][1] Ya koma Girka a shekara ta 1875. Ya mayar da hankali kan ilimin ƙasa da ilimin ma'adanai.[1][1][1] A shekara ta 1875, yana da shekaru 31, ya zama farfesa a fannin ilimin ƙasa da ilimin ma'adinai a Jami'ar Athens. Shekaru goma bayan haka ya kuma fara koyar da ilimin ƙasa da ilimin ma'adinai a Jami'ar Athens Polytechnic . Ya kasance a wannan mukamin daga 1885 zuwa 1910. A cikin shekara ta ilimi ta 1888-1889, ya kasance dean na Makarantar Falsafa wacce ta kasance wani ɓangare na Jami'ar Athens . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff Writers |date=October 23, 2022 |title=Konstantinos Mitsopoulos |url=https://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/search/?dtab=m&search_type=simple&search_help=&display_mode=overview&wf_step=init&show_hidden=0&number=10&keep_number=10&cclterm1=&cclterm2=&cclterm3=&cclterm4=&cclterm5=&cclterm6=&cclterm7=&cclterm8=&cclfield1=&cclfield2=&cclfield3=&cclfield4=&cclfield5=&cclfield6=&cclfield7=&cclfield8=&cclop1=&cclop2=&cclop3=&cclop4=&cclop5=&cclop6=&cclop7=&isp=&display_help=0&offset=1&search_coll&#91;metadata&#93;=1&&stored_cclquery=creator%3D%28%CE%9C%CE%B7%CF%84%CF%83%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82%2C+%CE%9A%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%9C.%2C%29&skin=&rss=0&show_form=&export_method=none&lang=en&ioffset=1&offset=1 |access-date=October 23, 2022 |publisher=The Digital Library of Modern Greek Studies |archive-date=October 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023230822/https://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/search/?dtab=m&search_type=simple&search_help=&display_mode=overview&wf_step=init&show_hidden=0&number=10&keep_number=10&cclterm1=&cclterm2=&cclterm3=&cclterm4=&cclterm5=&cclterm6=&cclterm7=&cclterm8=&cclfield1=&cclfield2=&cclfield3=&cclfield4=&cclfield5=&cclfield6=&cclfield7=&cclfield8=&cclop1=&cclop2=&cclop3=&cclop4=&cclop5=&cclop6=&cclop7=&isp=&display_help=0&offset=1&search_coll%5Bmetadata%5D=1&&stored_cclquery=creator%3D(%CE%9C%CE%B7%CF%84%CF%83%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82,+%CE%9A%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%9C.,)&skin=&rss=0&show_form=&export_method=none&lang=en&ioffset=1&offset=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya shiga cikin majalisar dattijai daga 1890 zuwa 1900. Kakansa ya mutu a shekara ta 1892. An haifi ɗansa Maximus Mitsopoulos bayan shekaru biyar a shekara ta 1897. Ya bi sawun mahaifinsa. Ya zama sanannen masanin ilimin ƙasa da masanin ilimin ma'adinai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Triandafillos Sklavenitis |date=October 22, 2022 |title=Mitsopoulos, Maximos K. (Μητσόπουλος, Μάξιμος Κ.) |url=https://digitallibrary-academyofathens-gr.translate.goog/archive/item/8712?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en |access-date=October 22, 2022 |publisher=Digital repository of the University of Athens}}</ref> A wannan lokacin bangaren koyarwa na Makarantar Falsafa sun yi ƙoƙari su raba sashen Physics da Mathematics daga Makarantar Falsar. Konstantinos ya sanya hannu kan korafin.{{Sfn|Savaidou|2010}} Ya zama shugaban Jami'ar Athens a cikin shekara ta 1900-1901.{{Sfn|Savaidou|2010}} Ya zama shugaban Jami'ar Athens Polytechnic a 1902. Yana da shekaru 58. Ya kasance a wannan mukamin har zuwa 1910. Ya kuma koyar a Kwalejin Masana'antu da Kasuwanci wanda masanin kimiyyar Girka Othon Roussopoulos ya kafa. Ya yi aiki daga 1894 zuwa 1923. Konstantinos ya kasance memba na kungiyoyin Girka Parnassos da Hellinismos . Ya kuma kasance editan littafin da ake kira Hellinismos . Ya shiga cikin ayyukan bincike na kasa da kasa da yawa tare da Anastassios Christomanos da Timoleon Argyropoulos . A jana'izarsa, Anastasios Damvergis ya ce shi "mai yaduwa ne na ilimin kimiyya da koyarwa, yana mai da binciken da ya zama gama gari ga duk kimiyya. " <ref>{{Cite web |last=Triandafillos Sklavenitis |date=October 22, 2022 |title=Mitsopoulos Konstantinos |url=http://pandektis.ekt.gr/pandektis/handle/10442/65453 |access-date=October 22, 2022 |publisher=Institute for Neohellenic Research}}</ref>{{Sfn|Savaidou|2010}}{{Sfn|Stefanidis|1952}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1911]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o39y01f6ct06kamdn3zx636owqvbo2u 0 138044 906375 782635 2026-08-23T03:54:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Luis Augusto Huergo''' (1 ga Nuwamba, 1837 - 4 ga Nuwamba, 1913) [[Injiniyoyi|injiniya ne]] ɗan ƙasar Argentina wanda ya shahara a fannin haɓaka tashoshin jiragen ruwa na ƙasarsa. == Rayuwa da lokaci == === Farkon aikina === An haifi Luis Huergo a [[Buenos Aires]], a shekarar 1837, ga dangin dillalai masu arziki. An tura shi zuwa Jami'ar Jesuit Mount St. Mary's da aka fi sani da Mount St. Mary's College, inda ya sami karatun sakandare daga 1852 zuwa 1857. Da ya dawo Argentina, ya taimaka wa masanin birane Pedro Benoit wajen tsara hanya ta farko zuwa Ensenada (garin tashar jiragen ruwa 56)&nbsp;kilomita (35)&nbsp;mi) kudu da Buenos Aires) kuma ya sami digiri a matsayin mai binciken ƙasa daga Makarantar Tsarin Ƙasa da Geodesics ta Buenos Aires, a 1862. Huergo yana cikin ajin farko da suka yi rajista a Makarantar Injiniya wadda Shugaban Jami'ar Buenos Aires, Juan María Gutiérrez, ya ƙirƙira a 1866, kuma shekaru huɗu bayan haka, takardar digirinsa kan darajar hanyoyi ta sa ya sami digirin injiniya na farko a makarantar. Huergo ya tsara ayyukan shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa ga kogin Tercero mai cike da ruwa da sauran hanyoyin ruwa na lardin Córdoba . Ya kuma tsara gadoji 120 na jirgin ƙasa a lokacin aikinsa na farko, da kuma tashar jiragen ruwa ta birnin San Fernando . Huergo ya kafa [[Argentine Scientific Society|ƙungiyar kimiyya ta Argentina]] a 1872 da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa ta Argentina a 1879. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.monografias.com/trabajos31/gran-chaco-instituto-geografico-argentino/gran-chaco-instituto-geografico-argentino.shtml |title=Monografías |access-date=2026-01-13 |language=es |archive-date=2021-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516075647/https://www.monografias.com/trabajos31/gran-chaco-instituto-geografico-argentino/gran-chaco-instituto-geografico-argentino.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya koyar a sabuwar Makarantar Lissafi ta Jami'ar Buenos Aires daga 1874, kuma an naɗa shi shugabanta a 1881. === Tashar jiragen ruwa === Shirin Huergo na gina gida a bakin kogin Riachuelo da ke gudana a gefen kudu na masana'antu na Buenos Aires ya sa ya zama Daraktan Ofishin Ayyuka na Riachuelo a shekarar 1876. Wannan babban matsayi ya ba shi damar haɓaka Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta La Boca, tashar jiragen ruwa ta zamani ta farko a Buenos Aires. Buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa a shekarar 1880 ya zo daidai da bunƙasar tattalin arziki kwatsam a Argentina, kuma Majalisar Dokokin Lardin ta ba shi kasafin kuɗi mai yawa don ingantawa, gami da fashewar bututun ruwa da kuma haƙa bakin Riachuelo mai laushi zuwa 6.5. m (21) ft). [1] Shawararsa mai girma ta gina babban tashar jiragen ruwa a arewacin wanda ke La Boca ta sami goyon baya a Majalisar Dokokin Argentina, kodayake goyon bayan babban mai ba da kuɗi na Argentina ( Bankin Barings ) ga shawarar da hamshakin mai shigo da kaya na gida Eduardo Madero ya gabatar ya taimaka wajen kawar da goyon bayan majalisar daga shawarar Huergo. Majalisa ta amince da aikin Madero a shekarar 1882. [2] == Manazarta == ksh44gf1gshv6skjir1x6shf3944hfg 0 141624 906189 814957 2026-08-22T12:09:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Keisha N. Blain''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1985) marubuciya ce 'yar Amurka kuma ƙwararriya a tarihin Amurka da Afirka . Ita Farfesa ce a fannin Nazarin Afirka da Tarihi a Jami'ar Brown . Blain ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar ƙungiyar Tarihin Fasaha ta Afirka ta Amurka daga 2017 zuwa 2021. Blain tana da alaƙa da ƙungiyar Charleston Syllabus ta kafofin sada zumunta. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Blain a shekarar 1985. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Keisha N. Blain |url=http://viaf.org/viaf/1491145857144722922677/#Blain,_Keisha_N.,_1985- |access-date=June 7, 2020 |website=viaf.org}}</ref> Ta sami digirin farko na fasaha a fannin tarihi da nazarin Afirka daga Jami'ar Binghamton kafin ta halarci Jami'ar Princeton don digirin digiri na biyu da digirin digirgir a tarihi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Keisha N. Blain, Ph.D. |url=https://community.chronicle.com/people/8048-keisha-n-blain-ph-d/profile |access-date=June 7, 2020 |website=community.chronicle.com}}</ref> Bayan ta sami digirin digirgir na uku, Blain ta kammala karatun digiri na uku a Cibiyar Bincike ta Afirka ta Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania . <ref name="x">{{Cite web |title=Keisha N. Blain, Ph.D. Who We Are |url=https://arc.la.psu.edu/history/who-we-are/post-doctoral-fellows/2014-2015-fellows/keisha-n-blain-ph-d |access-date=June 8, 2020 |website=arc.la.psu.edu}}{{Dead link|date=April 2025}}</ref> == Sana'a == Blain ƙwararriya ce a fannin tarihin Baƙar fata Amurkawa, Nazarin Baƙi na Afirka, da Tarihin Mata da Jinsi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sears |first=Kyle |date=2019-01-10 |title=Award-Winning Historian Dr. Keisha Blain to Present Third Annual Byington Lecture on the Contemporary South |url=https://news.mercer.edu/award-winning-historian-dr-keisha-blain-to-present-third-annual-byington-lecture-on-the-contemporary-south/ |access-date=2020-06-11 |website=Mercer News |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bellware |first=Kim |date=2018-02-12 |title=The Scholar Helping America Grapple with Its Ugly History |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-black-woman-helping-america-grapple-with-its-ugly-history/ |access-date=2020-06-11 |website=Vice |language=en}}</ref> Bayan kammala bincikenta na digiri na uku a shekarar 2015, Blain ta koyar a Jami'ar Iowa na tsawon shekaru biyu. Yayin da take can, ta sami tallafin karatu na digiri na uku na bincike na Amurka daga Ƙungiyar Mata ta Jami'o'i ta Amurka (AAUW). <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 28, 2016 |title=History Prof Keisha Blain awarded Postdoctoral Research Leave Fellowship from AAUW |url=https://clas.uiowa.edu/news/history-prof-keisha-blain-awarded-postdoctoral-research-leave-fellowship-aauw |access-date=June 8, 2020 |website=clas.uiowa.edu |archive-date=March 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324032052/https://clas.uiowa.edu/news/history-prof-keisha-blain-awarded-postdoctoral-research-leave-fellowship-aauw |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kuma sami tallafin karatu na shekara biyu na lokacin bazara kan Zamani da Ci gaban Ƙwararru a Jami'ar Duke a lokacin bazara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 8, 2016 |title=History Professor Keisha Blain selected as SITPA Fellow at Duke University |url=https://clas.uiowa.edu/news/history-professor-keisha-blain-selected-sitpa-fellow-duke-university |access-date=June 8, 2020 |website=clas.uiowa.edu}}</ref> A shekarar 2017, ta fara koyarwa a Sashen Tarihi na Jami'ar Pittsburgh . <ref name="x" /> Ta haɗa kai wajen shirya ''manhajar Charleston : Karatu kan launin fata, wariyar launin fata, da tashin hankali na launin fata'' tare da Chad Williams da Kidada Williams a shekarar 2016. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title=Charleston Syllabus: Readings on Race, Racism, and Racial Violence eds. by Chad Williams, Kidada E. Williams, and Keisha N. Blain (review) |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/663281 |journal=Palimpsest: A Journal on Women, Gender, and the Black International |publisher=State University of New York Press |volume=6 |issue=1 |access-date=June 8, 2020}}</ref> Ta zama babban edita na ''Black Perspectives'', shafin yanar gizo na ƙungiyar Tarihin Hankali ta Afirka ta Amurka a shekarar 2016. A shekarar 2017, an ba Blain kyautar Roy Rosenzweig Prize don kirkire-kirkire a Tarihin Dijital daga ƙungiyar Tarihin Amurka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=American Historical Association Announces 2017 Prize Winners |url=https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/october-2017/american-historical-association-announces-2017-prize-winners |access-date=2020-06-11 |website=www.historians.org |publisher=[[American Historical Association]]}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, Blain ta buga littafin ''Set the World on Fire: Black Nationalist Women and the Global Struggle for Freedom,'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Robertson |first=Darryl |date=March 1, 2018 |title=V Books: Prof. Keisha N. Blain Shows How Black Women 'Set the World on Fire' |url=https://www.vibe.com/2018/03/v-books-keisha-blain-set-the-world-on-fire |access-date=June 8, 2020 |website=vibe.com}}</ref> wanda ya sami kyautar Darlene Clark Hine don mafi kyawun littafi a tarihin mata 'yan Afirka ta Amurka da jinsi daga Organization of American Historians (OAH). <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 30, 2019 |title=Keisha N. Blain Awarded Best Book in African American Women's and Gender History |url=https://www.pittwire.pitt.edu/accolades/keisha-n-blain-awarded-best-book-african-american-women-s-and-gender-history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711094510/https://www.pittwire.pitt.edu/accolades/keisha-n-blain-awarded-best-book-african-american-women-s-and-gender-history |archive-date=July 11, 2020 |access-date=June 8, 2020 |website=pittwire.pitt.edu}}</ref> Ya kuma lashe kyautar Berkshire Conference of Women Historians saboda littafi na farko wanda ya yi magana sosai game da tarihin mata, jinsi, da/ko jima'i. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 31, 2019 |title=Keisha N. Blain Wins Book Award from the Berkshire Conference of Women Historians |url=https://www.jbhe.com/2019/05/keisha-n-blain-wins-book-award-from-the-berkshire-conference-of-women-historians/ |access-date=June 8, 2020 |website=jbhe.com}}</ref> An kuma zaɓi littafin a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun littattafan tarihi na 2018 ta ''Smithsonian Magazine'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Serratore |first=Angela |date=November 20, 2018 |title=The Best History Books of 2018 |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/best-history-books-2018-180970864/ |access-date=2020-06-11 |website=[[Smithsonian Magazine]]}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, ta kuma yi gyara tare da ''New Perspectives on the Black Intellectual Tradition'' . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Evans |first=Stephanie Y. |date=December 2020 |title=Rev. of Keisha N. Blain, Christopher Cameron, and Ashley D. Farmer, eds, ''New Perspectives on the Black Intellectual Tradition'' |journal=[[American Historical Review]] |volume=125 |issue=5 |pages=1803–1806 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhz1124}}</ref> Daga baya aka naɗa ta a cikin Shirin Lakca Mai Kyau na OAH <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 25, 2018 |title=Historian Keisha N. Blain Appointed to Distinguished Lecturer Program |url=https://www.pittwire.pitt.edu/accolades/historian-keisha-n-blain-appointed-distinguished-lecturer-program |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927125431/https://www.pittwire.pitt.edu/accolades/historian-keisha-n-blain-appointed-distinguished-lecturer-program |archive-date=September 27, 2020 |access-date=June 8, 2020 |website=pittwire.pitt.edu}}</ref> kuma ta sami tallafin karatu na 2018–19 Ford Foundation Post-doctoral Fellowship. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 18, 2018 |title=Keisha N. Blain Receives Ford Foundation Post-doctoral Fellowship |url=https://www.pittwire.pitt.edu/accolades/keisha-n-blain-receives-ford-foundation-post-doctoral-fellowship |access-date=June 8, 2020 |website=pittwire.pitt.edu }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekarar 2019, ta yi gyara tare da tarin littattafai na uku mai taken ''To Turn the Whole World Over: Black Women and Internationalism'' . An nuna littafin a cikin ''Mujallar Ms.'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Strand |first=Karla J. |date=13 February 2019 |title=2019 Reads for the Rest of Us - Ms. Magazine |url=https://msmagazine.com/2019/02/13/2019-reads-rest-us/ |access-date=2020-06-11 |website=msmagazine.com}}</ref> A lokacin bazara na 2020, Blain ta sami Hutchins Fellowship daga [[Jami'ar Harvard]] don yin aiki a kan sabon littafinta ''East Unites with West: Black Women, Japan, da Visions of Afro-Asian Solidarity.'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Keisha N. Blain |url=https://hutchinscenter.fas.harvard.edu/people/keisha-n-blain |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611012602/https://hutchinscenter.fas.harvard.edu/people/keisha-n-blain |archive-date=June 11, 2020 |access-date=June 8, 2020 |website=hutchinscenter.fas.harvard.edu}}</ref> Ta kuma yi aiki a kan allunan edita daban-daban, ciki har da ''The Journal of African American History,'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Journal of African American History Editorial Board |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/journals/jaah/board?mobileUi=0& |access-date=June 8, 2020 |website=journals.uchicago.edu |publisher=Journal of African American History}}</ref> ''The Journal of Women's History'', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Editorial Board {{!}} JHU Press |url=https://www.press.jhu.edu/journals/journal-womens-history/editorial-board |access-date=2020-06-11 |website=www.press.jhu.edu}}</ref> da ''Modern Intellectual History'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Editorial board |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-intellectual-history/information/editorial-board |access-date=2020-06-11 |website=Cambridge Core |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2021, Blain ta haɗa hannu wajen gyara ''Four Hundred Souls'' tare da [[Ibram X. Kendi]] . Littafin ya shafi tarihin Baƙar fata da Amurka kuma ya tattara ayyukan da marubuta Baƙar fata casa'in suka rubuta. Bayan buga shi, an zaɓi littafin don samun lambar yabo ta Andrew Carnegie ta 2022 don ƙwarewa a cikin Fiction da Nonfiction . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2021 |title=2022 Winners |url=https://www.ala.org/rusa/awards/carnegie-medals/2022-winners |access-date=July 4, 2022 |publisher=Andrew Carnegie Medals for Excellence in Fiction and Nonfiction}}</ref> A watan Afrilun 2022, an ba Blain kyautar tallafin karatu daga Gidauniyar Guggenheim <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 8, 2022 |title=Pitt's Keisha N. Blain and Yona Harvey are 2022 Guggenheim Fellows |url=https://www.pitt.edu/pittwire/features-articles/keisha-blain-yona-harvey-2022-guggenheim-fellows |access-date=July 4, 2022 |publisher=University of Pittsburgh}}</ref> da kuma Kamfanin Andrew Carnegie. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ford |first=Celeste |date=April 26, 2022 |title=Carnegie Corporation of New York Announces the 2022 Class of Andrew Carnegie Fellows |url=https://www.carnegie.org/news/articles/carnegie-corporation-new-york-announces-2022-class-andrew-carnegie-fellows/ |access-date=July 4, 2022 |publisher=Andrew Carnegie Corporation |archive-date=June 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619221141/https://www.carnegie.org/news/articles/carnegie-corporation-new-york-announces-2022-class-andrew-carnegie-fellows/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta shiga jami'a a Jami'ar Brown a lokacin bazara na 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Coker |first=Rachel |date=May 6, 2022 |title=Keisha N. Blain is making history |url=https://www.binghamton.edu/news/story/3630/keisha-n-blain-is-making-history |access-date=July 4, 2022 |publisher=Binghamton University}}</ref> Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga jerin YouTube na Crash Course na Tarihin Baƙar fata na Amurka, wanda Clint Smith ya shirya. <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=ClintSmithIII}}</ref> Tana cikin kwamitin edita na ''Mujallar Tarihin Ra'ayoyi'' . Blain shine wanda ya lashe kyautar Dan David ta 2024. A shekarar 2025, an zaɓe Blain a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar masana tarihi ta Amurka kuma an naɗa shi babban edita na Global Black Thought, wata mujalla ta ilimi da Jami'ar Pennsylvania Press ta buga wanda aka keɓe don nazarin al'adun ilimi na Baƙar fata. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-10 |title=Faculty at Brown earn prominent awards, distinctions in Spring 2025 {{!}} Brown University |url=https://www.brown.edu/news/2025-07-01/faculty-awards |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=www.brown.edu |language=en}}</ref> ''Ba tare da tsoro ba: Matan Baƙar fata da Making of Human Rights'' by Blain an buga shi a shekarar 2025. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 97qbd9tvstn9o73d5xufibjyc08er87 0 144771 906380 807728 2026-08-23T04:23:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Plaque_rue_Domon_Duquet_Paris_1.jpg|thumb|Tunawa da ' Yan'uwa Matan Addinin Faransa guda biyu da aka kashe a Faransa, Titin Place Alice Domon -et-Léonie-Duquet, Paris.]] '''Marie Léonie Duquet''', SME (9 ga Afrilu 1916 - Disamba 1977) ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'Yan'uwa Matan Addini na Faransa guda biyu, membobin 'Yan'uwa Matan Ofishin Jakadancin Ƙasashen Waje da ke Seysses, Faransa, waɗanda aka kama a watan Disamba 1977 a [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina, kuma suka "ɓace". Alice Domon, ɗaya 'yar'uwa Faransa da ke aiki tare da Duquet, ta ɓace bayan 'yan kwanaki. Ana kyautata zaton gwamnatin soja ta [[Shugaban Ƙasar Argentina|shugaban]] [[Argentina|ƙasar Argentina]] Jorge Rafael Videla ce ta kashe su a lokacin [[Ƙazamin yaƙi|Yaƙin Datti]] . Duquet da Domon sun yi aiki a unguwannin talakawa na Buenos Aires a shekarun 1970 kuma sun goyi bayan Uwargidan Plaza de Mayo, wanda aka kafa a 1977. Duk da ƙoƙarin da Faransa ta yi na neman 'yan'uwa mata biyu, mulkin kama-karya na Argentina bai yi nasara ba. A shekarar 1990, wata kotun Faransa da ke Paris ta yi wa Kyaftin Alfredo Astiz na Argentina shari'a, wanda aka san shi da kama Duquet kuma ana kyautata zaton yana da hannu a "ɓacewar" Domon, saboda sace 'yan'uwa mata biyu. An yanke masa hukunci kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai ''a bayansa'' . <ref name="afp"/> A Argentina a lokacin, shi da sauran jami'an soja da na tsaro an kare su daga gurfanar da su a gaban kuliya ta hanyar Dokokin Afuwa da aka zartar a 1986 da 1987. An soke waɗannan a 2003 kuma an yanke musu hukunci bisa ga tsarin mulki a 2005, kuma gwamnati ta sake buɗe shari'ar [[Laifin Yaƙi|laifukan yaƙi]] . A watan Yulin 2005, an gano gawawwaki da dama a cikin wani kabari da aka binne a Makabartar Janar Lavalle, mai nisan kilomita 400 kudu da Buenos Aires. Gwajin DNA na binciken laifuka a watan Agusta ya gano ɗaya a matsayin Duquet. Gwajin DNA ya nuna cewa a cikin kabarin akwai gawarwakin mata uku 'yan Argentina da suka "ɓace" a ƙasar, waɗanda suka kafa Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo, waɗanda suma suka ɓace tun Disamba 1977. Zuwa yanzu, ba a gano gawar Domon ba. <ref name="afp"/> Tun bayan tabbatar da kisan Duquet, Faransa ta nemi a mika mata Astiz; a shekarar 2005 ana tsare da shi a Argentina bayan an tuhume shi da laifin sace mutane da azabtarwa. <ref name="afp" /> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi '''Léonie Henriette Duquet''' a shekarar 1916 a Longemaison, Doubs, kuma ta girma a cikin iyali mai ibada na Katolika. Da jin an kira ta zuwa hidima a Cocin, sai ta shiga ƙungiyar 'Yan'uwa Mata na Ofishin Jakadancin Ƙasashen Waje a gidansu da ke Chateau de Notre-Dame de la Motte a Seysses . <ref name="afp">[http://noticias.uol.com.br/ultnot/afp/2005/08/29/ult34u134075.jhtm Agence France-Presse, "Léonie Duquet, missionária francesa, vítima do anjo louro da morte"] (Leonie Duquet, French missionary, victim of the 'Blond Angel of Death'")], ''Ultimo Noticias'', 29 August 2005,{{In lang|pt}}, accessed 10 June 2013</ref> Bayan ta ɗauki alƙawarin addini, ta yi tafiya kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje. A watan Agusta na shekarar 1949, Duquet tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyar 'Yan'uwa Mata huɗu da cocin ya aika zuwa Argentina don kafa ayyukansu a wannan ƙasar. Sun fara hidimarsu a birnin Hurlingham . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical Notes: Argentina |url=https://www.sistersisme.org/history.php#parentVerticalTab5 |website=Institute of Foreign Mission Sisters |access-date=2026-03-11 |archive-date=2022-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709030353/http://sistersisme.org/history.php#parentVerticalTab5 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga baya ta fara shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa a babban birnin da kewayenta. An tura wata memba a cikin ikilisiyar, Alice Domon, zuwa Argentina a farkon shekarun 1970. A wannan lokacin an tura ta cikin ƙungiyar da Father Ismaele Calcagno ya jagoranta, ɗan uwan farko na Jorge Rafael Videla, mai mulkin kama karya na Argentina. An gabatar da Duquet da Domon ga Videla saboda yana buƙatar taimako ga ɗansa Alejandro, wani yaro nakasasshe wanda suka koyar kuma suka kula da shi a Casa de la Caridad da ke Morón . A Buenos Aires, 'Yan'uwa mata biyu sun sadaukar da lokacinsu ga ayyukan zamantakewa tsakanin mazauna garuruwan da ke cikin talauci a birnin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alice Domon |url=https://en.gariwo.net/righteous/dictatorships-in-latin-america/alice-domon-7614.html |access-date=11 October 2025 |website=en.gariwo.net}}</ref> Duquet ta sadaukar da kanta ga taimaka wa talakawan Argentina kuma ta yi aiki a tsakaninsu a lardin Buenos Aires da kuma babban birnin. Ta zauna kuma ta yi aiki a Cocin San Pablo da ke Ramos Mejia, a gefen kudu na birnin. <ref name="afp"/> Duquet da Domon sun shiga cikin ƙungiyar Uwargidan Plaza de Mayo, wadda ta fara a watan Afrilun 1977. Uwayen sun so su tallata 'ya'yansu " [[Rashin da aka tilasta|sun ɓace]] " su kuma tilasta wa gwamnati ta gaya musu makomarsu da kuma gano su. Mulkin kama-karya na soja yana da manufar danne adawar siyasa ta hanyar ta'addancin gwamnati . Dubban 'yan ƙasar Argentina waɗanda suka yi adawa da gwamnati sun "ɓace", an san cewa an kashe wasu. A watan Disamba na shekarar 1977, Kyaftin sojan ruwa Alfredo Astiz ya kama Duquet kuma ya yi garkuwa da shi a Cocin Parish na San Pablo da ke Ramos Majia. Wannan ya faru ne jim kaɗan bayan da Astiz ya jagoranci wani matakin 'yan sanda a Cocin Holy Cross da ke Buenos Aires kan Uwayen Plaza de Mayo, inda ya shirya kama [[Azucena Villaflor]] da wasu mutane biyu daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar 13, tare da jimillar abokan aikinsa goma. An sace Alice Domon jim kaɗan bayan haka. An san Astiz da "Mala'ikan Mutuwa Mai Farin Jini". ɗaya daga cikin masu azabtarwa mafi shahara a Argentina. <ref name="afp"/> An kai fursunonin zuwa ESMA, inda aka kafa wani wurin tsarewa da azabtarwa a ɓoye. A cewar shaidar waɗanda suka tsira, an tsare 'yan'uwa mata da sauran fursunonin a wurin kimanin kwanaki 10 kuma an azabtar da su sosai a lokacin da ake yi musu tambayoyi. An tilasta wa 'yan'uwa mata su rubuta da sanya hannu ga babban janar na cocinsu, suna cewa sun yi abin da ya saba wa gwamnatin Videla. An ɗauki hotonsu a gaban wani tuta na Montoneros, don su bayyana kamar suna tare da wannan ƙungiyar 'yan daba. An saki hoton ga manema labarai na gida da na Faransa; matan sun nuna shaidar azabtarwa ta jiki. Ba da daɗewa ba, an "fitar da dukkan ƙungiyar" daga ESMA, wanda aka fahimci yana nufin an kashe su (Shaidar Horacio Domingo Maggio, Fayil #4450); Shaidar Lisandro Raúl Cubas, Fayil #6794). [1] == Manazarta == rihk90vpsxmqo0ax4y59vv5119d45oy 0 145680 906362 810374 2026-08-23T01:43:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lidia Zamenhof''' ( Esperanto ; 29 Janairu 1904 &#x2013; 1942) marubuciya ce Bayahudiya 'yar Poland, mawallafi, mai fassara kuma ƙaramar 'yar Klara Silbernik da LL Zamenhof, wanda ya ƙirƙiri [[Esperanto]] . Ta kasance mai fafutukar tallata Esperanto da kuma Homaranismo, wani nau'in ɗan adam na addini wanda mahaifinta ya fara ayyanawa. A kusa da 1925 ta zama memba na [[Baha'i|Bangaskiyar Bahá'í]] . A ƙarshen 1937 ta tafi [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] don koyar da wannan addinin da Esperanto. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1938 ta koma Poland, inda ta ci gaba da koyarwa da fassara Rubuce-rubucen Bahá'í da yawa.<ref name="adherents">{{Cite web |date=2005-12-06 |title=Famous Baha'is |url=http://www.adherents.com/largecom/fam_bahai.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001019005329/http://www.adherents.com/largecom/fam_bahai.html |archive-date=October 19, 2000 |access-date=2008-03-16 |publisher=adherents.com}}</ref> An kashe ta a sansanin Treblinka a lokacin Holocaust .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lidia Zamenhof, a cosmopolitan woman and victim of the Holocaust |url=https://blogs.bl.uk/european/2017/01/lidia-zamenhof-a-cosmopolitan-woman-and-victim-of-the-holocaust.html |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=blogs.bl.uk |language=en |archive-date=2022-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011054607/https://blogs.bl.uk/european/2017/01/lidia-zamenhof-a-cosmopolitan-woman-and-victim-of-the-holocaust.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa == Lidia Zamenhof ta koyi Esperanto tun tana yarinya 'yar shekara tara. Lokacin da take da shekaru [[doka]] sha huɗu, ta fassara daga wallafe-wallafen Poland; wallafe-finai na farko sun bayyana shekaru da yawa bayan haka. Bayan kammala karatunta na jami'a a fannin shari'a a 1925, ta sadaukar da kanta gaba ɗaya don aiki ga Esperanto. A cikin wannan shekarar a lokacin 17th World Congress of Esperanto a 1925 a [[Geneva]] ta saba da [[Baha'i|Bangaskiyar Bahá'í]] . Lidia Zamenhof ta zama sakatariyar kungiyar Esperanto-Society Concord a [[Wosaa|Warsaw]] kuma sau da yawa tana yin shirye-shirye ga masu magana da darussan. Farawa a [[Vienna]] World Congress of Esperanto a 1924 ta halarci kusan kowane Taron Duniya (ta rasa 1938 Universala Kongreso a Ingila). A matsayinta na malami na [[Andreo Cseh|Hanyar Cseh]] na koyar da Esperanto ta yi tafiye-tafiye da yawa kuma ta koyar da darussan da yawa a kasashe daban-daban. Ta yi aiki sosai tare da ƙungiyar ɗaliban Esperanto - a cikin Ƙungiyar Ɗaliban Duniya, a cikin [[World Esperanto Association|UEA]], a [[International Cseh Institute of Esperanto|Cibiyar Cseh]], da kuma Bangaskiyar Bahá'í . Bugu da ƙari, Lidia ta rubuta don mujallar Literatura Mondo (musamman karatu a kan wallafe-wallafen Poland), kuma ta ba da gudummawa ga ''[[Pola Esperantisto]]'', La ''[[La Praktiko|Praktiko]]'', ''[[Heroldo de Esperanto|Heroldo na Esperanto]]'', da ''[[Enciklopedio de Esperanto|Enciklopedio na Esperanto]]'' . An buga fassarar ''[[Quo Vadis (novel)|Quo Vadis]]'' ta [[Henryk Sienkiewicz]] a 1933 kuma sananne ne sosai. == Abin Tunawa == A cikin ƙwaƙwalwarta da girmamawa, an gudanar da taro a 1995 a Gidan Tarihin Holocaust na Amurka a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]. Taron ya jawo hankali ga kokarin Esperantists na ceton Yahudawa da aka tsananta a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. == Magana da bayyanar a cikin ayyukan al'adu == Wasan kwaikwayo na Ni vivos! (''Za mu rayu!'') na Julian Modest ya nuna makomar iyalin Zamenhof a cikin Warsaw Ghetto . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ni vivos! |url=http://retbutiko.be/fr/ero/nviv_m |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=retbutiko.be}}</ref> == Esperanto yana aiki == * Lidia Zamenhof (1931), Homo, Dio, Annabi (Mutum, Allah, Annabi)   == Dubi kuma == * Bangaskiyar Bahá'í da kuma harshe mai taimako * Jerin 'yan Poland § Masu adawa da Holocaust * [[Louis-Christophe Zaleski-Zamenhof]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1904]] kw6085syxrlclgrhqbsi0hz0xk17w09 0 146456 906542 836470 2026-08-23T11:50:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mari-Cruz Evuna Andeme''' 'yar siyasa ce kuma jami'ar diflomasiyya daga [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]], tana aiki a matsayin Sakatariya na Ƙasashen Waje na Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa da Ƙasa.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ethiopia, Equatorial Guinea vow to deepen bilateral ties |url=https://www.fanamc.com/english/ethiopia-equatorial-guinea-vow-to-deepen-bilateral-ties/ |access-date=22 February 2026 |work= |publisher=Fana Media Corporation |date=21 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ethiopia’s Commitment to Africa Reflects Growing Capacity to Drive Regional Integration |url=https://www.ena.et/web/eng/w/eng_8296593 |access-date=22 February 2026 |work=ENA English |date=13 February 2026}}</ref> Ta yi aiki daga ranar 1 ga watan Yuli 2012 zuwa Yuli 2018 a matsayin jakadiyar ƙasar a Burtaniya.<ref name="rbkc">{{cite web |title=Embassy of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea |url=https://www.rbkc.gov.uk/contactsdirectory/az.aspx?searchletter=e&orgid=5316 |website=www.rbkc.gov.uk |publisher=Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea |access-date=6 January 2021 |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203190629/https://www.rbkc.gov.uk/contactsdirectory/az.aspx?searchletter=e&orgid=5316 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="court">{{cite news |title=Court Circular: July 16 |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/july-16-n2vg90dm2 |access-date=6 January 2021 |work=[[The Times]] |language=en}}</ref> {{As of|December 2020}} Jakadan ya kasance babu kowa a ciki.<ref name="diplist">{{cite web |title=London Diplomatic List (revised December 2020) |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/943404/London_Diplomatic_List_-_December_2020.odt |publisher=Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office |access-date=6 January 2021}}</ref> Mahaifinta [[Alejandro Evuna Asangono Owono]] ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Equatoguinean, a Fadar Shugaban Ƙasa mai kula da Ofishin Jakadancin, sannan an naɗa ɗan uwanta [[Miguel Ntutumu Evuna Andeme]] a matsayin jakadan Equatorial Guinea, a Amurka, a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu 2015. <ref name="allgov">{{Cite web |last=Straehley |first=Steve |date=16 May 2015 |title=Equatorial Guinea’s Ambassador to the United States: Who Is Miguel Ntutumu Evuna Andeme? |url=http://www.allgov.com/news/appointments-and-resignations/equatorial-guineas-ambassador-to-the-united-states-who-is-miguel-ntutumu-evuna-andeme-150516?news=856495 |access-date=6 January 2021 |website=AllGov}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (October 2024)">mafi kyau&nbsp;tushe&nbsp;Ana buƙatar</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Ta kammala karatun jami'a kuma tana jin harsuna huɗu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ta fara aikin diflomasiyya a shekarar 1996 tare da wani aiki a Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka. Kafin ta koma Birtaniya, ta kasance Shugabar Ofishin Jakadancin Belgium, tare da ƙarin nauyi a Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Sweden, da Tarayyar Turai. Daga shekarun 2008 zuwa 2012 ta yi aiki a Yarjejeniyar Haɗin Gwiwa ta Tattalin Arziki ta Equatorial Guinea (EPA) da Tarayyar Turai, kuma daga shekarun 2007 zuwa 2012 ta kasance mamba a sashen Sadarwa na babban taron ƙasa na [[Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Equatorial Guinea]] (PDG). <ref name="wabgroup">{{Cite web |title=Recent speakers |url=http://www.wabgroup.org/speakers.htm |access-date=6 January 2021 |website=www.wabgroup.org |publisher=Westminster Africa Business Group |archive-date=12 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712035718/http://www.wabgroup.org/speakers.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2014 ta yi jawabi ga Majalisar Harkokin Waje da Commonwealth ta Conservative inda ta gabatar da ƙasarta, inda ta bayyana ta a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa cikin sauri a Afirka da kuma duniya". <ref name="cons">{{Cite web |date=12 May 2014 |title=Equatorial Guinea |url=https://www.cfcconline.org.uk/news/equatorial-guinea |access-date=6 January 2021 |website=Conservative Foreign and Commonwealth Council |language=en}} ''Includes full text of her speech''</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.alamyimages.fr/photos-images/ms-mari-cruz-evuna-andeme.html Hotuna a Alamy] sun nuna Evuna Andeme tana gabatar da takardun shaidarta ga [[Elizabeth II|Sarauniya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] pw65t6ihjboj95blu7dsbr10ssv2bya 0 146776 906346 890366 2026-08-22T22:59:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Guhamiriza1.jpg|thumb|312x312px|Misalin rawa ta Intre, ma'ana ''Rawar Jarumai'']] '''Tatsuniyar Rwanda''' ta ƙunshi [[Camfi|tatsuniyoyi]], tatsuniyoyi da tatsuniyoyi, gami da halittun tatsuniyoyi, tatsuniyoyi na birane, [[karin magana]] ( ''imigani'' ), camfi, balladry da tatsuniyoyi, waɗanda aka yi ta magana da su tsawon ƙarni da yawa. Kodayake yawancin [[Banyarwanda|'yan Rwanda]] sun yi imani da [[Addinan Ibrahimiyya|addinan Ibrahim]], tatsuniyoyi suna kiyaye asalin [[Banyarwanda]] na da kuma siffanta al'umma ta zamani. Abin lura shi ne, yana da siffofi da imani [[Addinan Ibrahimiyya|na Ibrahim]], gami da Allah mai tauhidi, ruhohi masu kama da rai, da ra'ayoyi game da sama da duniya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Magic and beliefs |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/magic-and-beliefs/qQVxuknZwPLbcg |access-date=6 September 2025 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Banyarwanda Mythology |url=https://www.folklore.earth/culture/banyarwanda/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |website=www.folklore.earth |language=en}}</ref> Labarai da yawa suna haɗa layin da ke tsakanin tarihi da tatsuniyoyi. == Tatsuniyoyi na Gargajiya == === Hotuna da jarumai === * ''Ryangombe'' wani allah ne mai kama da mutum, jarumi kuma shugaba, wanda ake yabawa a zamaninsa, wanda bayan mutuwarsa, ya zama shugaban imandwa, ƙungiyar ruhohi waɗanda ke shiga tsakani tsakanin [[Imana]] da mutane. Wani sigar labarinsa, ya ba da labarin Ryangombe (mai rai) yana tuntuɓe a kan wani yanki mai tsarki, inda ya haɗu da ruhohi waɗanda suka gane baiwarsa kuma suka ba shi damar hawa zuwa duniyar ruhaniya. Ryangombe ya yarda, kuma ya canza zuwa ruhu mai ƙarfi, wanda ya zama shugaban imandwa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=centreforelites |date=3 February 2025 |title=The Legend of Ryangombe: A Deep Dive into Rwandan Mythology {{!}} Umuco Nyarwanda |url=https://umuco.centreforelites.com/the-legend-of-ryangombe-a-deep-dive-into-rwandan-mythology/,%20https://umuco.centreforelites.com/the-legend-of-ryangombe-a-deep-dive-into-rwandan-mythology/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |language=en-GB }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name=":2"/> * ''Ngunda'' mutum ne mai ƙarfin hali da kwadayi, wanda ya noma ƙasar da ƙarfi kuma ya ci abinci da yunwa har nomansa da aikinsa a ƙasar ya haifar da tsaunukan Rwanda. Lokacin da ya ziyarci surukinsa Mirenge, ya yi amfani da ƙugiya 50 yana noma ƙasar kuma ya cinye [[saniya]] gaba ɗaya, kwanduna da yawa na burodi da tulun giya ba tare da gamsuwa ba. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=A glimpse into mythical legends that shaped Rwanda's folklore #rwanda #RwOT |url=http://en.webrwanda.com/2024/10/a-glimpse-into-mythical-legends-that.html |access-date=6 September 2025 |website=Webrwanda English Version |language=en-gb}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=7 October 2024 |title=A glimpse into mythical legends that shaped Rwanda's folklore |url=https://en.igihe.com/history/article/a-glance-at-mythical-legends-that-defined-rwanda-s-folklore |access-date=6 September 2025 |website=IGIHE |language=en}}</ref> * ''Ndabaga'' jaruma ce, wacce aka yi bikinta saboda sadaukar da kanta ga rundunar sarki domin ceton mahaifinta. A cikin labarin, doka ce ga 'ya'yan mutum su yi hidima a rundunar sarki, in ba haka ba mutumin zai yi wa sarki hidima muddin yana raye. Mahaifin Ndabaga, Nyamutezi, ba shi da 'ya'ya maza, duk da haka, Ndabaga, ta ƙuduri aniyar ceton mahaifinta daga wannan ƙaddara, ta ɓoye kanta a matsayin mutum kuma ta horar da kanta har iyakarta. Saboda jarumtarta, an ba ta lada da shanu, kuma an tuna da labarinta da karin maganar " ''Ibintu byageze iwa Ndabaga'' ", wanda ke fassara zuwa "Abubuwa sun kai matsayin Ndabaga". <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":4" /> * ''Mwungeri'' mutum ne da ake tunawa da shi saboda mutuncinsa da gaskiya, halayensa da ke haifar da kishi daga wasu. Wata rana, masu sukarsa sun ƙi ba shi rance don ya yi kiwo, har aka tilasta masa ya yi jima'i da wani bijimin asiri daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Wannan kishi ya koma baya, inda garken Mwungeri ya yawaita cikin sauri wanda ya kawo masa wadata. Duk da haka, wata rana da dare, wani mutum mai suna Gashubi ya shiga gidan Mwungeri ya yi lalata da matarsa. <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":4" /> * ''Nyirarucyaba'' ita ce 'yar Gihanga tilo, wanda ya kafa Masarautar Rwanda, kuma an yi imanin cewa tatsuniya ce ta kawo shanu zuwa masarautar. An bayyana cewa ta gudu daga gidanta saboda takaddama tsakanin mahaifiyarta, Nyamususa, da uwarta, Nyirampirangwe, inda ta kare mahaifiyarta da ƙarfi. Saboda tsoron hukunci, ta gudu zuwa kotun Sarki Gihanga. Ta auri wani manomi mai suna Kazigaba, kuma wata rana, wata dabba da ba ta saba gani ba ta zo gidansu ta haihu washegari. Nyirarucyaba ta binciki wani ruwa mai diga sannan ta koma wurin Sarki Gihanga dauke da madarar a matsayin kyauta. Sarkin, bayan ya ji daɗi bayan ya sha, ya umarci bayinsa da su dawo da waɗannan shanun zuwa Rwanda. Ana kyautata zaton Dutsen Kabuye a yankin Nemba na gundumar Gakenke ya ba Nyirarucyaba da shanunta mafaka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Myth of Nyirarucyaba and the Origin of Cows in Rwanda |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/the-myth-of-nyirarucyaba-and-the-origin-of-cows-in-rwanda/7AVxx0kMcuqDPQ |access-date=6 September 2025 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> === Alloli === * ''Nyabinghi'', ɗaya daga cikin allolin Rwanda da aka fi sani, allahiya ce mai ƙarfi mace, wadda ake kyautata zaton tana shiga cikin harkokin yau da kullun don samar da walwala. Mutane za su ba da kyaututtuka don faranta mata rai da kuma ci gaba da wadata. <ref name=":1"/> <ref>{{Cite journal |url-status=170–180}}</ref> === Halittu na tatsuniyoyi === * An bayyana ''Abatagana'' a matsayin manyan mutane na farko da [[Imana]] ya ƙirƙira don siffanta duniya, waɗanda suka ƙirƙiri koguna, tafkuna da shimfidar wurare. <ref name=":2"/> * ''Inzoka'' mugaye ne masu kama da macizai waɗanda ke zaune a tsakanin tafkuna da koguna, ana kyautata zaton suna da iko a kan fari da ambaliyar ruwa. <ref name=":2" /> == Imana == A cikin mulkin mallaka na Rwanda, ana ganin Imana a matsayin Allah mafi girma wanda ya rayu sama da sammai (a yau duniya tana nufin Allah na Kirista). Koyaya an kalli shi mai nisa kuma yana da wuya ya shiga cikin rayuwar yau da kullun, saboda haka addinin Rwanda ya kasance mai tsakiya, amma tasirin mafi girma an tura shi ta hanyar ruhaniya. A ƙasar Rwanda kafin mulkin mallaka, kamar Allahn Kirista, ana ɗaukar Imana a matsayin babban alƙali na ɗabi'un ɗan adam, kuma rashin adalci na iya haifar da rashin sa'a. Wannan ra'ayi ya wanzu a cikin tatsuniyar Barundi, kuma kalmar da ake kira Allahn Kirista ita ce Imana <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kirundi Study & Dictionary |url=https://www.matana.de/index1.php?deep&q=imana |access-date=6 September 2025 |website=www.matana.de}}</ref> == Ruhohi da Mutane == === Addinin Biyu === Tatsuniyar Rwanda tana da fahimtar mutanen da aka fi bayyana su a matsayin masu bin ra'ayin biyu, tare da mutum yana da sassa biyu, jiki da ake iya gani da kuma ruhun da ba a iya gani. <ref name=":0"/> Ana ɗaukar mutuwa a matsayin sauyawa zuwa ''abazimu'', ruhohin matattu. Tunda, ana ɗaukar ruhohi da sarakuna a matsayin masu shiga tsakani tsakanin [[Imana]], suna ba da ƙarin iko, kamar iya sarrafa rashin lafiya da gazawar amfanin gona. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Rwanda - Spirituality |url=https://www.cp-pc.ca/english/rwanda/spirit.html |access-date=6 September 2025 |website=www.cp-pc.ca}}</ref> === Kakanni === Bayan lokaci sababbin matattu sun zama masu tsarki, ruhohi masu daraja, waɗanda iyalai ke addu'a. Ayyukan jana'iza suna da mahimmanci. Iyalin za su dakatar da duk wani aiki bayan mutuwar, kuma matan iyali za su aske kawunansu a matsayin alamar makoki. Saboda an yi imanin cewa tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta sune wurin hutawa na ruhohin kakanninmu, an yi iminin mutuwa "mai zafi", saboda haka za a kira ruhun ''Umufumu'' don sanyaya gidan marigayin.<ref name=":5"/><ref name=":0"/> == Sarauta == [[Fayil:King_Gihanga.png|thumb|Nunin Gihanga Ngomijana Minaganza, sarki na farko a cikin al'ummar rudawa na Ruwanda.]] Imana ta ɗauki sarakuna a matsayin waɗanda ta zaɓa, kuma mulkinsu ya kasance kamar wanda Allah ya amince da shi. Ana sa ran sarkin zai kawo zaman lafiya, wadata da adalci a tsakanin dukkan kabilu kuma ya kare masarautar daga barazanar waje. Wasu tatsuniyoyi sun nuna cewa Imana ta gwada sarakuna ta hanyar gwaji don tabbatar da darajarsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rwanda's Folklore: Understanding the Myths Behind the Culture |url=https://www.mexicohistorico.com/paginas/rwanda-s-folklore-understanding-the-myths-behind-the-culture-cffb1ac8.html |access-date=6 September 2025 |website=www.mexicohistorico.com |archive-date=3 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251203054002/https://www.mexicohistorico.com/paginas/rwanda-s-folklore-understanding-the-myths-behind-the-culture-cffb1ac8.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Ana ɗaukar Gihanga a matsayin wanda ya kafa Masarautar Rwanda, wanda aka ce ya gabatar da muhimman fannoni na wayewar manyan tafkuna, kamar shanu, aikin ƙarfe, aikin katako, tukwane da ingobyi ( abin hawa da aka yi da papyrus ). Ana cewa Gihanga ya yi mulki daga fadarsa a dajin Buhganga kuma ya haifi ɗa da mace. Bayan rasuwarsa, an yi imanin cewa ɗansa, Kanyarwanda Gahima, ya gaje shi. <ref name=":4"/> == Balladry == Waƙar gargajiya ta Rwanda ta samo asali ne daga al'adar baki kuma ta ƙunshi nau'ikan waƙoƙi da salon waƙa daban-daban kamar: * Ibitekerezo, [[Epic Poetry|waƙoƙin gargajiya]] da aka yi a fadar sarki, waɗanda galibi ke ba da labarin tarihin daular Rwanda a cikin salon waƙa. * Indirimbo, waƙoƙi masu sauƙin amfani kamar ''igihozo'' (waƙoƙin waƙa da na soyayya), waƙoƙin aiki (misali noma, tafiya, kiwon zuma, [[maƙera]]), ''amahigi'' (waƙoƙin farauta ko waƙoƙin kiwo suna yabon shanu) Kayan kida na gargajiya da za su iya raka su sune: ''Inanga'' (zither), ''ikembe'' (lamellophone), ''umuduri'' (bakan kiɗa), ''indingiti'' (fiddle) ''ko ihembe'' (ƙaho) tare da busar ganguna na ''ingoma'', ƙararrawa, kararrawa, da busa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Songs of the Watutsi |url=https://folkways.si.edu/songs-of-the-watutsi/world/music/album/smithsonian |access-date=6 September 2025 |website=Smithsonian Folkways Recordings |language=en-US}}</ref> == Karin magana da camfe-camfe == Karin maganar Rwanda ( ''Imigani)'' da camfe-camfe ba wai kawai suna wanzuwa daga tatsuniyoyi ba, har ma suna nan a cikin al'ummar zamani, yayin da karin magana suka bambanta domin ana amfani da shi a matsayin jagororin rayuwa ga dukkan tsararraki, yayin da camfe-camfe galibi suna zaune ne a cikin tsofaffin 'yan Rwanda (ban da banda). An lissafa wasu karin maganar da ba na addini ba a ƙasa: * ''Inda y'ûndi ítèra indûrú ntibábimenye'' ''— Cikin ɗayan yana kuka kuma babu wanda ya ji shi'' — Wasu suna shan wahala yana da wuya a gane * ''Ùrusha dukina w'ûmwâna imbabázi aba ashâka kumúlya'' ''—'' Wanda ya fi uwa nuna tausayi, yana ƙoƙarin cin yaron — Babu wanda ya fi uwa tausayi. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Proverbs {{!}} Jean-Paul Martinon |url=https://jeanpaulmartinon.net/rap/rwanda/rwanda-proverbs/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |language=en-GB}}</ref> * ''Injunga y'úrulími inèsha injunga z'îgitèro'' ''—'' Kaifin harshe yana kayar da kaifin mayaka — Harshe ya fi ƙarfi fiye da makamai. <ref name=":6" /> * ''Mayenya ímenya isuku ishyize ímbere alíko ntîmenya úmwanda isize ínyuma'' ''—'' Matukin jirgi ya san tsaftar da ke gaba, ba a taɓa barin ƙazanta a baya ba — Ilimi na gaskiya yana kula da komai, jahilci ne kawai a kula da abin da za ku iya gani. <ref name=":6" /> * ''Agacúmu kazâguhòrera ntûmenyá uwagácuze'' ''—'' Ba ka taɓa sanin sunan wanda zai yi maka ramawa ba — Makomar koyaushe ba ta da tabbas. <ref name=":6" /> === camfe-camfe === * Bai kamata mace ta taɓa kiran surukinta da suna ba — Al'adar al'ada mai tushe da aka haɗa da kunya. * Busawa haramun ne, musamman da daddare - Imani ne da aka saba da shi kuma an hana shi sosai. * Kada a taɓa faɗin tatsuniya da rana — Shahararriyar dokar bayar da labarai a Rwanda, bayar da labarai ana keɓe su ne don dare kuma ba da labarinsu da rana ana iya ganin yana kawo rashin sa'a. * Kada ka taɓa yanke farce da daddare - An yi imanin cewa yana jawo sa'a ko kuma mummunan hali. == Tatsuniyoyi == * Kwandon Gisaka da Ibimanuka da ke tashi — Labari mai ban mamaki game da kwandon tashi wanda ya iso dauke da baƙi da ake kyautata zaton sun fito ne daga wata duniya ( ''Ibimanuka)'' waɗanda aka ce suna ba da kyauta. Labarin ya samo asali ne daga Gisaka, wata masarauta ta gabas wadda daga ƙarshe za ta shiga masarautar Rwanda. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maurice |date=13 November 2024 |title=The mystery of Rwanda's Ibimanuka dynasty and the legend of the flying basket of Gisaka |url=https://medium.com/%40magorane/the-mystery-of-rwandas-ibimanuka-dynasty-and-the-legend-of-the-flying-basket-of-gisaka-89bbce30dc7e |access-date=6 September 2025 |website=Medium}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Athar |first=Amani |date=28 August 2024 |title=Debunking the myth: The true origins of Ibimanuka vs Abasangwabutaka in Rwanda |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/19614/opinions/debunking-the-myth-the-true-origins-of-ibimanuka-vs-abasangwabutaka-in-rwanda |access-date=6 September 2025 |website=The New Times |language=en}}</ref> == Nassoshi == eezf83yvig5wb79oje94qjrpzgzpvyc 0 147708 906437 828299 2026-08-23T05:33:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} MacDella Cooper (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga Maris, 1977) 'yar siyasa ce ta Liberia kuma mai taimakon jama'a. Ita ce Shugabar Siyasa ta jam'iyyar siyasa ta Movement for One Liberia (MOL). An haifi MacDella Cooper a Monrovia, kuma an yi mata korar kare zuwa Côte d'Ivoire a lokacin barkewar Yaƙin Basasa na Farko na Liberia kafin a sake haɗuwa da iyalinta a Amurka. Ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta Barringer da ke Newark, New Jersey, inda ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban da suka fi samun maki a ajinsu, daga baya ta sami cikakken tallafin karatu a Kwalejin New Jersey, inda ta sami digiri a fannin Sadarwa ta Lantarki. Cooper ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar kasuwa ta ƙasa da ƙasa tsawon shekaru da dama kafin ta kafa Gidauniyar MacDella Cooper, Kwalejin MacDella Cooper, da kuma jam'iyyar siyasa ta Movement for One Liberia. A watan Oktoban 2016, Cooper ta sanar da aniyarta ta tsayawa takarar shugabancin kasar Liberia a zaben kasa na 2017 . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Cooper a babban birnin Liberia, Monrovia, kuma ta zauna a can har zuwa lokacin da Yaƙin Basasa na Farko na Liberia ya ɓarke. Yaƙin ya tilasta wa Cooper yin hijira zuwa maƙwabciyarta [[Ivory Coast|Côte d'Ivoire]], inda ta yi shekarun ƙuruciyarta a matsayin 'yar gudun hijira har zuwa 1993, lokacin da aka sake haɗuwa da iyalinta a Amurka. Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Barringer da ke Newark, New Jersey, inda ta zo ta uku a cikin ajin ɗalibanta 1,200. An ba ta cikakken tallafin karatu na ilimi zuwa Kwalejin New Jersey da ke Ewing, New Jersey, inda daga baya ta sami digiri a fannin Sadarwa ta Lantarki. == Aikin kasuwanci == Cooper ta fara aikinta na ƙwararru a fannin tallan kayan kwalliya da hulɗa da jama'a sannan daga baya ta bazu zuwa tsarin kamfanoni, tana ba da shawara ga ƙungiyoyi na duniya kamar Citi Group, Duca Sartoria da Starwood, da sauransu. Cooper ya rike mukamai da dama na shugabanci, shawarwari da kuma na kwamitin gudanarwa a Amurka, Laberiya, da sauran kasashe, ciki har da wakilci a kungiyoyin agaji. == Gidauniyar MacDella Cooper (MCF) == A shekara ta 2003, Cooper ya kafa Gidauniyar MacDella Cooper, wata ƙungiyar agaji ta duniya mai lamba 501c3 wadda manufarta ita ce ilmantar da yara mafi rauni a Afirka, matasa marasa galihu da mata marasa galihu, tare da taimaka musu su zama masu ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da siyasa na ƙasashensu. Gidauniyar ta samar da tubalin ginawa na asali don tara miliyoyin daloli don tallafawa ayyukan ci gaban ƙasa a Laberiya. Cooper ta yi amfani da dandamalin taimakonta don yin fafutukar neman kuɗaɗen da ake buƙata don haɓaka haƙƙin ɗan adam, da kuma kare mata da yara. Gidauniyar kuma tana ba da damar samun ilimi, kiwon lafiya, gidaje masu araha da aikin yi. == Kwalejin Gidauniyar MacDella Cooper == A watan Disamba na 2010, Gidauniyar MacDella Cooper ta buɗe makaranta ta farko a Laberiya don bayar da kuɗin makaranta kyauta wanda ya haɗa da ɗaki da abinci. Kwalejin Gidauniyar MacDella Cooper da ke Charlesville, Gundumar Margibi, Laberiya, tana da ikon ɗaukar ɗalibai 80, masu shekaru 4 zuwa 13. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MacDella Cooper Academy website |url=http://mcfacademy.org/live/ourfacility.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131118213804/http://mcfacademy.org/live/ourfacility.php |archive-date=November 18, 2013 |access-date=February 16, 2017}}</ref> Gine-ginen makarantar an tsara shi ne ta hannun mai zane-zanen ƙasar Holland-Amurka [[Winka Dubbeldam]], wanda ya lashe lambar yabo. Kwalejin tana ba da ingantaccen ilimi da dabarun rayuwa ga yara "masu haɗari", marasa galihu, da marasa galihu a cikin yanayi mai dacewa don koyo. A Kwalejin MCF, ɗalibai suna samun abinci sau uku a rana wanda ya ƙunshi sinadarai masu lafiya, waɗanda aka noma a cikin gida. Tsoffin mahalarta wannan gidauniyar yanzu sun zama masu wasan kwaikwayo da aka san su a duniya, waɗanda aka gayyata zuwa wasu taruka daban-daban, ciki har da bikin ranar Afirka a hukumance a Paris da kuma taron wakokin zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Amurka. Bugu da ƙari, duk yaran da suka cancanta daga Kwalejin MCF sun yi nasarar rubutawa da kuma cin jarrabawar Majalisar Jarrabawar Yammacin Afirka (WAEC), wani buƙatar yanki don samun amincewa a cikin Yammacin Afirka. Kwalejin MCF ta yi nasarar maye gurbin rufin da ya lalace sosai bayan rugujewarta, inda ta tabbatar da cewa yara suna cikin aminci da kwanciyar hankali a cikin azuzuwan su. Gidauniyar ta kuma gina azuzuwan aji 12 don girmama Iyalin Segal. == Jam'iyyar Siyasa ta MOL ta Movement for One Liberia == MacDella Cooper ita ce Shugabar Siyasa ta Movement for One Liberia (MOL), jam'iyyar siyasa da aka kafa a shekarar 2019 kuma aka amince da ita a shekarar 2020. Ƙungiyar Movement for One Liberia tana ba wa mata, matasa, da mutanen da ke da nakasa damar shiga cikin harkokin gwamnati. Manufar jam'iyyar ita ce samar da 'yancin dimokuradiyya da walwalar jama'a ga kowane ɗan ƙasar Liberia, musamman waɗanda ba su da wakilci sosai - mata, matasa, nakasassu, da kuma waɗanda ke da bambancin ra'ayi. == Aikin siyasa == A ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 2016, MacDella Cooper ta bayyana a bainar jama'a cewa za ta tsaya takarar Shugabancin Liberia a zaben 2017. Ita ce kuma 'yar takarar [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118060547/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/liberia/ Jam'iyyar Movement for One ta Liberia] a zaben Sanata na Gundumar Montserrado da aka gudanar a ranar 2 ga Yuli, 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberia: Senatorial Candidate MacDella Cooper Promises Foreign Direct Investment when Elected |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/politics/liberia-senatorial-candidate-macdella-cooper-promises-foreign-direct-investment-when-elected/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberia - The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/liberia/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260118060547/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/liberia/ |archive-date=January 18, 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, MacDella Cooper ta sanar da aniyarta ta tsayawa takarar Shugaban kasa a zaben Shugaban kasa na Liberia na 2023, wanda hakan ya sake sanya ta zama mace daya tilo da ta tsaya takarar shugabancin kasar Liberia. Neman Cooper na Shugaban kasa ya samu karbuwa kuma ta bayyana a matsayin bako a wasu fitattun gidajen rediyo da talabijin a Liberia. A ranar 26 ga Mayu, 2023, Cooper ta amince da takarar tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban kasa [[Joseph Boakai]] a bainar jama'a, tana mai cewa tana son hada karfi da karfe don kawo hadin kai ga 'yan Liberia. An bayar da sanarwar ne daga hedikwatar Movement for One Liberia da ke Monrovia, inda Cooper har yanzu ke aiki a matsayin shugaban siyasa na jam'iyyar. == Rayuwa ta sirri == MacDella Cooper tana zaune a Monrovia, Liberia tare da mijinta da 'ya'yanta uku. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.macdellacooper.org MacDella Cooper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260417183542/https://www.macdellacooper.org/ |date=2026-04-17 }} * [https://www.facebook.com/FriendsOfMacDella Yunkurin Kawo Sauyi ga Laberiya Ɗaya] * [http://macdellacooperfoundation.org Gidauniyar MacDella Cooper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260415131152/https://macdellacooperfoundation.org/ |date=2026-04-15 }} * [http://www.mcfacademy.org Kwalejin MacDella Cooper]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.macdellacooperforpresident2023.com/ Shafin Yanar Gizo na Zaɓe na MacDella Cooper]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * https://filmfreeway.com/MACDELLA [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l69i1jg68d8hy6lvbttd3ohgniftcw8 0 147729 906377 819241 2026-08-23T03:58:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Luiz Júnior | full_name = Luiz Lúcio Reis Júnior | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2001|1|9}} | birth_place = Picos, Brazil | position = Mai tsaron gida | currentclub = Famalicão | clubnumber = 31 | youthyears1 = 2017–2020 | youthclubs1 = Famalicão | years1 = 2020– | clubs1 = Famalicão | caps1 = 100+ | goals1 = 0 | nationalyears1 = 2023– | nationalteam1 = Brazil U23 | nationalcaps1 = 5+ | nationalgoals1 = 0 }} '''Luiz Lúcio Reis Júnior''' (an haife shi 9 ga Janairu, 2001) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga ƙasar Brazil wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida ga ƙungiyar [[F.C. Famalicão]] a gasar Firimiya ta Portugal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Luiz Júnior Profile |url=https://www.zerozero.pt/player.php?id= |publisher=ZeroZero }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Luiz Júnior a garin Picos da ke ƙasar Brazil. Tun yana ƙarami ya fara nuna sha’awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, musamman a matsayin mai tsaron gida, wanda hakan ya ba shi damar shiga makarantar horas da matasa ta Famalicão bayan ya koma ƙasar Portugal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Luiz Júnior Biography |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/ |publisher=Transfermarkt}}</ref> == Aikin Ƙungiya == Luiz Júnior ya fara taka leda a matakin matasa na Famalicão daga shekarar 2017. A shekarar 2020 ya samu damar shiga babbar ƙungiyar. Tun daga wannan lokaci ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu tsaron gida a gasar Portugal Primeira Liga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Famalicão Squad |url=https://www.ligaportugal.pt/ |publisher=Liga Portugal}}</ref> A kakar 2022–23, ya taka rawar gani sosai inda ya taimaka wa Famalicão wajen kare ragar su a wasanni da dama, kuma ya samu yabo daga manazarta wasanni saboda ƙwarewarsa wajen tsalle da kama ƙwallaye masu wahala.<ref>{{cite web |title=Season Performance Stats |url=https://www.sofascore.com/ |publisher=SofaScore}}</ref> == Aikin Ƙasa == A shekarar 2023, Luiz Júnior ya samu kiransa na farko zuwa tawagar matasa ta Brazil (U23), inda ya wakilci ƙasar sa a wasannin sada zumunci da na shirye-shiryen manyan gasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Brazil U23 Call-up |url=https://www.cbf.com.br/ |publisher=CBF}}</ref> == Salon Wasansa == Luiz Júnior ana saninsa da tsayinsa (1.92m), ƙarfin jiki, da kuma saurin mayar da martani. Yana da ƙwarewa wajen rike ƙwallo da kuma tsara bayan gida daga baya, wanda ya sa ya dace da tsarin wasan zamani.<ref>{{cite web |title=Player Analysis |url=https://www.goal.com/ |publisher=Goal}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references/> 1lycr1krvstmjxyryxjol77za7pebbo 0 149943 906485 862258 2026-08-23T10:43:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906485 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Retrato de Manuel Bento de Sousa (1900) - Veloso Salgado.png|thumb]] {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = Manuel Bento | hoto = | cikakken_suna = Manuel Galrinho Bento | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa|1948|6|20}} | wurin_haihuwa = Golegã, Portugal | ranar_mutuwa = {{Mutuwa da shekaru|2007|2|1|1948|6|20}} | wurin_mutuwa = Barreiro, Portugal | tsawo = 1.81 m | matsayi = Mai tsaron raga | shekaru1 = 1966–1972 | kulob1 = Barreirense | wasanni1 = 111 | kwallaye1 = 0 | shekaru2 = 1972–1992 | kulob2 = Benfica | wasanni2 = 465 | kwallaye2 = 0 | kungiyar_kasa1 = Portugal | shekaru_kasa1 = 1976–1986 | wasanni_kasa1 = 63 | kwallaye_kasa1 = 0 }} '''Manuel Galrinho Bento''' (20 ga Yuni, 1948 – 1 ga Fabrairu, 2007) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Portugal]] wanda ya yi suna a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu tsaron raga a tarihin ƙwallon ƙafar Portugal. Ya shahara musamman saboda dogon lokacin da ya shafe yana taka leda a kulob ɗin [[S.L. Benfica]] da kuma rawar da ya taka a tawagar ƙasar Portugal. Bento ya kasance mai saurin motsi, jarumtaka da kuma iya ceton ƙwallaye masu wahala, lamarin da ya sa ake kallonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu tsaron raga na zamaninsa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.zerozero.pt/player.php?id=13062 |title=Manuel Bento Profile |website=Zerozero |access-date=2026-05-08 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Manuel Bento a garin Golegã da ke ƙasar Portugal. Tun yana ƙarami ya nuna sha’awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, musamman a matsayin mai tsaron gida. Ya fara taka leda a ƙananan ƙungiyoyi kafin daga bisani ya shiga tsarin matasa na kulob ɗin Barreirense. A wannan lokaci ne ya fara nuna ƙwarewarsa wajen hana ƙwallaye shiga raga tare da samun yabo daga masu horarwa da magoya baya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/bento/ |title=Manuel Bento – Career Overview |website=WorldFootball.net |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Barreirense === Bento ya fara taka leda a matakin manya tare da kulob ɗin [[F.C. Barreirense]] a shekarar 1966. Ya shafe shekaru da dama yana taka rawar gani a ƙungiyar inda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasa na kulob ɗin. Kwarewarsa wajen dakatar da manyan hare-hare da kuma nutsuwarsa a cikin fili sun jawo hankalin manyan kungiyoyi a Portugal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/manuel-bento/profil/spieler/213875 |title=Manuel Bento Stats |website=Transfermarkt |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> === Benfica === A shekarar 1972 ne Bento ya koma [[S.L. Benfica]], ɗaya daga cikin manyan kulob ɗin Portugal. Wannan canjin ne ya ɗaga martabarsa a duniya saboda ya zama babban mai tsaron raga na kulob ɗin tsawon shekaru masu yawa. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimaka wa Benfica lashe kofunan lig da dama da sauran gasa na cikin gida.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.slbenfica.pt/en-us/benfica-history/great-players/manuel-bento |title=Benfica History – Manuel Bento |website=SL Benfica |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> Bento ya kasance mai aminci ga Benfica tsawon kusan shekaru ashirin. A wannan lokaci ya buga daruruwan wasanni kuma ya kafa tarihi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan wasan da suka fi dadewa suna wakiltar kulob ɗin. Salon wasansa ya haɗa da saurin faɗuwa wajen tare ƙwallo, iya jagorantar masu tsaron baya da kuma nuna ƙwazo a manyan wasanni.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/port-recintlp.html |title=Portugal – Record International Players |website=RSSSF |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> == Aikin tawagar ƙasa == Bento ya fara bugawa tawagar ƙasar Portugal wasa a shekarar 1976. Daga baya ya zama babban mai tsaron raga na ƙasar a shekarun 1970 da 1980. Ya wakilci Portugal a gasar [[UEFA Euro 1984]], inda tawagar ta kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe, wanda hakan ya kasance babban nasara ga ƙasar a lokacin.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/players/44169--bento/ |title=UEFA Profile – Bento |website=UEFA |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> A gasar Euro 1984, Bento ya nuna ƙwarewa sosai ta hanyar ceton ƙwallaye masu haɗari daga manyan ƙasashe na Turai. Wasansa ya taimaka wa Portugal wajen kaiwa matakin da ba a saba gani ba a lokacin. Har yanzu ana tunawa da shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin gwarazan tawagar Portugal na wancan zamani.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fpf.pt/pt/Jogadores/Jogador/playerId/685/contextId/1619485 |title=Manuel Bento – Federação Portuguesa de Futebol |website=FPF |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> == Salon wasa == An san Bento da saurin motsi, ƙarfin hali da kuma iya tsayawa a matsin lamba. Yana daga cikin masu tsaron raga da suka fi iya karanta wasan abokan hamayya kafin su harba ƙwallo. Har ila yau, yana da kwarewa wajen sarrafa yankin bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida da kuma jagorantar masu tsaron baya cikin tsari.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thesefootballtimes.co/2017/10/10/remembering-manuel-bento-portugals-goalkeeping-icon/ |title=Remembering Manuel Bento |website=These Football Times |access-date=2026-05-08 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Masana ƙwallon ƙafa da dama sun yaba masa saboda natsuwa da ƙwarewa. Duk da cewa bai samu shahara kamar wasu fitattun masu tsaron raga na Turai ba, a Portugal ana kallonsa a matsayin gwarzo kuma jagora ga matasan masu tsaron gida.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/the-greatest-goalkeepers-in-portugal-history/ |title=Greatest Goalkeepers in Portugal History |website=Goal.com |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> == Bayan ritaya == Bayan ritayarsa daga buga ƙwallon ƙafa, Bento ya ci gaba da kasancewa kusa da harkar wasanni ta hanyar horarwa da bayar da shawarwari ga matasa. Ya kasance mutum mai sauƙin kai wanda ya samu girmamawa daga tsofaffin abokan wasa da magoya baya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.publico.pt/2007/02/01/desporto/noticia/morreu-manuel-bento-1283757 |title=Morreu Manuel Bento |website=Público |access-date=2026-05-08 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2007, Manuel Bento ya rasu sakamakon hatsarin mota. Mutuwarsa ta girgiza al’ummar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Portugal musamman magoya bayan Benfica. Kulob ɗin Benfica da hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Portugal sun yi masa gagarumar karramawa saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/soccer-portugal-bento-idUSL01575064/ |title=Former Portugal goalkeeper Bento dies |website=Reuters |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Benfica === * Primeira Divisão: 1972–73, 1974–75, 1975–76, 1976–77, 1980–81, 1982–83, 1983–84, 1986–87, 1988–89 * Taça de Portugal: 1979–80, 1980–81, 1982–83, 1984–85, 1985–86, 1986–87 * Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 1980, 1985, 1989 == Duba kuma == * [[S.L. Benfica]] * [[Tawagar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Portugal]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bento, Manuel}} [[Category:1948 births]] [[Category:2007 deaths]] [[Category:Portuguese footballers]] [[Category:Association football goalkeepers]] [[Category:S.L. Benfica players]] [[Category:Portugal international footballers]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 1984 players]] h36ou4e5wg2s0q2q41umtpgqh8tubgp 0 150302 906230 897492 2026-08-22T13:28:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kian Franklin Fitz-Jim''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Yulin 2003) [[Ɗan ƙwallo|ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Holland wanda a halin yanzu yake taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya mai tsaron baya]] a ƙungiyar Ajax Eredivisie . == Aikin kulob == === Ajax === Bayan ya girma a makarantun matasa na Buitenveldert, AFC, da AZ Alkmaar, Fitz-Jim ya rattaba hannu da Ajax a ranar 18 ga Yunin shekara ta 2019. [1] Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar reserve, Jong Ajax, a gasar Eerste Divisie a ranar 21 ga Disamban shekara ta 2020, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka sha kashi 2-1 a hannun SC Telstar . [2] A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Fitz-Jim ya zama babban ɗan wasa kuma mai fara wasa akai-akai ga Jong Ajax, daga ƙarshe ya buga wasanni sama da 100 ga ƙungiyar a gasar Eerste Divisie. [3] Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar manyan 'yan wasa ba tare da izini ba a wasan sada zumunci da FC Utrecht a ranar 24 ga watan Maris cikin shekara ta 2021. [4] [5] Fitz-Jim ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar farko ta Ajax a ƙarƙashin kocin Alfred Schreuder a ranar 8 ga Janairu 2023, inda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da NEC . <ref name="AjaxDebut">{{Cite web |title=Kian Fitz-Jim |url=https://english.ajax.nl/teams/ajax-1/kian-fitz-jim/ |access-date=1 April 2025 |publisher=AFC Ajax |archive-date=15 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515160331/https://english.ajax.nl/teams/ajax-1/kian-fitz-jim/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya sake buga wasanni uku a kakar wasa ta cikin shekara ta 2022-zuwa cikin shekara23, biyu kuma sun zo ne a gasar cin kofin KNVB . <ref name="soccerway">{{Soccerway|591724}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2023, Fitz-Jim ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da Ajax har zuwa Yuni 2027 kuma nan take aka tura shi aro na tsawon kakar wasa ga ƙungiyar Excelsior ta Eredivisie. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Contract extension and loan Kian Fitz-Jim |url=https://english.ajax.nl/articles/contract-extension-and-loan-kian-fitz-jim/ |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=Ajax}}</ref> Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ta Eredivisie a lokacin da yake Excelsior, inda ya buga wasanni 12 a gasar lig da jimillar wasanni 14 a ƙungiyar a rabin farko na kakar wasa. <ref name="soccerway">{{Soccerway|591724}}</ref> Duk da haka, a ranar 11 ga Janairu 2024, Ajax ta kira Fitz-Jim, inda ta dakatar da zaman aro da wuri. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2024 |title=Kian Fitz-Jim returns to Ajax |url=https://english.ajax.nl/articles/kian-fitz-jim-returns-to-ajax/ |access-date=15 January 2024 |publisher=Ajax}}</ref> Ya buga wasa musamman a ƙungiyar Jong Ajax bayan dawowarsa a sauran kakar wasa ta 2023-24 . <ref name="soccerway" /> Kakar wasa ta 2024-zuwa cikin shekara ta 25 ta nuna nasarar Fitz-Jim a cikin ƙungiyar farko ta Ajax a ƙarƙashin sabon kocin Francesco Farioli . Ya zama memba na tsakiya akai-akai, yana yin wasanni akai-akai a matsayin mai farawa da kuma wanda zai maye gurbinsa. <ref name="soccerway">{{Soccerway|591724}}</ref> Ya zira kwallayensa na farko a gasa a Ajax a wannan kakar, inda ya zira kwallaye biyu a Eredivisie kafin tsakiyar Maris na ckikin shekara ta 2025. <ref name="soccerway" /> Ya kuma bayar da gudummawa mai yawa a gasar UEFA Europa League, inda ya zira kwallayensa na farko a Turai a zagayen cancantar shiga gasar <ref name="soccerway" /> kuma ya ƙara kwallaye uku a lokacin gasar, ciki har da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a kan [[Beşiktaş]] <ref name="AjaxBesiktasGoal">{{Cite web |date=27 September 2024 |title=Fitz-Jim: 'We came here to dominate' |url=https://english.ajax.nl/articles/fitz-jim-we-came-here-to-dominate |access-date=1 April 2025 |publisher=AFC Ajax}}</ref> da Galatasaray . <ref name="AjaxGotmJan25">{{Cite web |date=7 February 2025 |title=Fitz-Jim wins Goal of the Month: 'Credits to Pasveer as well' |url=https://english.ajax.nl/articles/fitz-jim-wins-goal-of-the-month-credits-to-pasveer-as-well |access-date=1 April 2025 |publisher=AFC Ajax}}</ref> <ref name="soccerway" /> An zaɓe ƙwallon da ya zira a kan Galatasaray a matsayin Kwallon Ajax ta Watan Janairu 2025. <ref name="AjaxGotmJan25" /> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Fitz-Jim matashi ne ɗan ƙasar Holland. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Kian Fitz-Jim mag zich officieel Ajacied noemen |url=https://www.ajaxshowtime.com/article/bijzaken-en-geruchten/123601/kian-fitz-jim-mag-zich-officieel-ajacied-noemen |website=www.ajaxshowtime.com |access-date=2026-05-10 |archive-date=2021-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214095519/https://www.ajaxshowtime.com/article/bijzaken-en-geruchten/123601/kian-fitz-jim-mag-zich-officieel-ajacied-noemen |url-status=dead }}</ref> Haka kuma yana da damar wakiltar Hong Kong da Suriname ta hanyar iyayensa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-29 |title=足球｜華裔荷甲小將返港惹討論 菲慈佔天樂稱暫仍望為荷蘭上陣 |url=https://hk.sports.yahoo.com/news/%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83-%E8%8F%AF%E8%A3%94%E8%8D%B7%E7%94%B2%E5%B0%8F%E5%B0%87%E8%BF%94%E6%B8%AF%E6%83%B9%E8%A8%8E%E8%AB%96-%E8%8F%B2%E6%85%88%E4%BD%94%E5%A4%A9%E6%A8%82%E7%A8%B1%E6%9A%AB%E4%BB%8D%E6%9C%9B%E7%82%BA%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%8A%E9%99%A3-172549258.html |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=Yahoo Sports |language=zh-Hant-HK |archive-date=2024-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902163954/https://hk.sports.yahoo.com/news/%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83-%E8%8F%AF%E8%A3%94%E8%8D%B7%E7%94%B2%E5%B0%8F%E5%B0%87%E8%BF%94%E6%B8%AF%E6%83%B9%E8%A8%8E%E8%AB%96-%E8%8F%B2%E6%85%88%E4%BD%94%E5%A4%A9%E6%A8%82%E7%A8%B1%E6%9A%AB%E4%BB%8D%E6%9C%9B%E7%82%BA%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%8A%E9%99%A3-172549258.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2023, manajan ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Hong Kong na wancan lokacin Jørn Andersen ya nuna sha'awar zaɓensa don wakiltar Hong Kong. <ref>{{Cite web |last=顏銘輝 |date=2024-09-27 |title=歐霸｜華裔小將建功助阿積士大勝 菲慈佔天樂母親為香港人 |url=https://www.hk01.com/%E5%8D%B3%E6%99%82%E9%AB%94%E8%82%B2/1061094/%E6%AD%90%E9%9C%B8-%E8%8F%AF%E8%A3%94%E5%B0%8F%E5%B0%87%E5%BB%BA%E5%8A%9F%E5%8A%A9%E9%98%BF%E7%A9%8D%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%8B%9D-%E8%8F%B2%E6%85%88%E4%BD%94%E5%A4%A9%E6%A8%82%E6%AF%8D%E8%A6%AA%E7%82%BA%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E4%BA%BA |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=香港01 |language=zh-HK}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Fitz-Jim a Netherlands, mahaifinsa, wanda shi ma aka haifa a Netherlands, ɗan asalin Surinam ne kuma ɗan asalin China . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-17 |title=Fitz-Jim krijgt opmerkingen over haardos: 'Dat moeten ze vooral doen' |url=https://www.ajaxshowtime.com/bijzaken-en-geruchten/fitz-jim-krijgt-opmerkingen-over-haardos-dat-moeten-ze-vooral-doen |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Ajax Showtime |language=nl}}</ref> Mahaifiyarsa 'yar HongKonger ce kuma ta yi ƙaura zuwa Netherlands tun tana ƙarama. <ref>{{Cite web |title=荷甲｜華裔小將菲慈佔天樂首為阿積士上陣 有香港身分證獲港足主帥關注 (18:01) - 20230109 - 體育 |url=https://news.mingpao.com/ins/%E9%AB%94%E8%82%B2/article/20230109/s00006/1673258548422/%E8%8D%B7%E7%94%B2-%E8%8F%AF%E8%A3%94%E5%B0%8F%E5%B0%87%E8%8F%B2%E6%85%88%E4%BD%94%E5%A4%A9%E6%A8%82%E9%A6%96%E7%82%BA%E9%98%BF%E7%A9%8D%E5%A3%AB%E4%B8%8A%E9%99%A3-%E6%9C%89%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E8%BA%AB%E5%88%86%E8%AD%89%E7%8D%B2%E6%B8%AF%E8%B6%B3%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%A5%E9%97%9C%E6%B3%A8 |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=明報新聞網 - 即時新聞 instant news |language=zh-hant}}</ref> Fitz-Jim bai taɓa zuwa Suriname ba amma ya kan ziyarci Hong Kong sau da yawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2022 |title=專訪港足新帥安達臣1︱ 前德甲神射手 誓重建港隊：沒戴偉浚也可 |url=https://www.hk01.com/即時體育/763212/專訪港足新帥安達臣1-前德甲神射手-誓重建港隊-沒戴偉浚也可 |website=香港01 |language=zh-hant}}</ref> Yana kuma riƙe da katin shaidar Hong Kong kuma yana jin yaren Cantonese . <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2024 |title=歐霸│阿積士4:0比錫達斯 持香港身份證小將菲慈佔天樂入波 今季已成主力 |url=https://std.stheadline.com/realtime/article/2026007/%E5%8D%B3%E6%99%82-%E9%AB%94%E8%82%B2-%E6%AD%90%E9%9C%B8%E2%94%82%E9%98%BF%E7%A9%8D%E5%A3%AB4-0%E6%AF%94%E9%8C%AB%E9%81%94%E6%96%AF-%E6%8C%81%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E8%BA%AB%E4%BB%BD%E8%AD%89%E5%B0%8F%E5%B0%87%E8%8F%B2%E6%85%88%E4%BD%94%E5%A4%A9%E6%A8%82%E5%85%A5%E6%B3%A2-%E4%BB%8A%E5%AD%A3%E5%B7%B2%E6%88%90%E4%B8%BB%E5%8A%9B |website=Sing Tao |language=zh-hant}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2003]] c7wjgr58q0akufkgwyjxn1r0b5422av 0 151351 906477 842139 2026-08-23T10:14:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | clubname = Malumfashi FC | image = | fullname = Malumfashi Football Club | nickname = | founded = | ground = Filin wasa na Malumfashi | capacity = | owner = | chairman = | manager = | league = Najeriya | season = | position = | website = }} '''Malumfashi FC''' ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce daga garin [[Malumfashi]], a [[Jihar Katsina]], [[Najeriya]]. Ƙungiyar tana daga cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na cikin gida da suka taka rawa wajen bunƙasa wasanni da haɓaka matasan ‘yan wasa a yankin Arewa maso Yammacin Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng |title=Goal Nigeria Football News |website=Goal.com |access-date=15 Mayu 2026}}</ref> An san ƙungiyar da bai wa matasa damar shiga harkar ƙwallon ƙafa ta hanyar shirya horo da wasannin sada zumunci a tsakanin ƙungiyoyin cikin gida. Malumfashi FC ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da ke taimakawa wajen gano hazikan ‘yan wasa daga ƙananan hukumomin Jihar Katsina.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brila.net/ |title=Brila FM Sports News |website=Brila.net |access-date=15 Mayu 2026 |archive-date=2019-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901224744/https://www.brila.net/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ƙungiyar tana gudanar da wasanninta a garin Malumfashi, inda take samun goyon bayan al’umma da masoya ƙwallon ƙafa na yankin. Duk da cewa ba ta daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin da ke taka leda a babbar gasar Najeriya, ƙungiyar tana da muhimmiyar rawa wajen ci gaban ƙwallon ƙafa a matakin cikin gida.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://npfl.ng/ |title=Nigeria Premier Football League |website=NPFL |access-date=15 Mayu 2026 |archive-date=2026-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260305231352/http://npfl.ng/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A tsawon shekarun da suka gabata, Malumfashi FC ta shiga gasanni daban-daban na cikin gida tare da baje kolin ƙwarewar ‘yan wasanta. Wasu daga cikin ‘yan wasan da suka fara daga ƙungiyar sun ci gaba da taka leda a wasu ƙungiyoyi mafi girma a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Grassroots Football Development in Northern Nigeria |newspaper=Daily Trust |url=https://dailytrust.com |access-date=15 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Malumfashi FC domin ƙarfafa harkokin wasanni da kuma bai wa matasa dama wajen nuna basirarsu a ƙwallon ƙafa. Tun bayan kafuwarta, ƙungiyar ta mayar da hankali kan ci gaban matasa da horar da ‘yan wasa masu tasowa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenff.com |title=Nigeria Football Federation |website=NFF |access-date=15 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Filin wasa == Ƙungiyar tana amfani da filayen wasa na cikin garin Malumfashi domin gudanar da atisaye da wasanni. Filin wasan yana karɓar magoya baya daga sassa daban-daban na Jihar Katsina lokacin wasanni.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.katsinastate.gov.ng |title=Katsina State Government Official Website |website=Katsina State Government |access-date=15 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Gudummawa ga matasa == Malumfashi FC tana daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da ke ƙoƙarin rage zaman banza tsakanin matasa ta hanyar shigar da su cikin harkokin wasanni. Hakan ya taimaka wajen haɓaka zaman lafiya da haɗin kai a tsakanin al’ummar yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.unesco.org |title=Sports and Youth Development |website=UNESCO |access-date=15 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya]] * [[Jihar Katsina]] * [[Najeriya Football Federation]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na Najeriya]] [[Category:Jihar Katsina]] q63nil0tkcpca2diz7ndpiux9y5nxxd 0 155335 906452 848831 2026-08-23T07:47:48Z Nnamadee 31123 906452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Polyuria''' yana da yawa ko kuma yawan fitarwa ko fitar [[fitsari]] (fiye da L 2.5 <ref name="ur">{{Cite web |date=27 December 2013 |title=Urination – excessive amount |url=https://www.medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003146.htm |access-date=30 December 2014 |website=Medline Plus |publisher=United States National Library of Medicine}}</ref> ko L 3 <ref name="merck">{{Cite web |date=November 2013 |title=Polyuria |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary_disorders/symptoms_of_genitourinary_disorders/polyuria.html |access-date=30 December 2014 |website=Merck Manuals}}</ref> a cikin awanni 24 a cikin manya). Ƙara yawan fitarwa da fitar fitsari ana iya kiransa diuresis . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2013 |title=Definition of Diuresis |url=http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=21221 |access-date=30 December 2014 |website=MedTerms}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Diuresis |url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/diuresis |access-date=30 December 2014 |website=The Free Dictionary}}</ref> Polyuria sau da yawa yana bayyana tare da polydipsia (ƙarin ƙishirwa), kodayake yana yiwuwa a sami ɗaya ba tare da ɗayan ba, kuma na ƙarshen na iya zama dalili ko tasiri. Babban polydipsia na iya haifar da polyuria. Polyuria yawanci ana kallonsa a matsayin alama ko alamar wata cuta (ba cuta ba ce da kanta), amma ana iya rarraba shi a matsayin cuta, aƙalla lokacin da ba a fayyace abubuwan da ke haifar da shi ba. == Dalilai == Babban abin da ke haifar da polyuria a cikin manya da yara shine [[ciwon suga]] da ba a sarrafa shi ba, <ref name="merck">{{Cite web |date=November 2013 |title=Polyuria |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary_disorders/symptoms_of_genitourinary_disorders/polyuria.html |access-date=30 December 2014 |website=Merck Manuals}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary_disorders/symptoms_of_genitourinary_disorders/polyuria.html "Polyuria"]. ''Merck Manuals''. November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> wanda ke haifar da osmotic diuresis ; lokacin da matakan glucose suka yi yawa har glucose ya fita a cikin fitsari. Ruwa yana bin yawan glucose a hankali, wanda ke haifar da yawan fitsari Idan babu ciwon suga, abubuwan da suka fi faruwa sune raguwar fitar aldosterone saboda ciwon adrenal cortical, primary polydipsia ( [[Shan giya|shan]] ruwa mai yawa), central diabetes insipidus, da kuma nephrogenic diabetes insipidus . <ref name="merck" /> Polyuria kuma na iya faruwa ne saboda sinadarai daban-daban, kamar su diuretics, caffeine, da ethanol . Hakanan yana iya faruwa bayan supraventricular tachycardias, yayin fara atrial fibrillation, [[Jego|haihuwa]], da kuma cire toshewa a cikin fitsari . Ana sarrafa diuresis ta hanyar magungunan hana ruwa gudu kamar vasopressin, angiotensin II da aldosterone . ''Diuresis mai sanyi'' shine faruwar karuwar samar da fitsari lokacin da aka fallasa shi ga sanyi, wanda kuma yana bayyana wani ɓangare na nutsewa cikin fitsari . ''Diuresis mai tsayi'' yana faruwa ne a tsayi sama da {{Convert|10000|ft|m}} kuma alama ce mai kyau ta daidaitawa da tsayi mai tsayi . Masu hawa dutse waɗanda ke daidaitawa da tsayi mai tsayi suna fuskantar wannan nau'in diuresis. Mutanen da ke samar da ƙarancin fitsari ko da a gaban isasshen ruwa mai yawa wataƙila ba sa daidaitawa da tsayi mai tsayi. [[Fayil:Bacteriuria_pyuria_4.jpg|thumb|Kamuwa da cutar fitsari (ƙwayoyin cuta baƙi ne kuma masu siffar wake)]] === Jerin dalilai === [[Fayil:Emphysematous_cystitis_-_X-rax_-_SHF.jpg|thumb|Ciwon cystitis na Emphysematous]] {{Columns-list|'''General''' * [[polydipsia]]<ref name="ref2">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ooH1nH81_h4C&q=polydipsia++causes+polyuria&pg=PA909 |title=Irwin and Rippe's intensive care medicine |date=2008 |publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-9153-3 |editor-last=Irwin |editor-first=Richard S. |edition=6th |location=Philadelphia |page=909 |access-date=5 August 2015 |editor-last2=Rippe |editor-first2=James M.}}</ref> * [[psychogenic polydipsia]]<ref name="ref">{{Cite book |last=Rudolf |first=Mary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eAAgon-AtoAC&q=psychogenic+polydipsia+causes+polyuria&pg=PA142 |title=Paediatrics and Child Health |date=2006 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=9781444320664 |edition=2nd |page=142 |access-date=5 August 2015}}</ref> * [[diuretic]] drugs, [[osmotic diuresis]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ronco |first=Claudio |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XkKn96HThzEC&q=diuresis+causes+polyuria&pg=PA475 |title=Critical Care Nephrology |date=2009 |publisher=Saunders |isbn=978-1416042525 |edition=2nd |page=475 |access-date=5 August 2015}}</ref> '''Urinary system''' * [[interstitial cystitis]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Paulman |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SW87MoaaIaAC&q=interstitial+cystitis+causes+polyuria&pg=PA432 |title=Signs and Symptoms in Family Medicine: A Literature-Based Approach |date=2012 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0323081320 |page=432 |access-date=5 August 2015}}</ref> * [[urinary tract infection]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Drake |first1=William M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fExzRaEuPC8C&q=urinary+tract+infection+causes+polyuria&pg=PA378 |title=Hutchison's clinical methods : an integrated approach to clinical practice |last2=Hutchison |first2=Robert |date=2012 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-7020-4091-7 |edition=23rd |location=Edinburgh |page=378 |access-date=5 August 2015}}</ref> * [[renal tubular acidosis]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Mary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5WW1AAAAQBAJ&q=renal+tubular+acidosis+causes+polyuria&pg=PT572 |title=Basic skills in interpreting laboratory data |date=2013 |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |isbn=978-1-58528-343-9 |edition=5th |location=Bethesda, Md. |page=132 |access-date=5 August 2015}}</ref> * [[Fanconi syndrome]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weissman |first=Barbara N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N94omKNvnVQC&q=Fanconi+syndrome+causes+polyuria&pg=PA679 |title=Imaging of arthritis and metabolic bone disease |date=2009 |publisher=Mosby/Elsevier |isbn=978-0-323-04177-5 |location=Philadelphia, PA |page=679 |access-date=5 August 2015}}</ref> * [[nephronophthisis]] (genetic)<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=saPIAwAAQBAJ&q=nephronophthisis+causes+polyuria&pg=PA761 |title=Radiology illustrated : pediatric radiology |date=2013 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-642-35572-1 |edition=1., 2013 |location=[S.l.] |page=761 |access-date=6 August 2015}}</ref> '''Hormonal''' * [[hypokalemia]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chihan |first=Nina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PcARTQwHLpIC&q=psychogenic+polydipsia+causes+polyuria&pg=PA481 |title=Nursing Interpreting Signs and Symptoms |date=2007 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=9781582556680 |page=481 |access-date=5 August 2015}}</ref> * [[diabetes mellitus]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OdjaAAAAQBAJ&q=chronic+renal+failure+causes+polyuria&pg=PA411 |title=Clinical chemistry: a laboratory perspective |date=2007 |publisher=F.A. Davis Co |isbn=978-0-8036-1498-7 |editor-last=Arneson |editor-first=Wendy |location=Philadelphia |page=411 |oclc=ocm76901872 |access-date=5 August 2015 |editor-last2=Brickell |editor-first2=Jean}}</ref> * [[corticosteroid]] use<ref>{{Cite book |last=Soni |first=Andrew Bersten, Neil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xXyzAQAAQBAJ&q=corticosteroid+causes+polyuria&pg=PA643 |title=Oh's Intensive Care Manual |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-7020-4762-6 |edition=7. |location=London |page=643 |access-date=6 August 2015}}</ref> * [[pheochromocytoma]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pediatric Pheochromocytoma Clinical Presentation |url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/988683-clinical |access-date=6 August 2015 |website=Medscape.com |publisher=eMedicine}}</ref> * [[hyperparathyroidism]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Srinanda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7fFV0QcLLCoC&q=hyperparathyroidism+causes+polyuria&pg=PA150 |title=MCQ's in medical surgical nursing : (with explanatory answers) |date=2007 |publisher=Jaypee Bros. Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. |isbn=978-81-8448-104-4 |edition=1st |location=New Delhi, India |page=150 |access-date=6 August 2015}}</ref> * [[diabetes insipidus]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ajay K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=21bCBwAAQBAJ&q=acromegaly+causes+polyuria&pg=PA551 |title=The Brigham intensive review of internal medicine |last2=Loscalzo |first2=Joseph |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-935828-1 |edition=Second |page=551 |access-date=6 August 2015}}</ref> * [[hypercalcaemia]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=md-tBwAAQBAJ&q=hypercalcaemia+causes+polyuria&pg=PA312 |title=Acute medicine 201415 |date=2014 |publisher=Scion |isbn=978-1-907904-25-7 |location=[S.l.] |page=312 |access-date=6 August 2015}}</ref> * [[hyperthyroidism]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mariani |first=Laura |date=2007 |title=The Renal Manifestations of Thyroid Disease |url=http://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/23/1/22.full |journal=Journal of the American Society of Nephrology |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=22–26 |doi=10.1681/ASN.2010070766 |pmid=22021708 |access-date=6 August 2015 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * [[hypopituitarism]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panhypopituitarism Clinical Presentation |url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/923789-clinical |access-date=6 August 2015 |website=Medscape.com |publisher=eMedicine}}</ref> * [[Conn's disease]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kost |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QMavPTjZwEkC&q=conn%27s+disease+causes+polyuria&pg=PA43 |title=Moderate sedation/analgesia : core competencies for practice |date=2004 |publisher=Saunders |isbn=978-0-7216-0324-7 |edition=2nd |location=St. Louis, Missouri. |page=43 |access-date=6 August 2015}}</ref> * [[hyperglycaemia]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7pbSFfMHCoC&q=hyperglycemia+causes+polyuria&pg=PA270 |title=The 5-minute pediatric consult |date=2012 |publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-1-4511-1656-4 |editor-last=Schwartz |editor-first=M. William Schwartz |edition=6th |location=Philadelphia |page=270 |access-date=6 August 2015 |display-editors=etal}}</ref> '''Circulation''' * [[congestive heart failure]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abrams |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vp20IgaT6ZYC&q=congestive+heart++failure++healing+period+causes+polyuria&pg=PA120 |title=Urodynamics |date=2006 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-85233-924-1 |edition=3. |location=London |page=120 |access-date=6 August 2015}}</ref> * cardiorespiratory disease<ref>{{Cite book |last=Leslie |first=Shern L. Chew, David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8BZVADcIwoYC&q=hypogonadism+causes+polyuria&pg=PA21 |title=Clinical endocrinology and diabetes |date=2006 |publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier |isbn=978-0443073038 |location=Edinburgh |page=21}}</ref> * [[postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome]] (POTS)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pavord |first=Sherif Gonem; foreword by Ian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XgfO4jvuLCYC&q=postural+orthostatic+tachycardia+syndrome++causes+polyuria&pg=PA44 |title=Diagnosis in acute medicine |date=2010 |publisher=Radcliffe Pub. |isbn=978-184619-433-7 |location=Oxford |page=44 |access-date=6 August 2015}}</ref>{{fv|date=July 2025}} '''Neurologic''' * [[cerebral salt-wasting syndrome]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wheeler |first1=D.S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oHciBAAAQBAJ&q=cerebral+salt-wasting+syndrome+causes+polyuria&pg=PA635 |title=Pediatric critical care medicine: respiratory, cardiovascular and central nervous systems |last2=Wong |first2=H.R. |last3=Shanley |first3=T.P. |date=2014 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4471-6355-8 |edition=2nd |location=New York |page=635 |access-date=6 August 2015}}</ref> * neurologic damage<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parker |first=Rolland S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWLLBQAAQBAJ&q=head+trauma+causes+polyuria&pg=PA322 |title=Concussive brain trauma neurobehavioral impairment and maladaptation |date=2012 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4200-0798-5 |edition=Second |location=Boca Raton, FL |page=322 |access-date=6 August 2015}}</ref> * [[migraine]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Migraine Headache Clinical Presentation |url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1142556-clinical |access-date=6 August 2015 |website=Medscape.com |publisher=eMedicine}}</ref> '''Other''' * high doses of [[riboflavin]] (vitamin B₂)<ref>{{Cite book |last=McKee |first=Mitchell Bebel Stargrove, Jonathan Treasure, Dwight L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=49kLK--eumEC&q=high+doses+of+riboflavin+causes+polyuria&pg=PA267 |title=Herb, nutrient, and drug interactions : clinical implications and therapeutic strategies |date=2008 |publisher=Mosby/Elsevier |isbn=978-0-323-02964-3 |location=St. Louis, Mo. |page=267 |access-date=6 August 2015}}</ref> * high doses of [[vitamin D]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wSTISCdSIosC&q=high+dose+ascorbic+acid++causes+polyuria&pg=PA205 |title=Nutrition in pediatrics: basic science and clinical applications |date=1997 |publisher=B.C. Decker |isbn=978-1-55009-026-0 |editor-last=Walker |editor-first=W. Allan |edition=2nd |location=Hamilton, Ont |page=205 |access-date=6 August 2015 |editor-last2=Watkins |editor-first2=John B.}}</ref> * [[altitude diuresis]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Schwartz |first1=R.B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-erLJS_tHcAC&q=altitude+diuresis++causes+polyuria&pg=PA75 |title=Tactical emergency medicine |last2=Schwartz |first2=R.B. |last3=McManus |first3=J.G. |last4=Swienton |first4=R.E. |date=2008 |publisher=Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-7817-7332-4 |location=Philadelphia |page=75 |access-date=6 August 2015}}</ref> * side effect of [[Lithium pharmacology|lithium]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vyas |first=JN |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-Dtdb_n3NQC&q=side+effect+of+lithium+causes+polyuria&pg=PA761 |title=Textbook of Postgraduate Psychiatry (2 Vols.) |date=2008 |publisher=Jaypee Brothers Publishing |isbn=978-81-7179-648-9 |page=761 |access-date=6 August 2015}}</ref> * [[hemochromatosis]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hemochromatosis Clinical Presentation |url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/177216-clinical |access-date=6 August 2015 |website=Medscape.com |publisher=eMedicine}}</ref> * ochratoxicosis<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=J. W. Bennett |last2=M. Klich |date=2003 |title=Mycotoxins |journal=Clin Microbiol Rev |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=497–516 |doi=10.1128/CMR.16.3.497-516.2003 |pmc=164220 |pmid=12857779}}</ref>}} == Tsarin aiki == Polyuria, a cikin shari'o'in osmotic, yana ƙara yawan kwarara a cikin nephron na distal inda ƙimar kwarara da saurin gudu suke ƙasa. Babban ƙaruwar matsin lamba da ke faruwa a cikin nephron na distal yana faruwa musamman a cikin bututun tattara cortical. Wani bincike daga 2008 ya nuna hasashe cewa hyperglycaemic da osmotic polyuria suna taka rawa a ƙarshe a cikin ciwon suga. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Shinong |last2=Mitu |first2=Grace M. |last3=Hirschberg |first3=Raimund |date=2008-07-01 |title=Osmotic polyuria: an overlooked mechanism in diabetic nephropathy |journal=Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation |volume=23 |issue=7 |pages=2167–2172 |doi=10.1093/ndt/gfn115 |issn=0931-0509 |pmid=18456680 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ganewar Ganewa == Daga cikin gwaje-gwajen da za a iya yi don gano cutar polyuria akwai: <ref name="pat">{{Cite web |title=Polyuria. Medical Professional reference for Polyuria. {{!}} Patient |url=http://patient.info/doctor/polyuria |access-date=2015-11-08 |website=Patient |language=en-GB}}</ref><templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />{{Columns-list|* [[Urine test]] * FBC * [[Blood]] test * [[Pituitary]] function test}} == Magani == Dangane da dalilin polyuria, ya kamata a samar da isasshen magani. A cewar NICE, ana iya la'akari da desmopressin don polyuria na dare, wanda ciwon suga zai iya haifarwa, idan wasu magungunan likita ba su yi nasara ba. Shawarar ba ta da wani bincike da ya cika sharuddan da aka yi la'akari da su. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2013 |title=Nocturia and nocturnal polyuria in men with lower urinary tract symptoms: oral desmopressin {{!}} key-points-from-the-evidence {{!}} Advice {{!}} NICE |url=http://www.nice.org.uk/advice/esuom10/chapter/Key-points-from-the-evidence |access-date=2015-08-03 |website=www.nice.org.uk}}</ref> == Manazarta == o947o5e2a7fjjny32eu1q4tso1k3g18 0 155353 906256 849018 2026-08-22T15:08:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Buffalo''' yana cikin birnin Gabashin London a Gabashin Gabashin Afirka ta Kudu. Yana yammacin [[Kogin Nahon|Kogin Nahoon]] . Shi ne kawai kogin da ake iya tafiya da shi a Afirka ta Kudu. An kafa garin Gabashin London a kusa da shi. == Hanyar da ake ciki == [[Fayil:Buffalo_River_Bridge_-_East_London_Harbour_-_Cape_Colony_1875.jpg|left|thumb|Babbar gada ta asali a kan Kogin Buffalo a Gabashin London da Gwamnatin Molteno ta gina a cikin shekarun 1870 a matsayin wani ɓangare na layin Gabashin London - Queenstown]] Kogin Buffalo yana da tushe a cikin ruwa da sponges [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] na Dutsen Amatola a tsawo na 1200 m.<ref name="Health">{{Cite journal |year=2005 |title=Report Highlights Impacts on River Health (Buffalo River) |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Water%20Wheel/Articles/2005/02/WaterWheel_2005_02_Buffalo%20River%20p%208-11.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=The Water Wheel |issue=March/April |pages=8&ndash;11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611070827/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Water%20Wheel/Articles/2005/02/WaterWheel_2005_02_Buffalo%20River%20p%208-11.pdf |archive-date=2013-06-11 |access-date=2013-06-11}}</ref> Kogin yana da tsawon kilomita 126 kuma yana zubar da ruwa mai murabba'in kilomita 1287.<ref name="Health" /> Daga asalinsa, kogin ya sauka ta cikin gandun daji na asali a cikin wani tashar da aka yanke sosai, wanda ke kewaye da dutsen dutse har zuwa mita 120 a tsawo. Ingancin waɗannan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa suna da kyau. Bayan kilomita bakwai kawai, kogin ya fuskanci cikas na farko, ƙaramin madatsar ruwan Maden, wanda aka gina a 1910 (shekaru ). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maden Dam details |url=https://www.artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/bldgframes.php?bldgid=10208 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=www.artefacts.co.za |archive-date=2024-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417072911/https://www.artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/bldgframes.php?bldgid=10208 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kilomita huɗu daga cikin madatsar ruwan Maden, madatsar ruwa ta Rooikrantz da ta fi girma ta mamaye kimanin mita cubic miliyan biyar. Ruwan ruwa na Rooikrantz yana ba da ruwa ga Garin Sarki William da yankunan da ke kewaye. Kusan kilomita ashirin daga asalinsa, a tsawo na mita 450 sama da matsakaicin matakin teku, [[Cwengcwe River|Kogin Cwengcwe]] da [[Izele River|Kogin Izele]] sun haɗu da Buffalo daga arewa maso gabas. Daga nan kogin yana gudana ta cikin filayen da ke cike da ruwa.   Manyan magudanan ruwa guda biyu daga yamma da suka haɗu da tsakiyar kogin Buffalo sune [[Mgqakwebe River|Kogin Mgqakwebe]] kawai a saman garin Sarki William da [[Ngqokweni River|Kogin Ngqokweni]] a Zwelitsha. Sauran mahimman ruwa shine [[Yellowwoods River|Kogin Yellowwoods]], wanda ke gudana daga arewa kai tsaye zuwa Laing Dam. Lokacin da ya cika, madatsar ruwan Laing ta rufe hekta 203 kuma tana dauke da cubic mita miliyan 20 na ruwa. Daga madatsar ruwan Laing, Kogin Buffalo yana gudana zuwa gabas na kilomita 40 zuwa madatsar ruwa ta Bridle, mafi girma a kan kogi, tare da cikakken adadin kayan abinci na mita miliyan 101. Ƙananan raƙuman ruwa a kan bankin arewa suna kawo ruwa kai tsaye zuwa Bridle Drift Dam daga Mdantsane, gari na biyu mafi girma a lardin Gabashin Cape. Daga madatsar ruwan Bridle Drift, Kogin Buffalo yana gudana ta cikin gandun daji na bakin teku na kilomita ashirin kuma yana samar da iyakar arewacin Umtiza Nature Reserve, kafin ya shiga [[Tekun Indiya]] ta hanyar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Gabashin London. == Muhalli == Yankin da ke cikin haɗari yana zaune a cikin ruwan Kogin Buffalo . Har ila yau, akwai ƙananan jama'a na lardin Gabas mai haɗari '' (Sandelia bainsii) '' a cikin Kogin Yellowwoods, wani ɓangare na tafkin Kogin Buffalo. A halin yanzu wannan kogi yana daga cikin Mzimvubu zuwa Keiskama Water Management Area. == Haraji == Ciki har da [[Mgqakwebe River|Kogin Mgqakwebe]], [[Ngqokweni River|Kogin Ngqokweni]] da [[Yellowwoods River|Kogin Yellowwoods]], wannan kogi na ƙarshe ya haɗa da wasu magudanan ruwa mafi girma shine [[Yellowwoods Falls]], kusa da Breidbach. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * [[Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]] * Gidan ajiyar yanayi na Umtiza == Manazarta == kpg0prvohg09s0jj9n3w8m63kxt3ocf 0 158163 906285 861270 2026-08-22T18:40:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906285 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kungiyoyin agajin cutar kanjamau''' ƙungiyoyi ne da ke da tushe a cikin al'umma waɗanda ke ba da tallafi ga mutanen da [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]] ta shafa. Wannan labarin ya mayar da hankali ne kan ƙungiyoyin agajin cutar kanjamau a Amurka kawai. Duk da haka, ƙungiyoyi makamantan haka a wasu ƙasashe, kamar Kanada, suma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a lokacin rikicin cutar kanjamau kuma suna raba abubuwan da suka faru da ƙalubale da yawa. Akwai nau'ikan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi iri-iri domin samar da nau'ikan buƙatu iri-iri na marasa lafiya da ke ɗauke da cutar HIV/AIDS da iyalansu. Yawancin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin suna da alaƙa da kiwon lafiya, suna ba da taimako wajen gwaji, magani, magungunan rigakafi kamar rigakafin kamuwa da cutar (PrEP), musayar allura da sirinji <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-20 |title=Needle and syringe programmes (NSPs) for HIV prevention |url=https://www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-programming/prevention/needle-syringe-programmes |access-date=2026-06-17 |archive-date=2022-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315162903/https://www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-programming/prevention/needle-syringe-programmes |url-status=dead }}</ref> da ƙari. Wani sanannen nau'in ƙungiyar agajin cutar AIDS shine wanda ya dogara da ilimi, yana aiki don wayar da kan jama'a da fahimtar batutuwa kamar [[Kanjamau|yaɗuwar cutar HIV]], [[jima'i mai aminci]], albarkatun magani, da kuma kawar da rashin fahimta game da cutar HIV/AIDS . Sauran ƙungiyoyi suna ba da ayyuka kamar shawarwari na shari'a da/ko fafutuka, ayyukan kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa da ba da shawara, da kuma tara kuɗi da kuma wayar da kan al'umma. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen biyan buƙatun marasa lafiya, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Dawn K. |last2=Maier |first2=Emily |last3=Betts |first3=Joshua |last4=Gray |first4=Simone |last5=Kolodziejski |first5=Brian |last6=Hoover |first6=Karen W. |year=2016 |title=What Community-Based HIV Prevention Organizations Say About Their Role in Biomedical HIV Prevention |journal=AIDS Education and Prevention |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=426–439 |doi=10.1521/aeap.2016.28.5.426 |pmid=27710082}}</ref> da kuma rage tasirin tattalin arziki na HIV/AIDS, <ref name="aj">{{Cite journal |last=Arno |first=P. S. |year=1986 |title=The nonprofit sector's response to the AIDS epidemic: Community-based services in San Francisco |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=76 |issue=11 |pages=1325–1330 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.76.11.1325 |pmc=1646723 |pmid=3766829}}</ref> ƙarfafa lafiyar duniya, da kuma magance rashin daidaiton zamantakewa da siyasa wanda ke shafar marasa lafiya da cutar HIV/AIDS. == Ci gaba == Gano masu cutar kanjamau a Amurka a shekarun 1980 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-20 |title=History of HIV and AIDS overview |url=https://www.avert.org/professionals/history-hiv-aids/overview |access-date=2026-06-17 |archive-date=2020-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301103736/https://www.avert.org/professionals/history-hiv-aids/overview |url-status=dead }}</ref> ya haifar da buƙatar samar da albarkatu ga marasa lafiya da sauran waɗanda cutar ta shafa. Wannan ba wai kawai game da cutar kanjamau/AIDS ba ne, akwai ƙungiyoyi da ke ba da irin wannan sabis ga wasu cututtuka kamar ƙungiyoyin ciwon daji da ƙungiyoyin ciwon suga . Yawancin ƙungiyoyin HIV/AIDS faɗaɗa ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya na LGBTQ da suka riga suka wanzu, waɗanda ke cikin jihohi 32 <ref name="lgbt">{{Cite web |date=June 2014 |title=2014 LGBT Community Center Survey Report |url=https://www.lgbtmap.org/file/2014-lgbt-community-center-survey-report.pdf |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=lgbtmap.org}}</ref> kuma sun ci gaba da bunƙasa a kan lokaci don biyan buƙatun al'ummar LGBTQ masu canzawa. <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Martos |first=Alexander J. |last2=Wilson |first2=Patrick A. |last3=Meyer |first3=Ilan H. |year=2017 |title=Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) health services in the United States: Origins, evolution, and contemporary landscape |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=7 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1280544M |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0180544 |pmc=5503273 |pmid=28692659 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An ƙirƙiri waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ne don biyan buƙatun kula da lafiyar mutanen LGBTQ na musamman <ref name="nc">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mayer KH, Bradford JB, Makadon HJ, Stall R, Goldhammer H, Landers S |year=2008 |title=Sexual and gender minority health: what we know and what needs to be done |journal=Am J Public Health |volume=98 |issue=6 |pages=989–95 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2007.127811 |pmc=2377288 |pmid=18445789}}</ref> da kuma magance [[Lafiyar LGBTQ|tasirin]] abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin jin daɗi, ƙyama, da son zuciya. Sun daidaita cikin sauƙi don magance annobar HIV/AIDS. Misali ɗaya shine Cibiyar LGBT ta Los Angeles, babbar ƙungiyar sabis ta LGBT a duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home - Los Angeles LGBT Center |url=https://lalgbtcenter.org}}</ref> Amma ba duk ƙungiyoyin sabis na AIDS ba ne cibiyoyin LGBT na farko. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin farko da suka fi shahara a kan AIDS shine/ita ce Rikicin Lafiyar Maza Masu Jinya a New York. Kungiyoyin AIDS masu tushen al'umma sun kuma yi aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a don neman goyon bayan gwamnatin tarayya da na zamantakewa, amincewa, da daidaito. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Why We Fight: Remembering AIDS Activism |url=https://www.nypl.org/events/exhibitions/why-we-fight/more |website=nypl.org}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna ba da ayyuka iri-iri don dacewa da buƙatu iri-iri, wanda ya danganta da haɗin kan kiwon lafiya da [[talauci]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Key Facts Poverty and Poor Health |url=https://www.healthpovertyaction.org/info-and-resources/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health/key-facts/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO &#124; Poverty and health |url=https://www.who.int/hdp/poverty/en/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mercado S, Havemann K, Sami M, Ueda H |year=2007 |title=Urban poverty: an urgent public health issue |journal=J Urban Health |volume=84 |issue=3 Suppl |pages=i7–15 |doi=10.1007/s11524-007-9191-5 |pmc=1891652 |pmid=17464567}}</ref> da matsalolin zamantakewa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapter 17. Analyzing Community Problems and Solutions &#124; Section 5. Addressing Social Determinants of Health and Development &#124; Main Section &#124; Community Tool Box |url=https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/analyze/analyze-community-problems-and-solutions/social-determinants-of-health/main}}</ref> Ayyukan likita su ne fifikon yawancin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi, saboda abubuwan da ke hana yawancin marasa lafiya da ke ɗauke da cutar HIV/AIDS samun isasshen kulawa daga manyan masu samar da kiwon lafiya. Waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da wariya ta gaske ko ta hanyar da ake gani a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya <ref>{{Cite web |title=When Health Care Isn't Caring |url=https://www.lambdalegal.org/publications/when-health-care-isnt-caring}}</ref> da kamfanonin inshora, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-02 |title=Widespread Discrimination Continues to Shape LGBT People's Lives in Both Subtle and Significant Ways |url=https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/lgbt/news/2017/05/02/429529/widespread-discrimination-continues-shape-lgbt-peoples-lives-subtle-significant-ways/}}</ref> rashin ƙwarewar al'adu tsakanin masu samar da kiwon lafiya game da batutuwan LGBT, <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Video Emphasizes Need for LGBT Cultural Competency Trainings for Healthcare Providers |url=https://www.hrc.org/blog/new-video-emphasizes-need-for-lgbt-cultural-competency-trainings-for-health |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612211839/http://www.hrc.org/blog/new-video-emphasizes-need-for-lgbt-cultural-competency-trainings-for-health |archive-date=2016-06-12 |access-date=2017-12-14}}</ref> da marasa lafiya da ba sa son a danganta su da AIDS, da/ko, a wasu lokuta, al'ummar LBGT. Wannan har yanzu yana faruwa a yau amma ya fi yawa a lokacin rikicin HIV/AIDS. "Ingantaccen samar da ayyukan kula da lafiya da rigakafi ga tsirarun jinsi da mata yana buƙatar masu samar da ayyuka su kasance masu la'akari da wariya ta tarihi, a sanar da su game da ci gaba da shinge ga kulawa da bambancin yawan takamaiman abubuwan haɗari da yanayin lafiya a cikin waɗannan al'ummomi, da kuma sanin al'adun hulɗarsu da marasa lafiya na LGBT." <ref name="nc"/> Musamman a lokacin rikicin AIDS, wannan ba gaskiya ba ne kuma an tilasta wa ƙungiyoyin kula da cutar AIDS su cike gibin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Close the LGBT Health Disparities Gap |url=https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/lgbt/reports/2009/12/21/7048/how-to-close-the-lgbt-health-disparities-gap/}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin AIDS suna ba da gwaji, magani, kula da alamun cutar, ayyukan lafiyar kwakwalwa, da ƙari. Bugu da ƙari, ƙungiyoyin agajin AIDS suna ba da albarkatu fiye da ayyukan likita. Rashin ilimi game da cutar AIDS da firgici da bayanai marasa tushe da suka haifar su ne suka sa ƙungiyoyin agajin al'umma da yawa <ref>{{Cite web |title=History - AIDS Services of Austin |url=http://www.asaustin.org/about-us/history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215110703/http://www.asaustin.org/about-us/history/ |archive-date=2017-12-15 |access-date=2017-12-14}}</ref> suka yi aiki don samar da ilimi da kuma kawar da tatsuniyoyi game da cutar. Wannan ya ci gaba da zama babban batu a yau <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2014 |title=U.S. Teen Survey Headline Highlights |url=https://cdn2.vox-cdn.com/assets/4856758/MAC_AIDS_Fund_US_Teen_Survey_-_Headline_Highlights.pdf |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=Kelton}}</ref> kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman ayyuka da ƙungiyoyin AIDS ke bayarwa. Hakanan suna iya ba da ilimin [[Lafiyar al'umma|lafiya da walwala na al'umma]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Guidelines for Health Education and Risk Reduction Activities |url=https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/p0000389/p0000389.asp |access-date=2026-06-17 |archive-date=2022-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222220607/https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/p0000389/p0000389.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> shawarwari na kai da na iyali, <ref>{{Cite web |title=HIV/AIDS and Mental Health |url=https://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/psychotherapy-for-hiv-infection}}</ref> wayar da kan jama'a game da lafiyar jima'i da rigakafin [[Cutar da ake kamuwa ta jima'i|kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar jima'i]], [[Jima'i mai aminci|kayan jima'i masu aminci]], da shawarwari da ayyuka na shari'a. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lambda Legal |url=https://www.lambdalegal.org}}</ref> == Matsaloli == Kungiyoyin agajin AIDS suna fuskantar irin waɗannan matsaloli da duk ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya da na zamantakewa ke fuskanta: gwagwarmayar neman kuɗi, aiki, da albarkatu, da kuma yaƙin da ake yi da wata mummunar cuta. Amma akwai abubuwa da yawa da ke kawo cikas ga ƙoƙarin ƙungiyoyin AIDS musamman. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chillag |first=Kata |last2=Bartholow |first2=Kelly |last3=Cordeiro |first3=Janna |last4=Swanson |first4=Sue |last5=Patterson |first5=Jocelyn |last6=Stebbins |first6=Selby |last7=Woodside |first7=Carol |last8=Sy |first8=Francisco |year=2002 |title=Factors Affecting the Delivery of HIV/AIDS Prevention Programs by Community-Based Organizations |journal=AIDS Education and Prevention |volume=14 |issue=3_supplement |pages=27–37 |doi=10.1521/aeap.14.4.27.23886 |pmid=12092934}}</ref> HIV/AIDS "yana addabar mutanen da suka fi rauni a duniya" <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Forstein Marshall |year=2013 |title=AIDS: A History |journal=Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health |volume=17 |pages=40–63 |doi=10.1080/19359705.2013.740212 |s2cid=70364983}}</ref> kuma suna dogara sosai ga ƙungiyoyin hidima saboda wariya, ƙyama, da tsoron ɗaukar fansa a zamantakewa da shari'a, duka a halin yanzu amma musamman a lokacin da rikicin AIDS ya yi tsanani. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2016 |title=Challenges in HIV Prevention |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/newsroom/docs/factsheets/challenges-508.pdf |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=cdc.gov}}</ref> "Bambance-bambancen lafiya a bayyane yake" <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Holtgrave |first=David R. |year=2014 |title=Achieving and Advancing the Goals of the National HIV/AIDS Strategy for the United States |journal=AIDS and Behavior |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=211–213 |doi=10.1007/s10461-014-0903-z |pmid=25239154 |doi-access=free}}</ref> kamar yadda marasa lafiya da ke ɗauke da cutar HIV/AIDS MSM ne, mata masu canza jinsi, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-10 |title=Transgender People &#124; Gender &#124; HIV by Group &#124; HIV/AIDS &#124; CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/gender/transgender/index.html}}</ref> [[Talauci|masu ƙarancin kuɗi]], da/ko mutanen da ba su da launin fata . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is at Risk for HIV Infection and Which Populations Are Most Affected? |url=https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/hivaids/who-risk-hiv-infection-which-populations-are-most-affected |access-date=2026-06-17 |archive-date=2021-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028175720/https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/hivaids/who-risk-hiv-infection-which-populations-are-most-affected |url-status=dead }}</ref> HIV/AIDS kuma yana shafar mutanen da ke fama da jarabar miyagun ƙwayoyi ta IV <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Does Drug Abuse Affect the HIV Epidemic? |url=https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/hivaids/how-does-drug-abuse-affect-hiv-epidemic |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215053925/https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/hivaids/how-does-drug-abuse-affect-hiv-epidemic |archive-date=2017-12-15 |access-date=2017-12-14}}</ref> da/ko rashin matsuguni . <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Coalition for the Homeless |url=http://www.nationalhomeless.org/factsheets/hiv.html |access-date=2026-06-17 |archive-date=2023-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423145940/http://www.nationalhomeless.org/factsheets/hiv.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Waɗannan su ne mutanen da suka dogara da cibiyoyin al'umma da ƙungiyoyin hidima. <ref name="lgbt"/> Rikicin AIDS ya shagaltu da siyasa akai-akai wanda ya ƙara faɗaɗa gwagwarmayar marasa lafiya da ke ɗauke da cutar HIV/AIDS, da kuma cikas ga bincike da neman [[Kanjamau|magani]] da/ko magani. Ba a gano cewa ƙwayar cutar HIV ita ce sanadin cutar AIDS ba sai a shekarar 1984, <ref name="aids">{{Cite web |title=HIV History Part 1: Spread Knowledge, Not Panic &#124; Lowcountry AIDS Services |url=http://www.aids-services.com/news/hiv-history-part-1-spread-knowledge-not-panic/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215053732/http://www.aids-services.com/news/hiv-history-part-1-spread-knowledge-not-panic/ |archive-date=2017-12-15 |access-date=2017-12-14}}</ref> kuma ba a amince da maganin farko ba, AZT, sai a shekarar 1987. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2017 |title=The Story Behind the First AIDS Drug, Approved 30 Years Ago |url=https://time.com/4705809/first-aids-drug-azt/}}</ref> Don haka akwai tsawon lokaci bayan bullar cutar HIV/AIDS wanda babu magani, kuma ƙungiyoyin al'umma za su iya mai da hankali ne kawai kan kula da alamun cutar da kuma fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a don neman magani. Da zarar an gano maganin kuma aka amince da shi, an sayar da shi kan farashi mai ban mamaki. A shekarar 1989, AZT ita ce maganin da ya fi tsada a tarihi. Marasa lafiya kaɗan ne za su iya biyan kuɗin magani ko su ci gaba da shan magani don shirin dogon lokaci wanda ya zama dole don rage yawan ƙwayoyin cutar ga marasa lafiya . Kungiyoyin AIDS da dama sun fuskanci turjiya daga al'ummomin yankin saboda tsoron GRID ko cutar kansar 'yan luwadi ya yi yawa, tare da nuna wariya ta siyasa, shari'a, da zamantakewa da kuma kyamar 'yan luwadi . <ref name="aids"/> Shari'ar Ryan White ta sami karbuwa sosai daga kafofin watsa labarai saboda gogewarsa da keta al'umma. Akwai babban bambanci tsakanin albarkatu dangane da yanayin ƙasa a cikin Amurka. Ƙungiyoyin da suka samo asali daga cibiyoyin LGBT da suka riga suka wanzu an keɓe su ga wuraren bakin teku na birane. <ref name="ReferenceA"/> Kungiyoyin lafiya na al'umma, musamman kungiyoyin HIV/AIDS, sun dogara sosai kan ayyukan sa-kai. <ref name="aj"/> Kashi 21% na kungiyoyin al'umma na LGBT sun dogara gaba ɗaya kan ayyukan sa-kai, kuma kashi 57% suna da ƙasa da ma'aikata biyar da ake biyan albashi. <ref name="lgbt"/> Wani cikas kuma shine gaggawar buƙatar magani. HIV / [[Kanjamau|AIDS]] cuta ce mai yaɗuwa, don haka magani ya zama dole ga lafiyar marasa lafiya da kuma walwalarsu, har ma da hana yaɗuwar cutar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The importance of HIV care and support services |url=https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2016/december/20161202_HIV-care}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 14a8c0n9qpuit8mdhbq5tcmrmb1ceac 0 158913 906457 885462 2026-08-23T08:42:00Z Kaddi123 38060 906457 wikitext text/x-wiki Karamar Hukumar Mulki ta Gada a jahar sokoto, tana daya daga cikin local government a gabacin jahar, Mafi yawan jama'a wannan karmar hukumar hausa/Fulani nane,Kuma mabiyan adini Islam,mafi yawan jama'a wannan lokal government manoma ne da yan kasuwa,suna da Yan boko.tana daya daga cikin manya Kananan Hukumomi a jahar sokoto,wannan Karamar Hukuma tana da Yan majalisa guda biyu wato state house of Assemble, wannan lokal government tana da Yan Boko da manoama sai dai mafi yawan jama'ar wannan Karamar Hulumar sun fi Maida hankali ga noma rani,suna noma Albasa da tataisai,da tafarnuwa tana yankin sokoto ta gabas Karamar Hukumar Gada tana da garuruwa kamar,kaffe, kaddi,kadasaka,dukamaje,gilbadi,kyadawa,wauru,tsitse,kurma kuma Karamar Hukuma ce dake da tsawon kilo mita 100 daga birni sokoto, tana makwaftaka da Goronyo daga gabas,da Ilela daga Yamma, haka kuma tana makwaftaka da jamhuriya nijar. jjbwee5qrofnq19a5v2jxuf2lkb0c1q 0 160012 906276 892305 2026-08-22T17:33:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906276 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Farfesa '''Kulamani Parida''', wanda aka fi sani da K. M. Parida (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Mayu 1952) farfesa ne a fannin kimiyyar sinadarai na Indiya kuma masanin kimiyya wanda aka fi saninsa da aikinsa da bincike, galibi a kan ilmin sunadarai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Catalysis Society of India |url=http://www.catalysisindia.org/pdf/CSI-Members-Top-Scientists-in-the-world-list-by-Standford-University.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Seven SOA researchers figure among Stanford list of top world scientists &#124; Bhubaneswar News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/seven-soa-researchers-figure-among-stanford-list-of-top-world-scientists/articleshow/79077985.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Parida tana cikin manyan Masanin kimiyya na duniya na 2% 2020 tare da matsayi na duniya 109 a cikin Inorganic Chemistry (Ranking bisa ga C-score) da kuma Rank 1 a yankin photocatalysis a Indiya da matsayi na 131 a duniya bisa ga bayanan marubucin Scopus a lokacin 2016-2021.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> Ya lashe lambobin yabo na kimiyya na jihohi da na kasa 19, kuma ya rubuta kusan labaran bincike 521, da surori 10 na littafi. Parida kuma tana da takardun shaida na kimiyya na kasa sama da 38.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Prof. Kulamani Parida, Distinguished Professor and Director |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=9G-EmCQAAAAJ&hl=fil |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Welcome to OBA |url=http://orissabigyanacademy.nic.in/award_bjp_prv_winner.html |website=orissabigyanacademy.nic.in |access-date=2026-06-27 |archive-date=2020-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018081426/http://www.orissabigyanacademy.nic.in/award_bjp_prv_winner.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Welcome to OBA |url=http://orissabigyanacademy.nic.in/award_scs_prv_winner.html |website=orissabigyanacademy.nic.in |access-date=2026-06-27 |archive-date=2020-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018090330/http://www.orissabigyanacademy.nic.in/award_scs_prv_winner.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Kulamani Parida's Research group |url=https://kmparidaimmt.weebly.com/ |website=Prof. Kulamani Parida's Research group}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=nasi |url=http://nasi.nic.in/Fellowship%20Nomination%20Book%202016/Physical_Sciences_Section_Book_II.pdf}}</ref> Parida kuma tana da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ta masanin Google tare da ƙididdiga fiye da ~32316, h-index ~98, da i10-index ~444. <ref name=":1" /> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haife shi kuma ya girma a gundumar Kendrapara ta Odisha, Parida ya kammala karatunsa a makarantar sakandare ta Jayaram ta Karilopatna (1969) da kuma digiri na farko a fannin sinadarai daga Kwalejin Kendapara mai zaman kanta. Bayan kammala digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Berhempur, Parida ta shiga aikin bincike a dakin gwaje-gwajen bincike na yanki. A wannan lokacin, Parida ta auri abokiyar aikinta Ms. Renubala Parida. == Ayyukan kimiyya == A farkon aikin bincikensa, Parida ya yi aiki a matsayin masanin kimiyya sunadarai a sassa daban-daban na Cibiyar Fasahar Ma'adanai da Kayan Kayan Kimiyyar Bhubaneswar (wanda aka fi sani da Laboratory na Bincike na Yankin, Bhubaneswan), inda ya yi ritaya a matsayin Babban Masanin Kimiyya a ranar 31.05.2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Past Ph. D. students |url=https://www.immt.res.in/webroot/upload/admin/document/document_img_1568899538.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Editors |url=https://catalysis.chem.iitm.ac.in/editors.html |access-date=2026-06-27 |archive-date=2010-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710065645/http://catalysis.chem.iitm.ac.in/editors.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Orissa Chemical Society |url=https://ocs.org.in/award.php |website=ocs.org.in |access-date=2026-06-27 |archive-date=2020-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101051841/https://www.ocs.org.in/award.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> A halin yanzu Parida yana aiki a matsayin Farfesa a fannin ilmin sunadarai da Darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin Nano da Sashen Fasaha na Jami'ar Siksha 'O' Anusandhan, Bhubaneswar . <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Conference |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/57713a8e2994cae381dd86fe/t/5d0a1f43c4cfd100017a649f/1560944496255/Brodhure.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=International Conference on SMART MATERIALS & APPLICATIONS |url=http://iter.ac.in/isma/committee.html |website=iter.ac.in |access-date=2026-06-27 |archive-date=2025-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250412212127/http://iter.ac.in/isma/committee.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Patnaik |first=Sulagna |last2=Sahoo |first2=Dipti Prava |last3=Parida |first3=Kulamani |year=2018 |title=An overview on Ag modified g-C3N4 based nanostructured materials for energy and environmental applications |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364032117312741 |journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews |volume=82 |pages=1297–1312 |doi=10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.026 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Previous Council Members - SOCIETY FOR MATERIALS CHEMISTRY |url=http://www.smcindia.org/previous-council.php |website=www.smcindia.org |access-date=2026-06-27 |archive-date=2025-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250412212120/http://www.smcindia.org/previous-council.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=dst |url=http://dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/int-09-10.pdf}}</ref> Parida ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba mai aiki na kwamitin mujallu na kimiyya kamar "The Open Catalysis Journal" da "Bulletin of the Catalysis Society of India".<ref name=":4" /> == Gudummawar kimiyya == Parida ya bayar da muhimmiyar gudummawa ta kimiyya wajen gano sinadarai da suka shafi sinadaran kimiyyar lissafi, opto-electronic da photoelectrochemical na kayan semiconducting don ingantaccen aikin photon da ke haifar da redox na ruwa, rage gurɓataccen iska da kuma haɗakar sinadarai masu kyau. Bincikensa kan haɓaka tsarin gine-gine tare da rabuwar caji mai ban mamaki, ingancin hasken rana da juyawa abu ne mai ban mamaki.<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scopus preview - Parida, Kulamani M. - Author details - Scopus |url=https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=56914777200 |website=www.scopus.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scopus preview - Parida, Kulamani M. - Author details - Scopus |url=https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=56914777500 |website=www.scopus.com}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == Parida ta sami kyaututtuka da girmamawa na kimiyya ciki har da * Kyautar Kyautar MRSI ta shekara-shekara (2022), <ref>{{Cite web |title=MRSI Medal-2022 by the Materials Research Society of India |url=http://iumrs.iitj.ac.in/?page_id=578 |access-date=2026-06-27 |archive-date=2024-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227003427/http://iumrs.iitj.ac.in/?page_id=578 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Farfesa S. K. Bhattacharyya Kyautar Masanin Kimiyya mai Kyau (2017), <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Catalysis Society of India |url=http://www.catalysisindia.org/All-News.php |website=www.catalysisindia.org}}</ref> * Dai-Ichi Karkaria Endowment Fellowship (2014), * Medal na MRSI (2013), <ref>{{Cite web |title=MRSI Medal-2013 by the Materials Research Society of India |url=https://www.csir.res.in/sites/default/files/Awards-AR2012-13.pdf}}</ref> * Takardar shaidar Kyakkyawan ta IMMT (2010), * Kyautar Bincike ta Ukieri (2009), * Kyautar SGAT ta Kyau (2007), * Kyautar Metallurgist na Shekara (2004), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Metallurgist of the Year Award |url=https://www.iim-india.net/uploads/award/1504863778.pdf}}</ref> * Kyautar Nilamani Devi-Bishwanath Das (2003), * Kyautar Samanta Chandra Sekhar (2001), <ref name=":3"/> * Farfesa Dayanidhi Pattnaik Award (1998), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Orissa Chemical Society |url=https://ocs.org.in/award.php |website=ocs.org.in |access-date=2026-06-27 |archive-date=2020-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101051841/https://www.ocs.org.in/award.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Kyautar Ferroguard (1985-86). Parida kuma ta sami lambar yabo, Kyautar Biju Patnaik don Kwarewar Kimiyya (2008) daga Kwalejin Odisha Bigyan <ref name=":2"/> kuma ta sami Babban DAAD Fellowship (1999), INSA Fellowsship (2000 & 2010) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian National Science Academy:::INSA, India:::::::::::::::::::: |url=https://www.insaindia.res.in/index.php |website=www.insaindia.res.in}}</ref> da Royal Society Fellowships (2004 da 2008). == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] j0ubce2xyvohsvac57ki3jlageydkys 0 161933 906476 898958 2026-08-23T09:44:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906476 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar Wasan Kwaikwayo ta George Brown''' makaranta ce ta wasan kwaikwayo da ke [[Toronto]], [[Kanada]] . Tana ba da horo a fannoni daban-daban na [[Gidan wasan kwaikwayo|wasan kwaikwayo]], kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin makarantun wasan kwaikwayo da ake girmamawa a ƙasar. An kafa makarantar a shekarar 1976 a matsayin reshen Kwalejin George Brown, wanda kuma take a Toronto. Ana yawan ambaton Makarantar Wasan Kwaikwayo ta George Brown a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun makarantun wasan kwaikwayo a Kanada. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=Curtain Call |url=https://www.georgebrown.ca/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=3846 |access-date=2019-06-19 |website=George Brown College }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Simonson |first=Robert |date=2008-01-14 |title=Joseph Shaw, A Fixture at Stratford Festival, Dies at 87 |url=https://www.playbill.com/article/joseph-shaw-a-fixture-at-stratford-festival-dies-at-87-com-146829 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Playbill}}</ref> An san ta da horar da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da masu fasahar wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda suka kammala karatunsu tare da ƙwarewa daban-daban daga malamai da yawa, malamai baƙi, da daraktocin baƙi. Bugu da ƙari, ta sami suna a ƙasa saboda aikin da ɗalibanta suka yi, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu sun sami yabo kuma sun gina ayyukan yi masu nasara a fannin wasan kwaikwayo, fina-finai, talabijin, da sauran masana'antun nishaɗi. <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Alumni Stories — Prominent Graduates |url=https://www.georgebrown.ca/performingarts/theatre/alumni/prominent_graduates.aspx |website=George Brown College }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tarihi == Kwalejin George Brown ta fara bayar da darussa da dama na wasan kwaikwayo a fannin wasan kwaikwayo, kiɗa, da rawa a shekarar 1973 a matsayin zaɓin ɗan lokaci ga ɗalibanta gabaɗaya. A ƙoƙarin kawo ƙarin haɗin kai ga sashen wasan kwaikwayo na Kwalejin, Dean of Academic Studies Bradley Webb, tare da jagorancin fasaha na tsohon ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma darektan Joseph Shaw, sun kafa Makarantar Wasan Kwaikwayo ta George Brown a shekarar 1976. Makarantar ta fara azuzuwan a watan Satumba na 1976 a matsayin shirin shekaru biyu na ɗalibai 20 wanda aka shirya a harabar Kensington ta Kwalejin tare da mai da hankali kan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma samarwa. Ta ci gaba da faɗaɗa a cikin shekara mai zuwa tare da samun wurin wasan kwaikwayo a 530 King Street East <ref>{{Cite web |date=1980 |title=Native Opportunities Course and Program Guide |url=https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2017/aanc-inac/R32-49-1980-eng.pdf |access-date=2019-06-18 |website=Government of Canada Publications |publisher=Government of Canada}}</ref> yayin da horo ya ci gaba a harabar Casa Loma ta Kwalejin. Bayan Shaw ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1986, Heinar Piller ya zama Daraktan Fasaha na makarantar. Piller ya ɗauki Peter C. Wylde a matsayin Shugaban Aiki kuma a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsu, an faɗaɗa shirin daga shekaru biyu zuwa uku. An sake fasalin manhajar karatu tare da mai da hankali kan rubutun gargajiya da kuma faɗaɗa abubuwan da suka shafi wasan kwaikwayo don nuna ɗaliban da suka kammala karatunsu, gami da ƙara wani wasan kwaikwayo na yara da ɗaliban aji biyu suka yi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=2011-2012 Stage Door |url=https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2017/aanc-inac/R32-49-1980-eng.pdf |access-date=2019-06-18 |website=University of Toronto Mississauga}}</ref> Bayan ritayar Piller a shekarar 1997, Paul Lampert ya yi aiki a matsayin Daraktan Fasaha na makarantar tsawon shekaru uku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Paul Lampert_related experience |url=https://www.paullampert.com/content_frames/theatre/teaching.html |access-date=2019-06-18 |website=Paul Lampert}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, makarantar ta faɗaɗa horonta ta hanyar ƙaddamar da shirin Gabatarwa ga Ayyukan Fasaha (IPAC) na shekara ɗaya. <ref name=":3"/> James Simon ya karɓi ragamar Daraktan Fasaha a shekarar 2000. A watan Disamba na wannan shekarar, Paul Carder, Shugaban Kasuwanci da Fasaha na Kwalejin a wancan lokacin, ya tuntuɓi Albert Schultz, Daraktan Fasaha na Kamfanin Wasan Kwaikwayo na Soulpepper, game da ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin kamfanin da Makarantar Wasan Kwaikwayo ta George Brown. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Young Centre for the Performing Arts |url=http://entertainmentcanada.com/locations/30066118-young-centre-for-the-performing-arts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619200023/http://entertainmentcanada.com/locations/30066118-young-centre-for-the-performing-arts |archive-date=2019-06-19 |access-date=2019-06-19 |website=Entertainment Canada |publisher=Logograph}}</ref> Wannan ya haifar da ƙirƙirar Cibiyar Matasa don Fasaha ta Fasaha, wani wurin wasan kwaikwayo na ƙwararru da ke gundumar Distillery ta Toronto inda makarantar da Soulpepper suke yanzu. An fara darussa a hukumance a Cibiyar Matasa a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 2005. A watan Janairun 2018, Toronto Star, CBC, da Dialog sun buga labarai da ke bayyana cin zarafi, wariya, cin zarafi, da cin zarafi da wani malami a Makarantar Wasan Kwaikwayo ta George Brown ya yi wa ɗalibai. An ce abubuwan da tsoffin ɗalibai suka ruwaito sun faru ne tsakanin 2000 da 2015. A cewar labaran, tsoffin ɗalibai sun kai rahoton zarge-zargen cin zarafi ga Kwalejin George Brown da kuma gwamnatin Makarantar Wasan Kwaikwayo ta George Brown a 2007 da kuma tun farkon 2000. A cikin 2017, ƙarin rahotanni sun ambaci mukaddashin farfesa Todd Hammond a matsayin babban mai laifin cin zarafi, wanda ya haifar da hutunsa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=George Brown Theatre School Survivors |url=https://gbsurvivors.org/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-17 |title=Intermission {{!}} Confessions from Theatre School |url=https://www.intermissionmagazine.ca/artist-perspective/confessions-theatre-school/ |access-date=2019-06-28 |website=Intermission |language=en-CA}}</ref> An cire shi daga kundin malaman makarantar wasan kwaikwayo a 2018 kuma Kwalejin ba ta sake biyansa ko ɗaukarsa aiki ba nan da 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ontario Public Salary Disclosure 2020 |url=https://www.ontario.ca/page/public-sector-salary-disclosure-2020-all-sectors-and-seconded-employees |access-date=2021-04-28 |website=www.ontario.ca |archive-date=2021-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428213629/https://www.ontario.ca/page/public-sector-salary-disclosure-2020-all-sectors-and-seconded-employees |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Theatre Faculty Directory |url=https://www.georgebrown.ca/performingarts/faculty/theatre/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330205515/https://www.georgebrown.ca/performingarts/faculty/theatre/ |archive-date=2019-03-30 |access-date=2019-06-19}}</ref> Tun daga lokacin makarantar ta fuskanci sauye-sauye da dama dangane da wallafe-wallafen, wato ɗaukar sabbin farfesoshi na riƙon ƙwarya, canje-canje a cikin malamai, da kuma maye gurbin Sue Miner a matsayin Mai Gudanar da Shirye-shirye bayan James Simon. <ref name=":11"/> [[Fayil:Exploring_the_distillery_district,_2014_12_03_(13).JPG_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|Gefen shiga makarantar kamar yadda aka gani daga titin Cherry .]] A watan Nuwamba na 2001, an sanar da Aikin Gundumar Tarihi na Distillery a matsayin sabon wurin jan hankali na Toronto. Haɗin gwiwar Makarantar Wasan Kwaikwayo ta George Brown da Soulpepper nan da nan suka fara tattaunawa da ƙungiyar Cityscape Development don mallakar Tank Houses 9 da 10, wanda ya ƙirƙiri abin da ya zama Cibiyar Matasa don Fasahar Wasanni. Manufar wannan haɗin gwiwa ita ce ƙirƙirar wurin koyar da fasaha, ilimi da kuma wayar da kan jama'a da kuma gida ga makarantar, Soulpepper, da kuma al'ummar fasaha mai zaman kanta ta Toronto. <ref name=":2"/> === Cibiyar Matasa don Fasahar Wasanni === A shekara ta 2002, an ɗauki kamfanin gine-gine na Kuwabara Payne McKenna Blumberg Architects aiki don tsara cibiyar tare da Thomas Payne a matsayin babban mai zane. Tsarin ya ƙunshi gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na ƙwararru guda uku, ɗakunan gwaji guda huɗu, azuzuwa biyu, shagon kayan sawa, wurin zama na ɗalibai, lambun masu fasaha, wurin shakatawa na jama'a, gidan shayi, da ofisoshin gudanarwa na makarantar wasan kwaikwayo da Soulpepper. George Brown da Soulpepper kowannensu ya tara rabin kuɗin dala miliyan 14 ban da kyautar dala miliyan 3 daga Gidauniyar Iyali ta Michael Young a shekara ta 2003 wanda ya sami kuɗi don haɓaka ta. <ref name=":2"/> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=The Facilities |url=https://www1.youngcentre.ca/the-facilities |access-date=2019-06-20 |website=Young Centre for the Performing Arts |archive-date=2019-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621021845/https://www1.youngcentre.ca/the-facilities |url-status=dead }}</ref> Makarantar Wasan Kwaikwayo ta George Brown, wacce ke aiki a cikin 9080&nbsp;Faɗin ginin mai faɗin ƙafa ², <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=George Brown College Master Campus Plan Report |url=https://www.georgebrown.ca/about/master-campus-plan.pdf |access-date=2019-06-19 |website=George Brown College |archive-date=2019-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923052812/https://www.georgebrown.ca/about/master-campus-plan.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ya fara azuzuwan a cibiyar da aka kammala aikin a watan Satumba na 2005 kafin buɗe Cibiyar Matasa a hukumance a ranar 15 ga Janairu, 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-06-01 |title=Adaptive Reuse: Buildings 49 & 50 — Young Centre for the Performing Arts |url=http://distilleryheritage.com/snippets/65.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721042303/http://www.distilleryheritage.com/snippets/65.pdf |archive-date=July 21, 2013 |access-date=2019-06-19 |website=Distillery District Heritage Website}}</ref> === Gidajen wasan kwaikwayo === Makarantar wasan kwaikwayo tana yin wasan kwaikwayo akai-akai a gidajen wasan kwaikwayo guda uku a Cibiyar Matasa. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Marilyn da Charles Baillie, mafi girma daga cikin ukun, wuri ne mai sassauƙa wanda ke ɗaukar masu kallo har zuwa 378 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Marilyn and Charles Baillie Theatre |url=https://cdn.agilitycms.com/young-centre/facility-specs/Marilyn_and_Charles_Baillie_Theatre-2017.pdf |access-date=2019-06-20 |website=Young Centre for the Performing Arts |archive-date=2019-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621021848/https://cdn.agilitycms.com/young-centre/facility-specs/Marilyn_and_Charles_Baillie_Theatre-2017.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma yana karɓar bakuncin wasan kwaikwayo na yara na shekara ta biyu. A halin yanzu, kakar karatun ajin yana canzawa tsakanin Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Michael Young, wanda ke ɗaukar masu kallo har zuwa 269, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Michael Young Theatre |url=https://cdn.agilitycms.com/young-centre/facility-specs/Michael_Young_Theatre-2017.pdf |access-date=2019-06-20 |website=Young Centre for the Performing Arts |archive-date=2019-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621021848/https://cdn.agilitycms.com/young-centre/facility-specs/Michael_Young_Theatre-2017.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> da Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Tank House, wanda ke da damar mutane 110. <ref name=":5"/> == Adadin shiga da kuma kammala karatun digiri == === Shiga === Makarantar Wasan Kwaikwayo ta George Brown shiri ne mai matuƙar gasa wanda ke karɓar ɗalibai 30 zuwa 32 kawai kowace shekara a cikin shirinta na difloma na shekaru uku daga cikin masu neman shiga 650 zuwa 700. Shiga ya dogara ne akan nasarar tsarin gwaji mai matakai 3: zagaye na farko na gwajin aiki - inda ake buƙatar 'yan takara su yi magana ta zamani, magana ta gargajiya, da kuma waƙar cappella - zagaye na biyu na gwajin kira, da kuma zagaye na uku na tambayoyi. Ana gudanar da gwajin gwaji kai tsaye a watan Afrilu da Mayu na kowace shekara a Toronto, da kuma ta Skype idan ya cancanta ga 'yan takarar da ba za su iya tafiya don gwajin ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Theatre Program Auditions: Conservatory Actor Training |url=https://www.georgebrown.ca/performingarts/auditions/ |access-date=2019-06-19 |website=George Brown College |archive-date=2019-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720141100/https://www.georgebrown.ca/performingarts/auditions/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Adadin kammala karatun digiri === Duk da cewa har zuwa ɗalibai 32 ake shigar da su makarantar a shekarar farko, ajin da ake ɗauka a matsayin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatu yana da kimanin ɗalibai 14 zuwa 19. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=George Brown Theatre School graduates 2018 |url=https://www.georgebrown.ca/performingarts/theatre/alumni/2018-theatre-grads.pdf |website=George Brown College |access-date=2026-07-20 |archive-date=2018-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703221027/https://www.georgebrown.ca/performingarts/theatre/alumni/2018-theatre-grads.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=George Brown Theatre School graduates 2016 |url=https://www.georgebrown.ca/performingarts/theatre/alumni/2016-theatre-grads.pdf |website=George Brown College |access-date=2026-07-20 |archive-date=2018-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703220846/https://www.georgebrown.ca/performingarts/theatre/alumni/2016-theatre-grads.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=George Brown Theatre School graduates 2015 |url=https://www.georgebrown.ca/performingarts/theatre/alumni/2015-theatre-grads.pdf |website=George Brown College |access-date=2026-07-20 |archive-date=2016-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412095056/http://www.georgebrown.ca/performingarts/theatre/alumni/2015-theatre-grads.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hakazalika, a matsakaici, rukunin ɗalibai na shekara ta biyu yana da, a matsakaici, ɗalibai 19. Duk da haka, a shekarar 2021, ɗalibai 25 sun kammala karatu - ɗaya daga cikin manyan azuzuwan da aka taɓa yi a tarihi. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2021-03-10 |title=Three Sisters & Co. |url=https://www.georgebrown.ca/three-sisters-co |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430134349/https://www.georgebrown.ca/three-sisters-co |archive-date=2021-04-30 |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=George Brown College |language=en}}</ref> == Manhaja ta Manhaja == Makarantar Wasan Kwaikwayo ta George Brown cibiya ce da ke da hedikwata a makarantun kide-kide. Manhajar karatunta ta farko an gina ta ne bisa tsarin gargajiya na yin aiki ta hanyar murya, motsi, magana, rawa, da kuma azuzuwan kiɗa, <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Theatre Arts — Performance Program (P104) — Full Description |url=https://www.georgebrown.ca/programs/theatre-arts-performance-program-p104/#descriptionContent |access-date=2019-06-21 |website=George Brown College |archive-date=2019-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621233050/https://www.georgebrown.ca/programs/theatre-arts-performance-program-p104/#descriptionContent |url-status=dead }}</ref> wanda ake buƙatar ɗalibai su ɗauka a duk tsawon shirin difloma na shekaru uku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Theatre Arts — Performance Program (P104) |url=https://www.georgebrown.ca/uploadedfiles/ProgramPDFs/2019-2020/Arts,%20Design%20and%20Information%20Technology/P104-2019-2020.pdf |access-date=2019-06-21 |website=George Brown College }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Dalibai suna koyon salon wasan kwaikwayo iri-iri ta waɗannan azuzuwan da kuma ta wasu darussa da ake buƙata ciki har da faɗan mataki, haɓakawa, abin rufe fuska na tsaka-tsaki, abin rufe fuska na hali, yin barkwanci, wasan kwaikwayo na commedia dell'arte, bayar da labari, dabarun fina-finai da talabijin, da kuma nazarin yanayi daban-daban na gargajiya da na zamani. Baya ga wannan, ɗalibai suna ɗaukar darussa a nazarin rubutu, haɓaka hulɗa, ilimin harshe, dabarun gwaji, tarihin wasan kwaikwayo, kasuwancin wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma dabarun Alexander . <ref name=":6" /> Shirin yana da matuƙar muhimmanci, wani lokacin yana buƙatar ɗalibai su yi horo na sama da awanni 11 a rana ɗaya. Dalibai kuma suna shiga cikin shirye-shiryen cikakku guda biyar a tsawon shekaru uku na horon su. Daliban aji uku suna aiki tare da kwararrun daraktoci, manajojin mataki, masu zane-zane, da masu fasaha don samar da cikakken kakar wasan kwaikwayo da aka yi a Cibiyar Matasa don Fasahar Wasanni. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Theatre Programs |url=https://www.georgebrown.ca/performingarts/programs/theatre/ |access-date=2019-06-21 |website=George Brown College |archive-date=2019-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621233036/https://www.georgebrown.ca/performingarts/programs/theatre/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ɗaliban aji biyu suna tsara da gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo na yara a kowace Nuwamba da Disamba bisa ga labaran marubucin yara Robert Munsch . Baya ga horo da wasan kwaikwayo, makarantar tana ba da shirin jagoranci inda ɗaliban aji na uku za a haɗa su daban-daban da wani ƙwararren mai koyar da wasan kwaikwayo wanda ke ba da jagoranci ga kowane ɗalibi na tsawon shekara guda bayan kammala karatunsa. <ref name=":6"/> Ana kuma ba wa ɗaliban aji na uku bita na tsawon makonni uku a fannin ɗaukar motsi da kuma yin magana a makarantar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=George Brown Theatre Fall 2013 Newsletter |url=https://www.georgebrown.ca/theatre/news/fall2013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911002433/http://www.georgebrown.ca/theatre/news/fall2013.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-11 |access-date=2019-06-21 |website=George Brown College}}</ref> Bayan shirinta na shekaru uku, Makarantar Wasan Kwaikwayo ta George Brown tana ba da shirin takardar sheda na shekara ɗaya da aka sani da Shirin Shiri (wanda a da ake kira Shirin Gabatarwa ga Ayyukan Fasaha). <ref name=":3"/> An tsara wannan shirin ne ga ɗaliban da ke son samun ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don shiga makarantun wasan kwaikwayo ko kasuwancin nishaɗi. Waɗanda suka kammala karatun shirin shirye-shirye galibi suna yin gwaji cikin shirin wasan kwaikwayo na shekaru uku na makarantar. <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Theatre Arts — Preparation Program (P108) |url=https://www.georgebrown.ca/uploadedfiles/ProgramPDFs/2018-2019/Arts,%20Design%20and%20Information%20Technology/P108-2018-2019.pdf |website=George Brown College }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai == Fitattun tsofaffin ɗaliban makarantar wasan kwaikwayo ta George Brown sun haɗa da: <ref name=":9"/> <ref name=":12"/>{{Columns-list|* [[Hannah Emily Anderson]] — (''[[Jigsaw (2017 film)|Jigsaw]]'', ''[[What Keeps You Alive]]'') * [[Keith Barker (writer)|Keith Barker]] — ([[Native Earth Performing Arts]]) * [[Katherine Barrell]] — (''[[Wynonna Earp (TV series)|Wynonna Earp]]'', ''[[Workin' Moms]]'') * [[Samantha Bee]] — (''[[Full Frontal with Samantha Bee]]'')<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vulture.com/2016/02/samantha-bee-timeline.html|title=The Rise and Rise of Samantha Bee |last=Duca|first=Lauren|date=2016-02-06|work=The Vulture}}</ref> * [[Shaun Benson]] — (''[[The Girlfriend Experience (TV series)|The Girlfriend Experience]]'', ''[[Being Erica]]'')<ref>{{cite web |title=Shaun Benson |url=https://ggagency.ca/benson/ |website=Gary Goddard Agency}}</ref> * [[Ryder Britton]] — (''[[Degrassi: The Next Generation]]'', ''[[Mantracker]]'')<ref>{{cite web|title=2006 George Brown Theatre School Graduates|url=https://www.georgebrown.ca/performingarts/theatre/alumni/2006_theatre_grads/|website=George Brown College|date=2006|access-date=2019-06-15|archive-date=2016-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412183118/http://www.georgebrown.ca/performingarts/theatre/alumni/2006_theatre_grads/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Catherine Bruhier]] — (''[[The Young and the Restless|The Young and The Restless]]'') * [[Kristian Bruun]] — (''[[Orphan Black]]'', ''[[Carter (TV series)|Carter]]'', ''[[Tactical Girls]]'') * [[Valerie Buhagiar]] — (''[[Roadkill (1989 film)|Roadkill]]'', ''[[A Winter Tale]]'') * [[Evan Buliung]] — (''[[Dear Evan Hansen]]'', [[Shaw Festival]], [[Stratford Festival]]) * [[Ben Carlson]] — ([[Stratford Festival]], ''[[Hamlet]]'', ''[[The Taming of the Shrew]]'') * [[Philip DeWilde]] — (''[[Turning Paige]]'', ''[[Prince Charming (2001 film)|Prince Charming]]'') * [[Steffi DiDomenicantonio]] — (''[[Spring Awakening (musical)|Spring Awakening]]'', ''[[Come from Away]]'')<ref>{{cite web|title=Making the Leap|url=https://www.georgebrown.ca/theatre/news/fall2012_newsletter.pdf|date=2012|website=George Brown College}}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[Karen Dwyer]] — (''[[Better Than Chocolate]]'', ''[[Superstar (1999 film)|Superstar]]'')<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://popgoesthenews.com/2018/09/26/better-than-chocolate-star-karyn-dwyer-dies-at-43/|title='Better Than Chocolate' star Karyn Dwyer dies at 43|date=2018-09-26|work=Pop Goes the News|access-date=2026-07-20|archive-date=2018-09-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929043734/https://popgoesthenews.com/2018/09/26/better-than-chocolate-star-karyn-dwyer-dies-at-43/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[TL Forsberg]] — (''[[Switched at Birth (TV series)|Switched at Birth]]'') * [[Brendan Gall]] — (''[[Blindspot (TV series)|Blindspot]]'', ''[[Open Heart (TV series)|Open Heart]]'', ''[[The L.A. Complex]]'') * [[Soo Garay]] — (''[[My Children! My Africa!]]'', ''[[Queer as Folk (2000 TV series)|Queer as Folk]]'') * [[Colton Gobbo]] — (''[[Ginny and Georgia]]'', ''[[Son of a Critch]]'', ''[[The Desperate Hour]]'') * [[Brad Goreski]] — (''[[Fashion Police|E! Fashion Police]]'') * [[Carter Hayden]] — (''[[Total Drama]]'', ''[[Camp Lakebottom]]'') * [[Falen Johnson]] — ([[Soulpepper]], ''Secret Life of Canada'')<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.harbourfrontcentre.com/whatson/planetindigenusoff-site.cfm?id=3834|title=Planet IndigenUs Off-site|website=Harbourfront Centre|access-date=2020-03-20}}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[Emmanuel Kabongo]] — (''[[Teenagers (web series)|Teenagers]]'', ''[[21 Thunder]]'')<ref name=":8" /> * [[Patrick Kwok-Choon]] — (''[[Open Heart (TV series)|Open Heart]]'', ''[[Star Trek: Discovery]]'') * [[Daniel MacIvor]] — (''[[Twitch City]]'', ''[[Marion Bridge (film)|Marion Bridge]]'') * [[Colm Magner]] — (''[[Street Time]]'', ''[[This Is Wonderland]]'') * [[Michael Mahonen]] — (''[[Road to Avonlea]]'', ''[[Star Trek: Voyager]]'') * [[Sarah Manninen]] — (''[[Murdoch Mysteries]]'', ''[[Alias Grace]]'') * [[Meredith McGeachie]] — (''[[Punch (2002 film)|Punch]]'', ''[[The L Word]]'', ''[[Paradise Falls]]'') * [[Claudette Mink]] — (''[[24 (TV series)|24]]'', ''[[R.L. Stine's The Haunting Hour]]'', ''[[Harper's Island]]'') * [[Paul O'Sullivan (actor)|Paul O'Sullivan]] — (''[[George Shrinks]]'', ''[[Grossology (TV series)|Grossology]]'', ''[[Friends and Heroes]]'') * [[Alex Paxton-Beesley]] — (''[[Murdoch Mysteries]]'', ''[[Cardinal (TV series)|Cardinal]]'', ''[[Pure (Canadian TV series)|Pure]]'') * [[Aaron Poole]] — (''[[This Beautiful City]]'', ''[[Strange Empire]]'') * [[Andra Simons]] — (''The Joshua Tales'', ''Turtlemen'') * [[Janaya Stephens]] — (''[[Left Behind (series)|Left Behind]]'' series, ''[[Inside the Osmonds]]'', ''[[Flashpoint (TV series)|Flashpoint]]'')<ref>{{cite web |title=Janaya Stephens — About |url=https://www.janayastephens.com/about.php |website=Janaya Stephens |access-date=2026-07-20 |archive-date=2026-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260720111703/https://www.janayastephens.com/about.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Ordena Stephens-Thompson]] — (''[[Da Kink in My Hair]]'') * [[Dylan Taylor (actor)|Dylan Taylor]] — (''[[Defying Gravity (TV series)|Defying Gravity]]'', ''[[Pure (Canadian TV series)|Pure]]'', ''[[What Would Sal Do?]]'')|colwidth=22em}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] n0frlowit0j5muhxrqv4pgoxwf2sx3p 0 162180 906354 903228 2026-08-23T00:04:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lateef Oludare Raji''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Oktoba 1962 – ya rasu a ranar 14 ga Agusta 2017)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography of Lateef Raji |url=http://www.nigerianbiography.com/2016/03/biography-of-lateef-raji.html |access-date=27 January 2016 |publisher=Nigerian Biography}}{{Dead link|date=May 2025}}</ref> ya kasance tsohon mai ba da shawara kan harkokin yaɗa labarai da dabaru ga tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Legas, Babatunde Raji Fashola. Ya kuma kasance Kwamishina a gwamnatin tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Legas, Bola Tinubu. Ya kasance mamba mai ci a kwamitin Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Jihar Legas (LASIEC) kafin rasuwarsa a shekarar 2017. == Yaronta da ilimi == An haifi Raji a [[Ondo (jiha)|Jihar Ondo]] . Ya fara karatunsa a Makarantar Irekari Grammar da ke Idoani, daga shekarar 1974 zuwa 1978. Ya kuma halarci Makarantar Sakandaren New Church da ke Owo, Jihar Ondo, a shekarar 1978, inda ya samu takardar shaidar matakin Ordinary Level a shekarar 1980. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=Principal officers of LASIEC |url=http://lasiec.lagosstate.gov.ng/principal-officers/ |access-date=25 January 2017 |website=LASIEC |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202045117/http://lasiec.lagosstate.gov.ng/principal-officers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan haka, ya ci gaba da zuwa [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] domin karantar Tarihi. Ya samu digirin Bachelor of Arts (Hons) a shekarar 1997, sannan ya kuma samu digirin Jagora a fannin Tarihi a shekarar 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeleye |first=Maxwell |title=Fashola's ex aide Lateef Raji joins Ondo Governorship Race |url=http://africanspotlight.com/2016/02/26/fasholas-ex-aide-lateef-raji-joins-ondo-governorship-race/ |access-date=25 January 2017 |website=African Spotlight |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202040910/http://africanspotlight.com/2016/02/26/fasholas-ex-aide-lateef-raji-joins-ondo-governorship-race/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka da siyasa == Raji ya fara aikinsa a matsayin Edita a kamfanin Ahrada West African Publishing daga shekarar 1996 zuwa 2000, sannan daga baya aka ɗaga shi zuwa matsayin Babban Edita na kamfanin, inda ya yi aiki daga shekarar 2000 zuwa 2003. Ya kuma kasance wakilin Najeriya a Cibiyar Albarkatun Ilimi ta Duniya (World Education Resources Centre) da ke Ƙasar Birtaniya daga shekarar 2003 zuwa 2007. Daga baya ya zama Manajan Darakta kuma Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na Thrazel Nigerian.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=Principal officers of LASIEC |url=http://lasiec.lagosstate.gov.ng/principal-officers/ |access-date=25 January 2017 |website=LASIEC |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202045117/http://lasiec.lagosstate.gov.ng/principal-officers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga baya ya shiga digiri na biyu a [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]], Legas. Raji ya shiga siyasa a shekarar 1999, inda ya zama Sakataren Jihar Legas na [[Alliance for Democracy (Nijeriya)|Alliance for Democracy]]. Daga baya ya zama shugaban wata ɓangare ta jam'iyyar bayan jam'iyyar ta rabu zuwa ɓangarori. Haka kuma ana danganta shi da ƙirƙirar tambarin jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC), inda hannunsa ne ke riƙe da tsintsiya a cikin tambarin jam'iyyar tun lokacin da take Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN), har zuwa sauye-sauyen da suka kai ga kafa APC a yanzu. Ya yi takara a Majalisar Wakilai ta [[Oshodi-Isolo|Osodi / Isolo]] a cikin 2011 a karkashin dandalin [[All Progressives Congress|APC]] amma bai sami tikitin jam'iyyar ba. Daga baya aka nada shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman kan bayanai da dabaru ga tsohon Gwamnan Jihar [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Babatunde Fashola|Babatunde Raji Fashola]] tsakanin 2011 da 2015. A babban zaɓen shekarar 2015, ya kuma yi yunƙurin wakiltar mazabarsa ta Oshodi/Isolo a Majalisar Wakilai. amma ya rasa tikitin jam'iyyar. ga Hon. Timothy Olumuyiwa Olubintan, sannan daga baya ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masu neman takarar gwamnan Jihar Ondo a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar APC a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeleye |first=Maxwell |title=Fashola's ex aide Lateef Raji joins Ondo Governorship Race |url=http://africanspotlight.com/2016/02/26/fasholas-ex-aide-lateef-raji-joins-ondo-governorship-race/ |access-date=25 January 2017 |website=African Spotlight |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202040910/http://africanspotlight.com/2016/02/26/fasholas-ex-aide-lateef-raji-joins-ondo-governorship-race/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sirenayo |title=There's no government in Ondo State, Mimiko is a palace Chief – Lateef Raji, APC Chieftain |url=http://www.sirkenayo.com/theres-no-government-in-ondo-state-mimiko-is-a-palace-chief-lateef-raji-apc-chieftain/ |access-date=25 January 2017 |website=Sirkenayo |archive-date=4 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404010551/http://www.sirkenayo.com/theres-no-government-in-ondo-state-mimiko-is-a-palace-chief-lateef-raji-apc-chieftain/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 29 ga watan Yunin 2016, gwamnan [[Akinwunmi Ambode]] ya nada shi a matsayin memba na kwamitin hukumar zabe mai zaman kanta ta jihar Legas (LASIEC). == Rayuwa ta mutum == Raji Musulmi ne, ya auri Alhaja Raji kuma yana da 'ya'ya hudu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abatti |first=Tolani |date=21 October 2014 |title=Lateef Raji recaps how he survived cancer of the throat |url=http://encomium.ng/lateef-raji-recaps-how-he-survived-cancer-of-the-throat/ |access-date=25 January 2017 |website=Emcomium}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Raji ya mutu a farkon sa'o'i na 14 ga watan Agusta 2017 na Ciwon daji na pharynx. Daga baya aka binne shi a wannan rana a garinsu a Idoani, [[Ondo (jiha)|Jihar Ondo]], bisa ga al'adun Islama. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2017]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] 5ztsxlcr84o3eyyohqinsx8e2cp0hn1 0 162324 906278 887843 2026-08-22T18:08:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Brilliant Club''' wata kungiya ce ta agaji ta zamantakewa da ke Burtaniya wadda ke mai da hankali kan ƙara yawan ɗaliban da ba su da galihu da ke shiga jami'o'i mafi gasa da kuma tallafa musu don samun nasara idan sun isa can. Babban shirinsu na Malamai, wanda aka ƙaddamar a shekarar 2011, yana tallafawa ɗalibai 'yan shekara 8-18 don ci gaba zuwa jami'o'i mafi gasa, ciki har da jami'o'in Russell Group, ta hanyar ba su damar koyon batutuwa a wajen manhajar karatu da kuma fuskantar koyo irin na jami'a. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-18 |title=Anne-Marie Canning, chief executive, The Brilliant Club |url=https://schoolsweek.co.uk/introducing-anne-marie-canning/ |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=schoolsweek.co.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> Malaman makaranta Jonathan Sobczyk da Simon Coyle ne suka kafa Brilliant Club a shekarar 2011. Ƙungiyar agaji tana da ofisoshi a Landan da Leeds, kuma tana aiki a faɗin Ingila, Wales, Scotland da Arewacin Ireland. A shekarar 2026, an nada Susie Whigham a matsayin Shugaba. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2026-03-12 |title=Susie Whigham appointed CEO of The Brilliant Club |url=https://thebrilliantclub.org/news/susie-whigham-appointed-ceo-of-the-brilliant-club/ |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=thebrilliantclub.org |language=en-GB}}</ref> Tsakanin 2020 da 2025, Anne-Marie Canning MBE ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar ƙungiyar agaji. == Shirye-shirye == Ƙungiyar Brilliant tana gudanar da shirye-shirye waɗanda ke da nufin wargaza shingen da ke hana samun dama da kuma samun nasara a manyan makarantu. Ƙungiyar agajin ta mayar da martani ga abin da take gani a matsayin rashin daidaito a tsarin manyan makarantu na Burtaniya. A cewar bayanai da Hukumar Shiga Jami'o'i da Kwalejoji (UCAS) ta bayar, ɗalibai daga asali mafi fa'ida suna da damar zuwa jami'o'i mafi gasa da yawa, idan aka kwatanta da 1 cikin 33 waɗanda ba su da fa'ida sosai. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-30 |title=The Brilliant Club - Using Data to Support Less Advantaged Students to Access and Succeed at Competitive Universities |url=https://community.dataiku.com/t5/Dataiku-Frontrunner-Awards/The-Brilliant-Club-Using-Data-to-Support-Less-Advantaged/ta-p/28248 |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=Dataiku Community |language=en}}</ref> [https://thebrilliantclub.org/the-scholars-programme/ Shirin Malaman] "tushen ilimi" "yana tallafawa ɗalibai 'yan shekara 8-18 don haɓaka ilimi, ƙwarewa, da kwarin gwiwa don ci gaba zuwa jami'o'i mafi gasa ta hanyar ba su damar koyo fiye da manhajar karatu da kuma fuskantar koyo irin na jami'a". <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-11-14 |title=Supporting your students to succeed |url=https://schoolsweek.co.uk/supporting-your-students-to-succeed/ |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=schoolsweek.co.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> Shirin yana horar da malaman PhD don raba iliminsu na fannoni daban-daban da kuma sha'awar koyo ga ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai. A cewar The Brilliant Club, a ƙarshen shirin, ɗalibai suna yin biki a wani taron kammala karatun da aka gudanar a wata jami'a mai gasa. <ref name=":1" /> Ƙungiyar agajin ta gudanar [https://thebrilliantclub.org/brilliant-tutoring/ da Shirin Koyar da Ɗalibai Masu Kyau] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260514222238/https://thebrilliantclub.org/brilliant-tutoring/ |date=2026-05-14 }} daga 2020-2023, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Koyar da Ɗalibai na Ƙasa na gwamnati, wanda aka tsara don tallafawa ɗaliban da karatunsu ya lalace sakamakon rufe makarantu [[Koronavirus 2019|na COVID-19]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Whittaker |first=Freddie |date=2020-11-02 |title=32 National Tutoring Programme providers named |url=https://schoolsweek.co.uk/revealed-the-32-providers-selected-to-deliver-the-national-tutoring-programme/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=Schools Week}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Brilliant Club kuma tana gudanar da wani shiri mai suna [https://thebrilliantclub.org/parents/parent-power/ Parent Power], wanda ke ƙirƙirar hanyoyin sadarwa na al'ummomin iyaye a faɗin Burtaniya, kowannensu yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin The Brilliant Club da kuma wata cibiyar ilimi mai zurfi. A cewar The Brilliant Club, iyaye "suna samun horon tsara al'umma don haka suna da ikon yin sauyi a makomar 'ya'yansu da kuma tabbatar da cewa suna da damar samun nasara a fannin ilimi da kuma bayan haka". <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-15 |title=Parent Power |url=https://thebrilliantclub.org/parents/parent-power/ |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=The Brilliant Club |language=en}}</ref> A halin yanzu, akwai ƙungiyoyin Parent Power da ke aiki a Barnsley, [[Birmingham]], Bradford, [[Bristol]], Cardiff, East Ayrshire, East London, Fenland, Knowsley, Newport, Oldham, [[Peterborough]], Springburn, Swindon da Wythenshawe . A cikin [[The Guardian|jaridar The Guardian]], tsohuwar shugabar Brilliant Club Anne-Marie Canning MBE ta bayyana burinta na The Brilliant Club na "samun hanyar sadarwa ta jakadun aiki na asali" a faɗin ƙasar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-26 |title=Improving literacy means a book – or an iPad – at bedtime, say researchers |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2022/feb/26/improving-literacy-means-a-book-or-an-ipad-at-bedtime-say-researchers |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, ƙungiyar Brilliant Club ta ƙaddamar da wani shiri mai suna [https://thebrilliantclub.org/join-the-dots/ Shiga Ƙungiyoyi] '''.''' Wannan shirin yana tallafawa ɗaliban da suka fi fuskantar cikas a sauye-sauyen da ake samu zuwa manyan makarantu ta hanyar shirin ɗaya-da-ɗaya da kuma tallafin takwarorinsu, wanda makarantu da jami'o'i suka ƙirƙira tare. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How can schools and universities work in partnership to support students to succeed at university? {{!}} APPG |url=https://universityappg.co.uk/blog/how-can-schools-and-universities-work-partnership-support-students-succeed-university |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=universityappg.co.uk}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, ƙungiyar agaji ta fara wani shiri na haɓaka nasarori, [https://thebrilliantclub.org/make-your-mark/#:~:text=Make%20your%20Mark%20has%20been,evidence%20and%20school%20leader%20insights. Make Your Mark], tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar Sussex, wanda ke tallafawa ɗalibai da malamai na aji 10 ta hanyar koyarwa da horar da CPD. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Post |first=HEPI Guest |date=2022-09-23 |title=Postcodes or personal experience? How best to encourage members of under-represented groups to apply to university |url=https://www.hepi.ac.uk/2022/09/23/postcodes-or-personal-experience-how-best-to-encourage-members-of-under-represented-groups-to-apply-to-university/ |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=HEPI |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ayyukan sashe == Ƙungiyar Brilliant memba ce ta [https://www.faireducation.org.uk/ ƙungiyar Fair Education Alliance], ƙungiyar da ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi sama da 300, waɗanda ke da manufar magance rashin daidaito a fannin ilimi. Ƙungiyar agajin tana da alaƙa da King's College London da Citizens UK, waɗanda suka ƙirƙiro tsarin tsara al'umma don hulɗar iyaye wanda rassan Ikon Iyaye suka dogara a kai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Oldham MBE recipient Najma - 'It has been an honour and privilege to help and support individuals and communities' |url=https://www.oldham-chronicle.co.uk/news-features/139/main-news/146274/oldham-mbe-recipient-najma-it-has-been-an-honour-and-privilege-to-help-and-support-individuals-and-communities |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=www.oldham-chronicle.co.uk |language=en-gb}}</ref> Tsohuwar Shugabar Jami'a Anne-Marie Canning ta ba da gudummawa ga wallafa littafin manyan makarantu [https://wonkhe.com/ na Wonkhe] a tafiyarta ta samun damar shiga manyan makarantu, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Empowering parents on education |url=https://wonkhe.com/blogs/empowering-parents-on-education/ |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=Wonkhe |language=en-GB}}</ref> da kuma wasu batutuwa da suka shafi fannin, ciki har da faɗaɗa shiga da kuma matsalar tsadar rayuwa ga yara 'yan makaranta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=No child goes hungry on campus |url=https://wonkhe.com/blogs/no-child-goes-hungry-on-campus/ |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=Wonkhe |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ganewa da kyaututtuka == A shekarar 2011, an nada Ƙungiyar Brilliant Club a matsayin wadda ta lashe kyautar Teach First Social Innovation Award. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Innovation Partnerships {{!}} Teach First |url=http://www.teachfirst.org.uk/what-we-do/encouraging-innovation-education-0/innovation-partnerships |access-date=2015-11-27 |website=Teachfirst.org.uk |archive-date=2015-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030045024/http://www.teachfirst.org.uk/what-we-do/encouraging-innovation-education-0/innovation-partnerships |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wannan shekarar, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasa goma da suka yi nasara a gasar Future 100. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2011 |title=Top Ten Future 100 Winners 2011 Published |url=https://future100awards.wordpress.com/2011/11/24/top-ten-future-100-winners-2011-published/ |access-date=2015-11-27 |website=Future 100 Awards}}</ref> A shekarar 2012, an saka sunan The Brilliant Club cikin mutane 50 da ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke "canza Birtaniya zuwa mafi kyau" a cewar Nesta da ''The Observer'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Brilliant Club {{!}} Nesta |url=http://www.nesta.org.uk/news/britains-new-radicals/brilliant-club |access-date=2015-11-27 |website=Nesta.org.uk}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, ƙungiyar ta shiga shirin Ernst &amp;amp; Young 's Accelerate. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilkie |first=Iain |date=3 February 2012 |title=Helping social enterprise accelerate |url=https://www.theguardian.com/social-enterprise-network/2012/feb/03/accelerate-ernst-young-programme |access-date=2015-11-28 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> An yi amfani da shi a matsayin wani bincike na Equity Ideas. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2014 |title=The Brilliant Club – IDEAS |url=http://equityideas.eu/case/the-brilliant-club/ |access-date=2015-11-28 |website=IDEAS |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Disamba na 2015, an sanya sunan ƙungiyar agajin a cikin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka lashe kyautar agaji ta [[The Guardian]] a shekarar 2015. A shekarar 2019, an ba wa Brilliant Club matsayi na biyu a cikin jerin ƙungiyoyi 100 mafi kyau waɗanda ba na riba ba don aiki. An kuma sanya masa suna a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Mafi Kyawun Ƙananan Kamfanoni 75 a Landan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Brilliant Club Company Profile |url=https://www.b.co.uk/company-profile/ |access-date=2019-03-07 |website=Best Companies |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kowace shekara, Ƙungiyar Brilliant tana buga mujallar ilimi mai ''suna The Scholar'', wadda ke nuna ayyukan ɗaliban makaranta daga Shirin Masana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Scholar - The Brilliant Club |url=http://www.thebrilliantclub.org/news-and-views/the-scholar/ |access-date=4 June 2018 |website=Thebrilliantclub.org}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0ztixjkevixry9gr4opr1y4ap4nrae4 0 162475 906475 898933 2026-08-23T09:35:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar asibiti''', wacce aka fi sani da '''ilimin gida da asibiti''' (HHE), <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Glossary of terms in use in HHE and ICT - LeHo Project &#124; Learning at Home and in the Hospital |url=https://www.lehoproject.eu/en/glossary |access-date=25 January 2016 |website=Learning at Home and in the Hospital}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=ICT for Home and Hospital Education – based on best practices of the LeHo (Learning at Home and in the Hospital) project &#124; DigiSkill |url=http://www.digiskills-project.eu/?q=content/ict-home-and-hospital-education-%E2%80%93-based-best-practices-leho-learning-home-and-hospital |access-date=2022-09-13 |publisher=Digiskills-project.eu}}</ref> makaranta ce da ke aiki a asibiti, galibi [[Asibitin yara|asibiti ne na yara]] wanda ke ba da umarni ga dukkan matakan aji na firamare da sakandare. Waɗannan makarantu suna taimaka wa yara su sake samun ci gaban ilimi a lokacin da ake kwantar da su a asibiti ko kuma a gyara musu yanayinsu. Makarantun galibi ana ba su izini kuma ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar tsarin makarantun gwamnati na gida, wanda gwamnati ke ba da kuɗi, kuma an gina su ne bisa tsarin manhaja da gwaje-gwaje iri ɗaya da jihar ta umarta kamar yadda yake a aikace ga ɗalibai. Idan aka kwatanta da makarantun gargajiya, masu yin rajista ba su da yawa, kuma dole ne malamai su ba da koyarwa ga matakai daban-daban na aji. Dokoki da ƙa'idodi kan makarantun asibiti da kuma ilimin gida sun bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. Yawancin lokaci ana rarraba karatun da suka shafi wannan fanni a ƙarƙashin kalmar '''"gida da ilimin asibiti''' " (HHE). <ref name=":0" /> An fara gabatar da kalmar HHE a cikin wani tsari na aikin LeHo (Koyo a Gida da kuma a Asibiti) wanda Tarayyar Turai ke daukar nauyinsa, wani aiki na kasa da kasa na shekaru uku wanda [[Tarayyar Turai]] ke daukar nauyinsa kuma [[Fondazione Politecnico di Milano]] ke gudanarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Uggeri |first=Matteo |date=2014-12-15 |title=The use of ICT to support Home and in the Hospital Education (HHE) |url=https://www.slideshare.net/MatteoUggeri/the-use-of-ict-to-support-learning-at-hhe-uggeri-final |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=Slideshare |language=en}}</ref> Aikin ya yi bincike kan hanyoyin koyarwa na amfani da fasahar sadarwa ta zamani (ICT) a fannin makarantun asibiti. Akwai ƙungiyoyi da dama a duk faɗin duniya waɗanda ke tallafawa aikin makarantun asibiti da malaman asibiti. Waɗannan su ne HEAL <ref>{{Cite web |title=HEAL Association |url=https://www.healassociation.org/ |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=Hospital Educator and Academic Liaison (HEAL) Association}}</ref> a Amurka, HOPE <ref>{{Cite web |title=HOPE - Continuity in Education |url=https://www.hospitalteachers.eu/ |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=Hospital Organisation of Pedagogues in Europe}}</ref> a Turai da Redlaceh <ref>{{Cite web |title=REDLACEH - POR EL DERECHO A LA EDUCACIÓN DE NIÑOS, NIÑAS Y JÓVENES HOSPITALIZADOS O EN TRATAMIENTO |url=https://www.redlaceh.org/ |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=REDLACEH}}</ref> a Kudancin Amurka. == Jerin makarantun asibiti == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Hospital !Location !School operated by !Notes |- |Carlson Home Hospital School |Los Angeles, California |Los Angeles Unified School District | |- |Central Regional Health School |Wellington, New Zealand | | |- |Chelsea &amp;amp; Westminster Hospital, Royal Brompton Hospital, St Mary's Hospital, [https://www.cnwl.nhs.uk/services/mental-health-services/child-and-adolescent-mental-health-services/collingham-inpatient-service Collingham Child and Family Unit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523082917/https://www.cnwl.nhs.uk/services/mental-health-services/child-and-adolescent-mental-health-services/collingham-inpatient-service |date=2022-05-23 }}, [https://www.cnwl.nhs.uk/services/mental-health-services/child-and-adolescent-mental-health-services/lavender-walk-adolescent-mental-health-unit Lavender Walk Adolescent Mental Health Unit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205021912/https://www.cnwl.nhs.uk/services/mental-health-services/child-and-adolescent-mental-health-services/lavender-walk-adolescent-mental-health-unit |date=2023-12-05 }} |London, UK |[https://cchs.org.uk/ Chelsea Community Hospital School] |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Well at School |url=https://www.wellatschool.org/resources/hospital-education-provisions |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=Hospital education provisions in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland}}</ref> |- |Children's Hospital of Illinois |Peoria, Illinois | | |- |Leicester Royal Infirmary |Leicester, UK |Children's Hospital School |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.childrenshospitalschool.leicester.sch.uk/ |website=childrenshospitalschool.leicester.sch.uk}}</ref> |- |Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters |Norfolk, Virginia |Norfolk Public Schools | |- |Duke Children's Hospital and Health Center |Durham, North Carolina |Durham Public Schools | |- |NIH Children's School at NIH Clinical Center Hospital |Bethesda, Maryland |NIH Clinical Center |- |Janeway Children's Hospital |St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada |Eastern School District | |- |Lucile Packard Children's Hospital School |Palo Alto, California |Palo Alto Unified School District | |- |North Carolina Children's Hospital |Chapel Hill, North Carolina |Chapel Hill-Carrboro City Schools | |- |Northern Health School |Auckland, New Zealand | | |- |Nottingham University Hospitals Trust |Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK |Hospital and Home Education Learning Centres, Nottingham City School District | |- |Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children |Westmead, New South Wales, Australia |Department of Education (New South Wales) | |- |Royal Free Hospital Children's School |London Borough of Camden, UK | |- |Shriners Hospital for Children |Minneapolis, Minnesota |Minneapolis Public Schools | |- |Southern Regional Health School |Christchurch, New Zealand | | |- |St George Hospital, Sydney |Kogarah, New South Wales, Australia |Department of Education (New South Wales) | |- |[[The Hospital School at Cardon Children's Medical Center]] |Mesa, Arizona |Banner Health | |- |University of Wisconsin Hospital |Madison, Wisconsin |Madison Metropolitan School District | |- |John Hunter Hospital |Newcastle, Australia |[https://johnhunter-s.schools.nsw.gov.au/ John Hunter Hospital School] | |- |Vidant Medical Center / Maynard Children's Hospital |Greenville, North Carolina |[[Pitt County Public Schools]] | |- |[http://www.olchc.ie/ Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin] |Dublin, Ireland |[https://www.solashospitalschool.ie Solas Hospital School] |<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Solas Hospital School |url=https://www.solashospitalschool.ie |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=Solas Hospital School}}</ref> |- |El Carmen de Maipú Hospital |Maipú, Santiago, Chile | | |- |Chiloé Hospital |Castro, Chiloe, Chile | | |} == Manazarta == 1w5ks6e69p00iymhjatj7y5l2fkxuey 0 162726 906369 897346 2026-08-23T03:21:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906369 wikitext text/x-wiki  <gallery> Fayil:Cardinalis_cardinalis_(small_illustration).jpg|Cardinal, from ''Citizen Bird'' (1897) Fayil:Tyrannus_tyrannusABP06CA.jpg|Eastern kingbird, from ''The Second Book of Birds'' (1901) Fayil:Sphyrapicus_thyroideusECP01CB.jpg|Williamson's sapsucker, from ''Birds of the Rockies'' (1902) Fayil:Gelada_baboon_Fuertes.jpg|alt=Gelada baboon|Gelada baboon from ''Album of Abyssinian Birds and Mammals'' (1930) Fayil:Parus_rufescensDU1N028CA.JPG|Chestnut-backed chickadee, from ''Harriman Alaska Series'' (1904) Fayil:Stercorarius_pomarinusDUCA.jpg|Pomarine jaeger, from ''Harriman Alaska Series'' (1904) Fayil:Dendroica_dominicaEMP13CB.jpg|Yellow-throated warbler, from ''Warblers of North America'' (1907) Fayil:Bubo_virginianusDO1908P01CA.JPG|Great horned owl, from ''United States Department of Agriculture Yearbook'' (1908) Fayil:Accipiter_gentilisAAP045CA.jpg|Goshawk, from ''Birds of New York'' (1910–1914) Fayil:Nightjar_in_flight_-_AAP065A.jpg|Nightjars, from ''Birds of New York'' (1910–1914) Fayil:Dryocopus_pileatusAAP063CA.jpg|Pileated woodpecker, from ''Birds of New York'' (1910–1914) Fayil:Magnolia_Warbler_NGM-v31-p313-A.jpg|Magnolia warbler, from ''The Warblers of North America'' (''National Geographic'', 1917) Fayil:Plegadis_chihiGBP08CA.jpg|White-faced ibis, from ''Game Birds of California'' (1918) Fayil:Ceratogymna_brevisEYP24A.jpg|Silvery-cheeked hornbill, from ''Album of Abyssinian Birds and Mammals'' (1930) Fayil:Eupodotis_melanogasterEYP18A.jpg|Black-bellied bustard, from ''Album of Abyssinian Birds and Mammals'' (1930) Fayil:Haliaeetus_vociferEYP14A.jpg|African fish eagle, from ''Album of Abyssinian Birds and Mammals'' (1930) Fayil:Fuertes_Flamingo_Mural.JPG|Flamingo mural at the American Museum of Natural History Fayil:Secretary_bird_Fuertes.jpg|alt=Secretary bird|Secretary bird, from ''Album of Abyssinian Birds and Mammals'' (1930) </gallery>'''Louis Agassiz Fortes''' ( Acikin makon fabareru 7, 1874 harzuwa makon agusta 22, 1927) masanin ilimin tsuntsaye ne na Amurka, mai zane-zane kuma mai zane wanda ya kafa ƙa'idodi masu tsauri da na yau da khullun don fasahar ilimin tsuntsayen da kuma zane-zane na halitta kuma an dauke shi daya daga cikin masu zane-zane masu zane-zanen tsuntsaye na Amurka, na biyu kawai ga wanda ya riga shi John James Audubon. == Tarihin Rayuwa == [[Fayil:Hirundo_rusticaABP01CA.jpg|left|thumb|Barn swallow daga ''Littafin Tsuntsaye na Biyu'', 1901]] === Rayuwa ta farko === Fuertes an haife shi ne a Ithaca, New York, kuma ɗa ne ga masanin falaki na Puerto Rican kuma injiniyan farar hula Estevan Fuertes da Mary Stone Perry Fuertes. Mahaifinsa shi ne Farfesa wanda ya kafa Makarantar Injiniya ta Jama'a a [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]], kuma ya yi shekaru da yawa yana aiki a matsayin shugaban kwalejin. Estevan ya sanya wa ɗansa suna bayan ɗan asalin ƙasar Amurka ɗan asalin ƙasar Switzerland Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz, wanda ya mutu a shekarar da ta gabata. Mahaifiyar Fuertes, an haife ta a Troy, New York, ta zuriyar Holland ne. Matashi Louis ya zama mai sha'awar tsuntsaye tun yana ƙarami, yana kashe tsuntsaye da slingshot kuma yana bincika su a hankali. Lokacin yana yaro, John James Audubon's ''The Birds of America'' ya rinjaye shi. Yana da shekaru goma sha huɗu, ya yi zanen sa na farko na wani tsuntsu mai rai, ɗan jajayen giciye na namiji . Ya koyi kiyaye bayanan kamanni, halaye da muryoyin tsuntsaye a hankali. A shekara ta 1890, ya aika da samfurin da ya tattara zuwa Smithsonian kuma ya sami yabo mai ban sha'awa da kuma maganganu masu haske game da ƙarancinsa da daidaito kuma a shekara ta 1891, yana da shekaru 17, Louis ya zama ƙaramin memba da aka taɓa kiransa a matsayin Mataimakin memba na Ƙungiyar Ornithologists ta Amurka. Abokan aikin mahaifinsa a Cornell sun karfafa shi gwiwa ciki har da Burt G. Wilder da Liberty H. Bailey . A watan Yunin 1892, ya bi iyayensa zuwa Turai kuma ya zana tsuntsaye da dabbobi a Jardin des Plantes a Paris. A watan Satumba, ya shiga Cibiyar Keller, makarantar da ke Zurich, inda ya zauna na shekara guda.<ref name="auk1928"/> === Jami'ar Cornell === Da ya dawo Amurka, ya shiga Cornell a shekara ta 1893, ya zaɓi ya yi karatun akan gine-gine. Babban ɗan'uwansa James, duk da haka ya raba a cikin wani abin tunawa cewa Louis ba shi da sha'awar lissafi da lissafi kuma sau da yawa zai yi barci lokacin da James ya yi ƙoƙarin horar da shi. A lokacin wani lacca na kwaleji, Louis ya hau daga taga na aji kuma ya zauna gaba ɗaya a cikin itace don bincika kiran tsuntsu mai ban mamaki da bai taɓa ji ba. Sha'awarsa ga waka ta kai shi ga shiga kungiyar Glee ta Jami'ar Cornell . A shekara ta 1894, Glee Club ya tafi yawon shakatawa zuwa [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], inda wani memba na kulob din ya ba da shawarar cewa Louis ya sadu da kawunsa Elliott Coues, wanda shi ma yana da sha'awar tsuntsaye. Wannan taron ya kasance canji, yayin da Coues ya gane kwarewar Fuertes kuma ya yada kalmar game da aikinsa na musamman. A shekara ta 1895 Coues ya nuna ayyukan Fuertes hamsin a Majalisa ta Ƙungiyar Ornithologists ta Amurka a Washington, taron da Louis bai iya halarta ba. Ya sami na farko daga cikin kwamitocinsa da yawa don kwatanta tsuntsaye yayin da yake karatun digiri. A Cornell, an zabe shi zuwa Sphinx Head Society, tsohuwar babbar ƙungiyar girmamawa a Jami'ar. Ya kuma kasance memba na Alpha Delta Phi wanda ya shiga bayan ya kasance abokai na dindindin tare da sanannen masanin lambu da masanin halitta Theodore Luqueer Mead, ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin ɗaliban mahaifinsa kuma memba na ƙungiyar. A shekara ta 1896, Coues ya gayyaci Fuertes don halartar taron Ornithological da aka gudanar a Cambridge a Ingila. === Ayyuka da rayuwar mutum === [[Fayil:Louis_A._Fuertes_and_baboon.jpg|right|thumb|Fuertes da baboon, Abyssinian Expedition (1927) ]] Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Cornell a 1897 ya zama ɗan koyo ga mai zane Abbott H. Thayer . A shekara ta 1898, ya yi tafiyarsa ta farko, tare da Thayer da ɗansa Gerald, zuwa Florida.<ref name="auk1928"/> A shekara ta 1899, Fuertes ya bi E. H. Harriman a kan sanannen bincikensa na bakin tekun [[Alaska]], Harriman Alaska Expedition . Daga baya Fuertes ya yi tafiya a yawancin Amurka da kasashe da yawa don neman tsuntsaye, ciki har da Bahamas, Jamaica, Canada, Mexico, Colombia, da Habasha. Fuertes ya haɗu tare da Frank Chapman, mai kula da Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Halitta na Amurka, akan ayyuka da yawa ciki har da bincike na filin, dioramas na baya a gidan kayan gargajiya, da zane-zane na littafi. Yayin da yake kan balaguron tattarawa tare da Chapman a Mexico, Fuertes ya gano nau'in iriole. Chapman ya kira shi ''Icterus fuertesi'', wanda ake kira Fuertes's oriole bayan abokinsa. A shekara ta 1904 Fuertes ya auri Margaret F. Sumner kuma suna da ɗa, Louis Sumner, da 'yar, Mary.<ref name="auk1928">{{Cite journal |last=Chapman |first=Frank M. |year=1928 |title=In memoriam: Louis Agassiz Fuertes 1874-1927 |url=http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v045n01/p0001-p0026.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Auk |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |doi=10.2307/4075351 |jstor=4075351 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907225655/http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v045n01/p0001-p0026.pdf |archive-date=September 7, 2012 |access-date=April 17, 2011}}</ref> Fuertes ya ba da lacca a kai a kai game da ilimin tsuntsaye a [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]] tun daga 1923. Fuertes ya kasance mai iya yin koyi da waƙoƙin tsuntsaye <ref>{{Cite journal |year=1913 |title=Impressions of the voices of tropical birds |url=https://archive.org/stream/birdlore151913nati/birdlore151913nati#page/n412/mode/1up |journal=Bird-Lore |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=341–344}}</ref> har ma ya yi rikodin gwaji don rikodin Victor a cikin 1913. A cikin shekara ta 1926 harzuwa 1927 ya shiga cikin Gidan Tarihi na [[Itofiya|Abyssinian]] wanda Wilfred Hudson Osgood ya jagoranta. Ya samar da wasu daga cikin kyawawan tsuntsaye da ruwa masu shayarwa sakamakon wannan tafiya. === Mutuwa === Bayan dawowarsa daga Habasha, Fuertes ya ziyarci Frank Chapman a Tannersville, New York. Lokacin da ya dawo daga taron, jirgin kasa ya buge motarsa a wani tashar jirgin kasa kusa da Unadilla, New York, kuma an kashe shi. Wani kaya na hay ya ɓoye jirgin da ke zuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=October 1927 |title=Louis Agassiz Fuertes [Obituary] |journal=The Ibis |volume=12th series, 3 (4) |pages=741–742}}</ref> Matarsa ta ji rauni sosai amma ta tsira. Ta hanyar ƙaddara, zane-zanen da ya ɗauka duk sun tsira ba tare da lalacewa ba. Wannan tarin na musamman da ba a saba gani ba daga baya C. Suydam Cutting ya sayi shi daga Mrs. Fuertes . <ref name="auk1928"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnsgard, Paul A. |author-link=Paul Johnsgard |year=2008 |title=Louis A. Fuertes and the Zoological Art of the 1926–1927 Abyssinan Expedition of The Field Museum of Natural History |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1043&context=biosciornithology}}</ref> An binne Fuertes a Kabari na Lake View a Ithaca, New York . == Abubuwan tunawa da gado == [[Fayil:The_American_Museum_journal_(c1900-(1918))_(17541216363).jpg|right|thumb|Parrot na Fuertes, mai suna bayan Louis Agassiz Fuertes]] Ana tunawa da Fuertes ta hanyar nau'o'i biyu. Ɗaya daga cikin jinsunan da abokin aikinsa Frank Chapman ya kira ''Icterus fuertesi'', kodayake yanzu an dauke shi nau'in nau'in oryole. Sauran, parrot na Fuertes, ko ''Hapalopsittaca fuertesi'', an sake gano shi a cikin shekara 2002 bayan shekaru 91 da ake zaton ya ƙare.Hakakuma Baya g a jagoranci George Miksch Sutton, Fuertes ya rinjayi yawancin masu fasahar namun daji da suka hada da Roger Tory Peterson, Jörg Kühn, Courtenay Brandreth, da Conrad Roland. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wetzel |first=Fred |date=2016 |title=Fred Wetzel Artist Biography |url=http://fredwetzelstudios.weebly.com/artist-biography.html |access-date=March 23, 2020 |website=Artist Biography Fred Wetzel Studios}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Ornithological ta Wilson ta kafa lambar yabo ta Louis Agassiz Fuertes a cikin 1947. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jackson |first=Jerome A. |year=1988 |title=The Wilson Ornithological Society in the Last Third of Its First Century: 1956–1988 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v100n04/p0632-p0649.pdf |journal=The Wilson Bulletin |volume=100 |issue=4 |pages=632–649}}</ref> Fuertes kuma ya zana hotuna masu yawa na dabbobi masu shayarwa don ''The National Geographic Magazine'' a 1916 da 1918, kuma ya zaburar da Society don hayar wani mai zane na kansu, Walter A. Weber . Yawancin zane-zanen Fuertes har yanzu suna da mashahuri kuma suna cikin buƙata sosai a yau. Musamman, zane-zanen mai na 1924, Wild Turkey, an sayar da shi a fashin don $ 86,250 a gwanjo na Janairu 2012 a New York kuma sauran ayyukansa sun ba da umarni har ma da farashi mafi girma ga masu tarawa masu zaman kansu a duniya. Ƙaunar Fuertes ga dabbobi da shimfidar wurare ta zo ne a cikin zane-zanensa; akwai sanannen rayuwa da farin ciki a cikin aikinsa wanda ya haifar da darajar dogon lokaci. == Ayyukan da aka zaɓa == [[Fayil:Ardea_melanocephala_Fuertes.jpg|left|thumb|Black-headed Heron, watercolor (1927) ]] Ayyukan farko na Fuertes sun haɗa da manyan allunan ado guda 25 na FF Brewster na New Haven, Connecticut . Bayan haka, an yi wasu zane-zane a Otal ɗin Flamingo, na Miami, Florida, da kuma wasu zane-zane na Ƙungiyar Kula da Dabbobin Gida ta New York. Daga baya an yi ta nemansa sosai, yana kwatanta littattafai, faranti na mujallu da mujallu. <ref name="osgood">{{Cite journal |last=Osgood, Wilfred H. |year=1927 |title=Louis Agassiz Fuertes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_science_1927-11-18_66_1716/page/469 |journal=Science |volume=66 |issue=1716 |pages=469–472 |bibcode=1927Sci....66..469O |doi=10.1126/science.66.1716.469 |pmid=17843732}}</ref> Ta hanyar amfani da hotunan tsuntsaye da kuma sabbin samfuran da aka tattara, ayyukan Fuertes ana ɗaukar su a matsayin wasu daga cikin mafi daidaito da kuma na halitta na zane-zanen tsuntsaye. Yana da ikon kama tsuntsun a aikace kuma ya sake yin zane-zane daga hoton tunani. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wells, David T. |year=1909 |title=Drawing wild birds in their native haunts |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/Outing/Volume_54/outLIV05/outLIV05f.pdf |journal=The Outing Magazine |volume=54 |issue=5 |pages=568–569 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name="compare">{{Cite journal |last=Chapman, Frank M. |year=1937 |title=Fuertes and Audubon: A Comparison of the Work and Personalities of Two of the World's Greatest Bird Artists |url=https://archive.org/stream/naturalhistory39newy#page/205/mode/1up |journal=Natural History |volume=39 |pages=205–212}}</ref> Baya ga zane-zane, ya rubuta wasu kasidu masu tsayi, ciki har da ɗaya akan shalkwari a cikin National Geographic da ɗayan kuma akan karnuka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fuertes, LA |year=1920 |title=Falcony, the sport of Kings |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924022546653#page/n3/mode/2up |journal=The National Geographic Magazine |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=429–626}}</ref> Fuertes ne ya tsara murfin mujallar ''Auk'' da ƙungiyar masana tsuntsaye ta Amurka ta buga. <ref name="auk1913">{{Cite journal |last=Anon |year=1913 |title=Notes and news |url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v030n01/p0157-p0165.pdf |journal=Auk |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=157–165 |doi=10.2307/4071947 |jstor=4071947}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin littattafan da ya zana sun haɗa da: * ''A-Birding a kan Bronco'', ta [[Florence Merriam Bailey|Florence A. Merriam]], 1896 (bincike) * Citizen Bird by Mabel Osgood Wright da Elliott Coues . Kamfanin Macmillan, 1896 (an sake bugawa a 1923) * Song Birds da Water Fowl, na [[H E Parkhurst]], 1897 (an bincika) * Bird Craft, na M. Osgood Wright, 1897 (1900 sake bugawa) * ''Woodpeckers'', na F H Eckstorm, 1901 (an bincika) * ''Littafin Tsuntsaye na Biyu'', na Olive Thorne Miller (sunan Mrs. Harriet Mann Miller), 1901 (an bincika) * Tsuntsaye na Rockies, na [[Leander S. Keyser]] 1902 (bincike) * Littafin Handbook of Birds of Western North America, na Frank Chapman, 1902 (1904 sake bugawa) * Tsuntsaye na Upland, na [[Edwyn Sandys]] da [[T S van Dyke]], 1902 (an bincika) * Maɓallin tsuntsayen Arewacin Amurka ta Elliott Coues, 1903 (an bincika) * Littafin Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America, na Frank M. Chapman, 1904 (an bincika) * ''Tsuntsaye na New York'' na Elon Howard Eaton, 1910 (an bincika) * ''Dabbobi na daji na Arewacin Amurka'' ta Edward W. Nelson, 1918 (an bincika) * Littafin Burgess Bird don Yara, na Thornton W. Burgess, 1919 Littafin Burgesse Bird don Yara[[iarchive:cu31924090252812|Littafin Tsuntsu na Burgess don Yara]] * ''Tsuntsaye na Massachusetts da Sauran jihohin New England'' na Edward Howe Forbush, 1925 (bugawa ta 1927) * ''Mai zane-zane da mai zane-zane a Habasha'' ta Wilfred Hudson Osgood . Gidan lambu: Doubleday, Doran da Co., 1936 * ''Rayuwar Tsuntsu ta Texas'' ta Harry Church Oberholser . Jami'ar Texas Press, 1974 === Hotunan Hotuna === {{Reflist|2}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} == Sauran tushe == * [Hasiya] Louis Agassiz Fuertes: rayuwarsa ta takaice da kuma wasikunsa. Jami'ar Oxford Press. * Norelli, Martina R. ''Hoton namun daji na Amurka'' (Fuertes, Audubon, Heade, Wilson, Thayer, Catesby) Watson-Guptill Publications, 1975. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-8230-0217-9|<bdi>0-8230-0217-9</bdi>]]{{ISBN|0-8230-0217-9}}&nbsp; == Haɗin waje == * [https://cidc.library.cornell.edu/Fuertes2000/fuertes.asp Tarin bayanai na hoto] [https://rmc.library.cornell.edu/Birds/ na kan layi na Jami'ar Cornell] * [[iarchive:cu31924022555027|Binciken wasu zane-zanen tsuntsaye, tarin Cornell]] * [[iarchive:albumofabyssinia00fuer|Tsuntsaye na Abyssinian da Mammals: Fentin daga rayuwa ta Louis Agassiz Fuertes (1930) sigar leƙa]] * * * Works by Louis Agassiz Fuertes * Works by or about Louis Agassiz Fuertes * [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/creator/2951#/titles Ayyukan Louis Agassiz Fuertes] a Laburaren Tarihi na Halitta * Louis Agassiz Fuertes * [https://artsandculture.google.com/story/AwUBV6nTdY1vIw Tarihin] Rayuwa a Google Arts &amp;amp; Al'adu [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8z40l5lg69mcvr0xwadbrx6bidejm4x 0 162822 906358 891914 2026-08-23T01:09:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=Lengua estofado|image=[[File:Cafe Roces Lengua.jpg|250px]]<br>[[File:Lengua (Filipino cuisine) 28.jpg|250px]]|caption='''Top:''' Lengua estofado in a tomato-based sauce, with olives, bell peppers, and mushrooms<br>'''Bottom:''' Lengua estofado in a cream-based white sauce, with potatoes, mushrooms, and [[Vienna sausage]]s}} Lengua estofado (lit. "shuka shinkafa" a cikin [[Yaren Sifen|Mutanen Espanya]]), wani lokacin ana kiranta lengua estofada ko kawai lengua, abinci ne na Filipino wanda ya kunshi '''Harshen''' naman sa a cikin sauce mai dadi tare da saba saba saba [[Ayaban Saba|saba ayaba]], [[Dankalin turawa|dankali]], ko ƙwayoyin cuta. Ya samo asali ne daga irin wannan abincin Mutanen Espanya da Latin Amurka estofado de lengua amma ya bambanta sosai a cikin sinadaran. Abincin ya shahara a cikin abincin yankin na mutanen Kapampangan, Ilonggo, da Negrense. Yawancin lokaci ana shirya shi don abincin dare na Kirsimeti da sauran lokatai na musamman.<ref name="Basbas">{{cite book |last1=Basbas |first1=Leonora D. |last2=Jamisal |first2=Belen M. |title=Learning & Living in the 21st Century II |date=2007 |publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc. |isbn=9789712347856 |page=93}}</ref> == Bayyanawa == Shirye-shiryen lengua estofado suna da bambanci sosai, daga shirye-shiryen da suka yi kama da na asali na estofado de lengua zuwa nau'ikan da ke amfani da sinadaran musamman ga Philippines. Wani kamanceceniya tsakanin girke-girke daban-daban na lengua estofado a cikin Philippines shine cewa suna amfani da soy sauce, vinegar, da [[sukari]] don soya, waɗanda ba su cikin fassarar Mutanen Espanya ba.<ref name="Merano">{{Cite web |last=Merano |first=Vanjo |date=December 23, 2016 |title=Lengua Estofado Recipe |url=https://panlasangpinoy.com/lengua-estofado-recipe/ |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=Panlasang Pinoy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2022 |title=Lengua (beef tongue) estofado |url=https://umamidays.com/lengua-beef-tongue-estofado/ |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=Umami Days}}</ref> Mafi bambancin lengua estofado ana samunsa a cikin abincin Ilonggo a tsibirin Yammacin Visayas. Yawanci yana amfani da sauce da aka yi da Muscovado ko launin ruwan kasa, [[Ruwan Kal|ruwan inabi na kwakwa]] (ko ruwan inabi, tubâ), baƙar fata, soya sauce, ganye, ruwan inafi na anisado, albasa, da tafarnuwa. Abubuwan da ke ciki, ban da harshen naman sa, yawanci sun haɗa da dankali, sassan pineapple, da kuma saba [[Ayaban Saba|saba ayaba]]. Sauran girke-girke na lengua estofado sun fi kusa da fassarar Mutanen Espanya. Maimakon ayaba, yawanci suna ƙara ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma karoshi, zaitun, paprika, da kuma zaɓi, farin ruwan inabi. Sauce na iya zama na tumatir, a wannan yanayin shirye-shiryensa ya zama kama da sauran abincin Filipino kamar estofadong baboy da caldera. Za'a iya sauya ɓangaren naman sa tare da nama, gami da naman sa, awaki, naman alade, ko ma kaza.<ref name="Merano"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Beef Estofado? |url=https://www.recipedia.com/en-ph/articles/beef-estofado-recipe/ |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=Recipedia |archive-date=19 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419021117/https://www.recipedia.com/en-ph/articles/beef-estofado-recipe/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alvarez |first=Lhas |title=Lengua Estofado Recipe |url=https://www.yummy.ph/recipe/lengua-estofado-recipe |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=Yummy.ph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 26, 2020 |title=Lengua Estofada |url=https://themayakitchen.com/lengua-estofada/ |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=The Maya Kitchen}}</ref> == Sauran bambance-bambance == Lengua pastel daga Pampanga wani bambanci ne wanda aka dafa shi a cikin farin sauce mai laushi tare da maɓallin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin masara.<ref name="ff">{{Cite web |date=January 8, 2019 |title=Creamy Lengua Recipe (Pork Tongue) |url=https://www.foxyfolksy.com/pork-lengua-recipe/ |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=Foxy Folksy}}</ref> A cikin Bulacan, lengua Sevillana ko lengua a la Sevillana wani bambanci ne wanda ke ƙara sherry ko jan ruwan inabi zuwa sauce kuma yawanci ana cinye shi tare da bringhe.<ref name="Merano"/><ref>{{cite web |title=What Is Beef Estofado? |url=https://www.recipedia.com/en-ph/articles/beef-estofado-recipe/ |website=Recipedia |access-date=19 April 2024 |archive-date=19 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419021117/https://www.recipedia.com/en-ph/articles/beef-estofado-recipe/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Alvarez |first1=Lhas |title=Lengua Estofado Recipe |url=https://www.yummy.ph/recipe/lengua-estofado-recipe |website=Yummy.ph |access-date=19 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="David-Gallardo">{{cite book |last1=David-Gallardo |first1=Blanche |title=The Expat Kitchen A Cookbook for The Global Pinoy |date=2017 |publisher=Anvil Publishing, Incorporated |isbn=9786214200740}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lengua Estofada |url=https://themayakitchen.com/lengua-estofada/ |website=The Maya Kitchen |date=November 26, 2020 |access-date=19 April 2024}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Yankin Estofadong * Menudo (saki) * Mechado * Caldereta * Kayan kaza == Manazarta == {{Reflist|40em}} kqxpnzvlpf8q9ch2rhgj3w3cvi9jrtq 0 162975 906446 893632 2026-08-23T06:49:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906446 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Maina-Miriam Munsky''' (an haife shi '''Meina Munsky''' : 24 Satumba 1943 - 26 Oktoba 1999) sabon [[Painting|ɗan wasan]] [[:de:Realismus (Kunst)#Neuer_Realismus|Jamus]] ne. Ta shahara a Yammacin Berlin a shekarun 1970 ta hanyar zane-zanen "mafi girma fiye da rai" ( ''"großformatige"'' ) na haihuwa, zubar da ciki da kuma [[:de:Operation (Medizin)|hanyoyin tiyata]] . <ref name="MMMlautPoll">{{Cite web |date=2013 |title="Die Angst wegmalen" Maina-Miriam Munsky (1943-1999) |url=https://poll-berlin.de/Galerie/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Pressemitteilung_Maina_Miriam-Munsky2.pdf |access-date=28 October 2018 |publisher=Galerie Poll, Berlin-Charlottenburg |archive-date=7 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807055825/http://poll-berlin.de/Galerie/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Pressemitteilung_Maina_Miriam-Munsky2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="MMMlautCareerWomen">{{Cite web |date=30 April 2014 |title=Maina Miriam Munsky: "Die Angst wegmalen" |url=http://www.career-women.org/frauenmuseum-single-moms-munsky-miriam-maina-_id7216.html |access-date=28 October 2018 |website=Frauenmuseum Bonn |publisher=Career-Women in Motion e.V, Köln |archive-date=28 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028225833/http://www.career-women.org/frauenmuseum-single-moms-munsky-miriam-maina-_id7216.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Asalin da kuma shekarun farko === An haifi Meina Munsky ta biyu a cikin 'ya'yanta mata biyu a Wolfenbüttel a lokacin da [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] ya yi zafi. Oskar Munsky (1910-1945 ko 1947), mahaifinta, matashin mai gine-gine ne wanda ya yi karatu tare da Hans Poelzig kuma ya yi aiki a shekarun 1930 kan wasu manyan ayyuka na jama'a kamar Reichswerke Hermann Göring (masana'antar masana'antu) da sake gina tashar jirgin ƙasa ta filin wasa na Olymppia . Ya mutu, wataƙila a fursuna, na sansanin yaƙi lokacin da 'yarsa jaririya ce. Mahaifiyarta, Gertrud Schmidt (1912-1986), ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto. <ref name="MMMlautWF">{{Cite web |title=Munsky, Maina Miriam: Kurzbiografie |url=http://www.digiporta.net/pdf/GNM/Gruetzke_443076850.pdf |access-date=28 October 2018 |website=Künstlergruppenbild mit Waldemar Otto, Maina-Miriam Munsky, Matthias Koeppel, Sabine Franek-Koch und Johannes Grützke |publisher=Deutsches Museum von Meisterwerken der Naturwissenschaft und Technik (Digitalisierungsprojekt DigiPortA), München |pages=2–3}}</ref> Maina Munsky ta kammala karatunta a watan Maris na shekarar 1962 lokacin da ta bar [[:de:Gymnasium im Schloss (Wolfenbüttel)|Anna-Vorwerk-Oberschule (kamar yadda aka san makarantar sakandare a wancan lokacin)]] da takardar shaidar kammala karatun sakandare ta Realschulabschluss (takardar shaidar kammala karatun sakandare) . A cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa ta yi karatu tare da mai zane [[:de:Peter Voigt (Maler)|Peter Voigt]] a Jami'ar Art Braunschweig ( <nowiki><i id="mwJA">"Hochschule für Bildende Künste Braunschweig"</i></nowiki> / HBK) . <ref name="MMMlautWF" /> === Shekarun ɗalibai === A shekarar 1963, bayan ta kamu da soyayya da wani farfesa a HBK da ke Braunschweig, Munsky ta yi ciki kuma ta yi [[zubar da ciki]] wanda hakan ya sa ta yi tafiya zuwa [[Amsterdam]], tunda zubar da ciki a Jamus zai haifar da haɗarin tuhumar aikata laifi. <ref name="MMMlautDK">{{Cite web |last=Dagmar Klein |date=23 December 2013 |title=An ihrer eigenen Legende gestrickt: Maina-Miriam Munsky |url=https://www.giessener-allgemeine.de/regional/stadtgiessen/Stadt-Giessen-An-ihrer-eigenen-Legende-gestrickt-Maina-Miriam-Munsky;art71,87588 |access-date=29 October 2018 |website=Auf der Suche nach den familiären Wurzeln: Der in Gießen aufgewachsene Künstler Jan Schüler legt eine umfangreiche Monografie über die Berliner Malerin vor. |publisher=Mittelhessische Druck- und Verlagshaus GmbH & Co. KG (Giessener Allgemeine)}}</ref> Ana iya ganin wannan gogewa a matsayin wadda ta haifar da wani jigo na fasaha na gaba. <ref name="MMMlautJS">[[:de:Jan Schüler|Jan Schüler]]: Die Angst wegmalen. Über die Geburt, den Tod und die Wandlung im Leben. In: Maina-Miriam Munsky. Die Angst wegmalen. Bestandsverzeichnis der Gemälde und Zeichnungen 1964–1998. Verlag Kettler, Bönen 2013, {{ISBN|978-3-86206-292-8}}, pp. 18, 26, 28, 30-32, 36, 38</ref> Ta samu tallafin karatu daga shekarar 1964 zuwa 1967, ta ci gaba da karatunta a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Fine Arts da ke Florence . Ta yi karatu a Ugo Capocchini kuma ta fito da takardar shaidar kammala karatunta ta Italiya a matsayin malamar firamare. <ref name="MMMlautWF"/> A lokacin da take Florence ta yi wa kanta kwaskwarima, inda ta yi wa gashinta launin ruwan kasa baƙi: gashin ya kasance baƙi har tsawon rayuwarta. Ta kuma canza zuwa sanya baƙar fata kawai sannan ta canza sunan da ke kan takardar shaidar haihuwarta daga "Meina Munsky" zuwa "Maina-Miriam Munsky". <ref name="MMMlautJS" /> Asalin sunan "Miriam" na Yahudawa yana da muhimmanci. <ref name="MMMlautDK" /> Tsakanin 1966 da 1970 tana Yammacin Berlin, tana karatu a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Berlin (wanda aka sani a wancan lokacin da <nowiki><i id="mwRg">"Hochschule für Bildende Künste"</i></nowiki> / HdK), inda ta yi karatu tare da [[:de:Alexander Camaro|Alexander Camaro]] da [[:de:Hermann Bachmann (Maler)|Hermann Bachmann]] . Ta yi baje kolinta na farko a shekarar 1968. <ref name="MMMlautWF" /> A lokacin da take a HdK ne ta fara yin zane-zanenta na farko na tayi a cikin mahaifa. === Peter Sorge === Akwai alamun cewa Meina Munsky ta fara soyayya da mawaki [[:de:Peter Sorge|Peter Sorge]] a lokacin da suke makaranta, amma daga baya su biyun suka rabu. <ref name="MMMlautDK"/> Koma dai mene ne, a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, lokacin da take sha'awar bincika yiwuwar nuna zane-zanenta, Munsky da Sorge sun haɗu. Ya shirya bikin baje kolin ta na farko a shekarar 1968. An buɗe shi a watan Fabrairu na wannan shekarar a "Künstlerselbsthilfegalerie" ( ''a takaice, "Gidan taimakon kai na masu fasaha"'' ) a [[:de:Großgörschen 35|Großgörschen 35]] inda a shekarar 1964 Sorge, matashin mai zane mai nasara, ya kasance memba na kafa "al'ummar baje kolin Großgörschen". Gidan adana kayan tarihi na Großgörschen ya mamaye bene ɗaya na tsohon ginin masana'anta a Berlin-Schöneberg . Mawakan ƙungiyar da ake kira "Großgörschen", waɗanda daga baya aka san su da [[:de:Realismus (Kunst)#Neuer_Realismus|"Sabbin Masu Gaskiya"]], suna da ra'ayi na shakku game da tarurrukan zamantakewa, kuma sun sami kwarin gwiwa daga masu fasaha kamar George Grosz, Hannah Höch da John Heartfield, tare da masu ƙirƙirar hotunan da kuma Dadaism . Maina-Miriam Munsky da [[:de:Peter Sorge|Peter Sorge]] sun auri juna a shekarar 1970. <ref name="MMMlautDK" /> A wannan shekarar ne Munsky ta zama memba na Ƙungiyar Masu Fasaha ta Jamus ( <nowiki><i id="mwYw">"Deutscher Künstlerbund"</i></nowiki> ) : ta yi baje kolin a bikin baje kolin ƙungiyoyin na shekara-shekara har zuwa 1984. An haifi ɗan ma'auratan, Daniel Ben Sorge, a watan Disamba na 1972. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1999]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1943]] s92reb4aazd47g4qxboom0isstour0v 0 162979 906355 893641 2026-08-23T00:11:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Laura J. Padgett''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1958) 'yar Amurka ce mai fasaha, tana aiki a [[Photography|fannin daukar hoto]] da kuma [[Fim|fina-finai]]. "Abin da nake nema yanzu shi ne wurare da suka yi daidai da tarihi, waɗanda, a wata hanya, wurare ne da ba a yi musu alama ba, kuma don a ga wannan tarihin a bayyane kuma a bayyane." Domin kuwa abin da ya gabata namu ne har abada. "Laura J. Padgett" == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Laura J. Padgett a Cambridge, Massachusetts . Mai zane ta yi karatun zane a Cibiyar Fasaha da Zane ta Pratt da ke Brooklyn, New York daga 1976-1980, inda ta sami digirinta na BFA a 1980. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2019 |title=Prattfolio Fall/Winter 2019 |url=https://issuu.com/prattinstitute/docs/prattfolio_fallwinter2019 |website=Issuu}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1981 take zaune a Turai. Padgett ta ci gaba da karatun daukar hoto da fina-finai tare da Peter Kubelka da Herbert Schwöbel a Städelschule da ke Frankfurt am Main, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Tarihin Fasaha daga Frankfurt Goethe-Universität a shekarar 1994. == Sana'a == Tun da 1992, mai zane-zane ya koyar a yawancin manyan makarantun ilimi a Jamus, Amurka da Jordan, ciki har da Bauhaus-Universität a Weimar, Hochschule für Gestaltung, Offenbach, Jami'ar Paderborn, Jami'ar Drexel <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 22, 2015 |title=Photographing Space |url=https://drexel.edu/westphal/news-events/news/2015/September/2015-09-23-Padgett/ |website=Westphal College of Media Arts & Design}}</ref> <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Arfaa Lecture: Laura J. Padgett, "Remnants: Photographic Thoughts on Modernism" &#124; American Institute of Architects |url=https://www.aiaphiladelphia.org/events/arfaa-lecture-laura-j-padgett-remnants-photographic-thoughts-modernism |website=aiaphiladelphia.org |access-date=2026-08-09 |archive-date=2020-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702000439/https://www.aiaphiladelphia.org/events/arfaa-lecture-laura-j-padgett-remnants-photographic-thoughts-modernism |url-status=dead }}</ref> da kuma a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo, Fim da Media Studies Department a Goethe-Jami'ar Frank. A cikin Nuwamba 2021 ta zama memba na Societyungiyar Hoto na Jamus (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Photographie eV). <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the German Photographic Society? |url=https://www.dgph.de/english/what-german-photographic-association |website=dgph}}</ref> Tana zaune kuma tana aiki a Frankfurt am Main. Padgett yana bincika wurare masu mahimmanci na tarihi da al'adu ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban, ciki har da fina-finai, daukar hoto, da rubutu. Ta hanyar haɗa tsarin ƙirƙirarta da bincike don tattara ilimin tarihi, Padgett ta yi aiki wanda ke bayyana ainihin wuri yayin da take gabatar da hangen nesa na yau da kullun. Ayyukanta sau da yawa suna fallasa rashin jituwa tsakanin tasirin tarihi mai ɗorewa akan yanzu da kuma ƙoƙarinmu na canza, ɓoye ko mantawa da abin da ya gabata. Tun daga shekarar 2018, Gallery-Peter-Sillem ce ta wakilta ta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura J. Padgett » Galerie Peter Sillem |url=http://www.galerie-peter-sillem.com/de/artists/laura-j-padgett |website=galerie-peter-sillem.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Verwunschener Garten |url=https://zeitung.faz.net/faz-edition/rm-kultur/2019-09-20/a3ae7f079815818b96d0c6415956698f |website=F.A.Z. }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1991, ayyukan Laura J. Padgett sun kasance a cikin nunin nunin kai da na rukuni da yawa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura J. Padgett - artist, news & exhibitions - photography-now.com |url=http://photography-now.com/artist/laura-j.-padgett |website=photography-now.com}}</ref> a Jamus <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2017 |title=Bilder, um sie eine Weile festzuhalten |url=https://www.fr.de/kultur/kunst/bilder-eine-weile-festzuhalten-11018208.html |website=fr.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Desire |url=http://www.ursula-blickle-stiftung.de/pop/2001_02.htm |website=ursula-blickle-stiftung.de}}</ref> da kuma a duk faɗin Turai. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2017 |title=La fotógrafa Padgett expone su mirada melancólica a través de la arquitectura |url=https://www.canalpatrimonio.com/la-fotografa-padgett-expone-su-mirada-melancolica-traves-de-la-arquitectura/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura Padgett |url=http://fototapeta.art.pl/fti-padgett.html |website=fototapeta.art.pl}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Galerie im Park, Burgdorf |url=https://kunstaspekte.art/venue/galerie-im-park-burgdorf |website=kunstaspekte.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Photo Text Photo Text – Dialogue of Photography and Text in Contemporary Arts - Exhibitions - Explore - Fotomuseum Winterthur |url=http://www.fotomuseum.ch/en/explore/exhibitions/21591_photo_text_photo_text_dialogue_of_photography_and_text_in_contemporary_arts |website=fotomuseum.ch |access-date=2026-08-09 |archive-date=2016-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022163925/http://www.fotomuseum.ch/en/explore/exhibitions/21591_photo_text_photo_text_dialogue_of_photography_and_text_in_contemporary_arts |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kuma wallafa hotunanta sosai. Hotunan mai zane suna tare da kasidun Peter Zumthor a cikin ''Thinking Architecture'' (2006/2010/2012/2023). <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 20, 2011 |title=Peter Zumthor – Architektur Denken - Bücher im BauNetz |url=https://www.baunetz.de/meldungen/Meldungen-Buecher_im_BauNetz_1553573.html |website=BauNetz}}</ref> Tsakanin 2010 da 2012, Padgett ya biyo bayan sabon gini da gyaran gidan tarihi na Städel wanda ya haifar da buga littafin ''Raum über Zeit – Space over Time'' (2012). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura J. Padgett |url=https://www.kehrerverlag.com/en/laura-j-padgett-raum-ueber-zeit-978-3-86828-278-8?___from_store=de |website=Kehrer Verlag}}</ref> A cikin wannan lokacin na shekaru biyu ta ƙirƙiri labaran daukar hoto waɗanda ke ɗaukar lokaci a matsayin sararin da ke tsakanin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 14, 2017 |title=Fotografieren mit Helm - Laura J. Padgett zeigt die Faszination Baustelle |url=https://www.baunetz.de/meldungen/Meldungen-Laura_J._Padgett_zeigt_die_Faszination_Baustelle_5129409.html |website=BauNetz}}</ref> Zaɓaɓɓun hotunan daga littafin yanzu suna cikin tarin DZ BANK Kunststiftung. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura J. Padgett, DZ BANK Kulturstiftung |url=https://kunststiftungdzbank.de/w1_34/}}</ref> An buga mujallar ''Confined Space'' a shekarar 2016, inda ta nuna hotunan da ta yi a Lebanon a lokutan da ta shafe a can daga 2011 zuwa 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=malenki.net &#124; Confined Space &#124; Laura J. Padgett |url=https://malenki.net/product/laura-padgett-confined-space/ |website=malenki.net}}</ref> Buga ta farko tare da Galerie-Peter-Sillem, ''Open Equations'', ta fito a shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura Padgett Open Equations - very |url=https://veryvery.de/web/de/project/laura-padgett-open-equasions-artist-book |website=veryvery.de}}</ref> Nunin Padgett na biyu da shi kaɗai ya yi tare da Galerie-Peter-Sillem, ''Regenerating Permanence'', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura J Padgett Regenerating Permanence |url=http://www.galerie-peter-sillem.com/en/exhibitions/upcoming-laura-j-padgett-regenerating-permanence |website=galerie-peter-sillem.com}}</ref> shi ma yana tare da wani ɗan gajeren bugu mai suna iri ɗaya. Aikin da aka yi a wannan baje kolin ya zo ne bayan shekaru biyu da aka ɗauki hoton Majami'ar Westend da ke Frankfurt am Main. Padgett ya rubuta yanayin musamman na wannan wurin ibada da tarihinsa. An samo hotunan shirinta daga gidan tarihin Yahudawa na Frankfurt kuma an nuna su a gidan tarihin a duk tsawon shekarar 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura J Padgett Regenerating Permanence |url=https://www.juedischesmuseum.de/en/visit/detail/regenerating-permanence0/ |website=juedischesmuseum.de}}</ref> An fara nuna shirin daukar hotunanta na ''Strata'', wanda aka shirya a shekarar 2024, a Galerie-Peter-Sillem sannan kuma ta shiga cikin baje kolin ''City of Women Photographers, Frankfurt 1844-2024'' <ref>{{Cite web |title={{!}} Historisches Museum Frankfurt |url=https://historisches-museum-frankfurt.de/en/stadt_der_fotografinnen?language=en |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=historisches-museum-frankfurt.de |language=en}}</ref> a Gidan Tarihi na Frankfurt . An nuna fina-finan Padgett a ƙasashen duniya a wurare kamar Bikin Fina-finai na Media City, Detroit, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Media City Film Festival |url=http://mediacityfilmfestival.com/ |website=Media City Film Festival}}</ref> Cité Paris, <ref>{{Cite web |title=&#124; RENCONTRES INTERNATIONALES PARIS/BERLIN &#124; nouveau cinéma et art contemporain &#124; |url=http://www.art-action.org/site/fr/cat/rech/_cat_1_art_rech.php?lettre=P |website=art-action.org}}</ref> [[Haus der Kulturen der Welt|House of World Cultures]], Berlin, <ref>{{Cite web |title=&#124; RENCONTRES INTERNATIONALES PARIS/BERLIN &#124; new cinema and contemporary art &#124; |url=https://www.art-action.org/site/en/prog/18/berlin/prog_06_23.php |website=art-action.org}}</ref> Pharos Centre for Modern Art in Nicosia, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pharos Art |url=http://www.pharosart.org/LauraPadgett.htm |website=pharosart.org}}</ref> Centre Georges Pompidou a Paris, Mousonturm <ref>{{Cite web |title=reel to real - Gäste |url=http://www.reeltoreal.de/FINALE/GAESTE.html |website=reeltoreal.de}}</ref> a Frankfurt am Main, Cineteca di Bologna, Künstlerhaus Kino a Vienna, Viper Filmfestival a Bern, Kunsthalle Erfurt da kuma a Bikin Fina-finai na Gajeren Gajeren Duniya Oberhausen . A shekarar 2017 ta sami kyautar zane-zane ta Marielies-Hess. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura J Padgett receives Marielies-Hess Art Award |url=https://www.kunstforum.de/nachrichten/marileis-hess-kunstpreis/Marileis-Hess-Kunstpreis |website=kunstforum.de}}</ref> A cikin baje kolin da aka yi tare da ita a Gidan Tarihi na Giersch na Jami'ar Goethe, ta kuma nuna fim ɗinta mai suna SOLITAIRE (2017). <ref>{{Cite web |title=MUSEUM GIERSCH der GOETHE-UNIVERSITÄT |url=https://www.museum-giersch.de/#/Bisherige_Ausstellungen |website=museum-giersch.de}}</ref> An gabatar da ƙaramin zaɓi na fina-finanta a bikin fina-finan CROSSROADS na San Francisco Cinematheque, mai shekaru 21. Agusta - 30. Satumba 2020, wanda Steve Polta ya tsara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=CROSSROADS 2020 &#124; |url=http://www.sfcinematheque.org/festival/crossroads-2020/ |website=sfcinematheque.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2020 |title=Cross Purposes: The 2020 Crossroads Festival by Michael Sicinski |url=https://cinema-scope.com/cinema-scope-online/cross-purposes-the-2020-crossroads-festival/}}</ref> A watan Agusta na 2021 fim ɗinta ''To, gaya mini game da lambun ku.'' kuma an nuna wasu daga cikin fina-finanta daga shirin fim ɗinta na ''From the Garden'' a gidan adana kayan tarihi na Deutsches Filminstitut Filmmuseum a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin fina-finan gwaji ''na Im Garten'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Im Garten |url=https://www.dff.film/veranstaltung/experimentalfilmprogramm-mit-einfuehrung-im-garten/ |website=dff.film/en/}}</ref> A shekarar 2023 ta kasance memba na Juri na Gasar Fina-finai ta Yanki na Lichter Filmfest. <ref>{{Cite web |title=16th Lichter Film fest Jury 2023 |url=https://lichter-filmfest.de/en/festival/jury/jury-2023 |website=lichter-filmfest.de}}</ref> Light Cone, Paris <ref>{{Cite web |title=Light Cone - Laura J. PADGETT |url=https://lightcone.org/en/filmmaker-1101-laura-j-padgett |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=lightcone.org}}</ref> da kuma Film-Makers' Cooperative, New York ne suka rarraba wasu daga cikin fina-finanta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1987 |title=Laura J. Padgett - The Film-Makers' Cooperative |url=https://film-makerscoop.com/filmmakers/laura-j-padgett |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=film-makerscoop.com |language=en}}</ref> == Nunin kai kaɗai (zaɓi) == * 2024 ''Strata'', Galerie-Peter-Sillem, Frankfurt am Main * 2023 ''Maimaita Rayuwar Dauwama'', Gidan Tarihi na Yahudawa, Frankfurt am Main * 2022 ''Maida Dawwama'', Galerie-Peter-Sillem, Frankfurt am Main * 2019 ''Open Equations'', Galerie-Peter-Sillem, Frankfurt am Main * 2017 ''Ko ta yaya Real'', Nunin tare da karɓar Marielies-Hess Kunstpreis, Museum Giersch der Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main * 2016 ''Takaitaccen sarari'', Galerie Rautenstrauch a cikin Onomato Künstlerverein, Düsseldorf * 2016 ''Yawancin Tatsuniyoyi'', Galerie Straihammer & Seidenschwann, Vienna * 2015 ''Refined Space'', Heussenstamm-Stiftung, Frankfurt am Main * 2014 ''MONUMENT'', Künstlerfahnenfestival, Eppingen * 2012 ''Standardeintellung'', {{Interlanguage link|Neuer Kunstverein Gießen|de}} * 2011 ''Frames na tunani'', Galerie Martina Detterer, Frankfurt * 2008 ''ganin abubuwa'', Pharos Arts Foundation, Nicosia, Cyprus <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pharos Arts Foundation |url=http://www.thepharostrust.org/publications.htm |website=thepharostrust.org |access-date=2026-08-09 |archive-date=2020-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709075043/http://www.thepharostrust.org/publications.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 2008 ''Riƙe abubuwa'', Galerie Seitz & Abokin Hulɗa, Berlin * 2006 ''slow motion'', Odakule Art Gallery, [[Istanbul]] * 2005 ''ciki-fita'', Galerie Seitz & Abokin Hulɗa, Berlin * 2004 ''vorübergehende Ortschaften'', Galerie Martina Detterer, Frankfurt am Main * 2003 ''tattaunawa guda'', Städel Museum, Frankfurt am Main * ''Abubuwan da ba za a iya yi ba'' a shekarar 2003, Galerie Seitz & Abokin Hulɗa, Berlin * 2001 ''Hotunan safiya'', AusstellungsHalle Schulstrasse 1A, Frankfurt am Main * 1999 ''abubuwan da suka faru na kowa'', KunstRaum Klaus Hinrichs, Trier * 1999 ''marginalia'', Goethe-Institut, Warsaw * 1999 ''Lokaci Mai Haske'', Ɗakin Karatu na Duchess Anna Amalia, Weimar * ''Sabunta tsarin'' 1998, tagogi masu datti, Berlin * 1997 ''Foto / Text Work'', KunstRaum Klaus Hinrichs, Trier == Littattafan tarihi == * ''Laura J. Padgett: Strata'', an buga ta tare da wani baje kolin kai kaɗai a cikin Galerie-Peter-Sillem 20.01. -16.03.2024 * ''Laura J. Padgett: Sabuntawa na dindindin'', an buga shi tare da wani baje kolin kai kaɗai a cikin Galerie-Peter-Sillem 15.01. -26.02.2022 * ''Laura J. Padgett: Buɗaɗɗen Lissafi'', [http://www.galerie-peter-sillem.com/en/publications] An buga kai tare da nunin suna iri ɗaya a Gallery Peter Sillem, Design Very [https://veryvery.de/web/en/project/laura-padgett-open-equasions-artist-book], an buga tare da tallafin Ofishin Al'adu na Frankfurt * ''Laura J. Padgett: Tsayayyen sarari'', Anja Katharina Rautenstrauch, Galerie Rautenstrauch da Anke Ehle-Barthel, Hrg. Bücher & Hefte Verlag, Leipzig. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-9814530-5-8|<bdi>978-3-9814530-5-8</bdi>]] * ''YI GA AROLSEN - Reise nach Arglosen'', Bad Arolsen, 2016, Birgit Kümmel da Eva Claudia Scholtz, Hrg.{{ISBN|978-3-930930-38-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-930930-38-8|<bdi>978-3-930930-38-8</bdi>]] * ''Laura J. Padgett: Raum über Zeit'', Heidelberg/Berlin: Kehrer, 2012.{{ISBN|978-3-86828-278-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-86828-278-8|<bdi>978-3-86828-278-8</bdi>]] * ''Peter Zumthor: Tsarin Tunani'' Bugu na Uku [https://www.degruyter.com/view/title/300052?format=L Tsarin Tunani: Na uku, bugu da aka faɗaɗa] Tare da hotunan Haus Zumthor na Laura J. Padgett{{ISBN|978-3-0346-0585-4}} * ''Wie gemalt: Malerei ohne Malerei (Hoto cikakke)'' [https://kunstmuseum-ahlen.de/aktuelles/ausstellungen/publikationen/ Kunstmuseum Ahlen Ausstellung Publikationen - Kataloge und Werkbücher] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227032450/https://kunstmuseum-ahlen.de/aktuelles/ausstellungen/publikationen/ |date=2024-02-27 }}, Kai Uwe Schierz, Ed. Kerber Verlag, Bielefeld ne ya samar * ''Laura Padgett: Ganin Abubuwa'', Nicosia: Gidauniyar Pharos, 2008.{{ISBN|978-9963-9199-4-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-9963-9199-4-9|<bdi>978-9963-9199-4-9</bdi>]] * ''Saurari a Portikus'', Portikus, Frankfurt am Main, 1992 [https://www.portikus.de/en/publications/1101_listen_im_portikus Listen im Portikus - Portikus Frankfurt] == Kyaututtuka da guraben karo ilimi == * 2022 Neustart Kultur, Tallafin Aiki a Dijitization_ Module D – BKM, NEUSTART KULTUR und den Deutschen Künstlerbund <ref>{{Cite web |title=Neustart Kultur |url=https://www.kuenstlerbund.de/deutsch/projekte/projekte-ab-2011/2022_stipendiat_innen_runde3.html?anc=2844}}</ref> * 2017 Marielies-Hess Kunstpreis <ref>{{Cite web |title=feuilletonfrankfurt.de » Blog Archive » Laura J. Padgett erhält den Kunstpreis 2017 der Marielies Hess-Stiftung |url=https://www.feuilletonfrankfurt.de/2016/03/24/laura-j-padgett-erhaelt-den-kunstpreis-2017-der-marielies-hess-stiftung/ |access-date=2020-06-30 |language=en}}</ref> * Lambobin Sadarwa na Masu Zane-zane na 2013, Lebanon, Cibiyar Hulɗa da Ƙasashen Waje (if), Stuttgart{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2020}} * 2008 Daukar Hoto, Dover Arts Development, Dover, Ingila <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura Padgett : and thereby hangs a tale &#124; Dover Arts Development |url=https://www.dadonline.uk/legacy/laura-padgett-and-thereby-hangs-a-tale/}}</ref> * Masu fasaha na 2004 a Gidan zama a Burgdorf, Switzerland daga Ofishin Al'adu na Frankfurt <ref>{{Cite web |title=KulturPortal Frankfurt: Archiv der Artist in Residence Künstler |url=https://kultur-frankfurt.de/portal/de/Kunst/FrankfurterKuenstlerimAusland/1552/2061/55668/mod1411-details1/7.aspx |website=kultur-frankfurt.de}}</ref> * 2001–2002 Ɗakin zama na Studio a Landan daga Gidauniyar Al'adu ta Hessian <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura Padgett · Hessische Kulturstiftung |url=https://www.hkst.de/en/scholarship-recipients/laura-padgett/}}</ref> * 1996–97 Matsayin Studio a Künstlerhaus Schloss Balmoral, Bad Ems * Tallafin Gidauniyar Ford ta 1978 a fannin Zane == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]] r321i5yuymea0jy7ad114wu8rq546ta 0 163023 906361 894109 2026-08-23T01:34:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Li Portenlaenger''' (an haife shi, 1952 a Eichstaett, Bavaria ) ƙwararren mai buga takardu ne na Jamus, mai zane, kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Li Portenlänger |url=http://www.flyingcarpet.de/portenlaenger/vita.htm |website=www.flyingcarpet.de}}</ref> Li Portenlaenger ya yi nazarin zane na 3 D (bugu da zane) a cikin 1974-1978 a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Bremen ( ''Hochschule fur Kunste Bremen'' ).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Autori Aracne editrice - Li Portenlänger |url=http://www.aracneeditrice.it/aracneweb/index.php/autori.html?auth-id=381038 |access-date=2017-05-17 |website=www.aracneeditrice.it |language=it-it}}</ref> Daga baya, ta yi karatun rawa na zamani a ƙarƙashin Gerd Leon a Fachschule Freier Moderner Tanz. Ta kuma yi karatun aikin buga littattafai a Kwalejin Fasaha ta RhoK Flemish da ke Brussels a ƙarƙashin R. Broulim. Bugu da ƙari, ta yi karatun rawa ta tarihi da fasahar da ta mayar da hankali kan jiki ta ƙasar Sin ita kaɗai da kuma tare da malamai masu zaman kansu (misali 'yan ƙasar Sin). Babban aikinta na fasaha ya ƙunshi ayyukan fasaha na lithographic. Tun daga shekarar 1998 take kula da Lithographic Workshop Eichstaett wanda birnin ke tallafawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rohrbach |first=Max Foerster, Clever ins Web |title=Lithografien von Li Portenlänger - Kulturkanal Ingolstadt Kultur aus Pfaffenhofen und Eichstätt sowie Neuburg-Schrobenhausen |url=http://www.kulturkanal-ingolstadt.de/Podcast/Lithografien-von-Li-Portenlanger |access-date=2017-05-17 |website=www.kulturkanal-ingolstadt.de }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tana gayyatar masu fasaha na ƙasashen duniya akai-akai a matsayin masu fasaha a gida, kuma ta shiga a matsayin mai jawabi da kuma mai fasaha a tarurrukan ƙasa da ƙasa kan lithography a Birtaniya, Belgium, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Portenlänger, Li |url=http://www.centredelagravure.be/en/artists/2340-portenlanger-li |access-date=2017-05-17 |website=Centre de la Gravure et de l'Image imprimée |language=fr |archive-date=2016-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221053029/http://www.centredelagravure.be/en/artists/2340-portenlanger-li |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Sin|China]], Netherlands da sauran ƙasashe. Abokan aikinta a China sun yaba da aikinta musamman lokacin da take [[Tianjin]] . Li Portenlaenger ya tsara ayyukan fasaha da dama waɗanda masu sukar fasaha a cikin jaridu suka yi nazari mai kyau, misali aikin ''Hortus-Wunder-Wanderkammer'' . Ta kuma shiga cikin wani aikin fasaha na gama gari tare da wani mai fasaha ɗan ƙasar Kanada, wani mai fasaha ɗan ƙasar Belgium, da kuma wani mawaƙi wanda ya ɗauki sha'awar fasaha ta Alois Wuensche-Mitterecker, wani mai sassaka kuma farkon mai ƙirƙirar fasahar ƙasa wanda ya ƙirƙiri babban tarin sassaka na Figurenfeld da aka sanya a cikin yanayin ƙasa mai kaɗaici na tsaunukan Frankonian Jura kusa da Eichstaett. Wannan ''tarin zane-zane na ƙasa'' yana tunatar da mutane mummunan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] da Nazi Jamus ta ƙaddamar. Gargaɗi ne game da duk wani yaƙe-yaƙe. An tattauna aikin mawakan uku da mawaƙin, ayyukan fasaha da waƙoƙinsu da Figurenfeld ya yi wahayi zuwa gare su, a cikin jaridun Jamus ta Kudu. Li Portenlaenger ya shiga cikin ayyukan lithographic kuma ya yi nunin rukuni da nunin faifai guda ɗaya a ƙasashe da yawa, ciki har da Austria, Italiya, Belgium, Amurka, Netherlands, Switzerland, Jamhuriyar Czech, China, Scotland; kuma ba shakka Jamus.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ArtFacts.net |title=Li Portenlänger |url=http://www.artfacts.net/fr/artiste/li-portenlnger-87626/profil.html |access-date=2017-05-17 |website=ArtFacts.net |language=fr |archive-date=2016-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220122158/http://www.artfacts.net/fr/artiste/li-portenlnger-87626/profil.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ta gudanar da ayyukan fasaha da dama a wuraren jama'a, misali a Eichstaett <ref>{{Cite web |title=portenlanger li - ZVAB |url=https://www.zvab.com/buch-suchen/autor/portenlanger-li/ |access-date=2017-05-17 |website=www.zvab.com}}</ref> da kuma a Bremen,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-11 |title=Künstler |url=http://www.kunst-im-oeffentlichen-raum-bremen.de/kuenstler/kior_artist/show/li_portenlaenger.html |access-date=2017-05-17 |website=www.kunst-im-oeffentlichen-raum-bremen.de |language=de |archive-date=2016-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222182954/http://www.kunst-im-oeffentlichen-raum-bremen.de/kuenstler/kior_artist/show/li_portenlaenger.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jamus, kuma an gayyace ta ta yi wasanni a gidajen tarihi, gidajen adana kayan fasaha, da majami'u. A shekarar 2014, mai zane Doris Schoettler-Boll ta gayyace ta ta yi magana game da aikinta na mai zane-zane da ayyukanta a matsayin darakta na Eichstaett Lithography Workshop da kuma shirinta na mai zane-zane na kasa da kasa a cikin Art House [[Essen]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schoettler-Boll |first=Doris |title=Veranstaltungen der Reihe Personen-Projekte-Perspektiven (2011-14) |url=http://www.atelierhaus-essen.de/neu11-14.shtml |access-date=2017-05-17 |website=www.atelierhaus-essen.de}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] phz56t0nwezno4sifo3xxxmee474q2g 0 163078 906215 894506 2026-08-22T13:16:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Khanom Tian''''' (Thai) {{IPA|th|kʰā.nǒm tʰīa̯n|pron}}{{IPA|th|kʰā.nǒm tʰīa̯n|pron}}mai suna [khā.nǒm thīa̯n]; 'bodiing na kyandir ko burodi') wani nau'in Thai ''Khanom'' ne (abincin abinci ko kayan zaki) <ref name="Short 2010">{{Cite web |last=Short |first=Philippa |date=April 28, 2010 |title=Khanom time! Thailand's inimitable snacks and desserts |url=http://travel.cnn.com/bangkok/eat/guide-thailands-colorful-snacks-and-desserts-105745/ |access-date=November 18, 2016 |website=CNN Travel |archive-date=November 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119060830/http://travel.cnn.com/bangkok/eat/guide-thailands-colorful-snacks-and-desserts-105745/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> wanda aka shirya a cikin siffar kyandir. {{IPA|th|kʰā.nǒm tʰīa̯n|pron}}Ya samo asali ne a arewacin Thailand, kuma wasu mutane suna amfani da shi azaman abincin biki. == Bayanin bai ɗaya == ''Khanom Tian'' shine Budding ko burodi da aka shirya ta amfani da garin shinkafa ko garin masara, madarar kwakwa da aka yi da sukari, kamar su da sukari mai launin ruwan kasa, <ref name="Northern Thai Information Center 2007">{{Cite web |date=July 5, 2007 |title=Khanom thian |url=http://library.cmu.ac.th/ntic/en_lannafood/detail_lannafood.php?id_food=81 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703104841/http://library.cmu.ac.th/ntic/en_lannafood/detail_lannafood.php?id_food=81 |archive-date=July 3, 2017 |access-date=November 18, 2016 |website=Northern Thai Information Center |publisher=Chiang Mai University Library}}</ref> da tsaba na sesame. Ana amfani da gishiri a wasu lokuta a matsayin sinadarin.<ref name="Northern Thai Information Center 2007" /> Ana zuba cakuda a cikin ganyen ayaba da aka kafa a cikin wani fakiti mai siffar kama da kwano.<ref name="Cummings 2000" /><ref name="Northern Thai Information Center 2007" /> Bayan an dafa shi, launi yana kama da na molasses.<ref name="Northern Thai Information Center 2007" /> Wani lokaci ana yin ado da kwakwa.<ref name="Northern Thai Information Center 2007" /> == Tarihi == Abincin ya samo asali ne a arewacin Thailand. An bayyana ''Khanom Tian'' a matsayin "budu na bikin", kuma 'yan kasar Sin na Thailand suna amfani da abincin a matsayin hadaya ga kakanninsu a lokacin bukukuwan Sabuwar Shekara.<ref name="Roufs Roufs 2014" /> Bayan hadaya ta bikin, ana ba da ''Khanom Tian'' ga abokai da dangi a matsayin kyauta.<ref name="Roufs Roufs 2014" /> == Duba kuma == * Jerin Khanom na Thai * Abincin Thai == Manazarta == <references> <ref name="Cummings 2000">{{cite book|last=Cummings|first=J.|title=Thailand|publisher=Lonely Planet|series=Lonely planet: World food|year=2000|isbn=978-1-86450-026-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X9LXYwu7G50C&pg=PA88|page=88}}</ref> <ref name="Roufs Roufs 2014">{{cite book|last=Roufs|first=T.G.|last2=Roufs|first2=K.S.|title=Sweet Treats around the World: An Encyclopedia of Food and Culture|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2014|isbn=978-1-61069-221-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_eCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA332|page=332}}</ref> <ref name="Short 2010"/> <ref name="Northern Thai Information Center 2007"/> </references> f034abmtra63rasoou10vc17upmv9kx 0 163081 906438 898762 2026-08-23T06:09:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906438 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Dr.Mahbuba_Maqsoodi_1_Foto_von_Dieter_Mayr.jpg|alt=Saya yang dan|thumb| Mahbuba Elham Maqsoodi, 2020 Hoto daga Dieter Mayr]] '''Mahbuba Elham Maqsoodi''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1957) mawakiya ce [[Jamus|'yar ƙasar Jamus]] da [[Afghanistan]] da ke zaune a [[München|Munich, Jamus]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Irgens-Defregger |first=Angelika |date=16 November 2017 |title=Die afghanische Künstlerin Mahbuba Maqsoodi verknüpft Poesie mit Glasmalerei |url=https://www.sonntagsblatt.de/artikel/kultur/die-afghanische-kuenstlerin-mahbuba-maqsoodi-verknuepft-poesie-mit-glasmalerei |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=Sonntagsblatt |language=de}}</ref> An san ta da ƙananan zane-zane da zane-zane a kan gilashi, ciki har da ƙira tagogi 34 na gilashi masu launi ga Tholey Abbey a Jamus. Ita mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata ce, marubuciya mai wallafa littattafai, kuma ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin Tarihin Fasaha. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haife ta a [[Herat]], [[Afghanistan]], Mahbuba Elham Maqsoodi ita ce ta huɗu cikin 'ya'ya mata bakwai. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Renzikowski |first=Christopher |date=11 March 2020 |title=Eine Künstlerin aus Afghanistan gestaltet Kirchenfenster |url=https://www.domradio.de/artikel/frau-maqsoodis-gespuer-fuer-glas-eine-kuenstlerin-aus-afghanistan-gestaltet-kirchenfenster |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=domradio.de |language=de}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Strack |first=Christoph |date=26 February 2020 |title=Eine Muslimin gestaltet Klosterfenster: Mahbuba Maqsoodis Glaskunst |url=https://www.dw.com/de/eine-muslimin-gestaltet-klosterfenster-mahbuba-maqsoodis-glaskunst/a-52463159 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=DW.COM |language=de-DE}}</ref> Mahaifinta, malami, ya kafa makaranta ga 'yan mata. <ref name=":2" /> Ta kammala karatunta na sakandare da takardar shaidar shiga jami'a, kuma ta sami takardar shaidar koyarwa. Ta koyar da [[Kimiyya|ilmin sunadarai]] da [[Biology|ilmin halittu]] a makarantar sakandare ta mata. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2" /> Tare da babbar 'yar uwarta Afifa, ta fara shiga harkokin siyasa. 'Yan'uwa mata biyu 'yan ƙungiyar matasa ne na wata jam'iyyar siyasa wadda ke fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata a Afghanistan . A shekarar 1979, wani mai tsattsauran ra'ayin Islama ya kashe Afifa. <ref name=":2"/> == Rayuwar fasaha == === Afghanistan (1973 - 1979) === Aikin fasaha na Maqsoodi ya fara ne a shekarar 1973, lokacin da ta fara nazarin fasahar zane-zanen ƙananan zane-zane na Farisa tare da Fazl Maqsoodi, wanda daga baya ta auri. <ref name=":1"/> A lokacin, Fazl ɗalibi ne na babban aji na [[Ustad Mohammad Sayed's|Ustad Mohammad Sayed]] (wanda aka sani da Mashal). Ƙungiyar Mashal ta shahara a faɗin [[Iran]] da Afghanistan saboda fasahar ƙananan zane-zanen Behzadinian (wanda kuma aka sani da "fitilar ƙaramin al'adar Behzadinian"). Da zarar sun yi aure, ma'auratan sun halarci nune-nunen rukuni a Herat da [[Kabul]] . An ƙara ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hotunan Maqsoodi a cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Kabul. === Rasha (1979 - 1994) === A shekarar 1979, Mahbuba da Fazl Maqsoodi sun sami tallafin karatu daga Ma'aikatar Al'adu ta Afghanistan. An ba wa dukkan mawakan biyu damar yin karatunsu a wata ƙasa ta waje; wannan ya kai su Saint Petersburg, Rasha. Mahbuba ta zama mai riƙe da tallafin karatu a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Mukhina (wanda a yanzu ake kira da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Stieglitz ). A Saint Petersburg, ka'idar fasaha ta gurguzu ta hukuma tana nufin cewa ɗalibai dole ne su bi ƙa'idar gaskiya ta gurguzu. A shekarar 1987 Maqsoodi ta kammala karatunta na neman gurbin karatu da takardar digiri ta ƙarshe a fannin [[Kayan Tangaran|yumbu]] da gilashi a matsayin ɗalibi mafi kyau a wannan kwas ɗin. Bugu da ƙari, an ƙara gabatar da karatunta a cikin tarin makarantar. Sakamakon haka, Mahbuba da Fazl Maqsoodi sun sami damar gudanar da baje kolin fasaha, wanda aka buɗe a ranar 3 ga Disamba, 1987, a [[Arseniy's Morozov Villa|gidan Arseniy's Morozov Villa]], wanda a da ake kira "Gidan Abota da Kasashen Waje". <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-16 |title=Arseny Morozov Mansion |url=https://ruslanguage.ru/blog/arseny-morozov-mansion/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007171941/https://ruslanguage.ru/blog/arseny-morozov-mansion/ |archive-date=2024-10-07 |access-date=2020-04-14 |website=Ruslanguage School |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan kammala tallafin karatu, babu damar komawa Afghanistan saboda yakin basasar da ake yi. Ma'auratan sun nemi tallafin karatu na digiri na biyu kuma Ma'aikatar Al'adu, don manufar nazarin bincike, ta amince da dukkan aikace-aikacen. A shekarar 1993, Mahbuba ta kammala karatunta a Kwalejin Stieglitz for Arts tare da digirin PhD a Tarihin Fasaha . Takardar digirin digirgir ɗinta mai taken: "Al'adar kayan ado a cikin tukwanen Afghanistan na zamani". === Jamus (1994 - yanzu) === A shekarar 1994, Fazl Maqsoodi ya yi wani baje kolin kansa a Gallery Goethe 53 da ke Munich, Jamus. An yi wa baje kolin taken "Afghanistan na cin wuta". A tsakanin shekarun 2001 da 2012, zane-zanen Maqsoodi sun fi mayar da hankali kan ayyukan gine-gine bisa ga kwangiloli. A gare ta, yana nufin daidaita harshen fasaha na ƙarni na 19 ( Pre-Raphaelite da Romanesque style ). == Alƙawuran zamantakewa == Tun daga ƙuruciyarta, Maqsoodi ta kasance mai sha'awar zamantakewa da kuma sha'awar kare [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|haƙƙin mata]] . A shekara ta 2003, ta kafa ƙungiyar "Mata 'Yan Afghanistan a Munich" (wani kamfani na membobi). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Preisträger |url=https://www.lichterkette.de/preistraeger/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203003150/http://www.lichterkette.de/preistraeger/ |archive-date=2017-12-03 |access-date=2020-04-14 |website=Lichterkette e.V. |language=de-DE}}</ref> Manufar ƙungiyar ita ce tallafawa mata ' [[Ƴan gudun hijira|yan gudun hijira]] da iyalansu don kafa haɗin gwiwa a cikin al'umma da kuma samun isasshen bayani game da haƙƙoƙinsu da ayyukansu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Haidhausen · Ausgezeichnetes Engagement - Bürgerkulturpreis für »Afghanische Frauen e.V.« |url=https://www.wochenanzeiger.de/article/83102.html}}</ref> Matsayin mata a cikin al'umma yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga Maqsoodi: "Idan ban son wani abu, zan canza shi. Wani lokacin ba tare da sani ba, amma koyaushe a dabi'ance. Na 'yantar da kaina a Afghanistan, kuma ina so in sauƙaƙa wa matan Afghanistan rayuwa." <ref>{{Cite web |title=... und alles, weil ich eine Frau bin... |url=http://www.condrobs.de/aktuelles/und-alles-weil-ich-eine-frau-bin |access-date=2020-04-14 |website=www.condrobs.de |archive-date=2020-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329174441/https://www.condrobs.de/aktuelles/und-alles-weil-ich-eine-frau-bin |url-status=dead }}</ref> A matsayinta na mamba tsawon shekaru da yawa a cikin "Ƙungiyar Mata ta Munich", jajircewarta ga cibiyoyi kamar "Kwamitin Ba da Shawara ga 'Yan Ƙasashen Waje na Munich" da "Kwamitin Majalisar Gundumar Munich don Haɗaka", ya ba da babbar gudummawa ga tsarin haɗin gwiwar al'adu da zamantakewa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Teilhabe als Menschenrecht - Ein Nachbericht |url=http://www.gruene-fraktion-bayern.de/themen/integration-und-migration/2017/teilhabe-als-menschenrecht-ein-nachbericht/ |access-date=2020-04-14 |website=www.gruene-fraktion-bayern.de |language=de |archive-date=2020-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329174439/https://www.gruene-fraktion-bayern.de/themen/integration-und-migration/2017/teilhabe-als-menschenrecht-ein-nachbericht/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zeitung |first=Süddeutsche |title=MünEinwanderer Flüchtlingen die Integration erleichtern |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/fluechtlingshilfe-der-schwere-weg-anzukommen-1.3498655 |access-date=2020-04-14 |website=Süddeutsche.de |language=de}}</ref> Saboda hulɗarta da jama'a, ta sami lambar yabo ta azurfa a kundin tsarin mulkin Bavarian a ranar 16 ga Disamba, 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Verleihung der Bayerischen Verfassungsmedaille am Montag, 16. Dezember 2013, im Bayerischen Landtag - PDF Free Download |url=https://docplayer.org/61375182-Verleihung-der-bayerischen-verfassungsmedaille-am-montag-16-dezember-2013-im-bayerischen-landtag.html |access-date=2020-04-14 |website=docplayer.org}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == A shekarar 1994, Maqsoodi, mijinta, da 'ya'yansu maza biyu sun sami [[Hakkin Neman Mafaka|mafakar siyasa]] a Munich, Jamus. A shekarar 2010, Fazl Maqsoodi ya mutu sakamakon [[Sankara|cutar kansa]] yana da shekaru 60. <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":1"/> == Buga littafi == [[Fayil:Buchlesung_Maqsoodi.jpg|thumb|200x200px| Karatun littafin "Der Tropfen weiß nichts vom Meer", Literaturhaus München, 12.09.2017]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1tnra0wyf3rfkn32wn7lkvyadbpnlng 0 163118 906204 897441 2026-08-22T12:39:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kerstin Mey''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1963) ƙwararriyar masaniyar Jamus ce kuma malamar jami'a a Jami'ar Limerick, wacce ta taɓa yin aiki a matsayin shugaban jami'ar tsakanin 2020-2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-14 |title=UL President Prof Kerstin Mey resigns |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2024/0614/1454790-kerstin-mey-ul/l/ |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=RTE |language=en}}</ref> Ita ce mace ta farko da ta shugabanci jami'a a Ireland, bisa tsarin aiki, kuma bayan ta shiga gasar kasa da kasa, an nada ta cikakken matsayi daga ranar 8 ga Oktoba 2021. Ta riƙe mukamai a jami'o'i da dama a [[Jamus]] da [[Birtaniya]] kafin ta koma Limerick a yammacin [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Ireland]] . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Kerstin Mey a Gabashin Berlin, Jamus a shekarar 1963. <ref name="Company Director Check 2007">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2007 |title=KERSTIN MEY, born 1963 |url=http://www.flixens.com/director/kerstin-mey?year=1963 |access-date=9 July 2020 |website=Company Director Check}}</ref> Ta halarci Jami'ar Humboldt, inda ta karanci Fasaha da Jamusanci (harshe da adabi); ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin Ka'idar Fasaha da Kyau daga wannan jami'ar kuma ta yi aikin koyarwa da mataimakin babban jami'a a can a shekarar 1990. == Aikin ilimi da gudanarwa == === Ireland === Mey ya koma Birtaniya a shekarar 1992 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin DAAD Lektor don harshen Jamusanci a Jami'ar Warwick a shekarar 1992. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Dr. Kerstin Mey |url=https://www.daad.de/en/alumni/gallery/portrait/prof-dr-kerstin-mey/ |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=www.daad.de |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin da take Warwick, ta yi karatun digiri na PG a fannin Manufofin Al'adu da Gudanar da Al'adu na Turai kuma an ba ta tallafin karatu na ɗan gajeren lokaci a Cibiyar Henry Moore Leeds saboda wani aikin bincike kan sassaka na zamani. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Research fellows 1995 |url=https://henry-moore.org/discover-and-research/sculpture-research-programme/visiting-research-fellowships/research-fellows-1995/ |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Henry Moore Foundation |language=en-GB}}</ref> A shekarar 1996, an naɗa ta a matsayin Malami a fannin Fasaha a Duncan na [https://www.dundee.ac.uk/djcad Kwalejin Fasaha da Zane ta Jordanstone], Jami'ar Dundee, sannan aka ƙara mata matsayi zuwa Babbar Malama a shekarar 2002. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Art in the Making: Aesthetics, Historicity and Practice by Mey, Kerstin (ed.) {{!}} Paperback {{!}} 2005 {{!}} Peter Lang {{!}} 9783906764931 {{!}} BIBLIO |url=https://www.biblio.com/book/art-making-aesthetics-historicity-practice-mey/d/1470957801?srsltid=AfmBOoo4OgtlqTINcr8OblbxiRPvzl_2zSB3KVnns6-lvm9Igw4Jq8zk |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=www.biblio.com}}</ref> Daga 2004 zuwa 2009, ta jagoranci fannin bincike mai suna 'Art and its Location' a Interface: Centre for Research in Art, Technologies and Design a Jami'ar Ulster kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta Mai Rikon kwarya na Cibiyar tsakanin 2008 da 2009. Daga shekarar 2005 zuwa 2008, ta kuma jagoranci Cibiyar Bincike kan Fasaha da Zane ta Jami'ar. Ta riƙe cikakken matsayin farfesa a fannin Fasaha Mai Kyau kuma ita ce daraktan fasaha na ISEA 2009: Engaged Creativity in Mobile Environments a tsibirin Ireland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=[ISEA2009] {{!}} ISEA Symposium Archives |url=https://www.isea-archives.org/symposia/isea2009/ |access-date=2025-02-10 |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2009, ta koma [https://www.uca.ac.uk/ Jami'ar Fasaha ta Kere-kere] da ke Ingila inda ta jagoranci ayyukan bincike da kasuwanci na ƙungiyoyin a matsayin Darakta. A can ta mayar da hankali kan gina kayayyakin more rayuwa na bincike na jami'ar da al'adunta, da kuma haɓaka shirin PhD mai tushen aiki tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar Brighton . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-02 |title=Governing Authority Members Details {{!}} University of Limerick |url=https://www.ul.ie/corporatesecretary/governing-authority-members-details |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=www.ul.ie |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, ta zama mataimakiyar shugabar jami'a kuma shugabar gudanarwa ta Makarantar Westminster ta Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai, Fasaha da Zane, babbar malanta a Jami'ar Westminster, inda ta kuma kasance farfesa a fannin Fasaha da Ka'idar Zamani. A matsayinta na mataimakiyar shugabar gwamnati, ta jagoranci wani gagarumin shiri na sauya fasalin ilimi tare da saka guraben karatu na jami'a da kuma halayen digiri a cikin manhajojin karatun digiri na farko a duk fadin jami'ar. <ref name="Thomas-Alexander">{{Cite web |last=Thomas-Alexander |first=Tiya |date=2023-09-01 |title=Talking leadership: Kerstin Mey on using arts to reimagine education |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/talking-leadership/talking-leadership-kerstin-mey-using-arts-reimagine-education |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref> === Birtaniya da Arewacin Ireland === A watan Afrilun 2018, ta zama mataimakiyar shugabar harkokin ilimi da kuma shiga cikin ɗalibai a Jami'ar Limerick (UL) da kuma Farfesa a fannin Al'adun gani na cibiyar. <ref name="UL_official bio">{{Cite web |title=Meet the President |url=https://www.ul.ie/presidents-office/president-university-limerick |access-date=27 March 2024 |website=University of Limerick}}</ref> <ref name="RTÉ_200909">{{Cite web |last=Halloran |first=Cathy |date=9 July 2020 |title=UL appoints first female president of Irish university |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/munster/2020/0709/1152330-first-woman-university-president/ |access-date=9 July 2020 |website=RTÉ Ireland's National Television and Radio Broadcaster}}</ref> <ref name="UL_VPAASE_20">{{Cite web |date=6 February 2020 |title=Professor Kerstin Mey; VPAASE On Transforming Education |url=https://www.ul.ie/ullinks/section/feature/professor-kerstin-mey-vpaase-transforming-education |access-date=9 July 2020 |website=UL}}</ref> <ref name="Mey_2016_Brexit">{{Cite web |last=Mey |first=Kerstin |date=28 June 2016 |title=Brexit signals the end of a unified Europe, and HE has much to lose |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/blog/brexit-signals-end-unified-europe-and-he-has-much-lose |access-date=9 July 2020 |website=Times Higher Education (THE)}}</ref> Ta gabatar kuma ta jagoranci wani babban shiri na sauya fasalin ilimi kuma ta tabbatar da cewa jami'ar ta samu sauyi cikin sauƙi zuwa ga ilmantarwa ta hanyar intanet a lokacin Covid19. A watan Yulin 2020, an naɗa Mey shugabar riƙo ta Jami'ar Limerick, mace ta farko da ta jagoranci wata jami'a a ƙasar Ireland a cikin shekaru 428 na tarihin wannan fanni. <ref name="UL_official bio"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=First ever woman president of an Irish university appointed at University of Limerick |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/education/first-ever-woman-president-of-an-irish-university-appointed-at-university-of-limerick-1.4300301 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=The Irish Times |language=en}}</ref> Jami'ar ta gudanar da bincike a duk faɗin duniya don neman shugabancin ƙasa a cikin watanni masu zuwa, kuma an sanar da Mey a matsayin ɗan takarar da ya yi nasara, kuma an naɗa shi a hukumance a matsayin wanda zai jagoranci taron hukumar gudanarwa a ranar 8 ga Oktoba 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-08 |title=University of Limerick's Governing Authority approves appointment of new president {{!}} University of Limerick |url=https://www.ul.ie/news/university-of-limericks-governing-authority-approves-appointment-of-new-president |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=www.ul.ie |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Sullivan |first=Lia |date=2021-10-09 |title=IUA Statement 08.10.21 - IUA warmly welcomes the appointment of Prof. Kerstin Mey as President of UL |url=https://www.iua.ie/press-releases/iua-statement-08-10-21-iua-warmly-welcomes-the-appointment-of-prof-kerstin-mey-as-president-of-ul/ |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Irish Universities Association}}</ref> A lokacin shugabancinta, Mey ta bi wani shiri na sauya tsarin ƙungiya <ref name="Thomas-Alexander"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=UL Links |url=https://edition.pagesuite-professional.co.uk/html5/reader/production/default.aspx?pubname=&pubid=5746b52e-02da-4f9f-9e29-24d34eb6dbc7 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=edition.pagesuite-professional.co.uk |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma Jami'ar Limerick ta inganta aikinta sosai. Ta sami kyautar Athena Swan Silver a matsayin babbar jami'ar farko a Ireland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Limerick becomes first higher education institution in Ireland to win an Athena Swan Silver Award {{!}} Advance HE |url=https://advance-he.ac.uk/news-and-views/university-limerick-becomes-first-higher-education-institution-ireland-win-athena |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=advance-he.ac.uk}}</ref> Mey ya gabatar da sabbin bayanai game da rawar da ya taka a fannin HE a Ireland <ref>{{Cite web |last=Boe |first=Mariangela |date=2025-01-31 |title=Sustainability through collaboration: UL, YERUN, and the SDGs |url=https://yerun.eu/2025/01/sustainability-through-collaboration-ul-yerun-and-the-sdgs/ |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Yerun |language=en}}</ref> kuma ya sauƙaƙa ci gaba da aiwatar da Tsarin Dorewa na farko, tsari da manufa zuwa 2030. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainability {{!}} University of Limerick |url=https://www.ul.ie/sustainability |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=www.ul.ie |language=en}}</ref> Jami'ar UL ta shiga cikin manyan jami'o'i 500 na duniya <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-23 |title=QS World University Rankings 2024 |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings/2024?search=University%20of%20Limerick |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Top Universities |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-25 |title=World University Rankings |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2024/world-ranking#!/length/25/name/University%20of%20Limerick/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/scores |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-14 |title=Young University Rankings |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2023/young-university-rankings#!/length/25/name/University%20of%20Limerick/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/scores |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref> kuma ta ƙara samun karbuwa a duniya game da tasiri da dorewa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Impact Ranking |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/impactrankings#!/length/25/name/University%20of%20Limerick/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, ta kula da ci gaba da aiwatar da shirin Injiniyan Software na Immersive BSc/MSc wanda masana'antu ke daukar nauyinsa, wanda kuma ya fara daukar nauyinsa a fannin fasahar zamani <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harford |first=Sarah |date=2021-02-24 |title=UL teams up with tech leaders to shake up computer science education |url=https://www.siliconrepublic.com/innovation/university-limerick-immersive-software-engineering |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Silicon Republic |language=en}}</ref> Domin magance matsalolin gado, Mey ya halarci Kwamitin Lissafin Jama'a na Ireland a shekarar 2021, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oireachtas |first=Houses of the |date=2021-06-17 |title=Committee of Public Accounts debate - Thursday, 17 Jun 2021 |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/committee_of_public_accounts/2021-06-17/2/?highlight%5B0%5D=kerstin&highlight%5B1%5D=mey |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=www.oireachtas.ie |language=en-ie}}</ref> 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oireachtas |first=Houses of the |date=2022-05-12 |title=Committee of Public Accounts debate - Thursday, 12 May 2022 |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/committee_of_public_accounts/2022-05-12/3/?highlight%5B0%5D=kerstin&highlight%5B1%5D=mey |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=www.oireachtas.ie |language=en-ie}}</ref> da kuma 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oireachtas |first=Houses of the |date=2023-05-17 |title=Committee of Public Accounts to examine 2020 Financial Statements with University of Limerick – 17 May 2023, 16:10 – Houses of the Oireachtas |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/press-centre/press-releases/20230517-committee-of-public-accounts-to-examine-2020-financial-statements-with-university-of-limerick/ |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=www.oireachtas.ie |language=en-ie}}</ref> a cikin abin da wasu masu sharhi suka bayyana a matsayin "aikin da bai dace ba", tare da tambaya ɗaya da aka yi sau 23. A watan Maris na 2024, ƙungiyar ƙwadago a jami'ar ta kaɗa ƙuri'ar "ba za a amince da shugaban ba", kuma 10 daga cikin mambobi 13 na kwamitin zartarwa na UL banda Mey, ciki har da mataimakin shugaban, sun rubuta cewa "Muna so mu ba ku shawara cewa ba mu yi la'akari da cewa ya fi dacewa da ku ci gaba da zama shugaban Jami'ar Limerick ba", kuma "Ba mu da kwarin gwiwar cewa za ku fuskanci wannan ta hanyar da ta dace". Wannan ya biyo bayan "kuɗin da aka biya fiye da kima" (kimanin Yuro miliyan 5.2) da UL ta kashe kan gidaje 20 ga ɗalibai, wani ƙarin kuɗi wanda, tare da tanadin biyan kuɗi fiye da kima na wani wuri a tsakiyar Limerick a ƙarƙashin magajinta, ya haifar da matsin lamba na ɗan lokaci ga jami'ar. An kuma gano cewa ba a ba da izinin tsara yadda za a yi amfani da shi a matsayin masaukin ɗalibai ba. <ref name="IrishExaminer28March" /> Mey ta sanar da Kwamitin Lissafin Jama'a a ranar 23 ga Maris 2024 cewa ba za ta iya halartar taron da aka tsara a ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2024 ba amma za ta amsa gayyatar a wani lokaci daga baya a wannan wa'adin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oireachtas |first=Houses of the |date=2018-02-02 |title=Publications by the Houses of the Oireachtas – Houses of the Oireachtas |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/publications/?q=kerstin%20april%202024&date=&term=/ie/oireachtas/house/dail/33&fromDate=10/02/2025&toDate=10/02/2025&committee%5B%5D=/en/committees/33/committee-of-public-accounts/&topic%5B%5D=correspondence&topic%5B%5D=minutesAgendas&topic%5B%5D=opening-statements-submissions |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=www.oireachtas.ie |language=en-ie}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Yuni 2024, shugabar jami'ar UL Brigid Laffan ta sanar da cewa Mey za ta yi murabus daga mukaminta na shugabar kasa a ranar 1 ga Satumba 2024, ta ci gaba da karatu a jami'ar a matsayin cikakkiyar farfesa a fannin Al'adun Kayayyaki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Limerick president Kerstin Mey to resign |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/ireland/education/2024/06/14/university-of-limerick-president-kerstin-may-to-resign/ |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=The Irish Times |language=en}}</ref> === Sauran rawar da === Mey ya riƙe muƙamai da dama na shugabanci da shugabanci a manyan makarantu na ƙasashen duniya. Daga cikin wasu, ta kasance Darakta a CREST <ref>{{Cite web |last=Persad |first=Rachel |date=2013-05-20 |title=New CREST Director announced - GuildHE Research |url=https://research.guildhe.ac.uk/2013/05/20/new-crest-director-announced-may-2013/ |access-date=2025-02-10 |language=en-GB }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> wanda yanzu ake kira GuildHE Research, ƙungiyar bincike ta ƙungiyar masu sha'awar ilimi mafi girma ta Burtaniya don ƙananan jami'o'i na musamman. Ta yi aiki a Hukumar Kimiyya ta Austria, wacce ke ba da shawara ga Ministan Tarayya mai mambobi 12 tare da alhakin manyan makarantu da bincike da Majalisar Dokokin Austria ta naɗa daga 2012 zuwa 2018. Mey memba ne na zartarwa kuma Mataimakin Shugaban [https://www.chead.ac.uk/ Majalisar] Ilimi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brexit response {{!}} Council for Higher Education in Art & Design |url=https://www.chead.ac.uk/kerstin-mey-on-brexit/ |access-date=2025-02-10 |language=en-GB |archive-date=2025-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317185944/https://www.chead.ac.uk/kerstin-mey-on-brexit/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> a Fasaha da Zane, Burtaniya. Tsakanin 2019 da 2024 ta yi aiki a Dandalin Ƙasa don Inganta Koyarwa da Koyo a Ireland, kuma ta jagoranci Majalisar Ƙungiyar Jami'o'in Ireland a 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Sullivan |first=Lia |date=2023-03-01 |title=IUA Seminar/Webinar - Why Autonomy Matters for University Success - March 2nd 8.30am |url=https://www.iua.ie/events/iua-seminar-webinar-why-autonomy-matters-for-university-success-march-2nd-8-30am/ |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Irish Universities Association}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2007-11-07 |title=New Era for Ormeau Baths Gallery |url=http://www.artscouncil-ni.org/news/2007/new18042007.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107024919/http://www.artscouncil-ni.org/news/2007/new18042007.htm |archive-date=2007-11-07 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=artscouncil-ni.org}}</ref> Ta kuma riƙe muƙamai na gudanarwa da kuma na ba da shawara a ƙungiyoyin al'adu. Tsakanin 2008-9 ta jagoranci Ormeau Baths Galleries, babban wurin zane-zane na zamani a Belfast, Arewacin Ireland, ta hanyar wani yanayi mai sarkakiya a matsayin Shugaba kuma mukaddashin Shugaba. <ref name=":0"/> Daga cikin sauran, ta kasance a cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na PAL, Performing Arts Labs, Birtaniya, kuma ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Ƙasa da Ƙasa na ISEA . Binciken Mey ya shafi fasahar zamani ta ƙarni na 20, kwalliya da kuma ilimin jama'a. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mey |first=Kerstin |date=January 2005 |title=On-Site/In-Sight |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1386/jvap.4.2and3.67/1 |journal=Journal of Visual Art Practice |language=en |volume=4 |issue=2–3 |pages=67–81 |doi=10.1386/jvap.4.2and3.67/1 |issn=1470-2029 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ya haɗa da tambayoyi kan alaƙar da ke tsakanin fasaha da samuwar asali <ref>{{Cite journal |date=December 2004 |title=Hybrid Identities in Digital Media' Digital bodies, virtual characters, man-machine hybrids, simulated 'humans', androids, and cyborgs Convergence, vol. 11, no. 4, Winter 2005, Guest-edited by Kerstin Mey and Yvonne Spielmann |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/135485650401000402 |journal=Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=8 |doi=10.1177/135485650401000402 |issn=1354-8565 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> binciken fasaha, <ref>{{Cite web |title=RIXC, The Center for New Media Culture |url=https://rixc.org/en/acousticspace/all/art-as-research/ |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=rixc.org |language=en}}</ref> da kuma alaƙar da ke tsakanin fasaha, takardu da kuma taskar bayanai. Hankalinta a yanzu yana mayar da hankali ne kan alaƙar da ke tsakanin ayyukan kirkire-kirkire na zamani da kuma haɓaka tsarin labarai dangane da tsarin ƙima, samfuran ayyuka da hanyoyin sauye-sauye na zamantakewa zuwa ga dorewa da sake farfaɗowa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] emkh929fbrfyamaad8cg7igmtdfl6ny 0 163178 906270 894960 2026-08-22T16:57:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Kbuch_some_at_times_cast_light.jpg|thumb| Grete-Penelope Mars, Zane a matsayin wani ɓangare na ''Wasu a wasu lokutan suna haskakawa'']] '''Kristina Buch''' (an haife ta a ranar 18 ga Janairu 1983) 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce, mai zane-zane, wacce ke zaune a Düsseldorf da London. == Tarihin Rayuwa == Kristina Buch tana da digiri a fannin ilmin halittu kuma ta karanci ilimin tauhidin Furotesta, kafin ta yi digirinta na biyu a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal . , <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kristina Buch |url=http://www.rca.ac.uk/students/kristina-buch/ |website=Royal College of Art}}</ref> a Landan. Daga baya ta halarci Kunstakademie Düsseldorf kuma ta zama Meisterschüler tare da Rosemarie Trockel . A shekarar 2012 ita ce ƙaramar mawakiya da ta shiga gasar dOCUMENTA (13) . <ref>{{Cite web |last=documenta13 |title=dOCUMENTA (13) |url=http://d13.documenta.de/#/teilnehmer/teilnehmer/kristina-buch/?m=n&L=0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306230259/http://d13.documenta.de/ |archive-date=2015-03-06 |website=documenta.de}}</ref> A 2013 ta sauke karatu daga Kunstakademie Düsseldorf kuma ta zama mataimakiyar farfesa ga Carolyn Christov-Bakargiev a Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Helga Meister |date=8 July 2013 |title=Kunstwerke zum Vernaschen |url=http://www.wz-newsline.de/lokales/duesseldorf/kultur/kunstwerke-zum-vernaschen-1.1366214 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714041500/http://www.wz-newsline.de/lokales/duesseldorf/kultur/kunstwerke-zum-vernaschen-1.1366214 |archive-date=14 July 2015 |access-date=25 June 2015 |website=Westdeutsche Zeitung}}</ref> Tana aiki a matsayin malamar da ke ba da ziyara a HGK Basel, inda ta zama wacce ta fara riƙe da matsayin farfesa na 'Next Society' a shekarar 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gastdozierende - Institut Kunst HGK FHNW |url=http://institut-kunst.ch/gastdozierende/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617020423/http://institut-kunst.ch/gastdozierende/ |archive-date=2015-06-17 |access-date=2015-06-25 |website=Institut Kunst HGK FHNW}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title="The Next Society" – Launch of Pilot Project at the Institut Kunst in Basel |url=http://www.scheringstiftung.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2895%3Athe-next-society-pilotprojekt-am-institut-kunst-in-basel-gestartet&catid=18%3Aaktuelles&Itemid=11&lang=en |website=scheringstiftung.de}}</ref> == Aiki == * ''Before the I was folded'' (2009) - Installation into which Buch integrated the first ever sculpture made by a group of chimpanzees. With this work the discourse about ape culture and the question of art beyond the human context was critically relaunched within the contemporary art discourse.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2012 |title=Chimps run the show after aping artist's work |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/chimps-run-the-show-after-aping-artists-work-6725456.html}}</ref> * ''The Lover'' (2012) – Installation and 'life-gesture' / over 100 days at dOCUMENTA (13).<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2012 |title=Kristina Buch's Constant Garden - News - Art in America |url=http://www.artinamericamagazine.com/news-features/news/kristina-buch-documenta-13/ |website=artinamericamagazine.com}}</ref> * ''later, Goliath. And then started humming'' (2013) – Candy paintings, reminiscent of paintings by Kasimir Malevitch and Barnett Newman, appear in different international collections of modern painting until they have been licked away.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Interfase |date=6 July 2013 |title=Iconoclash by tongue / MOUSSE CONTEMPORARY ART MAGAZINE |url=http://moussemagazine.it/iconoclash-by-tongue/ |website=moussemagazine.it}}</ref> * ''untitled (holes)'' (2014) - a one-off concert in cooperation with Iko Birk <ref>{{Cite web |last=Interfase |date=19 May 2014 |title=Kristina Buch "untitled (holes)" at Kölnischer Kunstverein / MOUSSE CONTEMPORARY ART MAGAZINE |url=http://moussemagazine.it/kristina-buch-kolnischer/ |website=moussemagazine.it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=(holes) - The White Review |url=http://www.thewhitereview.org/art/holes/ |website=thewhitereview.org |access-date=2026-08-11 |archive-date=2016-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831134404/http://www.thewhitereview.org/art/holes/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Some at times cast light'' (2015) – Through an official council decision, Buch named a public place in [[Bochum-Ehrenfeld]](<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|51.46536|7.20748|region:DE-NW_type:landmark}}) in [[Bochum]], [[Jamus|Germany]] after a fictitious woman (Grete-Penelope Mars), who deliberately has no biography.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2021 |title=Way: Grete-Penelope-Mars-Platz (340010380) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/340010380#map=19/51.46532/7.20756&layers=N}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://www.bochum.de/C12571A3001D56CE/vwContentByKey/W2A27BTA094BOCMDE/$FILE/2015_grete_penelope_mars_platz.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222103651/https://www.bochum.de/C12571A3001D56CE/vwContentByKey/W2A27BTA094BOCMDE/$FILE/2015_grete_penelope_mars_platz.pdf |archive-date=2015-12-22 |access-date=2015-10-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Grete-Penelope-Mars-Platz · Am Wiesental, 44789 Bochum, Germany |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Grete+Penelope+Mars+platz/@51.4653046,7.2073518,15z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x8762f3c48805822d!8m2!3d51.4653046!4d7.2073518}}</ref> A bronze bust of the woman was permanently installed on the site, as well as an official street sign. Every year in June/July, fireflies which have been populated in the adjacent park, temporarily become part of the work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=e-Zine - Urbane Künste Ruhr |url=http://www.urbanekuensteruhr.de/de/e-zine |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626113230/http://www.urbanekuensteruhr.de/de/e-zine |archive-date=26 June 2015 |access-date=25 June 2015 |website=urbanekuensteruhr.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schauspielhaus Bochum |title=Schauspielhaus Bochum - Some at times cast light, Installation/Intervention von Kristina Buch (D) |url=http://www.schauspielhausbochum.de/spielplan/some-at-times-cast-light/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610030608/http://www.schauspielhausbochum.de/spielplan/some-at-times-cast-light/ |archive-date=2015-06-10 |access-date=2015-06-25 |website=schauspielhausbochum.de}}</ref> * ''Such prophecies we write on banana skins. (triangulation of criminal grace)'' (2015) – a two-channel HD video projection / soundscape commissioned and produced by 14th Istanbul Biennial. The work suggests an unending major explosion of a landmark art institution on one channel and a complete detonation of Mount Everest on the other channel. In this work Buch expands on a recurring theme in her work, suggesting a necessity for a continued inner dissolution and reconfiguration of images, notions and categories that we tend to create and maintain within human thinking. Buch was the only German artist represented at the 14th Istanbul Biennial.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2015 |title=Matter That Really Matters: Carolyn Christov-Bakargiev's Istanbul Biennial |url=http://www.artinamericamagazine.com/news-features/news/matter-that-really-matters-carolyn-christov-bakargievs-istanbul-biennial/}}</ref> * ''It’s normal that reality happens. (these games will fall apart)'' (2016) - Abstract game field made of white marble lines, laid into the lawn of a public park in Merano, challenging the game/play dichotomy and the drawing of lines and borders at large.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BAU talks to Kristina Buch |url=https://vimeo.com/167762495}}</ref> * ''EXECUTION SEMANTICS for a necessary criminal'' (2016) - Solo exhibition at Kunsthalle Bremerhaven.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2016 |title=Kristina Buch "EXECUTION SEMANTICS for a necessary criminal" at Kunsthalle Bremerhaven • |url=http://moussemagazine.it/kristina-buch-execution-semantics-for-a-necessary-criminal-at-kunsthalle-bremerhaven-2016/}}</ref> * ''“One of the things that baffles me about you is that you remain unmurdered.”'' (2012–2016) <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2016 |title=Lecture by Kristina Buch, December 6, 2016 |url=https://vimeo.com/197323263}}</ref> * ''OH, BOY! (conjugation of a stick)'' (2017) <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2018 |title=The Curve of Fate, the Beginning of a Smile: Kristina Buch • |url=http://moussemagazine.it/kristina-buch-2018/}}</ref> * ''Playing above the snake line'' (2018) <ref>{{Cite web |title=THE PLAYGROUND PROJECT – OUTDOOR - Art and Exhibition Hall of the Federal Republic of Germany - Bonn |url=https://www.bundeskunsthalle.de/en/exhibitions/the-playground-project-outdoor.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224213955/https://www.bundeskunsthalle.de/en/exhibitions/the-playground-project-outdoor.html |archive-date=24 December 2019}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == * Kyautar Matasan Mawakan Turai ta Trieste ta 2012 * Bremerhaven Stipendium na 2015 * 2019 [[Hans-Purrmann-Preis|Großer Hans Purrmann-Preis der Stadt Speyer]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kristina Buch wins Germany's Grand Hans Purrmann Award |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/257885/kristina-buch-wins-germany-s-grand-hans-purrmann-award/}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 3yu3gcfuuo0d8qshp8ns2s5ftow2elw 0 163405 906460 896156 2026-08-23T09:10:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906460 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar Sakandare ta Nabadwip Bakultala''' makarantar sakandare ce ta maza ta gwamnati <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Institutions Directory |url=https://wbchse.wb.gov.in/institutions/institutions-directory/ |url-status=dead |access-date=2026-07-05 |website=WBCHSE |archive-date=2026-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260705071526/https://wbchse.wb.gov.in/institutions/institutions-directory/ }}</ref> da ke Nabadwip, [[Bengal ta Yamma|West Bengal]], [[Indiya]] . An kafa wannan makaranta a shekarar 1875 a [[Daular Biritaniya|lokacin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya a Indiya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=NABADWIP BAKULTALA HIGH SCHOOL - Ward No. 14 District Nadia (West Bengal) |url=https://schools.org.in/nadia/19101801407/nabadwip-bakultala-high-school.html |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=schools.org.in}}</ref> Makarantar yanzu tana ba da azuzuwan daga V zuwa XII, darussa daga fannonin Bil Adama, Kimiyya, da Kasuwanci tare da fannoni biyu na Sana'a . == Tarihi == An kafa wannan makaranta da sunan 'Nabadwip Banga Vidyalaya' a shekarar 1875 a wani wuri, inda yanzu makarantar 'yan mata ce, wato [[Nabadwip Bakultala Balika Vidyalaya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Education First |url=https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/index/19101801503 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=school.banglarshiksha.gov.in}}</ref> A wancan lokacin, kewayen ya kasance cikin farin ciki da amon yara. Yayin da aka fara darussa a ƙarƙashin bishiyar Spanish Cheery ('বকুল' a [[yaren Bengali]] ), mutane suka san shi da 'Makarantar Bakultala'. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mother Institute |url=http://nbvpcs.org.in/motherinstitute |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719085343/http://nbvpcs.org.in/motherinstitute |archive-date=2020-07-19}}</ref> Kowace shekara, ana bikin ranar 3 ga Janairu a matsayin ranar kafa makaranta. Duk da cewa an fara karatun firamare ne a matsayin makarantar firamare, amma daga baya aka daina karatun. Ya zama makarantar sakandare a shekarar 1924. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Majumdar |first=Durgadas |year=1978 |title=GAZETTER OF INDIA WEST BENGAL : NADIA by Durgadas Majumdar, I.A.S. (retd.), former State Editor |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.18243/page/n373/mode/2up |publisher=State Editor, West Bengal District Gazetteers}}</ref> Sakatare ta farko ta makarantar ita ce Jana Ranjan Roy (1925 - 1928) kuma shugabar farko ita ce SDO (Ex-officio) na Sadar Subdivision, Nadia (01/01/1925 - 23/12/1966). Rajendraprasad Choudhury shine Shugaban Makarantar farko. Ana tunawa da shugabannin makarantu Shri Shashibhushan Tarafdar (1924 - 1942) da Shri Nityaniranjan Kabiraj (1942 - 1960) sosai a tarihin makarantar. <ref name=":0" /> == Game da Makaranta == [[Fayil:Nabadwip_Bakultala_High_School.jpg|thumb| Gaban Makarantar Sakandare ta Nabadwip Bakultala a shekarar 2021]] Wannan makarantar tana kusa da Karamar Hukumar Nabadwip . Akwai kimanin azuzuwa 40 da aka raba tsakanin ginin bene biyu mai hawa uku da kuma bene ɗaya. Akwai dakunan gwaje-gwaje daban-daban na Physics, [[Kimiyya|Chemistry]], [[Lissafi]], ICT, [[Komfuta|Computer]], [[Biology]] da [[Labarin kasa|Geography]] . Dalibai za su iya amfani da ɗakin karatu ta amfani da katin. Dalibai za su iya shiga NCC . Yanzu haka akwai malamai 34 da ma'aikatan koyarwa 9 a wannan makarantar. Makarantar Sakandare ta Nabadwip Bakultala tana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin makarantun sakandare na Nabadwip da kuma gundumar Nadia . Kusan ɗalibai 1852 ne ke karatu a wannan makarantar. An buga mujallar shekara-shekara mai suna 'Bakulkatha' a shekarar 2018. Kowace shekara ana buga mujallar bango mai suna 'Bakulkunri' (বকুলকুঁড়ি) da hannu. Makarantar ta yi bikin cika shekaru 150 na Sesquitenial (Kammalawa na shekaru 150) tare da jadawalin ayyukan shekara-shekara wanda ya fara a ranar 3 ga Janairu 2023 kuma ya ƙare a ranar 3 ga Janairu 2024. == Matsakaici == Babban hanyar ilimi ita ce [[Yaren Bengali|Bengali]] . Dalibai za su iya yin jarrabawa a sigar Turanci a sashen HS. Tun daga shekarar 2018, ɗaliban aji V zuwa X sun sami damar karatu a cikin harshen Turanci, tun daga rukuni na V sannan daga baya a manyan azuzuwan shekaru masu zuwa. == Abubuwan da aka bayar == Haɗin darussan da ake samu <ref name=":1"/> don matakin sakandare mafi girma (azuzuwan XI-XII) kamar haka: * Harshe na Farko: [[Yaren Bengali|Bengali]] (BNGA) * Harshe na Biyu: [[Turanci]] (ENGB) * Zaɓen Dole (za a zaɓi mutum 3) da Zaɓen ... Dole ne a zaɓi waɗannan batutuwa daga cikin jerin da ke ƙasa, kuma zaɓukan dole ne su kasance a cikin Saiti ɗaya kawai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Subjects |url=https://wbchse.wb.gov.in/subjects/ |url-status=live |access-date=2026-07-05 |website=WBCHSE}}</ref> '''Saita I:''' * Ilimin Lissafi (PHYS) ko [[Abinci mai gina jiki|Abinci Mai Gina Jiki]] (NUTN) * [[Kimiyya|Kimiyyar Halitta]] (CHEM) ko [[Labarin kasa|Yanayin Ƙasa]] (GEGR) * [[Lissafi]] (LISSAFAI) * [[Biology|Kimiyyar Halittu]] (BIOS) * Kimiyyar Kwamfuta (COMS) ko Aikace-aikacen Kwamfuta na Zamani (COMA) ko [[Kimiyyar muhalli|Kimiyyar Muhalli]] (EVSC) * ''Sana'a:'' Aikin famfo (PLBV) ko [[Ƙarfi|Wutar Lantarki]] (POWV) '''Saiti na II:''' * Lissafi (ACCT) * Nazarin Kasuwanci (BSTD) * Dokar Kasuwanci da Gabatarwar Binciken Kuɗi (CLPA) * Kuɗi da [[Haraji]] (CSTX) * Aikace-aikacen Kwamfuta na Zamani (COMA) ko [[Nazarin muhalli|Nazarin Muhalli]] (ENVS) * Lissafi na Kasuwanci da Ƙididdiga na Asali (BMBS) * ''Sana'a:'' Aikin famfo (PLBV) ko Wutar Lantarki (POWV) '''Saiti na III:''' * [[Kimiyyar siyasa|Kimiyyar Siyasa]] (POLS) ko Kimiyyar Halittu (BIOS) * Ilimi (EDCN) ko Nutrition (NUTN) * [[Sanskrit]] (SNSK) ko [[Lissafi|Lissafi na Asali don Kimiyyar Zamani]] (BMSS) * [[Falsafa]] (PHIL) * [[Tarihi]] (HIST) * [[Labarin kasa|Yanayin ƙasa]] (GEGR) * Aikace-aikacen Kwamfuta na Zamani (COMA) ko Nazarin Muhalli (ENVS) * ''Sana'a:'' Aikin famfo (PLBV) ko Wutar Lantarki (POWV) == Nabadwip Bakultala Vidyalaya Praktan Chhatra Sammilani == Akwai wata ƙungiyar tsofaffin ɗalibai mai suna ''[https://nbvpcs.org Nabadwip Bakultala Vidyalaya Praktan Chhatra Sammilani]'', wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1990; tana aiki a matsayin al'umma ta musamman amma mai alaƙa da tsoffin ɗalibai. Ƙungiyar tana gudanar da shirye-shirye daban-daban a duk tsawon shekara. Makarantar firamare mai suna ''Makarantar Ilimi ta Nabadwip Bakultala ce ke gudanar da ita'' a karkashin kulawar NBVPCS. Cibiyar karatu a bude take a karkashin WBCROS, ''Nabadwip Bakultala Rabindra Mukta Vidyalaya'' ce ke gudanar da ita karkashin kungiyar. Ƙungiyar kuma tana gudanar da cibiyar karatu a ƙarƙashin Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Netaji Subhas . Ƙungiyar ta bazu zuwa Kolkata, kodayake hedikwatarta a wani gini daban da ke kusa da harabar makarantar. Mujalla mai suna ''বকুলতলা প্রাক্তনক্তনক্তনক্তনক্তনক্তনক্তনক্তনক্তনক্তনক্তনক্তনক্তনক্তনক্তনক্তনক্তনক সমাচার'' (Bakultala Praktanee Samachar) ke fitowa daga kungiyar a rana ta 10 ga kowane wata. == Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai == Cibiyar tsofaffin ɗalibai tana da ƙarfi. Tsoffin ɗaliban sun bazu ko'ina a faɗin duniya kuma sun kafu a fannoni daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin mutane masu daraja sune: * Gour Kishore Ghosh, ''Marubuci'' * Samar Ghosh, ''Tsohon Sakataren Gwamnatin Yammacin Bengal'' * Swami Suhitananda, ''Mataimakin Shugaban Ramakrishna Lissafi da Ramakrishna Mission'' * Santosh Kapuria, ''Farfesa a IIT Delhi'' * Ujjwal Maulik, ''Masanin Kimiyya kuma Farfesa a Jami'ar Jadavpur '' * Nirmalya Sengupta * Dr. Pritam Sukul, Babban Masanin Kimiyyar Likitanci a Jami'ar Rostock == Manazarta == eijogk2db0ygtk58pd9gb94odfl1d9g 0 163429 906530 899085 2026-08-23T11:40:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Margit Auer''' (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta 1967) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus. An sayar da jimillar littattafan 'ya'yanta kwafi miliyan 8 kuma an fassara su zuwa harsuna 26. Margit Auer ta sami shahara ta jerin littafinta ''Die Schule der magischen Tiere'' (Makarantar Dabbobin Sihiri). An buga littafi na farko na wannan jerin shirye-shiryen da ke ci gaba a shekarar 2013. == Tarihin Rayuwa == Auer ya girma a Waldkraiburg, wani gari kusa da [[München|Munich]] a Bavaria, tare da manyan 'yan'uwa biyu. Bayan ta halarci makarantar nahawu ta Ruperti-Gymnasium da ke Mühldorf, ta je jami'a a Eichstätt, inda ta kammala karatun digiri a fannin aikin jarida a shekarar 1992. Daga nan Auer ya yi aiki a matsayin edita kuma mai rahoto a jaridu daban-daban na yau da kullun a Jamus. A shekarar 1997, ta buɗe ofishin edita nata. Ta rubuta wa Süddeutsche Zeitung da Deutsche Presse-Agentur, da sauransu. Bayan an haifi 'ya'yanta, Auer ta fara rubuta littattafan yara. An buga littafinta na farko, ''Verschwörung am Limes'' ( ''Conspiracy on the Limes'' ), wani sirrin tarihi na yara, a shekara ta 2010. Sai kuma aka biyo baya da ci gaba biyu. A cikin 2013, ta buga littattafai biyu na farko a cikin jerin ''Die Schule der magischen Tiere'' - ''Die Schule der magischen Tiere'' da ''Die Schule der magischen Tiere: Voller Löcher!'' – na farko cikin sauri ya shiga cikin jerin littattafan yara da mujallar Spiegel ta fi sayarwa. Jerin 'yan wasan sun kuma hau kan gaba a jerin 'yan wasan da suka fi sayarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=buchreport |url=https://www.buchreport.de/bestseller/buch/isbn/9783551653352.htm/ |access-date=2020-07-29 |website=buchreport |language=de-DE |archive-date=2020-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729103916/https://www.buchreport.de/bestseller/buch/isbn/9783551653352.htm/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A jimilla, jerin sun sayar da kwafi sama da miliyan 7. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Margit Auer: Lebenslauf, Bücher und Rezensionen bei LovelyBooks |url=https://www.lovelybooks.de/autor/Margit-Auer/ |access-date=2020-07-29 |website=LovelyBooks}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=ZEIT ONLINE {{!}} Lesen Sie zeit.de mit Werbung oder im PUR-Abo. Sie haben die Wahl. |url=https://www.zeit.de/zustimmung?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2F2020%2F07%2Fmargit-auer-autorin-die-schule-der-magischen-tiere%2Fseite-2 |url-status=dead |access-date=2020-07-29 |website=www.zeit.de}}</ref> A watan Maris a shekara ta 2019, an ba Auer kyautar littafin yara na Heidelberger Leander a shekara 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Heidelberger Leander Archive |url=https://www.leseleben.de/kategorie/heidelberger-leander/ |access-date=2020-07-29 |website=LeseLeben |language=de-DE}}</ref> <ref name="buchszene_margit-auer">{{Cite web |title=Margit Auer {{!}} Autorenportrait auf BUCHSZENE.DE |url=https://buchszene.de/autor/margit-auer/ |access-date=2020-07-29 |website=BUCHSZENE |language=de-DE}}</ref> Daga shekarar 2019 zuwa 2023 ta kasance marubuciya mai sharhi a jaridar Süddeutsche Zeitung mai suna "Familientrio" inda ta amsa tambayoyi kan batun kula da yara. Margit Auer ta auri ɗan jarida kuma marubucin labarin laifuka Richard Auer. Ma'auratan suna zaune a Bavaria kuma suna da 'ya'ya maza uku. == ''Die Schule der magischen Tiere'' jerin littattafai == An buga littattafai 13 a cikin jerin na yau da kullun na ''Die Schule der magischen Tiere'' da kuma nau'ikan juzu'i guda takwas, jerin biki ''Die Schule der magischen Tiere - Endlich Ferien'', da bugu na musamman guda ɗaya. A shekarar 2020, Auer ta buga littattafai da dama ga masu karatu na farko, inda ta nuna beyar Murphy mai launin ruwan kasa a matsayin jami'in bincike. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview: 'Alle lieben Murphy' – 'Die Schule der magischen Tiere': Autorin Margit Auer spricht über den neuen Ferienband, ihre Erstleser-Reihe und den Kinofilm |url=https://www.donaukurier.de/nachrichten/kultur/Alle-lieben-Murphy;art598,4590078 |access-date=2020-07-29 |website=www.donaukurier.de |archive-date=2020-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729103507/https://www.donaukurier.de/nachrichten/kultur/Alle-lieben-Murphy;art598,4590078 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Duk jerin shirye-shiryen guda uku suna gudana. <ref name="buchszene_margit-auer" /> An fassara littattafanta zuwa harsuna sama da 20 kuma an buga su a ƙasashe kamar haka: Albania, China, Jamhuriyar Czech, Denmark, Finland, Netherlands, Girka, Hungary, Italiya, Japan, Koriya ta Kudu, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rasha, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, Turkey, da Ukraine. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] atr9nhf1m7ihzxu10egw4vsjqpfzqx6 0 163529 906488 896544 2026-08-23T10:48:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Manuela_Kasper-Claridge.png|thumb| Manuela Kasper-Claridge, babbar editan DW]] '''Manuela Kasper-Claridge''' (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga Oktoba 1959 a [[Berlin]] ) 'yar [[Ɗan jarida|jarida ce ']] yar Jamus. Ita ce babbar edita ta gidan rediyon Jamus na ƙasa da ƙasa Deutsche Welle (DW) tare da ma'aikata kusan 3,000 da masu zaman kansu daga ƙasashe 60. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2020 |title=Editor-in-chief |url=https://www.dw.com/en/editor-in-chief/a-37794899 |access-date=5 May 2020 |website=Deutsche Welle |archive-date=11 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811170728/https://www.dw.com/en/editor-in-chief/a-37794899 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da aiki == Manuela Kasper-Claridge ta yi karatun tattalin arziki da [[Kimiyar al'umma|zamantakewa]] a Freie Universität Berlin kuma ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1984. Daga 1985 zuwa 1986 ta kammala aikin horo a gidan rediyo da talabijin na gwamnati na West Berlin SFB (wanda a yau ake kira RBB ). Daga baya ta horar da masu shirya labarai da daraktoci a talabijin. Tsakanin 1988 da 1992, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai shirya labarai a RIAS -TV, tana bayar da rahotanni kan sake hadewar Jamus, harkokin Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai. Ta kuma bayar da rahoto daga [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] Kasper-Claridge yana da 'ya'ya uku kuma yana zaune a [[Berlin]]<nowiki/>m == Aiki a DW == [[Fayil:Angela_Merkel-Kasper-Claridge.jpg|thumb| Tare da shugabar gwamnatin Jamus Angela Merkel a bikin cika shekaru 65 na DW.]] Kasper-Claridge ya shiga DW a shekarar 1992 a matsayin mai ba da rahoto kuma mai shirya rahotanni da shirye-shiryen shirye-shirye da suka shafi Turai, Amurka da Asiya. A shekarar 1998, ta zama shugabar sashen kasuwanci na DW, wanda ta faɗaɗa a shekarar 2001 don haɗa da Kimiyya da kuma a shekarar 2014 don zama Kasuwanci, Kimiyya da Muhalli. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Manuela Kasper-Claridge |url=https://www.weforum.org/people/manuela-kasper-claridge/ |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Mayu 2020 aka naɗa Kasper-Claridge a matsayin babban editan DW. A wannan watan ne ta ƙaddamar da wani sabon shiri na bambancin ra'ayi, wato Majalisar Babban Edita, inda ta haɗa abokan aiki daga asali daban-daban don ba ta shawara da kuma tallafawa aikin DW. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Welle (www.dw.com) |first=Deutsche |title=Deutsche Welle: Editor-in-chief appoints five members to the editorial board {{!}} DW {{!}} 04.06.2020 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/deutsche-welle-editor-in-chief-appoints-five-members-to-the-editorial-board/a-53685337 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=DW.COM |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ta jagoranci ƙirƙirar sabon tsarin COVID-19 Special <ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners Gallery - New York Festivals |url=https://tvfilm.newyorkfestivals.com/Winners/WinnerDetailsNew/a7e6edac-ce22-4b66-9b4e-8d9dc3553357 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=tvfilm.newyorkfestivals.com}}</ref> na harsuna da yawa a farkon [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|annobar cutar coronavirus]], wanda ya mayar da hankali kan tasirin kimiyya, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na rikicin lafiya na duniya. A lokacin zaɓen tarayya na Jamus a shekarar 2021, ta yi hira da shugaban gwamnatin Jamus [[Olaf Scholz]] da kuma ministan kuɗi na yanzu Christian Lindner . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Welle (www.dw.com) |first=Deutsche |title=Germany Votes {{!}} DW |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-votes/p-58668859 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=DW.COM |language=en-GB |archive-date=2022-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809081727/https://www.dw.com/en/germany-votes/p-58668859 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A matsayin babban edita, an kuma gayyaci shi don ya karbi bakuncin kuma ya yi jawabi a taruka da dama na duniya, ciki har da Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya a Davos <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cold War 2.0 |url=https://www.weforum.org/event_player/a0P68000001Kd0vEAC/sessions/cold-war-2-0/ |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> da Shugabannin Siyasa Mata a [[Reykjavik]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hotspot arctic |url=https://my.reykjavikforum.global/event/hotspot-arctic/ |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=Reykjavík Global Forum |language=en-GB |archive-date=2022-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809081737/https://my.reykjavikforum.global/event/hotspot-arctic/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka da haɗin gwiwa == A shekarar 2009 Kasper-Claridge ya fara ''Global Ideas'', wani aikin da aka yi a fannin yanayi na kafofin watsa labarai na Deutsche Welle <ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Ideas - DW.COM |url=http://www.dw.de/top-stories/global-ideas/s-30654 |website=DW.COM |access-date=2026-08-13 |archive-date=2015-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621003221/http://www.dw.de/top-stories/global-ideas/s-30654 |url-status=dead }}</ref> wanda ake samu a harsuna 5 daban-daban. Kasper-Claridge tana yawan halartar taron tattalin arziki na duniya a Davos, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Journal Interview - Mit Philipp Rösler, WEF-Direktor |url=http://www.dw.de/journal-interview-mit-philipp-r%C3%B6sler-wef-direktor/av-17403452 |website=DW.COM}}</ref> inda ta fara haɗin gwiwa da WEF da Gidauniyar Schwab a baya. Ita ma memba ce a kwamitin watsa labarai da sadarwa na Majalisar Masana'antu da Kasuwanci ta Jamus ( DIHK ) kuma tana cikin kwamitin amintattu na cibiyar Ifo ta Jamus. She started a cooperation with the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings - Interdisciplinary Meeting with Nobel Laureates from the fields of physics, physiology or medicine and chemistry |url=http://www.lindau-nobel.org |website=The Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings}}</ref> and interviewed various Nobel laureates like Stephen Chu (physics), Mario Molina (chemistry), Barry Marshall (medicine) and Alvin Roth (economy).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Of markets and money |url=http://www.dw.de/of-markets-and-money/av-17906524 |website=DW.COM}}</ref> A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Kasper-Claridge ta saba shiga taron ''Fortune'' mai taken "Mafi Ƙarfin Mata" a Landan, wanda ya haɗu da fitattun shugabannin mata na Turai a fannin kasuwanci, tare da zaɓaɓɓun shugabanni daga gwamnati, kafofin watsa labarai, ayyukan agaji da kuma fasaha. Tun watan Yuni 2016 ta kasance memba a hukumar [[Hamburg World Economic Institute]] Association "Gesellschaft der Freunde und Förderer des HWWI gGmbH eV". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gesellschaft der Freunde und Förderer des HWWI gGmbH e.V. |url=http://gdff.hwwi.org/ |website=DW.COM}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cd9dnneh1wkcy077ebu0qynrila3xvh 0 163540 906524 896576 2026-08-23T11:32:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Margarete Boie''' (22 Oktoba 1880 - 4 Fabrairu 1946) marubuciya Bajamushe ce. Yawancin littattafanta mafi nasara sun bayyana a shekarun 1920, kuma sun haɗa da tarihi, yanayin ƙasa da mutanen Sylt a matsayin jigogi. <ref name="MBlaitCS">{{Cite web |last=Constanze Sörensen |date=June 2011 |title=Margarete Boie |url=http://www.quadratlueneburg.de/margarete-boie.html |access-date=1 August 2017 |website=Biographien Lüneburger Frauen |publisher=Quadrat Verlag, Lüneburg}}</ref> <ref name="MBuNeffe">{{Cite web |date=19 June 2014 |title=Lüneburg in Zeiten des Kriegs |url=https://www.landeszeitung.de/blog/kultur-lokales/173012-lueneburg-in-zeiten-des-kriegs |access-date=1 August 2017 |publisher=Landeszeitung.de Das Nachrichtenportal für die Lüneburger Heide, Lüneburg}}</ref> == Rayuwa == An haifi Margarete Ida Boie a [[Berlin]], ita ce ta uku daga cikin 'ya'yan da iyayenta suka haifa guda biyar. Bernhard Boie (1839–1896), mahaifinta, jami'in soja ne asalinsa daga Danzig . An haifi mahaifiyarta Ida Vennigerholz (1850–1936). Aikin soja na mahaifinta ya sa a lokacin yarinta, iyalan sun ƙaura zuwa wasu garuruwan sojojin arewacin Jamus, daga baya kuma suka zauna a Thorn inda Bernhard Boie ya riƙe muƙamin gwamnan soja. Thorn ita ce inda, lokacin da Margarete ke da shekaru goma sha shida, mahaifinta ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani. Bayan shekara guda, mahaifiyarta ta sake ƙaura da iyalin, da farko zuwa Zoppot a gabar tekun arewacin Jamus sannan daga nan ta koma Danzig . A Danzig ne, tare da ƙarfafa gwiwar kawarta, ta fara aikin ƙwararru, inda ta sami aiki a [[:de:Westpreußisches Provinzial-Museum Danzig|Gidan Tarihi na Halitta]], wanda a wancan lokacin yake ƙarƙashin jagorancin babban mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tarihi Hugo Conwentz . <ref name="MBlaitCS" /> Da yake an yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan a Sweden, Conwentz a wannan lokacin yana aiki kan tsarin ƙasa na kariyar doka ga muhallin halitta, tare da mai da hankali kan gano da kuma kiyaye wuraren da suka shafi kimiyya na musamman. Yin aiki a gare shi a Gidan Tarihi na Halitta tsakanin 1902 da 1904 ya ba Boie damar karo na farko da duniyar kiyaye yanayi, wanda ya zama babban jigo a sauran rayuwarta. A lokaci guda kuma ta fahimci cewa a matsayinta na mace ba tare da cancantar ƙwarewa mai kyau ba, damar ci gaba a fannin fasaha a duniyar gidajen tarihi ba ta da iyaka. A cewar wata majiya, a daidai wannan lokacin ne ta yanke shawarar neman wani nau'in aiki da zai ba ta damar yin aikin kanta. <ref name="MBlautMDua">{{Cite web |last=Marlies Dittberner |last2=Roswitha Kirsch-Stracke |last3=Dagmar Krüger |date=1997 |title=Margarete Ida Boie – für einen sanften Inseltourismus |url=https://www.umwelt.uni-hannover.de/1110.html?&L=1 |access-date=2 August 2017 |publisher=Leibniz Universität Hannover (Institut für Umweltplanung) |archive-date=2 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802142448/https://www.umwelt.uni-hannover.de/1110.html?&L=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wataƙila lokacin da Margarete Boie ke zaune a Danzig ne ta haɗu da mai zane [[:de:Helene Varges|Helene Varges]] . Su biyun sun zama abokai masu ƙarfi sannan suka zama abokan rayuwa. Daga baya, lokacin da Margarete Boie ta zama marubuciya da aka buga littattafai, Varges ta ba da zane-zane ga littattafanta. Tsakanin 1904 da 1928 su biyun sun rayu kuma sun yi aiki tare a matsayin majagaba a fannin kiyaye yanayi, a jere a Juist da Norderney, da kuma a Emden, Lüneburg, kuma mafi mahimmanci, a [[Heligoland|Helgoland]] sannan a Sylt . A shekarar 1906, Boie ta fara aikinta na rubutu da littafin "Juist", kodayake gaskiyar cewa dole ne ta biya kuɗin buga shi don kanta ta haifar da wani mummunan aiki. Da cikakken bayani dalla-dalla game da rayuwar dabbobi da tsirrai a tsibirin, hakan ya zama hujja mai ƙarfi don kiyaye gadon halitta na wurin; yayin da ake kallonsa a matsayin jagorar tafiye-tafiye ta ilimi, ya gabatar da ra'ayi mai sauƙin fahimta da amfani game da ra'ayoyin ra'ayoyin da ta ɗauko daga Conwentz . <ref name="MBlautMDua"/> Matan biyu sun ƙaura zuwa Sylt a shekarar 1911 <ref name="MBlautMDua"/> sannan suka koma [[Heligoland|Helgoland]] inda suka sami kwangila daga Cibiyar Halittu ta tsibirin don samar da zane-zanen kimiyya. <ref name="MBlaitCS"/> Sun yi aiki tare don ƙirƙirar allunan bayanai masu tushen kimiyya ga cibiyar, kuma a cikin wannan tsari Boie ta zurfafa iliminta na halitta. <ref name="MBlautMDua" /> Da alama Helgoland ita ce tsibirinsu na ƙarshe a yanzu, kuma bayan sun kammala aikinsu a Helgoland sai suka ƙaura zuwa babban yankin suka zauna a Lüneburg inda suka yi kama da sun zauna har bayan ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]] . Tsakanin 1908 da 1919 Margarete Boie ta kasance tana yin rijista a matsayin edita mai ba da gudummawa - kuma na ɗan lokaci a matsayin babban edita - a cikin "Lüneburgischer Anzeiger" (jarida). <ref name="MBuNeffe"/> Da farko ta yi aiki a ƙarƙashin jagorancin babban editan Dr. Corssen. Daga baya ta fahimci iyalansa kuma an ƙulla abota mai zurfi da su. Ƙarfin ƙuruciyarta da jinsinta tare da yanayin aikinta na 'yar jarida ya sa ta zama wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa masu tasiri a Lüneburg, wanda ya haɗa da kafa hulɗa da tsarin lokaci da wuri na adabi. Marubuta masu zaman kansu waɗanda suma mata ne kaɗan ne kuma suna da nisa sosai: hulɗar sirri da Boie ta iya yi a lokacin da take aiki a jarida za ta taimaka mata sosai yayin da ta kafa kuma ta gina aikinta na rubutu bayan yaƙin ya ƙare. <ref name="MBlaitCS" /> == Manazarta == jb5vlpy7b1yhd9leqw8fnfvtw2x0p73 0 163592 906545 896729 2026-08-23T11:54:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Maria Bogner''' ( née ''Lux'', 1914 - 17 Nuwamba 2002) ƙwararriyar mai tsara kayan kwalliya ce ta Jamus wadda aka yaba da ƙirƙirar wando mai shimfiɗawa, wanda hakan ya yi tasiri sosai ga alkiblar masana'antar kayan kwalliyar kankara. Ta ƙirƙiri rigunan ski masu launuka masu kyau, masu kyau, kuma masu aiki. Kamfanin da mijinta ya kafa na sanya kayan wasan kankara, da kuma haɓaka kayan shimfiɗa a shekarun 1950, da kuma ƙwarewar dinkinta duk sun taimaka mata wajen samun nasara. Wandonta mai shimfiɗa, kamar yadda manyan 'yan wasan tsere na lokacin suka tsara, ya samar da yanayin iska mai kyau, mai dacewa da siffar, launuka iri-iri da kuma amfani a matsayin tufafin tsere. == Rayuwa ta sirri == [[Fayil:Erika_Mahringer_Are1954.jpg|thumb| Kayan Ski a shekarun 1950, kafin a fara amfani da wandon shimfiɗa.]] An haifi Bogner Maria Lux a cikin 1914 a [[Köln|Cologne]] kuma ya mutu a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba 2002 a Tegernsee . A shekarar 1937 ta auri Wilhelm Bogner (Willy Sr.), wani zakaran tseren kankara na Jamus wanda ya fafata a shekarun 1930. Tare, sun haifi 'ya'ya uku, Rosemarie, Michael, da Wilhelm (Willy Jr.) . Nasarar Willy Bogner a matsayin mai wasan tsere kan dusar ƙanƙara ta ba shi damar shi da matarsa ta gaba, wato Maria Lux, su kafa layin tufafi a shekarar 1932, wanda ya haɗa da sanya wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta Jamus takalma a gasar Olympics ta hunturu ta 1936. <ref name="Womenskiing">{{Cite journal |date=1995 |title=Legends: Maria Bogner – For changing the look of skiing forever |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y5QzzwPHLj0C&dq=maria+bogner&pg=PA50 |journal=Skiing |location=New York |publisher=Ziff-Davis |issue=Skiing for Women |pages=50 |issn=0037-6264 |access-date=2018-02-17}}</ref> Mijinta ya mutu a shekarar 1977 kuma ta rasu a shekarar 2002. <ref name="50th">{{Cite journal |last=Masia |first=Seth |date=September 2002 |title=The 50th anniversary of stretch pants |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z1gEAAAAMBAJ&dq=maria+bogner&pg=PA35 |journal=Skiing Heritage Journal |language=en |publisher=International Skiing History Association |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=35–6 |issn=1082-2895}}</ref> === Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu === Bayan yaƙin, sabbin dabarunta na salon kankara a salo da launi, musamman wando mai shimfiɗa, sun ba wa kasuwancin Bogner damar bunƙasa a kasuwar kayan kankara masu tsada. Yayin da mijinta ba ya nan kuma domin ya kula da 'ya'yanta uku, Bogner ta ci gaba da tsara anorak masu launuka iri-iri waɗanda dubban mutane ke sayar da su. <ref name="50th" /> Baya ga ƙirƙirar da sayar da wuraren shakatawa, Bogner ya kuma fara sake gina kasuwancin ta hanyar ƙirƙirar wasu kayayyaki, kamar aprons. <ref name="50th" /> A shekarar 1950, Bogners suka fara fitar da kayayyakinsu masu launuka iri-iri zuwa Amurka, ciki har da wuraren shakatawa na Bogner. <ref name="Heritage1996">{{Cite journal |last=Lert |first=Wolfgang |date=Autumn 1996 |title=The Finish Line: Hans Hagemeister brought us good things to ski with |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e1gEAAAAMBAJ&dq=maria+bogner&pg=PA38 |journal=Skiing Heritage Journal |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=38–39 |issn=1082-2895}}</ref> A shekarar 1955, Bogner ya fara sanya wa kamfanin alama da tambari, wanda aka yi masa lakabi da "B", a kan dukkan zips da aka samu a tufafinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bogner Company History |url=https://en.bogner.com/Company/History |access-date=2018-03-15 |website=en.bogner.com |language=en |archive-date=2018-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428152432/http://en.bogner.com/Company/History |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Shekarun 1960 zuwa ritaya === Talla da tallan layin salon Bogner na zamani ya sa ya zama zaɓin shahararrun masu siyan kayan wasan kankara kamar, [[Marilyn Monroe]], Ingrid Bergman, [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah na Iran]], da Toni Sailer . Kungiyoyin wasan tsere kan dusar ƙanƙara suma sun yi matuƙar buƙatar tufafin Bogner saboda ingancinsu da kuma ɗuminsu. A tsakiyar shekarun 1960, wasu kamfanoni da yawa suna samar da wando mai shimfiɗa. <ref name="Stretch">{{Cite journal |last=McCoy |first=Susan |date=September 1983 |title=A stretch in the right direction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1UmGmqBY5H4C&dq=maria+bogner&pg=PA162 |journal=Ski Magazine |language=en |location=New York |publisher=Times Mirror Magazines, Inc. |volume=48 |pages=162 |issn=0037-6159}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcCoy1983">McCoy, Susan (September 1983). [https://books.google.com/books?id=1UmGmqBY5H4C&dq=maria+bogner&pg=PA162 "A stretch in the right direction"]. ''Ski Magazine''. '''48'''. New York: Times Mirror Magazines, Inc.: 162. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-6159 0037-6159].</cite></ref> Bogner ta ci gaba da kasancewa mai himma a cikin kamfanin har zuwa farkon shekarun 1970, lokacin da 'ya'yanta maza, Michael da Willy Jr., suka karɓi aikin. <ref name="50th"/> == Gado == An san kirkirar Bogner sosai har ta fito a shafin mujallar ''Ski Magazine'' ta watan Nuwamba 1955, tana sanye da kayanta na kankara. <ref name="Stretch"/> A cikin fitowarta ta "Skiing for Women" ta shekarar 1995, mujallar ''Skiing'' ta ambaci Bogner a matsayin "tatsuniya" ta wasan kankara, tare da Andrea Mead Lawrence da Martha Rockwell <ref name="Womenskiing"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2002]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1914]] 8koveqdyag0arrimrei28cvj9ggrsbn 0 163693 906201 897941 2026-08-22T12:37:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kerstin Brückweh''' (an haife ta a [[Hanover|Hannover]], [[Jamus]]) masanin tarihi ne mai mai da hankali kan tarihin zamani da na zamani na Jamusanci da Burtaniya. Ita farfesa ce a tarihin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa a [[Berlin]]_Hochschule_für_Technik" id="mwBw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Berliner Hochschule für Technik">Jami'ar Berlin ta Kimiyya da == Ayyuka == Brückweh ta sami digirinta na PhD daga Sashen Tarihi na Jami'ar Bielefeld a shekara ta 2005. Rubutun ta, ''Mordlust: Serienmorde, Gewalt und Emotionen im 20. '' Jahrhundert (Mordlust: Serial Murders, Violence and Emotions in the 20th Century), an buga shi ne ta Campus-Verlag a shekara ta 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mordlust, ein Buch von Kerstin Brückweh – Campus Verlag |url=http://www.campus.de/buecher-campus-verlag/wissenschaft/geschichte/mordlust-2817.html |access-date=2022-01-01 |website=www.campus.de |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eghigian |first=Greg |date=1 July 2009 |title=Mordlust: Serienmorde, Gewalt, und Emotionen im 20. Jahrhundert |url=https://academic.oup.com/gh/article/27/3/463/700041 |journal=German History |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=463 |doi=10.1093/gerhis/ghp054 |url-access=subscription |via=Oxford Academic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carter Hett |first=Benjamin |date=September 2008 |title=Review: [Untitled] |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20457382 |journal=Central European History |volume=41 |pages=531–533 |jstor=20457382}}</ref> Daga 2007 zuwa 2013, ta kasance mai bincike a Cibiyar Tarihin Jamus ta London . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Team |url=https://www.ghil.ac.uk/team/our-team |access-date=2022-01-01 |website=www.ghil.ac.uk}}</ref> Ta kammala karatun ta a Jami'ar Tübingen a shekarar 2013 tare da aikin Menschen Rutehlen: Wissensproduktion durch britische Volkszählungen und Umfragen vom 19. ''Mutane da yawa sun yi amfani da su a matsayin: Wissensproduktion durch britische Volkszählungen und Umfragen vom 19. ''Jahrhundert bis ins digitale Zeitalter (Ƙididdigar Burtaniya: Ilimi a cikin Ƙididdiga da Binciken Bincike daga ƙarni na sha tara zuwa Zamanin Dijital). De Gruyter Oldenbourg ne ya buga shi a shekarar 2015. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fenton |first=Alex |date=December 2016 |title=History of the British Census – Kerstin Brückweh, Menschen zählen. Wissensproduktion durch britische Volkszählungen und Umfragen vom 19. Jahrhundert bis ins digitale Zeitalter [Britain Counts: Knowledge Production in Censuses and Survey Research from the Nineteenth Century to the Digital Age], (Berlin, De Gruyter, 2015) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/european-journal-of-sociology-archives-europeennes-de-sociologie/article/history-of-the-british-census-kerstin-bruckweh-menschen-zahlen-wissensproduktion-durch-britische-volkszahlungen-und-umfragen-vom-19-jahrhundert-bis-ins-digitale-zeitalter-britain-counts-knowledge-production-in-censuses-and-survey-research-from-the-nineteenth-century-to-the-digital-age-berlin-de-gruyter-2015/AF36C94172E032B2668A1B6C8DD5702A |journal=European Journal of Sociology / Archives Européennes de Sociologie |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=480–484 |doi=10.1017/S0003975616000229 |s2cid=232174065 |url-access=subscription |via=Cambridge Core}}</ref> A cikin 2016-2020, Brückweh ya jagoranci ƙungiyar bincike "The Longue Durée of 1989/90: Regime Change and Everyday Life in East Germany" a Cibiyar Leibniz don Tarihin zamani Potsdam a Jamus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-30 |title=The Longue Durée of 1989/90. Regime Change and Everyday Life in East Germany |url=https://zzf-potsdam.de/en/forschung/linien/longue-duree-198990-regime-change-and-everyday-life-east-germany |access-date=2022-01-02 |website=The Centre for Contemporary History |language=en}}</ref> A watan Oktoba 2020, Ch. Links Verlag a ƙarƙashin sunan Jamusanci na aikin, ''Die lange Geschichte der "Wende"''. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ch. Links Verlag {{!}} Die lange Geschichte der »Wende« – Geschichtswissenschaft im Dialog |url=https://www.christoph-links-verlag.de/index.cfm?view=3&titel_nr=9103 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102004047/https://www.christoph-links-verlag.de/index.cfm?view=3&titel_nr=9103 |archive-date=2022-01-02 |access-date=2022-01-01 |website=www.christoph-links-verlag.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brückweh |first=Kerstin |last2=Brusius |first2=Mirjam |date=May 2021 |title=Home Sweet Home: A Schriftgespräch on Doing the Long History of 1989 |url=https://www.ghil.ac.uk/fileadmin/redaktion/dokumente/bulletin/GHIL_Bulletin_43_1/5._Brueckweh_Schriftgespraech_offprint.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=German Historical Institute London Bulletin |volume=XLIII |pages=66–86 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102004052/https://www.ghil.ac.uk/fileadmin/redaktion/dokumente/bulletin/GHIL_Bulletin_43_1/5._Brueckweh_Schriftgespraech_offprint.pdf |archive-date=2022-01-02 |access-date=2022-01-02}}</ref> Har ila yau, aikin ya lashe kyautar WISPoP - Potsdamer Preis für Wissenschaftskommunikation (Potsdam Prize for Scholarly Communication) a shekarar 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historiker-Team gewinnt den "WISPoP – Potsdamer Preis für Wissenschaftskommunikation" 2020 {{!}} WIS Wissenschaftsetage im Bildungsforum Potsdam |url=https://www.wis-potsdam.de/de/prowissen-potsdam-ev/historiker-team-gewinnt-den-wispop-potsdamer-preis-wissenschaftskommunikation |access-date=2022-01-01 |website=www.wis-potsdam.de}}</ref> Brückweh yana aiki a Jami'ar Berlin ta Kimiyya da Fasaha a matsayin farfesa a tarihin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Prof. Dr. Kerstin Brückweh BHT Berlin |url=https://prof.bht-berlin.de/brueckweh/ |access-date=2022-01-01 |website=prof.bht-berlin.de |archive-date=2022-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102004049/https://prof.bht-berlin.de/brueckweh/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A baya, ta yi aiki a Jami'ar Trier da Jami'ar Duisburg-Essen, kuma ta kasance aboki a Kwalejin Max Weber don Nazarin Al'adu da Jama'a a Jami'an Erfurt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerstin Brückweh, Autor auf FZE |url=https://fze.uni-trier.de/author/brueckwehk/ |access-date=2022-01-01 |website=FZE |language=de-DE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerstin Brückweh |url=https://zzf-potsdam.de/en/mitarbeiter/kerstin-bruckweh |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102004056/https://zzf-potsdam.de/en/mitarbeiter/kerstin-bruckweh |archive-date=2022-01-02 |access-date=2022-01-01 |website=The Centre for Contemporary History |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Erfurt |first=Universität |title=Brückweh, Kerstin |url=https://www.uni-erfurt.de/en/max-weber-kolleg/personen/assoziierte/assoziierte-fellows/pd-dr-kerstin-brueckweh |access-date=2022-01-01 |website=Universität Erfurt |language=en-GB |archive-date=2022-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102004049/https://www.uni-erfurt.de/en/max-weber-kolleg/personen/assoziierte/assoziierte-fellows/pd-dr-kerstin-brueckweh |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kafin karatunta, ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai sayar da littattafai na tsawon shekaru uku kuma, bayan ta PhD, ta kasance edita a fannonin siyasa, tattalin arziki, da tarihi a Stark Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co.KG na tsawon shekaru biyu. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] tlrv1hiwysunwa4tncqh5f2oikwl89j 0 163695 906366 897711 2026-08-23T02:27:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lisa Fattah''' (1941–1992) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ' yar Jamus-Sweden wadda ta shafe mafi yawan rayuwarta a [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] . Ayyukanta galibi suna bayyana fushinta a cikin salon bayyana ra'ayi <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=LISA FATTAH - Artists |url=https://dafbeirut.org/en/lisa-fattah |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Dalloul Art Foundation |language=en-GB}}</ref> wanda ba kasafai ake gani ba a Iraki a lokacin. Aikinta sau da yawa yana da tsauri kuma yana da ƙarfi, yana aiki a matsayin martani ga yanayin rayuwa a Iraki. Fitowar Lisa da ta fi shahara ita ce a baje kolin ''Breaking the Veils: Women Artists from the Islamic World'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-27 |title=Breaking the veils: Women artists from the Islamic world {{!}} altM |url=https://www.altmuslimah.com/2010/01/breaking_the_veils_women_artists_from_the_islamic_world/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222222149/https://www.altmuslimah.com/2010/01/breaking_the_veils_women_artists_from_the_islamic_world/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''.'' Ta halarci taruka da dama, kamar baje kolin ƙungiyar mawakan Iraki na tsawon daƙiƙa ashirin da biyu, baje kolin mawakan Larabawa na zamani, da kuma cika shekaru bakwai da bikin baje kolin jam'iyya mai mulki. == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Marie-Luise Schiek ko Lisa Fattah ga iyayen Jamus a babban birnin [[Norway]], [[Oslo]], a shekarar 1941, a lokacin da yakin duniya na biyu ke kara zafi. Fattah yayi karatu a Accademia di Belle Arti di Roma, ya kammala karatunsa a 1963, da Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando a [[Madrid]] . A lokacin da take [[Rum|Roma]], ta haɗu da wani mai zane na ƙasar Iraqi Ismail Fattah, wanda daga baya ya zama mijinta. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Lisa FATTAH {{!}} Iwan Art |url=https://www.iwanart.com/node/1045 |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=www.iwanart.com}}</ref> Ta koma [[Bagdaza|Baghdad]] tare da Ismail bayan ta kammala karatunta. Daga baya a rayuwata bayan mutuwar mahaifinta, an gano tana da cutar sankarar jini, kafin ta mutu a Baghdad a shekarar 1992. == Aiki == Ayyukanta sau da yawa suna nuna fushinta ga tashin hankalin da mutanen Iraki suka fuskanta kuma galibi suna da alaƙa da mata. An saka zanenta mai taken "Aggression" <ref name=":0"/> a cikin baje kolin Breaking the Veils: Women Artists from the Islamic World. Yanzu haka ana gudanar da shi a cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Jordan . <ref name="Meem">{{Cite web |title=Lisa Fattah |url=http://www.meemartgallery.com/art_exhibiting.php?id=55 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324000015/http://meemartgallery.com/art_exhibiting.php?id=55 |archive-date=2017-03-24 |access-date=2016-05-25 |publisher=Meem Gallery}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1941]] 66odpdgesencsppbp5wp1tn5qwl3xxz 0 163734 906357 897931 2026-08-23T00:27:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Lawan Adamu | occupation = Malamin jami'a, masanin kimiyyar dabbobi | employer = [[Jami'ar Tarayya ta Gashua]] | known_for = Bincike kan abincin dabbobi da kiwon kaji }} '''Lawan Adamu''' malamin jami'a ne ɗan Najeriya kuma masanin [[kimiyyar dabbobi]]. Yana aiki a Sashen Animal Science na [[Jami'ar Tarayya ta Gashua]], Jihar Yobe. Bincikensa ya shafi abincin dabbobi, kiwon kaji, samar da nama da ƙwai, da kuma tasirin yanayin zafi ga dabbobin noma.<ref name="FUGA">{{cite web |title=FUGA Gets 3 New Professors, 17 Readers |url=https://fugashua.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/weekly-bulletin_compressed.pdf |website=Federal University Gashua |date=October 2024 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Aiki == Lawan Adamu malami ne a Sashen Animal Science na Faculty of Agriculture a Federal University Gashua. A shekarar 2024, Majalisar Gudanarwar jami'ar ta amince da ɗaga matsayinsa daga Senior Lecturer zuwa matsayin [[Reader]]. An jera sunansa cikin malaman jami'ar 17 da aka ɗaga zuwa matsayin Reader a taron Majalisar Gudanarwar jami'ar na ranar 3 Oktoba 2024.<ref name="FUGA"/><ref name="Independent">{{cite news |last=Abisoye |first=Olusegun |title=Federal University Gashua Announces Promotions Of 3 As Professors, 17 As Readers |url=https://independent.ng/federal-university-gashua-announces-promotions-of-3-as-professors-17-as-readers/ |work=Independent Nigeria |date=4 October 2024 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2025, Lawan Adamu ya kasance Shugaban Sashen Animal Science na Federal University Gashua. Ya yi bayani kan aikin wata na'urar incubator da jami'ar ta girka domin ƙara samar da kajin kwana ɗaya, bincike da koyar da ɗalibai dabarun kiwon kaji.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news |last=Njadvara |first=Musa |title=FUGA launches modern incubator to boost food security, employment in N’East |url=https://guardian.ng/business-services/business/fuga-launches-modern-incubator-to-boost-food-security-employment-in-neast/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=21 April 2025 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> == Bincike == Lawan Adamu ya kasance cikin masu binciken da suka yi nazari kan amfani da gero da dawa a matsayin madadin masara a abincin Japanese quail. Binciken, wanda aka wallafa a shekarar 2021, ya auna tasirin waɗannan kayan abinci kan aikin tsuntsayen da samar da ƙwai.<ref name="Millet">{{cite journal |last=Maidala |first=Aminu |author2=Lawan, Adamu |author3=Amaza, Bagudu Iliya |author4=Sudik, Samuel David |author5=Dunya, Maina Amos |author6=Adejumo, Iseaac Oluseun |author7=Makinde, Olayinka John |author8=Hanafi, Yusuf |author9=Bomoi, Abubakar Sule |title=Millet and Sorghum as Possible Dietary Energy Sources in the Diet of Japanese Quails |journal=International Journal of Animal Science and Technology |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=87–92 |year=2021 |doi=10.11648/j.ijast.20210504.11 |url=https://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/article/10054797 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2021, ya kuma kasance cikin marubutan wani bincike kan amfani da ragowar sarrafa Bambara groundnut a matsayin abinci ga broiler chickens. Binciken ya duba tasirin hanyoyin sarrafa Bambara groundnut kan sinadaran abinci da aikin kajin nama.<ref name="Bambaranut">{{cite journal |last=Maidala |first=Aminu |author2=Ahmed, Bashir |author3=Adamu, Lawan |author4=Amaza, Bagudu Iliya |author5=Sudik, Samuel David |author6=Makinde, John Olayinka |title=Nutritional Evaluation of Different Processing Methods of Bambaranut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) on Performance of Broiler Chickens |journal=International Journal of Food Engineering and Technology |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=50–61 |year=2021 |date=27 November 2021 |doi=10.11648/j.ijfet.20210502.15 |url=https://sciencepg.com/article/10.11648/j.ijfet.20210502.15 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2024, Lawan Adamu da Aminu Maidala sun gabatar da bincike kan amfani da sinadaran ascorbic acid na halitta da na roba wajen rage matsalar zafin yanayi ga broiler chickens. Binciken ya mayar da hankali kan yanayin zafi a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya.<ref name="Ascorbic">{{cite journal |last=Adamu |first=Lawan |author2=Maidala, Aminu |title=Utilization of Synthetic and Natural Ascorbic Acid (African Locust Bean, Baobab, and Prosopis Africana) Pulp for Sustainable Broiler Production in the Era of Global Warming |journal=International Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences |volume=18 |issue=11 |year=2024 |url=https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191843.pdf |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2025, Lawan Adamu ya kasance marubucin bincike kan tasirin amfani da sinadaran antioxidants na halitta da na roba wajen rage tasirin zafin yanayi ga broiler chickens a lokacin ƙarshe na kiwonsu a Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya.<ref name="HeatStress">{{cite journal |last=Adamu |first=Lawan |author2=Maidala, Aminu |author3=Sudik, Samuel David |title=Effects of Feeding Synthetic and Natural anti-oxidant (African Locust bean, Boabab and Iron Wood Pulp) in Ameliorating Heat Stress in Broiler Chickens at Finisher Phase Rearing in Nort-East Zone, Nigeria |journal=Journal of Veterinary Research and Studies |volume=1 |issue=1 |year=2025 |doi=10.XXXX/rpc.2025/rpc.jvrs/00368 |url=https://api.researchportalcentral.com/DisplayImage/9bf94a03-c719-4196-b077-13338ab1a2e6.pdf |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> A wannan shekarar, ya kuma kasance cikin masu binciken da suka yi nazari kan yawan wasu sinadarai masu nauyi a cikin nau'o'in kifin da aka busar da su daga Kogin Komadugu Yobe a Jihar Yobe. Binciken ya kasance cikin taron Nigerian Society for Animal Production na shekarar 2025.<ref name="Fish">{{cite conference |last=Adamu |first=Lawan |author2=Muhammad, Babayo Khadija |author3=Zangina, Aishatu Mohammed |author4=Musa, Ahmad Rufai |title=Assessment of Heavy Metals Concentration in Smoked Fish Species Found in River Komadugu Yobe, Yobe State, Nigeria |book-title=Proceedings of the 50th Conference of the Nigerian Society for Animal Production |year=2025 |pages= |url=https://www.njap.org.ng/index.php/njap/article/download/8700/6998 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Malaman jami'o'in Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana kimiyyar dabbobi na Najeriya]] [[Category:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Tarayya ta Gashua]] [[Category:Masana kiwon dabbobi]] [[Category:Masana abincin dabbobi]] [[Category:Mutanen Jihar Yobe]] 7v71nn8la7datrywzznwti8oxo798g8 0 163742 906439 897969 2026-08-23T06:18:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906439 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Mahmood Danasabe | occupation = Malamin jami'a, masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan Adam | employer = [[Jami'ar Tarayya ta Gashua]] | known_for = Bincike a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan Adam da lafiyar tunani }} '''Mahmood Danasabe''' malamin jami'a ne ɗan Najeriya kuma masanin [[ilimin halayyar ɗan Adam]]. Yana aiki a Sashen Psychology na [[Jami'ar Tarayya ta Gashua]], Jihar Yobe. Bincikensa ya shafi ilimin halayyar ɗan Adam, lafiyar tunani, halayyar matasa, tasirin kafafen yaɗa labarai da ilimin halayyar ɗan Adam na asibiti.<ref name="FUGA">{{cite web |title=FUGA Gets 3 New Professors, 17 Readers |url=https://fugashua.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/weekly-bulletin_compressed.pdf |website=Federal University Gashua |date=October 2024 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Aiki == Mahmood Danasabe malami ne a Sashen Psychology na [[Jami'ar Tarayya ta Gashua]], Jihar Yobe.<ref name="Psychology2024">{{cite journal |last=Danasabe |first=Mahmood |author2=Liman, Ibrahim Zakariya |author3=Waziri, Bappah Baba |author4=Adamu, Muhammad |title=Social Media Addiction and Pornography Craving as Factors Predicting Psychological Well-Being among Undergraduate Students of Federal University Gashua, Nigeria |journal=International Journal of Intellectual Discourse |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=387–396 |year=2024 |url=https://ijidjournal.org/index.php/ijid/article/view/514 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> A watan Oktoba 2024, Majalisar Gudanarwar Jami'ar Tarayya ta Gashua ta amince da ɗaga matsayinsa daga Senior Lecturer zuwa matsayin [[Reader]]. An jera sunansa cikin malaman jami'ar da aka ɗaga zuwa matsayin Reader.<ref name="FUGA"/> Wata sanarwa da ta biyo bayan ɗaukaka matsayin ta bayyana shi a matsayin malami a Sashen Psychology kuma ta danganta ɗaukaka matsayin da ayyukansa na koyarwa da bincike.<ref name="Promotion">{{cite news |title=Federal University Gashua Promotes Dr. Mahmood Danasabe to Associate Professor in Psychology |url=https://myschoolnews.ng/federal-university-gashua-promotes-dr-mahmood-danasabe-to-associate-professor-in-psychology |work=Myschoolnews |date=5 October 2024 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> == Bincike == Danasabe ya wallafa bincike a fannin [[ilimin halayyar ɗan Adam]], musamman kan lafiyar tunani, halayyar matasa, tasirin kafafen yaɗa labarai da ilimin halayyar ɗan Adam na asibiti. A shekarar 2020, Danasabe ya kasance cikin marubutan binciken ''A Kick in the Pants: Influence of Dark-Triad Personality Traits and Gender on Violence Intention among Teenagers in Yobe State, Nigeria''. Binciken ya yi nazari kan alaƙar halayen Dark Triad, jinsi da niyyar aikata tashin hankali tsakanin matasa a Jihar Yobe.<ref name="DarkTriad">{{cite journal |last=Fasanmi |first=Samuel Sunday |author2=Adeoye, Emmanuel Olusegun |author3=Danasabe, Mahmood |title=A Kick in the Pants: Influence of Dark-Triad Personality Traits and Gender on Violence Intention among Teenagers in Yobe State, Nigeria |journal=Psychology and Behavioral Sciences |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=56–60 |year=2020 |doi=10.11648/j.pbs.20200904.14 |url=https://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/article/10049973 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2022, ya kasance marubucin bincike kan alaƙar kallon fina-finan tashin hankali da bayyanar halayen tashin hankali tsakanin ɗaliban makarantun sakandare a yankin Bauchi. Binciken ya yi amfani da ɗalibai daga makarantu biyu domin nazarin alaƙar tasirin kafafen yaɗa labarai da halayyar ɗalibai.<ref name="ViolentMovies">{{cite journal |last=Danasabe |first=Mahmood |author2=Madugu, Suleiman |author3=Bura, Haruna Alhaji |title=Violent Movie Contents and Manifestation of Aggressive Behavior among Secondary School Students in Bauchi Metropolitan, Nigeria |journal=International Journal of Intellectual Discourse |year=2022 |url=https://ijidjournal.org/index.php/ijid/article/view/297 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2023, Danasabe ya kasance cikin marubutan binciken da ya tantance ilimi, halaye da matakan kariya daga yaɗuwar HIV daga uwa zuwa ɗa tsakanin ɗaliban jinya a Bauchi State College of Nursing and Midwifery. An bayyana shi a matsayin malami daga Sashen Psychology na Federal University Gashua.<ref name="HIV">{{cite journal |last=Danasabe |first=Mahmood |author2=Saleh, Rakiya |author3=Waziri, Bappah Baba |author4=Adamu, Muhammad |title=Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV/AIDS among Student Nurses in Bauchi State College of Nursing and Midwifery, Nigeria |journal=International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=254–268 |year=2023 |doi=10.51584/IJRIAS.2023.8430 |url=https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/DigitalLibrary/volume-8-issue-4/254-268.pdf |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2024, Danasabe da abokan bincikensa sun yi nazari kan tasirin jarabar kafafen sada zumunta da sha'awar kallon hotuna ko bidiyoyin batsa wajen hasashen lafiyar tunani tsakanin ɗaliban Federal University Gashua. Binciken ya yi amfani da ɗalibai 366 kuma ya yi nazari kan alaƙar waɗannan abubuwa da psychological well-being.<ref name="Psychology2024"/> A shekarar 2025, Danasabe da abokan bincikensa sun wallafa bincike kan rawar clinical psychologists wajen tallafawa lafiyar tunani da kuma yadda taimakon mutane masu fama da damuwa zai iya taimakawa wajen ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa.<ref name="Clinical">{{cite journal |last=Danasabe |first=Mahmood |author2=Aboh, Elijah Endurance |author3=Yahaya, Dattijo Abubakar |author4=Abubakar, Alhassan |author5=Imrana, Kabiru |title=Role of Clinical Psychologists in Mental Health Support for Economic Sustainability and National Development in Nigeria |journal=FUWJSS |volume=4 |issue=1 |year=2025 |url=https://fuwjss.com/journal/index/archives/2748 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> A wannan shekarar, Danasabe ya kasance cikin marubutan bincike kan tasirin bidiyon kiɗa ga halayyar matasa a Federal University Gashua. Binciken ya yi amfani da ɗalibai 357 wajen nazarin alaƙar kallon bidiyon kiɗa da halayyar zamantakewa.<ref name="MusicVideo">{{cite journal |last=Danasabe |first=Mahmood |author2=Abubakar, Yahaya Dattijo |author3=Alhassan, Abubakar |author4=Kabiru, Imrana |author5=Suleiman, Umar Garba |author6=Abah, Emmanuel |title=Influence of Music Video on Youth Social Behavior in Federal University Gashua, Yobe State, Nigeria |journal=World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=1655–1667 |year=2025 |doi=10.30574/wjarr.2025.26.2.1598 |url=https://wjarr.com/content/influence-music-video-youth-social-behavior-federal-university-gashua-yobe-state-nigeria |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Malaman jami'o'in Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana ilimin halayyar ɗan Adam na Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana lafiyar tunani]] [[Category:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Tarayya ta Gashua]] [[Category:Masana ilimin halayyar ɗan Adam na asibiti]] [[Category:Mutanen Jihar Yobe]] gwb05xo256rg9zi28chvsq96latk2ou 0 163788 906284 898228 2026-08-22T18:37:00Z Mahuta 11340 906284 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Miriam Rürup''' ta yi karatun [[Tarihi]], [[Kimiyar al'umma|ilimin zamantakewa]] da ilimin al'ado a jami'o'in [[Göttingen]] (Jamus), [[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]] (Isra'ila) da [[Berlin]] (Jamus). Ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike a Gidauniyar "Topography of Terror" a Berlin, kuma a matsayin ɗan digiri a Cibiyar Bincike ta Franz Rosenzweig Minerva a [[Jami'ar Ibraniyawa ta Kudus|Jami'ar Ibrananci ta Urushalima]], da Cibiyar Simon Dubnow a [[Leipzig]] (Jamus). A shekara ta 2006, ta sami digirin digirinta daga Cibiyar Nazarin Anti-Semitism ([http://www.tu-berlin.de/fakultaet_i/zentrum_fuer_antisemitismusforschung/menue/aktuelles_veranstaltungen/ ''Zentrum für Antisemitismusforschung / ZfA'']) a Technische Universität Berlin . An buga littafinta game da tarihin ɗaliban Jamusanci da Yahudawa a Imperial da Weimar Jamus a cikin shekara ta 2007. Tsakanin shekara ta 2006 da 2010 ta kasance abokiyar karatun postdoctoral / mataimakiyar farfesa a DFG-Graduiertenkolleg "Generationengeschichte" da kuma sashen tarihi na [[Jami'ar Göttingen]] .<ref>{{Cite web |title=DFG-Graduiertenkolleg Generationengeschichte |url=http://www.generationengeschichte.uni-goettingen.de/ruerup.php |access-date=13 March 2017}}</ref> Bayan haka, ta yi aiki na shekaru biyu a matsayin mai bincike a Cibiyar Tarihin Jamus a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]. A watan Yulin 2012 Rürup ta zama darakta na IGdJ a Hamburg, inda ta kuma koyar a sashen tarihi na Jami'ar Hamburg.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2012 |title=Neue Leitung am Institut für die Geschichte der deutschen Juden in Hamburg |url=http://www.hamburg.de/pressearchiv-fhh/3481342/2012-07-02-bwf-neue-leitung-institut-geschichte-deutsche-juden/ |access-date=13 March 2017 |website=Press Release of the Behörde für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Gleichstellung der Stadt Hamburg}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekarar 2020, ta zama darakta na MMZ a Potsdam . Binciken ta yana mai da hankali kan tarihin Jamusanci da Yahudawa, Tarihin zamani (musamman tarihin Nazi Jamus da sakamakonsa), da kuma tarihin ƙaura da jinsi. Ayyukanta na bincike da ke gudana ya shafi tarihin rashin ƙasa a Turai bayan Yaƙe-yaƙe na Duniya guda biyu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rürup |first=Miriam |date=2014-01-01 |title=The Citizen and its Other: Zionist and Israeli Responses to Statelessness |journal=The Leo Baeck Institute Year Book |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=37–52 |doi=10.1093/leobaeck/ybu006 |issn=0075-8744}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rürup |first=Miriam |date=2016-08-21 |title=Das Geschlecht der Staatenlosen.Staatenlosigkeit in der BundesrepublikDeutschland nach 1945 |journal=Journal of Modern European History |language=en |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=411–436 |doi=10.17104/1611-8944-2016-3-411 |issn=1611-8944 |s2cid=152199184}}</ref> Miriam Rürup tana aiki a matsayin memba a kan allon ba da shawara na mujallu na kimiyya da yawa, misali ''[http://www.werkstattgeschichte.de/ WerkstattGeschichte]'' (tun daga 2002), ''[https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/asch Aschkenas]'' (tun daga 2013), da kuma littafin shekara na Leo Baeck Institute (tun daga 2014). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Leo Baeck Institute Year Book |title=Editorial and Advisory Board |url=https://academic.oup.com/leobaeck/pages/Editorial_Board |access-date=13 March 2017}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, tana jagorantar kwamitin edita na dijital na harsuna biyu (Jamusanci / Ingilishi) na kan layi na tushe: "Mafi [http://jewish-history-online.net/ Muhimman Takardun Tarihin Jamusanci da Yahudawa]" kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin masu bita na Tarihin Yahudawa tare da taron kan layi na H-Soz-Kult . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Editors |url=http://www.hsozkult.de/about/editors?language=en |access-date=13 March 2017 |website=H-Soz-Kult}}</ref> Har ila yau, memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Duniya Bergen-Belsen, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lower Saxony Memorials Foundation |title=International Advisory Board Bergen-Belsen |url=http://bergen-belsen.stiftung-ng.de/en/aboutus/international-advisory-board/ |access-date=25 June 2017}}</ref> na Ƙungiyar Nazarin 'Yancin Dan Adam a cikin karni na 20 ta Gidauniyar Fritz Thyssen ([[Köln|Cologne]]), <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fritz Thyssen Foundation |title=Study Group Human Rights in the 20th Century |url=http://www.fritz-thyssen-stiftung.de/study-groups/human-rights-in-the-20th-century/ |access-date=25 June 2017}}</ref> da ''Wissenschaftlichen Arbeitsgemeinschaft'' na Leo-Baeck-Institut a Jamus. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wissenschaftliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft des Leo-Baeck-Instituts (WAG) |url=http://wag-leobaeck.de |access-date=25 June 2017}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] 8s6qs91houvlm1mp0t6fj0wmazocjqj 0 163932 906370 899663 2026-08-23T03:28:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gimbiya Louise Hollandine ta Palatinate''' (18 Afrilu 1622 - 11 Fabrairu 1709) mai zane ce kuma mai abbess . Ita 'yar Frederick na Biyar na Palatinate ce, "Sarkin hunturu" na Bohemia, da kuma gimbiya Elizabeth Stuart ta Scotland, 'yar [[James VI da kuma I|Sarki James na VI da ni]] . An kuma san ta da soyayyar da take yi da Marquess na Montrose. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Louise Hollandine a watan Afrilun 1622, kuma an haife ta ne a Fadar Hague da ke Holland, yayin da mahaifinta ke gudun hijira a fadar kawunsa, Maurice, Yariman Orange . Ita ce 'ya'yansa na shida kuma 'ya ta biyu daga matarsa Gimbiya Elizabeth Stuart, babbar 'yar [[James VI da kuma I|Sarki James VI da I na Ingila]] kuma 'yar'uwar Sarki Charles na ɗaya . Iyayenta sun rasa filayen zaɓe da kuma kambin Bohemia, wanda hakan ya haifar da ƙaura. An ba ta suna Hollandine don nuna godiya ga kawun Frederick, Sarakunan Orange, saboda kare iyalan da ke gudun hijira. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-12 |title=Princess Louise Hollandine of the Palatinate |url=https://www.madameguillotine.co.uk/2012/05/12/princess-louise-hollandine-of-the-palatinate/ |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=Madame Guillotine |language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128232740/https://madameguillotine.co.uk/2012/05/12/princess-louise-hollandine-of-the-palatinate/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta yi karatu sosai a Leiden a 'Prinsenhof', kuma an ruwaito cewa ta fara koyon zane tun tana da shekaru shida, kuma ta himmatu ga zane-zane. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reid |first=Lindsay Ann |date=22 July 2019 |title=Louise Hollandine and the Art of Arachnean Critique |url=https://aran.library.nuigalway.ie/bitstream/handle/10379/15357/L.A.REID-LOUISE_HOLLANDINE_AND_THE_ART_OF_ARACHNEAN_CRITIQUE.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y}}</ref> An koyar da ita a cikin al'adar Calvinist bisa ga koyarwar Heidelberg Catechism . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kerstjens |first=Christopher A. |date=1999-08-01 |title=A Princely Painter: Princess Louise Hollandine of the PAlatinate, Abbess of Maubuisson |journal=The Court Historian |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=161–166 |doi=10.1179/cou.1999.4.2.004 |issn=1462-9712}}</ref> Ta karɓi tayin aure daga ɗan uwanta, Frederick William, Mai zaɓen Brandenburg lokacin tana da shekaru 17. Duk da haka, yayin da Elizabeth Stuart, Sarauniyar Bohemia, ta yi mata albarka, iyayensa ba su amince ba, haka nan kuma Countess Louise Juliana ta Nassau . == Soyayyar Montrose == An ce Louise ta yi soyayya da James Graham, Marquess na 1st na Montrose (wanda asali Earl na Montrose ne), wani soja kuma mawaki ɗan Scotland. Montrose, jarumin ƙasa mai girmamawa, ya yi yarjejeniya da Louise don aurenta idan ya sami damar sake tabbatar da mulkin Scotland ga ɗan uwanta, Charles II, wanda ke gudun hijira a lokacin. Montrose ya lashe nasarori da dama na soja har sai da aka rataye shi aka kuma raba shi gida a shekarar 1650, don haka auren bai cika ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=When Risking Everything Meant Losing All: Who Was the Marquis of Montrose? {{!}} Montrose Associates - Strategic Intelligence, Strategic Advice |url=https://montroseassociates.biz/article/when-risking-everything-meant-losing-all-who-was-the-marquis-of-montrose |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=montroseassociates.biz}}</ref> == Manazarta == amt9araivxh6b6ifiuyfr8fqtw6lwte 0 164035 906373 900580 2026-08-23T03:38:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lubna na Córdoba''' (Lubna Al-Qortobia, Larabci: لبنى القرطبية) ƴar Andalusian ce mai ilimi, masanin lissafi kuma mawaki na Arabic na biyu na ƙarni na 10 da aka sani da ingancin rubuce-rubucenta da ƙwarewarta a kimiyya. An haifi Lubna a cikin bautar kuma ta girma a cikin fadar Madīnat al-Zahrā . Daga nan sai ta bi aiki a cikin fadar a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Al-Hakam II na masu kwafi. == Rayuwa ta farko == Ba a san komai game da tarbiyyar Lubna ba ko kaɗan. Yawancin labaran da ake da su hasashe ne na masana tarihi da na masana waɗanda suka dogara da bayanai game da mata a cikin irin wannan matsayi a ƙarni na 11 a Al-Andalus.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Shamsie |first=Kamila |date=2016-03-03 |title=Librarians, rebels, property owners, slaves: Women in al-Andalus |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/17449855.2016.1164968 |journal=Journal of Postcolonial Writing |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=178–188 |doi=10.1080/17449855.2016.1164968 |issn=1744-9855 |s2cid=147845243 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> An haifi Lubna a cikin Madīnat al-Zahrā, a ƙarƙashin mulkin Khalifa Abd al-Rahman III, wanda ya fara a cikin 929. A lokacin mulkinsa yawan bayi a Córdoba ya karu. Lubna ya zama bawa tun daga haihuwa.<ref name=":43">{{Cite web |last=Salisbury |first=Joyce E. |title=Warriors, Queens, and Intellectuals: 36 Great Women before 1400 |url=https://www.wondrium.com/warriors-queens-and-intellectuals-36-great-women-before-1400 |website=Wondrium}}</ref> [[José Miguel Puerta Vílchez]] na Jami'ar Granada, ya yi iƙirarin cewa mahaifin Lubna shine Khalifa Abd al-Rahman III, wanda zai sanya ta ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yansa mata goma sha shida. Kodayake rubuce-rubuce sun nuna sunayen 'ya'yansa maza 11, sunayen' ya'yansa mata ba a rubuta su ba, sai dai 'ya'ya mata Hind da Wallada.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Imāmuddīn |first=S. M. |date=1962 |title='ABD AL-RAḤMĀN AL-NĀṢIR'S ACCESSION TO THE THRONE: A CONTEMPORARY ACCOUNT |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20832645 |journal=Islamic Studies |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=105–115 |issn=0578-8072 |jstor=20832645}}</ref> Yaran Khalifa yawanci mahaifiyarsu masu bautar ne suka haife su a cikin gidan sarauta. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai shine Al-Hakam II, ɗan Abd al-Rahman III kuma magajin kursiyin, wanda aka haife shi ga [[Marjan of Al-Andalus|Marjan]], ya girma a cikin gidan sarauta, kuma ya ci gaba da aiki tare da Lubna a cikin ɗakin karatu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ruggles |first=D. F. |date=2004 |title=Mothers of a Hybrid Dynasty: Race, Genealogy, and Acculturation in al-Andalus |url=https://www.academia.edu/3189990 |journal=Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies |language=en |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=65–94 |doi=10.1215/10829636-34-1-65 |issn=1082-9636 |s2cid=170890527}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Abd al-Rahman III {{!}} Real Academia de la Historia |url=https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/4459/abd-al-rahman-iii |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=dbe.rah.es}}</ref> Ana zaton Lubna tana da ilimi mai kyau a duk rayuwarta don daga baya ta zama mai ilimi da masanin kotun Khalifa.<ref name=":43"/> Bugu da ƙari, akwai dalilai na addini wanda ya sa aikin ilmantarwa, 'yantarwa, da kuma daukar ma'aikatan bayi ya zama ruwan dare a ƙarƙashin mulkin musulmi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ismail |first=Rabia |date=May 2019 |title=Islam and Education |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338501152 |journal=UCG Journal |pages=375–377 |via=Research Gate}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Lubna ya fara ne a matsayin mai kwafi ga ɗakin karatu na Al-Hakam II, wanda ya hau mulki a matsayin Khalifa a cikin 961. A cewar tarihin Larabawa, a zamanin Khalifa Al-Hakam na Biyu, ana samun mata sama da 170 masu ilimi a wasu unguwannin birnin; waɗannan mata ne ke da alhakin yin kwafin rubuce-rubuce masu mahimmanci. Wannan yana ba da ra'ayi game da al'ada da rawar da mata suka taka a lokacin mulkin Khalifa.. Al-Hakam II ya bi sawun mahaifinsa ta hanyar 'yantar da Lubna da kuma nada ta a matsayin sakatarensa da masanin zama.<ref name=":43"/> A matsayin wani ɓangare na alhakinta Lubna ta kuma kula da ɗakin karatu, wanda take da ƙwarewar ƙwararru da ta samu daga kwarewarta na sake rubuta rubuce-rubucen da take riƙewa. Lubna tana ɗaya daga cikin aƙalla mutane 100 da aka 'yantar daga bauta ta hannun Al-Hakam na Biyu kafin da kuma bayan mutuwarsa. Idan aka ba ta takardu da ke shelar 'yancinta, da ta kasance cikin rukunin zamantakewa na "mawla, mawali" na al'ummar Musulmi. A ƙarni na 11 na Al-Andalus, ba sabon abu ba ne ga tsoffin bayin fada su sami mukamai, kuma galibi ana amincewa da su fiye da 'yan siyasa na gida..<ref name=":02"/><ref name=":43"/> A cikin ɗakin karatu na Córdoba, Lubna yana da alhakin wasa, rubutu, da fassara rubuce-rubuce da yawa. Ta yi nazarin waɗannan matani kuma ta rubuta sharhin da bayanai masu mahimmanci a kansu. Wasu daga cikin wadannan matani sun hada da na [[Arkimidus|Archimedes]] da [[Euclid]] . <ref name=":43"/> Tare da Hasdai ibn Shaprut, ita ce mai motsawa a bayan kirkirar sanannen ɗakin karatu na Medina Azahara, wanda ke da akalla littattafai 400,000. Masanin tarihi Joyce E. Salisbury na Jami'ar Wisconsin, Green Bay ya bayyana aikin Lubna tare da al'umma a waje da ganuwar fadar. Ta koyar da yara a lissafi, kuma yayin da ta koma cikin fadar, za su bi ta ta maimaita teburin ninkawa.<ref name=":43"/> An kuma haɗa ta a cikin ƙamus na tarihin Ibn Bashkuwāl na malaman Islama ta Spain, 'Ci gaba da tarihin ilimi na al-Andalus' (Kitāb al-ṣila fī taʾrīkh aʾimmat al-Andaluz, Larabci: كتاب الصلة في جیا أئمة الأندلس وعلئهمما). A nan an bayyana ta a matsayin "marubuci mai basira, masanin ilimin lissafi, mawaki, mai ilimi a lissafi, mai cikakken ilmantarwa; babu wanda ke cikin fadar da ya kasance mai daraja kamar ita...", kamar yadda yake da "babban ilimin lissafi da sauran kimiyyar", <ref name=":02"/> kuma kamar yadda yake masani a cikin ainihin kimiyyar, tare da ikon warware "mafi rikitarwa na lissafi da algebraic da aka sani a lokacinta. "<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Al-Hassani |first=Salim |date=2020-02-11 |title=Women's Contribution to Classical Islamic Civilisation: Science, Medicine and Politics |url=https://muslimheritage.com/womens-contribution-to-classical-islamic-civilisation-science-medicine-and-politics/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Muslim Heritage}}</ref> == Tambayoyi game da ainihi == Akwai tambayoyi da yawa game da asalin Lubna da rawar da ta taka a cikin ɗakin karatu da fadar Madīnat al-Zahrā. Kodayake ana samun bambance-bambance na sunanta a cikin tushen tarihi daban-daban, sun haɗu sosai dangane da lokaci, wuri, da rawar da ke takawa a fadar.<ref name=":02"/> An kuma sami Lubna a ƙarƙashin sunayen Labna, Labanna / Labana, Libana, <ref name=":2"/> da Labona <ref>{{Cite web |title=LIBANA - About Libana |url=https://libana.com/about-libana |access-date=2022-04-11 |website=libana.com}}</ref> a cikin asusun tarihi daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-01 |title=Women in Science - Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t445/e261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201220255/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:sLW7iC29gkkJ:www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t445/e261+&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us |archive-date=2018-02-01 |access-date=2022-04-11}}</ref> Kamar yadda marubuciya Kamila Shamsie ta yi nazari, "Abin da ya bayyana a bayyane game da Lubna na Cordoba shi ne cewa tana da alaƙa da fadar da duniyar littattafai a lokacin mulkin al-Hakam II, kuma tana da mahimmanci don a tuna da ita saboda basirarta da ilmantarwa. "<ref name=":02"/>Ta kuma tabbatar da cewa Lubna mai yiwuwa ya kasance bautar a cikin kotun sarauta, ya bambanta da ka'idar da ta Lubna kasancewa Fatimid da aka gayyaci zuwa kotun don sayen littafi na musamman. A matsayinta na sakataren sirri na Al-Hakam II, labarin Lubna kasancewa mai kula da ayyukan ɗakin karatu da sayen littafi a Alkahira, Damascus da Baghdad ba zai yiwu ba, saboda dole ne ta bar ɗakin karatu na dogon lokaci na tafiya.<ref name=":43"/> Kamila Shamsie ta yi iƙirarin cewa ''Lubna'' na iya kasancewa mata biyu daban-daban, Lubna da ''Fatima'' - sun haɗu cikin mace ɗaya saboda masanin tarihi da ke da alhakin bai iya fahimtar cewa akwai mata biyu masu ilimi a kotun ɗaya ba. Lubna da Fatima an bayyana su a matsayin mutane biyu daban-daban a cikin tarihin tarihi da yawa, kamar a cikin The Story of Islamic Spain na Syed Azizur Rahmad da La corteza de la letra na Marietta Gargatagli . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gargatagli |first=Marietta |date=1998 |title=La corteza de la letra |journal=Quaderns: Revista de traducci |volume=1 |pages=11–26}}</ref> == Kyauta == An sanya wa wata titi a Cordoba suna a cikin 2019, ''Avenida Escriba Lubna'', don tunawa da aikinta a matsayin mai kwafi. Tana ɗaya daga cikin mata talatin da uku da aka gano a cikin aikin Inmaculada Serrano Hernández, "Mujeres en las Calles de Córdoba" ('Mata a titunan Cordoba'). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Serrano Hernández |first=Inmaculada |title=Lubna |url=http://mujerescallescordoba.es/lubna/ |website=Mujeres en las calles de Córdoba |access-date=2026-08-16 |archive-date=2022-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121081657/http://mujerescallescordoba.es/lubna/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kirkiro aikin ne tare da hadin gwiwar Casa Árabe, Centro de Profesorado de Córdoba, Instituto Andaluz de la Mujer, kuma Ayuntamiento na Cordoba ne ya inganta shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delegación de Igualdad - Ayuntamiento de Córdoba - Mujeres en las calles de Córdoba. |url=https://igualdad.cordoba.es/actividades-en-la-casa/historico-por-anos/2019/mujeres-en-las-calles-de-cordoba |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=igualdad.cordoba.es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Casa Árabe {{!}} Córdoba denomina "Escriba Lubna" a una de las calles de la ciudad |url=https://www.casaarabe.es/noticias-arabes/show/cordoba-denomina-escriba-lubna-a-una-de-las-calles-de-la-ciudad |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=www.casaarabe.es}}</ref> Mai zane Jose Luis Munoz ya kirkiro nasa hoton Lubna. Jerin sa yana mai da hankali kan muhimman adadi shida a zamanin Al-Andalus . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Web del pintor y grabador J. L. MUÑOZ - Al·Andalus |url=http://www.jlmunoz.com/html/al_andalus.html |access-date=2022-04-11 |website=www.jlmunoz.com}}</ref> Ana iya samun hoton Lubna a cikin nune-nunen dindindin na La Casa de Sefarad a Córdoba . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Web del pintor y grabador J. L. MUÑOZ - Al·Andalus |url=http://www.jlmunoz.com/html/al-andalus_1.html |access-date=2022-04-11 |website=www.jlmunoz.com}}</ref> Ta bayyana a matsayin wani ɓangare na Gidan Tarihi a matsayin wani bangare na shigarwar zane-zane na Judy Chicago (1979). Rubutun a kan BBC Radio 3 ya nuna jerin da aka keɓe ga [[Zamanin Zinare na Musulunci|Zamanin Zinariya na Musulunci]]. A cikin wani labari, marubuciya Kamila Shamsie ta binciki rayuwar Lubna ta Cordoba . <ref>Shamsie, K. (2014, Feb 17). {{Cite web |title=Lubna of Cordoba, The Islamic Golden Age |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03vd5xt}}(No. 20) [Radio broadcast]. In The Essay. BBC Radio 3.</ref> Masanin tarihin Mutanen Espanya kuma marubucin litattafai Jorge Lorente Pérez ya bayyana rayuwar Lubna na Córdoba a cikin labarinsa "The Infinite Multiplication Table". == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] atng77m1zzlp8wrdso9y70hdmy6segt 0 164132 906540 901496 2026-08-23T11:48:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Margret Rasfeld''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1951) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus, mai fafutuka kuma shugabar makaranta wadda ta yi ritaya daga aiki. Ita ce wadda ta kafa kuma ita ce babbar daraktar wannan shiri na ''{{Interlanguage link|Schule im Aufbruch|de}}'' (makarantar tana kan hanyarta) kuma an zaɓe ta a matsayin Ashoka Fellow tun daga shekarar 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Margret Rasfeld {{!}} Ashoka {{!}} Everyone a Changemaker |url=https://www.ashoka.org/en-us/fellow/margret-rasfeld |access-date=2020-11-14 |website=www.ashoka.org |language=en-us}}</ref> Rasfeld yana ba da shawarar sake fasalin ilimin makaranta bisa ga jagororin kamfen na [[UNESCO]] ''Education for Sustainable Development'' (ESD). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Margret Rasfeld |url=http://www.lernkulturzeit.de/people/margret-rasfeld/ |access-date=2020-11-14 |website=Bildung für globales Bewusstsein |language=de-DE |archive-date=2020-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021080958/https://www.lernkulturzeit.de/people/margret-rasfeld/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa == An haifi Margret Rasfeld a shekarar 1951 a Gladbeck, North Rhine-Westphalia, Jamus. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Von einer, die auszog, das Schulwesen zu revolutionieren |trans-title=From a woman who set out to revolutionize the school system |url=https://www.stiftung-naturschutz.de/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf/Presse/Portrait_rasfeld.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809192902/https://www.stiftung-naturschutz.de/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf/Presse/Portrait_rasfeld.pdf |archive-date=2024-08-09 |language=de}}</ref> Daga shekarar 1976 zuwa shekara ta 1992, ta kasance malamar makaranta a wani dakin motsa jiki a fannin ilmin halittu da sinadarai. Daga shekarar 1992 zuwa 1997, ta shiga cikin kafa makarantar sakandare ta Borbeck da ke [[Essen]] a matsayin darakta mai koyarwa. Daga shekara ta 1997 zuwa shekara ta 2007, Rasfeld ya gina Makarantar Koyon Makaranta ta Holsterhausen Comprehensive, wadda ta sami kyaututtuka masu yawa saboda ayyukanta na ilimi don ci gaba mai ɗorewa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AGENDA-Schule Gesamtschule Essen-Holsterhausen |url=https://www.gesamtschule-essen-holsterhausen.de/auszeichnungen.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051227153531/http://www.gesamtschule-essen-holsterhausen.de/auszeichnungen.html |archive-date=2005-12-27 |access-date=2025-02-16}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 0yto6fk2uq7j7ugru930s1xydcoj219 0 164278 906367 902117 2026-08-23T02:30:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Litinin John Onyeme''' (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1965) [[ɗan siyasa]] Najeriya ne kuma mai ba da lissafi wanda ya kasance Mataimakin Gwamna na [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] tun daga watan Mayu na shekara ta 2023.2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delta State Deputy Governor, Onyeme Laments Looting Of Office, Lodge By Hoodlums Working For Predecessor {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2023/06/08/delta-state-deputy-governor-onyeme-laments-looting-office-lodge-hoodlums-working |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Omonigho |first=Matthew |date=2023-05-29 |title=Okowa bows out for Oborevwori urges new Gov to focus on God for direction |url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/05/29/okowa-bows-out-for-oborevwori-urges-new-gov-to-focus-on-god-for-direction/ |access-date=2023-09-23 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref> Anrantsar da shi a ranar 29 ga Mayu tare da Gwamna, [[Sheriff Oborevwori]] bayan ya lashe [[Zaben gwamna na Jihar Delta na 2023|Zaben gwamna na 2023]] a watan Maris na shekara ta 202March March 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ukodhiko Congratulates Delta Governor-Elect, Oborevwori, Deputy, Onyeme |url=https://independent.ng/ukodhiko-congratulates-delta-governor-elect-oborevwori-deputy-onyeme/ |access-date=2023-09-23 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Independent (Nigeria)|Independent]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Igbekoyi |first=Felix |date=2023-05-30 |title=Oborevwori Promises To Be Servant Of All |url=https://leadership.ng/oborevwori-promises-to-be-servant-of-all/ |access-date=2023-09-23 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}</ref> == Tarihi da farkon rayuwarsa == Litinin Onyeme ɗan asalin Ibabu ne, Onicha Ukwuani A Ndokwa West LGA na [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] inda aka haife shi a ranar 30 ga Maris 1965. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Chief (Sir) Monday John Onyeme – Delta State Government |url=https://www.deltastate.gov.ng/team/sir-monday-john-onyeme/ |access-date=2023-09-23 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202181408/https://www.deltastate.gov.ng/team/sir-monday-john-onyeme/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya sami takardar shaidar barin makarantar firamare ta farko a makarantar yara ta Sojoji, Sokoto, Jihar Sokoto, kafin ya ci gaba zuwa Makarantar Sakandare ta Gwamnati, Gummi, Jihar Kebbi don karatun sakandare tsakanin 1977 da 1982.1982.<ref name=":22">{{Cite news |title=Delta PDP declares Onyeme dep guber candidate |url=https://guardian.ng/news/delta-pdp-declares-onyeme-dep-guber-candidate/ |access-date=2023-09-23 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Chief (Sir) Monday John Onyeme – Delta State Government |url=https://www.deltastate.gov.ng/team/sir-monday-john-onyeme/ |access-date=2023-09-23 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202181408/https://www.deltastate.gov.ng/team/sir-monday-john-onyeme/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kammala karatu a fannin lissafi daga [[Jami'ar Calabar]] inda ya kammala a shekarar1990.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |last=Okeme |first=Whisky |date=26 February 2019 |title=Sir Monday John Onyeme: An insight into the leadership of Delta State Inland Revenue |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/02/sir-monday-john-onyeme-an-insight-into-the-leadership-of-delta-state-inland-revenue/amp/ |access-date=2023-09-23 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref>Ya fara aikinsa na aiki a matsayin malami tare da Tarayyar Polytechnic Kaura Namoda, Jihar Zamfara tsakanin 1991 da 1992, kuma daga baya ya shiga Bankin Kasuwanci na Legas daga 1993 zuwa 1995.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Okeme |first=Whisky |date=26 February 2019 |title=Sir Monday John Onyeme: An insight into the leadership of Delta State Inland Revenue |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/02/sir-monday-john-onyeme-an-insight-into-the-leadership-of-delta-state-inland-revenue/amp/ |access-date=2023-09-23 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Mai Ba da Bayani na Octopus Credential Limited a Legas tsakanin 1995 da 1996 da Hukumar Kula da Raya Noma ta Kasa, Asaba daga 1996 zuwa 2000 a matsayin Shugaban Sashen Kudi da Sayarwa.<ref name=":1" /> Ya shiga Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya (Fasaha) Asaba a matsayin Babban Mai Ba da Bayani a shekara ta 2000 kuma daga baya ya zama Bursar a shekara ta 2005.<ref name=":1" /> A shekara ta 2006, an nada shi Bursar na Jami'ar National Open, Legas, wanda ya rike na tsawon shekaru held for nine years.<ref name=":23">{{Cite news |title=Delta PDP declares Onyeme dep guber candidate |url=https://guardian.ng/news/delta-pdp-declares-onyeme-dep-guber-candidate/ |access-date=2023-09-23 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Adebowale |first=Segun |date=2015-11-13 |title=NOUN students want VC, others sacked, petition EFCC, ICPC {{!}} |url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/noun-students-want-vc-others-sacked-petition-efcc-icpc/ |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=The Eagle Online |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ochei |first=Matthew |date=2023-08-14 |title=NOUN debunks financial allegations against deputy gov |url=https://punchng.com/noun-debunks-financial-allegations-against-deputy-gov/ |access-date=2023-09-23 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Litinin Onyeme an nada shi Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Haraji ta Jihar Delta a shekarar 2015,<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 September 2015 |title=Okowa nominates Internal Revenue Board members |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2015/09/23/okowa-nominates-internal-revenue-board-members/ |access-date=2023-09-23 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[P.M. News]]}}</ref> kuma an sake nada shi a shekarar 2019 don wani wa'adi.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Delta Assembly clears nominees for revenue board |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/south-south-regional/360095-delta-assembly-clears-nominees-for-revenue-board.html?tztc=1 |access-date=2023-09-23 |newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref>A ranar 23 ga watan Yunin 2022, an sanar da shi mataimakin dan takarar gwamna kuma abokin takarar dan takarar gwamna [[:en:Sheriff_Oborevwori|Sheriff Oborevwori]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Igbekoyi |first=Felix |date=2022-06-23 |title=Delta PDP Picks Onyeme As Deputy Gov'ship Candidate |url=https://leadership.ng/delta-pdp-picks-onyeme-as-deputy-govship-candidate/ |access-date=2023-09-23 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=The Eagle |date=2022-06-23 |title=Delta State PDP governorship candidate picks running mate {{!}} |url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/delta-state-pdp-governorship-candidate-picks-running-mate/ |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=The Eagle Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] rj7sxq257mwrhmcm1w2xa6uqsokwx1i 0 164601 906376 903607 2026-08-23T03:55:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906376 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Luise Begas-Parmentier''' (1843-1920) ta kasance mai zane-zane da gine-gine na Austrian-Jamusanci <ref name="Retrobibliothek">{{Cite web |title=Seite aus Biographisches Künstler-Lexikon: Begas-Parmentier - Behrendsen |url=http://www.retrobibliothek.de/retrobib/seite.html?id=66741 |access-date=6 December 2018 |website=Retrobibliothek}}</ref> kuma Salonière. == Rayuwa da aiki == [[Fayil:Cypresses-Begas-Parmentier.jpg|left|thumb|234x234px| Scene a Villa Torlonia a Frascati]] An haifi Begas-Parmentier née Parmentier a ranar 15 ga Afrilu 1843 a [[Vienna]], [[Austriya|Austria]] . <ref name="RKD">{{Cite web |title=Luise Begas-Parmentier |url=https://rkd.nl/nl/explore/artists/5943 |access-date=6 December 2018 |website=RKD |language=nl}}</ref> Ta bi misalin 'yar uwarta {{Interlanguage link|Maria von Parmentier|de}}, ta yanke shawarar zama mai zane. Ta sami horon farko tare da mai zane-zanen shimfidar wuri Emil Jakob Schindler da kuma mai zane William Unger . <ref name="Nichols">{{Cite web |last=Nichols |first=K. L. |title=Women's Art at the World's Columbian Fair & Exposition, Chicago 1893 |url=http://arcadiasystems.org/academia/cassatt10ccc.html#parmentier |access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref> Tana da shekaru ashirin da biyu, tana baje kolin ayyukanta kan jigogi na karkara a Vienna Künstlerhaus . A kusan shekarar 1875, ta fara jerin tafiye-tafiyen karatu zuwa Italiya, inda ta mai da hankali kan Venice. <ref name="AskArt">{{Cite web |title=Luise von Begas-Parmentier |url=http://www.askart.com/artist/Luise_von_BegasParmentier/11015128/Luise_von_BegasParmentier.aspx |access-date=6 December 2018 |website=AskArt |archive-date=9 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209123755/http://www.askart.com/artist/Luise_von_BegasParmentier/11015128/Luise_von_BegasParmentier.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan shekarar 1876, zane-zanenta masu taken Italiya sun kasance abin kallo a wuraren baje kolin a [[Kwalejin Fasaha, Berlin|Kwalejin Fasaha ta Berlin]] . A shekara ta 1877 ta auri abokin aikinta mai zane Adalbert Begas, <ref name="AskArt"/> <ref name="RKD"/> wanda ya girme ta da shekaru goma sha biyar kuma mai sha'awar Italiya sosai. Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa wani gida mai tsada tare da ɗakin studio a kudancin Tiergarten da ke Berlin, inda ta ƙirƙiri magoya baya [[Romanticism|masu]] launukan furanni ko inabin Italiya, da kuma zane-zanen zane na yau da kullun, bisa ga salon zamani. Sun kuma yi "tafiye-tafiyen karatu" akai-akai zuwa Italiya, musamman Sicily, Capri da Venice. <ref name="AskArt" /> A ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan tafiye-tafiyen a shekarar 1888, Adalbert ya mutu sakamakon ciwon huhu. Duk da haka, ta ci gaba da tafiye-tafiye da kuma baje kolin kayayyaki a ko'ina. Begas-Parmentier ta nuna ayyukanta a Ginin Mata a bikin baje kolin Columbia na Duniya na 1893 da aka gudanar a Chicago, Illinois. <ref name="Nichols"/> Shekaru da dama, ta yi aiki a hukumar gudanarwa ta ''Verein der Berliner Künstlerinnen'', wata ƙungiyar masu fasaha don haɓaka fasaha ta mata, waɗanda ba su sami damar halartar makarantun gwamnati ba har sai 1919. Baya ga ayyukanta na fasaha, gidanta ya shahara a matsayin salon adabi. <ref name="Navigare">{{Cite web |title=Eine Abendgesellschaft in Berlin im Jahre 1895 |url=http://www.navigare.de/hofmannsthal/abend.htm |access-date=6 December 2018 |website=Navigare |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628130748/http://www.navigare.de/hofmannsthal/abend.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 1900, mujallar ''Daheim'' ta ce, "Tana ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun abubuwan da suka fi daraja a duniyar fasaha ta Berlin; cibiyar kyakkyawar zamantakewa ta ilimi, ta yau da kullun, da fasaha". Daga cikin fitattun mutanen da suka kasance baƙi na yau da kullun, za a iya ambaton Isadora Duncan, Tilla Durieux, Samuel Fischer, Alfred Kerr, Ernst von Wildenbruch da Harry Graf Kessler. [[Fayil:Gnomes-Begas-Parmentier.jpg|thumb|260x260px| Gnomes kusa da Katangar Castle]] Begas-Parmentier ya mutu a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 1920 a [[Berlin]], Jamus. <ref name="RKD"/> == Manazarta == m67pyhs7nsj1q3vzomep0heyyd9huen 0 164608 906539 903634 2026-08-23T11:46:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Margret Hölle''' an haife ta '''Margret Sträußl''' (2 ga watan Afrilu a Shekara ta 1927 - 16 ga watan Oktoba a shekara ta 2023) mawaki ce ta Jamusanci, marubuciya kuma marubuciya wacce ta goyi bayan yaren Upper Palatinate . An ba ta lambar yabo ta Bayerischer Poetentaler da Bavarian Order of Merit . == Rayuwa == An haifi Hölle a shekara ta 1927 a Neumarkt a cikin Oberpfalz . <ref name="new">{{Cite web |title=Neumarktaktuell |url=https://neumarktaktuell.de/news/stadt-trauert-um-kulturpreistraegerin-margret-hoelle-56077/20-10-2023 |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=neumarktaktuell.de |language=en |archive-date=2023-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225162539/https://neumarktaktuell.de/news/stadt-trauert-um-kulturpreistraegerin-margret-hoelle-56077/20-10-2023 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan yakin duniya na biyu ta bar garinsu don shiga gidan wasan kwaikwayo mai tafiya. Ta dauki darussan wasan kwaikwayo kuma daga baya ta shiga makarantar wasan kwaikwayo ta Jamus a Munich. Ta daina wasan kwaikwayo kafin ta auri Erich Hölle . Ya kwatanta littattafai kuma tare suna da 'ya'ya biyu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Trauer um Dichterin Margret Hölle: Die gebürtige Neumarkterin starb im Alter von 96 Jahren |url=https://www.mittelbayerische.de/lokales/landkreis-neumarkt/trauer-um-dichterin-margret-hoelle-die-gebuertige-neumarkterin-starb-im-alter-von-96-jahren-14602641 |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=Mittelbayerische.de |language=de}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1950 ta fara buga shayari kuma akai-akai a cikin yaren Upper Palatinate. An yaba wa aikinta da yin yaren da ya fi sani.<ref name=":0" /> Ta ji cewa yaren ya lalace kuma ta bincika tarihinta don dawo da tsoffin kalmomi. Duk da kalmomin da suka gabata ta sami nasarar yin waƙoƙinta na zamani. Ta rubuta waka ta haraji ga mawaki Johann Andreas Schmeller wanda kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya farfado da wannan yaren.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Turmschreiber |first=Münchner |date=2023-10-19 |title=Zum Tod von Margret Hölle |url=https://muenchner-turmschreiber.de/2023/10/19/zum-tod-von-margret-holle/ |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=Willkommen bei den Münchner Turmschreibern |language=de-DE}}</ref> Za ta karanta waƙoƙinta a shirye-shiryen rediyo na Bavaria kuma ta taimaka wa masu sauraro da fahimtar yaren. Ta san cewa waƙarta tana da wuyar fahimta ga waɗanda ke waje da Bavaria.<ref name=":1" /> A shekara ta 1990 ta lashe kyautar al'adun Neumarkt . <ref name="new"/> A shekara ta 2003 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin huɗu da aka girmama tare da kyautar Bayerischer Poetentaler ta Bavarian . Sauran su ne Silke Aichhorn, Helmut Seitz da Jutta Speidel . Bayerischer Poetentaler an ba da shi ne daga ƙungiyar marubuta ta ''Münchner Turmschreiber''.<ref name="Literaturportal Bayern">{{Cite web |title=Bayerischer Poetentaler |url=https://www.literaturportal-bayern.de/preise-foerderungen?task=lpbaward.default&id=9 |access-date=25 December 2023 |website=Literaturportal Bayern |language=de}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2012, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Bavarian Order of Merit .  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Hölle ya mutu a [[München|Munich]] a 2023 yana da shekaru 96. <ref name="new"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1927]] mvhwya1cnrzd6b79eu0db5raj2v8lw8 0 164769 906363 904429 2026-08-23T01:51:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Lillian Aber''' '[[ɗan siyasa|yar siyasa]] ce ta Uganda kuma mai gudanar da gwamnati wacce ke aiki a matsayin wakilin mata na Gundumar Kitgum a Majalisar dokokin Uganda ta goma sha ɗaya . A cikin 2024, Shugaba [[Yoweri Museveni]] ya naɗa Aber a matsayin Ministar Agaji, Shirye-shiryen Bala'i da Harkokin 'Yan Gudun Hijira a ofishin Firayim Minista. An sake naɗa ta a wannan matsayin a watan Mayun 2026 bayan sake zaɓenta a majalisar dokoki a matsayin 'yar majalisar mata ta gundumar Kitgum da ke Arewacin Uganda. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nzito |first=Arafat |date=2024-03-22 |title=Lillian Aber: Go-getter who tiptoed her way to the top |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/editorschoice/192885/lillian-aber-go-getter-who-tiptoed-her-way-to-the-top |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=Nilepost News |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon. Esther Anyakun hands over office to Hon. Lillian Aber – Office of the Prime Minister – A Coordinated, Responsive and Accountable Government for Socio-Economic Transformation |url=https://opm.go.ug/hon-esther-anyakun-hands-over-office-to-hon-lilian-aber/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=opm.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-28 |title=Museveni commends Dr. Lillian Aber's appointment |url=https://www.ntv.co.ug/ug/news/national/museveni-commends-dr-lillian-aber-s-appointment-4606054 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=NTV Uganda |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-27 |title=Lillian Aber promises to serve with utmost dedication, compassion & relentless commitment as she thanks M7 for the re-appointment |url=https://www.showbizuganda.com/lillian-aber-promises-to-serve-with-utmost-dedication-compassion-relentless-commitment-as-she-thanks-m7-for-the-re-appointment/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Showbizuganda |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ilimi == A shekara ta 2016, Aber ta sami digiri na farko a fannin adabi da sadarwa daga [[Jami'ar Makerere]] . Ta kuma sami digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Kasuwanci na Man Fetur da Gas daga [[Jami'ar Kirista ta Uganda]] a shekarar 2018 da kuma wani digiri na biyu na biyu a cikin Gudanar da Jama'a da Gudanarwa daga Jami'a ta Makerere a shekarar 2019. An kuma ba Aber lambar yabo ta PhD daga Kwalejin tauhidin Zoe Life a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] [https://zoelifetheologicalcollege.tripod.com/index.html] . == Ayyuka == Shiga Aber cikin siyasa ya fara ne a Jami'ar Makerere. A matsayinta na ɗalibi na farko, ta lashe zaɓen zama Kansila mai wakiltar Ƙungiya (GRC) na Makarantar Fasaha a Kwalejin Ilimin Bil Adama da Kimiyyar Zamantakewa. Daga nan sai Shugaban Ƙungiya ya naɗa ta a matsayin Ministar Ƙungiya, [[Anna Ebaju Adeke]] ta nada ta a matsayin Ministan Guild a wannan shekarar. A matsayinta na dalibi na biyu, ta tsaya takarar shugabancin guild a kan tikitin jam'iyyar Forum For Democratic Change, amma ta sha kashi a hannun Bwowe Ivan, wanda daga baya ya nada ta a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Guild.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Law student wins Makerere guild race - Citizens' Coalition for Electoral Democracy in Uganda (CCEDU) |url=https://ccedu.org.ug/index.php/publications/media-center/news-highligts-events/435-law-student-wins-makerere-guild-race |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=ccedu.org.ug |archive-date=2025-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415002848/https://ccedu.org.ug/index.php/publications/media-center/news-highligts-events/435-law-student-wins-makerere-guild-race |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yayinda take Mataimakin Shugaban Guild, ta yi takarar shugabancin kungiyar dalibai ta kasa ta Uganda (UNSA) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-23 |title=Makerere University Guild Vice President Dr.Lillian Aber to contest for UNSA Presidency The Campus Times |url=https://www.campustimesug.com/makerere-university-guild-vice-president-lillian-aber-to-contest-for-unsa-presidency/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=The Campus Times |language=en-US}}</ref> wanda ta lashe a shekarar 2015, inda ta maye gurbin Matanda Abubaker (Shugaban UNSA daga 2013 zuwa 2014). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-30 |title=Makerere University's Dr.Lillian Aber voted President Uganda National Students Association • The Campus Times |url=https://www.campustimesug.com/makerere-universitys-Dr.lillian-aber-voted-president-uganda-national-students-association/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=The Campus Times |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=President Museveni witnesses swearing-in of new executive of the Uganda National Students Association |url=https://www.statehouse.go.ug/media/news/2015/02/15/president-museveni-witnesses-swearing-new-executive-uganda-national-students-a |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=www.statehouse.go.ug}}</ref> Aber daga baya ya tashi daga jam'iyyar Forum For Democratic Change zuwa jam'iyyar National Resistance Movement lokacin da yake tsayawa a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Matasa ta Kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-23 |title=FDC's UNSA President, Dr.Lillian Aber Crosses To NRM |url=https://campusbee.ug/news/fdcs-unsa-president-lillian-aber-crosses-to-nrm/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=Campus Bee |language=en-US}}</ref> An zabe ta a wannan mukamin a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2015, inda ta samu kuri'u 119 a gaban George Abudul wanda ya samu kuri'a 105. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kajubu |first=Emmanuel |title=National Youth Council Gets First Female Chairperson |url=http://ugandaradionetwork.com/story/first-female-elected-national-youth-council-chairperson |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=Uganda Radio Network |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Aber Lilian |url=https://www.nyc.org.ug/nec/aber-lillian |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=National youth council Uganda}} {{Dead link|date=April 2023}} [[Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2023]] </ref> Aber babban mai ba da shawara ne ga shugaban kasa kan matasa <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=11 January 2021 |title=Government names 14 on constitutional review team |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/government-names-14-on-constitutional-review-team--1790956 |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}</ref> kuma wakilin matasa na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-20 |title=Youth Delegates at 73rd GA session {{!}} United Nations For Youth |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/youth/what-we-do/youth-delegate-programme/youth-delegates-at-73rd-ga-session.html/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=www.un.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-01 |title=Uganda Sends First Ever Youths Delegates to UN General Assembly |url=https://chimpreports.com/uganda-sends-first-ever-youths-delegates-to-un-general-assembly/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}</ref> Aber kuma tsohon wakilin kungiyar dalibai ta [[Kasashen common wealth|Commonwealth]] ne wanda ke kula da haɗin gwiwa da bayar da shawarwari. A cikin 2018, Aber ya shiga ƙungiyar nazarin [[Kundin Tsarin Mulki|Tsarin Mulki]] ta Uganda. <ref name=":2" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-21 |title=Dp attacks constitutional review team |url=https://www.kfm.co.ug/news/dp-attacks-constitutional-review-team.html |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=93.3 KFM |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekara ta 2016 ta tsaya takarar Majalisar Dokokin Gabashin Afirka ba tare da nasara ba.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=NRM Elects Candidates For EALA Race – Parliament Watch |url=https://parliamentwatch.ug/nrm-elects-candidates-for-eala-race/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=parliamentwatch.ug}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2021, Aber ta lashe kujerar mata ta Gundumar Kitgum . <ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Candidates for Member of Parliament 2021-2026 |url=https://uchaguzi.go.ug/candidates/mp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419100713/https://uchaguzi.go.ug/candidates/mp |archive-date=2021-04-19 |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=Uchaguzi |language=en}}</ref> A cikin Babban zaben 2021, Aber ya ci nasara da kuri'u 41,192 a kan Roselyn Alanyo Olobo na [[Majalisar Jama'ar Uganda]] da Norah Odokorach, dan takara mai zaman kansa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=I Won't Cling To Leadership; Kitgum Woman MP Elect Dr Aber. |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/i-wont-cling-to-leadership-kitgum-woman-mp-elect-aber |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=Uganda Radionetwork |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lamwaka Margaret - 2021 General Election - Visible Polls |url=https://visiblepolls.org/ug/jul-2018-nebbi-municipality-mp-by-election/candidates/lamwaka-margaret-7779/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=visiblepolls.org |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ita ce kuma ta kafa kuma darakta na Laber Foundation, kungiyar agaji mai zaman kanta da ke Kitgum. == Dubi kuma == * [[Taban Sharifah Aate]] * [[Jesca Ababiku]] * [[Dorcus Acen]] * [[Jane Aceng]] * Nathan Byanyima == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] o7kno3e8v7ogs87lxj5zrpf47utxmtj 0 164897 906372 904972 2026-08-23T03:33:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Loyalton Fire''' ta shekarar 2020 babbar gobarar daji ce da ta faru a gundumomin Lassen, Plumas, da Sierra a jihar California, da kuma Washoe County a jihar Nevada. Bayan walƙiya ta kunna ta a ranar 14 ga Agusta, 2020, gobarar ta ƙone fili mai girman acres 47,029 (hekta 19,032) a cikin Tahoe National Forest da Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest, kafin a shawo kanta gaba ɗaya a ranar 26 ga Agusta. Loyalton Fire ta shahara ne saboda ta haifar da guguwar wuta guda uku (fire tornadoes) a ranar 15 ga Agusta, lamarin da ya sa National Weather Service ya fitar da gargaɗin da ba a taɓa yin irin sa ba a baya. == Ci gaba == Gobarar ta tashi ne sakamakon walƙiya a gabashin Loyalton, kusa da gefen gabas na Sierra Valley, a kusa da Dutsen Ina Coolbrith da ke cikin Tahoe National Forest..<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |last=Wood |first=Tenaya |date=August 17, 2020 |title=Fire on the Mountain: An early timeline of the Loyalton Fire spotted from Smith Peak Lookout |url=https://www.rgj.com/story/life/outdoors/2020/08/17/nevada-wildfire-loyalton-fire-seen-smith-peak-lookout/3376519001/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115213047/https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.rgj.com%2Fstory%2Flife%2Foutdoors%2F2020%2F08%2F17%2Fnevada-wildfire-loyalton-fire-seen-smith-peak-lookout%2F3376519001%2F&rlz=1C1GCEA_enUS1009US1009&oq=cache%3Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.rgj.com%2Fstory%2Flife%2Foutdoors%2F2020%2F08%2F17%2Fnevada-wildfire-loyalton-fire-seen-smith-peak-lookout%2F3376519001%2F&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQRRg60gEIMTI2M2owajSoAgCwAgA&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8 |archive-date=November 15, 2023 |access-date=November 15, 2023 |work=[[Reno Gazette Journal]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=August 25, 2020 |orig-date=August 16, 2020 (later updated) |title=Loyalton Fire: What we know about evacuations and containment |url=https://www.rgj.com/story/news/nevada/2020/08/16/loyalton-fire-near-reno-nv-california-wildfire-map/5596486002/ |access-date=November 15, 2023 |work=Reno Gazette Journal}}</ref> Wani mai sa ido kan gobara da ke Smith Peak a cikin Plumas National Forest shi ne ya fara kai rahoton hayakin da ke fitowa daga gobarar da ke ƙara yaɗuwa zuwa cibiyar kula da ayyukan Plumas da ke Quincy, da ƙarfe 4:27 na yamma agogon PDT, a ranar Juma’a, 14 ga Agusta. Ƙarancin hanyoyin isa wurin ya hana ma’aikatan ƙasa kusantar gobarar na tsawon sa’o’i. Duk da ƙoƙarin jirage masu saukar ungulu da jiragen sama masu ɗaukar sinadaran kashe gobara, zuwa ƙarfe 7:28 na yamma, gobarar ta riga ta ƙone fili mai girman acres 500 (hekta 200). <ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Wood |first=Tenaya |date=August 17, 2020 |title=Fire on the Mountain: An early timeline of the Loyalton Fire spotted from Smith Peak Lookout |url=https://www.rgj.com/story/life/outdoors/2020/08/17/nevada-wildfire-loyalton-fire-seen-smith-peak-lookout/3376519001/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115213047/https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.rgj.com%2Fstory%2Flife%2Foutdoors%2F2020%2F08%2F17%2Fnevada-wildfire-loyalton-fire-seen-smith-peak-lookout%2F3376519001%2F&rlz=1C1GCEA_enUS1009US1009&oq=cache%3Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.rgj.com%2Fstory%2Flife%2Foutdoors%2F2020%2F08%2F17%2Fnevada-wildfire-loyalton-fire-seen-smith-peak-lookout%2F3376519001%2F&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQRRg60gEIMTI2M2owajSoAgCwAgA&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8 |archive-date=November 15, 2023 |access-date=November 15, 2023 |work=[[Reno Gazette Journal]]}}</ref>&nbsp; A ranar 15 ga Agusta, da misalin ƙarfe 2:35 na rana agogon PDT, iska mai ƙarfi da ayyukan tsawa sun haifar da guguwar wuta guda uku (fire tornadoes), biyu daga cikinsu aka tantance su a matsayin EF1. National Weather Service ta fitar da gargaɗin farko a tarihinta game da guguwar wuta, sakamakon samuwar gajimaren pyrocumulonimbus da ke ƙaruwa saboda gobarar, kuma gargaɗin ya shafi Lassen County. (mesonet.agron.iastate.edu).<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2020 |title=Tornado Warning |url=https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/p.php?pid=202008152135-KREV-WFUS55-TORREV |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/vtec/?year=2020&wfo=KREV&phenomena=TO&significance=W&eventid=1&tab=textdata&radar=USCOMP&radar_product=N0Q&radar_time=201703062250 |archive-date=August 15, 2020 |access-date=July 17, 2026 |publisher=[[National Weather Service]]}}</ref> Da safiyar ranar 16 ga Agusta, gobarar ta faɗaɗa zuwa fili mai girman acres 20,000 (hekta 8,100). An ba da umarnin kwashe mutane daga yankunan Lassen County da ke kudancin SR 70 da yammacin US 395. An rufe SR 70 tsakanin SR 49 da US 395, yayin da ma’aikatan kashe gobara ke ƙoƙarin hana gobarar yaɗuwa zuwa arewacin Beckwourth Pass. Gobarar ta ɗan tsallaka zuwa arewacin SR 70 da gabashin US 395, amma cikin sauri aka dakatar da yaɗuwarta a waɗannan wurare.<ref>{{cite web |date=2020-08-16 |title=LOYALTON FIRE Morning Update: 8/16/2020 |url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/6975/53262/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917113829/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/6975/53262/ |archive-date=2020-09-17 |access-date=2020-08-20 |publisher=InciWeb}}</ref> Da yammacin ranar 16 ga Agusta, sakamakon taimakon iska mai ƙarfi, gobarar ta riga ta ƙone fili mai girman acres 29,828 (hekta 12,071). An faɗaɗa umarnin kwashe mutane zuwa Balls Canyon Road, Long Valley Road, Bordertown, Copperfield, da Cold Springs, yayin da gobarar ta yaɗu zuwa gabashin Nevada da cikin Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest. Kimanin ma’aikatan kashe gobara 580, motocin kashe gobara 42, da jiragen sama 6 ne suka kasance a wurin..<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-16 |title=Loyalton Fire Evening Update: 8-16-2020 |url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/6975/53279/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101230348/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident-publication/catnf-loyalton-fire/loyalton-fire-evening-update-8-16-2020 |archive-date=2023-11-01 |access-date=2020-08-20 |publisher=InciWeb}}</ref> Ma'aikatan sun ci gaba a gefen kudu maso gabashin wuta a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta, an ɗaga ƙaurawar tilas don Cold Springs, kuma an sake buɗe SR 70.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2023 |title=Loyalton Fire Morning Update, 8-17-2020 - InciWeb the Incident Information System |url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/6975/53284/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101230349/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident-publication/catnf-loyalton-fire/loyalton-fire-morning-update-8-17-2020 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |access-date=21 August 2020 |website=inciweb.nwcg.gov}}</ref> Yankunan Dog Valley da Long Valley na Gundumar Carson Ranger a kan Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest an rufe su don samun damar nishaɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2023 |title=Humboldt-Toiyabe NF Closes National Forest Land in Dog and Long Valleys - InciWeb the Incident Information System |url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/6975/53314/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101230350/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident-publication/catnf-loyalton-fire/-humboldt-toiyabe-nf-closes-national-forest-land-in-dog-and-long-valleys |archive-date=1 November 2023 |access-date=21 August 2020 |website=inciweb.nwcg.gov}}</ref> Da yamma, umarnin kwashewar masu ba da shawara sun kasance a wurin Loyalton, Chilcoot, Vinton, da Sierra Brooks. Hasken wuta ya fara sabbin gobara da yawa a kudu a kusa da karfe 7:30 na yamma, amma ruwan sama bayan tsakar dare ya taimaka wajen rage aikin wuta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2023 |title=Loyalton Fire Evening Update 8-17-2020 - InciWeb the Incident Information System |url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/6975/53337/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819215453/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/6975/53337/ |archive-date=19 August 2020 |access-date=21 August 2020 |website=inciweb.nwcg.gov}}</ref> Ya zuwa ranar 17 ga watan Agusta, an lalata gidaje biyar da wasu gine-gine shida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 17, 2020 |title=Loyalton Fire: Aug. 17 evening update - 10 percent contained |url=https://www.plumasnews.com/loyalton-fire-aug-16-update-20000-acres-no-containment/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106060807/https://www.plumasnews.com/loyalton-fire-aug-16-update-20000-acres-no-containment/ |archive-date=November 6, 2020 |access-date=August 21, 2020}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga watan Agusta, an fi ƙuntata wutar a arewa da gabas, kuma an ɗaga ƙaura a cikin Lassen County. Koyaya, ya ci gaba da yaduwa cikin sauri zuwa kudu da yamma, galibi saboda walƙiya ta buge a can a ranar da ta gabata.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2023 |title=Loyalton Fire Morning Update 8-18-2020 - InciWeb the Incident Information System |url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/6975/53346/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818202212/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/6975/53346/ |archive-date=18 August 2020 |access-date=21 August 2020 |website=inciweb.nwcg.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2023 |title=Loyalton Fire Evening Update 8-18-2020 - InciWeb the Incident Information System |url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/6975/53389/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820135611/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/6975/53389/ |archive-date=20 August 2020 |access-date=21 August 2020 |website=inciweb.nwcg.gov}}</ref> Wutar ta karu zuwa kadada 43,444 (ha 17,581) kuma an ƙunshe da kashi 10 cikin dari.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 17, 2020 |title=Map: Loyalton Fire perimeter and evacuation north of Truckee |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/08/16/map-loyalton-fire-perimeter-and-evacuation-north-of-truckee |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820011358/https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/08/16/map-loyalton-fire-perimeter-and-evacuation-north-of-truckee/ |archive-date=August 20, 2020 |access-date=August 21, 2020}}</ref>&nbsp; Hadari mai ƙarfi ya ci gaba a cikin watan Agusta 19, amma ma'aikatan sun sami nasarar rage wutar da ta yadu sosai. An ɗaga shawarwarin ƙaura don Cold Springs da Bordertown . <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2023 |title=Loyalton Fire Morning Update 8-19-2020 - InciWeb the Incident Information System |url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/6975/53403/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924204731/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/6975/53403/ |archive-date=24 September 2021 |access-date=21 August 2020 |website=inciweb.nwcg.gov}}</ref> Da yamma, an kuma ɗaga shawarwarin kwashewa ga Chilcoot, Vinton da Loyalton, kodayake umarnin kwashewa sun kasance a wurin don Balls Canyon Road, Long Valley Road, da Copperfield, da kuma shawarwarin kwaskwarima ga Sierra Brooks.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2023 |title=Loyalton Fire Evening Update 8-19-2020 - InciWeb the Incident Information System |url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/6975/53447/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123004404/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/6975/53447/ |archive-date=23 January 2022 |access-date=21 August 2020 |website=inciweb.nwcg.gov}}</ref> A safiyar ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, an ɗaga shawarwarin kwashewa ga Sierra Brooks da Copperfield . <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2023 |title=Loyalton Fire Morning Update 8-20-2020 - InciWeb the Incident Information System |url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/6975/53462/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123000141/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/6975/53462/ |archive-date=23 January 2022 |access-date=21 August 2020 |website=inciweb.nwcg.gov}}</ref> Ya zuwa karfe 5:44 na yamma a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, gobarar ta ƙone kadada 46,582 (ha 18,851) kuma kashi 60 cikin dari ne. &nbsp;Ingancin iska ya ci gaba da zama mara kyau sosai a cikin Sierra Valley da Reno, tare da ganuwa sosai ta hanyar hayaki. A safiyar ranar 21 ga watan Agusta, umarnin kwashewa ya kasance a wurin don Balls Canyon Road da Long Valley Road.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2023 |title=Loyalton Fire Morning Update 8-21-2020 - InciWeb the Incident Information System |url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/6975/53543/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101125655/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/6975/53543/ |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=21 August 2020 |website=inciweb.nwcg.gov}}</ref> Wutar ta ƙone kadada 46,872 (ha 18,968), kuma ta kasance a kashi 60 cikin dari.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2020 |title=Fire Update |url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/photos/CATNF/2020-08-15-1522-Loyalton/related_files/pict20200721-084840-0.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809022441/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/photos/CATNF/2020-08-15-1522-Loyalton/related_files/pict20200721-084840-0.pdf |archive-date=2022-08-09 |access-date=2020-12-02 |website=inciweb.nwcg.gov}}</ref>&nbsp; Da karfe 6:30 na safe a ranar 22 ga watan Agusta, gobarar ta kasance a kadada 47,029 (ha 19,032) kuma kashi 75 cikin dari ne. &nbsp;Ayyukan iska sun ragu sosai a karshen mako don taimakawa ma'aikatan kashe gobara don fadada hanawa. An bayar da rahoton cewa an lalata gidaje shida da wasu gine-gine 29. Dukkanin umarnin kwashewa an ɗaga su a wannan lokacin, kodayake yankin Dog Valley na Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest ya kasance a rufe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2020 |title=Fire Update |url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/photos/CATNF/2020-08-15-1522-Loyalton/related_files/pict20200722-083547-0.pdf |access-date=2020-12-02 |website=inciweb.nwcg.gov }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An ayyana wutar da kashi 100 cikin 100 a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta. Ya ƙone kadada 47,029 (ha 19,032) gabaɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Loyalton Fire |url=https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/8/14/loyalton-fire |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530044217/https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/8/14/loyalton-fire |archive-date=May 30, 2023 |access-date=November 16, 2023 |website=www.fire.ca.gov |publisher=[[California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection]] (Cal Fire)}}</ref> == Tasirin == Wutar Loyalton ta lalata gine-gine 35. Babu wasu gine-gine da suka lalace. Kudin ya hada da gidaje shida da gine-gine 29, mafi yawansu an watsar da su kuma sun kasance kusa da ƙarshen arewacin wuta. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] d5gylsvqwoie952aysx9mx27pt7cv7x 0 165039 906364 905534 2026-08-23T02:05:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lina von Perbandt''' ( a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu a shekarar 1836 zuwa shekara ta 1884)<ref>Bénézit, Emmanuel (ed.) (2006). "Perbrandt, Lina von" {{Cite web |url=http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.B00138519 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-08-21 |archive-date=2017-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002222810/http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.B00138519 |url-status=dead }}. ''Benezit Dictionary of Artists''. Oxford University Press. Online version retrieved via Oxford Art Online 2 October 2017 (subscription required for full access).</ref> yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai zane-zanen shimfidar wuri kuma memba ce a makarantar zane-zane ta Düsseldorf == Rayuwa da aiki == An haife shi a cikin dangin sarki a Langendorf, Gabashin Prussia, Perbandt ya yi karatun fasaha a karkashin August Behrendsen a Kunstakademie Königsberg da Eugen Dücker a Kunstakademie Düsseldorf . Iyayenta sune Ida Sophie Ernestine von der Groeben da mijinta Otto Friedrich Julius von Perbandt. 'Yan uwanta sune Ottilie Sophie Friederike Rosette da Ida Karoline Cäcilie Marie. 'Yan uwanta su ne Georg Friedrich Otto Karl, Fedor Karl Otto Gustav, marubuci, Rudolf Otto Theodor Traugott, da Karl Adolf Rudolf Julius, kuma mai zanen wuri kuma dalibi a Kunstakademie Düsseldorf.<ref name=":0">Museums Victoria (2012). "Painting - German Landscape, Lina von Perbandt". Retrieved 2 October 2017.</ref> Perbandt ta rayu mafi yawan rayuwarta a Düsseldorf amma ta yi tafiye-tafiye da yin zane-zane a Jamus da Switzerland. Yanayin ƙasarta ya fi zama na wurare masu ƙasƙanci, kodayake ta kuma zana wasu wurare a tsaunukan Bernese da tsaunukan Harz . Ta yi baje kolin a bikin baje kolin ƙasa da ƙasa na Melbourne na shekarar 1880, inda John Twycross ya sayi ''shimfidar ƙasar Jamus'', da kuma a bikin baje kolin ƙasashen duniya na shekarar 1883 da aka yi a Amsterdam inda aka nuna ''shimfidar ƙasarta mai siffofi'' a cikin rumfar Jamus.<ref name=":0" /> == Hotuna == <gallery class="center" mode="packed" widths="180px" heights="180px"> Fayil:Beach_Scene_with_Rowing_Boat_by_Lina_von_Perbandt.jpg|alt=Beach Scene 1875| ''Wurin Teku na shekarar'' 1875 Fayil:German_Landscape_by_Lina_von_Perbandt.jpg|alt=German Landscape 1880| ''Yanayin ƙasar Jamus a'' shekarar 1880 </gallery> == Manazarta == c75y1fhkuddh0xnv439ilxkpnnaxx0c 0 165056 906525 905641 2026-08-23T11:34:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Maxi_Obexer_2017.jpg|right|thumb| Obexer a shekarar 2017]] '''Margareth "Maxi" Obexer''' marubuciya ce ' [[Jamusanci|yar ƙasar Jamus]] - [[Italiyanci|Italiya]], asalinta daga Kudancin Tyrol a arewacin Italiya. Marubuciya ce mai zaman kanta, tana mai da hankali kan ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo, [[Ƙagaggen Labari|littattafai]], wasan kwaikwayo na rediyo, kasidu, da sauran labaran da suka shafi rayuwa . <ref name="MOlautLC">{{Cite web |title=Margareth Obexer |url=https://www.literaturport.de/Margareth.Obexer/ |access-date=20 January 2020 |website=Vita |publisher=Literarisches Colloquium Berlin e.V., Berlin}}</ref> <ref name="MOlautSP">{{Cite web |title=Maxi Obexer |url=http://www.schaefersphilippen.de/kuenstler_in/maxi-obexer/ |access-date=20 January 2020 |website=Theater, Hörspiel, Prosa |publisher="schaefersphilippen", Köln}}</ref> <ref name="MOlautSchlSoli">{{Cite web |title=Maxi Obexer |url=http://www.akademie-solitude.de/en/fellowship/jurors/maxi-obexer~pe3498/ |access-date=20 January 2020 |publisher=[[Castle Solitude|Akademie Schloss Solitude]], [[Stuttgart]] |archive-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230050356/http://www.akademie-solitude.de/en/fellowship/jurors/maxi-obexer~pe3498/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa == An haifi Margareth Obexer a Brixen, Kudancin Tyrol . An haife ta a cikin iyali masu jin Jamusanci. Ta yi makaranta a Bolzano, wani ɗan nesa da kudancin Brixen, inda ta kuma iya harshen [[Italiyanci]] . Daga baya ta koma [[Berlin]], kuma kwanan nan ta karɓi takardar shaidar zama ɗan ƙasar Jamus. Ta shahara sosai saboda yanayin siyasa na wasanninta, wasanninta na sauti, da kuma rubuce-rubucenta. <ref name="MOlautSchlSoli" /> Ta yi karatun adabi na gabaɗaya da na kwatantawa, [[falsafa]], da kuma karatun wasan kwaikwayo a [[Vienna]] da [[Berlin]] . <ref name="MOlautSP" /> <ref name="MOlautLR">{{Cite web |date=1 December 2006 |title=Wiepersdorf-Stipendiaten stellen sich vor |url=https://www.lr-online.de/lausitz/herzberg/wiepersdorf-stipendiaten-stellen-sich-vor-34379310.html |access-date=20 January 2020 |website=Wiepersdorf. Zum Abschluss der Staffel aus Lesungen, Performances, Konzerten, Gesprächen und einer Ausstellung der artists in residence des Jahres 2006 stellt das Künstlerhaus Schloss Wiepersdorf am Sonntag, 3. Dezember, die Arbeiten von Margareth Obexer und Yitzhak Laor vor. |publisher=[[Lausitzer Rundschau]], [[Cottbus]]}}</ref> A lokacin da take ɗaliba, ayyukanta na waƙar soyayya, wasannin kwaikwayo na kan layi, da kuma wasannin kwaikwayo na rediyo sun jawo yabo. <ref name="MOlautSP" /> Ɗaya daga cikin sakamakon hakan shi ne [[:de:Stipendium|kuɗin]] da aka samu daga [[:de:Literarisches Colloquium Berlin|Kwalejin Adabi]] da ke [[Berlin]] da kuma [[Kwalejin Fasaha, Berlin|Kwalejin Fasaha]] ta birnin. Daga baya, a shekarar 2004, kuma a shekarar 2007, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da tallafin kuɗi a Makarantar Sakandare ta Akademie Schloss da ke [[Stuttgart]] . <ref name="MOlautSP" /> A shekarar 1994, ta zama memba a cikin [[:de:Literarisches Colloquium Berlin|Littattafan Karatu]] . <ref name="MOlautSchlSoli" /> A shekarar 2009, ta sami matsayin baƙo na farfesa a Kwalejin Dartmouth da ke New Hampshire, daga baya ta sami irin wannan matsayi a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Berlin daga 2009 zuwa 2011. <ref name="MOlautcv">{{Cite web |title=Maxi Obexer |url=http://www.m-obexer.de/pdf/M-Obexer_CV_2017.pdf |access-date=20 January 2020 |website=Curriculum vitae }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekarar 2014, Obexer ya haɗu da [[Marianna Salzmann]] don kafa "Sabuwar Cibiyar Rubutu a Mataki" ( ''"Neue Institut für Dramatisches Schreiben"'' ), da nufin dawo da mahimmancin zamantakewa na fasahar wasan kwaikwayo cikin wayewar jama'a, da kuma "ƙarfafa fasahar da ke akwai, a farkon misali, don haɓaka al'adar muhawara". <ref name="NUTS">{{Cite web |date=26 March 2015 |title=Nutshell |url=http://nids.eu/?p=87 |access-date=20 January 2020}}</ref> Rediyon 2015 da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo "Illegale Helfer" ta lashe [[:de:Robert-Geisendörfer-Preis|kyaututtukan "Eurodrama" da Robert Geisendörfer]] a cikin 2016. <ref name="MOlautRDPreis">{{Cite web |title=Maxi Obexer .... Preisträger 2016 Hörfunk |url=https://www.geisendoerferpreis.de/node/90 |access-date=20 January 2020 |website=Illegale Helfer |publisher=Robert Geisendörfer Preis, Der evangelische Medienpreis, [[Frankfurt am Main]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] cgep6dbbf3cw0i2esxp1i15u24158kq 0 165057 906374 905643 2026-08-23T03:41:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ina Lucia Hildebrand''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Satumba 1971), wacce aka fi sani da '''Luci van Org''', mawakiya ce kuma marubuciya 'yar ƙasar Jamus. An fi saninta da mawaƙin ƙungiyar Lucilectric, wacce waƙarta " Mädchen " ta shahara a Jamus a shekarar 1994. Tun daga lokacin, ta rubuta waƙa ga sauran mawaka da kuma ayyukanta na Das Haus von Luci, Üebermutter, Meystersinger da Lucina Soteira, waɗanda suka shafi nau'ikan waƙoƙi daban-daban. Ta rubuta kuma ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a fina-finai da shirye-shiryen talabijin kuma ita ce marubucin littattafai da dama da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare su daga tatsuniyoyin Jamusawa . == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Ina Lucia Korch a gundumar Tempelhof da ke Berlin a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1971. <ref name="lautuebermutter">{{Cite web |title=Üebermutter |url=https://www.laut.de/Ueebermutter |access-date=14 February 2023 |publisher=[[Laut.de]] |language=de}}</ref> Iyayenta su ne mai sassaka da zane-zane {{Interlanguage link|Claus Korch|de}} da kuma mai zane Katharina Korch. Ta girma tana sauraron waƙoƙin punk, na masana'antu da na gothic kuma ta kafa ƙungiyar mawaka ta farko tun tana da shekaru 13. <ref name="metalde">{{Cite web |last=Florian |date=8 April 2008 |title=Üebermutter: Interview mit Sängerin Luci van Org |url=https://www.metal.de/interviews/ueebermutter-interview-mit-saengerin-luci-van-org-36761/ |access-date=14 February 2023 |publisher=[[Metal.de]] |language=de}}</ref> Tana da shekaru 15 ta buga sabuwar ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta wave punk. <ref name="metalde" /> == Aikin kiɗa == Hulɗar Korch da masana'antar kiɗa ta fara ne lokacin da take da shekara 15 kuma Anke Wendland, tsohuwar mawaƙiya mai goyon baya ga Falco, ta ji ta a wani wasan kwaikwayo na mic na buɗewa kuma ta ɗauke ta aiki a matsayin mawaƙiya mai goyon baya don kundin waƙoƙin Wendland na farko. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan cikarta shekaru 16, Korch ta sanya hannu kan kwangila da Hansa Musik Produktion kuma ta fara fitar da gidan disco a ƙarƙashin sunan wasan kwaikwayo Eena. <ref name="metalde" /> <ref name="fowler" /> A ƙarƙashin wannan sunan, ta fitar da waƙoƙin "18 - to me!" da "Gates of Eden". An yi amfani da na ƙarshen a cikin fim ɗin ''Go Trabi Go'' (1991). Idan ta waiwaya baya, ta yi nadamar rashin adawa da nau'in da kamfanin ya zaɓa mata. <ref name="metalde" /> A ƙarƙashin sunan Luci van Org, wanda ta ci gaba da amfani da shi a tsawon aikinta, ta ci gaba da kafa ƙungiyar Lucilectric tare da {{Interlanguage link|Ralf Goldkind|de}}, wanda ya fito daga milieu a kusa da band Einstürzende Neubauten . <ref name="metalde" /> Lucilectric ya yi fice sosai a waƙar " Mädchen " ( lit. "Mädchen"). ), wacce aka fitar a shekarar 1993 kuma ta kai matsayi na biyu a jadawalin Jamusawa guda ɗaya a shekarar 1994. Da jigon wasansa na 'yancin kai da kuma jima'i, ya zama waƙar 'yar wasan Jamus {{Lang|de|Girlie}} motsi, wanda aka kwatanta da ' [[Yarinya mai ban sha'awa|yar yarinya]], [[Ikon yarinya|ikon 'yan mata]] da kuma ra'ayoyin ' yan tawaye na duniyar masu magana da Ingilishi. Ya ci gaba da kasancewa abin da aka fi sani da Org. <ref name="fowler" /> Wata waƙar Lucilectric, "Hey Süßer" ( lit. ' ), wanda aka yi wa rijista a shekarar 1994, kuma a wannan shekarar ne ƙungiyar ta fitar da kundin waƙoƙinta na farko ''Mädchen'' . Lucilectric ya sake fitar da ƙarin kundi guda biyu- ''Süß und Gemein'' (1996, lit. ' ) da ''Tiefer'' (1997, lit. ' )—kafin ya wargaje a shekarar 1999. Org ta ce kundin farko ya bayyana yadda membobin suka so, amma kundin da ke ƙasa sun kasance "masifa" saboda sassauci, wanda hakan ya sa ta ɗauki 'yancin fasaha a matsayin wani abu mai tsarki ga ayyukanta na gaba. <ref name="metalde" /> Org ta ci gaba da yin wakokinta, inda ta fitar da wakar "Waterfalls" mai suna "Waterfalls" a shekarar 1999, kuma ta yi wa sauran mawaka rubutu ciki har da Nena, [[Nina Hagen]], Eisblume, Terrorgruppe da {{Interlanguage link|Panda (German band)|de|Panda (deutsche Band)}} . Ƙungiyar mawaka ta gaba, Das Haus von Luci, tana da tushe a cikin waƙoƙin pop amma ta koma tsakanin nau'ikan waƙoƙi, suna kiran kanta "Latin-disco-pop-country crossover". Ya fitar da albums guda biyu, ''Der verbotene Raum'' (2003, lit. ' ) da ''Der Tod wohnt nebenan'' (2006, lit. ' ). <ref name="fowler" /> [[Fayil:Übermutter_Wave-Gotik-Treffen_2017_11.jpg|thumb| Org tare da Üebermutter a Wave-Gotik-Treffen 2017]] A cikin 2006, Org ya kafa ƙungiyar Neue Deutsche Härte Üebermutter wacce ta fito da kundi na farko ''Unheil!'' ta hanyar Roadrunner Records a shekarar 2008. <ref name="lautuebermutter" /> Ana siffanta Üebermutter da amfani da salon wasan kwaikwayo na soja da kama-karya . <ref name="metalde" /> Jaridar ''Die Tageszeitung'' ta bayyana shi a matsayin "aikin ƙarfe mai son mata" tare da "kalmomin mata masu son [[Feminism|mata]] ". A shekarar 2010, Org ta ƙirƙiri ƙungiyar electropop biyu Meystersinger tare da {{Interlanguage link|Roman Shamov|de}} . Ya fitar da kundin wakoki guda uku: ''Trost'' (2012, lit. ' ), ''Haifischweide'' (2014, lit. ' ) da ''Frieden'' (2017, lit. ' ). A shekarar 2020 ta ƙaddamar da aikin Lucina Soteira kaɗai. An nuna Org akan {{Interlanguage link|Jennifer Weist|de}} 's 2022 guda ɗaya "Mädchen, Mädchen", wanda ke nuni da "Mädchen" na Lucilectric. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2022 |title=Yaenniver: 'Mädchen, Mädchen' feat. Luci Van Org |url=https://www.laut.de/News/Yaenniver-Maedchen,-Maedchen-feat.-Luci-Van-Org-28-01-2022-18547 |access-date=14 February 2023 |publisher=[[Laut.de]] |language=de}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Org ta auri mai shirya fina-finai {{Interlanguage link|Axel Hildebrand|de}} a cikin 2001. An yi bikin auren a wani gidan rawa . Suna zaune a Berlin kuma suna da ɗa ɗaya. Sunanta na shari'a Ina Lucia Hildebrand. <ref name="rnd">{{Cite web |date=5 February 2022 |title='Weil ich ein Mädchen bin': Das macht Lucilectric-Sängerin Luci van Org heute |url=https://www.rnd.de/promis/weil-ich-ein-maedchen-bin-das-macht-lucilectric-saengerin-luci-van-org-heute-ZMA72K6LO5HIVMI3MLU7ZU2HTM.html |access-date=14 February 2023 |publisher=[[RedaktionsNetzwerk Deutschland]] |language=de}}</ref> Ta bayyana kanta a matsayin mai son maza da mata kuma tana goyon bayan wani nau'in ra'ayin mata inda ya kamata a raba dukkan ayyuka daidai gwargwado tsakanin maza da mata. <ref name="metalde" /> <ref name="bild" /> Ta zama arna a shekara ta 2006 kuma ita ce ke da alhakin ɓangaren Kudu maso Yammacin Berlin na ƙungiyar al'adun Jamusawa ta Eldaring . <ref name="bild" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Herde und Stammtische |url=https://eldaring.de/herde/ |access-date=14 February 2023 |publisher=[[Eldaring]] |language=de |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312183725/https://eldaring.de/herde/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] 9infz8a7h1gb6cmllgxad7210tp5flq 0 165130 906208 906036 2026-08-22T12:53:14Z BnHamid 12586 using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 906208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kanwuri sokoto wannan unguwa ce da ke cikin karmar hukumar Mulki sokoto north Dake cikin birni sokoto, wannan unguwa ne,da nane sarki muslimi yake Zaune, wannan unguwa ta hada manya sarkuna gargajiya da Yan kasuwa da Yan Boko da manoma,ama fi yawan jama'a wannan unguwa Yan kasuwa ne .nane masalaci bello yake,ita ce asalin birni sokoto. kuylrms92av2xrlnjqqrqaargjspprb 0 165133 906206 906050 2026-08-22T12:46:06Z BnHamid 12586 /* top */ Sanya databox using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 906206 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Elisabeth von Esseö''' (28 ga Yuni 1883 zuwa 17 ga Satumba 1954) ƙwararriyar mai sassaka ce ta Jamus. Ayyukanta sun kasance wani ɓangare na taron sassaka a gasar fasaha a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 1928. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elisabeth von Esseö |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/920741 |access-date=29 July 2020 |website=Olympedia}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1883]] ie5ef1wbrfs8k6vm2bf3ih57aiehyfj 0 165137 906453 906066 2026-08-23T07:49:43Z Nnamadee 31123 906453 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Herma Studeny''' (4 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1886 - 28 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1973) ta kasance mai ƙwarewar violin ta Jamus, mawaƙa, kuma marubuciya wacce aka fi tunawa da ita a yau don rubuta ''Littafin Violin''. An haifi Studeny a [[München|Munich]] ga Hermine Niemeczek da likitan likita Alfred S. Studeny . Ta auri mai zane Julius Nitsche a shekarar 1921. Studeny ta fara bugawa a matsayin mai kunna violin a cikin shekara ta 1903. Ta halarci Conservatory na Prague, inda ta yi karatu tare da Antonin Dvorak da Otakar Sevcik, kuma daga baya tare da Richard Schrammel . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Herma Studeny |url=https://www.kotte-autographs.com/en/autograph/studeny-herma/,%20last%20accessed%2030%20May%202017 |access-date=2021-10-19 |website=www.kotte-autographs.com}}</ref> Daliban Studeny sun hada da Joseph "Nipso" Brantner, Juan Wolfgang Granat, <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2005 |title=Nipso Brantner |url=https://www.djangobooks.com/forum/discussion/823/nipso-brantner |access-date=2021-10-19 |website=DjangoBooks Forum |language=en}}</ref> HerHerma Studeny (4 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1886 - 28 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1973) ta kasance mai ƙwarewar violin ta Jamus, [1] mawaƙa, [2] kuma marubuciya wacce aka fi tunawa da ita a yau don rubuta Littafin Violin. [3]bert Hirschmann, Michael Mann, da Gerhard Seitz. Studeny ta ce "credo" nata sanduna uku ne na Chaconne daga ''Bach's Partita No. 2'' . Ta yi aiki a matsayin soloist, kuma ta kafa Studeny String Quartet a Munich tare da Alf Beckmann, Lotte Harburger, da Karl List. Guenter Henle wani lokacin yana tare da ita a kan piano. Ayyukanta na wasan kwaikwayo sun ragu bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II lokacin da aka zarge ta da kasancewa cikin Kamfanin Kiɗa na Reich na Uku, amma daga ƙarshe ta ci gaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo. Gustav Bosse ne ya buga littafin violin na Studeny. Littattafanta sun hada da: == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1973]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1886]] hu8hrze5b3dzq9ogv86zw05azawd8xm 0 165156 906368 906124 2026-08-23T03:14:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lotte Laserstein''' (28 Nuwamba 1898 - 21 Janairu 1993) mai zane ne na Jamus da Sweden. Ta kasance mai zane-zanen zane-zane na alama a Jamhuriyar Weimar ta Jamus. Gwamnatin gurguzu ta ƙasa da kuma ƙiyayyar Yahudawa sun tilasta mata barin Jamus a shekarar 1937 ta yi ƙaura zuwa Sweden. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-20 |title=Lotte Laserstein |url=https://www.apollo-magazine.com/lotte-laserstein/ |access-date=2020-03-27 |website=Apollo Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> A ƙasar Sweden, ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai zane-zane da kuma mai zane-zanen shimfidar wurare har zuwa rasuwarta. Zane-zanen da ta ƙirƙira a shekarun 1920 da 1930 sun dace da motsin New Objectivity a Jamus. {{Rp|11}} == Rayuwa == An haifi Laserstein a Preussisch Holland, Daular Jamus a shekarar 1898. Mahaifinta, Hugo, masanin magunguna ne, mahaifiyarta, Meta, mai buga piano ce, malamin piano, kuma mai zane-zanen porcelain. An yi mata baftisma tun tana ƙarama, ta girma a cikin gidan Yahudawa da Jamusawa da suka haɗa kai . Ta sami horon fasaha a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Prussian ( ''Preußische Akademie der Künste'' ), wanda ta shiga jim kaɗan bayan an ba ta izinin ɗalibai mata. A nan, Laserstein ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin [[:de:Erich Wolfsfeld|Erich Wolfsfeld]] . {{Rp|49–53}} A cikin shekaru biyu na ƙarshe a makarantar, ta sami ci gaba har ta zama ɗaya daga cikin 'Atelier Meisterschüler' ko 'ɗalibin tauraro'. Wannan ya ba ta damar shiga ɗakin studio ɗinta, da kuma samun damar yin amfani da kayan ƙira kyauta. Zane-zanen da ta shirya tsakanin kammala karatunta a shekarar 1927 da 1933 a Berlin ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin mafi kyawun ayyukanta, kuma an nuna su a cikin nunin kayan tarihi guda 20 a cikin gidajen tarihi da gidajen tarihi na birnin. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Schroeder |first=Kristin |date=2019 |title=An Ambivalent Elegy: Lotte Laserstein's Evening Over Potsdam (1930) |journal=Art History |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=808–826 |doi=10.1111/1467-8365.12461 |issn=0141-6790 |s2cid=202533531}}</ref> Laserstein ya fi son samfuran mata kuma wakilcin rayuwar mata ya haɗa "wakiltar zamantakewa da kasancewar masu zane". Duk da cewa aikinta ya ƙunshi kusan ayyuka 10,000, zane-zane 300 da zane-zane 100 ne kawai aka tabbatar a shekarunta na Berlin. Bayan ta yi ƙaura zuwa Sweden, ta ɗauki nauyin ayyukan zane-zane da aka ba ta umarni. Yunkurin da ta yi na ceto rayuwar mahaifiyarta da 'yar uwarta, Käte, daga zaluncin Nazi ta hanyar kawo su Sweden ya gaza. An kashe mahaifiyarta a shekarar 1943 a sansanin tsare mutane na Ravensbrück, kuma Käte ta shafe shekaru uku tana ɓoye (ta mutu a Berlin a shekarar 1965). Berlin a shekarun 1920 ta kasance cibiyar samar da al'adu da kuma gwagwarmayar siyasa da tattalin arziki. <ref>Comini, Alessandra. ''Woman's Art Journal'', vol. 15, no. 2, Old City Publishing, Inc., 1994, pp. 56–57, {{Doi|10.2307/1358610}}.</ref> An yi wa gawarwakin Laserstein fenti don nuna littattafan rubutu don samun kuɗi a lokacin hauhawar farashin kaya . A wannan lokacin, mata suna ƙara samun 'yancin kai kuma suna ƙara samun damar shiga wurin aiki. Laserstein ya nuna mata na zamani masu salo iri-iri, ciki har da nau'ikan Sabuwar Mace, waɗanda suka ɗauki siffar maza, da kuma tsirara mata. A matsayinta na mace mai ƙwararriya, Laserstein da kanta ta nuna Sabuwar Mace, kuma kamanninta na androgyn ya bayyana a cikin hotunanta da yawa, misali, ''Hoton Kai da A Cat'' (1928) a Gidan Tarihi da Zane-zane na Leicester . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lydia Figes |date=22 September 2020 |title=Ten women artists of Jewish heritage represented in UK collections |url=https://artuk.org/discover/stories/ten-women-artists-of-jewish-heritage-represented-in-uk-collections |access-date=27 September 2020 |website=Art UK |archive-date=24 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924072213/https://artuk.org/discover/stories/ten-women-artists-of-jewish-heritage-represented-in-uk-collections |url-status=dead }}</ref> A lokacin mulkin Nazi a Jamus, Laserstein ta yi ƙaura zuwa Sweden, inda ta zauna a Stockholm da birnin Kalmar . An yi hasashen cewa wannan matakin ya taimaka wajen faɗawa cikin duhu a Jamus. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-28 |title=Berlin museum that championed forgotten women artists for almost 40 years closes due to lack of funds |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2022/01/28/berlin-museum-that-championed-forgotten-women-artists-closes-due-to-lack-of-funds |access-date=2022-01-28 |website=The Art Newspaper - International art news and events}}</ref> Laserstein ya yi tafiye-tafiye da kuma yin zane a wurare da dama a duniya bayan [[The Holocaust|kisan kiyashin Holocaust]] . Abin lura shi ne, ta ziyarci Berlin bayan yaƙin kuma ta yi tafiya zuwa Isra'ila tare da abokinta Dr. Walter Lindenthal. Ta rasu a Kalmar a ranar 21 ga Janairu, 1993. == Ayyuka == Shahararrun zane-zanenta, ciki har da ''Die Tennisspielerin'' ( ''The Tennis Player'', 1929), sun ba da gudummawa ga tsarin New Objectivity, amma kuma sun nuna ci gaba da tsarin German Naturalism . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stroude |first=Caroline |last2=Stroude |first2=Adrian |date=1988 |title=Lotte Laserstein and the German Naturalist Tradition |journal=Woman's Art Journal |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=35–38 |doi=10.2307/1358361 |jstor=1358361}}</ref> Babban zane na Laserstein shine babban zane (kimanin ƙafa 7-8) ''na Abend über Potsdam'' ( ''Yamma a kan Potsdam'' ), wani zane na abokai da ke cin abinci a kan barandarsu, tare da layin saman [[Postdam|Potsdam]] a nesa. Zanen ya yi girma sosai har ya buƙaci haɗin gwiwa daga abokai da yawa don ɗaukarsa. Wannan yanayi mai kyau ya yi nuni da ''Last Supper'' na Leonardo da Vinci da kuma ''Milkmaid'' na Jan Vermeer von Delft domin nuna halin da ake ciki da kuma rikicin siyasa na shekarar 1930. <ref name=":2" /> A shekarar 2023, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Boston ya sayi hoton kansa na Lotte Laserstein mai taken "Self Portrait". An zana shi a kusan shekarar 1932 kuma yana nuna mai zane yana kallon mai kallo da murmushi mai ɗanɗano da kuma goga a leɓenta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Self-Portrait |url=https://collections.mfa.org/objects/704533/selfportrait;jsessionid=7F7312801BD8E0ECCD68505AE008B919?ctx=94a90d76-2772-497d-ac4d-4e73772055f5&idx=4}}</ref> == Gado == An sake gano Laserstein a Jamus a shekarar 1987, lokacin da Thomas Agnew &amp;amp; Sons da Belgrave Gallery suka shirya wani baje kolin kayan tarihi tare da sayar da ayyuka daga tarin kayanta na kashin kanta, ciki har da ''Abend über Potsdam'', wanda yanzu yake a [[Sabon Gidan Tarihi na Kasa|Neue Nationalgalerie]], Berlin. Laserstein ta halarci baje kolin tare da ƙawarta ta kud da kud kuma abin koyi na shekaru da yawa, Traute (Gertrud) Rose. Zanenta ''na Traute Washing'' shine sayayyar farko da Gidan Tarihi na Mata a Fannin Fasaha na Ƙasa ya yi da kuɗaɗen sa. A shekarar 1993, an fara yin bitar ayyukan Laserstein a Kalmar, Sweden, inda ta bayar da gudummawar wasu daga cikin zane-zanenta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=⁨LOTTE LASERSTEIN⁩ {{!}} ⁨Judisk Krönika⁩ {{!}} 1 December 1983 {{!}} Newspapers {{!}} The National Library of Israel |url=https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/jdskrn/1983/12/01/01/article/32 |access-date=2022-02-23 |website=www.nli.org.il |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2003, an gudanar da cikakken bincike na farko game da ayyukan Laserstein a Berlin a Gidan Tarihi na Verborgene. <ref>{{Cite web |title=LASERSTEIN, LOTTE - Das Verborgene Museum |url=https://www.dasverborgenemuseum.de/artists/laserstein-lotte-en |access-date=2022-01-28 |website=www.dasverborgenemuseum.de}}</ref> Anna-Carola Krausse ta gudanar da bincike mai zurfi wanda aka haɗa a cikin kundin baje kolin, ''Lotte Laserstein: Gaskiyata Kawai'' . A shekarar 2009, [[Gidan baje kolin Berlin|Berlinische Galerie]] ta sayi kadarar shirin fim ɗin a matsayin gudummawar sirri. Baya ga hotunan aikinta, kayan sun haɗa da littattafan zane-zane, wasiƙun sirri da na ƙwararru, takardu kan halartarta a baje kolin, da littattafai daga ɗakin karatu na Laserstein. Babban ɓangaren kadarorin ya shafi lokacin Laserstein a Sweden; kusan babu wasu takardu da suka tsira daga lokacin Berlin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Estate of Lotte Laserstein |url=https://berlinischegalerie.de/en/collection/specialised-fields/estate-of-lotte-laserstein/ |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=berlinischegalerie.de |language=en}}</ref> Takardun bayar da gudummawa daga abokan Laserstein don girmama ta daga Asusun Kasa na Yahudawa da Magen David Adom sun nuna alaƙarta da [[Isra'ila]] da al'ummar Yahudawa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1993]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1898]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 285gu1459qmvoumy6uj9c6pwx4ppgln 0 165162 906234 906186 2026-08-22T13:41:26Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Rayuwa da aiki */ 906234 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vera Ludwig''' (an haife ta 5 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta 1978, a Detmold) mawaki ce ta Jamus. == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Vera Julia Ludwig a Detmold a Arewacin Rhine-Westphalia a shekara ta 1978. Bayan kammala makaranta tare da Abitur a Christian-Dietrich-Grabbe-Gymnasium a shekarar 1997 ta yi karatun ilimi na musamman a Jami'ar Cologne don zama malamin Jamusanci. A shekara ta 2004 ta fara aiki a matsayin malamin dalibi a wata makaranta ta musamman a Gütersloh . Daga shekarar 2006 zuwa shekarar 2008 ta kasance malama a wata makaranta ta musamman, ta farko a Beckum, daga baya ta koma makarantar farko a Gütersloh . Baya ga aiki a matsayin malama ta haɓaka baiwarta a matsayin marubuciya, musamman a matsayin mawaki. Ta fara buga wasu waƙoƙinta a cikin shekarar 2000 a cikin tarihin Junge Lyrik II na Martin Werhand Verlag . Daga 1999 zuwa 2002 Martin Werhand Verlag ya buga kundin 3 na shayari, kowannensu yana da waƙoƙi 750 na matasa 50, duk da haka ba a buga su ba. Dangane da wannan wasu daga cikin marubutan, daga cikinsu Vera Ludwig, sun shiga cikin jerin karatun ayyukansu a Jami'ar [[Köln|Cologne]] . Ana iya samun karin waƙoƙi na Vera Ludwig a cikin tarihin Junge Lyrik III daga shekara ta 2002. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2016 ta wallafa littafin waka na farko Sandtropfen (Drops of Sand) a cikin jerin 50 Gedichte (50 waƙoƙi) na Martin Werhand Verlag, rabin shekara bayan haka ta biyu tare da taken Horizont (Horizon) a cikin زنجیرە 100 Gedichte (100 waƙoƙoƙi). ta wannan mai bugawa. Waƙoƙin Vera Ludwig suna da alamomi kai tsaye ko kwatanci, harshe na alama kamar na Erich Fried ko Sarah Kirsch . Vera Ludwig tana zaune kuma tana aiki a Gütersloh . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] a40cw167ss7az10z8h5llanue3cskpz 0 165163 906216 2026-08-22T13:21:12Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343504015|Mary F. Raphael]]" 906216 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Marianna Florette Raphael''', An haifi Marianna Florette Moses (11 Yuli 1861 - 1942), ta kasance mai zane da marubuciya 'yar Burtaniya ta Pre-Raphaelite. Ta yi zane da rubutu a ƙarƙashin sunan Mary F. Raphael. == Rayuwa == An haife ta a shekara ta 1861. Ta auri Arthur Lewis Raphael, amma ya kasance mai caca kuma ya mutu. An riga an cire shi daga kasuwancin iyali mai riba, amma bayan mutuwarsa, babban iyalin sun kula da 'yarsa, [[Henrietta Leslie|Gladys]], da gwauruwarsa Marianna. Raphael ta bar 'yarta Gladys a hannun masu kula da mata yayin da ta ci gaba da horar da kanta don zama mai zane. Ɗaya daga cikin malamanta shine Solomon J. Solomon, kuma ya nuna wani zane a shekarar 1895 na Gladys. Raphael ya yi horo a Landan da Paris kuma an nuna hotonta na Wood Nymph tsirara na 1896 a Royal Academy. Zanenta na marubuci A. E. W. Mason ya zama babban abin jan hankali na ɗaya daga cikin littattafansa. A cikin 1902 an nuna zanen ta na The Winter's Tale characters Florizel da Perdita a Royal Academy . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Illustrated London News 1902 |url=https://iln.org.uk/iln_years/year/1902.htm |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=iln.org.uk}}</ref> A shekara ta 1906 tana nunawa a Royal Academy of Arts inda wani mai sukar ya yi sharhi game da kamanceceniyar zane-zanen wannan shekarar da aikin wasu masu fasaha. Mai sukar ya ji cewa aikinta yayi kama da na mai zane na Amurka George Hitchcock . <ref>{{Cite journal |date=1906 |title=The Exhibition of the Royal Academy of Arts-1906. The One Hundred and Thirty-Eighth |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25435735 |journal=The Collector and Art Critic |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=303–305 |issn=1948-0202 |jstor=25435735}}</ref> A shekara ta 1917 ta wallafa As Chance Would Have It . Littafin Raphael na 1923 The Lure of the Loire yana da zane-zane ashirin, kuma a 1926 ta buga The Romance of English Almshouses . Littafin ya kwatanta da hotuna 26 da kuma zane-zane sama da ashirin na Raphael. Raphael ta mutu a [[Switzerland]], makonni uku kafin mijinta.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Hotunan samfurin == <gallery mode="packed"> Fayil:Florizel_and_Perdita_by_Mary_F_Raphael.jpg|''Florizel and Perdita'' Fayil:Britomart_and_Amerel_by_Mary_F_Raphael_1899.jpg|''Britomart and Amoret'' Fayil:The_Wood_Nymph_by_Mary_F_Raphael.png|''The Wood Nymph'' </gallery> == Bayanan littattafai == d62wkyif16dh1dws1uznbjg0nwksg93 906217 906216 2026-08-22T13:21:32Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 906217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Marianna Florette Raphael''', An haifi Marianna Florette Moses (11 Yuli 1861 - 1942), ta kasance mai zane da marubuciya 'yar Burtaniya ta Pre-Raphaelite. Ta yi zane da rubutu a ƙarƙashin sunan Mary F. Raphael. == Rayuwa == An haife ta a shekara ta 1861. Ta auri Arthur Lewis Raphael, amma ya kasance mai caca kuma ya mutu. An riga an cire shi daga kasuwancin iyali mai riba, amma bayan mutuwarsa, babban iyalin sun kula da 'yarsa, [[Henrietta Leslie|Gladys]], da gwauruwarsa Marianna. Raphael ta bar 'yarta Gladys a hannun masu kula da mata yayin da ta ci gaba da horar da kanta don zama mai zane. Ɗaya daga cikin malamanta shine Solomon J. Solomon, kuma ya nuna wani zane a shekarar 1895 na Gladys. Raphael ya yi horo a Landan da Paris kuma an nuna hotonta na Wood Nymph tsirara na 1896 a Royal Academy. Zanenta na marubuci A. E. W. Mason ya zama babban abin jan hankali na ɗaya daga cikin littattafansa. A cikin 1902 an nuna zanen ta na The Winter's Tale characters Florizel da Perdita a Royal Academy . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Illustrated London News 1902 |url=https://iln.org.uk/iln_years/year/1902.htm |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=iln.org.uk}}</ref> A shekara ta 1906 tana nunawa a Royal Academy of Arts inda wani mai sukar ya yi sharhi game da kamanceceniyar zane-zanen wannan shekarar da aikin wasu masu fasaha. Mai sukar ya ji cewa aikinta yayi kama da na mai zane na Amurka George Hitchcock . <ref>{{Cite journal |date=1906 |title=The Exhibition of the Royal Academy of Arts-1906. The One Hundred and Thirty-Eighth |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25435735 |journal=The Collector and Art Critic |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=303–305 |issn=1948-0202 |jstor=25435735}}</ref> A shekara ta 1917 ta wallafa As Chance Would Have It . Littafin Raphael na 1923 The Lure of the Loire yana da zane-zane ashirin, kuma a 1926 ta buga The Romance of English Almshouses . Littafin ya kwatanta da hotuna 26 da kuma zane-zane sama da ashirin na Raphael. Raphael ta mutu a [[Switzerland]], makonni uku kafin mijinta.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Hotunan samfurin == <gallery mode="packed"> Fayil:Florizel_and_Perdita_by_Mary_F_Raphael.jpg|''Florizel and Perdita'' Fayil:Britomart_and_Amerel_by_Mary_F_Raphael_1899.jpg|''Britomart and Amoret'' Fayil:The_Wood_Nymph_by_Mary_F_Raphael.png|''The Wood Nymph'' </gallery> == Bayanan littattafai == blec5e3xla3nc61hhqu9j1k1s7nx8yp 906221 906217 2026-08-22T13:22:23Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 Gyara 906221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Marianna Florette Raphael''', An haifi Marianna Florette Moses (11 Yuli 1861 - 1942), ta kasance mai zane da marubuciya 'yar Burtaniya ta Pre-Raphaelite. Ta yi zane da rubutu a ƙarƙashin sunan Mary F. Raphael. == Rayuwa == An haife ta a shekara ta 1861. Ta auri Arthur Lewis Raphael, amma ya kasance mai caca kuma ya mutu. An riga an cire shi daga kasuwancin iyali mai riba, amma bayan mutuwarsa, babban iyalin sun kula da 'yarsa, [[Henrietta Leslie|Gladys]], da gwauruwarsa Marianna. Raphael ta bar 'yarta Gladys a hannun masu kula da mata yayin da ta ci gaba da horar da kanta don zama mai zane. Ɗaya daga cikin malamanta shine Solomon J. Solomon, kuma ya nuna wani zane a shekarar 1895 na Gladys. Raphael ya yi horo a Landan da Paris kuma an nuna hotonta na Wood Nymph tsirara na 1896 a Royal Academy. Zanenta na marubuci A. E. W. Mason ya zama babban abin jan hankali na ɗaya daga cikin littattafansa. A cikin 1902 an nuna zanen ta na The Winter's Tale characters Florizel da Perdita a Royal Academy . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Illustrated London News 1902 |url=https://iln.org.uk/iln_years/year/1902.htm |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=iln.org.uk}}</ref> A shekara ta 1906 tana nunawa a Royal Academy of Arts inda wani mai sukar ya yi sharhi game da kamanceceniyar zane-zanen wannan shekarar da aikin wasu masu fasaha. Mai sukar ya ji cewa aikinta yayi kama da na mai zane na Amurka George Hitchcock . <ref>{{Cite journal |date=1906 |title=The Exhibition of the Royal Academy of Arts-1906. The One Hundred and Thirty-Eighth |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25435735 |journal=The Collector and Art Critic |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=303–305 |issn=1948-0202 |jstor=25435735}}</ref> A shekara ta 1917 ta wallafa As Chance Would Have It . Littafin Raphael na 1923 The Lure of the Loire yana da zane-zane ashirin, kuma a 1926 ta buga The Romance of English Almshouses . Littafin ya kwatanta da hotuna 26 da kuma zane-zane sama da ashirin na Raphael. Raphael ta mutu a [[Switzerland]], makonni uku kafin mijinta.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Hotunan samfurin == <gallery mode="packed"> </gallery> == Bayanan littattafai == 7cvg1l1om1osbrezannpo45cihp3agj 906235 906221 2026-08-22T13:45:45Z Baffa ali 47435 906235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Marianna Florette Raphael''', An haifi Marianna Florette Moses ( an haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Yuli a shekarar 1861 - sannan ta mutu a shekara ta 1942), ta kasance mai zane da marubuciya 'yar Burtaniya ta Pre-Raphaelite. Ta yi zane da rubutu a ƙarƙashin sunan Mary F. Raphael. == Rayuwa == An haife ta a shekara ta 1861. Ta auri Arthur Lewis Raphael, amma ya kasance mai caca kuma ya mutu. An riga an cire shi daga kasuwancin iyali mai riba, amma bayan mutuwarsa, babban iyalin sun kula da 'yarsa, [[Henrietta Leslie|Gladys]], da gwauruwarsa Marianna. Raphael ta bar 'yarta Gladys a hannun masu kula da mata yayin da ta ci gaba da horar da kanta don zama mai zane. Ɗaya daga cikin malamanta shine Solomon J. Solomon, kuma ya nuna wani zane a shekarar 1895 na Gladys. Raphael ya yi horo a Landan da Paris kuma an nuna hotonta na Wood Nymph tsirara na 1896 a Royal Academy. Zanenta na marubuci A. E. W. Mason ya zama babban abin jan hankali na ɗaya daga cikin littattafansa. A cikin shekarar 1902 an nuna zanen ta na The Winter's Tale characters Florizel da Perdita a Royal Academy . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Illustrated London News 1902 |url=https://iln.org.uk/iln_years/year/1902.htm |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=iln.org.uk}}</ref> A shekara ta 1906 tana nunawa a Royal Academy of Arts inda wani mai sukar ya yi sharhi game da kamanceceniyar zane-zanen wannan shekarar da aikin wasu masu fasaha. Mai sukar ya ji cewa aikinta yayi kama da na mai zane na Amurka George Hitchcock . <ref>{{Cite journal |date=1906 |title=The Exhibition of the Royal Academy of Arts-1906. The One Hundred and Thirty-Eighth |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25435735 |journal=The Collector and Art Critic |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=303–305 |issn=1948-0202 |jstor=25435735}}</ref> A shekara ta 1917 ta wallafa As Chance Would Have It . Littafin Raphael na shekarar 1923 The Lure of the Loire yana da zane-zane ashirin, kuma a shekarar 1926 ta buga The Romance of English Almshouses . Littafin ya kwatanta da hotuna 26 da kuma zane-zane sama da ashirin na Raphael. Raphael ta mutu a [[Switzerland]], makonni uku kafin mijinta.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Hotunan samfurin == <gallery mode="packed"> </gallery> == Bayanan littattafai == 6fck5zant6bvqkw7n1gtvp6sz8isg9j 906271 906235 2026-08-22T17:01:16Z Lawan Bala 15944 /* Bayanan littattafai */ 906271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Marianna Florette Raphael''', An haifi Marianna Florette Moses ( an haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Yuli a shekarar 1861 - sannan ta mutu a shekara ta 1942), ta kasance mai zane da marubuciya 'yar Burtaniya ta Pre-Raphaelite. Ta yi zane da rubutu a ƙarƙashin sunan Mary F. Raphael. == Rayuwa == An haife ta a shekara ta 1861. Ta auri Arthur Lewis Raphael, amma ya kasance mai caca kuma ya mutu. An riga an cire shi daga kasuwancin iyali mai riba, amma bayan mutuwarsa, babban iyalin sun kula da 'yarsa, [[Henrietta Leslie|Gladys]], da gwauruwarsa Marianna. Raphael ta bar 'yarta Gladys a hannun masu kula da mata yayin da ta ci gaba da horar da kanta don zama mai zane. Ɗaya daga cikin malamanta shine Solomon J. Solomon, kuma ya nuna wani zane a shekarar 1895 na Gladys. Raphael ya yi horo a Landan da Paris kuma an nuna hotonta na Wood Nymph tsirara na 1896 a Royal Academy. Zanenta na marubuci A. E. W. Mason ya zama babban abin jan hankali na ɗaya daga cikin littattafansa. A cikin shekarar 1902 an nuna zanen ta na The Winter's Tale characters Florizel da Perdita a Royal Academy . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Illustrated London News 1902 |url=https://iln.org.uk/iln_years/year/1902.htm |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=iln.org.uk}}</ref> A shekara ta 1906 tana nunawa a Royal Academy of Arts inda wani mai sukar ya yi sharhi game da kamanceceniyar zane-zanen wannan shekarar da aikin wasu masu fasaha. Mai sukar ya ji cewa aikinta yayi kama da na mai zane na Amurka George Hitchcock . <ref>{{Cite journal |date=1906 |title=The Exhibition of the Royal Academy of Arts-1906. The One Hundred and Thirty-Eighth |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25435735 |journal=The Collector and Art Critic |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=303–305 |issn=1948-0202 |jstor=25435735}}</ref> A shekara ta 1917 ta wallafa As Chance Would Have It . Littafin Raphael na shekarar 1923 The Lure of the Loire yana da zane-zane ashirin, kuma a shekarar 1926 ta buga The Romance of English Almshouses . Littafin ya kwatanta da hotuna 26 da kuma zane-zane sama da ashirin na Raphael. Raphael ta mutu a [[Switzerland]], makonni uku kafin mijinta.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Hotunan samfurin == <gallery mode="packed"> </gallery> == Manazarta == 5wzuc6ktody4verbhf33hi1uy7yayy0 906272 906271 2026-08-22T17:01:36Z Lawan Bala 15944 906272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marianna Florette Raphael''', An haifi Marianna Florette Moses ( an haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Yuli a shekarar 1861 - sannan ta mutu a shekara ta 1942), ta kasance mai zane da marubuciya 'yar Burtaniya ta Pre-Raphaelite. Ta yi zane da rubutu a ƙarƙashin sunan Mary F. Raphael. == Rayuwa == An haife ta a shekara ta 1861. Ta auri Arthur Lewis Raphael, amma ya kasance mai caca kuma ya mutu. An riga an cire shi daga kasuwancin iyali mai riba, amma bayan mutuwarsa, babban iyalin sun kula da 'yarsa, [[Henrietta Leslie|Gladys]], da gwauruwarsa Marianna. Raphael ta bar 'yarta Gladys a hannun masu kula da mata yayin da ta ci gaba da horar da kanta don zama mai zane. Ɗaya daga cikin malamanta shine Solomon J. Solomon, kuma ya nuna wani zane a shekarar 1895 na Gladys. Raphael ya yi horo a Landan da Paris kuma an nuna hotonta na Wood Nymph tsirara na 1896 a Royal Academy. Zanenta na marubuci A. E. W. Mason ya zama babban abin jan hankali na ɗaya daga cikin littattafansa. A cikin shekarar 1902 an nuna zanen ta na The Winter's Tale characters Florizel da Perdita a Royal Academy . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Illustrated London News 1902 |url=https://iln.org.uk/iln_years/year/1902.htm |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=iln.org.uk}}</ref> A shekara ta 1906 tana nunawa a Royal Academy of Arts inda wani mai sukar ya yi sharhi game da kamanceceniyar zane-zanen wannan shekarar da aikin wasu masu fasaha. Mai sukar ya ji cewa aikinta yayi kama da na mai zane na Amurka George Hitchcock . <ref>{{Cite journal |date=1906 |title=The Exhibition of the Royal Academy of Arts-1906. The One Hundred and Thirty-Eighth |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25435735 |journal=The Collector and Art Critic |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=303–305 |issn=1948-0202 |jstor=25435735}}</ref> A shekara ta 1917 ta wallafa As Chance Would Have It . Littafin Raphael na shekarar 1923 The Lure of the Loire yana da zane-zane ashirin, kuma a shekarar 1926 ta buga The Romance of English Almshouses . Littafin ya kwatanta da hotuna 26 da kuma zane-zane sama da ashirin na Raphael. Raphael ta mutu a [[Switzerland]], makonni uku kafin mijinta.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Hotunan samfurin == <gallery mode="packed"> </gallery> == Manazarta == hx4qmouzf10u0g8bzc5cqaxoq09fvot 906273 906272 2026-08-22T17:02:35Z Lawan Bala 15944 906273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marianna Florette Raphael''', An haifi Marianna Florette Moses ( an haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Yuli a shekarar 1861 - sannan ta mutu a shekara ta 1942), ta kasance mai [[zane]] da marubuciya 'yar Burtaniya ta Pre-Raphaelite. Ta yi zane da rubutu a ƙarƙashin sunan Mary F. Raphael. == Rayuwa == An haife ta a shekara ta 1861. Ta auri Arthur Lewis Raphael, amma ya kasance mai caca kuma ya mutu. An riga an cire shi daga kasuwancin iyali mai riba, amma bayan mutuwarsa, babban iyalin sun kula da 'yarsa, [[Henrietta Leslie|Gladys]], da gwauruwarsa Marianna. Raphael ta bar 'yarta Gladys a hannun masu kula da mata yayin da ta ci gaba da horar da kanta don zama mai zane. Ɗaya daga cikin malamanta shine Solomon J. Solomon, kuma ya nuna wani zane a shekarar 1895 na Gladys. Raphael ya yi horo a Landan da Paris kuma an nuna hotonta na Wood Nymph tsirara na 1896 a Royal Academy. Zanenta na marubuci A. E. W. Mason ya zama babban abin jan hankali na ɗaya daga cikin littattafansa. A cikin shekarar 1902 an nuna zanen ta na The Winter's Tale characters Florizel da Perdita a Royal Academy . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Illustrated London News 1902 |url=https://iln.org.uk/iln_years/year/1902.htm |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=iln.org.uk}}</ref> A shekara ta 1906 tana nunawa a Royal Academy of Arts inda wani mai sukar ya yi sharhi game da kamanceceniyar zane-zanen wannan shekarar da aikin wasu masu fasaha. Mai sukar ya ji cewa aikinta yayi kama da na mai zane na Amurka George Hitchcock . <ref>{{Cite journal |date=1906 |title=The Exhibition of the Royal Academy of Arts-1906. The One Hundred and Thirty-Eighth |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25435735 |journal=The Collector and Art Critic |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=303–305 |issn=1948-0202 |jstor=25435735}}</ref> A shekara ta 1917 ta wallafa As Chance Would Have It . Littafin Raphael na shekarar 1923 The Lure of the Loire yana da zane-zane ashirin, kuma a shekarar 1926 ta buga The Romance of English Almshouses . Littafin ya kwatanta da hotuna 26 da kuma zane-zane sama da ashirin na Raphael. Raphael ta mutu a [[Switzerland]], makonni uku kafin mijinta.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Hotunan samfurin == <gallery mode="packed"> </gallery> == Manazarta == 2t37d9dvqtddbldmteuylznsu02z5d6 906274 906273 2026-08-22T17:03:02Z Lawan Bala 15944 906274 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marianna Florette Raphael''', An haifi Marianna Florette Moses ( an haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Yuli a shekarar 1861 - sannan ta mutu a shekara ta 1942), ta kasance mai [[zane]] kuma marubuciya 'yar Burtaniya ta Pre-Raphaelite. Ta yi zane da rubutu a ƙarƙashin sunan Mary F. Raphael. == Rayuwa == An haife ta a shekara ta 1861. Ta auri Arthur Lewis Raphael, amma ya kasance mai caca kuma ya mutu. An riga an cire shi daga kasuwancin iyali mai riba, amma bayan mutuwarsa, babban iyalin sun kula da 'yarsa, [[Henrietta Leslie|Gladys]], da gwauruwarsa Marianna. Raphael ta bar 'yarta Gladys a hannun masu kula da mata yayin da ta ci gaba da horar da kanta don zama mai zane. Ɗaya daga cikin malamanta shine Solomon J. Solomon, kuma ya nuna wani zane a shekarar 1895 na Gladys. Raphael ya yi horo a Landan da Paris kuma an nuna hotonta na Wood Nymph tsirara na 1896 a Royal Academy. Zanenta na marubuci A. E. W. Mason ya zama babban abin jan hankali na ɗaya daga cikin littattafansa. A cikin shekarar 1902 an nuna zanen ta na The Winter's Tale characters Florizel da Perdita a Royal Academy . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Illustrated London News 1902 |url=https://iln.org.uk/iln_years/year/1902.htm |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=iln.org.uk}}</ref> A shekara ta 1906 tana nunawa a Royal Academy of Arts inda wani mai sukar ya yi sharhi game da kamanceceniyar zane-zanen wannan shekarar da aikin wasu masu fasaha. Mai sukar ya ji cewa aikinta yayi kama da na mai zane na Amurka George Hitchcock . <ref>{{Cite journal |date=1906 |title=The Exhibition of the Royal Academy of Arts-1906. The One Hundred and Thirty-Eighth |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25435735 |journal=The Collector and Art Critic |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=303–305 |issn=1948-0202 |jstor=25435735}}</ref> A shekara ta 1917 ta wallafa As Chance Would Have It . Littafin Raphael na shekarar 1923 The Lure of the Loire yana da zane-zane ashirin, kuma a shekarar 1926 ta buga The Romance of English Almshouses . Littafin ya kwatanta da hotuna 26 da kuma zane-zane sama da ashirin na Raphael. Raphael ta mutu a [[Switzerland]], makonni uku kafin mijinta.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Hotunan samfurin == <gallery mode="packed"> </gallery> == Manazarta == ru7xkvis53f1kdw7hw4oz0nq3yaywed 2 165164 906218 2026-08-22T13:21:55Z BnHamid 12586 Sabon shafi: mw.loader.load('//ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:AutoEd/core.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); function autoEdFunctions() { var txt = document.editform.wpTextbox1; txt.value = autoEdLinks(txt.value); txt.value = autoEdWhitespace(txt.value); txt.value = autoEdHTMLtoWiki(txt.value); } mw.loader.load('//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Gadget-HotCat.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); 906218 javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:AutoEd/core.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); function autoEdFunctions() { var txt = document.editform.wpTextbox1; txt.value = autoEdLinks(txt.value); txt.value = autoEdWhitespace(txt.value); txt.value = autoEdHTMLtoWiki(txt.value); } mw.loader.load('//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Gadget-HotCat.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); m9764nvrixvh8h4x2gksrb8keg6ntup 906231 906218 2026-08-22T13:37:13Z BnHamid 12586 906231 javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:AutoEd/core.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); function autoEdFunctions() { var txt = document.editform.wpTextbox1; txt.value = autoEdLinks(txt.value); txt.value = autoEdWhitespace(txt.value); txt.value = autoEdHTMLtoWiki(txt.value); } mw.loader.load('//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Gadget-HotCat.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); n3nryxevk7qcbst5cy7wuqkzegmnl9i 906237 906231 2026-08-22T14:02:50Z BnHamid 12586 906237 javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:AutoEd/core.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); function autoEdFunctions() { var txt = document.editform.wpTextbox1; // Fixes broken link code formats txt.value = autoEdLinks(txt.value); txt.value = autoEdWhitespace(txt.value); txt.value = autoEdHTMLtoWiki(txt.value); // Automatically cleans up and fixes reference markup structures txt.value = txt.value.replace(/<references\s*\/?>/gi, '{{reflist}}'); txt.value = txt.value.replace(/\{\{cite\s+news/gi, '{{Cite news'); txt.value = txt.value.replace(/\{\{cite\s+web/gi, '{{Cite web'); txt.value = txt.value.replace(/\{\{cite\s+book/gi, '{{Cite book'); // Removes common empty parameters that break citations txt.value = txt.value.replace(/\|\s*author\s*=\s*\|/gi, '|'); txt.value = txt.value.replace(/\|\s*publisher\s*=\s*\|/gi, '|'); } mw.loader.load('//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Gadget-HotCat.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); nawifhnzf8je5ianv23r4wh1gwvb9bl 906241 906237 2026-08-22T14:25:32Z BnHamid 12586 906241 javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:AutoEd/core.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); function autoEdFunctions() { var txt = document.editform.wpTextbox1; // 1. Fixes broken link code formats txt.value = autoEdLinks(txt.value); txt.value = autoEdWhitespace(txt.value); txt.value = autoEdHTMLtoWiki(txt.value); // 2. Automatically cleans up reference markup structures txt.value = txt.value.replace(/<references\s*\/?>/gi, '{{reflist}}'); txt.value = txt.value.replace(/\{\{cite\s+news/gi, '{{Cite news'); txt.value = txt.value.replace(/\{\{cite\s+web/gi, '{{Cite web'); txt.value = txt.value.replace(/\{\{cite\s+book/gi, '{{Cite book'); // 3. Removes common empty parameters that break citations txt.value = txt.value.replace(/\|\s*author\s*=\s*\|/gi, '|'); txt.value = txt.value.replace(/\|\s*publisher\s*=\s*\|/gi, '|'); // 4. Automatically inserts {{databox}} at the top if it is missing if (!/\{\{\s*databox\s*\}\}/i.test(txt.value)) { txt.value = "{{databox}}\n" + txt.value; } } mw.loader.load('//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Gadget-HotCat.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); oha22stt3dxmiti2ofjfoffrh0lraub 906253 906241 2026-08-22T14:50:18Z BnHamid 12586 906253 javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:AutoEd/core.js?action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); function autoEdFunctions() { // Modern MediaWiki selector for the editing text area var $textbox = $( '#wpTextbox1' ); if ( !$textbox.length ) return; var txt = { value: $textbox.val() }; // 1. Fixes broken link code formats txt.value = autoEdLinks(txt.value); txt.value = autoEdWhitespace(txt.value); txt.value = autoEdHTMTowiki(txt.value); // 2. Automatically cleans up reference markup structures txt.value = txt.value.replace(/<references\s*\/?>/gi, '{{reflist}}'); txt.value = txt.value.replace(/\{\{cite\s+news/gi, '{{Cite news'); txt.value = txt.value.replace(/\{\{cite\s+web/gi, '{{Cite web'); txt.value = txt.value.replace(/\{\{cite\s+book/gi, '{{Cite book'); // 3. Removes common empty parameters that break citations txt.value = txt.value.replace(/\|\s*author\s*=\s*\|/gi, '|'); txt.value = txt.value.replace(/\|\s*publisher\s*=\s*\|/gi, '|'); // 4. Automatically inserts {{databox}} at the top if it is missing if ( !(/\{\{\s*databox\s*\}\}/i.test(txt.value)) ) { txt.value = "{{databox}}\n" + txt.value; } // Apply the modified text back to the Wikipedia text area $textbox.val(txt.value); } i7sdxi9qwzpteby5ep3pg07fevk35yv 906259 906253 2026-08-22T15:21:11Z BnHamid 12586 906259 javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:AutoEd/core.js?action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); mw.loader.load('//ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:AutoEd/links.js?action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); mw.loader.load('//ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:AutoEd/whitespace.js?action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); mw.loader.load('//ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:AutoEd/htmltowiki.js?action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); function autoEdFunctions() { var $textbox = $('#wpTextbox1'); if (!$textbox.length) return; var txt = { value: $textbox.val() }; txt.value = autoEdLinks(txt.value); txt.value = autoEdWhitespace(txt.value); txt.value = autoEdHTMTowiki(txt.value); txt.value = txt.value.replace(/<references\s*\/?>/gi, '{{reflist}}'); txt.value = txt.value.replace(/\{\{cite\s+news/gi, '{{Cite news'); txt.value = txt.value.replace(/\{\{cite\s+web/gi, '{{Cite web'); txt.value = txt.value.replace(/\{\{cite\s+book/gi, '{{Cite book'); txt.value = txt.value.replace(/\|\s*author\s*=\s*\|/gi, '|'); txt.value = txt.value.replace(/\|\s*publisher\s*=\s*\|/gi, '|'); if (!(/\{\{\s*databox\s*\}\}/i.test(txt.value))) { txt.value = "{{databox}}\n" + txt.value; } $textbox.val(txt.value); } rjm34piutxkh51gzki3dkzkgg9uiis9 906260 906259 2026-08-22T15:27:58Z BnHamid 12586 906260 javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:AutoEd/core.js?action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); mw.loader.load('//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:AutoEd/links.js?action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); mw.loader.load('//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:AutoEd/whitespace.js?action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); mw.loader.load('//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:AutoEd/htmltowiki.js?action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); function autoEdFunctions() { var $textbox = $('#wpTextbox1'); if (!$textbox.length) return; var txt = { value: $textbox.val() }; txt.value = autoEdLinks(txt.value); txt.value = autoEdWhitespace(txt.value); txt.value = autoEdHTMTowiki(txt.value); txt.value = txt.value.replace(/<references\s*\/?>/gi, '{{reflist}}'); txt.value = txt.value.replace(/\{\{cite\s+news/gi, '{{Cite news'); txt.value = txt.value.replace(/\{\{cite\s+web/gi, '{{Cite web'); txt.value = txt.value.replace(/\{\{cite\s+book/gi, '{{Cite book'); txt.value = txt.value.replace(/\|\s*author\s*=\s*\|/gi, '|'); txt.value = txt.value.replace(/\|\s*publisher\s*=\s*\|/gi, '|'); if (!(/\{\{\s*databox\s*\}\}/i.test(txt.value))) { txt.value = "{{databox}}\n" + txt.value; } $textbox.val(txt.value); } c0l9fd16g1a5nrmnuf5x7iffqv4az3p 906263 906260 2026-08-22T15:57:49Z BnHamid 12586 906263 javascript text/javascript function autoEdFunctions() { var $textbox = $('#wpTextbox1'); if (!$textbox.length) return; var txt = $textbox.val(); txt = txt.replace(/<references\s*\/?>/gi, '{{reflist}}'); txt = txt.replace(/\{\{cite\s+news/gi, '{{Cite news'); txt = txt.replace(/\{\{cite\s+web/gi, '{{Cite web'); txt = txt.replace(/\{\{cite\s+book/gi, '{{Cite book'); txt = txt.replace(/\|\s*author\s*=\s*\|/gi, '|'); txt = txt.replace(/\|\s*publisher\s*=\s*\|/gi, '|'); txt = txt.replace(/\s+$/, ''); if (!(/\{\{\s*databox\s*\}\}/i.test(txt))) { txt = "{{databox}}\n" + txt; } $textbox.val(txt); } mw.hook('wikipage.editform').add(function() { var $toolbar = $('#wpTextbox1').closest('.mw-editform').find('.edit-actions'); if ($toolbar.length) { $toolbar.append('<button type="button" id="autoEdManualBtn" class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive" style="margin-left:5px;">⚡ AutoEd</button>'); $('#autoEdManualBtn').click(function() { autoEdFunctions(); }); } }); qqfbxulkcxpefdkz8c3zhaoat40uubg 906266 906263 2026-08-22T16:31:25Z BnHamid 12586 906266 javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:AutoEd/core.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); function autoEdFunctions() { var txt = document.editform.wpTextbox1; // 1. Fixes broken link code formats txt.value = autoEdLinks(txt.value); txt.value = autoEdWhitespace(txt.value); txt.value = autoEdHTMLtoWiki(txt.value); // 2. Automatically cleans up reference markup structures txt.value = txt.value.replace(/<references\s*\/?>/gi, '{{reflist}}'); txt.value = txt.value.replace(/\{\{cite\s+news/gi, '{{Cite news'); txt.value = txt.value.replace(/\{\{cite\s+web/gi, '{{Cite web'); txt.value = txt.value.replace(/\{\{cite\s+book/gi, '{{Cite book'); // 3. Removes common empty parameters that break citations txt.value = txt.value.replace(/\|\s*author\s*=\s*\|/gi, '|'); txt.value = txt.value.replace(/\|\s*publisher\s*=\s*\|/gi, '|'); // 4. Automatically inserts {{databox}} at the top if it is missing if (!/\{\{\s*databox\s*\}\}/i.test(txt.value)) { txt.value = "{{databox}}\n" + txt.value; } } mw.loader.load('//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Gadget-HotCat.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); oha22stt3dxmiti2ofjfoffrh0lraub 0 165165 906243 2026-08-22T14:35:32Z Kamal JB 24987 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347869843|Klaus Zehelein]]" 906243 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Klaus Zehelein''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Satumba 1940) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Jamus. Ya kasance shugaban Munich Bayerische Theaterakademie Agusta Everding . Zehelein kuma shine shugaban kungiyar wasan kwaikwayo na Jamus, Deutscher Bühnenverein . Shekaru goma sha biyar, daga 1991 har zuwa 2006, Zehelein ya kasance darektan zane-zane na Staatsoper Stuttgart . Mai sukar Gerhard Rohde, yana taƙaita aikin wasan kwaikwayo na Zehelein a wasan kwaikwayo na Stuttgart, ya ce "Zehelein ba ya kallon wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin abin da ya faru na abinci. A gare shi wasan kwaikwayo abu ne mai rikitarwa, inda duk zane-zane - da zamantakewa, falsafa, tarihi, utopic da sauran fannoni - sun haɗu. Wannan rikitarwa na cancantar wasan kwaikwayo ana fahimta, ana ganin shi, ana samun kwarewa; don haka duk ayyukan da suka ƙare a kan mataki, ana nazarin su sosai kafin. == Ilimi da sana'a == Zehelein ta yi karatun adabin Jamusanci, ilimin kiɗa da falsafar a Jami'ar Goethe ta Frankfurt . Daga cikin malamansa akwai masana falsafa Max Horkheimer da Theodor W. Adorno . Ko da yake ba mawaki ba ne da kansa, Zehelein ya shiga cikin Darmstädter Ferienkurse daga 1959 zuwa 1966. A nan ne ya sadu da mawaƙa Luigi Nono da Karlheinz Stockhausen, wanda zai rinjayi ci gaban fasaha na Zehelein na gaba. Zehelein ya fara aikin sana'arsa a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kiel a 1967, sannan ya zama babban marubucin wasan kwaikwayo a Oldenburgisches Staatstheater . Daga 1977 zuwa 1987 ya yi aiki a Oper Frankfurt, ya fara a matsayin babban marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya zama darektan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Michael Gielen describing work with Zehelein, in: Michael Gielen ''»Unbedingt Musik«: Erinnerungen'', Insel Verlag,(2012), {{ISBN|978-3-458-35830-5}}</ref><ref>Axel Dielmann, ''Schafft Neus! ...: Richard Wagner in Frankfurt ( 2013)'', {{ISBN|978-3-86638-025-7}}</ref> A Frankfurt Zehelein ya haɓaka hanyar fassara da shirya wasan kwaikwayo mai amfani amma mai goyan bayan hankali.<ref>Work with Zehelein as dramaturge, in: Gottfried Knapp, ''Hans Diether Schall's Stage sets'', in Hans Dieter Schaal: Stage Architecture, Edition Axel Menges (Juni 2002), {{ISBN|978-3-930698-86-8}}, pp. 6–10</ref> Ya yi aiki tare da darektan mataki Hans Neuenfels a kan Busoni's ''Dokta Faust'' da Neuenfals' samar da Verdi's ''Aida'' - wanda aka sani da "Aida a matsayin mai tsabtace mace". Tare da darektan Ruth Berghaus da mai zanen ta Axel Manthey, ya yi aiki a kan Wagner's ''Parsifal'' da Ring. Zehelein ya koma Hamburg a shekarar 1989 a matsayin darektan zane-zane na Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Thalia kafin a ba shi matsayin darektin zane-zane a wasan kwaikwayo na Stuttgart. == Stuttgart Opera 1991-2006 == A lokacin darektan Zehelein, mujallar Opernwelt ta ba da lambar yabo ta Opera House of the Year ga Stuttgart Opera. An ba da kyaututtuka shida, a cikin shekarun 1994, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, da 2006. Zamanin Zehelein a Stuttgart an rubuta shi a cikin littafin Anders, ein Arbeitsbericht . <ref>Klaus Zehelein (editor) ''Fünfzehn Spielzeiten an der Staatsoper Stuttgart 1991–2006: Ein Arbeitsbericht'', raumzeit3, (2006), {{ISBN|978-3-9811007-6-1}}</ref> Zehelein ya kawo Pamela Rosenberg a matsayin mai haɗin gwiwa tsakanin 1991 da 2000 <ref>{{Cite web |title=San Francisco classical voice |url=https://www.sfcv.org/main/mainarchives/main_9_28_99.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112152751/https://www.sfcv.org/main/mainarchives/main_9_28_99.php |archive-date=12 January 2014 |access-date=17 August 2013}}, retrieved July 2013</ref> da kuma Eytan Pessen a matsayin darektan jefawa daga 2001 zuwa 2006. Babban marubucin wasan kwaikwayo shi ne Juliane Votteler . Zehelein ya yi aiki tare da daraktocin mataki Ruth Berghaus, <ref>Numerous mentions of Zehelein, in: Corinne Holtz, ''Ruth Berghaus. Ein Portrait'', Europäische Verlagsanstalt(2005), {{ISBN|978-3-434-50547-1}}</ref> Martin Ku diversi, Nicolas Brieger, Christof Nel, Neuenfels, <ref>Hans Neuenfels describing work with Zehelein, in: Hans Neuenfels, ''Das Bastardbuch: Autobiografische Stationen'', btb Verlag (2012), {{ISBN|978-3-442-74496-1}}</ref> Peter Konwitchny, Joachim Schlömer, Jossi Wieler da Sergio Morabito. A karkashin jagorancin Zehelein, Stuttgart Opera kamfani ne na wasan kwaikwayo. Sopranos Catherine Naglestad da Eva-Maria Westbroek sun kasance mambobi ne na ƙungiyarsa ta dindindin, tenor Jonas Kaufmann mai zane-zane ne. Daraktocin kiɗa sune [[Gabriele Ferro (conductor)|Gabriele Ferro]] da Lothar Zagrosek . Nicola Luisotti ya gudanar akai-akai a zamanin Zehelein. A cikin shekaru goma sha biyar Zehelein ya binciki mafi yawan wasan kwaikwayo na karni na 20, kamar su Berg's ''Wozzeck'' da ''Lulu'', Shostakovich's ''Lady Macbeth na Mtsensk'', Schreker's ''Die Gezeichneten'', Busoni's ''Dokta Faust'', da Nono's ''Al gran sole carico d'amore'' da Intolleranza 1960. An yi aikin ne a lokutan da yawa a cikin wasanni 29. Zehelein ya yi ayyukan mawaƙa Lachenmann, Jungy Pagh Pan, Hans Zender da Rolf Riehm. Zehelein ya jaddada cewa kamar yadda Richard Wagner ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa guda huɗu na Ring a cikin shekaru da yawa, yana canza ra'ayoyin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin tsari, ana iya bi da kowane wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin aiki mai zaman kansa. Zehelein ya gayyaci daraktoci huɗu don Ring dinsa, don haka ya ba kowane wasan kwaikwayo 'yancin kai. Sakamakon Stuttgarter Ring ya kawo tattaunawa da yawa da kuma karbuwa ga Stuttgart Opera . Zehelein ya kirkiro Forum Neues Musiktheater, wata cibiyar da ke da alaƙa da Stuttgart Opera. "A nan ba wai kawai an yi nazarin sabbin waƙoƙi ba kuma an gabatar da su, "in ji mai sukar Gerhard Rohde, "amma mafi mahimmanci shine yanayin aikin cibiyar: dakin gwaje-gwaje, inda matasa, kuma ba matasa masu kirkiro suke haɓaka ra'ayoyinsu, kuma tare da mawaƙa, mawaƙa, masu rawa, da sabbin kafofin watsa labarai sun fahimci waɗannan ra'ayoyin a cikin gaskiyar wasan kwaikwayo". Zehelein kuma ya kafa Junge Oper (cibiyar da aka keɓe don yin wasan kwaikwayo ga matasa masu sauraro ). Yawancin shirye-shiryen CD da DVD suna nuna sha'awar Zehelein a cikin ayyukan zamani da sabbin ra'ayoyin shirya. Kayan CD na Stuttgart sun hada da Nono's Intolleranza 1960 (1995) da ''Al Gran Sole Carico D'Amore'' (2001), da kuma Lachenmann's ''Das Mädchen mit den Schwefelhölzern'' (2003); Zehelein's productions on DVD: Handel's ''Alcina'' (1999), Hartmann's ''Simplicius Simplicissimus'' (2005), Mozart's La ''Finta giardiniera'' (2006) da Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen (2003). <ref>David J. levin Richard Wagner, Fritz Lang, and the Nibelungen Princeton University Press, (1999), {{ISBN|978-0-691-04971-7}}.</ref> == Koyarwa == Zehelein ya koyar da ilimin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Oldenburg . Ya kuma kasance farfesa baƙo a Jami'ar Jihar Minnesota, Collège na duniya na falsafa a Paris, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Wasanni a Jami'an Giessen kuma daga 1986 zuwa 1992 a Jami'in Fasaha ta Vienna. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2006, ya jagoranci sashen wasan kwaikwayo na LMU Munich da Kwalejin Wasanni ta Bavaria a Munich . <ref>Anke Roeder, Klaus Zehelein, ''Die Kunst der Dramaturgie: Theorie – Praxis – Ausbildung'', Henschel Verlag, (2011), {{ISBN|978-3-89487-655-5}}</ref> An buga ra'ayoyinsa game da wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa a cikin littafin Music theater today == Sauran ayyukan == Ya zuwa Mayu 2003, Zehelein shine shugaban [[Deutscher Bühnenverein]]">ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo na Jamus (Deutscher Bühnenverein). Tasirinsa na siyasa da na ɗabi'a yana da mahimmanci a lokutan raguwa mai tsanani a cikin kudaden jama'a na zane-zane.<ref>Daniel Ris,''Unternehmensethik für den Kulturbetrieb: Perspektiven am Beispiel öffentlich-rechtlicher Theater'' (VS College) VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2012, {{ISBN|978-3-531-19232-1}}</ref><ref>Elaine Kelly (Editor), Amy Wlodarski (Editor) ''Art Outside the Lines: New Perspectives on GDR Art Culture''. (German Monitor) [Paperback] p. 142, Rodopi (2011), {{ISBN|978-90-420-3341-2}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Agustan shekara ta 2006, Zehelein ya kuma zama shugaban Munich Bayerische Theaterakademie August Everding (Bavarian theatre academy) wanda ke cikin Prinzregentheater . The Theaterakademie wata makarantar kimiyya ce ta matakin jami'a da ke ba da darussan BA da MA a cikin jagora, wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa, waka, wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo, gidan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma sukar talabijin, saiti da kayan ado.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theaterakademie Website (partially in English) |url=http://www.theaterakademie.de/de/willkommen.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723050635/http://www.theaterakademie.de/de/willkommen.html |archive-date=23 July 2015 |access-date=17 August 2013}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Zehelein ya sami kyautar masu sukar Jamus saboda aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo a Oper Frankfurt a shekarar 1983. Ya kuma sami Order of Merit na Baden-Württemberg a shekara ta 2001, saboda aikinsa a jihar. An ba shi Cross na Ofishin Order of Merit na Tarayyar Jamus a lokacin rani na shekara ta 2006. A shekara ta 2007, ya zama memba na Bayerische Akademie der Schönen Künste . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Web site of the German national culture foundation (German: ''Kulturstiftung des Bundes'') |url=http://www.kulturstiftung-des-bundes.de/cms/en/stiftung/committees/stiftungsbeirat/prof_klaus_zehelein_367_7.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216033647/http://www.kulturstiftung-des-bundes.de/cms/en/stiftung/committees/stiftungsbeirat/prof_klaus_zehelein_367_7.html |archive-date=16 December 2013 |access-date=17 August 2013}}, retrieved July 2013</ref> A shekara ta 2023, ya sami lambar yabo ta Der Faust don nasarorin da ya samu a rayuwarsa.<ref name="nmz 2023 k515">{{Cite web |date=24 October 2023 |title=Klaus Zehelein wird mit Theaterpreis für Lebenswerk ausgezeichnet |url=https://www.nmz.de/menschen/klaus-zehelein-wird-mit-theaterpreis-fuer-lebenswerk-ausgezeichnet |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=[[neue musikzeitung]] |language=de}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2ktul208jvoyp7er38f5uz7gdagsjfg 906244 906243 2026-08-22T14:36:34Z Kamal JB 24987 906244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Klaus Zehelein''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Satumba 1940) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Jamus. Ya kasance shugaban Munich Bayerische Theaterakademie Agusta Everding . Zehelein kuma shine shugaban kungiyar wasan kwaikwayo na Jamus, Deutscher Bühnenverein . Shekaru goma sha biyar, daga 1991 har zuwa 2006, Zehelein ya kasance darektan zane-zane na Staatsoper Stuttgart . Mai sukar Gerhard Rohde, yana taƙaita aikin wasan kwaikwayo na Zehelein a wasan kwaikwayo na Stuttgart, ya ce "Zehelein ba ya kallon wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin abin da ya faru na abinci. A gare shi wasan kwaikwayo abu ne mai rikitarwa, inda duk zane-zane - da zamantakewa, falsafa, tarihi, utopic da sauran fannoni - sun haɗu. Wannan rikitarwa na cancantar wasan kwaikwayo ana fahimta, ana ganin shi, ana samun kwarewa; don haka duk ayyukan da suka ƙare a kan mataki, ana nazarin su sosai kafin. == Ilimi da sana'a == Zehelein ta yi karatun adabin Jamusanci, ilimin kiɗa da falsafar a Jami'ar Goethe ta Frankfurt . Daga cikin malamansa akwai masana falsafa Max Horkheimer da Theodor W. Adorno . Ko da yake ba mawaki ba ne da kansa, Zehelein ya shiga cikin Darmstädter Ferienkurse daga 1959 zuwa 1966. A nan ne ya sadu da mawaƙa Luigi Nono da Karlheinz Stockhausen, wanda zai rinjayi ci gaban fasaha na Zehelein na gaba. Zehelein ya fara aikin sana'arsa a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kiel a 1967, sannan ya zama babban marubucin wasan kwaikwayo a Oldenburgisches Staatstheater . Daga 1977 zuwa 1987 ya yi aiki a Oper Frankfurt, ya fara a matsayin babban marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya zama darektan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Michael Gielen describing work with Zehelein, in: Michael Gielen ''»Unbedingt Musik«: Erinnerungen'', Insel Verlag,(2012), {{ISBN|978-3-458-35830-5}}</ref><ref>Axel Dielmann, ''Schafft Neus! ...: Richard Wagner in Frankfurt ( 2013)'', {{ISBN|978-3-86638-025-7}}</ref> A Frankfurt Zehelein ya haɓaka hanyar fassara da shirya wasan kwaikwayo mai amfani amma mai goyan bayan hankali.<ref>Work with Zehelein as dramaturge, in: Gottfried Knapp, ''Hans Diether Schall's Stage sets'', in Hans Dieter Schaal: Stage Architecture, Edition Axel Menges (Juni 2002), {{ISBN|978-3-930698-86-8}}, pp. 6–10</ref> Ya yi aiki tare da darektan mataki Hans Neuenfels a kan Busoni's ''Dokta Faust'' da Neuenfals' samar da Verdi's ''Aida'' - wanda aka sani da "Aida a matsayin mai tsabtace mace". Tare da darektan Ruth Berghaus da mai zanen ta Axel Manthey, ya yi aiki a kan Wagner's ''Parsifal'' da Ring. Zehelein ya koma Hamburg a shekarar 1989 a matsayin darektan zane-zane na Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Thalia kafin a ba shi matsayin darektin zane-zane a wasan kwaikwayo na Stuttgart. == Stuttgart Opera 1991-2006 == A lokacin darektan Zehelein, mujallar Opernwelt ta ba da lambar yabo ta Opera House of the Year ga Stuttgart Opera. An ba da kyaututtuka shida, a cikin shekarun 1994, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, da 2006. Zamanin Zehelein a Stuttgart an rubuta shi a cikin littafin Anders, ein Arbeitsbericht . <ref>Klaus Zehelein (editor) ''Fünfzehn Spielzeiten an der Staatsoper Stuttgart 1991–2006: Ein Arbeitsbericht'', raumzeit3, (2006), {{ISBN|978-3-9811007-6-1}}</ref> Zehelein ya kawo Pamela Rosenberg a matsayin mai haɗin gwiwa tsakanin 1991 da 2000 <ref>{{Cite web |title=San Francisco classical voice |url=https://www.sfcv.org/main/mainarchives/main_9_28_99.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112152751/https://www.sfcv.org/main/mainarchives/main_9_28_99.php |archive-date=12 January 2014 |access-date=17 August 2013}}, retrieved July 2013</ref> da kuma Eytan Pessen a matsayin darektan jefawa daga 2001 zuwa 2006. Babban marubucin wasan kwaikwayo shi ne Juliane Votteler . Zehelein ya yi aiki tare da daraktocin mataki Ruth Berghaus, <ref>Numerous mentions of Zehelein, in: Corinne Holtz, ''Ruth Berghaus. Ein Portrait'', Europäische Verlagsanstalt(2005), {{ISBN|978-3-434-50547-1}}</ref> Martin Ku diversi, Nicolas Brieger, Christof Nel, Neuenfels, <ref>Hans Neuenfels describing work with Zehelein, in: Hans Neuenfels, ''Das Bastardbuch: Autobiografische Stationen'', btb Verlag (2012), {{ISBN|978-3-442-74496-1}}</ref> Peter Konwitchny, Joachim Schlömer, Jossi Wieler da Sergio Morabito. A karkashin jagorancin Zehelein, Stuttgart Opera kamfani ne na wasan kwaikwayo. Sopranos Catherine Naglestad da Eva-Maria Westbroek sun kasance mambobi ne na ƙungiyarsa ta dindindin, tenor Jonas Kaufmann mai zane-zane ne. Daraktocin kiɗa sune [[Gabriele Ferro (conductor)|Gabriele Ferro]] da Lothar Zagrosek . Nicola Luisotti ya gudanar akai-akai a zamanin Zehelein. A cikin shekaru goma sha biyar Zehelein ya binciki mafi yawan wasan kwaikwayo na karni na 20, kamar su Berg's ''Wozzeck'' da ''Lulu'', Shostakovich's ''Lady Macbeth na Mtsensk'', Schreker's ''Die Gezeichneten'', Busoni's ''Dokta Faust'', da Nono's ''Al gran sole carico d'amore'' da Intolleranza 1960. An yi aikin ne a lokutan da yawa a cikin wasanni 29. Zehelein ya yi ayyukan mawaƙa Lachenmann, Jungy Pagh Pan, Hans Zender da Rolf Riehm. Zehelein ya jaddada cewa kamar yadda Richard Wagner ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa guda huɗu na Ring a cikin shekaru da yawa, yana canza ra'ayoyin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin tsari, ana iya bi da kowane wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin aiki mai zaman kansa. Zehelein ya gayyaci daraktoci huɗu don Ring dinsa, don haka ya ba kowane wasan kwaikwayo 'yancin kai. Sakamakon Stuttgarter Ring ya kawo tattaunawa da yawa da kuma karbuwa ga Stuttgart Opera . Zehelein ya kirkiro Forum Neues Musiktheater, wata cibiyar da ke da alaƙa da Stuttgart Opera. "A nan ba wai kawai an yi nazarin sabbin waƙoƙi ba kuma an gabatar da su, "in ji mai sukar Gerhard Rohde, "amma mafi mahimmanci shine yanayin aikin cibiyar: dakin gwaje-gwaje, inda matasa, kuma ba matasa masu kirkiro suke haɓaka ra'ayoyinsu, kuma tare da mawaƙa, mawaƙa, masu rawa, da sabbin kafofin watsa labarai sun fahimci waɗannan ra'ayoyin a cikin gaskiyar wasan kwaikwayo". Zehelein kuma ya kafa Junge Oper (cibiyar da aka keɓe don yin wasan kwaikwayo ga matasa masu sauraro ). Yawancin shirye-shiryen CD da DVD suna nuna sha'awar Zehelein a cikin ayyukan zamani da sabbin ra'ayoyin shirya. Kayan CD na Stuttgart sun hada da Nono's Intolleranza 1960 (1995) da ''Al Gran Sole Carico D'Amore'' (2001), da kuma Lachenmann's ''Das Mädchen mit den Schwefelhölzern'' (2003); Zehelein's productions on DVD: Handel's ''Alcina'' (1999), Hartmann's ''Simplicius Simplicissimus'' (2005), Mozart's La ''Finta giardiniera'' (2006) da Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen (2003). <ref>David J. levin Richard Wagner, Fritz Lang, and the Nibelungen Princeton University Press, (1999), {{ISBN|978-0-691-04971-7}}.</ref> == Koyarwa == Zehelein ya koyar da ilimin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Oldenburg . Ya kuma kasance farfesa baƙo a Jami'ar Jihar Minnesota, Collège na duniya na falsafa a Paris, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Wasanni a Jami'an Giessen kuma daga 1986 zuwa 1992 a Jami'in Fasaha ta Vienna. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2006, ya jagoranci sashen wasan kwaikwayo na LMU Munich da Kwalejin Wasanni ta Bavaria a Munich . <ref>Anke Roeder, Klaus Zehelein, ''Die Kunst der Dramaturgie: Theorie – Praxis – Ausbildung'', Henschel Verlag, (2011), {{ISBN|978-3-89487-655-5}}</ref> An buga ra'ayoyinsa game da wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa a cikin littafin Music theater today == Sauran ayyukan == Ya zuwa Mayu 2003, Zehelein shine shugaban [[Deutscher Bühnenverein]]">ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo na Jamus (Deutscher Bühnenverein). Tasirinsa na siyasa da na ɗabi'a yana da mahimmanci a lokutan raguwa mai tsanani a cikin kudaden jama'a na zane-zane.<ref>Daniel Ris,''Unternehmensethik für den Kulturbetrieb: Perspektiven am Beispiel öffentlich-rechtlicher Theater'' (VS College) VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2012, {{ISBN|978-3-531-19232-1}}</ref><ref>Elaine Kelly (Editor), Amy Wlodarski (Editor) ''Art Outside the Lines: New Perspectives on GDR Art Culture''. (German Monitor) [Paperback] p. 142, Rodopi (2011), {{ISBN|978-90-420-3341-2}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Agustan shekara ta 2006, Zehelein ya kuma zama shugaban Munich Bayerische Theaterakademie August Everding (Bavarian theatre academy) wanda ke cikin Prinzregentheater . The Theaterakademie wata makarantar kimiyya ce ta matakin jami'a da ke ba da darussan BA da MA a cikin jagora, wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa, waka, wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo, gidan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma sukar talabijin, saiti da kayan ado.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theaterakademie Website (partially in English) |url=http://www.theaterakademie.de/de/willkommen.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723050635/http://www.theaterakademie.de/de/willkommen.html |archive-date=23 July 2015 |access-date=17 August 2013}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Zehelein ya sami kyautar masu sukar Jamus saboda aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo a Oper Frankfurt a shekarar 1983. Ya kuma sami Order of Merit na Baden-Württemberg a shekara ta 2001, saboda aikinsa a jihar. An ba shi Cross na Ofishin Order of Merit na Tarayyar Jamus a lokacin rani na shekara ta 2006. A shekara ta 2007, ya zama memba na Bayerische Akademie der Schönen Künste . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Web site of the German national culture foundation (German: ''Kulturstiftung des Bundes'') |url=http://www.kulturstiftung-des-bundes.de/cms/en/stiftung/committees/stiftungsbeirat/prof_klaus_zehelein_367_7.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216033647/http://www.kulturstiftung-des-bundes.de/cms/en/stiftung/committees/stiftungsbeirat/prof_klaus_zehelein_367_7.html |archive-date=16 December 2013 |access-date=17 August 2013}}, retrieved July 2013</ref> A shekara ta 2023, ya sami lambar yabo ta Der Faust don nasarorin da ya samu a rayuwarsa.<ref name="nmz 2023 k515">{{Cite web |date=24 October 2023 |title=Klaus Zehelein wird mit Theaterpreis für Lebenswerk ausgezeichnet |url=https://www.nmz.de/menschen/klaus-zehelein-wird-mit-theaterpreis-fuer-lebenswerk-ausgezeichnet |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=[[neue musikzeitung]] |language=de}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4n5o1ijtifrunmt7p7acnuv4jc3dfrr 906245 906244 2026-08-22T14:37:06Z Kamal JB 24987 /* Bayanan da aka ambata */ 906245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Klaus Zehelein''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Satumba 1940) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Jamus. Ya kasance shugaban Munich Bayerische Theaterakademie Agusta Everding . Zehelein kuma shine shugaban kungiyar wasan kwaikwayo na Jamus, Deutscher Bühnenverein . Shekaru goma sha biyar, daga 1991 har zuwa 2006, Zehelein ya kasance darektan zane-zane na Staatsoper Stuttgart . Mai sukar Gerhard Rohde, yana taƙaita aikin wasan kwaikwayo na Zehelein a wasan kwaikwayo na Stuttgart, ya ce "Zehelein ba ya kallon wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin abin da ya faru na abinci. A gare shi wasan kwaikwayo abu ne mai rikitarwa, inda duk zane-zane - da zamantakewa, falsafa, tarihi, utopic da sauran fannoni - sun haɗu. Wannan rikitarwa na cancantar wasan kwaikwayo ana fahimta, ana ganin shi, ana samun kwarewa; don haka duk ayyukan da suka ƙare a kan mataki, ana nazarin su sosai kafin. == Ilimi da sana'a == Zehelein ta yi karatun adabin Jamusanci, ilimin kiɗa da falsafar a Jami'ar Goethe ta Frankfurt . Daga cikin malamansa akwai masana falsafa Max Horkheimer da Theodor W. Adorno . Ko da yake ba mawaki ba ne da kansa, Zehelein ya shiga cikin Darmstädter Ferienkurse daga 1959 zuwa 1966. A nan ne ya sadu da mawaƙa Luigi Nono da Karlheinz Stockhausen, wanda zai rinjayi ci gaban fasaha na Zehelein na gaba. Zehelein ya fara aikin sana'arsa a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kiel a 1967, sannan ya zama babban marubucin wasan kwaikwayo a Oldenburgisches Staatstheater . Daga 1977 zuwa 1987 ya yi aiki a Oper Frankfurt, ya fara a matsayin babban marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya zama darektan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Michael Gielen describing work with Zehelein, in: Michael Gielen ''»Unbedingt Musik«: Erinnerungen'', Insel Verlag,(2012), {{ISBN|978-3-458-35830-5}}</ref><ref>Axel Dielmann, ''Schafft Neus! ...: Richard Wagner in Frankfurt ( 2013)'', {{ISBN|978-3-86638-025-7}}</ref> A Frankfurt Zehelein ya haɓaka hanyar fassara da shirya wasan kwaikwayo mai amfani amma mai goyan bayan hankali.<ref>Work with Zehelein as dramaturge, in: Gottfried Knapp, ''Hans Diether Schall's Stage sets'', in Hans Dieter Schaal: Stage Architecture, Edition Axel Menges (Juni 2002), {{ISBN|978-3-930698-86-8}}, pp. 6–10</ref> Ya yi aiki tare da darektan mataki Hans Neuenfels a kan Busoni's ''Dokta Faust'' da Neuenfals' samar da Verdi's ''Aida'' - wanda aka sani da "Aida a matsayin mai tsabtace mace". Tare da darektan Ruth Berghaus da mai zanen ta Axel Manthey, ya yi aiki a kan Wagner's ''Parsifal'' da Ring. Zehelein ya koma Hamburg a shekarar 1989 a matsayin darektan zane-zane na Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Thalia kafin a ba shi matsayin darektin zane-zane a wasan kwaikwayo na Stuttgart. == Stuttgart Opera 1991-2006 == A lokacin darektan Zehelein, mujallar Opernwelt ta ba da lambar yabo ta Opera House of the Year ga Stuttgart Opera. An ba da kyaututtuka shida, a cikin shekarun 1994, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, da 2006. Zamanin Zehelein a Stuttgart an rubuta shi a cikin littafin Anders, ein Arbeitsbericht . <ref>Klaus Zehelein (editor) ''Fünfzehn Spielzeiten an der Staatsoper Stuttgart 1991–2006: Ein Arbeitsbericht'', raumzeit3, (2006), {{ISBN|978-3-9811007-6-1}}</ref> Zehelein ya kawo Pamela Rosenberg a matsayin mai haɗin gwiwa tsakanin 1991 da 2000 <ref>{{Cite web |title=San Francisco classical voice |url=https://www.sfcv.org/main/mainarchives/main_9_28_99.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112152751/https://www.sfcv.org/main/mainarchives/main_9_28_99.php |archive-date=12 January 2014 |access-date=17 August 2013}}, retrieved July 2013</ref> da kuma Eytan Pessen a matsayin darektan jefawa daga 2001 zuwa 2006. Babban marubucin wasan kwaikwayo shi ne Juliane Votteler . Zehelein ya yi aiki tare da daraktocin mataki Ruth Berghaus, <ref>Numerous mentions of Zehelein, in: Corinne Holtz, ''Ruth Berghaus. Ein Portrait'', Europäische Verlagsanstalt(2005), {{ISBN|978-3-434-50547-1}}</ref> Martin Ku diversi, Nicolas Brieger, Christof Nel, Neuenfels, <ref>Hans Neuenfels describing work with Zehelein, in: Hans Neuenfels, ''Das Bastardbuch: Autobiografische Stationen'', btb Verlag (2012), {{ISBN|978-3-442-74496-1}}</ref> Peter Konwitchny, Joachim Schlömer, Jossi Wieler da Sergio Morabito. A karkashin jagorancin Zehelein, Stuttgart Opera kamfani ne na wasan kwaikwayo. Sopranos Catherine Naglestad da Eva-Maria Westbroek sun kasance mambobi ne na ƙungiyarsa ta dindindin, tenor Jonas Kaufmann mai zane-zane ne. Daraktocin kiɗa sune [[Gabriele Ferro (conductor)|Gabriele Ferro]] da Lothar Zagrosek . Nicola Luisotti ya gudanar akai-akai a zamanin Zehelein. A cikin shekaru goma sha biyar Zehelein ya binciki mafi yawan wasan kwaikwayo na karni na 20, kamar su Berg's ''Wozzeck'' da ''Lulu'', Shostakovich's ''Lady Macbeth na Mtsensk'', Schreker's ''Die Gezeichneten'', Busoni's ''Dokta Faust'', da Nono's ''Al gran sole carico d'amore'' da Intolleranza 1960. An yi aikin ne a lokutan da yawa a cikin wasanni 29. Zehelein ya yi ayyukan mawaƙa Lachenmann, Jungy Pagh Pan, Hans Zender da Rolf Riehm. Zehelein ya jaddada cewa kamar yadda Richard Wagner ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa guda huɗu na Ring a cikin shekaru da yawa, yana canza ra'ayoyin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin tsari, ana iya bi da kowane wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin aiki mai zaman kansa. Zehelein ya gayyaci daraktoci huɗu don Ring dinsa, don haka ya ba kowane wasan kwaikwayo 'yancin kai. Sakamakon Stuttgarter Ring ya kawo tattaunawa da yawa da kuma karbuwa ga Stuttgart Opera . Zehelein ya kirkiro Forum Neues Musiktheater, wata cibiyar da ke da alaƙa da Stuttgart Opera. "A nan ba wai kawai an yi nazarin sabbin waƙoƙi ba kuma an gabatar da su, "in ji mai sukar Gerhard Rohde, "amma mafi mahimmanci shine yanayin aikin cibiyar: dakin gwaje-gwaje, inda matasa, kuma ba matasa masu kirkiro suke haɓaka ra'ayoyinsu, kuma tare da mawaƙa, mawaƙa, masu rawa, da sabbin kafofin watsa labarai sun fahimci waɗannan ra'ayoyin a cikin gaskiyar wasan kwaikwayo". Zehelein kuma ya kafa Junge Oper (cibiyar da aka keɓe don yin wasan kwaikwayo ga matasa masu sauraro ). Yawancin shirye-shiryen CD da DVD suna nuna sha'awar Zehelein a cikin ayyukan zamani da sabbin ra'ayoyin shirya. Kayan CD na Stuttgart sun hada da Nono's Intolleranza 1960 (1995) da ''Al Gran Sole Carico D'Amore'' (2001), da kuma Lachenmann's ''Das Mädchen mit den Schwefelhölzern'' (2003); Zehelein's productions on DVD: Handel's ''Alcina'' (1999), Hartmann's ''Simplicius Simplicissimus'' (2005), Mozart's La ''Finta giardiniera'' (2006) da Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen (2003). <ref>David J. levin Richard Wagner, Fritz Lang, and the Nibelungen Princeton University Press, (1999), {{ISBN|978-0-691-04971-7}}.</ref> == Koyarwa == Zehelein ya koyar da ilimin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Oldenburg . Ya kuma kasance farfesa baƙo a Jami'ar Jihar Minnesota, Collège na duniya na falsafa a Paris, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Wasanni a Jami'an Giessen kuma daga 1986 zuwa 1992 a Jami'in Fasaha ta Vienna. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2006, ya jagoranci sashen wasan kwaikwayo na LMU Munich da Kwalejin Wasanni ta Bavaria a Munich . <ref>Anke Roeder, Klaus Zehelein, ''Die Kunst der Dramaturgie: Theorie – Praxis – Ausbildung'', Henschel Verlag, (2011), {{ISBN|978-3-89487-655-5}}</ref> An buga ra'ayoyinsa game da wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa a cikin littafin Music theater today == Sauran ayyukan == Ya zuwa Mayu 2003, Zehelein shine shugaban [[Deutscher Bühnenverein]]">ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo na Jamus (Deutscher Bühnenverein). Tasirinsa na siyasa da na ɗabi'a yana da mahimmanci a lokutan raguwa mai tsanani a cikin kudaden jama'a na zane-zane.<ref>Daniel Ris,''Unternehmensethik für den Kulturbetrieb: Perspektiven am Beispiel öffentlich-rechtlicher Theater'' (VS College) VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2012, {{ISBN|978-3-531-19232-1}}</ref><ref>Elaine Kelly (Editor), Amy Wlodarski (Editor) ''Art Outside the Lines: New Perspectives on GDR Art Culture''. (German Monitor) [Paperback] p. 142, Rodopi (2011), {{ISBN|978-90-420-3341-2}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Agustan shekara ta 2006, Zehelein ya kuma zama shugaban Munich Bayerische Theaterakademie August Everding (Bavarian theatre academy) wanda ke cikin Prinzregentheater . The Theaterakademie wata makarantar kimiyya ce ta matakin jami'a da ke ba da darussan BA da MA a cikin jagora, wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa, waka, wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo, gidan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma sukar talabijin, saiti da kayan ado.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theaterakademie Website (partially in English) |url=http://www.theaterakademie.de/de/willkommen.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723050635/http://www.theaterakademie.de/de/willkommen.html |archive-date=23 July 2015 |access-date=17 August 2013}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Zehelein ya sami kyautar masu sukar Jamus saboda aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo a Oper Frankfurt a shekarar 1983. Ya kuma sami Order of Merit na Baden-Württemberg a shekara ta 2001, saboda aikinsa a jihar. An ba shi Cross na Ofishin Order of Merit na Tarayyar Jamus a lokacin rani na shekara ta 2006. A shekara ta 2007, ya zama memba na Bayerische Akademie der Schönen Künste . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Web site of the German national culture foundation (German: ''Kulturstiftung des Bundes'') |url=http://www.kulturstiftung-des-bundes.de/cms/en/stiftung/committees/stiftungsbeirat/prof_klaus_zehelein_367_7.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216033647/http://www.kulturstiftung-des-bundes.de/cms/en/stiftung/committees/stiftungsbeirat/prof_klaus_zehelein_367_7.html |archive-date=16 December 2013 |access-date=17 August 2013}}, retrieved July 2013</ref> A shekara ta 2023, ya sami lambar yabo ta Der Faust don nasarorin da ya samu a rayuwarsa.<ref name="nmz 2023 k515">{{Cite web |date=24 October 2023 |title=Klaus Zehelein wird mit Theaterpreis für Lebenswerk ausgezeichnet |url=https://www.nmz.de/menschen/klaus-zehelein-wird-mit-theaterpreis-fuer-lebenswerk-ausgezeichnet |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=[[neue musikzeitung]] |language=de}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] b3hxt7kah7oh6oqeczwetr1kmtig507 906246 906245 2026-08-22T14:37:24Z Kamal JB 24987 906246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Klaus Zehelein''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba 1940) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Jamus. Ya kasance shugaban Munich Bayerische Theaterakademie Agusta Everding . Zehelein kuma shine shugaban kungiyar wasan kwaikwayo na Jamus, Deutscher Bühnenverein . Shekaru goma sha biyar, daga 1991 har zuwa 2006, Zehelein ya kasance darektan zane-zane na Staatsoper Stuttgart . Mai sukar Gerhard Rohde, yana taƙaita aikin wasan kwaikwayo na Zehelein a wasan kwaikwayo na Stuttgart, ya ce "Zehelein ba ya kallon wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin abin da ya faru na abinci. A gare shi wasan kwaikwayo abu ne mai rikitarwa, inda duk zane-zane - da zamantakewa, falsafa, tarihi, utopic da sauran fannoni - sun haɗu. Wannan rikitarwa na cancantar wasan kwaikwayo ana fahimta, ana ganin shi, ana samun kwarewa; don haka duk ayyukan da suka ƙare a kan mataki, ana nazarin su sosai kafin. == Ilimi da sana'a == Zehelein ta yi karatun adabin Jamusanci, ilimin kiɗa da falsafar a Jami'ar Goethe ta Frankfurt . Daga cikin malamansa akwai masana falsafa Max Horkheimer da Theodor W. Adorno . Ko da yake ba mawaki ba ne da kansa, Zehelein ya shiga cikin Darmstädter Ferienkurse daga 1959 zuwa 1966. A nan ne ya sadu da mawaƙa Luigi Nono da Karlheinz Stockhausen, wanda zai rinjayi ci gaban fasaha na Zehelein na gaba. Zehelein ya fara aikin sana'arsa a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kiel a 1967, sannan ya zama babban marubucin wasan kwaikwayo a Oldenburgisches Staatstheater . Daga 1977 zuwa 1987 ya yi aiki a Oper Frankfurt, ya fara a matsayin babban marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya zama darektan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Michael Gielen describing work with Zehelein, in: Michael Gielen ''»Unbedingt Musik«: Erinnerungen'', Insel Verlag,(2012), {{ISBN|978-3-458-35830-5}}</ref><ref>Axel Dielmann, ''Schafft Neus! ...: Richard Wagner in Frankfurt ( 2013)'', {{ISBN|978-3-86638-025-7}}</ref> A Frankfurt Zehelein ya haɓaka hanyar fassara da shirya wasan kwaikwayo mai amfani amma mai goyan bayan hankali.<ref>Work with Zehelein as dramaturge, in: Gottfried Knapp, ''Hans Diether Schall's Stage sets'', in Hans Dieter Schaal: Stage Architecture, Edition Axel Menges (Juni 2002), {{ISBN|978-3-930698-86-8}}, pp. 6–10</ref> Ya yi aiki tare da darektan mataki Hans Neuenfels a kan Busoni's ''Dokta Faust'' da Neuenfals' samar da Verdi's ''Aida'' - wanda aka sani da "Aida a matsayin mai tsabtace mace". Tare da darektan Ruth Berghaus da mai zanen ta Axel Manthey, ya yi aiki a kan Wagner's ''Parsifal'' da Ring. Zehelein ya koma Hamburg a shekarar 1989 a matsayin darektan zane-zane na Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Thalia kafin a ba shi matsayin darektin zane-zane a wasan kwaikwayo na Stuttgart. == Stuttgart Opera 1991-2006 == A lokacin darektan Zehelein, mujallar Opernwelt ta ba da lambar yabo ta Opera House of the Year ga Stuttgart Opera. An ba da kyaututtuka shida, a cikin shekarun 1994, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, da 2006. Zamanin Zehelein a Stuttgart an rubuta shi a cikin littafin Anders, ein Arbeitsbericht . <ref>Klaus Zehelein (editor) ''Fünfzehn Spielzeiten an der Staatsoper Stuttgart 1991–2006: Ein Arbeitsbericht'', raumzeit3, (2006), {{ISBN|978-3-9811007-6-1}}</ref> Zehelein ya kawo Pamela Rosenberg a matsayin mai haɗin gwiwa tsakanin 1991 da 2000 <ref>{{Cite web |title=San Francisco classical voice |url=https://www.sfcv.org/main/mainarchives/main_9_28_99.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112152751/https://www.sfcv.org/main/mainarchives/main_9_28_99.php |archive-date=12 January 2014 |access-date=17 August 2013}}, retrieved July 2013</ref> da kuma Eytan Pessen a matsayin darektan jefawa daga 2001 zuwa 2006. Babban marubucin wasan kwaikwayo shi ne Juliane Votteler . Zehelein ya yi aiki tare da daraktocin mataki Ruth Berghaus, <ref>Numerous mentions of Zehelein, in: Corinne Holtz, ''Ruth Berghaus. Ein Portrait'', Europäische Verlagsanstalt(2005), {{ISBN|978-3-434-50547-1}}</ref> Martin Ku diversi, Nicolas Brieger, Christof Nel, Neuenfels, <ref>Hans Neuenfels describing work with Zehelein, in: Hans Neuenfels, ''Das Bastardbuch: Autobiografische Stationen'', btb Verlag (2012), {{ISBN|978-3-442-74496-1}}</ref> Peter Konwitchny, Joachim Schlömer, Jossi Wieler da Sergio Morabito. A karkashin jagorancin Zehelein, Stuttgart Opera kamfani ne na wasan kwaikwayo. Sopranos Catherine Naglestad da Eva-Maria Westbroek sun kasance mambobi ne na ƙungiyarsa ta dindindin, tenor Jonas Kaufmann mai zane-zane ne. Daraktocin kiɗa sune [[Gabriele Ferro (conductor)|Gabriele Ferro]] da Lothar Zagrosek . Nicola Luisotti ya gudanar akai-akai a zamanin Zehelein. A cikin shekaru goma sha biyar Zehelein ya binciki mafi yawan wasan kwaikwayo na karni na 20, kamar su Berg's ''Wozzeck'' da ''Lulu'', Shostakovich's ''Lady Macbeth na Mtsensk'', Schreker's ''Die Gezeichneten'', Busoni's ''Dokta Faust'', da Nono's ''Al gran sole carico d'amore'' da Intolleranza 1960. An yi aikin ne a lokutan da yawa a cikin wasanni 29. Zehelein ya yi ayyukan mawaƙa Lachenmann, Jungy Pagh Pan, Hans Zender da Rolf Riehm. Zehelein ya jaddada cewa kamar yadda Richard Wagner ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa guda huɗu na Ring a cikin shekaru da yawa, yana canza ra'ayoyin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin tsari, ana iya bi da kowane wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin aiki mai zaman kansa. Zehelein ya gayyaci daraktoci huɗu don Ring dinsa, don haka ya ba kowane wasan kwaikwayo 'yancin kai. Sakamakon Stuttgarter Ring ya kawo tattaunawa da yawa da kuma karbuwa ga Stuttgart Opera . Zehelein ya kirkiro Forum Neues Musiktheater, wata cibiyar da ke da alaƙa da Stuttgart Opera. "A nan ba wai kawai an yi nazarin sabbin waƙoƙi ba kuma an gabatar da su, "in ji mai sukar Gerhard Rohde, "amma mafi mahimmanci shine yanayin aikin cibiyar: dakin gwaje-gwaje, inda matasa, kuma ba matasa masu kirkiro suke haɓaka ra'ayoyinsu, kuma tare da mawaƙa, mawaƙa, masu rawa, da sabbin kafofin watsa labarai sun fahimci waɗannan ra'ayoyin a cikin gaskiyar wasan kwaikwayo". Zehelein kuma ya kafa Junge Oper (cibiyar da aka keɓe don yin wasan kwaikwayo ga matasa masu sauraro ). Yawancin shirye-shiryen CD da DVD suna nuna sha'awar Zehelein a cikin ayyukan zamani da sabbin ra'ayoyin shirya. Kayan CD na Stuttgart sun hada da Nono's Intolleranza 1960 (1995) da ''Al Gran Sole Carico D'Amore'' (2001), da kuma Lachenmann's ''Das Mädchen mit den Schwefelhölzern'' (2003); Zehelein's productions on DVD: Handel's ''Alcina'' (1999), Hartmann's ''Simplicius Simplicissimus'' (2005), Mozart's La ''Finta giardiniera'' (2006) da Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen (2003). <ref>David J. levin Richard Wagner, Fritz Lang, and the Nibelungen Princeton University Press, (1999), {{ISBN|978-0-691-04971-7}}.</ref> == Koyarwa == Zehelein ya koyar da ilimin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Oldenburg . Ya kuma kasance farfesa baƙo a Jami'ar Jihar Minnesota, Collège na duniya na falsafa a Paris, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Wasanni a Jami'an Giessen kuma daga 1986 zuwa 1992 a Jami'in Fasaha ta Vienna. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2006, ya jagoranci sashen wasan kwaikwayo na LMU Munich da Kwalejin Wasanni ta Bavaria a Munich . <ref>Anke Roeder, Klaus Zehelein, ''Die Kunst der Dramaturgie: Theorie – Praxis – Ausbildung'', Henschel Verlag, (2011), {{ISBN|978-3-89487-655-5}}</ref> An buga ra'ayoyinsa game da wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa a cikin littafin Music theater today == Sauran ayyukan == Ya zuwa Mayu 2003, Zehelein shine shugaban [[Deutscher Bühnenverein]]">ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo na Jamus (Deutscher Bühnenverein). Tasirinsa na siyasa da na ɗabi'a yana da mahimmanci a lokutan raguwa mai tsanani a cikin kudaden jama'a na zane-zane.<ref>Daniel Ris,''Unternehmensethik für den Kulturbetrieb: Perspektiven am Beispiel öffentlich-rechtlicher Theater'' (VS College) VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2012, {{ISBN|978-3-531-19232-1}}</ref><ref>Elaine Kelly (Editor), Amy Wlodarski (Editor) ''Art Outside the Lines: New Perspectives on GDR Art Culture''. (German Monitor) [Paperback] p. 142, Rodopi (2011), {{ISBN|978-90-420-3341-2}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Agustan shekara ta 2006, Zehelein ya kuma zama shugaban Munich Bayerische Theaterakademie August Everding (Bavarian theatre academy) wanda ke cikin Prinzregentheater . The Theaterakademie wata makarantar kimiyya ce ta matakin jami'a da ke ba da darussan BA da MA a cikin jagora, wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa, waka, wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo, gidan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma sukar talabijin, saiti da kayan ado.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theaterakademie Website (partially in English) |url=http://www.theaterakademie.de/de/willkommen.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723050635/http://www.theaterakademie.de/de/willkommen.html |archive-date=23 July 2015 |access-date=17 August 2013}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Zehelein ya sami kyautar masu sukar Jamus saboda aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo a Oper Frankfurt a shekarar 1983. Ya kuma sami Order of Merit na Baden-Württemberg a shekara ta 2001, saboda aikinsa a jihar. An ba shi Cross na Ofishin Order of Merit na Tarayyar Jamus a lokacin rani na shekara ta 2006. A shekara ta 2007, ya zama memba na Bayerische Akademie der Schönen Künste . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Web site of the German national culture foundation (German: ''Kulturstiftung des Bundes'') |url=http://www.kulturstiftung-des-bundes.de/cms/en/stiftung/committees/stiftungsbeirat/prof_klaus_zehelein_367_7.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216033647/http://www.kulturstiftung-des-bundes.de/cms/en/stiftung/committees/stiftungsbeirat/prof_klaus_zehelein_367_7.html |archive-date=16 December 2013 |access-date=17 August 2013}}, retrieved July 2013</ref> A shekara ta 2023, ya sami lambar yabo ta Der Faust don nasarorin da ya samu a rayuwarsa.<ref name="nmz 2023 k515">{{Cite web |date=24 October 2023 |title=Klaus Zehelein wird mit Theaterpreis für Lebenswerk ausgezeichnet |url=https://www.nmz.de/menschen/klaus-zehelein-wird-mit-theaterpreis-fuer-lebenswerk-ausgezeichnet |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=[[neue musikzeitung]] |language=de}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0y2dmjhk9xt1pik69rp2dja5c3gm2lp 906247 906246 2026-08-22T14:38:02Z Kamal JB 24987 906247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Klaus Zehelein''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba na 1940) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Jamus. Ya kasance shugaban Munich Bayerische Theaterakademie Agusta Everding . Zehelein kuma shine shugaban kungiyar wasan kwaikwayo na Jamus, Deutscher Bühnenverein . Shekaru goma sha biyar, daga 1991 har zuwa 2006, Zehelein ya kasance darektan zane-zane na Staatsoper Stuttgart . Mai sukar Gerhard Rohde, yana taƙaita aikin wasan kwaikwayo na Zehelein a wasan kwaikwayo na Stuttgart, ya ce "Zehelein ba ya kallon wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin abin da ya faru na abinci. A gare shi wasan kwaikwayo abu ne mai rikitarwa, inda duk zane-zane - da zamantakewa, falsafa, tarihi, utopic da sauran fannoni - sun haɗu. Wannan rikitarwa na cancantar wasan kwaikwayo ana fahimta, ana ganin shi, ana samun kwarewa; don haka duk ayyukan da suka ƙare a kan mataki, ana nazarin su sosai kafin. == Ilimi da sana'a == Zehelein ta yi karatun adabin Jamusanci, ilimin kiɗa da falsafar a Jami'ar Goethe ta Frankfurt . Daga cikin malamansa akwai masana falsafa Max Horkheimer da Theodor W. Adorno . Ko da yake ba mawaki ba ne da kansa, Zehelein ya shiga cikin Darmstädter Ferienkurse daga 1959 zuwa 1966. A nan ne ya sadu da mawaƙa Luigi Nono da Karlheinz Stockhausen, wanda zai rinjayi ci gaban fasaha na Zehelein na gaba. Zehelein ya fara aikin sana'arsa a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kiel a 1967, sannan ya zama babban marubucin wasan kwaikwayo a Oldenburgisches Staatstheater . Daga 1977 zuwa 1987 ya yi aiki a Oper Frankfurt, ya fara a matsayin babban marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya zama darektan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Michael Gielen describing work with Zehelein, in: Michael Gielen ''»Unbedingt Musik«: Erinnerungen'', Insel Verlag,(2012), {{ISBN|978-3-458-35830-5}}</ref><ref>Axel Dielmann, ''Schafft Neus! ...: Richard Wagner in Frankfurt ( 2013)'', {{ISBN|978-3-86638-025-7}}</ref> A Frankfurt Zehelein ya haɓaka hanyar fassara da shirya wasan kwaikwayo mai amfani amma mai goyan bayan hankali.<ref>Work with Zehelein as dramaturge, in: Gottfried Knapp, ''Hans Diether Schall's Stage sets'', in Hans Dieter Schaal: Stage Architecture, Edition Axel Menges (Juni 2002), {{ISBN|978-3-930698-86-8}}, pp. 6–10</ref> Ya yi aiki tare da darektan mataki Hans Neuenfels a kan Busoni's ''Dokta Faust'' da Neuenfals' samar da Verdi's ''Aida'' - wanda aka sani da "Aida a matsayin mai tsabtace mace". Tare da darektan Ruth Berghaus da mai zanen ta Axel Manthey, ya yi aiki a kan Wagner's ''Parsifal'' da Ring. Zehelein ya koma Hamburg a shekarar 1989 a matsayin darektan zane-zane na Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Thalia kafin a ba shi matsayin darektin zane-zane a wasan kwaikwayo na Stuttgart. == Stuttgart Opera 1991-2006 == A lokacin darektan Zehelein, mujallar Opernwelt ta ba da lambar yabo ta Opera House of the Year ga Stuttgart Opera. An ba da kyaututtuka shida, a cikin shekarun 1994, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, da 2006. Zamanin Zehelein a Stuttgart an rubuta shi a cikin littafin Anders, ein Arbeitsbericht . <ref>Klaus Zehelein (editor) ''Fünfzehn Spielzeiten an der Staatsoper Stuttgart 1991–2006: Ein Arbeitsbericht'', raumzeit3, (2006), {{ISBN|978-3-9811007-6-1}}</ref> Zehelein ya kawo Pamela Rosenberg a matsayin mai haɗin gwiwa tsakanin 1991 da 2000 <ref>{{Cite web |title=San Francisco classical voice |url=https://www.sfcv.org/main/mainarchives/main_9_28_99.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112152751/https://www.sfcv.org/main/mainarchives/main_9_28_99.php |archive-date=12 January 2014 |access-date=17 August 2013}}, retrieved July 2013</ref> da kuma Eytan Pessen a matsayin darektan jefawa daga 2001 zuwa 2006. Babban marubucin wasan kwaikwayo shi ne Juliane Votteler . Zehelein ya yi aiki tare da daraktocin mataki Ruth Berghaus, <ref>Numerous mentions of Zehelein, in: Corinne Holtz, ''Ruth Berghaus. Ein Portrait'', Europäische Verlagsanstalt(2005), {{ISBN|978-3-434-50547-1}}</ref> Martin Ku diversi, Nicolas Brieger, Christof Nel, Neuenfels, <ref>Hans Neuenfels describing work with Zehelein, in: Hans Neuenfels, ''Das Bastardbuch: Autobiografische Stationen'', btb Verlag (2012), {{ISBN|978-3-442-74496-1}}</ref> Peter Konwitchny, Joachim Schlömer, Jossi Wieler da Sergio Morabito. A karkashin jagorancin Zehelein, Stuttgart Opera kamfani ne na wasan kwaikwayo. Sopranos Catherine Naglestad da Eva-Maria Westbroek sun kasance mambobi ne na ƙungiyarsa ta dindindin, tenor Jonas Kaufmann mai zane-zane ne. Daraktocin kiɗa sune [[Gabriele Ferro (conductor)|Gabriele Ferro]] da Lothar Zagrosek . Nicola Luisotti ya gudanar akai-akai a zamanin Zehelein. A cikin shekaru goma sha biyar Zehelein ya binciki mafi yawan wasan kwaikwayo na karni na 20, kamar su Berg's ''Wozzeck'' da ''Lulu'', Shostakovich's ''Lady Macbeth na Mtsensk'', Schreker's ''Die Gezeichneten'', Busoni's ''Dokta Faust'', da Nono's ''Al gran sole carico d'amore'' da Intolleranza 1960. An yi aikin ne a lokutan da yawa a cikin wasanni 29. Zehelein ya yi ayyukan mawaƙa Lachenmann, Jungy Pagh Pan, Hans Zender da Rolf Riehm. Zehelein ya jaddada cewa kamar yadda Richard Wagner ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa guda huɗu na Ring a cikin shekaru da yawa, yana canza ra'ayoyin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin tsari, ana iya bi da kowane wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin aiki mai zaman kansa. Zehelein ya gayyaci daraktoci huɗu don Ring dinsa, don haka ya ba kowane wasan kwaikwayo 'yancin kai. Sakamakon Stuttgarter Ring ya kawo tattaunawa da yawa da kuma karbuwa ga Stuttgart Opera . Zehelein ya kirkiro Forum Neues Musiktheater, wata cibiyar da ke da alaƙa da Stuttgart Opera. "A nan ba wai kawai an yi nazarin sabbin waƙoƙi ba kuma an gabatar da su, "in ji mai sukar Gerhard Rohde, "amma mafi mahimmanci shine yanayin aikin cibiyar: dakin gwaje-gwaje, inda matasa, kuma ba matasa masu kirkiro suke haɓaka ra'ayoyinsu, kuma tare da mawaƙa, mawaƙa, masu rawa, da sabbin kafofin watsa labarai sun fahimci waɗannan ra'ayoyin a cikin gaskiyar wasan kwaikwayo". Zehelein kuma ya kafa Junge Oper (cibiyar da aka keɓe don yin wasan kwaikwayo ga matasa masu sauraro ). Yawancin shirye-shiryen CD da DVD suna nuna sha'awar Zehelein a cikin ayyukan zamani da sabbin ra'ayoyin shirya. Kayan CD na Stuttgart sun hada da Nono's Intolleranza 1960 (1995) da ''Al Gran Sole Carico D'Amore'' (2001), da kuma Lachenmann's ''Das Mädchen mit den Schwefelhölzern'' (2003); Zehelein's productions on DVD: Handel's ''Alcina'' (1999), Hartmann's ''Simplicius Simplicissimus'' (2005), Mozart's La ''Finta giardiniera'' (2006) da Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen (2003). <ref>David J. levin Richard Wagner, Fritz Lang, and the Nibelungen Princeton University Press, (1999), {{ISBN|978-0-691-04971-7}}.</ref> == Koyarwa == Zehelein ya koyar da ilimin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Oldenburg . Ya kuma kasance farfesa baƙo a Jami'ar Jihar Minnesota, Collège na duniya na falsafa a Paris, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Wasanni a Jami'an Giessen kuma daga 1986 zuwa 1992 a Jami'in Fasaha ta Vienna. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2006, ya jagoranci sashen wasan kwaikwayo na LMU Munich da Kwalejin Wasanni ta Bavaria a Munich . <ref>Anke Roeder, Klaus Zehelein, ''Die Kunst der Dramaturgie: Theorie – Praxis – Ausbildung'', Henschel Verlag, (2011), {{ISBN|978-3-89487-655-5}}</ref> An buga ra'ayoyinsa game da wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa a cikin littafin Music theater today == Sauran ayyukan == Ya zuwa Mayu 2003, Zehelein shine shugaban [[Deutscher Bühnenverein]]">ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo na Jamus (Deutscher Bühnenverein). Tasirinsa na siyasa da na ɗabi'a yana da mahimmanci a lokutan raguwa mai tsanani a cikin kudaden jama'a na zane-zane.<ref>Daniel Ris,''Unternehmensethik für den Kulturbetrieb: Perspektiven am Beispiel öffentlich-rechtlicher Theater'' (VS College) VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2012, {{ISBN|978-3-531-19232-1}}</ref><ref>Elaine Kelly (Editor), Amy Wlodarski (Editor) ''Art Outside the Lines: New Perspectives on GDR Art Culture''. (German Monitor) [Paperback] p. 142, Rodopi (2011), {{ISBN|978-90-420-3341-2}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Agustan shekara ta 2006, Zehelein ya kuma zama shugaban Munich Bayerische Theaterakademie August Everding (Bavarian theatre academy) wanda ke cikin Prinzregentheater . The Theaterakademie wata makarantar kimiyya ce ta matakin jami'a da ke ba da darussan BA da MA a cikin jagora, wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa, waka, wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo, gidan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma sukar talabijin, saiti da kayan ado.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theaterakademie Website (partially in English) |url=http://www.theaterakademie.de/de/willkommen.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723050635/http://www.theaterakademie.de/de/willkommen.html |archive-date=23 July 2015 |access-date=17 August 2013}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Zehelein ya sami kyautar masu sukar Jamus saboda aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo a Oper Frankfurt a shekarar 1983. Ya kuma sami Order of Merit na Baden-Württemberg a shekara ta 2001, saboda aikinsa a jihar. An ba shi Cross na Ofishin Order of Merit na Tarayyar Jamus a lokacin rani na shekara ta 2006. A shekara ta 2007, ya zama memba na Bayerische Akademie der Schönen Künste . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Web site of the German national culture foundation (German: ''Kulturstiftung des Bundes'') |url=http://www.kulturstiftung-des-bundes.de/cms/en/stiftung/committees/stiftungsbeirat/prof_klaus_zehelein_367_7.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216033647/http://www.kulturstiftung-des-bundes.de/cms/en/stiftung/committees/stiftungsbeirat/prof_klaus_zehelein_367_7.html |archive-date=16 December 2013 |access-date=17 August 2013}}, retrieved July 2013</ref> A shekara ta 2023, ya sami lambar yabo ta Der Faust don nasarorin da ya samu a rayuwarsa.<ref name="nmz 2023 k515">{{Cite web |date=24 October 2023 |title=Klaus Zehelein wird mit Theaterpreis für Lebenswerk ausgezeichnet |url=https://www.nmz.de/menschen/klaus-zehelein-wird-mit-theaterpreis-fuer-lebenswerk-ausgezeichnet |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=[[neue musikzeitung]] |language=de}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ns2sebsvxv2i10qypw44vqnxzippvjk 906248 906247 2026-08-22T14:38:30Z Kamal JB 24987 906248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Klaus Zehelein''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba na shekarata 1940) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Jamus. Ya kasance shugaban Munich Bayerische Theaterakademie Agusta Everding . Zehelein kuma shine shugaban kungiyar wasan kwaikwayo na Jamus, Deutscher Bühnenverein . Shekaru goma sha biyar, daga 1991 har zuwa 2006, Zehelein ya kasance darektan zane-zane na Staatsoper Stuttgart . Mai sukar Gerhard Rohde, yana taƙaita aikin wasan kwaikwayo na Zehelein a wasan kwaikwayo na Stuttgart, ya ce "Zehelein ba ya kallon wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin abin da ya faru na abinci. A gare shi wasan kwaikwayo abu ne mai rikitarwa, inda duk zane-zane - da zamantakewa, falsafa, tarihi, utopic da sauran fannoni - sun haɗu. Wannan rikitarwa na cancantar wasan kwaikwayo ana fahimta, ana ganin shi, ana samun kwarewa; don haka duk ayyukan da suka ƙare a kan mataki, ana nazarin su sosai kafin. == Ilimi da sana'a == Zehelein ta yi karatun adabin Jamusanci, ilimin kiɗa da falsafar a Jami'ar Goethe ta Frankfurt . Daga cikin malamansa akwai masana falsafa Max Horkheimer da Theodor W. Adorno . Ko da yake ba mawaki ba ne da kansa, Zehelein ya shiga cikin Darmstädter Ferienkurse daga 1959 zuwa 1966. A nan ne ya sadu da mawaƙa Luigi Nono da Karlheinz Stockhausen, wanda zai rinjayi ci gaban fasaha na Zehelein na gaba. Zehelein ya fara aikin sana'arsa a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kiel a 1967, sannan ya zama babban marubucin wasan kwaikwayo a Oldenburgisches Staatstheater . Daga 1977 zuwa 1987 ya yi aiki a Oper Frankfurt, ya fara a matsayin babban marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya zama darektan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Michael Gielen describing work with Zehelein, in: Michael Gielen ''»Unbedingt Musik«: Erinnerungen'', Insel Verlag,(2012), {{ISBN|978-3-458-35830-5}}</ref><ref>Axel Dielmann, ''Schafft Neus! ...: Richard Wagner in Frankfurt ( 2013)'', {{ISBN|978-3-86638-025-7}}</ref> A Frankfurt Zehelein ya haɓaka hanyar fassara da shirya wasan kwaikwayo mai amfani amma mai goyan bayan hankali.<ref>Work with Zehelein as dramaturge, in: Gottfried Knapp, ''Hans Diether Schall's Stage sets'', in Hans Dieter Schaal: Stage Architecture, Edition Axel Menges (Juni 2002), {{ISBN|978-3-930698-86-8}}, pp. 6–10</ref> Ya yi aiki tare da darektan mataki Hans Neuenfels a kan Busoni's ''Dokta Faust'' da Neuenfals' samar da Verdi's ''Aida'' - wanda aka sani da "Aida a matsayin mai tsabtace mace". Tare da darektan Ruth Berghaus da mai zanen ta Axel Manthey, ya yi aiki a kan Wagner's ''Parsifal'' da Ring. Zehelein ya koma Hamburg a shekarar 1989 a matsayin darektan zane-zane na Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Thalia kafin a ba shi matsayin darektin zane-zane a wasan kwaikwayo na Stuttgart. == Stuttgart Opera 1991-2006 == A lokacin darektan Zehelein, mujallar Opernwelt ta ba da lambar yabo ta Opera House of the Year ga Stuttgart Opera. An ba da kyaututtuka shida, a cikin shekarun 1994, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, da 2006. Zamanin Zehelein a Stuttgart an rubuta shi a cikin littafin Anders, ein Arbeitsbericht . <ref>Klaus Zehelein (editor) ''Fünfzehn Spielzeiten an der Staatsoper Stuttgart 1991–2006: Ein Arbeitsbericht'', raumzeit3, (2006), {{ISBN|978-3-9811007-6-1}}</ref> Zehelein ya kawo Pamela Rosenberg a matsayin mai haɗin gwiwa tsakanin 1991 da 2000 <ref>{{Cite web |title=San Francisco classical voice |url=https://www.sfcv.org/main/mainarchives/main_9_28_99.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112152751/https://www.sfcv.org/main/mainarchives/main_9_28_99.php |archive-date=12 January 2014 |access-date=17 August 2013}}, retrieved July 2013</ref> da kuma Eytan Pessen a matsayin darektan jefawa daga 2001 zuwa 2006. Babban marubucin wasan kwaikwayo shi ne Juliane Votteler . Zehelein ya yi aiki tare da daraktocin mataki Ruth Berghaus, <ref>Numerous mentions of Zehelein, in: Corinne Holtz, ''Ruth Berghaus. Ein Portrait'', Europäische Verlagsanstalt(2005), {{ISBN|978-3-434-50547-1}}</ref> Martin Ku diversi, Nicolas Brieger, Christof Nel, Neuenfels, <ref>Hans Neuenfels describing work with Zehelein, in: Hans Neuenfels, ''Das Bastardbuch: Autobiografische Stationen'', btb Verlag (2012), {{ISBN|978-3-442-74496-1}}</ref> Peter Konwitchny, Joachim Schlömer, Jossi Wieler da Sergio Morabito. A karkashin jagorancin Zehelein, Stuttgart Opera kamfani ne na wasan kwaikwayo. Sopranos Catherine Naglestad da Eva-Maria Westbroek sun kasance mambobi ne na ƙungiyarsa ta dindindin, tenor Jonas Kaufmann mai zane-zane ne. Daraktocin kiɗa sune [[Gabriele Ferro (conductor)|Gabriele Ferro]] da Lothar Zagrosek . Nicola Luisotti ya gudanar akai-akai a zamanin Zehelein. A cikin shekaru goma sha biyar Zehelein ya binciki mafi yawan wasan kwaikwayo na karni na 20, kamar su Berg's ''Wozzeck'' da ''Lulu'', Shostakovich's ''Lady Macbeth na Mtsensk'', Schreker's ''Die Gezeichneten'', Busoni's ''Dokta Faust'', da Nono's ''Al gran sole carico d'amore'' da Intolleranza 1960. An yi aikin ne a lokutan da yawa a cikin wasanni 29. Zehelein ya yi ayyukan mawaƙa Lachenmann, Jungy Pagh Pan, Hans Zender da Rolf Riehm. Zehelein ya jaddada cewa kamar yadda Richard Wagner ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa guda huɗu na Ring a cikin shekaru da yawa, yana canza ra'ayoyin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin tsari, ana iya bi da kowane wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin aiki mai zaman kansa. Zehelein ya gayyaci daraktoci huɗu don Ring dinsa, don haka ya ba kowane wasan kwaikwayo 'yancin kai. Sakamakon Stuttgarter Ring ya kawo tattaunawa da yawa da kuma karbuwa ga Stuttgart Opera . Zehelein ya kirkiro Forum Neues Musiktheater, wata cibiyar da ke da alaƙa da Stuttgart Opera. "A nan ba wai kawai an yi nazarin sabbin waƙoƙi ba kuma an gabatar da su, "in ji mai sukar Gerhard Rohde, "amma mafi mahimmanci shine yanayin aikin cibiyar: dakin gwaje-gwaje, inda matasa, kuma ba matasa masu kirkiro suke haɓaka ra'ayoyinsu, kuma tare da mawaƙa, mawaƙa, masu rawa, da sabbin kafofin watsa labarai sun fahimci waɗannan ra'ayoyin a cikin gaskiyar wasan kwaikwayo". Zehelein kuma ya kafa Junge Oper (cibiyar da aka keɓe don yin wasan kwaikwayo ga matasa masu sauraro ). Yawancin shirye-shiryen CD da DVD suna nuna sha'awar Zehelein a cikin ayyukan zamani da sabbin ra'ayoyin shirya. Kayan CD na Stuttgart sun hada da Nono's Intolleranza 1960 (1995) da ''Al Gran Sole Carico D'Amore'' (2001), da kuma Lachenmann's ''Das Mädchen mit den Schwefelhölzern'' (2003); Zehelein's productions on DVD: Handel's ''Alcina'' (1999), Hartmann's ''Simplicius Simplicissimus'' (2005), Mozart's La ''Finta giardiniera'' (2006) da Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen (2003). <ref>David J. levin Richard Wagner, Fritz Lang, and the Nibelungen Princeton University Press, (1999), {{ISBN|978-0-691-04971-7}}.</ref> == Koyarwa == Zehelein ya koyar da ilimin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Oldenburg . Ya kuma kasance farfesa baƙo a Jami'ar Jihar Minnesota, Collège na duniya na falsafa a Paris, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Wasanni a Jami'an Giessen kuma daga 1986 zuwa 1992 a Jami'in Fasaha ta Vienna. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2006, ya jagoranci sashen wasan kwaikwayo na LMU Munich da Kwalejin Wasanni ta Bavaria a Munich . <ref>Anke Roeder, Klaus Zehelein, ''Die Kunst der Dramaturgie: Theorie – Praxis – Ausbildung'', Henschel Verlag, (2011), {{ISBN|978-3-89487-655-5}}</ref> An buga ra'ayoyinsa game da wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa a cikin littafin Music theater today == Sauran ayyukan == Ya zuwa Mayu 2003, Zehelein shine shugaban [[Deutscher Bühnenverein]]">ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo na Jamus (Deutscher Bühnenverein). Tasirinsa na siyasa da na ɗabi'a yana da mahimmanci a lokutan raguwa mai tsanani a cikin kudaden jama'a na zane-zane.<ref>Daniel Ris,''Unternehmensethik für den Kulturbetrieb: Perspektiven am Beispiel öffentlich-rechtlicher Theater'' (VS College) VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2012, {{ISBN|978-3-531-19232-1}}</ref><ref>Elaine Kelly (Editor), Amy Wlodarski (Editor) ''Art Outside the Lines: New Perspectives on GDR Art Culture''. (German Monitor) [Paperback] p. 142, Rodopi (2011), {{ISBN|978-90-420-3341-2}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Agustan shekara ta 2006, Zehelein ya kuma zama shugaban Munich Bayerische Theaterakademie August Everding (Bavarian theatre academy) wanda ke cikin Prinzregentheater . The Theaterakademie wata makarantar kimiyya ce ta matakin jami'a da ke ba da darussan BA da MA a cikin jagora, wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa, waka, wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo, gidan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma sukar talabijin, saiti da kayan ado.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theaterakademie Website (partially in English) |url=http://www.theaterakademie.de/de/willkommen.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723050635/http://www.theaterakademie.de/de/willkommen.html |archive-date=23 July 2015 |access-date=17 August 2013}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Zehelein ya sami kyautar masu sukar Jamus saboda aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo a Oper Frankfurt a shekarar 1983. Ya kuma sami Order of Merit na Baden-Württemberg a shekara ta 2001, saboda aikinsa a jihar. An ba shi Cross na Ofishin Order of Merit na Tarayyar Jamus a lokacin rani na shekara ta 2006. A shekara ta 2007, ya zama memba na Bayerische Akademie der Schönen Künste . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Web site of the German national culture foundation (German: ''Kulturstiftung des Bundes'') |url=http://www.kulturstiftung-des-bundes.de/cms/en/stiftung/committees/stiftungsbeirat/prof_klaus_zehelein_367_7.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216033647/http://www.kulturstiftung-des-bundes.de/cms/en/stiftung/committees/stiftungsbeirat/prof_klaus_zehelein_367_7.html |archive-date=16 December 2013 |access-date=17 August 2013}}, retrieved July 2013</ref> A shekara ta 2023, ya sami lambar yabo ta Der Faust don nasarorin da ya samu a rayuwarsa.<ref name="nmz 2023 k515">{{Cite web |date=24 October 2023 |title=Klaus Zehelein wird mit Theaterpreis für Lebenswerk ausgezeichnet |url=https://www.nmz.de/menschen/klaus-zehelein-wird-mit-theaterpreis-fuer-lebenswerk-ausgezeichnet |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=[[neue musikzeitung]] |language=de}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nqab1fjvj1cflpdb8kpnuriae1a2om0 906250 906248 2026-08-22T14:38:52Z Kamal JB 24987 906250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Klaus Zehelein''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba na shekara ta 1940) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Jamus. Ya kasance shugaban Munich Bayerische Theaterakademie Agusta Everding . Zehelein kuma shine shugaban kungiyar wasan kwaikwayo na Jamus, Deutscher Bühnenverein . Shekaru goma sha biyar, daga 1991 har zuwa 2006, Zehelein ya kasance darektan zane-zane na Staatsoper Stuttgart . Mai sukar Gerhard Rohde, yana taƙaita aikin wasan kwaikwayo na Zehelein a wasan kwaikwayo na Stuttgart, ya ce "Zehelein ba ya kallon wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin abin da ya faru na abinci. A gare shi wasan kwaikwayo abu ne mai rikitarwa, inda duk zane-zane - da zamantakewa, falsafa, tarihi, utopic da sauran fannoni - sun haɗu. Wannan rikitarwa na cancantar wasan kwaikwayo ana fahimta, ana ganin shi, ana samun kwarewa; don haka duk ayyukan da suka ƙare a kan mataki, ana nazarin su sosai kafin. == Ilimi da sana'a == Zehelein ta yi karatun adabin Jamusanci, ilimin kiɗa da falsafar a Jami'ar Goethe ta Frankfurt . Daga cikin malamansa akwai masana falsafa Max Horkheimer da Theodor W. Adorno . Ko da yake ba mawaki ba ne da kansa, Zehelein ya shiga cikin Darmstädter Ferienkurse daga 1959 zuwa 1966. A nan ne ya sadu da mawaƙa Luigi Nono da Karlheinz Stockhausen, wanda zai rinjayi ci gaban fasaha na Zehelein na gaba. Zehelein ya fara aikin sana'arsa a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kiel a 1967, sannan ya zama babban marubucin wasan kwaikwayo a Oldenburgisches Staatstheater . Daga 1977 zuwa 1987 ya yi aiki a Oper Frankfurt, ya fara a matsayin babban marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya zama darektan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Michael Gielen describing work with Zehelein, in: Michael Gielen ''»Unbedingt Musik«: Erinnerungen'', Insel Verlag,(2012), {{ISBN|978-3-458-35830-5}}</ref><ref>Axel Dielmann, ''Schafft Neus! ...: Richard Wagner in Frankfurt ( 2013)'', {{ISBN|978-3-86638-025-7}}</ref> A Frankfurt Zehelein ya haɓaka hanyar fassara da shirya wasan kwaikwayo mai amfani amma mai goyan bayan hankali.<ref>Work with Zehelein as dramaturge, in: Gottfried Knapp, ''Hans Diether Schall's Stage sets'', in Hans Dieter Schaal: Stage Architecture, Edition Axel Menges (Juni 2002), {{ISBN|978-3-930698-86-8}}, pp. 6–10</ref> Ya yi aiki tare da darektan mataki Hans Neuenfels a kan Busoni's ''Dokta Faust'' da Neuenfals' samar da Verdi's ''Aida'' - wanda aka sani da "Aida a matsayin mai tsabtace mace". Tare da darektan Ruth Berghaus da mai zanen ta Axel Manthey, ya yi aiki a kan Wagner's ''Parsifal'' da Ring. Zehelein ya koma Hamburg a shekarar 1989 a matsayin darektan zane-zane na Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Thalia kafin a ba shi matsayin darektin zane-zane a wasan kwaikwayo na Stuttgart. == Stuttgart Opera 1991-2006 == A lokacin darektan Zehelein, mujallar Opernwelt ta ba da lambar yabo ta Opera House of the Year ga Stuttgart Opera. An ba da kyaututtuka shida, a cikin shekarun 1994, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, da 2006. Zamanin Zehelein a Stuttgart an rubuta shi a cikin littafin Anders, ein Arbeitsbericht . <ref>Klaus Zehelein (editor) ''Fünfzehn Spielzeiten an der Staatsoper Stuttgart 1991–2006: Ein Arbeitsbericht'', raumzeit3, (2006), {{ISBN|978-3-9811007-6-1}}</ref> Zehelein ya kawo Pamela Rosenberg a matsayin mai haɗin gwiwa tsakanin 1991 da 2000 <ref>{{Cite web |title=San Francisco classical voice |url=https://www.sfcv.org/main/mainarchives/main_9_28_99.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112152751/https://www.sfcv.org/main/mainarchives/main_9_28_99.php |archive-date=12 January 2014 |access-date=17 August 2013}}, retrieved July 2013</ref> da kuma Eytan Pessen a matsayin darektan jefawa daga 2001 zuwa 2006. Babban marubucin wasan kwaikwayo shi ne Juliane Votteler . Zehelein ya yi aiki tare da daraktocin mataki Ruth Berghaus, <ref>Numerous mentions of Zehelein, in: Corinne Holtz, ''Ruth Berghaus. Ein Portrait'', Europäische Verlagsanstalt(2005), {{ISBN|978-3-434-50547-1}}</ref> Martin Ku diversi, Nicolas Brieger, Christof Nel, Neuenfels, <ref>Hans Neuenfels describing work with Zehelein, in: Hans Neuenfels, ''Das Bastardbuch: Autobiografische Stationen'', btb Verlag (2012), {{ISBN|978-3-442-74496-1}}</ref> Peter Konwitchny, Joachim Schlömer, Jossi Wieler da Sergio Morabito. A karkashin jagorancin Zehelein, Stuttgart Opera kamfani ne na wasan kwaikwayo. Sopranos Catherine Naglestad da Eva-Maria Westbroek sun kasance mambobi ne na ƙungiyarsa ta dindindin, tenor Jonas Kaufmann mai zane-zane ne. Daraktocin kiɗa sune [[Gabriele Ferro (conductor)|Gabriele Ferro]] da Lothar Zagrosek . Nicola Luisotti ya gudanar akai-akai a zamanin Zehelein. A cikin shekaru goma sha biyar Zehelein ya binciki mafi yawan wasan kwaikwayo na karni na 20, kamar su Berg's ''Wozzeck'' da ''Lulu'', Shostakovich's ''Lady Macbeth na Mtsensk'', Schreker's ''Die Gezeichneten'', Busoni's ''Dokta Faust'', da Nono's ''Al gran sole carico d'amore'' da Intolleranza 1960. An yi aikin ne a lokutan da yawa a cikin wasanni 29. Zehelein ya yi ayyukan mawaƙa Lachenmann, Jungy Pagh Pan, Hans Zender da Rolf Riehm. Zehelein ya jaddada cewa kamar yadda Richard Wagner ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa guda huɗu na Ring a cikin shekaru da yawa, yana canza ra'ayoyin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin tsari, ana iya bi da kowane wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin aiki mai zaman kansa. Zehelein ya gayyaci daraktoci huɗu don Ring dinsa, don haka ya ba kowane wasan kwaikwayo 'yancin kai. Sakamakon Stuttgarter Ring ya kawo tattaunawa da yawa da kuma karbuwa ga Stuttgart Opera . Zehelein ya kirkiro Forum Neues Musiktheater, wata cibiyar da ke da alaƙa da Stuttgart Opera. "A nan ba wai kawai an yi nazarin sabbin waƙoƙi ba kuma an gabatar da su, "in ji mai sukar Gerhard Rohde, "amma mafi mahimmanci shine yanayin aikin cibiyar: dakin gwaje-gwaje, inda matasa, kuma ba matasa masu kirkiro suke haɓaka ra'ayoyinsu, kuma tare da mawaƙa, mawaƙa, masu rawa, da sabbin kafofin watsa labarai sun fahimci waɗannan ra'ayoyin a cikin gaskiyar wasan kwaikwayo". Zehelein kuma ya kafa Junge Oper (cibiyar da aka keɓe don yin wasan kwaikwayo ga matasa masu sauraro ). Yawancin shirye-shiryen CD da DVD suna nuna sha'awar Zehelein a cikin ayyukan zamani da sabbin ra'ayoyin shirya. Kayan CD na Stuttgart sun hada da Nono's Intolleranza 1960 (1995) da ''Al Gran Sole Carico D'Amore'' (2001), da kuma Lachenmann's ''Das Mädchen mit den Schwefelhölzern'' (2003); Zehelein's productions on DVD: Handel's ''Alcina'' (1999), Hartmann's ''Simplicius Simplicissimus'' (2005), Mozart's La ''Finta giardiniera'' (2006) da Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen (2003). <ref>David J. levin Richard Wagner, Fritz Lang, and the Nibelungen Princeton University Press, (1999), {{ISBN|978-0-691-04971-7}}.</ref> == Koyarwa == Zehelein ya koyar da ilimin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Oldenburg . Ya kuma kasance farfesa baƙo a Jami'ar Jihar Minnesota, Collège na duniya na falsafa a Paris, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Wasanni a Jami'an Giessen kuma daga 1986 zuwa 1992 a Jami'in Fasaha ta Vienna. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2006, ya jagoranci sashen wasan kwaikwayo na LMU Munich da Kwalejin Wasanni ta Bavaria a Munich . <ref>Anke Roeder, Klaus Zehelein, ''Die Kunst der Dramaturgie: Theorie – Praxis – Ausbildung'', Henschel Verlag, (2011), {{ISBN|978-3-89487-655-5}}</ref> An buga ra'ayoyinsa game da wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa a cikin littafin Music theater today == Sauran ayyukan == Ya zuwa Mayu 2003, Zehelein shine shugaban [[Deutscher Bühnenverein]]">ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo na Jamus (Deutscher Bühnenverein). Tasirinsa na siyasa da na ɗabi'a yana da mahimmanci a lokutan raguwa mai tsanani a cikin kudaden jama'a na zane-zane.<ref>Daniel Ris,''Unternehmensethik für den Kulturbetrieb: Perspektiven am Beispiel öffentlich-rechtlicher Theater'' (VS College) VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2012, {{ISBN|978-3-531-19232-1}}</ref><ref>Elaine Kelly (Editor), Amy Wlodarski (Editor) ''Art Outside the Lines: New Perspectives on GDR Art Culture''. (German Monitor) [Paperback] p. 142, Rodopi (2011), {{ISBN|978-90-420-3341-2}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Agustan shekara ta 2006, Zehelein ya kuma zama shugaban Munich Bayerische Theaterakademie August Everding (Bavarian theatre academy) wanda ke cikin Prinzregentheater . The Theaterakademie wata makarantar kimiyya ce ta matakin jami'a da ke ba da darussan BA da MA a cikin jagora, wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa, waka, wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo, gidan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma sukar talabijin, saiti da kayan ado.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theaterakademie Website (partially in English) |url=http://www.theaterakademie.de/de/willkommen.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723050635/http://www.theaterakademie.de/de/willkommen.html |archive-date=23 July 2015 |access-date=17 August 2013}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Zehelein ya sami kyautar masu sukar Jamus saboda aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo a Oper Frankfurt a shekarar 1983. Ya kuma sami Order of Merit na Baden-Württemberg a shekara ta 2001, saboda aikinsa a jihar. An ba shi Cross na Ofishin Order of Merit na Tarayyar Jamus a lokacin rani na shekara ta 2006. A shekara ta 2007, ya zama memba na Bayerische Akademie der Schönen Künste . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Web site of the German national culture foundation (German: ''Kulturstiftung des Bundes'') |url=http://www.kulturstiftung-des-bundes.de/cms/en/stiftung/committees/stiftungsbeirat/prof_klaus_zehelein_367_7.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216033647/http://www.kulturstiftung-des-bundes.de/cms/en/stiftung/committees/stiftungsbeirat/prof_klaus_zehelein_367_7.html |archive-date=16 December 2013 |access-date=17 August 2013}}, retrieved July 2013</ref> A shekara ta 2023, ya sami lambar yabo ta Der Faust don nasarorin da ya samu a rayuwarsa.<ref name="nmz 2023 k515">{{Cite web |date=24 October 2023 |title=Klaus Zehelein wird mit Theaterpreis für Lebenswerk ausgezeichnet |url=https://www.nmz.de/menschen/klaus-zehelein-wird-mit-theaterpreis-fuer-lebenswerk-ausgezeichnet |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=[[neue musikzeitung]] |language=de}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hqq8n3hrcx725g32h0f96zhpe6pf965 906251 906250 2026-08-22T14:41:28Z Kamal JB 24987 906251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Klaus Zehelein''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba na shekara ta 1940) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na [[Jamus]]. Ya kasance shugaban Munich Bayerische Theaterakademie Agusta Everding . Zehelein kuma shine shugaban kungiyar wasan kwaikwayo na Jamus, Deutscher Bühnenverein . Shekaru goma sha biyar, daga 1991 har zuwa 2006, Zehelein ya kasance darektan zane-zane na Staatsoper Stuttgart . Mai sukar Gerhard Rohde, yana taƙaita aikin wasan kwaikwayo na Zehelein a wasan kwaikwayo na Stuttgart, ya ce "Zehelein ba ya kallon wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin abin da ya faru na abinci. A gare shi wasan kwaikwayo abu ne mai rikitarwa, inda duk zane-zane - da zamantakewa, falsafa, tarihi, utopic da sauran fannoni - sun haɗu. Wannan rikitarwa na cancantar wasan kwaikwayo ana fahimta, ana ganin shi, ana samun kwarewa; don haka duk ayyukan da suka ƙare a kan mataki, ana nazarin su sosai kafin. == Ilimi da sana'a == Zehelein ta yi karatun adabin Jamusanci, ilimin kiɗa da falsafar a Jami'ar Goethe ta Frankfurt . Daga cikin malamansa akwai masana falsafa Max Horkheimer da Theodor W. Adorno . Ko da yake ba mawaki ba ne da kansa, Zehelein ya shiga cikin Darmstädter Ferienkurse daga 1959 zuwa 1966. A nan ne ya sadu da mawaƙa Luigi Nono da Karlheinz Stockhausen, wanda zai rinjayi ci gaban fasaha na Zehelein na gaba. Zehelein ya fara aikin sana'arsa a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kiel a 1967, sannan ya zama babban marubucin wasan kwaikwayo a Oldenburgisches Staatstheater . Daga 1977 zuwa 1987 ya yi aiki a Oper Frankfurt, ya fara a matsayin babban marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya zama darektan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Michael Gielen describing work with Zehelein, in: Michael Gielen ''»Unbedingt Musik«: Erinnerungen'', Insel Verlag,(2012), {{ISBN|978-3-458-35830-5}}</ref><ref>Axel Dielmann, ''Schafft Neus! ...: Richard Wagner in Frankfurt ( 2013)'', {{ISBN|978-3-86638-025-7}}</ref> A Frankfurt Zehelein ya haɓaka hanyar fassara da shirya wasan kwaikwayo mai amfani amma mai goyan bayan hankali.<ref>Work with Zehelein as dramaturge, in: Gottfried Knapp, ''Hans Diether Schall's Stage sets'', in Hans Dieter Schaal: Stage Architecture, Edition Axel Menges (Juni 2002), {{ISBN|978-3-930698-86-8}}, pp. 6–10</ref> Ya yi aiki tare da darektan mataki Hans Neuenfels a kan Busoni's ''Dokta Faust'' da Neuenfals' samar da Verdi's ''Aida'' - wanda aka sani da "Aida a matsayin mai tsabtace mace". Tare da darektan Ruth Berghaus da mai zanen ta Axel Manthey, ya yi aiki a kan Wagner's ''Parsifal'' da Ring. Zehelein ya koma Hamburg a shekarar 1989 a matsayin darektan zane-zane na Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Thalia kafin a ba shi matsayin darektin zane-zane a wasan kwaikwayo na Stuttgart. == Stuttgart Opera 1991-2006 == A lokacin darektan Zehelein, mujallar Opernwelt ta ba da lambar yabo ta Opera House of the Year ga Stuttgart Opera. An ba da kyaututtuka shida, a cikin shekarun 1994, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, da 2006. Zamanin Zehelein a Stuttgart an rubuta shi a cikin littafin Anders, ein Arbeitsbericht . <ref>Klaus Zehelein (editor) ''Fünfzehn Spielzeiten an der Staatsoper Stuttgart 1991–2006: Ein Arbeitsbericht'', raumzeit3, (2006), {{ISBN|978-3-9811007-6-1}}</ref> Zehelein ya kawo Pamela Rosenberg a matsayin mai haɗin gwiwa tsakanin 1991 da 2000 <ref>{{Cite web |title=San Francisco classical voice |url=https://www.sfcv.org/main/mainarchives/main_9_28_99.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112152751/https://www.sfcv.org/main/mainarchives/main_9_28_99.php |archive-date=12 January 2014 |access-date=17 August 2013}}, retrieved July 2013</ref> da kuma Eytan Pessen a matsayin darektan jefawa daga 2001 zuwa 2006. Babban marubucin wasan kwaikwayo shi ne Juliane Votteler . Zehelein ya yi aiki tare da daraktocin mataki Ruth Berghaus, <ref>Numerous mentions of Zehelein, in: Corinne Holtz, ''Ruth Berghaus. Ein Portrait'', Europäische Verlagsanstalt(2005), {{ISBN|978-3-434-50547-1}}</ref> Martin Ku diversi, Nicolas Brieger, Christof Nel, Neuenfels, <ref>Hans Neuenfels describing work with Zehelein, in: Hans Neuenfels, ''Das Bastardbuch: Autobiografische Stationen'', btb Verlag (2012), {{ISBN|978-3-442-74496-1}}</ref> Peter Konwitchny, Joachim Schlömer, Jossi Wieler da Sergio Morabito. A karkashin jagorancin Zehelein, Stuttgart Opera kamfani ne na wasan kwaikwayo. Sopranos Catherine Naglestad da Eva-Maria Westbroek sun kasance mambobi ne na ƙungiyarsa ta dindindin, tenor Jonas Kaufmann mai zane-zane ne. Daraktocin kiɗa sune [[Gabriele Ferro (conductor)|Gabriele Ferro]] da Lothar Zagrosek . Nicola Luisotti ya gudanar akai-akai a zamanin Zehelein. A cikin shekaru goma sha biyar Zehelein ya binciki mafi yawan wasan kwaikwayo na karni na 20, kamar su Berg's ''Wozzeck'' da ''Lulu'', Shostakovich's ''Lady Macbeth na Mtsensk'', Schreker's ''Die Gezeichneten'', Busoni's ''Dokta Faust'', da Nono's ''Al gran sole carico d'amore'' da Intolleranza 1960. An yi aikin ne a lokutan da yawa a cikin wasanni 29. Zehelein ya yi ayyukan mawaƙa Lachenmann, Jungy Pagh Pan, Hans Zender da Rolf Riehm. Zehelein ya jaddada cewa kamar yadda Richard Wagner ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa guda huɗu na Ring a cikin shekaru da yawa, yana canza ra'ayoyin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin tsari, ana iya bi da kowane wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin aiki mai zaman kansa. Zehelein ya gayyaci daraktoci huɗu don Ring dinsa, don haka ya ba kowane wasan kwaikwayo 'yancin kai. Sakamakon Stuttgarter Ring ya kawo tattaunawa da yawa da kuma karbuwa ga Stuttgart Opera . Zehelein ya kirkiro Forum Neues Musiktheater, wata cibiyar da ke da alaƙa da Stuttgart Opera. "A nan ba wai kawai an yi nazarin sabbin waƙoƙi ba kuma an gabatar da su, "in ji mai sukar Gerhard Rohde, "amma mafi mahimmanci shine yanayin aikin cibiyar: dakin gwaje-gwaje, inda matasa, kuma ba matasa masu kirkiro suke haɓaka ra'ayoyinsu, kuma tare da mawaƙa, mawaƙa, masu rawa, da sabbin kafofin watsa labarai sun fahimci waɗannan ra'ayoyin a cikin gaskiyar wasan kwaikwayo". Zehelein kuma ya kafa Junge Oper (cibiyar da aka keɓe don yin wasan kwaikwayo ga matasa masu sauraro ). Yawancin shirye-shiryen CD da DVD suna nuna sha'awar Zehelein a cikin ayyukan zamani da sabbin ra'ayoyin shirya. Kayan CD na Stuttgart sun hada da Nono's Intolleranza 1960 (1995) da ''Al Gran Sole Carico D'Amore'' (2001), da kuma Lachenmann's ''Das Mädchen mit den Schwefelhölzern'' (2003); Zehelein's productions on DVD: Handel's ''Alcina'' (1999), Hartmann's ''Simplicius Simplicissimus'' (2005), Mozart's La ''Finta giardiniera'' (2006) da Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen (2003). <ref>David J. levin Richard Wagner, Fritz Lang, and the Nibelungen Princeton University Press, (1999), {{ISBN|978-0-691-04971-7}}.</ref> == Koyarwa == Zehelein ya koyar da ilimin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Oldenburg . Ya kuma kasance farfesa baƙo a Jami'ar Jihar Minnesota, Collège na duniya na falsafa a Paris, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Wasanni a Jami'an Giessen kuma daga 1986 zuwa 1992 a Jami'in Fasaha ta Vienna. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2006, ya jagoranci sashen wasan kwaikwayo na LMU Munich da Kwalejin Wasanni ta Bavaria a Munich . <ref>Anke Roeder, Klaus Zehelein, ''Die Kunst der Dramaturgie: Theorie – Praxis – Ausbildung'', Henschel Verlag, (2011), {{ISBN|978-3-89487-655-5}}</ref> An buga ra'ayoyinsa game da wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa a cikin littafin Music theater today == Sauran ayyukan == Ya zuwa Mayu 2003, Zehelein shine shugaban [[Deutscher Bühnenverein]]">ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo na Jamus (Deutscher Bühnenverein). Tasirinsa na siyasa da na ɗabi'a yana da mahimmanci a lokutan raguwa mai tsanani a cikin kudaden jama'a na zane-zane.<ref>Daniel Ris,''Unternehmensethik für den Kulturbetrieb: Perspektiven am Beispiel öffentlich-rechtlicher Theater'' (VS College) VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2012, {{ISBN|978-3-531-19232-1}}</ref><ref>Elaine Kelly (Editor), Amy Wlodarski (Editor) ''Art Outside the Lines: New Perspectives on GDR Art Culture''. (German Monitor) [Paperback] p. 142, Rodopi (2011), {{ISBN|978-90-420-3341-2}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Agustan shekara ta 2006, Zehelein ya kuma zama shugaban Munich Bayerische Theaterakademie August Everding (Bavarian theatre academy) wanda ke cikin Prinzregentheater . The Theaterakademie wata makarantar kimiyya ce ta matakin jami'a da ke ba da darussan BA da MA a cikin jagora, wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa, waka, wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo, gidan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma sukar talabijin, saiti da kayan ado.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theaterakademie Website (partially in English) |url=http://www.theaterakademie.de/de/willkommen.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723050635/http://www.theaterakademie.de/de/willkommen.html |archive-date=23 July 2015 |access-date=17 August 2013}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Zehelein ya sami kyautar masu sukar Jamus saboda aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo a Oper Frankfurt a shekarar 1983. Ya kuma sami Order of Merit na Baden-Württemberg a shekara ta 2001, saboda aikinsa a jihar. An ba shi Cross na Ofishin Order of Merit na Tarayyar Jamus a lokacin rani na shekara ta 2006. A shekara ta 2007, ya zama memba na Bayerische Akademie der Schönen Künste . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Web site of the German national culture foundation (German: ''Kulturstiftung des Bundes'') |url=http://www.kulturstiftung-des-bundes.de/cms/en/stiftung/committees/stiftungsbeirat/prof_klaus_zehelein_367_7.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216033647/http://www.kulturstiftung-des-bundes.de/cms/en/stiftung/committees/stiftungsbeirat/prof_klaus_zehelein_367_7.html |archive-date=16 December 2013 |access-date=17 August 2013}}, retrieved July 2013</ref> A shekara ta 2023, ya sami lambar yabo ta Der Faust don nasarorin da ya samu a rayuwarsa.<ref name="nmz 2023 k515">{{Cite web |date=24 October 2023 |title=Klaus Zehelein wird mit Theaterpreis für Lebenswerk ausgezeichnet |url=https://www.nmz.de/menschen/klaus-zehelein-wird-mit-theaterpreis-fuer-lebenswerk-ausgezeichnet |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=[[neue musikzeitung]] |language=de}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pn46uzeckghma6vjzoh9adqst3nx4g0 906252 906251 2026-08-22T14:43:09Z Kamal JB 24987 /* Ilimi da sana'a */ 906252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Klaus Zehelein''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba na shekara ta 1940) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na [[Jamus]]. Ya kasance shugaban Munich Bayerische Theaterakademie Agusta Everding . Zehelein kuma shine shugaban kungiyar wasan kwaikwayo na Jamus, Deutscher Bühnenverein . Shekaru goma sha biyar, daga 1991 har zuwa 2006, Zehelein ya kasance darektan zane-zane na Staatsoper Stuttgart . Mai sukar Gerhard Rohde, yana taƙaita aikin wasan kwaikwayo na Zehelein a wasan kwaikwayo na Stuttgart, ya ce "Zehelein ba ya kallon wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin abin da ya faru na abinci. A gare shi wasan kwaikwayo abu ne mai rikitarwa, inda duk zane-zane - da zamantakewa, falsafa, tarihi, utopic da sauran fannoni - sun haɗu. Wannan rikitarwa na cancantar wasan kwaikwayo ana fahimta, ana ganin shi, ana samun kwarewa; don haka duk ayyukan da suka ƙare a kan mataki, ana nazarin su sosai kafin. == Ilimi da sana'a == Zehelein ta yi karatun adabin Jamusanci, ilimin kiɗa da falsafar a Jami'ar Goethe ta Frankfurt . Daga cikin malamansa akwai masana falsafa Max Horkheimer da Theodor W. Adorno . Ko da yake ba mawaki ba ne da kansa, Zehelein ya shiga cikin Darmstädter Ferienkurse daga 1959 zuwa 1966. A nan ne ya sadu da mawaƙa Luigi Nono da Karlheinz Stockhausen, wanda zai rinjayi ci gaban fasaha na Zehelein na gaba. Zehelein ya fara aikin sana'arsa a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kiel a 1967, sannan ya zama babban marubucin wasan kwaikwayo a Oldenburgisches Staatstheater . Daga shekara ta 1977 zuwa 1987 ya yi aiki a Oper Frankfurt, ya fara a matsayin babban marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya zama darektan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Michael Gielen describing work with Zehelein, in: Michael Gielen ''»Unbedingt Musik«: Erinnerungen'', Insel Verlag,(2012), {{ISBN|978-3-458-35830-5}}</ref><ref>Axel Dielmann, ''Schafft Neus! ...: Richard Wagner in Frankfurt ( 2013)'', {{ISBN|978-3-86638-025-7}}</ref> A Frankfurt Zehelein ya haɓaka hanyar fassara da shirya wasan kwaikwayo mai amfani amma mai goyan bayan hankali.<ref>Work with Zehelein as dramaturge, in: Gottfried Knapp, ''Hans Diether Schall's Stage sets'', in Hans Dieter Schaal: Stage Architecture, Edition Axel Menges (Juni 2002), {{ISBN|978-3-930698-86-8}}, pp. 6–10</ref> Ya yi aiki tare da darektan mataki Hans Neuenfels a kan Busoni's ''Dokta Faust'' da Neuenfals' samar da Verdi's ''Aida'' - wanda aka sani da "Aida a matsayin mai tsabtace mace". Tare da darektan Ruth Berghaus da mai zanen ta Axel Manthey, ya yi aiki a kan Wagner's ''Parsifal'' da Ring. Zehelein ya koma Hamburg a shekarar 1989 a matsayin darektan zane-zane na Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Thalia kafin a ba shi matsayin darektin zane-zane a wasan kwaikwayo na Stuttgart. == Stuttgart Opera 1991-2006 == A lokacin darektan Zehelein, mujallar Opernwelt ta ba da lambar yabo ta Opera House of the Year ga Stuttgart Opera. An ba da kyaututtuka shida, a cikin shekarun 1994, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, da 2006. Zamanin Zehelein a Stuttgart an rubuta shi a cikin littafin Anders, ein Arbeitsbericht . <ref>Klaus Zehelein (editor) ''Fünfzehn Spielzeiten an der Staatsoper Stuttgart 1991–2006: Ein Arbeitsbericht'', raumzeit3, (2006), {{ISBN|978-3-9811007-6-1}}</ref> Zehelein ya kawo Pamela Rosenberg a matsayin mai haɗin gwiwa tsakanin 1991 da 2000 <ref>{{Cite web |title=San Francisco classical voice |url=https://www.sfcv.org/main/mainarchives/main_9_28_99.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112152751/https://www.sfcv.org/main/mainarchives/main_9_28_99.php |archive-date=12 January 2014 |access-date=17 August 2013}}, retrieved July 2013</ref> da kuma Eytan Pessen a matsayin darektan jefawa daga 2001 zuwa 2006. Babban marubucin wasan kwaikwayo shi ne Juliane Votteler . Zehelein ya yi aiki tare da daraktocin mataki Ruth Berghaus, <ref>Numerous mentions of Zehelein, in: Corinne Holtz, ''Ruth Berghaus. Ein Portrait'', Europäische Verlagsanstalt(2005), {{ISBN|978-3-434-50547-1}}</ref> Martin Ku diversi, Nicolas Brieger, Christof Nel, Neuenfels, <ref>Hans Neuenfels describing work with Zehelein, in: Hans Neuenfels, ''Das Bastardbuch: Autobiografische Stationen'', btb Verlag (2012), {{ISBN|978-3-442-74496-1}}</ref> Peter Konwitchny, Joachim Schlömer, Jossi Wieler da Sergio Morabito. A karkashin jagorancin Zehelein, Stuttgart Opera kamfani ne na wasan kwaikwayo. Sopranos Catherine Naglestad da Eva-Maria Westbroek sun kasance mambobi ne na ƙungiyarsa ta dindindin, tenor Jonas Kaufmann mai zane-zane ne. Daraktocin kiɗa sune [[Gabriele Ferro (conductor)|Gabriele Ferro]] da Lothar Zagrosek . Nicola Luisotti ya gudanar akai-akai a zamanin Zehelein. A cikin shekaru goma sha biyar Zehelein ya binciki mafi yawan wasan kwaikwayo na karni na 20, kamar su Berg's ''Wozzeck'' da ''Lulu'', Shostakovich's ''Lady Macbeth na Mtsensk'', Schreker's ''Die Gezeichneten'', Busoni's ''Dokta Faust'', da Nono's ''Al gran sole carico d'amore'' da Intolleranza 1960. An yi aikin ne a lokutan da yawa a cikin wasanni 29. Zehelein ya yi ayyukan mawaƙa Lachenmann, Jungy Pagh Pan, Hans Zender da Rolf Riehm. Zehelein ya jaddada cewa kamar yadda Richard Wagner ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa guda huɗu na Ring a cikin shekaru da yawa, yana canza ra'ayoyin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin tsari, ana iya bi da kowane wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin aiki mai zaman kansa. Zehelein ya gayyaci daraktoci huɗu don Ring dinsa, don haka ya ba kowane wasan kwaikwayo 'yancin kai. Sakamakon Stuttgarter Ring ya kawo tattaunawa da yawa da kuma karbuwa ga Stuttgart Opera . Zehelein ya kirkiro Forum Neues Musiktheater, wata cibiyar da ke da alaƙa da Stuttgart Opera. "A nan ba wai kawai an yi nazarin sabbin waƙoƙi ba kuma an gabatar da su, "in ji mai sukar Gerhard Rohde, "amma mafi mahimmanci shine yanayin aikin cibiyar: dakin gwaje-gwaje, inda matasa, kuma ba matasa masu kirkiro suke haɓaka ra'ayoyinsu, kuma tare da mawaƙa, mawaƙa, masu rawa, da sabbin kafofin watsa labarai sun fahimci waɗannan ra'ayoyin a cikin gaskiyar wasan kwaikwayo". Zehelein kuma ya kafa Junge Oper (cibiyar da aka keɓe don yin wasan kwaikwayo ga matasa masu sauraro ). Yawancin shirye-shiryen CD da DVD suna nuna sha'awar Zehelein a cikin ayyukan zamani da sabbin ra'ayoyin shirya. Kayan CD na Stuttgart sun hada da Nono's Intolleranza 1960 (1995) da ''Al Gran Sole Carico D'Amore'' (2001), da kuma Lachenmann's ''Das Mädchen mit den Schwefelhölzern'' (2003); Zehelein's productions on DVD: Handel's ''Alcina'' (1999), Hartmann's ''Simplicius Simplicissimus'' (2005), Mozart's La ''Finta giardiniera'' (2006) da Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen (2003). <ref>David J. levin Richard Wagner, Fritz Lang, and the Nibelungen Princeton University Press, (1999), {{ISBN|978-0-691-04971-7}}.</ref> == Koyarwa == Zehelein ya koyar da ilimin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Oldenburg . Ya kuma kasance farfesa baƙo a Jami'ar Jihar Minnesota, Collège na duniya na falsafa a Paris, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Wasanni a Jami'an Giessen kuma daga 1986 zuwa 1992 a Jami'in Fasaha ta Vienna. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2006, ya jagoranci sashen wasan kwaikwayo na LMU Munich da Kwalejin Wasanni ta Bavaria a Munich . <ref>Anke Roeder, Klaus Zehelein, ''Die Kunst der Dramaturgie: Theorie – Praxis – Ausbildung'', Henschel Verlag, (2011), {{ISBN|978-3-89487-655-5}}</ref> An buga ra'ayoyinsa game da wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa a cikin littafin Music theater today == Sauran ayyukan == Ya zuwa Mayu 2003, Zehelein shine shugaban [[Deutscher Bühnenverein]]">ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo na Jamus (Deutscher Bühnenverein). Tasirinsa na siyasa da na ɗabi'a yana da mahimmanci a lokutan raguwa mai tsanani a cikin kudaden jama'a na zane-zane.<ref>Daniel Ris,''Unternehmensethik für den Kulturbetrieb: Perspektiven am Beispiel öffentlich-rechtlicher Theater'' (VS College) VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2012, {{ISBN|978-3-531-19232-1}}</ref><ref>Elaine Kelly (Editor), Amy Wlodarski (Editor) ''Art Outside the Lines: New Perspectives on GDR Art Culture''. (German Monitor) [Paperback] p. 142, Rodopi (2011), {{ISBN|978-90-420-3341-2}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Agustan shekara ta 2006, Zehelein ya kuma zama shugaban Munich Bayerische Theaterakademie August Everding (Bavarian theatre academy) wanda ke cikin Prinzregentheater . The Theaterakademie wata makarantar kimiyya ce ta matakin jami'a da ke ba da darussan BA da MA a cikin jagora, wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa, waka, wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo, gidan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma sukar talabijin, saiti da kayan ado.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theaterakademie Website (partially in English) |url=http://www.theaterakademie.de/de/willkommen.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723050635/http://www.theaterakademie.de/de/willkommen.html |archive-date=23 July 2015 |access-date=17 August 2013}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Zehelein ya sami kyautar masu sukar Jamus saboda aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo a Oper Frankfurt a shekarar 1983. Ya kuma sami Order of Merit na Baden-Württemberg a shekara ta 2001, saboda aikinsa a jihar. An ba shi Cross na Ofishin Order of Merit na Tarayyar Jamus a lokacin rani na shekara ta 2006. A shekara ta 2007, ya zama memba na Bayerische Akademie der Schönen Künste . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Web site of the German national culture foundation (German: ''Kulturstiftung des Bundes'') |url=http://www.kulturstiftung-des-bundes.de/cms/en/stiftung/committees/stiftungsbeirat/prof_klaus_zehelein_367_7.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216033647/http://www.kulturstiftung-des-bundes.de/cms/en/stiftung/committees/stiftungsbeirat/prof_klaus_zehelein_367_7.html |archive-date=16 December 2013 |access-date=17 August 2013}}, retrieved July 2013</ref> A shekara ta 2023, ya sami lambar yabo ta Der Faust don nasarorin da ya samu a rayuwarsa.<ref name="nmz 2023 k515">{{Cite web |date=24 October 2023 |title=Klaus Zehelein wird mit Theaterpreis für Lebenswerk ausgezeichnet |url=https://www.nmz.de/menschen/klaus-zehelein-wird-mit-theaterpreis-fuer-lebenswerk-ausgezeichnet |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=[[neue musikzeitung]] |language=de}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kgirg0dtb3s8t8q8xn2e95y7h6s1xhb 906257 906252 2026-08-22T15:08:57Z Kamal JB 24987 /* Ilimi da sana'a */ 906257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Klaus Zehelein''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba na shekara ta 1940) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na [[Jamus]]. Ya kasance shugaban Munich Bayerische Theaterakademie Agusta Everding . Zehelein kuma shine shugaban kungiyar wasan kwaikwayo na Jamus, Deutscher Bühnenverein . Shekaru goma sha biyar, daga 1991 har zuwa 2006, Zehelein ya kasance darektan zane-zane na Staatsoper Stuttgart . Mai sukar Gerhard Rohde, yana taƙaita aikin wasan kwaikwayo na Zehelein a wasan kwaikwayo na Stuttgart, ya ce "Zehelein ba ya kallon wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin abin da ya faru na abinci. A gare shi wasan kwaikwayo abu ne mai rikitarwa, inda duk zane-zane - da zamantakewa, falsafa, tarihi, utopic da sauran fannoni - sun haɗu. Wannan rikitarwa na cancantar wasan kwaikwayo ana fahimta, ana ganin shi, ana samun kwarewa; don haka duk ayyukan da suka ƙare a kan mataki, ana nazarin su sosai kafin. == Ilimi da sana'a == Zehelein ta yi karatun adabin Jamusanci, ilimin kiɗa da falsafa a Jami'ar Goethe ta Frankfurt . Daga cikin malamansa akwai masana falsafa Max Horkheimer da Theodor W. Adorno . Ko da yake ba mawaki ba ne da kansa, Zehelein ya shiga cikin Darmstädter Ferienkurse daga 1959 zuwa 1966. A nan ne ya sadu da mawaƙa Luigi Nono da Karlheinz Stockhausen, wanda zai rinjayi ci gaban fasaha na Zehelein na gaba. Zehelein ya fara aikin sana'arsa a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kiel a 1967, sannan ya zama babban marubucin wasan kwaikwayo a Oldenburgisches Staatstheater . Daga shekara ta 1977 zuwa 1987 ya yi aiki a Oper Frankfurt, ya fara a matsayin babban marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya zama darektan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Michael Gielen describing work with Zehelein, in: Michael Gielen ''»Unbedingt Musik«: Erinnerungen'', Insel Verlag,(2012), {{ISBN|978-3-458-35830-5}}</ref><ref>Axel Dielmann, ''Schafft Neus! ...: Richard Wagner in Frankfurt ( 2013)'', {{ISBN|978-3-86638-025-7}}</ref> A Frankfurt Zehelein ya haɓaka hanyar fassara da shirya wasan kwaikwayo mai amfani amma mai goyan bayan hankali.<ref>Work with Zehelein as dramaturge, in: Gottfried Knapp, ''Hans Diether Schall's Stage sets'', in Hans Dieter Schaal: Stage Architecture, Edition Axel Menges (Juni 2002), {{ISBN|978-3-930698-86-8}}, pp. 6–10</ref> Ya yi aiki tare da darektan mataki Hans Neuenfels a kan Busoni's ''Dokta Faust'' da Neuenfals' samar da Verdi's ''Aida'' - wanda aka sani da "Aida a matsayin mai tsabtace mace". Tare da darektan Ruth Berghaus da mai zanen ta Axel Manthey, ya yi aiki a kan Wagner's ''Parsifal'' da Ring. Zehelein ya koma Hamburg a shekarar 1989 a matsayin darektan zane-zane na Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Thalia kafin a ba shi matsayin darektin zane-zane a wasan kwaikwayo na Stuttgart. == Stuttgart Opera 1991-2006 == A lokacin darektan Zehelein, mujallar Opernwelt ta ba da lambar yabo ta Opera House of the Year ga Stuttgart Opera. An ba da kyaututtuka shida, a cikin shekarun 1994, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, da 2006. Zamanin Zehelein a Stuttgart an rubuta shi a cikin littafin Anders, ein Arbeitsbericht . <ref>Klaus Zehelein (editor) ''Fünfzehn Spielzeiten an der Staatsoper Stuttgart 1991–2006: Ein Arbeitsbericht'', raumzeit3, (2006), {{ISBN|978-3-9811007-6-1}}</ref> Zehelein ya kawo Pamela Rosenberg a matsayin mai haɗin gwiwa tsakanin 1991 da 2000 <ref>{{Cite web |title=San Francisco classical voice |url=https://www.sfcv.org/main/mainarchives/main_9_28_99.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112152751/https://www.sfcv.org/main/mainarchives/main_9_28_99.php |archive-date=12 January 2014 |access-date=17 August 2013}}, retrieved July 2013</ref> da kuma Eytan Pessen a matsayin darektan jefawa daga 2001 zuwa 2006. Babban marubucin wasan kwaikwayo shi ne Juliane Votteler . Zehelein ya yi aiki tare da daraktocin mataki Ruth Berghaus, <ref>Numerous mentions of Zehelein, in: Corinne Holtz, ''Ruth Berghaus. Ein Portrait'', Europäische Verlagsanstalt(2005), {{ISBN|978-3-434-50547-1}}</ref> Martin Ku diversi, Nicolas Brieger, Christof Nel, Neuenfels, <ref>Hans Neuenfels describing work with Zehelein, in: Hans Neuenfels, ''Das Bastardbuch: Autobiografische Stationen'', btb Verlag (2012), {{ISBN|978-3-442-74496-1}}</ref> Peter Konwitchny, Joachim Schlömer, Jossi Wieler da Sergio Morabito. A karkashin jagorancin Zehelein, Stuttgart Opera kamfani ne na wasan kwaikwayo. Sopranos Catherine Naglestad da Eva-Maria Westbroek sun kasance mambobi ne na ƙungiyarsa ta dindindin, tenor Jonas Kaufmann mai zane-zane ne. Daraktocin kiɗa sune [[Gabriele Ferro (conductor)|Gabriele Ferro]] da Lothar Zagrosek . Nicola Luisotti ya gudanar akai-akai a zamanin Zehelein. A cikin shekaru goma sha biyar Zehelein ya binciki mafi yawan wasan kwaikwayo na karni na 20, kamar su Berg's ''Wozzeck'' da ''Lulu'', Shostakovich's ''Lady Macbeth na Mtsensk'', Schreker's ''Die Gezeichneten'', Busoni's ''Dokta Faust'', da Nono's ''Al gran sole carico d'amore'' da Intolleranza 1960. An yi aikin ne a lokutan da yawa a cikin wasanni 29. Zehelein ya yi ayyukan mawaƙa Lachenmann, Jungy Pagh Pan, Hans Zender da Rolf Riehm. Zehelein ya jaddada cewa kamar yadda Richard Wagner ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa guda huɗu na Ring a cikin shekaru da yawa, yana canza ra'ayoyin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin tsari, ana iya bi da kowane wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin aiki mai zaman kansa. Zehelein ya gayyaci daraktoci huɗu don Ring dinsa, don haka ya ba kowane wasan kwaikwayo 'yancin kai. Sakamakon Stuttgarter Ring ya kawo tattaunawa da yawa da kuma karbuwa ga Stuttgart Opera . Zehelein ya kirkiro Forum Neues Musiktheater, wata cibiyar da ke da alaƙa da Stuttgart Opera. "A nan ba wai kawai an yi nazarin sabbin waƙoƙi ba kuma an gabatar da su, "in ji mai sukar Gerhard Rohde, "amma mafi mahimmanci shine yanayin aikin cibiyar: dakin gwaje-gwaje, inda matasa, kuma ba matasa masu kirkiro suke haɓaka ra'ayoyinsu, kuma tare da mawaƙa, mawaƙa, masu rawa, da sabbin kafofin watsa labarai sun fahimci waɗannan ra'ayoyin a cikin gaskiyar wasan kwaikwayo". Zehelein kuma ya kafa Junge Oper (cibiyar da aka keɓe don yin wasan kwaikwayo ga matasa masu sauraro ). Yawancin shirye-shiryen CD da DVD suna nuna sha'awar Zehelein a cikin ayyukan zamani da sabbin ra'ayoyin shirya. Kayan CD na Stuttgart sun hada da Nono's Intolleranza 1960 (1995) da ''Al Gran Sole Carico D'Amore'' (2001), da kuma Lachenmann's ''Das Mädchen mit den Schwefelhölzern'' (2003); Zehelein's productions on DVD: Handel's ''Alcina'' (1999), Hartmann's ''Simplicius Simplicissimus'' (2005), Mozart's La ''Finta giardiniera'' (2006) da Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen (2003). <ref>David J. levin Richard Wagner, Fritz Lang, and the Nibelungen Princeton University Press, (1999), {{ISBN|978-0-691-04971-7}}.</ref> == Koyarwa == Zehelein ya koyar da ilimin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Oldenburg . Ya kuma kasance farfesa baƙo a Jami'ar Jihar Minnesota, Collège na duniya na falsafa a Paris, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Wasanni a Jami'an Giessen kuma daga 1986 zuwa 1992 a Jami'in Fasaha ta Vienna. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2006, ya jagoranci sashen wasan kwaikwayo na LMU Munich da Kwalejin Wasanni ta Bavaria a Munich . <ref>Anke Roeder, Klaus Zehelein, ''Die Kunst der Dramaturgie: Theorie – Praxis – Ausbildung'', Henschel Verlag, (2011), {{ISBN|978-3-89487-655-5}}</ref> An buga ra'ayoyinsa game da wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa a cikin littafin Music theater today == Sauran ayyukan == Ya zuwa Mayu 2003, Zehelein shine shugaban [[Deutscher Bühnenverein]]">ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo na Jamus (Deutscher Bühnenverein). Tasirinsa na siyasa da na ɗabi'a yana da mahimmanci a lokutan raguwa mai tsanani a cikin kudaden jama'a na zane-zane.<ref>Daniel Ris,''Unternehmensethik für den Kulturbetrieb: Perspektiven am Beispiel öffentlich-rechtlicher Theater'' (VS College) VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2012, {{ISBN|978-3-531-19232-1}}</ref><ref>Elaine Kelly (Editor), Amy Wlodarski (Editor) ''Art Outside the Lines: New Perspectives on GDR Art Culture''. (German Monitor) [Paperback] p. 142, Rodopi (2011), {{ISBN|978-90-420-3341-2}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Agustan shekara ta 2006, Zehelein ya kuma zama shugaban Munich Bayerische Theaterakademie August Everding (Bavarian theatre academy) wanda ke cikin Prinzregentheater . The Theaterakademie wata makarantar kimiyya ce ta matakin jami'a da ke ba da darussan BA da MA a cikin jagora, wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa, waka, wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo, gidan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma sukar talabijin, saiti da kayan ado.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theaterakademie Website (partially in English) |url=http://www.theaterakademie.de/de/willkommen.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723050635/http://www.theaterakademie.de/de/willkommen.html |archive-date=23 July 2015 |access-date=17 August 2013}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Zehelein ya sami kyautar masu sukar Jamus saboda aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo a Oper Frankfurt a shekarar 1983. Ya kuma sami Order of Merit na Baden-Württemberg a shekara ta 2001, saboda aikinsa a jihar. An ba shi Cross na Ofishin Order of Merit na Tarayyar Jamus a lokacin rani na shekara ta 2006. A shekara ta 2007, ya zama memba na Bayerische Akademie der Schönen Künste . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Web site of the German national culture foundation (German: ''Kulturstiftung des Bundes'') |url=http://www.kulturstiftung-des-bundes.de/cms/en/stiftung/committees/stiftungsbeirat/prof_klaus_zehelein_367_7.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216033647/http://www.kulturstiftung-des-bundes.de/cms/en/stiftung/committees/stiftungsbeirat/prof_klaus_zehelein_367_7.html |archive-date=16 December 2013 |access-date=17 August 2013}}, retrieved July 2013</ref> A shekara ta 2023, ya sami lambar yabo ta Der Faust don nasarorin da ya samu a rayuwarsa.<ref name="nmz 2023 k515">{{Cite web |date=24 October 2023 |title=Klaus Zehelein wird mit Theaterpreis für Lebenswerk ausgezeichnet |url=https://www.nmz.de/menschen/klaus-zehelein-wird-mit-theaterpreis-fuer-lebenswerk-ausgezeichnet |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=[[neue musikzeitung]] |language=de}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 369xhbpdo3dbp8corkct3sgepqp91uj 906258 906257 2026-08-22T15:09:38Z Kamal JB 24987 /* Stuttgart Opera 1991-2006 */ 906258 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Klaus Zehelein''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba na shekara ta 1940) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na [[Jamus]]. Ya kasance shugaban Munich Bayerische Theaterakademie Agusta Everding . Zehelein kuma shine shugaban kungiyar wasan kwaikwayo na Jamus, Deutscher Bühnenverein . Shekaru goma sha biyar, daga 1991 har zuwa 2006, Zehelein ya kasance darektan zane-zane na Staatsoper Stuttgart . Mai sukar Gerhard Rohde, yana taƙaita aikin wasan kwaikwayo na Zehelein a wasan kwaikwayo na Stuttgart, ya ce "Zehelein ba ya kallon wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin abin da ya faru na abinci. A gare shi wasan kwaikwayo abu ne mai rikitarwa, inda duk zane-zane - da zamantakewa, falsafa, tarihi, utopic da sauran fannoni - sun haɗu. Wannan rikitarwa na cancantar wasan kwaikwayo ana fahimta, ana ganin shi, ana samun kwarewa; don haka duk ayyukan da suka ƙare a kan mataki, ana nazarin su sosai kafin. == Ilimi da sana'a == Zehelein ta yi karatun adabin Jamusanci, ilimin kiɗa da falsafa a Jami'ar Goethe ta Frankfurt . Daga cikin malamansa akwai masana falsafa Max Horkheimer da Theodor W. Adorno . Ko da yake ba mawaki ba ne da kansa, Zehelein ya shiga cikin Darmstädter Ferienkurse daga 1959 zuwa 1966. A nan ne ya sadu da mawaƙa Luigi Nono da Karlheinz Stockhausen, wanda zai rinjayi ci gaban fasaha na Zehelein na gaba. Zehelein ya fara aikin sana'arsa a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kiel a 1967, sannan ya zama babban marubucin wasan kwaikwayo a Oldenburgisches Staatstheater . Daga shekara ta 1977 zuwa 1987 ya yi aiki a Oper Frankfurt, ya fara a matsayin babban marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya zama darektan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>Michael Gielen describing work with Zehelein, in: Michael Gielen ''»Unbedingt Musik«: Erinnerungen'', Insel Verlag,(2012), {{ISBN|978-3-458-35830-5}}</ref><ref>Axel Dielmann, ''Schafft Neus! ...: Richard Wagner in Frankfurt ( 2013)'', {{ISBN|978-3-86638-025-7}}</ref> A Frankfurt Zehelein ya haɓaka hanyar fassara da shirya wasan kwaikwayo mai amfani amma mai goyan bayan hankali.<ref>Work with Zehelein as dramaturge, in: Gottfried Knapp, ''Hans Diether Schall's Stage sets'', in Hans Dieter Schaal: Stage Architecture, Edition Axel Menges (Juni 2002), {{ISBN|978-3-930698-86-8}}, pp. 6–10</ref> Ya yi aiki tare da darektan mataki Hans Neuenfels a kan Busoni's ''Dokta Faust'' da Neuenfals' samar da Verdi's ''Aida'' - wanda aka sani da "Aida a matsayin mai tsabtace mace". Tare da darektan Ruth Berghaus da mai zanen ta Axel Manthey, ya yi aiki a kan Wagner's ''Parsifal'' da Ring. Zehelein ya koma Hamburg a shekarar 1989 a matsayin darektan zane-zane na Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Thalia kafin a ba shi matsayin darektin zane-zane a wasan kwaikwayo na Stuttgart. == Stuttgart Opera 1991-2006 == A lokacin darektan Zehelein, mujallar Opernwelt ta ba da [[lambar yabo]] ta Opera House of the Year ga Stuttgart Opera. An ba da kyaututtuka shida, a cikin shekarun 1994, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, da 2006. Zamanin Zehelein a Stuttgart an rubuta shi a cikin littafin Anders, ein Arbeitsbericht . <ref>Klaus Zehelein (editor) ''Fünfzehn Spielzeiten an der Staatsoper Stuttgart 1991–2006: Ein Arbeitsbericht'', raumzeit3, (2006), {{ISBN|978-3-9811007-6-1}}</ref> Zehelein ya kawo Pamela Rosenberg a matsayin mai haɗin gwiwa tsakanin 1991 da 2000 <ref>{{Cite web |title=San Francisco classical voice |url=https://www.sfcv.org/main/mainarchives/main_9_28_99.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112152751/https://www.sfcv.org/main/mainarchives/main_9_28_99.php |archive-date=12 January 2014 |access-date=17 August 2013}}, retrieved July 2013</ref> da kuma Eytan Pessen a matsayin darektan jefawa daga 2001 zuwa 2006. Babban marubucin wasan kwaikwayo shi ne Juliane Votteler . Zehelein ya yi aiki tare da daraktocin mataki Ruth Berghaus, <ref>Numerous mentions of Zehelein, in: Corinne Holtz, ''Ruth Berghaus. Ein Portrait'', Europäische Verlagsanstalt(2005), {{ISBN|978-3-434-50547-1}}</ref> Martin Ku diversi, Nicolas Brieger, Christof Nel, Neuenfels, <ref>Hans Neuenfels describing work with Zehelein, in: Hans Neuenfels, ''Das Bastardbuch: Autobiografische Stationen'', btb Verlag (2012), {{ISBN|978-3-442-74496-1}}</ref> Peter Konwitchny, Joachim Schlömer, Jossi Wieler da Sergio Morabito. A karkashin jagorancin Zehelein, Stuttgart Opera kamfani ne na wasan kwaikwayo. Sopranos Catherine Naglestad da Eva-Maria Westbroek sun kasance mambobi ne na ƙungiyarsa ta dindindin, tenor Jonas Kaufmann mai zane-zane ne. Daraktocin kiɗa sune [[Gabriele Ferro (conductor)|Gabriele Ferro]] da Lothar Zagrosek . Nicola Luisotti ya gudanar akai-akai a zamanin Zehelein. A cikin shekaru goma sha biyar Zehelein ya binciki mafi yawan wasan kwaikwayo na karni na 20, kamar su Berg's ''Wozzeck'' da ''Lulu'', Shostakovich's ''Lady Macbeth na Mtsensk'', Schreker's ''Die Gezeichneten'', Busoni's ''Dokta Faust'', da Nono's ''Al gran sole carico d'amore'' da Intolleranza 1960. An yi aikin ne a lokutan da yawa a cikin wasanni 29. Zehelein ya yi ayyukan mawaƙa Lachenmann, Jungy Pagh Pan, Hans Zender da Rolf Riehm. Zehelein ya jaddada cewa kamar yadda Richard Wagner ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa guda huɗu na Ring a cikin shekaru da yawa, yana canza ra'ayoyin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin tsari, ana iya bi da kowane wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin aiki mai zaman kansa. Zehelein ya gayyaci daraktoci huɗu don Ring dinsa, don haka ya ba kowane wasan kwaikwayo 'yancin kai. Sakamakon Stuttgarter Ring ya kawo tattaunawa da yawa da kuma karbuwa ga Stuttgart Opera . Zehelein ya kirkiro Forum Neues Musiktheater, wata cibiyar da ke da alaƙa da Stuttgart Opera. "A nan ba wai kawai an yi nazarin sabbin waƙoƙi ba kuma an gabatar da su, "in ji mai sukar Gerhard Rohde, "amma mafi mahimmanci shine yanayin aikin cibiyar: dakin gwaje-gwaje, inda matasa, kuma ba matasa masu kirkiro suke haɓaka ra'ayoyinsu, kuma tare da mawaƙa, mawaƙa, masu rawa, da sabbin kafofin watsa labarai sun fahimci waɗannan ra'ayoyin a cikin gaskiyar wasan kwaikwayo". Zehelein kuma ya kafa Junge Oper (cibiyar da aka keɓe don yin wasan kwaikwayo ga matasa masu sauraro ). Yawancin shirye-shiryen CD da DVD suna nuna sha'awar Zehelein a cikin ayyukan zamani da sabbin ra'ayoyin shirya. Kayan CD na Stuttgart sun hada da Nono's Intolleranza 1960 (1995) da ''Al Gran Sole Carico D'Amore'' (2001), da kuma Lachenmann's ''Das Mädchen mit den Schwefelhölzern'' (2003); Zehelein's productions on DVD: Handel's ''Alcina'' (1999), Hartmann's ''Simplicius Simplicissimus'' (2005), Mozart's La ''Finta giardiniera'' (2006) da Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen (2003). <ref>David J. levin Richard Wagner, Fritz Lang, and the Nibelungen Princeton University Press, (1999), {{ISBN|978-0-691-04971-7}}.</ref> == Koyarwa == Zehelein ya koyar da ilimin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Oldenburg . Ya kuma kasance farfesa baƙo a Jami'ar Jihar Minnesota, Collège na duniya na falsafa a Paris, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Wasanni a Jami'an Giessen kuma daga 1986 zuwa 1992 a Jami'in Fasaha ta Vienna. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2006, ya jagoranci sashen wasan kwaikwayo na LMU Munich da Kwalejin Wasanni ta Bavaria a Munich . <ref>Anke Roeder, Klaus Zehelein, ''Die Kunst der Dramaturgie: Theorie – Praxis – Ausbildung'', Henschel Verlag, (2011), {{ISBN|978-3-89487-655-5}}</ref> An buga ra'ayoyinsa game da wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa a cikin littafin Music theater today == Sauran ayyukan == Ya zuwa Mayu 2003, Zehelein shine shugaban [[Deutscher Bühnenverein]]">ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo na Jamus (Deutscher Bühnenverein). Tasirinsa na siyasa da na ɗabi'a yana da mahimmanci a lokutan raguwa mai tsanani a cikin kudaden jama'a na zane-zane.<ref>Daniel Ris,''Unternehmensethik für den Kulturbetrieb: Perspektiven am Beispiel öffentlich-rechtlicher Theater'' (VS College) VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2012, {{ISBN|978-3-531-19232-1}}</ref><ref>Elaine Kelly (Editor), Amy Wlodarski (Editor) ''Art Outside the Lines: New Perspectives on GDR Art Culture''. (German Monitor) [Paperback] p. 142, Rodopi (2011), {{ISBN|978-90-420-3341-2}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Agustan shekara ta 2006, Zehelein ya kuma zama shugaban Munich Bayerische Theaterakademie August Everding (Bavarian theatre academy) wanda ke cikin Prinzregentheater . The Theaterakademie wata makarantar kimiyya ce ta matakin jami'a da ke ba da darussan BA da MA a cikin jagora, wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa, waka, wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo, gidan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma sukar talabijin, saiti da kayan ado.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theaterakademie Website (partially in English) |url=http://www.theaterakademie.de/de/willkommen.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723050635/http://www.theaterakademie.de/de/willkommen.html |archive-date=23 July 2015 |access-date=17 August 2013}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Zehelein ya sami kyautar masu sukar Jamus saboda aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo a Oper Frankfurt a shekarar 1983. Ya kuma sami Order of Merit na Baden-Württemberg a shekara ta 2001, saboda aikinsa a jihar. An ba shi Cross na Ofishin Order of Merit na Tarayyar Jamus a lokacin rani na shekara ta 2006. A shekara ta 2007, ya zama memba na Bayerische Akademie der Schönen Künste . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Web site of the German national culture foundation (German: ''Kulturstiftung des Bundes'') |url=http://www.kulturstiftung-des-bundes.de/cms/en/stiftung/committees/stiftungsbeirat/prof_klaus_zehelein_367_7.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216033647/http://www.kulturstiftung-des-bundes.de/cms/en/stiftung/committees/stiftungsbeirat/prof_klaus_zehelein_367_7.html |archive-date=16 December 2013 |access-date=17 August 2013}}, retrieved July 2013</ref> A shekara ta 2023, ya sami lambar yabo ta Der Faust don nasarorin da ya samu a rayuwarsa.<ref name="nmz 2023 k515">{{Cite web |date=24 October 2023 |title=Klaus Zehelein wird mit Theaterpreis für Lebenswerk ausgezeichnet |url=https://www.nmz.de/menschen/klaus-zehelein-wird-mit-theaterpreis-fuer-lebenswerk-ausgezeichnet |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=[[neue musikzeitung]] |language=de}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gqwanocm2tw33pasp4opxc64ighxgqj 0 165166 906282 2026-08-22T18:32:25Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368854480|Volcanism]]" 906282 wikitext text/x-wiki Volcanism, vulcanism, volcanicity, ko kuma ayyukan aman wuta (volcanic activity), wani lamari ne da ke faruwa yayin da daskararrun abubuwa, ruwa, iskar gas, ko gaurayarsu suka fito suka fashe zuwa saman wani jikin sararin samaniya mai daskararren fili, kamar duniya ko wata.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last1=Xiao |first1=Long |last2=Huang |first2=Jun |last3=Xiao |first3=Zhiyong |last4=Qi |first4=Chao |last5=Qian |first5=Yuqi |date=August 14, 2023 |title=Volcanism in the Solar System |url=https://www.sciengine.com/SCES/doi/10.1007/s11430-022-1085-y;JSESSIONID=51d128b1-b3e7-4396-aa04-e4d18db52411 |journal=Science China Earth Sciences |volume=66 |issue=11 |pages=2419–2440 |bibcode=2023ScChD..66.2419X |doi=10.1007/s11430-022-1085-y |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ana haifar da wannan lamari ne sakamakon kasancewar tushen zafi, yawanci wanda ke samuwa a cikin jikin sararin samaniyar da kansa. Ana iya samar da wannan zafi ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kamar ruɓewar sinadaran rediyoaktif (radioactive decay) ko dumamar da karfin jan hankali (tidal heating). Wannan zafi yana iya sa wasu daga cikin daskararrun abubuwan da ke cikin jikin sararin samaniyar su narke wani ɓangare (partial melting), ko kuma ya mayar da wasu abubuwa zuwa iskar gas. Abubuwan da suka samu motsi suna tasowa ta cikin cikin jikin sararin samaniyar, kuma daga ƙarshe za su iya huda ko karya daskararren saman jikinsa, su fito zuwa waje..<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2021 |title=Volcanoes on Earth and beyond |url=https://universemagazine.com/en/volcanism-on-earth-and-beyond/ |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=Universe Space Tech}}</ref> == Dalilan da suka haifar == [[Fayil:Magmatism_and_volcanism_EN.svg|thumb|Hoton sashi na duniya wanda ke nuna wasu saituna don dutsen wuta a duniyar]] Domin volcanism (aman wuta) ya faru, dole ne zafin mantle (mantalin duniya) ya tashi zuwa kusan rabin yanayin zafin da ake buƙata domin ya narke. A wannan matakin, ɗankon mantle (viscosity) zai ragu zuwa kusan 10²¹ Pascal-seconds. Lokacin da narkewar manyan sassa ta fara faruwa, ɗankon mantle yana raguwa cikin sauri zuwa kusan 10³ Pascal-seconds ko ma ƙasa da haka. Wannan raguwar ɗanko tana ƙara saurin ɗaukar zafi (heat transport) har sau miliyan ɗaya (1,000,000).. Abubuwan da suka faru na dutsen wuta wani bangare ne saboda gaskiyar cewa kayan da suka narke sun fi motsawa kuma ba su da yawa fiye da kayan da aka samar da su, wanda zai iya haifar da shi ya tashi zuwa farfajiya. === Tushen zafi === Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don samar da zafi da ake buƙata don dutsen wuta. Volcanism a kan wata na tsarin hasken rana na waje yana da ƙarfi galibi ta hanyar dumama ruwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Xiao |first=Long |last2=Huang |first2=Jun |last3=Xiao |first3=Zhiyong |last4=Qi |first4=Chao |last5=Qian |first5=Yuqi |date=August 14, 2023 |title=Volcanism in the Solar System |url=https://www.sciengine.com/SCES/doi/10.1007/s11430-022-1085-y;JSESSIONID=51d128b1-b3e7-4396-aa04-e4d18db52411 |journal=Science China Earth Sciences |volume=66 |issue=11 |pages=2419–2440 |bibcode=2023ScChD..66.2419X |doi=10.1007/s11430-022-1085-y |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Rashin zafi na ruwa yana haifar da lalacewar siffar jiki saboda jan hankali na juna, wanda ke haifar da zafi. Rashin zafi shine dalilin dutsen wuta a kan Io, wata na Jupiter. Duniya tana fuskantar dumama daga [[Wata]], tana lalacewa har zuwa mita 1 (mita 3), amma wannan ba ya zama babban ɓangare na jimlar zafi na Duniya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|edition=Neil}}</ref> A lokacin samuwar duniya (planet), za ta fuskanci dumama sakamakon bugun manyan abubuwa (impacts) daga planetesimals, wato ƙananan jikkunan sararin samaniya da ke haɗuwa su samar da duniyoyi. Waɗannan tashe-tashen hankula na iya kasancewa masu ƙarfi fiye da ma buguwar asteroid da ta haifar da bacewar dinosaur, wadda ta samar da Chicxulub crater. Wannan dumamar na iya haifar da bambancewar tsarin cikin duniya (planetary differentiation), wanda ke ƙara dumama duniyar. Gabaɗaya, yayin da jikin sararin samaniya (astronomical body) yake da girma, haka yake rasa zafinsa a hankali. A manyan jikkuna, kamar Duniya, wannan zafin da ake kira zafin farko (primordial heat) har yanzu yana samar da babban kaso na zafin da ke cikin cikinta. Amma Wata, wanda ya fi Duniya ƙanƙanta, ya rasa mafi yawan wannan zafin.<ref name=":1" /> Wani tushen zafi kuma shi ne zafin rediyojinik (radiogenic heat), wanda ke faruwa sakamakon ruɓewar abubuwan rediyoaktif (radioactive decay). Ruɓewar aluminium-26 ta taɓa dumama ƙwayoyin farko na duniyoyi (planetary embryos) sosai. Amma saboda yana da gajeren rabewar rabin rai (half-life), wanda bai wuce shekara miliyan ɗaya ba, duk wata alama da ta rage daga gare shi ta daɗe da ɓacewa. Akwai ƙananan alamomin isotopes marasa ƙarfi (unstable isotopes) a cikin ma'adanai da ake samu a dabi'a. Saboda haka, dukkan duniyoyin ƙasa (terrestrial planets) da kuma Wata suna samun wani kaso na wannan dumamar.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|first=Mike|last=Widdowson|editor1-first=David A.|editor1-last=Rothery|editor2-first=Neil|editor2-last=McBride|editor3-first=Iain|editor3-last=Gilmour|title=An Introduction to the Solar System|chapter=Origins of planets and planetary layering|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SjdqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA52|date=2018|isbn=978-1-108-43084-5|pages=52–71|edition=3rd|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> Jikkunan sararin samaniya masu ƙanƙara da ke wajen Tsarin Rana (Solar System) kuwa suna samun wannan zafi kaɗan sosai, saboda yawanci ba su da yawa ko nauyi sosai, kuma ba su ƙunshi silicate mai yawa ba. Hakan yana da muhimmanci domin sinadaran rediyoaktif suna yawan taruwa ne a cikin silicates.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|edition=Rosaly M.C.}}</ref> A kan wata na Neptune Triton, kuma mai yiwuwa a kan Mars, aikin ''cryogeyser'' yana faruwa. Tushen zafi na waje ne (zafi daga Rana) maimakon na ciki.<ref name="THEMIS">{{Cite web |last=Burnham |first=Robert |date=2006-08-16 |title=Gas jet plumes unveil mystery of 'spiders' on Mars |url=http://www.asu.edu/news/stories/200608/20060818_marsplumes.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221171628/http://www.asu.edu/news/stories/200608/20060818_marsplumes.htm |archive-date=2007-12-21 |access-date=2009-08-29 |website=[[Arizona State University]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Markiewicz |first=W. |title=Planetary Volcanism |url=https://www2.mps.mpg.de/solar-system-school/lectures/planetary_interiors_surfaces/markiewicz.pdf |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=Solar System School |publisher=[[Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research|International Max Planck Research School for Solar System Science]], University of Göttingen}}</ref> === Hanyoyin narkewa === ==== Ragewar matsin lamba ==== Rashin narkewar matsin lamba yana faruwa ne lokacin da abu mai ƙarfi daga zurfin ƙarƙashin jiki ya tashi sama. Matsi yana raguwa yayin da kayan ke tashi sama, haka kuma yanayin narkewa. Don haka, dutse wanda yake da ƙarfi a matsin lamba da zafin jiki na iya zama ruwa idan matsin lamba, kuma ta haka ne narkewa, ya ragu koda kuwa zafin jiki ya kasance daidai. Koyaya, a cikin yanayin ruwa, karuwar matsin lamba yana rage ma'anar narkewa har sai an kai matsin lamba na 0.208 GPa, bayan haka ma'anar mai narkewa tana ƙaruwa tare da matsin lamba.<ref name=":2" /> ==== Ruwa mai narkewa ==== Ruwan narkewa yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka saukar da ma'aunin narkewa ta hanyar ƙara abubuwa masu tasowa, misali, ruwa ko carbon dioxide.<ref name="NatGeo">{{Cite web |date=19 October 2023 |editor-last=Evers |editor-first=Jeannie |editor2-last=Emdash Editing |title=Magma's Role in the Rock Cycle |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/magma-role-rock-cycle/ |access-date=17 April 2024 |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]}}</ref> Kamar narkewar narkewa, ba ta haifar da karuwar zafin jiki ba, amma ta hanyar raguwar narkewar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Earle |first=Steven |date=September 2015 |title=3.2 Magma and Magma Formation |url=https://opentextbc.ca/geology/chapter/3-2-magma-and-magma-formation/#:~:text=Decompression%20melting%20takes%20place%20within,of%20a%20mantle%20convection%20cell.}}</ref> ==== Kafa tafkunan cryomagma ==== Cryovolcanism, maimakon ya samo asali a cikin teku mai zurfi, na iya faruwa daga tafkunan ruwa masu rarrabe. Hanyar farko da waɗannan zasu iya samarwa ita ce gashin kankara mai dumi wanda ke tashi sannan ya nutse, yana samar da halin yanzu. Wani samfurin da aka haɓaka don bincika tasirin wannan a kan Europa ya gano cewa makamashi daga dumama ya zama mai da hankali a cikin waɗannan fuka-fuki, yana ba da damar narkewa ya faru a cikin waɗannan Turai zurfi yayin da fuka-fuka ke yadawa a gefe (a kwance). Na gaba shine sauyawa daga tsaye zuwa yaduwar ruwa mai cike da ruwa. Wani tsari shine dumama kankara daga sakin damuwa ta hanyar motsi na gefe na karyewa a cikin kwarangwal na kankara da ke shiga ciki daga farfajiya, har ma da dumama daga manyan tasiri na iya haifar da irin waɗannan tafkuna.<ref name=":3" /> === Hawan narkewa === [[Fayil:Volcanosed.svg|thumb|Wasu siffofi na dutsen wuta da aka samu a cikin ɓawon duniya]] ==== Diapires ==== Lokacin da kayan jikin duniya suka fara narkewa, narkewa ta farko tana faruwa a cikin ƙananan aljihu a wasu wurare masu ƙarfi, misali ƙetare iyakar hatsi kuma inda lu'ulu'u daban-daban ke amsawa don samar da ruwa mai laushi, wanda da farko ya kasance a ware daga juna, a cikin dutse. Idan kusurwar lamba ta kayan da aka narke ta ba da damar narkewa zuwa fuskokin lu'ulu'u masu laushi kuma suna gudana tare da iyakokin hatsi, kayan da aka rushe zai tara cikin adadi mafi girma. A gefe guda, idan kusurwar lamba ta fi kusan digiri 60, dole ne ya narke sosai kafin ya rabu da dutsen iyayensa. Nazarin duwatsu a Duniya ya nuna cewa narkewa a cikin duwatsu masu zafi da sauri ya tattara cikin aljihu da jijiyoyi waɗanda suka fi girman hatsi girma, sabanin samfurin narkewar narkewa. Ruwa, maimakon daidaitawa daga dutse, yana gudana ta hanyar koguna waɗanda suka haɗu don ƙirƙirar manyan jijiyoyi. A karkashin tasirin tashi, narkewar ta tashi. Diapires na iya samuwa a cikin jikin da ba na silicate ba, suna taka irin wannan rawar wajen motsa kayan dumi zuwa farfajiya.<ref name=":3" /> ==== Daks ==== dike wani tsage ne mai cike da ruwa a tsaye, daga ra'ayi na inji shi ne rami cike da ruwa ya juya sama da ƙasa. Yayin da magma ke tashi a cikin tsagewa na tsaye, ƙananan ƙarancin magma idan aka kwatanta da dutsen bango yana nufin cewa matsin lamba ya faɗi da sauri fiye da dutsen da ke kewaye da shi. Idan matsakaicin matsin lamba na magma da dutsen da ke kewaye da shi daidai ne, matsin lamba a cikin dike ya wuce na dutsen da ya rufe a saman dike, kuma matsin lamba ya fi na dike a kasa. Don haka magma ta haka yana tura tsagewa sama a samansa, amma tsagewar ta rufe a kasa saboda wani abu mai laushi (kamar girman kusa da mutumin da ke zaune a kan sofa mai laushi). A ƙarshe, wutsiya ta yi ƙunci sosai kusan ya ɗanɗana, kuma babu sabon magma da zai tashi cikin tsagewa. Rashin ya ci gaba da hawa a matsayin mai zaman kansa na magma. ==== Tsarin bututu ==== Wannan samfurin fashewar dutsen wuta ya nuna cewa magma yana tashi ta hanyar hanyar budewa mai tsayi, a cikin lithosphere kuma ya zauna a matakin daidaitawar hydrostatic. Duk da yadda yake bayyana abubuwan lura da kyau (wanda sabbin samfuran ba za su iya ba), kamar yadda yake nuna daidaituwa game da tsawo na tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta kusa da juna, ba zai iya zama daidai ba kuma yanzu ba a yarda da shi ba, saboda kaurin lithosphere da aka samo daga gare shi ya yi yawa don zaton tashar budewa mai tsayi don riƙewa. ==== Hawan narkewar wuta ==== Ba kamar dutsen wuta na silicate ba, inda narkewa zai iya tashi ta hanyar tsalle-tsalle har sai ya kai ga ɓawon burodi mara zurfi, a cikin cryovolcanism, ruwa (cryomagmas suna da ruwa) ya fi yawan kankara a sama da shi. Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da za a ba da damar cryomagma ya kai saman shi ne ya sa ruwa ya zama mai ɗorewa, ta hanyar yin ruwa ba shi da yawa, ko dai ta hanyar kasancewar wasu mahadi waɗanda ke juyawa da mummunar ɗorewa a cikin cryomagma waɗanda aka narke a baya a ciki (wanda ya sa cryomagma ba shi da ɗorewa), ko kuma tare da kasancewar wakili mai ɗorewar ƙarancin ƙanƙara a cikin kankara. Wani kuma shine matsawa ruwa don shawo kan mummunar tashin hankali kuma ya kai shi saman. Lokacin da kankara a saman teku ta zurfi, zai iya matsin duk teku (a cikin cryovolcanism, ruwan daskarewa ko saline ba shi da yawa fiye da ruwa). Lokacin da tafkin ruwa ya daskare, ana matsin ragowar ruwa ta wannan hanyar.<ref name=":3" /> Don tsagewa a cikin kankara don yadawa sama, ruwan da ke ciki dole ne ya sami kyakkyawar tsalle-tsalle ko damuwa ta waje dole ne ya kasance mai ƙarfi don karya cikin kankara. Matsalar waje na iya haɗawa da waɗanda ke fitowa daga raƙuman ruwa ko daga matsin lamba saboda daskarewa kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Neveu |first=M. |last2=Desch |first2=S.J. |last3=Shock |first3=E.L. |last4=Glein |first4=C.R. |year=2015 |title=Prerequisites for explosive cryovolcanism on dwarf planet-class Kuiper Belt objects |journal=Icarus |volume=246 |pages=48–64 |bibcode=2015Icar..246...48N |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2014.03.043 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Har ila yau akwai wata hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita don hawa narkewar cryovolcanic. Idan karyewa tare da ruwa a ciki ya kai teku ko tafkin ruwa na ƙasa, ruwan zai tashi zuwa matakin daidaitawar hydrostatic, a kusan kashi tara cikin goma na hanyar zuwa farfajiya. Ruwa wanda ke haifar da matsawa da tashin hankali a cikin kankara na iya yin amfani da ruwa zuwa sama.<ref name=":3" /> Wani labarin na 1988 ya ba da shawarar yiwuwar fashewa da ke yaduwa sama daga teku na wata na Jupiter Europa. Ya ba da shawarar cewa karyewar da ke yaduwa sama zai mallaki yankin matsin lamba a ƙarshen sa, yana ba da damar abubuwan da suka narke a cikin ruwa su narke cikin gas. Yanayin sassauci na kankara mai yiwuwa zai hana karyewar kaiwa farfajiya, kuma tsagewar za ta kama, ta rufe gas da ruwa. Gas ɗin zai ƙara tashi kuma zai iya ba da damar tsagewa ya kai saman.<ref name=":3" /> Ko da tasirin na iya haifar da yanayin da ke ba da damar inganta hawan magma. Tasirin na iya cire saman 'yan kilomita na ɓawon burodi, kuma bambance-bambance na matsin lamba wanda ya haifar da bambancin tsawo tsakanin kwandon da tsawo na yankin da ke kewaye da shi na iya ba da damar fashewar magma wanda in ba haka ba zai kasance a ƙarƙashin farfajiya. Wani labarin 2011 ya nuna cewa za a sami yankuna na ingantaccen hawan magma a gefen wani kwandon tasiri.<ref name=":3" /> Ba duk waɗannan hanyoyin ba, kuma watakila ma babu, suna aiki a jiki da aka ba su.<ref name=":3" /> == Nau'o'in == === Dutsen dutse na silicate === [[Fayil:Erupsi_Gunung_Sinabung.jpg|thumb|Babban yanayin zafi na farko na silicate lavas yana nufin cewa suna fitar da haske mai ganuwa kafin sanyaya.]] Silicate volcanism yana faruwa inda kayan silicate ke fashewa. Ruwan dutsen silicate, kamar waɗanda aka samu a Duniya, suna ƙarfafawa a kusan digiri 1000 na Celsius.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=4 January 2012 |title=Sulphur vs. Silicate |url=https://volcano.oregonstate.edu/sulfur-vs-silicate |website=Volcano World}}</ref> === Dutsen wuta === [[Fayil:Gryphons_at_the_central_crater_of_the_Dashgil_mud_volcano_in_Azerbaijan_(130).JPG|thumb|Fashewar laka a dutsen dutse na Dashgil a Gobustan, Azerbaijan]] An kafa dutsen wuta na laka lokacin da ruwa da iskar gas a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba suka ɓarke zuwa farfajiya, suna kawo laka tare da su. Wannan matsin lamba na iya haifar da nauyin da ke rufewa a kan ruwa wanda ke turawa ƙasa a kan ruwa, yana hana shi tserewa, ta hanyar ruwa da aka kama a cikin turɓaya, yana ƙaura daga zurfin turɓaya zuwa wani turɓaya ko kuma an yi shi daga halayen sunadarai a cikin turfasawa. Sau da yawa suna fitowa a hankali, amma wani lokacin suna fitowa da iskar gas mai cin wuta kamar methane.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Hudec |first=Michael R. |date=December 20, 2022 |title=What are mud volcanoes? |url=https://theconversation.com/what-are-mud-volcanoes-173198 |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=The Conversation}}</ref> === Rashin wuta === Cryovolcanism shine fashewar abubuwa masu tasowa a cikin yanayin da ke ƙasa da yanayin daskarewa. Hanyoyin da ke bayanta sun bambanta da dutsen wuta na silicate saboda cryomagma (wanda yawanci ruwa ne) yawanci ya fi kewaye da shi, ma'ana ba zai iya tashi ta hanyar ɗaga kansa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Klemetti |first=Erik |date=25 September 2023 |title=Cryovolcanism's Song of Ice and Fire |url=https://eos.org/features/cryovolcanisms-song-of-ice-and-fire |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=[[Eos (magazine)|Eos]] |publisher=[[American Geophysical Union]]}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> === Sulfur === Sulfur lavas suna da halaye daban-daban ga silicate. Na farko, sulfur yana da ƙananan narkewa na kimanin digiri 120 na Celsius. Har ila yau, bayan sanyaya zuwa kimanin digiri 175 na Celsius tsaunuka da sauri ya rasa viscosity, ba kamar silicate lavas kamar waɗanda aka samu a Duniya ba.<ref name=":6" /> == Nau'ikan lava == Lokacin da magma ya fashe a saman duniyar, ana kiransa lava. Gilashin da ke da kyau suna samar da gajeren lokaci, mai cike da gilashi. Wadannan yawanci suna da nau'i mai ƙarf.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|last=Melosh|first=H. Jay|title=Planetary Surface Processes|chapter=Volcanism|date=2011|pages=169–221|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511977848.006|isbn=978-0-521-51418-7|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3bQD1DJgliIC&pg=PA169}}</ref> Ƙarin lavas na ruwa sun yi tsayi wanda masu ilimin dutsen wuta suka rarraba zuwa nau'o'i huɗu. Ruwan dutse na matashi yana samuwa lokacin da mai kunnawa, sau da yawa yana hulɗa da ruwa, yana haifar da kwararar dutse don sanyaya cikin sauri.<ref name=":23">{{Cite book|last=Melosh|first=H. Jay|title=Planetary Surface Processes|chapter=Volcanism|date=2011|pages=169–221|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511977848.006|isbn=978-0-521-51418-7|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3bQD1DJgliIC&pg=PA169}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Singer |first1=Kelsi N. |last2=White |first2=Oliver L. |last3=Schmitt |first3=Bernard |last4=Rader |first4=Erika L. |last5=Protopapa |first5=Silvia |last6=Grundy |first6=William M. |last7=Cruikshank |first7=Dale P. |last8=Bertrand |first8=Tanguy |last9=Schenk |first9=Paul M. |last10=McKinnon |first10=William B. |last11=Stern |first11=S. Alan |last12=Dhingra |first12=Rajani D. |last13=Runyon |first13=Kirby D. |last14=Beyer |first14=Ross A. |last15=Bray |first15=Veronica J. |display-authors=1 |date=29 March 2022 |title=Large-scale cryovolcanic resurfacing on Pluto |journal=Nature Communications |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=1542 |arxiv=2207.06557 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13.1542S |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-29056-3 |pmc=8964750 |pmid=35351895 |doi-access=free |first16=Cristina |last16=Dalle Ore |first17=John R. |last17=Spencer |first18=Jeffrey M. |last18=Moore |first19=Francis |last19=Nimmo |first20=James T. |last20=Keane |first21=Leslie A. |last21=Young |first22=Catherine B. |last22=Olkin |first23=Tod R. |last23=Lauer |first24=Harold A. |last24=Weaver |first25=Kimberly |last25=Ennico-Smith}}</ref>Wannan yana rarraba farfajiyar lava, sannan magma ya tattara cikin jaka waɗanda galibi suna tarawa a gaban kwararar, suna samar da tsarin da ake kira matashin kai.<ref name=":2" /> A"a lava yana da wani m, spiny surface yi da clasts na lava da ake kira clinkers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lava Flow Forms |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/lava-flow-forms.htm#:~:text='A'ā%20lava%20flows%20have,the%20top%20of%20the%20flow. |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=[[National Park Service]]}}</ref> Block lava wani nau'in lava ne, tare da raguwa kaɗan fiye da a cikin lava.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2024 |title=lava |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/lava-volcanic-ejecta#ref11636 |website=Britannica}}</ref> Pahoehoe lava shine mafi yawan nau'in lava, a duniya kuma mai yiwuwa sauran taurari na duniya. Yana da shimfiɗa mai santsi, tare da tuddai, ramuka da folds.<ref name=":24">{{Cite book|last=Melosh|first=H. Jay|title=Planetary Surface Processes|chapter=Volcanism|date=2011|pages=169–221|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511977848.006|isbn=978-0-521-51418-7|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3bQD1DJgliIC&pg=PA169}}</ref> == Ayyuka masu taushi / masu fashewa == [[Fayil:Kilauea_Fissure_8_cone_erupting_on_6-28-2018.jpg|thumb|Wani fashewar dutse mai laushi, ko mai laushi wanda ruwa (lava) ke gudana a hankali daga iska, a wannan yanayin a kudu maso gabashin Tsibirin Hawai'i]] [[Fayil:Tonga_Volcano_Eruption_2022-01-15_0320Z_to_0610Z_Himawari-8_visible.gif|thumb|Hoton tauraron dan adam na farko da aka yi amfani da shi da kuma fashewar Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai da tsunami na 2022. Babban fashewar fashewar ya ninka sau daruruwan fiye da bam din nukiliya da aka jefa a Hiroshima.]] Fashewar dutsen wuta na iya zama kawai zubar da abu mai sauƙi a saman duniyar, amma yawanci suna da haɗuwa mai rikitarwa na abubuwa masu ƙarfi, ruwa da iskar gas waɗanda ke nuna halaye a hanyoyi masu rikitarwa.<ref name=":25">{{Cite book|last=Melosh|first=H. Jay|title=Planetary Surface Processes|chapter=Volcanism|date=2011|pages=169–221|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511977848.006|isbn=978-0-521-51418-7|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3bQD1DJgliIC&pg=PA169}}</ref> Wasu nau'ikan fashewar fashewa na iya fitar da makamashi kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na daidai da TNT.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mastin |first=L. G. |date=1995 |title=Thermodynamics of gas and steam-blast eruptions |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00301399 |journal=Bulletin of Volcanology |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=85–98 |bibcode=1995BVol...57...85M |doi=10.1007/BF00301399 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Dalilan ayyukan fashewa === ==== Fitar da abubuwa masu tasowa ==== An lura da fashewar dutsen wuta a Duniya don ci gaba daga fashewar gas mai wadata zuwa gas mai lalacewa, kodayake fashewar na iya canzawa tsakanin fashewar iskar gas mai wadatar zuwa gas mai wadatattun kuma akasin haka sau da yawa. Ana iya bayyana wannan ta hanyar wadatar magma a saman wani dike ta hanyar gas wanda aka saki lokacin da dike ya karya farfajiyar, sannan magma daga ƙasa da ƙasa wanda bai wadata da gas ba. Dalilin da iskar gas da aka narke a cikin magma ta rabu da ita lokacin da magma ya kusanci farfajiyar saboda tasirin zafin jiki da matsin lamba akan solubility na gas. Matsi yana ƙara solubility na gas, kuma idan ruwa tare da gas da aka narke a ciki ya rage, gas ɗin zai narke (ko ya rabu) daga ruwa. Misali na wannan shine abin da ke faruwa lokacin da aka buɗe kwalban abin sha na carbonated da sauri: lokacin da aka bude hatimi, matsin lamba yana raguwa kuma kumfa na iskar carbon dioxide ya bayyana a cikin ruwa. Magmas na ruwa yana fitowa a hankali. Duk wani iskar gas da ya narke daga magma yana da sauƙin tserewa har ma kafin ya kai saman. Koyaya, a cikin magmas masu tsami, iskar gas ta kasance a cikin magma har ma bayan sun narke, suna samar da kumfa a cikin magma. Wadannan kumfa suna girma yayin da magma ke kusa da farfajiyar saboda matsin lamba, kuma magma yana girma sosai. Wannan gaskiyar tana ba da dutsen wuta da ke fashewa irin wannan abu halin 'fashewa', kodayake maimakon karuwar matsin lamba da ke da alaƙa da fashewa, matsin lamba koyaushe yana raguwa a cikin fashewar dutse. Gabaɗaya, fashewar fashewar cryovolcanism tana motsawa ta hanyar narkewar abubuwa masu tasowa waɗanda a baya aka narke a cikin cryomagma, kama da abin da ke faruwa a fashewar silicate mai fashewa kamar yadda aka gani a Duniya, wanda shine abin da yafi rufe shi a ƙasa.<ref name=":4" /> ==== Fasahar fashewar fashewa ==== Silica-rich magmas sanyi a ƙarƙashin farfajiya kafin su fashe. Yayin da suke yin haka, kumfa suna narkewa daga magma. Yayin da magma ke kusa da farfajiyar, kumfajiyar kuma ta haka ne magma ke ƙaruwa a cikin girma. Matsin da ya haifar ya fashe a saman, kuma sakin matsin yana haifar da karin iskar gas don narkewa, yin hakan da fashewa. Gas na iya fadada a daruruwan mita a kowane dakika, yana fadada sama da waje. Yayin da fashewar ke ci gaba, wani sarkar da ke haifar da fitar da magma a mafi girma da kuma mafi girma. ===== Tsarin toka na dutsen wuta ===== Gas ɗin da ke fadadawa da ƙarfi ya warwatse kuma ya rushe magma, yana samar da iskar gas da magma da ake kira [[Tokar dutse mai aman wuta|ash na dutsen wuta]]. Rashin sanyaya gas a cikin toka yayin da yake fadada yana sanyaya raguwar magma, sau da yawa yana samar da ƙananan gilashin gilashi wanda za'a iya ganewa a matsayin ɓangarorin bangon tsoffin kumfa. A cikin magmas masu ruwa ganuwar kumfa na iya samun lokaci don sake fasalin zuwa ɗigon ruwa. Yanayin karshe na colloids ya dogara sosai da rabo na ruwa zuwa gas. Magmas masu talauci na gas sun ƙare da sanyaya cikin duwatsu tare da ƙananan ramuka, sun zama laka mai laushi. Magmas masu wadataccen gas suna da sanyi don samar da duwatsu tare da ramuka da ke kusan taɓawa, tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin ƙasa da na ruwa, suna samar da pumice. A halin yanzu, ana iya hanzarta wasu abubuwa tare da iskar gas, suna zama bama-bamai na dutsen wuta. Wadannan zasu iya tafiya tare da makamashi mai yawa cewa manyan zasu iya haifar da craters lokacin da suka buga ƙasa. ===== Gudun ruwa na pyroclastic ===== Wani colloid na iskar gas da magma na iya zama a matsayin halin yanzu da ake kira kwararar pyroclastic. Wannan yana faruwa ne lokacin da kayan da suka fashe suka koma saman. Gishiri yana da ɗan ruwa ta hanyar iskar gas, yana ba da damar yaduwa. Ruwan pyroclastic sau da yawa na iya hawa kan cikas, kuma ya lalata rayuwar ɗan adam. Ruwan pyroclastic alama ce ta yau da kullun a tsaunuka masu fashewa a Duniya. An samo kwararar pyroclastic a Venus, misali a tsaunukan [[Dione Regio]].<ref name="Campbell_et_al_2017">{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=B.A. |last2=Morgan |first2=G.A. |last3=Whitten |first3=J.L. |last4=Carter |first4=L.M. |author-link4=Lynn Carter |last5=Glaze |first5=L.S. |last6=Campbell |first6=D.B. |year=2017 |title=Pyroclastic flow deposits on Venus as indicators of renewed magmatic activity |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets |volume=122 |issue=7 |pages=1580–1596 |bibcode=2017JGRE..122.1580C |doi=10.1002/2017JE005299 |pmc=6839737 |pmid=31709132 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> ==== Fitar da wuta ==== Fashewar phreatic na iya faruwa lokacin da ruwan zafi a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba ya ragu. Depressurisation yana rage yanayin tafasa na ruwa, don haka lokacin da aka rage ruwa ba zato ba tsammani ya tafasa.<ref name="ESKP">{{Cite journal |last=Strehlow |first=K. |date=2016-11-22 |title=Dangerous water vapor: phreatic eruptions |url=https://www.eskp.de/en/basic-knowledge/natural-hazards/dangerous-water-vapour-phreatic-eruptions-935881/ |journal=Earth Science Knowledge Platform |doi=10.2312/eskp.051 |access-date=2024-03-17}}</ref> Ko kuma yana iya faruwa lokacin da aka dumama ruwan kasa ba zato ba tsammani, yana haskakawa zuwa tururi ba zato ba zato bawon.<ref name="USGS">{{Cite web |title=VHP Photo Glossary: Phreatic eruption |url=http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/images/pglossary/HydroVolcEruption.php |access-date=13 November 2010 |website=Volcano Hazards Program |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey}}</ref> Lokacin da ruwa ya juya ya zama tururi a cikin fashewar phreatic, yana fadada a saurin supersonic, har zuwa sau 1,700 na asali. Wannan na iya isa ya ragargaza dutse mai ƙarfi, kuma ya jefa raguwar dutse daruruwan mita.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cronin |first=Shane |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Steam-driven volcanic eruptions difficult to predict, still poorly understood |url=https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2019/12/09/Steam-driven-volcanic-eruptions-difficult-to-predict-poorly-understood/5221575896208/ |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=UPI.com}}</ref> ==== Fitar da fashewar Phreatomagmatic ==== Wani fashewar phreatomagmatic yana faruwa ne lokacin da magma mai zafi ya tuntubi ruwa, yana haifar da fashewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mcnair |first=B. |date=January 10, 2024 |title=What Are Phreatomagmatic Eruptions and How They Form? |url=https://geologybase.com/phreatomagmatic-eruptions/ |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=Geology Base}}</ref> ==== Hydrates na Clathrate ==== [[Fayil:PIA19059-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-OceanMethane-20150311.png|thumb|Bayyanawa na zane-zane a kan Enceladus]] Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da za a yi amfani da shi don fashewar cryovolcanism shine cryomagma yana hulɗa da clathrate hydrates. Hydrates na Clathrate, idan an fallasa shi a yanayin zafi, yana da sauƙin lalacewa. Wani labarin 1982 ya nuna yiwuwar cewa samar da iskar gas mai matsin lamba a kan rikicewar hydrates na clathrate da ke hulɗa da magma mai ɗumi na iya haifar da fashewa wanda ya fashe a farfajiyar, wanda ya haifar da fasalin cryovolcanism mai fashewa.<ref name=":3" /> ==== Rashin ruwa a cikin iska ==== Idan karyewar ta kai saman jikin mai daskarewa kuma ginshiƙi na ruwa mai tasowa yana fallasawa a kusa da iska na saman mafi yawan jikin mai daski, nan da nan zai fara tafasa, saboda matsin tururi ya fi matsin yanayi. Ba wai kawai wannan ba, amma duk wani abu mai narkewa a cikin ruwa zai narke. Haɗin waɗannan matakai zai saki ɗigon ruwa da tururi, wanda zai iya tashi sama da karyewar, yana haifar da fuka-fuki. Ana zaton wannan yana da wani bangare na alhakin fuka-fukan kankara na Enceladus.<ref name=":3" /> == Abubuwan da suka faru == === Duniya === A Duniya, ana samun tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta inda faranti na tectonic ke rarraba ko haɗuwa, kuma saboda yawancin iyakokin farantin duniya suna ƙarƙashin ruwa, yawancin tsaunuka suna ƙarƙashin ruwa. Misali, wani tsakiyar teku, kamar Mid-Atlantic Ridge, yana da dutsen wuta wanda ya haifar da farantin tectonic daban-daban yayin da Pacific Ring of Fire yana da dutsan wuta da farantin da suka haifar da fararen tectonic. Dutsen wuta na iya samarwa inda akwai shimfidawa da raguwa na farantin ɓawon burodi, kamar a Gabashin Afirka da Filin dutsen wuta na Wells Gray-Clearwater da Rio Grande rift a Arewacin Amurka. Volcanism daga iyakokin farantin an yi la'akari da cewa ya taso ne daga [[Diapir|diapires]] masu tasowa daga iyakar core-mantle, 3,000 kilomita (1,900 zurfi a cikin Duniya. Wannan yana haifar da hotspot volcanism, wanda Hotspot na Hawaii shine misali. Yawancin lokaci ba a halicci tsaunuka masu fashewa inda faranti biyu suka wuce juna ba. A cikin 1912-1952, a Arewacin Hemisphere, binciken ya nuna cewa a cikin wannan lokacin, hunturu ya fi zafi saboda babu wani babban fashewa da ya faru. Wadannan binciken sun nuna yadda wadannan fashewa zasu iya haifar da canje-canje a cikin yanayin duniya. Babban fashewa na iya shafar zafin yanayi kamar yadda toka da ɗigon sulfuric acid suka rufe Rana kuma suka sanyaya duniya. A tarihi, manyan fashewar dutsen wuta sun biyo bayan [[Lokacin hunturu na dutsen wuta|hunturu na dutsen wuta]] wanda ya haifar da yunwa mai ban tsoro.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rampino |first=M R |last2=Self |first2=S |last3=Stothers |first3=R B |date=May 1988 |title=Volcanic Winters |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=73–99 |bibcode=1988AREPS..16...73R |doi=10.1146/annurev.ea.16.050188.000445}}</ref> === Wata === [[Wata]] ta Duniya ba ta da manyan tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta kuma babu aikin dutsen wuta na yanzu, kodayake shaidar kwanan nan ta nuna cewa har yanzu yana da wani ɓangare mai narkewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wieczorek |first=Mark A. |last2=Jolliff |first2=Bradley L. |last3=Khan |first3=Amir |last4=Pritchard |first4=Matthew E. |last5=Weiss |first5=Benjamin P. |last6=Williams |first6=James G. |last7=Hood |first7=Lon L. |last8=Righter |first8=Kevin |last9=Neal |first9=Clive R. |last10=Shearer |first10=Charles K. |last11=McCallum |first11=I. Stewart |last12=Tompkins |first12=Stephanie |last13=Hawke |first13=B. Ray |last14=Peterson |first14=Chris |last15=Gillis |first15=Jeffrey J. |date=January 1, 2006 |title=The constitution and structure of the lunar interior |journal=[[Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry]] |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=221–364 |bibcode=2006RvMG...60..221W |doi=10.2138/rmg.2006.60.3 |s2cid=130734866}}</ref> Koyaya, Wata tana da siffofi masu Ruwa na dutsen wuta kamar Maria (ƙananan wuraren da aka gani a kan Wata), rilles <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=January 4, 2012 |title=Mare |url=https://volcano.oregonstate.edu/mare |access-date=12 November 2023 |website=Volcano World |publisher=Oregon State University}}</ref> da dome.<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=January 4, 2012 |title=Sinuous Rilles |url=https://volcano.oregonstate.edu/sinuous-rilles |access-date=17 November 2023 |website=Volcano World |publisher=Oregon State University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Lunar Mystery: The Gruithuisen Domes |url=https://moon.nasa.gov/resources/482/a-lunar-mystery-the-gruithuisen-domes |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Moon: NASA Science}}</ref> === Venus === Duniyar Venus tana da farfajiyar da ke da kashi 90% basalt, yana nuna cewa dutsen wuta ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara farfajiyarsa. [[Duniyoyi|duniya]] na iya samun babban taron sake farfadowa na duniya kimanin shekaru miliyan 500 da suka gabata, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bindschadler |first=D.L. |year=1995 |title=Magellan: A new view of Venus' geology and geophysics |journal=Reviews of Geophysics |volume=33 |issue=S1 |pages=459–467 |bibcode=1995RvGeo..33S.459B |doi=10.1029/95RG00281}}</ref> daga abin da masana kimiyya za su iya fada daga yawan tasirin tasirin a farfajiya. Ruwan dutse yana yaduwa kuma siffofin dutsen wuta da ba su kasance a Duniya suna faruwa. Canje-canje a cikin yanayin duniya da lura da walƙiya an danganta su da fashewar dutsen wuta, kodayake babu tabbacin ko Venus har yanzu tana aiki da dutsen wuta. Koyaya, sautin radar ta hanyar binciken Magellan ya nuna shaidar aikin dutsen wuta na baya-bayan nan a mafi girman dutsen wuta Maat Mons na Venus, a cikin nau'in toka yana gudana kusa da taron da kuma a gefen arewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=Cordula A. |last2=Thornhill |first2=Gill D. |last3=Parfitt |first3=Elisabeth A. |year=1995 |title=Large-scale volcanic activity at Maat Mons: Can this explain fluctuations in atmospheric chemistry observed by Pioneer Venus? |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=100 |issue=E6 |pages=11755 |bibcode=1995JGR...10011755R |doi=10.1029/95JE00147}}</ref> Koyaya, an yi tambaya game da fassarar kwararar yayin da ash ke gudana.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mouginis-Mark |first=Peter J. |date=October 2016 |title=Geomorphology and volcanology of Maat Mons, Venus |journal=Icarus |volume=277 |pages=433–441 |bibcode=2016Icar..277..433M |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2016.05.022}}</ref> === Mars === [[Fayil:Olympus_Mons.jpeg|thumb|Olympus Mons ([[Harshen Latin|Latin]], "Mount Olympus"), wanda ke kan duniyar [[Mars]], shine dutse mafi tsayi da aka sani a cikin [[Tsarin hasken rana]].]] Akwai tsaunuka masu yawa a kan [[Mars]], hudu daga cikinsu manyan tsaunuka ne masu tsaunuka da suka fi kowa girma a Duniya. Sun hada da Arsia Mons, Ascraeus Mons, Hecates Tholus, Olympus Mons, da Pavonis Mons. Wadannan tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta sun ƙare shekaru miliyoyin da yawa, <ref name="ESAmarsvolcanoes">{{Cite web |date=February 25, 2005 |title=Glacial volcanic and fluvial activity on Mars: latest images |url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Mars_Express/Glacial_volcanic_and_fluvial_activity_on_Mars_latest_images |access-date=July 21, 2024 |publisher=[[European Space Agency]]}}</ref> amma jirgin sararin samaniya na ''Mars Express'' na Turai ya sami shaidar cewa aikin dutsen mai fitattun wuta na iya faruwa a Mars a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan.<ref name="ESAmarsvolcanoes" /> === Watannin Jupiter === Wata na Jupiter Io shine abu mafi yawan aiki a cikin tsarin hasken rana saboda hulɗar Ruwa tare da Jupiter. An rufe shi da tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta waɗanda ke fashewa da sulfur, sulfur dioxide da dutsen silicate, kuma a sakamakon haka, ana ci gaba da sake farfado da Io. Akwai abubuwa biyu kawai a cikin Tsarin Hasken rana inda za'a iya ganin tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta cikin sauƙi saboda babban aikin su, Duniya da Io. Lavas dinsa shine mafi zafi da aka sani a ko'ina a cikin Tsarin Hasken rana, tare da yanayin zafi sama da 1,800 K (1,500 ° C). &nbsp;A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2001, mafi girman fashewar dutsen wuta da aka rubuta a cikin tsarin hasken rana ya faru a Io.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 13, 2002 |title=Exceptionally bright eruption on Io rivals largest in solar system |url=http://keckobservatory.org/recent/entry/exceptionally_bright_eruption_on_io_rivals_largest_in_solar_syatem/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806235121/http://www.keckobservatory.org/recent/entry/exceptionally_bright_eruption_on_io_rivals_largest_in_solar_syatem |archive-date=August 6, 2017 |access-date=May 2, 2018 |website=W.M. Keck Observatory}}</ref> ==== Turai ==== Europa, mafi ƙanƙanta daga cikin watannin Galili na Jupiter, ya bayyana yana da tsarin dutsen wuta mai aiki, sai dai cewa aikin dutsen wuta gaba ɗaya a cikin nau'in ruwa ne, wanda ya daskare cikin [[Ƙanƙara (tsananin sanyi)|kankara]] a kan sanyi. Wannan tsari an san shi da cryovolcanism, kuma a bayyane yake ya fi yawa a kan watanni na taurari na waje na [[Tsarin hasken rana]]. == Dubi kuma ==   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lx4j88ovt5995gnwgysjm735ulsa4mb 906283 906282 2026-08-22T18:36:10Z Saad Nuhu 43323 906283 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Volcanism, vulcanism, volcanicity''', ko kuma ayyukan aman wuta '''(volcanic activity)''', wani lamari ne da ke faruwa yayin da daskararrun abubuwa, ruwa, iskar gas, ko gaurayarsu suka fito suka fashe zuwa saman wani jikin sararin samaniya mai daskararren fili, kamar duniya ko wata.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last1=Xiao |first1=Long |last2=Huang |first2=Jun |last3=Xiao |first3=Zhiyong |last4=Qi |first4=Chao |last5=Qian |first5=Yuqi |date=August 14, 2023 |title=Volcanism in the Solar System |url=https://www.sciengine.com/SCES/doi/10.1007/s11430-022-1085-y;JSESSIONID=51d128b1-b3e7-4396-aa04-e4d18db52411 |journal=Science China Earth Sciences |volume=66 |issue=11 |pages=2419–2440 |bibcode=2023ScChD..66.2419X |doi=10.1007/s11430-022-1085-y |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ana haifar da wannan lamari ne sakamakon kasancewar tushen zafi, yawanci wanda ke samuwa a cikin jikin sararin samaniyar da kansa. Ana iya samar da wannan zafi ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kamar ruɓewar sinadaran rediyoaktif (radioactive decay) ko dumamar da karfin jan hankali (tidal heating). Wannan zafi yana iya sa wasu daga cikin daskararrun abubuwan da ke cikin jikin sararin samaniyar su narke wani ɓangare (partial melting), ko kuma ya mayar da wasu abubuwa zuwa iskar gas. Abubuwan da suka samu motsi suna tasowa ta cikin cikin jikin sararin samaniyar, kuma daga ƙarshe za su iya huda ko karya daskararren saman jikinsa, su fito zuwa waje..<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2021 |title=Volcanoes on Earth and beyond |url=https://universemagazine.com/en/volcanism-on-earth-and-beyond/ |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=Universe Space Tech}}</ref> == Dalilan da suka haifar == [[Fayil:Magmatism_and_volcanism_EN.svg|thumb|Hoton sashi na duniya wanda ke nuna wasu saituna don dutsen wuta a duniyar]] Domin volcanism (aman wuta) ya faru, dole ne zafin mantle (mantalin duniya) ya tashi zuwa kusan rabin yanayin zafin da ake buƙata domin ya narke. A wannan matakin, ɗankon mantle (viscosity) zai ragu zuwa kusan 10²¹ Pascal-seconds. Lokacin da narkewar manyan sassa ta fara faruwa, ɗankon mantle yana raguwa cikin sauri zuwa kusan 10³ Pascal-seconds ko ma ƙasa da haka. Wannan raguwar ɗanko tana ƙara saurin ɗaukar zafi (heat transport) har sau miliyan ɗaya (1,000,000).. Abubuwan da suka faru na dutsen wuta wani bangare ne saboda gaskiyar cewa kayan da suka narke sun fi motsawa kuma ba su da yawa fiye da kayan da aka samar da su, wanda zai iya haifar da shi ya tashi zuwa farfajiya. === Tushen zafi === Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don samar da zafi da ake buƙata don dutsen wuta. Volcanism a kan wata na tsarin hasken rana na waje yana da ƙarfi galibi ta hanyar dumama ruwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Xiao |first=Long |last2=Huang |first2=Jun |last3=Xiao |first3=Zhiyong |last4=Qi |first4=Chao |last5=Qian |first5=Yuqi |date=August 14, 2023 |title=Volcanism in the Solar System |url=https://www.sciengine.com/SCES/doi/10.1007/s11430-022-1085-y;JSESSIONID=51d128b1-b3e7-4396-aa04-e4d18db52411 |journal=Science China Earth Sciences |volume=66 |issue=11 |pages=2419–2440 |bibcode=2023ScChD..66.2419X |doi=10.1007/s11430-022-1085-y |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Rashin zafi na ruwa yana haifar da lalacewar siffar jiki saboda jan hankali na juna, wanda ke haifar da zafi. Rashin zafi shine dalilin dutsen wuta a kan Io, wata na Jupiter. Duniya tana fuskantar dumama daga [[Wata]], tana lalacewa har zuwa mita 1 (mita 3), amma wannan ba ya zama babban ɓangare na jimlar zafi na Duniya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|edition=Neil}}</ref> A lokacin samuwar duniya (planet), za ta fuskanci dumama sakamakon bugun manyan abubuwa (impacts) daga planetesimals, wato ƙananan jikkunan sararin samaniya da ke haɗuwa su samar da duniyoyi. Waɗannan tashe-tashen hankula na iya kasancewa masu ƙarfi fiye da ma buguwar asteroid da ta haifar da bacewar dinosaur, wadda ta samar da Chicxulub crater. Wannan dumamar na iya haifar da bambancewar tsarin cikin duniya (planetary differentiation), wanda ke ƙara dumama duniyar. Gabaɗaya, yayin da jikin sararin samaniya (astronomical body) yake da girma, haka yake rasa zafinsa a hankali. A manyan jikkuna, kamar Duniya, wannan zafin da ake kira zafin farko (primordial heat) har yanzu yana samar da babban kaso na zafin da ke cikin cikinta. Amma Wata, wanda ya fi Duniya ƙanƙanta, ya rasa mafi yawan wannan zafin.<ref name=":1" /> Wani tushen zafi kuma shi ne zafin rediyojinik (radiogenic heat), wanda ke faruwa sakamakon ruɓewar abubuwan rediyoaktif (radioactive decay). Ruɓewar aluminium-26 ta taɓa dumama ƙwayoyin farko na duniyoyi (planetary embryos) sosai. Amma saboda yana da gajeren rabewar rabin rai (half-life), wanda bai wuce shekara miliyan ɗaya ba, duk wata alama da ta rage daga gare shi ta daɗe da ɓacewa. Akwai ƙananan alamomin isotopes marasa ƙarfi (unstable isotopes) a cikin ma'adanai da ake samu a dabi'a. Saboda haka, dukkan duniyoyin ƙasa (terrestrial planets) da kuma Wata suna samun wani kaso na wannan dumamar.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|first=Mike|last=Widdowson|editor1-first=David A.|editor1-last=Rothery|editor2-first=Neil|editor2-last=McBride|editor3-first=Iain|editor3-last=Gilmour|title=An Introduction to the Solar System|chapter=Origins of planets and planetary layering|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SjdqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA52|date=2018|isbn=978-1-108-43084-5|pages=52–71|edition=3rd|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> Jikkunan sararin samaniya masu ƙanƙara da ke wajen Tsarin Rana (Solar System) kuwa suna samun wannan zafi kaɗan sosai, saboda yawanci ba su da yawa ko nauyi sosai, kuma ba su ƙunshi silicate mai yawa ba. Hakan yana da muhimmanci domin sinadaran rediyoaktif suna yawan taruwa ne a cikin silicates.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|edition=Rosaly M.C.}}</ref> A kan wata na Neptune Triton, kuma mai yiwuwa a kan Mars, aikin ''cryogeyser'' yana faruwa. Tushen zafi na waje ne (zafi daga Rana) maimakon na ciki.<ref name="THEMIS">{{Cite web |last=Burnham |first=Robert |date=2006-08-16 |title=Gas jet plumes unveil mystery of 'spiders' on Mars |url=http://www.asu.edu/news/stories/200608/20060818_marsplumes.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221171628/http://www.asu.edu/news/stories/200608/20060818_marsplumes.htm |archive-date=2007-12-21 |access-date=2009-08-29 |website=[[Arizona State University]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Markiewicz |first=W. |title=Planetary Volcanism |url=https://www2.mps.mpg.de/solar-system-school/lectures/planetary_interiors_surfaces/markiewicz.pdf |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=Solar System School |publisher=[[Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research|International Max Planck Research School for Solar System Science]], University of Göttingen}}</ref> === Hanyoyin narkewa === ==== Ragewar matsin lamba ==== Rashin narkewar matsin lamba yana faruwa ne lokacin da abu mai ƙarfi daga zurfin ƙarƙashin jiki ya tashi sama. Matsi yana raguwa yayin da kayan ke tashi sama, haka kuma yanayin narkewa. Don haka, dutse wanda yake da ƙarfi a matsin lamba da zafin jiki na iya zama ruwa idan matsin lamba, kuma ta haka ne narkewa, ya ragu koda kuwa zafin jiki ya kasance daidai. Koyaya, a cikin yanayin ruwa, karuwar matsin lamba yana rage ma'anar narkewa har sai an kai matsin lamba na 0.208 GPa, bayan haka ma'anar mai narkewa tana ƙaruwa tare da matsin lamba.<ref name=":2" /> ==== Ruwa mai narkewa ==== Ruwan narkewa yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka saukar da ma'aunin narkewa ta hanyar ƙara abubuwa masu tasowa, misali, ruwa ko carbon dioxide.<ref name="NatGeo">{{Cite web |date=19 October 2023 |editor-last=Evers |editor-first=Jeannie |editor2-last=Emdash Editing |title=Magma's Role in the Rock Cycle |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/magma-role-rock-cycle/ |access-date=17 April 2024 |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]}}</ref> Kamar narkewar narkewa, ba ta haifar da karuwar zafin jiki ba, amma ta hanyar raguwar narkewar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Earle |first=Steven |date=September 2015 |title=3.2 Magma and Magma Formation |url=https://opentextbc.ca/geology/chapter/3-2-magma-and-magma-formation/#:~:text=Decompression%20melting%20takes%20place%20within,of%20a%20mantle%20convection%20cell.}}</ref> ==== Kafa tafkunan cryomagma ==== Cryovolcanism, maimakon ya samo asali a cikin teku mai zurfi, na iya faruwa daga tafkunan ruwa masu rarrabe. Hanyar farko da waɗannan zasu iya samarwa ita ce gashin kankara mai dumi wanda ke tashi sannan ya nutse, yana samar da halin yanzu. Wani samfurin da aka haɓaka don bincika tasirin wannan a kan Europa ya gano cewa makamashi daga dumama ya zama mai da hankali a cikin waɗannan fuka-fuki, yana ba da damar narkewa ya faru a cikin waɗannan Turai zurfi yayin da fuka-fuka ke yadawa a gefe (a kwance). Na gaba shine sauyawa daga tsaye zuwa yaduwar ruwa mai cike da ruwa. Wani tsari shine dumama kankara daga sakin damuwa ta hanyar motsi na gefe na karyewa a cikin kwarangwal na kankara da ke shiga ciki daga farfajiya, har ma da dumama daga manyan tasiri na iya haifar da irin waɗannan tafkuna.<ref name=":3" /> === Hawan narkewa === [[Fayil:Volcanosed.svg|thumb|Wasu siffofi na dutsen wuta da aka samu a cikin ɓawon duniya]] ==== Diapires ==== Lokacin da kayan jikin duniya suka fara narkewa, narkewa ta farko tana faruwa a cikin ƙananan aljihu a wasu wurare masu ƙarfi, misali ƙetare iyakar hatsi kuma inda lu'ulu'u daban-daban ke amsawa don samar da ruwa mai laushi, wanda da farko ya kasance a ware daga juna, a cikin dutse. Idan kusurwar lamba ta kayan da aka narke ta ba da damar narkewa zuwa fuskokin lu'ulu'u masu laushi kuma suna gudana tare da iyakokin hatsi, kayan da aka rushe zai tara cikin adadi mafi girma. A gefe guda, idan kusurwar lamba ta fi kusan digiri 60, dole ne ya narke sosai kafin ya rabu da dutsen iyayensa. Nazarin duwatsu a Duniya ya nuna cewa narkewa a cikin duwatsu masu zafi da sauri ya tattara cikin aljihu da jijiyoyi waɗanda suka fi girman hatsi girma, sabanin samfurin narkewar narkewa. Ruwa, maimakon daidaitawa daga dutse, yana gudana ta hanyar koguna waɗanda suka haɗu don ƙirƙirar manyan jijiyoyi. A karkashin tasirin tashi, narkewar ta tashi. Diapires na iya samuwa a cikin jikin da ba na silicate ba, suna taka irin wannan rawar wajen motsa kayan dumi zuwa farfajiya.<ref name=":3" /> ==== Daks ==== dike wani tsage ne mai cike da ruwa a tsaye, daga ra'ayi na inji shi ne rami cike da ruwa ya juya sama da ƙasa. Yayin da magma ke tashi a cikin tsagewa na tsaye, ƙananan ƙarancin magma idan aka kwatanta da dutsen bango yana nufin cewa matsin lamba ya faɗi da sauri fiye da dutsen da ke kewaye da shi. Idan matsakaicin matsin lamba na magma da dutsen da ke kewaye da shi daidai ne, matsin lamba a cikin dike ya wuce na dutsen da ya rufe a saman dike, kuma matsin lamba ya fi na dike a kasa. Don haka magma ta haka yana tura tsagewa sama a samansa, amma tsagewar ta rufe a kasa saboda wani abu mai laushi (kamar girman kusa da mutumin da ke zaune a kan sofa mai laushi). A ƙarshe, wutsiya ta yi ƙunci sosai kusan ya ɗanɗana, kuma babu sabon magma da zai tashi cikin tsagewa. Rashin ya ci gaba da hawa a matsayin mai zaman kansa na magma. ==== Tsarin bututu ==== Wannan samfurin fashewar dutsen wuta ya nuna cewa magma yana tashi ta hanyar hanyar budewa mai tsayi, a cikin lithosphere kuma ya zauna a matakin daidaitawar hydrostatic. Duk da yadda yake bayyana abubuwan lura da kyau (wanda sabbin samfuran ba za su iya ba), kamar yadda yake nuna daidaituwa game da tsawo na tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta kusa da juna, ba zai iya zama daidai ba kuma yanzu ba a yarda da shi ba, saboda kaurin lithosphere da aka samo daga gare shi ya yi yawa don zaton tashar budewa mai tsayi don riƙewa. ==== Hawan narkewar wuta ==== Ba kamar dutsen wuta na silicate ba, inda narkewa zai iya tashi ta hanyar tsalle-tsalle har sai ya kai ga ɓawon burodi mara zurfi, a cikin cryovolcanism, ruwa (cryomagmas suna da ruwa) ya fi yawan kankara a sama da shi. Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da za a ba da damar cryomagma ya kai saman shi ne ya sa ruwa ya zama mai ɗorewa, ta hanyar yin ruwa ba shi da yawa, ko dai ta hanyar kasancewar wasu mahadi waɗanda ke juyawa da mummunar ɗorewa a cikin cryomagma waɗanda aka narke a baya a ciki (wanda ya sa cryomagma ba shi da ɗorewa), ko kuma tare da kasancewar wakili mai ɗorewar ƙarancin ƙanƙara a cikin kankara. Wani kuma shine matsawa ruwa don shawo kan mummunar tashin hankali kuma ya kai shi saman. Lokacin da kankara a saman teku ta zurfi, zai iya matsin duk teku (a cikin cryovolcanism, ruwan daskarewa ko saline ba shi da yawa fiye da ruwa). Lokacin da tafkin ruwa ya daskare, ana matsin ragowar ruwa ta wannan hanyar.<ref name=":3" /> Don tsagewa a cikin kankara don yadawa sama, ruwan da ke ciki dole ne ya sami kyakkyawar tsalle-tsalle ko damuwa ta waje dole ne ya kasance mai ƙarfi don karya cikin kankara. Matsalar waje na iya haɗawa da waɗanda ke fitowa daga raƙuman ruwa ko daga matsin lamba saboda daskarewa kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Neveu |first=M. |last2=Desch |first2=S.J. |last3=Shock |first3=E.L. |last4=Glein |first4=C.R. |year=2015 |title=Prerequisites for explosive cryovolcanism on dwarf planet-class Kuiper Belt objects |journal=Icarus |volume=246 |pages=48–64 |bibcode=2015Icar..246...48N |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2014.03.043 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Har ila yau akwai wata hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita don hawa narkewar cryovolcanic. Idan karyewa tare da ruwa a ciki ya kai teku ko tafkin ruwa na ƙasa, ruwan zai tashi zuwa matakin daidaitawar hydrostatic, a kusan kashi tara cikin goma na hanyar zuwa farfajiya. Ruwa wanda ke haifar da matsawa da tashin hankali a cikin kankara na iya yin amfani da ruwa zuwa sama.<ref name=":3" /> Wani labarin na 1988 ya ba da shawarar yiwuwar fashewa da ke yaduwa sama daga teku na wata na Jupiter Europa. Ya ba da shawarar cewa karyewar da ke yaduwa sama zai mallaki yankin matsin lamba a ƙarshen sa, yana ba da damar abubuwan da suka narke a cikin ruwa su narke cikin gas. Yanayin sassauci na kankara mai yiwuwa zai hana karyewar kaiwa farfajiya, kuma tsagewar za ta kama, ta rufe gas da ruwa. Gas ɗin zai ƙara tashi kuma zai iya ba da damar tsagewa ya kai saman.<ref name=":3" /> Ko da tasirin na iya haifar da yanayin da ke ba da damar inganta hawan magma. Tasirin na iya cire saman 'yan kilomita na ɓawon burodi, kuma bambance-bambance na matsin lamba wanda ya haifar da bambancin tsawo tsakanin kwandon da tsawo na yankin da ke kewaye da shi na iya ba da damar fashewar magma wanda in ba haka ba zai kasance a ƙarƙashin farfajiya. Wani labarin 2011 ya nuna cewa za a sami yankuna na ingantaccen hawan magma a gefen wani kwandon tasiri.<ref name=":3" /> Ba duk waɗannan hanyoyin ba, kuma watakila ma babu, suna aiki a jiki da aka ba su.<ref name=":3" /> == Nau'o'in == === Dutsen dutse na silicate === [[Fayil:Erupsi_Gunung_Sinabung.jpg|thumb|Babban yanayin zafi na farko na silicate lavas yana nufin cewa suna fitar da haske mai ganuwa kafin sanyaya.]] Silicate volcanism yana faruwa inda kayan silicate ke fashewa. Ruwan dutsen silicate, kamar waɗanda aka samu a Duniya, suna ƙarfafawa a kusan digiri 1000 na Celsius.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=4 January 2012 |title=Sulphur vs. Silicate |url=https://volcano.oregonstate.edu/sulfur-vs-silicate |website=Volcano World}}</ref> === Dutsen wuta === [[Fayil:Gryphons_at_the_central_crater_of_the_Dashgil_mud_volcano_in_Azerbaijan_(130).JPG|thumb|Fashewar laka a dutsen dutse na Dashgil a Gobustan, Azerbaijan]] An kafa dutsen wuta na laka lokacin da ruwa da iskar gas a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba suka ɓarke zuwa farfajiya, suna kawo laka tare da su. Wannan matsin lamba na iya haifar da nauyin da ke rufewa a kan ruwa wanda ke turawa ƙasa a kan ruwa, yana hana shi tserewa, ta hanyar ruwa da aka kama a cikin turɓaya, yana ƙaura daga zurfin turɓaya zuwa wani turɓaya ko kuma an yi shi daga halayen sunadarai a cikin turfasawa. Sau da yawa suna fitowa a hankali, amma wani lokacin suna fitowa da iskar gas mai cin wuta kamar methane.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Hudec |first=Michael R. |date=December 20, 2022 |title=What are mud volcanoes? |url=https://theconversation.com/what-are-mud-volcanoes-173198 |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=The Conversation}}</ref> === Rashin wuta === Cryovolcanism shine fashewar abubuwa masu tasowa a cikin yanayin da ke ƙasa da yanayin daskarewa. Hanyoyin da ke bayanta sun bambanta da dutsen wuta na silicate saboda cryomagma (wanda yawanci ruwa ne) yawanci ya fi kewaye da shi, ma'ana ba zai iya tashi ta hanyar ɗaga kansa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Klemetti |first=Erik |date=25 September 2023 |title=Cryovolcanism's Song of Ice and Fire |url=https://eos.org/features/cryovolcanisms-song-of-ice-and-fire |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=[[Eos (magazine)|Eos]] |publisher=[[American Geophysical Union]]}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> === Sulfur === Sulfur lavas suna da halaye daban-daban ga silicate. Na farko, sulfur yana da ƙananan narkewa na kimanin digiri 120 na Celsius. Har ila yau, bayan sanyaya zuwa kimanin digiri 175 na Celsius tsaunuka da sauri ya rasa viscosity, ba kamar silicate lavas kamar waɗanda aka samu a Duniya ba.<ref name=":6" /> == Nau'ikan lava == Lokacin da magma ya fashe a saman duniyar, ana kiransa lava. Gilashin da ke da kyau suna samar da gajeren lokaci, mai cike da gilashi. Wadannan yawanci suna da nau'i mai ƙarf.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|last=Melosh|first=H. Jay|title=Planetary Surface Processes|chapter=Volcanism|date=2011|pages=169–221|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511977848.006|isbn=978-0-521-51418-7|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3bQD1DJgliIC&pg=PA169}}</ref> Ƙarin lavas na ruwa sun yi tsayi wanda masu ilimin dutsen wuta suka rarraba zuwa nau'o'i huɗu. Ruwan dutse na matashi yana samuwa lokacin da mai kunnawa, sau da yawa yana hulɗa da ruwa, yana haifar da kwararar dutse don sanyaya cikin sauri.<ref name=":23">{{Cite book|last=Melosh|first=H. Jay|title=Planetary Surface Processes|chapter=Volcanism|date=2011|pages=169–221|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511977848.006|isbn=978-0-521-51418-7|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3bQD1DJgliIC&pg=PA169}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Singer |first1=Kelsi N. |last2=White |first2=Oliver L. |last3=Schmitt |first3=Bernard |last4=Rader |first4=Erika L. |last5=Protopapa |first5=Silvia |last6=Grundy |first6=William M. |last7=Cruikshank |first7=Dale P. |last8=Bertrand |first8=Tanguy |last9=Schenk |first9=Paul M. |last10=McKinnon |first10=William B. |last11=Stern |first11=S. Alan |last12=Dhingra |first12=Rajani D. |last13=Runyon |first13=Kirby D. |last14=Beyer |first14=Ross A. |last15=Bray |first15=Veronica J. |display-authors=1 |date=29 March 2022 |title=Large-scale cryovolcanic resurfacing on Pluto |journal=Nature Communications |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=1542 |arxiv=2207.06557 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13.1542S |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-29056-3 |pmc=8964750 |pmid=35351895 |doi-access=free |first16=Cristina |last16=Dalle Ore |first17=John R. |last17=Spencer |first18=Jeffrey M. |last18=Moore |first19=Francis |last19=Nimmo |first20=James T. |last20=Keane |first21=Leslie A. |last21=Young |first22=Catherine B. |last22=Olkin |first23=Tod R. |last23=Lauer |first24=Harold A. |last24=Weaver |first25=Kimberly |last25=Ennico-Smith}}</ref>Wannan yana rarraba farfajiyar lava, sannan magma ya tattara cikin jaka waɗanda galibi suna tarawa a gaban kwararar, suna samar da tsarin da ake kira matashin kai.<ref name=":2" /> A"a lava yana da wani m, spiny surface yi da clasts na lava da ake kira clinkers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lava Flow Forms |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/lava-flow-forms.htm#:~:text='A'ā%20lava%20flows%20have,the%20top%20of%20the%20flow. |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=[[National Park Service]]}}</ref> Block lava wani nau'in lava ne, tare da raguwa kaɗan fiye da a cikin lava.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2024 |title=lava |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/lava-volcanic-ejecta#ref11636 |website=Britannica}}</ref> Pahoehoe lava shine mafi yawan nau'in lava, a duniya kuma mai yiwuwa sauran taurari na duniya. Yana da shimfiɗa mai santsi, tare da tuddai, ramuka da folds.<ref name=":24">{{Cite book|last=Melosh|first=H. Jay|title=Planetary Surface Processes|chapter=Volcanism|date=2011|pages=169–221|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511977848.006|isbn=978-0-521-51418-7|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3bQD1DJgliIC&pg=PA169}}</ref> == Ayyuka masu taushi / masu fashewa == [[Fayil:Kilauea_Fissure_8_cone_erupting_on_6-28-2018.jpg|thumb|Wani fashewar dutse mai laushi, ko mai laushi wanda ruwa (lava) ke gudana a hankali daga iska, a wannan yanayin a kudu maso gabashin Tsibirin Hawai'i]] [[Fayil:Tonga_Volcano_Eruption_2022-01-15_0320Z_to_0610Z_Himawari-8_visible.gif|thumb|Hoton tauraron dan adam na farko da aka yi amfani da shi da kuma fashewar Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai da tsunami na 2022. Babban fashewar fashewar ya ninka sau daruruwan fiye da bam din nukiliya da aka jefa a Hiroshima.]] Fashewar dutsen wuta na iya zama kawai zubar da abu mai sauƙi a saman duniyar, amma yawanci suna da haɗuwa mai rikitarwa na abubuwa masu ƙarfi, ruwa da iskar gas waɗanda ke nuna halaye a hanyoyi masu rikitarwa.<ref name=":25">{{Cite book|last=Melosh|first=H. Jay|title=Planetary Surface Processes|chapter=Volcanism|date=2011|pages=169–221|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511977848.006|isbn=978-0-521-51418-7|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3bQD1DJgliIC&pg=PA169}}</ref> Wasu nau'ikan fashewar fashewa na iya fitar da makamashi kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na daidai da TNT.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mastin |first=L. G. |date=1995 |title=Thermodynamics of gas and steam-blast eruptions |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00301399 |journal=Bulletin of Volcanology |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=85–98 |bibcode=1995BVol...57...85M |doi=10.1007/BF00301399 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Dalilan ayyukan fashewa === ==== Fitar da abubuwa masu tasowa ==== An lura da fashewar dutsen wuta a Duniya don ci gaba daga fashewar gas mai wadata zuwa gas mai lalacewa, kodayake fashewar na iya canzawa tsakanin fashewar iskar gas mai wadatar zuwa gas mai wadatattun kuma akasin haka sau da yawa. Ana iya bayyana wannan ta hanyar wadatar magma a saman wani dike ta hanyar gas wanda aka saki lokacin da dike ya karya farfajiyar, sannan magma daga ƙasa da ƙasa wanda bai wadata da gas ba. Dalilin da iskar gas da aka narke a cikin magma ta rabu da ita lokacin da magma ya kusanci farfajiyar saboda tasirin zafin jiki da matsin lamba akan solubility na gas. Matsi yana ƙara solubility na gas, kuma idan ruwa tare da gas da aka narke a ciki ya rage, gas ɗin zai narke (ko ya rabu) daga ruwa. Misali na wannan shine abin da ke faruwa lokacin da aka buɗe kwalban abin sha na carbonated da sauri: lokacin da aka bude hatimi, matsin lamba yana raguwa kuma kumfa na iskar carbon dioxide ya bayyana a cikin ruwa. Magmas na ruwa yana fitowa a hankali. Duk wani iskar gas da ya narke daga magma yana da sauƙin tserewa har ma kafin ya kai saman. Koyaya, a cikin magmas masu tsami, iskar gas ta kasance a cikin magma har ma bayan sun narke, suna samar da kumfa a cikin magma. Wadannan kumfa suna girma yayin da magma ke kusa da farfajiyar saboda matsin lamba, kuma magma yana girma sosai. Wannan gaskiyar tana ba da dutsen wuta da ke fashewa irin wannan abu halin 'fashewa', kodayake maimakon karuwar matsin lamba da ke da alaƙa da fashewa, matsin lamba koyaushe yana raguwa a cikin fashewar dutse. Gabaɗaya, fashewar fashewar cryovolcanism tana motsawa ta hanyar narkewar abubuwa masu tasowa waɗanda a baya aka narke a cikin cryomagma, kama da abin da ke faruwa a fashewar silicate mai fashewa kamar yadda aka gani a Duniya, wanda shine abin da yafi rufe shi a ƙasa.<ref name=":4" /> ==== Fasahar fashewar fashewa ==== Silica-rich magmas sanyi a ƙarƙashin farfajiya kafin su fashe. Yayin da suke yin haka, kumfa suna narkewa daga magma. Yayin da magma ke kusa da farfajiyar, kumfajiyar kuma ta haka ne magma ke ƙaruwa a cikin girma. Matsin da ya haifar ya fashe a saman, kuma sakin matsin yana haifar da karin iskar gas don narkewa, yin hakan da fashewa. Gas na iya fadada a daruruwan mita a kowane dakika, yana fadada sama da waje. Yayin da fashewar ke ci gaba, wani sarkar da ke haifar da fitar da magma a mafi girma da kuma mafi girma. ===== Tsarin toka na dutsen wuta ===== Gas ɗin da ke fadadawa da ƙarfi ya warwatse kuma ya rushe magma, yana samar da iskar gas da magma da ake kira [[Tokar dutse mai aman wuta|ash na dutsen wuta]]. Rashin sanyaya gas a cikin toka yayin da yake fadada yana sanyaya raguwar magma, sau da yawa yana samar da ƙananan gilashin gilashi wanda za'a iya ganewa a matsayin ɓangarorin bangon tsoffin kumfa. A cikin magmas masu ruwa ganuwar kumfa na iya samun lokaci don sake fasalin zuwa ɗigon ruwa. Yanayin karshe na colloids ya dogara sosai da rabo na ruwa zuwa gas. Magmas masu talauci na gas sun ƙare da sanyaya cikin duwatsu tare da ƙananan ramuka, sun zama laka mai laushi. Magmas masu wadataccen gas suna da sanyi don samar da duwatsu tare da ramuka da ke kusan taɓawa, tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin ƙasa da na ruwa, suna samar da pumice. A halin yanzu, ana iya hanzarta wasu abubuwa tare da iskar gas, suna zama bama-bamai na dutsen wuta. Wadannan zasu iya tafiya tare da makamashi mai yawa cewa manyan zasu iya haifar da craters lokacin da suka buga ƙasa. ===== Gudun ruwa na pyroclastic ===== Wani colloid na iskar gas da magma na iya zama a matsayin halin yanzu da ake kira kwararar pyroclastic. Wannan yana faruwa ne lokacin da kayan da suka fashe suka koma saman. Gishiri yana da ɗan ruwa ta hanyar iskar gas, yana ba da damar yaduwa. Ruwan pyroclastic sau da yawa na iya hawa kan cikas, kuma ya lalata rayuwar ɗan adam. Ruwan pyroclastic alama ce ta yau da kullun a tsaunuka masu fashewa a Duniya. An samo kwararar pyroclastic a Venus, misali a tsaunukan [[Dione Regio]].<ref name="Campbell_et_al_2017">{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=B.A. |last2=Morgan |first2=G.A. |last3=Whitten |first3=J.L. |last4=Carter |first4=L.M. |author-link4=Lynn Carter |last5=Glaze |first5=L.S. |last6=Campbell |first6=D.B. |year=2017 |title=Pyroclastic flow deposits on Venus as indicators of renewed magmatic activity |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets |volume=122 |issue=7 |pages=1580–1596 |bibcode=2017JGRE..122.1580C |doi=10.1002/2017JE005299 |pmc=6839737 |pmid=31709132 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> ==== Fitar da wuta ==== Fashewar phreatic na iya faruwa lokacin da ruwan zafi a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba ya ragu. Depressurisation yana rage yanayin tafasa na ruwa, don haka lokacin da aka rage ruwa ba zato ba tsammani ya tafasa.<ref name="ESKP">{{Cite journal |last=Strehlow |first=K. |date=2016-11-22 |title=Dangerous water vapor: phreatic eruptions |url=https://www.eskp.de/en/basic-knowledge/natural-hazards/dangerous-water-vapour-phreatic-eruptions-935881/ |journal=Earth Science Knowledge Platform |doi=10.2312/eskp.051 |access-date=2024-03-17}}</ref> Ko kuma yana iya faruwa lokacin da aka dumama ruwan kasa ba zato ba tsammani, yana haskakawa zuwa tururi ba zato ba zato bawon.<ref name="USGS">{{Cite web |title=VHP Photo Glossary: Phreatic eruption |url=http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/images/pglossary/HydroVolcEruption.php |access-date=13 November 2010 |website=Volcano Hazards Program |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey}}</ref> Lokacin da ruwa ya juya ya zama tururi a cikin fashewar phreatic, yana fadada a saurin supersonic, har zuwa sau 1,700 na asali. Wannan na iya isa ya ragargaza dutse mai ƙarfi, kuma ya jefa raguwar dutse daruruwan mita.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cronin |first=Shane |date=December 9, 2019 |title=Steam-driven volcanic eruptions difficult to predict, still poorly understood |url=https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2019/12/09/Steam-driven-volcanic-eruptions-difficult-to-predict-poorly-understood/5221575896208/ |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=UPI.com}}</ref> ==== Fitar da fashewar Phreatomagmatic ==== Wani fashewar phreatomagmatic yana faruwa ne lokacin da magma mai zafi ya tuntubi ruwa, yana haifar da fashewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mcnair |first=B. |date=January 10, 2024 |title=What Are Phreatomagmatic Eruptions and How They Form? |url=https://geologybase.com/phreatomagmatic-eruptions/ |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=Geology Base}}</ref> ==== Hydrates na Clathrate ==== [[Fayil:PIA19059-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-OceanMethane-20150311.png|thumb|Bayyanawa na zane-zane a kan Enceladus]] Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da za a yi amfani da shi don fashewar cryovolcanism shine cryomagma yana hulɗa da clathrate hydrates. Hydrates na Clathrate, idan an fallasa shi a yanayin zafi, yana da sauƙin lalacewa. Wani labarin 1982 ya nuna yiwuwar cewa samar da iskar gas mai matsin lamba a kan rikicewar hydrates na clathrate da ke hulɗa da magma mai ɗumi na iya haifar da fashewa wanda ya fashe a farfajiyar, wanda ya haifar da fasalin cryovolcanism mai fashewa.<ref name=":3" /> ==== Rashin ruwa a cikin iska ==== Idan karyewar ta kai saman jikin mai daskarewa kuma ginshiƙi na ruwa mai tasowa yana fallasawa a kusa da iska na saman mafi yawan jikin mai daski, nan da nan zai fara tafasa, saboda matsin tururi ya fi matsin yanayi. Ba wai kawai wannan ba, amma duk wani abu mai narkewa a cikin ruwa zai narke. Haɗin waɗannan matakai zai saki ɗigon ruwa da tururi, wanda zai iya tashi sama da karyewar, yana haifar da fuka-fuki. Ana zaton wannan yana da wani bangare na alhakin fuka-fukan kankara na Enceladus.<ref name=":3" /> == Abubuwan da suka faru == === Duniya === A Duniya, ana samun tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta inda faranti na tectonic ke rarraba ko haɗuwa, kuma saboda yawancin iyakokin farantin duniya suna ƙarƙashin ruwa, yawancin tsaunuka suna ƙarƙashin ruwa. Misali, wani tsakiyar teku, kamar Mid-Atlantic Ridge, yana da dutsen wuta wanda ya haifar da farantin tectonic daban-daban yayin da Pacific Ring of Fire yana da dutsan wuta da farantin da suka haifar da fararen tectonic. Dutsen wuta na iya samarwa inda akwai shimfidawa da raguwa na farantin ɓawon burodi, kamar a Gabashin Afirka da Filin dutsen wuta na Wells Gray-Clearwater da Rio Grande rift a Arewacin Amurka. Volcanism daga iyakokin farantin an yi la'akari da cewa ya taso ne daga [[Diapir|diapires]] masu tasowa daga iyakar core-mantle, 3,000 kilomita (1,900 zurfi a cikin Duniya. Wannan yana haifar da hotspot volcanism, wanda Hotspot na Hawaii shine misali. Yawancin lokaci ba a halicci tsaunuka masu fashewa inda faranti biyu suka wuce juna ba. A cikin 1912-1952, a Arewacin Hemisphere, binciken ya nuna cewa a cikin wannan lokacin, hunturu ya fi zafi saboda babu wani babban fashewa da ya faru. Wadannan binciken sun nuna yadda wadannan fashewa zasu iya haifar da canje-canje a cikin yanayin duniya. Babban fashewa na iya shafar zafin yanayi kamar yadda toka da ɗigon sulfuric acid suka rufe Rana kuma suka sanyaya duniya. A tarihi, manyan fashewar dutsen wuta sun biyo bayan [[Lokacin hunturu na dutsen wuta|hunturu na dutsen wuta]] wanda ya haifar da yunwa mai ban tsoro.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rampino |first=M R |last2=Self |first2=S |last3=Stothers |first3=R B |date=May 1988 |title=Volcanic Winters |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=73–99 |bibcode=1988AREPS..16...73R |doi=10.1146/annurev.ea.16.050188.000445}}</ref> === Wata === [[Wata]] ta Duniya ba ta da manyan tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta kuma babu aikin dutsen wuta na yanzu, kodayake shaidar kwanan nan ta nuna cewa har yanzu yana da wani ɓangare mai narkewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wieczorek |first=Mark A. |last2=Jolliff |first2=Bradley L. |last3=Khan |first3=Amir |last4=Pritchard |first4=Matthew E. |last5=Weiss |first5=Benjamin P. |last6=Williams |first6=James G. |last7=Hood |first7=Lon L. |last8=Righter |first8=Kevin |last9=Neal |first9=Clive R. |last10=Shearer |first10=Charles K. |last11=McCallum |first11=I. Stewart |last12=Tompkins |first12=Stephanie |last13=Hawke |first13=B. Ray |last14=Peterson |first14=Chris |last15=Gillis |first15=Jeffrey J. |date=January 1, 2006 |title=The constitution and structure of the lunar interior |journal=[[Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry]] |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=221–364 |bibcode=2006RvMG...60..221W |doi=10.2138/rmg.2006.60.3 |s2cid=130734866}}</ref> Koyaya, Wata tana da siffofi masu Ruwa na dutsen wuta kamar Maria (ƙananan wuraren da aka gani a kan Wata), rilles <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=January 4, 2012 |title=Mare |url=https://volcano.oregonstate.edu/mare |access-date=12 November 2023 |website=Volcano World |publisher=Oregon State University}}</ref> da dome.<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=January 4, 2012 |title=Sinuous Rilles |url=https://volcano.oregonstate.edu/sinuous-rilles |access-date=17 November 2023 |website=Volcano World |publisher=Oregon State University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Lunar Mystery: The Gruithuisen Domes |url=https://moon.nasa.gov/resources/482/a-lunar-mystery-the-gruithuisen-domes |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Moon: NASA Science}}</ref> === Venus === Duniyar Venus tana da farfajiyar da ke da kashi 90% basalt, yana nuna cewa dutsen wuta ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara farfajiyarsa. [[Duniyoyi|duniya]] na iya samun babban taron sake farfadowa na duniya kimanin shekaru miliyan 500 da suka gabata, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bindschadler |first=D.L. |year=1995 |title=Magellan: A new view of Venus' geology and geophysics |journal=Reviews of Geophysics |volume=33 |issue=S1 |pages=459–467 |bibcode=1995RvGeo..33S.459B |doi=10.1029/95RG00281}}</ref> daga abin da masana kimiyya za su iya fada daga yawan tasirin tasirin a farfajiya. Ruwan dutse yana yaduwa kuma siffofin dutsen wuta da ba su kasance a Duniya suna faruwa. Canje-canje a cikin yanayin duniya da lura da walƙiya an danganta su da fashewar dutsen wuta, kodayake babu tabbacin ko Venus har yanzu tana aiki da dutsen wuta. Koyaya, sautin radar ta hanyar binciken Magellan ya nuna shaidar aikin dutsen wuta na baya-bayan nan a mafi girman dutsen wuta Maat Mons na Venus, a cikin nau'in toka yana gudana kusa da taron da kuma a gefen arewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=Cordula A. |last2=Thornhill |first2=Gill D. |last3=Parfitt |first3=Elisabeth A. |year=1995 |title=Large-scale volcanic activity at Maat Mons: Can this explain fluctuations in atmospheric chemistry observed by Pioneer Venus? |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=100 |issue=E6 |pages=11755 |bibcode=1995JGR...10011755R |doi=10.1029/95JE00147}}</ref> Koyaya, an yi tambaya game da fassarar kwararar yayin da ash ke gudana.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mouginis-Mark |first=Peter J. |date=October 2016 |title=Geomorphology and volcanology of Maat Mons, Venus |journal=Icarus |volume=277 |pages=433–441 |bibcode=2016Icar..277..433M |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2016.05.022}}</ref> === Mars === [[Fayil:Olympus_Mons.jpeg|thumb|Olympus Mons ([[Harshen Latin|Latin]], "Mount Olympus"), wanda ke kan duniyar [[Mars]], shine dutse mafi tsayi da aka sani a cikin [[Tsarin hasken rana]].]] Akwai tsaunuka masu yawa a kan [[Mars]], hudu daga cikinsu manyan tsaunuka ne masu tsaunuka da suka fi kowa girma a Duniya. Sun hada da Arsia Mons, Ascraeus Mons, Hecates Tholus, Olympus Mons, da Pavonis Mons. Wadannan tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta sun ƙare shekaru miliyoyin da yawa, <ref name="ESAmarsvolcanoes">{{Cite web |date=February 25, 2005 |title=Glacial volcanic and fluvial activity on Mars: latest images |url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Mars_Express/Glacial_volcanic_and_fluvial_activity_on_Mars_latest_images |access-date=July 21, 2024 |publisher=[[European Space Agency]]}}</ref> amma jirgin sararin samaniya na ''Mars Express'' na Turai ya sami shaidar cewa aikin dutsen mai fitattun wuta na iya faruwa a Mars a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan.<ref name="ESAmarsvolcanoes" /> === Watannin Jupiter === Wata na Jupiter Io shine abu mafi yawan aiki a cikin tsarin hasken rana saboda hulɗar Ruwa tare da Jupiter. An rufe shi da tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta waɗanda ke fashewa da sulfur, sulfur dioxide da dutsen silicate, kuma a sakamakon haka, ana ci gaba da sake farfado da Io. Akwai abubuwa biyu kawai a cikin Tsarin Hasken rana inda za'a iya ganin tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta cikin sauƙi saboda babban aikin su, Duniya da Io. Lavas dinsa shine mafi zafi da aka sani a ko'ina a cikin Tsarin Hasken rana, tare da yanayin zafi sama da 1,800 K (1,500 ° C). &nbsp;A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2001, mafi girman fashewar dutsen wuta da aka rubuta a cikin tsarin hasken rana ya faru a Io.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 13, 2002 |title=Exceptionally bright eruption on Io rivals largest in solar system |url=http://keckobservatory.org/recent/entry/exceptionally_bright_eruption_on_io_rivals_largest_in_solar_syatem/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806235121/http://www.keckobservatory.org/recent/entry/exceptionally_bright_eruption_on_io_rivals_largest_in_solar_syatem |archive-date=August 6, 2017 |access-date=May 2, 2018 |website=W.M. Keck Observatory}}</ref> ==== Turai ==== Europa, mafi ƙanƙanta daga cikin watannin Galili na Jupiter, ya bayyana yana da tsarin dutsen wuta mai aiki, sai dai cewa aikin dutsen wuta gaba ɗaya a cikin nau'in ruwa ne, wanda ya daskare cikin [[Ƙanƙara (tsananin sanyi)|kankara]] a kan sanyi. Wannan tsari an san shi da cryovolcanism, kuma a bayyane yake ya fi yawa a kan watanni na taurari na waje na [[Tsarin hasken rana]]. == Dubi kuma ==   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8bj940bnd3f1wn1q5hrc7smf81ygad9 0 165167 906286 2026-08-22T18:46:44Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343886952|Tidal heating]]" 906286 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg|right|thumb|Io, mafi kusa da wata na Jupiter, yana fuskantar matsanancin zafi saboda jan hankali daga duniyar da ta fi girma a cikin tsarin hasken rana, da manyan watanni makwabta, wanda ya sa ya zama abu mafi aiki a cikin tsarin rana.]] Tidal heating (wanda ake kira tidal dissipation ko tidal damping) wani tsari ne da ke faruwa ta hanyar gogayyar ƙarfin tidal (tidal friction), inda ake mayar da makamashin zagayawa (orbital energy) da makamashin juyawa (rotational energy) zuwa zafi a cikin tekun saman ko kuma cikin jikin wata ko duniya. Lokacin da wani jiki yake cikin zagaye mai siffar oval (elliptical orbit), ƙarfin tidal forces da ke aiki a kansa ya fi ƙarfi idan yana kusa da periapsis fiye da lokacin da yake kusa da apoapsis. Saboda haka, yadda ƙarfin tidal ke karkatar ko gurɓata siffar jikin (tidal deformation), wato samuwar tudun tidal (tidal bulge), yana canzawa yayin da jikin ke zagayawa. Wannan canjin yana haifar da gogayya a cikin jikin, wadda ke dumama cikinsa. Makamashin da jikin yake samu a matsayin zafi yana fitowa ne daga makamashin zagayawarsa da/ko makamashin juyawarsa. Saboda haka, a cikin tsarin da ya ƙunshi jikkuna biyu, idan babu wasu ƙarin tasirin ƙarfin jan hankali, zagayen oval ɗin da farko zai rika sauyawa a hankali zuwa zagaye mai madauwari (tidal circularization). Haka kuma, lokutan juyawar jikkunan biyu za su daidaita zuwa kusan lokacin zagayawarsu, lamarin da ake kira tidal locking. Ana samun dumamar tidal mai ɗorewa (sustained tidal heating) idan wasu jikkunan sararin samaniya suna ci gaba da amfani da ƙarfin jan hankalinsu wajen hana zagayen ya zama madauwari, ta hanyar ci gaba da jan jikin zuwa wani elliptical orbit. A irin wannan tsarin mai rikitarwa, har yanzu ana mayar da makamashin zagayawa da na juyawa zuwa makamashin zafi. Sai dai a wannan yanayin, semimajor axis na zagayen zai ragu, maimakon orbital eccentricity kawai ta ragu. == Watannin manyan taurari == Rashin dumama yana da alhakin aikin geologic na mafi yawan jiki mai aiki a cikin [[Tsarin hasken rana]]: Io, wata na Jupiter. Io ta eccentricity ya ci gaba ne sakamakon ta orbital resonances tare da Galilean watannin Europa da Ganymede . <ref name="Peale1979">{{Cite journal |last=Peale |first=S.J. |last2=Cassen |first2=P. |last3=Reynolds |first3=R.T. |year=1979 |title=Melting of Io by Tidal Dissipation |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=203 |issue=4383 |pages=892–894 |bibcode=1979Sci...203..892P |doi=10.1126/science.203.4383.892 |jstor=1747884 |pmid=17771724 |s2cid=21271617}}</ref> Wannan hanyar ta samar da makamashi don narkar da ƙananan yadudduka na kankara da ke kewaye da dutsen dutse na Jupiter mafi girma, Europa. Koyaya, dumama na ƙarshe ya fi rauni, saboda raguwar karkatarwa - Europa tana da rabin mitar Io da ƙaramin radius na 14%, kuma, yayin da yanayin Europa ya kusan sau biyu fiye da na Io, ƙarfin ruwa ya faɗi tare da cube na nesa kuma yana da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu kawai na ƙarfi a Europa. Jupiter yana kula da zagaye na wata ta hanyar raƙuman ruwa da suke tasowa a kansa kuma ta haka ne ƙarfin juyawa ya ba da ikon tsarin.<ref name="Peale1979" /> Wata ta Saturn Enceladus ana zaton tana da ruwa mai ruwa a ƙarƙashin ƙanƙara, saboda zafi mai zafi da ke da alaƙa da sautin sa tare da Dione. Ruwan tururi na ruwa wanda ke fitar da kayan daga Enceladus ana zaton ana amfani da shi ta hanyar rikici da aka samar a cikin ciki. == Duniya == Munk & Wunsch (1998) sun kiyasta cewa Duniya tana fuskantar 3.7 TW (0.0073 W / m{{Sup|2}}) na dumama, wanda 95% (3.5 TW ko 0.0069 W / m) ke da alaƙa da hawan teku kuma 5% (0.{{Sup|2}} TW ko 0.54 W / m{{Sup|2}} yana da alaƙa ne da hawan ƙasa, tare da 3.2 TW saboda hulɗar hawan ruwa tare da Wata da 0.5 TW saboda hawan ruwa da Sun.<ref name="munkwunsch98">{{Cite journal |last=Munk |first=Walter |last2=Wunsch |first2=Carl |date=1998 |title=Abyssal recipes II: energetics of tidal and wind mixing |url=https://www.whoi.edu/cms/files/Munk_Wunsch_DSR_1998_32129.pdf |journal=Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers |volume=45 |issue=12 |pages=1977–2010 |bibcode=1998DSRI...45.1977M |doi=10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00070-3 |access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref> Egbert & Ray (2001) sun tabbatar da cewa kimantawa gabaɗaya, rubuce-rubuce "duk adadin makamashi da aka ɓace a cikin tsarin Duniya-Luna-Sun yanzu an ƙaddara shi sosai. Hanyoyin geodesy na sararin samaniya - altimetry, laser na tauraron dan adam, laser na wata - sun haɗu zuwa 3.7 TW ..." <ref name="egbert01">{{Cite journal |last=Egbert |first=Gary D. |last2=Ray |first2=Richard D. |date=October 15, 2001 |title=Estimatesof tidal energy dissipationfrom TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter data |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=106 |issue=C10 |pages=22475–22502 |bibcode=2001JGR...10622475E |doi=10.1029/2000JC000699 |doi-access=free}}</ref>{{Spaces}} Heller et al. ({{Sup|2}}) sun kiyasta cewa jim kadan bayan an kafa wata, lokacin da wata ta kewaye da sau 10-15 kusa da Duniya fiye da yadda take yi yanzu, dumama ta ruwa na iya ba da gudummawa ~ 10 W / m2 na dumama. Wannan dumama ya faru a kan watakila shekaru miliyan 100, kuma zai iya haifar da karuwar zafin jiki har zuwa 5 ° C a farkon Duniya.<ref name="Heller21">{{Cite journal |last=Heller |first=R |last2=Duda |first2=JP |last3=Winkler |first3=M |last4=Reitner |first4=J |last5=Gizon |first5=L |date=2021 |title=Habitability of the early Earth: liquid water under a faint young Sun facilitated by strong tidal heating due to a closer Moon |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12542-021-00582-7 |journal=PalZ |volume=95 |issue=4 |pages=563–575 |arxiv=2007.03423 |bibcode=2021PalZ...95..563H |doi=10.1007/s12542-021-00582-7 |s2cid=244532427}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jure Japelj |date=11 January 2022 |title=How Much Did the Moon Heat Young Earth? |url=https://eos.org/articles/how-much-did-the-moon-heat-young-earth |journal=EOS |volume=103 |doi=10.1029/2022EO220017 |access-date=26 March 2023 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Wata == Harada et al. (2014) sun ba da shawarar cewa dumama ruwa na iya haifar da wani nau'i mai narkewa a iyakar core-mantle a cikin Moon na Duniya.<ref name="harada14">{{Cite journal |last=Harada |first=Y |last2=Goosens |first2=S |last3=Matsumoto |first3=K |last4=Yan |first4=J |last5=Ping |first5=J |last6=Noda |first6=H |last7=Harayama |first7=J |date=27 July 2014 |title=Strong tidal heating in an ultralow-viscosity zone at the core–mantle boundary of the Moon |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273434039 |journal=Nature Geoscience |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=569–572 |bibcode=2014NatGe...7..569H |doi=10.1038/ngeo2211}}</ref> == Tsarin == Adadin zafin da dumamar ƙarfin jan hankali (tidal heating) ke samarwa, wanda ake rubutawa da '''(ETidal),''' a cikin wani tauraron dan Adam da ke juyawa daidai da zagayawarsa (spin-synchronous), yake da shimfiɗar zagayawa a jirgi ɗaya (coplanar), wato '''(I=0)''', kuma yake da zagaye mai karkacewa (eccentric orbit), ana iya bayyana shi da wannan ma'auni: * (R) — matsakaicin radius na tauraron dan Adam. * (n) — matsakaicin saurin motsinsa a zagayen sararin samaniya (mean orbital motion). * (a) — tazarar zagayawar tauraron dan Adam, wato semi-major axis. * (e) — karkacewar zagayen tauraron dan Adam (orbital eccentricity). * (M_h) — yawan/ƙarfin nauyin jikin da yake kewaye da shi, wato jikin tsakiya ko mai masaukin baki (host/central body). * (\operatorname{Im}(k_2)) — ɓangaren hasashen lamba na Love Number na mataki na biyu, wanda ke auna yadda tauraron dan Adam ke iya juya makamashin tidal zuwa zafin gogayya (frictional heat). Wannan ɓangaren na Love Number yana samuwa ne sakamakon hulɗar rheology, wato yadda kayan da ke cikin jikin tauraron dan Adam suke yin ɗabi'a yayin da aka matsa ko aka ja su, da kuma karfin jan hankalin jikin da kansa (self-gravitation). Saboda haka, (\operatorname{Im}(k_2)) yana dogara ne da radius, yawan abu a kowace ƙara (density), da kuma wasu sigogin rheology, kamar shear modulus (ma'aunin tsayayyar abu ga karkacewa) da viscosity (ɗanko), da sauran sigogi waɗanda suka danganta da tsarin da ake amfani da shi wajen bayyana rheology. Haka kuma, ƙimomin waɗannan sigogin rheology suna dogara ne da zafin cikin jikin tauraron dan Adam da kuma yawan narkewar wani ɓangare (partial melt) da ke cikin cikinsa. == Dubi kuma == * Dutsen da ke cikin wuta * Hawan ruwa * Rufewar ruwa * Io Mai lura da Dutsen Volcano * Bambancin duniya == Manazarta == ss9uqh1gpbyxzcduxlucs4mf5eplv5r 906287 906286 2026-08-22T18:47:41Z Saad Nuhu 43323 906287 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg|right|thumb|Io, mafi kusa da wata na Jupiter, yana fuskantar matsanancin zafi saboda jan hankali daga duniyar da ta fi girma a cikin tsarin hasken rana, da manyan watanni makwabta, wanda ya sa ya zama abu mafi aiki a cikin tsarin rana.]] Tidal heating (wanda ake kira tidal dissipation ko tidal damping) wani tsari ne da ke faruwa ta hanyar gogayyar ƙarfin tidal (tidal friction), inda ake mayar da makamashin zagayawa (orbital energy) da makamashin juyawa (rotational energy) zuwa zafi a cikin tekun saman ko kuma cikin jikin wata ko duniya. Lokacin da wani jiki yake cikin zagaye mai siffar oval (elliptical orbit), ƙarfin tidal forces da ke aiki a kansa ya fi ƙarfi idan yana kusa da periapsis fiye da lokacin da yake kusa da apoapsis. Saboda haka, yadda ƙarfin tidal ke karkatar ko gurɓata siffar jikin (tidal deformation), wato samuwar tudun tidal (tidal bulge), yana canzawa yayin da jikin ke zagayawa. Wannan canjin yana haifar da gogayya a cikin jikin, wadda ke dumama cikinsa. Makamashin da jikin yake samu a matsayin zafi yana fitowa ne daga makamashin zagayawarsa da/ko makamashin juyawarsa. Saboda haka, a cikin tsarin da ya ƙunshi jikkuna biyu, idan babu wasu ƙarin tasirin ƙarfin jan hankali, zagayen oval ɗin da farko zai rika sauyawa a hankali zuwa zagaye mai madauwari (tidal circularization). Haka kuma, lokutan juyawar jikkunan biyu za su daidaita zuwa kusan lokacin zagayawarsu, lamarin da ake kira tidal locking. Ana samun dumamar tidal mai ɗorewa (sustained tidal heating) idan wasu jikkunan sararin samaniya suna ci gaba da amfani da ƙarfin jan hankalinsu wajen hana zagayen ya zama madauwari, ta hanyar ci gaba da jan jikin zuwa wani elliptical orbit. A irin wannan tsarin mai rikitarwa, har yanzu ana mayar da makamashin zagayawa da na juyawa zuwa makamashin zafi. Sai dai a wannan yanayin, semimajor axis na zagayen zai ragu, maimakon orbital eccentricity kawai ta ragu. == Watannin manyan taurari == Rashin dumama yana da alhakin aikin geologic na mafi yawan jiki mai aiki a cikin [[Tsarin hasken rana]]: Io, wata na Jupiter. Io ta eccentricity ya ci gaba ne sakamakon ta orbital resonances tare da Galilean watannin Europa da Ganymede . <ref name="Peale1979">{{Cite journal |last=Peale |first=S.J. |last2=Cassen |first2=P. |last3=Reynolds |first3=R.T. |year=1979 |title=Melting of Io by Tidal Dissipation |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=203 |issue=4383 |pages=892–894 |bibcode=1979Sci...203..892P |doi=10.1126/science.203.4383.892 |jstor=1747884 |pmid=17771724 |s2cid=21271617}}</ref> Wannan hanyar ta samar da makamashi don narkar da ƙananan yadudduka na kankara da ke kewaye da dutsen dutse na Jupiter mafi girma, Europa. Koyaya, dumama na ƙarshe ya fi rauni, saboda raguwar karkatarwa - Europa tana da rabin mitar Io da ƙaramin radius na 14%, kuma, yayin da yanayin Europa ya kusan sau biyu fiye da na Io, ƙarfin ruwa ya faɗi tare da cube na nesa kuma yana da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu kawai na ƙarfi a Europa. Jupiter yana kula da zagaye na wata ta hanyar raƙuman ruwa da suke tasowa a kansa kuma ta haka ne ƙarfin juyawa ya ba da ikon tsarin.<ref name="Peale1979" /> Wata ta Saturn Enceladus ana zaton tana da ruwa mai ruwa a ƙarƙashin ƙanƙara, saboda zafi mai zafi da ke da alaƙa da sautin sa tare da Dione. Ruwan tururi na ruwa wanda ke fitar da kayan daga Enceladus ana zaton ana amfani da shi ta hanyar rikici da aka samar a cikin ciki. == Duniya == Munk & Wunsch (1998) sun kiyasta cewa Duniya tana fuskantar 3.7 TW (0.0073 W / m{{Sup|2}}) na dumama, wanda 95% (3.5 TW ko 0.0069 W / m) ke da alaƙa da hawan teku kuma 5% (0.{{Sup|2}} TW ko 0.54 W / m{{Sup|2}} yana da alaƙa ne da hawan ƙasa, tare da 3.2 TW saboda hulɗar hawan ruwa tare da Wata da 0.5 TW saboda hawan ruwa da Sun.<ref name="munkwunsch98">{{Cite journal |last=Munk |first=Walter |last2=Wunsch |first2=Carl |date=1998 |title=Abyssal recipes II: energetics of tidal and wind mixing |url=https://www.whoi.edu/cms/files/Munk_Wunsch_DSR_1998_32129.pdf |journal=Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers |volume=45 |issue=12 |pages=1977–2010 |bibcode=1998DSRI...45.1977M |doi=10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00070-3 |access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref> Egbert & Ray (2001) sun tabbatar da cewa kimantawa gabaɗaya, rubuce-rubuce "duk adadin makamashi da aka ɓace a cikin tsarin Duniya-Luna-Sun yanzu an ƙaddara shi sosai. Hanyoyin geodesy na sararin samaniya - altimetry, laser na tauraron dan adam, laser na wata - sun haɗu zuwa 3.7 TW ..." <ref name="egbert01">{{Cite journal |last=Egbert |first=Gary D. |last2=Ray |first2=Richard D. |date=October 15, 2001 |title=Estimatesof tidal energy dissipationfrom TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter data |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=106 |issue=C10 |pages=22475–22502 |bibcode=2001JGR...10622475E |doi=10.1029/2000JC000699 |doi-access=free}}</ref>{{Spaces}} Heller et al. ({{Sup|2}}) sun kiyasta cewa jim kadan bayan an kafa wata, lokacin da wata ta kewaye da sau 10-15 kusa da Duniya fiye da yadda take yi yanzu, dumama ta ruwa na iya ba da gudummawa ~ 10 W / m2 na dumama. Wannan dumama ya faru a kan watakila shekaru miliyan 100, kuma zai iya haifar da karuwar zafin jiki har zuwa 5 ° C a farkon Duniya.<ref name="Heller21">{{Cite journal |last=Heller |first=R |last2=Duda |first2=JP |last3=Winkler |first3=M |last4=Reitner |first4=J |last5=Gizon |first5=L |date=2021 |title=Habitability of the early Earth: liquid water under a faint young Sun facilitated by strong tidal heating due to a closer Moon |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12542-021-00582-7 |journal=PalZ |volume=95 |issue=4 |pages=563–575 |arxiv=2007.03423 |bibcode=2021PalZ...95..563H |doi=10.1007/s12542-021-00582-7 |s2cid=244532427}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jure Japelj |date=11 January 2022 |title=How Much Did the Moon Heat Young Earth? |url=https://eos.org/articles/how-much-did-the-moon-heat-young-earth |journal=EOS |volume=103 |doi=10.1029/2022EO220017 |access-date=26 March 2023 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Wata == Harada et al. (2014) sun ba da shawarar cewa dumama ruwa na iya haifar da wani nau'i mai narkewa a iyakar core-mantle a cikin Moon na Duniya.<ref name="harada14">{{Cite journal |last=Harada |first=Y |last2=Goosens |first2=S |last3=Matsumoto |first3=K |last4=Yan |first4=J |last5=Ping |first5=J |last6=Noda |first6=H |last7=Harayama |first7=J |date=27 July 2014 |title=Strong tidal heating in an ultralow-viscosity zone at the core–mantle boundary of the Moon |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273434039 |journal=Nature Geoscience |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=569–572 |bibcode=2014NatGe...7..569H |doi=10.1038/ngeo2211}}</ref> == Tsarin == Adadin zafin da dumamar ƙarfin jan hankali (tidal heating) ke samarwa, wanda ake rubutawa da '''(ETidal),''' a cikin wani tauraron dan Adam da ke juyawa daidai da zagayawarsa (spin-synchronous), yake da shimfiɗar zagayawa a jirgi ɗaya (coplanar), wato '''(I=0)''', kuma yake da zagaye mai karkacewa (eccentric orbit), ana iya bayyana shi da wannan ma'auni: * (R) — matsakaicin radius na tauraron dan Adam. * (n) — matsakaicin saurin motsinsa a zagayen sararin samaniya (mean orbital motion). * (a) — tazarar zagayawar tauraron dan Adam, wato semi-major axis. * (e) — karkacewar zagayen tauraron dan Adam (orbital eccentricity). * (M_h) — yawan/ƙarfin nauyin jikin da yake kewaye da shi, wato jikin tsakiya ko mai masaukin baki (host/central body). * (\operatorname{Im}(k_2)) — ɓangaren hasashen lamba na Love Number na mataki na biyu, wanda ke auna yadda tauraron dan Adam ke iya juya makamashin tidal zuwa zafin gogayya (frictional heat). Wannan ɓangaren na Love Number yana samuwa ne sakamakon hulɗar rheology, wato yadda kayan da ke cikin jikin tauraron dan Adam suke yin ɗabi'a yayin da aka matsa ko aka ja su, da kuma karfin jan hankalin jikin da kansa (self-gravitation). Saboda haka, (\operatorname{Im}(k_2)) yana dogara ne da radius, yawan abu a kowace ƙara (density), da kuma wasu sigogin rheology, kamar shear modulus (ma'aunin tsayayyar abu ga karkacewa) da viscosity (ɗanko), da sauran sigogi waɗanda suka danganta da tsarin da ake amfani da shi wajen bayyana rheology. Haka kuma, ƙimomin waɗannan sigogin rheology suna dogara ne da zafin cikin jikin tauraron dan Adam da kuma yawan narkewar wani ɓangare (partial melt) da ke cikin cikinsa. == Dubi kuma == * Dutsen da ke cikin wuta * Hawan ruwa * Rufewar ruwa * Io Mai lura da Dutsen Volcano * Bambancin duniya == Manazarta == 1g6dpu7wgiy6yj9as8t0ff5f7udww8d 0 165168 906290 2026-08-22T18:58:04Z Ummu Ilham 45024 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368864734|Cold wave]]" 906290 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Reflist|2}}   '''Ruwan sanyi mai tsanani (wanda a wasu yankuna ake kira ''cold snap'', ''cold spell'', ''Arctic blast'', ko ''Arctic snap'') wani yanayi ne na iska da ake bambanta shi da sanyin iska da ke sauka sosai.''' '''Musamman, kamar yadda Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Amurka (U.S. National Weather Service) ke amfani da ma’anar, ruwan sanyi mai tsanani yanayi ne da yanayin zafi ke raguwa cikin sauri a cikin sa’o’i 24, har hakan ya sa ake buƙatar ƙarin kariya sosai ga noma, masana’antu, kasuwanci da ayyukan zamantakewa.''' '''Ma’aunin da ake amfani da shi wajen tantance ruwan sanyi mai tsanani ya ta’allaka ne kan saurin da yanayin zafi ke raguwa, da kuma mafi ƙarancin matakin zafin da yake kaiwa. Wannan mafi ƙarancin yanayin zafi yana dogara ne da yankin ƙasa da ake magana a kai da kuma lokacin shekara.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cold Wave |url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=cold-wave1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514110247/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=cold-wave1 |archive-date=2011-05-14 |access-date=2008-09-25 |publisher=[[American Meteorological Society|AMS]]: Glossary of Meteorology}}</ref>''' A Amurka, an bayyana yanayin sanyi a matsayin matsakaicin zafin jiki na ƙasa wanda ke sauka ƙasa da {{Convert|20|F}} ° F (-7 ° C20 °F (−7 °C).Za'a iya rarraba guguwar sanyi mai isasshen girma da tsawon lokaci a matsayin barkewar iska mai sanyi ('''CAO'''). <ref name="CAO">{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Erik T. |last2=S. C. Sheridan |date=2018 |title=The characteristics of extreme cold events and cold air outbreaks in the eastern United States |journal=Int. J. Climatol. |volume=38 |pages=e807–e820 |bibcode=2018IJCli..38E.807S |doi=10.1002/joc.5408 |s2cid=133920737}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Erik T. |last2=Sheridan |first2=Scott C. |date=2020 |title=Where do Cold Air Outbreaks occur and how have they changed over time? |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=47 |issue=13 |bibcode=2020GeoRL..4786983S |doi=10.1029/2020GL086983 |s2cid=219424375}}</ref> == Tasirin == === Tasirin ga mutane da lafiyar dabbobi === Ruwan sanyi mai tsanani na iya haddasa '''mutuwa da raunuka ga dabbobin kiwo da namun daji'''. Fuskantar tsananin sanyi yana tilasta wa dukkan dabbobi, har da mutane, '''cin abinci mai ƙarin kuzari (calories)''' domin jiki ya iya samar da isasshen zafi. Idan kuma ruwan sanyi mai tsanani ya zo tare da '''dusar ƙanƙara mai yawa da daɗewa''', dabbobin da ke kiwo a fili na iya kasa samun abincin da suke buƙata, wanda zai iya jawo musu '''hypothermia (raguwar zafin jiki sosai)''' ko '''yunwa har ta kai ga mutuwa'''. Saboda haka, manoma kan tilasta sayen '''abincin dabbobi''' domin ciyar da dabbobin kiwo, kuma hakan na iya jawo musu '''ƙarin kuɗaɗe masu yawa'''. Ana danganta sihiri na sanyi da karuwar yawan mace-mace a cikin jama'a a duniya.<ref name="JaakkolaGuo2015">{{Cite journal |last=Jaakkola |first=Jouni J.K. |last2=Guo |first2=Yuming |last3=Ryti |first3=Niilo R.I. |year=2015 |title=Global Association of Cold Spells and Adverse Health Effects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=124 |issue=1 |pages=12–22 |doi=10.1289/ehp.1408104 |issn=0091-6765 |pmc=4710591 |pmid=25978526}}</ref> Dukkanin raƙuman sanyi da [[Guguwar zafi|raƙuman zafi]] suna haifar da mutuwa, kodayake ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na mutane na iya zama masu saukin kamuwa da abubuwan yanayi daban-daban.<ref name="JoacimBertil2014">{{Cite journal |last=Joacim |first=Rocklöv |last2=Bertil |first2=Forsberg |last3=Kristie |first3=Ebi |last4=Tom |first4=Bellander |year=2014 |title=Susceptibility to mortality related to temperature and heat and cold wave duration in the population of Stockholm County, Sweden |journal=Global Health Action |volume=7 |doi=10.3402/gha.v7.22737 |issn=1654-9880 |pmc=3955771 |pmid=24647126}}</ref> Yawancin mutuwar da zafin jiki ke faruwa a lokacin guguwar sanyi fiye da guguwar zafi, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gasparrini |first=Antonio |last2=Guo |first2=Yuming |last3=Hashizume |first3=Masahiro |last4=Lavigne |first4=Eric |last5=Zanobetti |first5=Antonella |last6=Schwartz |first6=Joel |last7=Tobias |first7=Aurelio |last8=Tong |first8=Shilu |last9=Rocklöv |first9=Joacim |last10=Forsberg |first10=Bertil |last11=Leone |first11=Michela |date=July 2015 |title=Mortality risk attributable to high and low ambient temperature: a multicountry observational study |journal=The Lancet |volume=386 |issue=9991 |pages=369–375 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)62114-0 |issn=0140-6736 |pmc=4521077 |pmid=26003380 |doi-access=free}}</ref> kodayake yawan mace-mace ya fi girma a yankunan da ba a inganta su ba a duniyawave, === Infrastucture === matsanancin sanyi na hunturu sau da yawa yana haifar da bututun ruwa da ba su da kyau. Ko da wasu ɓarkewar famfo na cikin gida da ba a kare su sosai ba yayin da ruwa ke fadada a cikinsu, yana haifar da lalacewa mai yawa ga dukiya da kuma ikirarin inshora mai tsada. Bukatar wutar lantarki da [[man fetur]] suna ƙaruwa sosai a irin waɗannan lokutan, kodayake ƙarni na wutar lantarki na iya kasawa saboda daskarewa na ruwa da ake buƙata don samar da wutar lantarki. Wasu karafa na iya zama masu rauni a yanayin zafi. Motocin mota na iya kasawa lokacin da antifreeze ya kasa, man fetur ko man fetur, ko batir sun kasa haifar da gazawar tsarin sufuri. Wutar ta zama mafi haɗari a lokacin matsanancin sanyi. Rashin ruwa na iya fashewa kuma samar da ruwa na iya zama abin dogaro, yana sa kashe gobara ya fi wuya. Iska a lokacin guguwar sanyi yawanci ya fi yawa kuma saboda haka yana dauke da karin iskar oxygen, don haka lokacin da iska da wuta ta jawo ta zama sanyi mai ban mamaki mai yiwuwa zai haifar da wuta mai tsanani.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2019}}Koyaya, dusar ƙanƙara na iya dakatar da yaduwar gobara, musamman gobarar daji. === Shuke-shuke da dabbobi === Raƙuman sanyi na hunturu waɗanda ba a ɗauka sanyi a wasu yankuna ba, amma suna haifar da yanayin zafi sosai ƙasa da matsakaici ga yanki, suma suna da lalacewa. Yankunan da ke da yanayin zafi na iya gane raƙuman sanyi a yanayin zafi mafi girma fiye da sauran wurare masu sanyi na duniya. Za'a iya gane guguwar sanyi a yanayin sanyi, saboda waɗannan har yanzu suna da sanyi sosai ga yankin, kuma rayuwar shuka da dabba ba za su iya jure irin wannan sanyi ba. Irin wannan yanayin hunturu wanda mutum ke hade da al'ada ga [[Colorado]], [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]], ko Bavaria yana da bala'i ga amfanin gona a wurare kamar [[Florida]], [[California]], ko wasu sassan [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]] waɗanda ke shuka 'ya'yan itace da kayan lambu a cikin hunturu. QRaƙuman sanyi waɗanda ke kawo daskarewa da sanyi ba zato ba tsammani a lokacin girbi a cikin yankuna na tsakiya na iya kashe shuke-shuke a farkon da mafi rauni na girma, wanda ke haifar da gazawar amfanin gona yayin da aka kashe shuke'o'i kafin a iya girbe su ta hanyar tattalin arziki. Irin wannan raƙuman sanyi sun haifar da yunwa. A wasu lokuta kamar yadda yake da kisa ga shuke-shuke kamar [[fari]], raƙuman sanyi na iya barin ƙasa cikin haɗari na ƙanƙara da [[Wildfire|gobarar daji]] da ke cinye gawawwakin halittu. Ɗaya daga cikin matsanancin shine abin da ake kira [[Shekara Ba tare da bazara ba]] na 1816, ɗaya daga cikin shekaru da yawa a cikin shekarun 1810 inda amfanin gona da yawa suka gaza a lokacin sanyi mai sanyi na rani bayan fashewar dutsen da ya rage hasken rana mai shigowa. === Tsarin guguwa na extrotropical === Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna yiwuwar alaƙa tsakanin raƙuman sanyi a Arewacin Amurka da Cyclogenesis na extratropical a Gabashin Atlantic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Messori |first=Gabriele |last2=Caballero |first2=Rodrigo |last3=Gaetani |first3=Marco |date=2016 |title=On cold spells in North America and storminess in western Europe |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=43 |issue=12 |pages=6620–6628 |bibcode=2016GeoRL..43.6620M |doi=10.1002/2016GL069392 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadannan na iya haɗawa da manyan hanyoyin yaduwar yanayi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Messori |first=Gabriele |last2=Faranda |first2=Davide |date=2023-04-16 |title=On the Systematic Occurrence of Compound Cold Spells in North America and Wet or Windy Extremes in Europe |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=50 |issue=7 |bibcode=2023GeoRL..5001008M |doi=10.1029/2022GL101008 |issn=0094-8276 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Misalan sun haɗa da yaduwar raƙuman Ruwa na Rossby daga Arewacin Pacific ko kuma anticyclone na sama a yammacin Greenland.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Riboldi |first=Jacopo |last2=Leeding |first2=Richard |last3=Segalini |first3=Antonio |last4=Messori |first4=Gabriele |date=2023-05-28 |title=Multiple Large-Scale Dynamical Pathways for Pan–Atlantic Compound Cold and Windy Extremes |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=50 |issue=10 |bibcode=2023GeoRL..5002528R |doi=10.1029/2022GL102528 |issn=0094-8276 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A Turai, advection na iska mai sanyi daga arewa maso gabas ya fito ne a matsayin siginar da za a iya amfani da ita ga mafi yawan raƙuman sanyi, wanda ke shafar bangarorin makamashi, kiwon lafiya, da aikin gona na nahiyar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Quesada |first=Benjamin |last2=Vautard |first2=Robert |last3=Yiou |first3=Pascal |date=2023-05-22 |title=Cold waves still matter: characteristics and associated climatic signals in Europe |journal=Climatic Change |language=en |volume=176 |issue=70 |bibcode=2023ClCh..176...70Q |doi=10.1007/s10584-023-03533-0 |issn=0930-7575 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Matakai na hanawa == A wasu wurare, kamar Siberia, matsanancin sanyi yana buƙatar cewa injunan da aka yi amfani da su a wasu lokuta dole ne a ci gaba da gudanar da su. Ana iya rufe famfo na ciki, kuma mutane galibi suna iya gudana da ruwa ta hanyar bututu. Tsaro na makamashi, mai wahala kamar yadda yake a cikin guguwar sanyi, na iya buƙatar irin waɗannan matakan kamar tattara mutane (musamman matalauta da tsofaffi) a cikin mafaka na al'umma. Ko da marasa gida za a iya kamawa su kuma a kai su mafaka, sai kawai a sake su lokacin da haɗarin ya ragu.<ref name="paducah_nws">{{Cite web |title=Police law of Finland 11§ |url=https://www.finlex.fi/fi/lainsaadanto/1995/493 |access-date=2008-09-25 |language=fi}}</ref> Asibitoci na iya shirya don shigar da wadanda ke fama da sanyi da hypothermia; makarantu da sauran gine-ginen jama'a za a iya canza su zuwa mafaka. Mutane na iya adana abinci, ruwa, da sauran abubuwan da ake bukata kafin guguwar sanyi. Wasu ma na iya zaɓar ƙaura zuwa wuraren da ke da yanayi mai sauƙi, aƙalla a lokacin hunturu. Za'a iya samun wadatattun kayan abinci kafin raƙuman sanyi don dabbobi, kuma ana iya jigilar dabbobi a yankunan da ke da rauni daga yankunan da abin ya shafa ko ma yanka su. Gishiri na iya kawo hayaki wanda ke hana daskarewa a gona ko itace. Ana iya yayyafa amfanin gona masu rauni da ruwa wanda zai kare tsire-tsire ta hanyar daskarewa da shan sanyi daga iska da ke kewaye. Yawancin mutane na iya yin ado yadda ya kamata kuma suna iya shimfiɗa tufafinsu idan suna buƙatar fita waje ko kuma idan dumama su ya kasa. Hakanan suna iya adana kyandirori, matches, fitilu, da man fetur mai ɗaukar hoto don dafa abinci da itace don wuraren wuta ko murhun itace, idan ya cancanta. Koyaya, ya kamata a yi taka tsantsan saboda amfani da gobarar gawayi don dafa abinci ko dumama a cikin gidan da aka rufe yana da haɗari sosai saboda guba na carbon monoxide. Dole ne manya su ci gaba da sanin yadda yara da tsofaffi ke fuskantar sanyi. == Ruwa mai sanyi na tarihi == === Raƙuman sanyi na ƙarni na 17 (1601-1700) === * Babban Frost na 1683-84, mafi munin sanyi a Ingila a tarihinta. Rashin sanyi ya sa duk Kogin Thames ya daskare har zuwa zurfin ƙafa 1 (0.30 . Gishiri ya ba da damar Gidan Gishiri na Kogin Thames. Dubi Maunder MinimumMaunder Ƙananan * Yammacin Turai na shekara ta 1694-1695. Dubi Maunder MinimumMaunder Ƙananan === Raƙuman sanyi na ƙarni na 18 (1701-1800) === * Babban Frost na 1709, hunturu mafi sanyi a Turai da aka taɓa rubuta. === Raƙuman sanyi na ƙarni na 19 (1801-1900) === * Eastern cold wave of January and February 1835. First of three historic U.S. cold waves to hit during the 19th century (1835, 1857, 1899). In January, mercury thermometers froze throughout the Northeast. Mercury froze at {{Cvt|-40|F}} in Bangor and Bath, Maine and Montpelier and White River, Vermont. In Connecticut, Hartford hit {{Cvt|-27|F}} and New Haven {{Cvt|-23|F}}, and in Massachusetts, Williamstown hit {{Cvt|-30|F}} and Pittsfield {{Cvt|-32|F}}, all low temperature marks that have never been matched since. In February, Savannah, Georgia the temperature hit {{Cvt|0|F}}, {{Cvt|8|F-change}} colder than would be reached during the 1899 cold wave later in the century and Charleston South Carolina hit {{Cvt|2|F}}. '''1836''' * Last reported snowfall in [[Sydney]], Australia occurred on 28 June of that year. British settlers in Hyde Park woke up to snow "nearly {{Convert|1|inch|cm}} deep", with the meteorological table in ''The Sydney Herald'' recording that on the morning of the snow the temperature dropped to {{Convert|3|C}}. '''1857''' * New England Cold wave na 1857. Janairu 1857 shine watan da ya fi sanyi da aka taɓa yin rikodin a New England. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi na wata na {{Cvt|16.7|F}} ° F (−8.5 ° C) a New Haven, {{Cvt|16.8|F}} ° F (-84 ° C) A Boston, da {{Cvt|19.6|F}} ° F (-6 9 ° C) na Birnin New York sun kasance watanni mafi sanyi a rubuce a cikin waɗannan biranen. Mafi munin sanyi ya sauka a New England a ranar 22 ga Janairu tare da Janairu 23 yana daya daga cikin kwanakin sanyi da aka sani a yankin. A Bath, Maine an rubuta karatun zafin jiki na -52 ° F (-47 ° C) kuma a Franconia, New Hampshire -51 ° F (46 ° C). A Norwich, an rubuta Vermont -44 ° F (-42 ° C). Yankunan Boston na Malden da West Newton sun rubuta -30 ° F (−34 ° C) da dare. Yanayin Boston na Janairu 23 bai taɓa tashi sama da {{Cvt|0|F}} ° F (-18 ° C) ba duk rana kuma tsibirin Nantucket an haɗa shi da ƙasar ta kankara. A Birnin New York, Erasmus Hall a Brooklyn ya kai saman 0 ° F a rana kuma Kogin Hudson ya daskare sosai don mutane su yi tafiya zuwa Hoboken.&nbsp; '''1859''' * Janairu 1859: Janairu 10 - yanayin zafi na rana mafi sanyi da aka taɓa samu a Birnin New York da yankunan New England. Montreal ta rubuta zafin jiki na -43.6 ° F (−42.0 ° C) a karfe 7 na safe, wasu digiri {{Cvt|15|F-change}} ° F (8.3 ° C) ƙasa da rikodin Montreal na zamani na -29 ° F (--34 ° C) cikin 1933. &nbsp;Toronto ta rubuta -27 ° F (−33 ° C) a wannan rana. A Jami'ar Vermont da ke Burlington, an rubuta -31.5 ° F (-35.3 ° C) a karfe 7 na safe da -26 ° F (−32 ° C) da karfe 2 na yamma. &nbsp;&nbsp;A Woodstock, Vermont an rubuta zafin jiki na -45 ° F (-43 ° C). Kwalejin Harvard ta rubuta -4.5 ° F (−20.3 ° C) a karfe 2 na yamma da -18 ° F (−28 ° C) washegari da safe na Janairu 11, mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki da aka sani da aka rubuta a Boston. &nbsp;Tsibirin Nantucket ya auna -12 ° F (−24 ° C), {{Cvt|6|F-change}} ° F (3.3 ° C) ya fi sanyi fiye da rikodin da aka sani na zamani. A Birnin New York, yanayin zafi da aka rubuta bai wuce {{Cvt|0|F}} ° F (-18 ° C) ba. A cikin Brooklyn Heights, karatun da aka rubuta na -9 ° F (-23 ° C) da tsakar rana kuma a Eramus Hall a Brooklyn ya rubuta babban -3.7 ° F (-19.8 ° C) a karfe 7 na safe da -8 ° F (-22 ° C) na 9 na yamma a wannan dare. &nbsp;&nbsp;Union Hall a Jamaica Queens ya rubuta -12 ° F (-24 ° C) a tsakar dare tsakanin Janairu 10 da 11. A cikin White Plains, akwai karatun -13 ° F (-25 ° C) a karfe 7 na safe, -10 ° F (-23 ° C) da karfe 2 na yamma, da -15 ° F (-26 ° C) na karfe 9 na yamma.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''1874–1875''' * Winter 1874-1875 a Tsakiyar Yammacin Amurka. * Winter na 1886-87 a cikin Great Plains na Amurka da Upper Midwest . * 1888 Yankin sanyi na Amurka - Yankin sanyi mai tsanani wanda ya ratsa Arewa maso Yammacin Pacific. Ya haifar da guguwa ga arewacin Filayen da kwarin Mississippi inda yara da yawa suka makale a cikin makarantun inda suka daskare har suka mutu. * 1893 Gabashin Asiya Cold Wave - An samar da dusar ƙanƙara a [[Hong Kong]] da Kudancin China, da yanayin sanyi a cikin latitudes na wurare masu zafi. * 1893 Gabashin Amurka Cold Wave. '''1895''' * Fabrairu 1895 Amurka Cold Wave (Great Freeze) - Damaged citrus amfanin gona a Florida. Guguwar dusar ƙanƙara ta haifar da dusar ƙara da ba a taɓa gani ba a gefen Gulf Coast, gami da inci 22 (56 cm) a [[Houston|Houston, TX]]. &nbsp;Snow ya fadi har zuwa kudu kamar Tampico, Mexico, mafi ƙasƙanci a Arewacin Amurka cewa an rubuta dusar ƙanƙara a matakin teku. * Lokacin hunturu na 1894-95 a Ƙasar Ingila. '''1899''' === Ruwa mai sanyi na ƙarni na 20 (1901-2000) === * Lokacin hunturu na 1904 shine shekarar da ta fi sanyi a rikodin duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2019 |title=Earth's coldest years on record all happened over 90 years ago |url=https://mashable.com/article/climate-change-cold-records-rare/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022124548/https://mashable.com/article/climate-change-cold-records-rare/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=[[Mashable]]}}</ref> '''1912''' * Janairu 1912 guguwar sanyi - Guguwar sanyi ta Amurka ta 1912 ta haifar da mafi tsawo da aka rubuta a ƙasa da {{Convert|0|F|C|1}} ° F ko -17.8 ° C. * Lokacin hunturu na 1916-1917 - "tsawon hunturu" (Oktoba zuwa Maris) na 1916-17 shine mafi sanyi a rikodin a Yamma da Midwest. '''1917–1918''' * Winter na 1917-1918 - Lokacin hunturu ya kasance mai sanyi sosai a fadin Gabas kuma ya haifar da matsalar man fetur mai zafi wanda ya daidaita ne kawai a watan Janairun 1977. Ruwa mai sanyi mai tsanani a watan Disamba 1917 da Janairu 1918 a arewa maso gabas. Disamba 30 ya kafa yawan rikodin rikodin a lokacin a Birnin New York ({{Cvt|−13|F}} ° F, −25 ° C) da Boston ({{Cvt|−15|F}} ° F, -26 ° C). A karkashin yanayi mai kyau don sanyaya radiation, gami da dusar ƙanƙara mai tsabta da mafi yawan sararin samaniya, da safe na Disamba 30, 1917, ya kasance mai sanyi sosai a wasu sassan Virginia da West Virginia, tare da yanayin sanyi na kowane lokaci (wanda ya tsaya har zuwa zamanin yau) da aka rubuta a birane da yawa, gami na -37 ° F (-37 ° C) a White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, -25 ° F (-32 ° C) da Burke's. Janairu 1918 kuma ya kawo ci gaba da kasancewa ƙasa da matsakaicin yanayin zafi ga sassa da yawa na Gabas da Midwest, tare da wani harbi na iska mai sanyi sosai a farkon Fabrairu (New York City Central Park na kawai {{Cvt|4|F}} ° F (-16 ° C) a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu rikodin kowane wata ne, yayin da Michigan's Houghton Lake ya kai ƙasa da -48 ° F (-44 ° C) akan Fabrairu 1). [[Kogin Ohio]] ya daskare sosai a duk tsawonsa. * Wannan guguwar sanyi ta faru ba kawai a Amurka ba har ma da Gabashin Asiya. A Seoul, yanayin ya yi dumi a farkon Disamba 1917, amma zafin jiki bai wuce sama ba ({{Cvt|32|F}} ° F, 0 ° C) a lokacin guguwar sanyi daga Disamba 15-Janairu 9. Bugu da kari, zafin jiki ya tafi ƙasa da ({{Cvt|14|F}} ° F, -10 ° C) daga Disamba 15-31. Ruwa mai sanyi ya kasance mai tsanani daga Disamba 26-27 kuma ƙananan zafin jiki a ranar 26 ga Disamba ya kasance ({{Cvt|0.32|F}} ° F, -17.60 ° C), yayin da babban zafin jiki ya kasance ({{Cvt|9.86|F}} ° F, −12.30 ° C). A wannan rana Incheon ya rubuta babban zafin jiki na ({{Cvt|9.14|F}} ° F, -12.70 ° C), wannan shine 3rd mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki da aka rubuta a lokacin hunturu. Har ila yau, ƙananan zafin jiki a ranar 27 ga Disamba ya kasance ({{Cvt|−4.72|F}} ° F, -20.40 ° C), wannan zafin jiki shine 2nd mafi sanyi da aka rubuta a watan Disamba a Seoul. (Mafi ƙasƙanci shine ({{Cvt|-9.58|F}} ° F, −23.10 ° C) a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 1927). Ruwa mai sanyi ya ci gaba har zuwa Janairu 1918, inda ya kara tsanantawa. Rashin zafin jiki a ranar 3 ga Janairu ya kasance (-724 ° F, -21.80 ° C). Yawan zafin jiki ya ɗan yi zafi a ranar {{Cvt|14|F}} ga Janairu, amma yanayin har yanzu yana da sanyi sosai, kuma yanayin zafi ya kasance a (14 ° F, -10 ° C) ko ƙasa har zuwa Janairu 28. Ya kai ga Fabrairu, wannan guguwar sanyi ta ɓace. Seoul tana da matsakaicin zafin jiki na ({{Cvt|21.74|F}} ° F, -5.70 ° C) a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1917, matsakaicin matsakaicin da aka rubuta a watan Disambar, kuma ya rubuta matsakaicin yawan zafin jiki ({{Cvt|18.5|F}} ° F, −7.5 ° C) A watan Janairun shekara ta 1918, na 6 mafi ƙasƙanci da aka rubuta A watan Janairu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Korea weather data(1904~)(was served Korea Meteorological Administration) |url=https://data.kma.go.kr/data/grnd/selectAsosRltmList.do?pgmNo=36}}</ref> * Ruwa mai sanyi ya kuma shafi Koriya ta Arewa, kuma mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki a Pyeongyang ya kasance ({{Cvt|−11.74|F}} ° F, −24.30 ° C) <ref>{{Cite web |title=The lowest temperature statistic before 1945(was served Statistics Korea) |url=https://kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=999&tblId=DT_999N_012136&vw_cd=MT_CHOSUN_TITLE&list_id=999_Q02_A01_1&scrId=&seqNo=&lang_mode=ko&obj_var_id=&itm_id=&conn_path=K1&path=%25EA%25B5%25AD%25ED%2586%25A0%25C2%25B7%25EA%25B8%25B0%25ED%259B%2584%2520%253E%2520%25EA%25B8%25B0%25EC%2583%2581%25EC%25B5%259C%25EC%25A0%2580%2520%25EA%25B8%25B0%25EC%2598%25A8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022200414/https://kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=999&tblId=DT_999N_012136&vw_cd=MT_CHOSUN_TITLE&list_id=999_Q02_A01_1&scrId=&seqNo=&lang_mode=ko&obj_var_id=&itm_id=&conn_path=K1&path=%25EA%25B5%25AD%25ED%2586%25A0%25C2%25B7%25EA%25B8%25B0%25ED%259B%2584%2520%253E%2520%25EA%25B8%25B0%25EC%2583%2581%25EC%25B5%259C%25EC%25A0%2580%2520%25EA%25B8%25B0%25EC%2598%25A8 |archive-date=2021-10-22 |access-date=2021-01-01}}</ref> a watan Disamba 1917. Har ila yau, matsakaicin zafin jiki ya kasance ({{Cvt|12.56|F}} ° F, -10.80 ° C). )<ref>{{Cite web |title=The month-average temperature statistic before 1945(was served Statistics Korea) |url=https://kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=999&tblId=DT_999N_011136&vw_cd=MT_CHOSUN_TITLE&list_id=999_Q02_A01_1&scrId=&seqNo=&lang_mode=ko&obj_var_id=&itm_id=&conn_path=K1&path=%25EA%25B5%25AD%25ED%2586%25A0%25C2%25B7%25EA%25B8%25B0%25ED%259B%2584%2520%253E%2520%25EA%25B8%25B0%25EC%2583%2581%25ED%258F%2589%25EA%25B7%25A0%2520%25EA%25B8%25B0%25EC%2598%25A8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022193151/https://kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=999&tblId=DT_999N_011136&vw_cd=MT_CHOSUN_TITLE&list_id=999_Q02_A01_1&scrId=&seqNo=&lang_mode=ko&obj_var_id=&itm_id=&conn_path=K1&path=%25EA%25B5%25AD%25ED%2586%25A0%25C2%25B7%25EA%25B8%25B0%25ED%259B%2584%2520%253E%2520%25EA%25B8%25B0%25EC%2583%2581%25ED%258F%2589%25EA%25B7%25A0%2520%25EA%25B8%25B0%25EC%2598%25A8 |archive-date=2021-10-22 |access-date=2021-01-01}}</ref> '''1930''' * Ruwa mai sanyi ya mamaye yammacin Amurka a watan Janairun 1930. inci biyu na dusar ƙanƙara ya faɗi a Palm Springs, CA a ranar 11 ga Janairu, ɗaya daga cikin sau biyu kawai a tarihin birnin da aka taɓa lura da dusar ƙara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=This day in history, January 11 |url=https://www.weather.gov/media/sgx/Dayinhistory/dayhistory0111.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811141034/https://www.weather.gov/media/sgx/Dayinhistory/dayhistory0111.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2023 |access-date=20 February 2023}}</ref> '''1932''' * Babban barkewar sanyi ya shafi California a watan Janairu, Fabrairu da Disamba. Har zuwa inci biyu na dusar ƙanƙara ya faɗi a fadin Los Angeles Basin a ranar 15 ga Janairu, kuma an rubuta inci biyu na ƙanƙarar a hukumance a Ofishin Kula da Yanayi na Downtown Los Angeles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=This day in history, January 15 |url=https://www.weather.gov/media/sgx/Dayinhistory/dayhistory0115.pdf |access-date=20 February 2023}}</ref> Snow kuma ya fadi a San Francisco a cikin kwanaki uku a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1932. * [[1933 Western United States cold wave|1933 Yammacin Amurka sanyi]] - Lokacin hunturu na 1932-33 shine na biyu- ko na uku mafi sanyi a rikodin a mafi yawan Yamma (mafi sanyi a rikodi a Arizona <ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate at a Glance |url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cag/time-series/us/02/00/tavg/3/02/1896-2015?base_prd=true&firstbaseyear=1896&lastbaseyear=1976&trend=true&trend_base=10&firsttrendyear=1976&lasttrendyear=2015&filter=true&filterType=binomial |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703125159/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cag/time-series/us/02/00/tavg/3/02/1896-2015?base_prd=true&firstbaseyear=1896&lastbaseyear=1976&trend=true&trend_base=10&firsttrendyear=1976&lasttrendyear=2015&filter=true&filterType=binomial |archive-date=2017-07-03 |access-date=20 January 2018 |publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information}}</ref>) kuma ya ga yanayin sanyi a Seneca, Oregon (-54 ° F / 48 ° C), Moran, Wyoming (-66 ° F / 54 ° C) da Seminole, Texas (-23 ° F / 31 ° F) tsakanin Fabrairu 7 da 10, <ref name="record">{{Cite web |title=Record Lowest Temperatures by State |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0113527.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301134258/http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0113527.html |archive-date=1 March 2017 |access-date=20 January 2018 |website=InfoPlease}}</ref> lokacin da aka zargi mutuwar sittin da guguwar sanyi da kan kankara.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; * Fabrairu 1934 Cold Wave a New England da Gabashin Kanada - Lokaci mafi tsawo na yanayin sanyi da aka taɓa samu har zuwa wannan lokacin. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi a saman New England da Gabashin Kanada sun kasance a kusa da digiri Fahrenheit na mafi yawan watan. An ruwaito cewa Tafkin Ontario ya cika gaba ɗaya. Yanayin zafi ya kai sama da daskarewa ne kawai a rana ɗaya a Burlington, VT a watan Fabrairu. '''1937''' * [[1937 Western United States cold wave|1937 Yammacin Amurka sanyi]] - Janairu 1937 shine watan da ya fi sanyi a rubuce a Yamma kuma ya ga dusar ƙanƙara har zuwa kudu kamar garin hamada mai zafi na [[Arizona]]" id="mwAY4" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Yuma, Arizona">Yuma, Arizona, don ɗaya daga cikin lokuta biyu kawai a rubuce. California da Nevada sun ga mafi ƙarancin yanayin zafi a rubuce-rubuce: -45 ° F (−42.8 ° C) a Boca a ranar 20 ga Janairu da -50 ° F ({{Convert|−45|F|C|1}}.6 ° C) na San Jacinto a ranar 8 ga Janairu.<ref name="record" /> '''1940''' * Janairu 1940 Kudancin Amurka sanyi - A ƙarshen Janairu ya ga rikodin sanyi da dusar ƙanƙara a duk Kudancin Amirka. Watan ne mafi sanyi a can tun watan Fabrairun 1899. * Winter na 1941-42 a Gabashin Turai - Winter na 1941-142 shine mafi sanyi na karni na ashirin a mafi yawan Gabashin Turai (misali Moscow) kuma shine na karshe na jerin hunturu masu sanyi a can wanda ya shafi yakin duniya na biyu. '''1947''' * Lokacin hunturu na 1946-47 a Ƙasar Ingila * Fabrairu 1947 ya ga mafi yawan zafin jiki a rubuce a Kanada, a -62.8 ° C a Snag, Yukon.&nbsp; * [[1949 Western North American cold wave|Janairu 1949]] Yammacin Amurka sanyi - Lokacin hunturu na 1948-49 shine mafi sanyi tun 1891 a Yammacin Amirka kuma ya ga rikodin dusar ƙanƙara, guguwar kankara har zuwa kudu kamar Texas, da kuma rikice-rikice na yau da kullun ga sufuri na ƙasa, tare da babban asarar dabbobi da amfanin gona. An rubuta hunturu mafi sanyi a wurare da yawa a California, Nevada, Idaho da Washington. Har ila yau, sanyi ya kasance tare da guguwa mai tsanani wanda ya ware ranches na Wyoming kuma ya gurgunta yankin Great Basin. Sojojin Amurka sun gudanar da "Operation Hay Lift" a yankin don kawo abinci da hay ta jirgin sama zuwa ranches da aka ware a yankin. Las Vegas Nevada ta sami rikodin {{Cvt|16.7|in}} in (420 na dusar ƙanƙara a cikin watan Janairu. Snow ya fadi a duka San Diego da Los Angeles a cikin kwanaki uku a watan Janairun 1949. Rubuce-rubucen rikodin lokaci-lokaci na 0 ° F a San Antonio, Texas.&nbsp; '''1950''' * 195{{Convert|0|F|C|1}} Arewa maso Yammacin Arewacin Amurka sanyi - Janairu 1950 ya ga sanyi da dusar ƙanƙara da ba a taɓa gani ba a cikin Pacific Northwest, tare da Seattle da Portland, Oregon, dukansu suna fadowa ƙasa da 0 ° F (-17.8 ° C) kuma suna karɓar dusar ƙara mai nauyi wanda ya rushe sufuri da makaranta saboda ba za a iya cire shi cikin sauƙi ba. Yammacin Kanada ya ga watan da ya fi sanyi a rubuce, wanda ya haifar da mummunar lalacewar amfanin gona a cikin Kwarin Okanagan, daskarewa na Tafkin Okanagan na lokaci guda tun 1862, da kuma watan [[Calgary]] kawai inda yanayin zafi ya kasance ƙasa da {{Convert|32|F|C}} ° F (0 ° C) a ko'ina. [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]], tana da matsakaicin zafin jiki na -6.3 ° C (20.7 ° F), <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-10-31 |title=Daily Data Report for January 1950 |url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=1953-01-01%7C2013-06-13&dlyRange=1937-01-01%7C2013-06-12&mlyRange=1937-01-01%7C2013-06-01&StationID=889&Prov=BC&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2018&selRowPerPage=25&Line=37&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=vancouver&timeframe=2&Day=1&Year=1950&Month=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808140124/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=1953-01-01%7C2013-06-13&dlyRange=1937-01-01%7C2013-06-12&mlyRange=1937-01-01%7C2013-06-01&StationID=889&Prov=BC&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2018&selRowPerPage=25&Line=37&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=vancouver&timeframe=2&Day=1&Year=1950&Month=1 |archive-date=2018-08-08 |access-date=2018-08-08 |publisher=Environment and Climate Change Canada |language=en}}</ref> idan aka kwatanta da matsakaitan {{Convert|4.1|C|}} ° C (39.4 ° F). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-10-31 |title=Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010 Station Data |url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=889&autofwd=1 |access-date=2018-08-08 |publisher=Environment and Climate Change Canada |language=en}}</ref> '''1954–1955''' * Winter na 1954-1955 a Gabashin Asiya - Ɗaya daga cikin hunturu mafi sanyi a rubuce a duk faɗin China. Manyan koguna da tabkuna da yawa sun daskare a kudancin kasar Sin, gami da Kogin Huai, Kogin Han, da Tafkin Dongting. * Tsakanin ƙarshen Yuli da farkon Agusta 1955 an yi rajistar guguwar sanyi mafi tsanani da aka taɓa yin rikodin a [[Brazil]]. Ya yi dusar ƙanƙara sosai sama da awanni 24 a wasu biranen kudancin ƙasar, yana tara sama da ƙafa 2 (60 cm) a yankunan tsaunuka na Rio Grande do Sul da jihohin Santa Catarina. &nbsp;Iska mai sanyi ta kai ga Amazon har ma ta haye Equator, wanda yake da wuya sosai. Yanayin zafi ya sauka zuwa -10 ° C (14 ° F) a Bom Jesus, Rio Grande do Sul, da -2 ° C (29 ° F) A [[São Paulo]] (ba a sake yin rikodin yanayin zafi a tsakiyar gari ba).&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''1956''' * [[1956 European cold wave]] – February 1956 was the coldest month of the twentieth century over large areas of Western Europe, with mean temperatures below {{Convert|0|C|F}} as far south as [[Marseille]] being utterly unprecedented in records dating back into the eighteenth century. '''1962–1963''' * Lokacin hunturu na 1962-63 a Ƙasar Ingila - Lokacin hunturu ya kasance mafi sanyi na shekaru 223 a Ingila, kuma daskarewa ya kasance tare da iska mai karfi na gabas da daskarewa na koguna da rafi. * Janairu 1963 guguwar sanyi a Tsakiyar Yammacin Amurka, da kuma ɗan gajeren sanyi amma mai tsanani a yammacin Amurka. '''1966''' * [[1966 Western Canadian cold wave|1966 Yammacin Kanada sanyi]] - Janairu 1966 ita ce Janairu mafi sanyi a rubuce a Yukon kuma mafi sanyi tun 1950 ko 1936 a lardunan Prairie, kuma sanyi mai tsanani ya ci gaba har zuwa Maris, lokacin da Winnipeg ya rubuta mafi tsananin dusar ƙanƙara a cikin rikodin. '''1968–1969''' * [[Winter of 1968–69 in Central Asia|Lokacin hunturu na 1968-69 a]] [[Tsakiyar Asiya|Asiya ta Tsakiya]] - Asiya ta Tsakiyar da yammacin Siberia sun ga hunturu mafi sanyi a rubuce a cikin 1968-69, kuma a Asiya ta tsakiya kuma mafi yawan ruwan su, suna samar da rikodin zafin jiki, guguwa mai tsanani da ruwan sama, mutuwar shuke-shuke da yawa da rikodin ambaliyar bazara. Rashin sanyi a wasu lokuta ya mamaye Gabashin Asiya, wanda ya haifar da guguwar dusar ƙanƙara da sanyi a China da Japan. * 1969 Ruwa mai sanyi na Arewa maso Yammacin Amurka - Disamba 1968 da Janairu 1969 sun ga rikodin sanyi da dusar ƙanƙara a cikin Pacific Northwest da Kudancin BC. [[Vancouver|Vancouver, BC]] ta yi rikodin zafin jiki mafi sanyi a rikodin -23.3 ° C (−9.9 ° F) a ranar 23 ga Janairu, 1969, da -18.3 ° C (-0.9 ° F). [[Seattle]] ta yi rikodin hunturu mafi dusar ƙanƙara a rikodin tare da inci 67.5 (171 don kakar a Filin jirgin saman Sea-Tac. '''1975''' * Yuli 1975 wata ce ta tarihi a Kudancin Amurka. Ɗaya daga cikin raƙuman sanyi masu tsananin gaske na ƙarni ya hau ta nahiyar, har ma ya haye Equator a cikin gandun daji na Amazon. A ranar 16 ga watan Yuli, dusar ƙanƙara ta fadi sosai a Argentina, kuma washegari a Paraguay da Kudancin Brazil. A [[Curitiba]] ya yi dusar ƙanƙara na kimanin awanni 6, yana tarawa a ƙasa, har ma a tsakiyar gari. An yi rajistar lamarin a jihohi 5, wani abu mai ban mamaki. A ranar 18 ga watan Yuli, zafin jiki ya ragu sosai. A cikin jihar Paraná, an kashe amfanin kofi ta hanyar wani abu na baƙar fata (yana faruwa lokacin da ƙwayoyin tsire-tsire suka daskare kuma suka mutu), kuma wasu biranen da aka rubuta -10 ° C (14 ° F), daga cikin mafi ƙarancin yanayin zafi da aka taɓa rubuta a kasar. &nbsp;&nbsp;Ruwa mai sanyi ya kai har zuwa 10 ° N kafin ya ɓace.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parmenter |first=Frances C. |date=1 December 1976 |title=a Southern Hemisphere cold front passage at the equator |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=57 |issue=12 |pages=1435–1440 |bibcode=1976BAMS...57.1435P |doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1976)057<1435:ASHCFP>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''1977''' * Ruwa mai sanyi na Janairu 1977. Mafi girman guguwar sanyi ta gabashin Amurka na karni na 20. Babban iska mai sanyi ya kai daga New Hampshire zuwa Florida da yamma zuwa Iowa da Missouri. Ohio ta kasance a tsakiyar iska mai sanyi inda kowane tashar yanayi a can ya rubuta watan da ya fi sanyi a rikodin. Cincinnati ta rubuta mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki da aka sani na -25 ° F (-32 ° C) tun daga 1820. An rubuta rikodin zafin jiki na jihar Kudancin Carolina na -20 ° F (-29 ° C) a lokacin wannan guguwar sanyi kusa da Long Creek. Rashin sanyi a Minneapolis ya kasance -78 ° F (-61 ° C) a ranar 28 ga Janairu, mai yiwuwa mafi ƙasƙanci da aka taɓa yin rikodin a can har zuwa wannan lokacin. Snow ya fadi a Miami da Homestead Florida, mafi nisa kudu dusar ƙanƙara da aka taɓa yin rikodin a Amurka. Shugaba Jimmy Carter ya yi tafiya a cikin fareti na rantsar da shi a yanayin zafi a ƙasa da daskarewa a ranar 20 ga Janairu. Buffalo, New York ta sha wahala da mafi munin blizzard a cikin makon da ya gabata na Janairu inda iskar guguwa ta kusa ta haifar da yanayin fararen fata na kwana uku. Yanayin zafi a Buffalo ya kasance a kusa da {{Cvt|0|F}} ° F (-18 ° C), sanyi na iska da aka rubuta na -60 ° F (-51 ° C) ta amfani da tsohuwar tsari, kuma dusar ƙanƙara ta gurgunta birnin tare da dusar ƙara har zuwa {{Convert|30|ft}} . '''1978''' * Ruwa mai sanyi na farkon 1978 - Ya samar da daya daga cikin hunturu mafi sanyi a rubuce a duk jihohin gabashin Rockies, ban da Maine. * Turai da Asiya, hunturu na 1978-1979, wanda ya haifar da guguwar Kara Sea 1978. An gano yanayin yanayi na yankuna masu zafi a Moscow, Leningrad (St. Petersburg), da Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), yana shafar dabaru da masana'antar makamashi, kuma yana haifar da gobara a tashar nukiliya ta Beloyarskaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Трагедию предотвратили пожарные: Политика: Облгазета |url=https://www.oblgazeta.ru/politics/28525/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831164025/https://www.oblgazeta.ru/politics/28525/ |archive-date=2022-08-31 |access-date=2022-09-04}}</ref> Yanke, amma rashin dusar ƙanƙara ya haifar da gazawar amfanin gona na hunturu a cikin shekara ta 1979. '''1979''' * Cold wave of 1979 – widespread cold across the United States. One of the largest Chicago snowstorms in history at the time, with 21 inches of snowfall in the two-day period, the 1979 Chicago Blizzard occurred during the cold wave in January. * Late 1970s (1977, 1978, 1979) – In the last three years of the 1970s, almost all of the conterminous United States had at least one winter with a memorable cold wave, and the winter of 1978–79 was the coldest on record in the lower 48{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2019}}, with everywhere, except normally frigid upstate Maine, experiencing well below average temperatures. '''1981–1982''' * Winter na 1981/82 a cikin [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]] - Wannan ya kasance mai sanyi sosai fiye da matsakaicin hunturu. Disamba ya fara da sauƙi sosai tare da yanayin zafi har zuwa {{Cvt|15|C}} ° C (59 ° F), amma da sauri ya zama sanyi sosai da dusar ƙanƙara. Dare na 12th-13th an san shi musamman saboda yanayin sanyi tare da rikodin da yawa. Janairu 1982 kuma wata ce mai sanyi da dusar ƙanƙara tare da rikodin da aka karya a ranar 10 a duka [[Ingila]] da [[Scotland]]. Ingila ta rubuta rikodin rikodin -26.1 °C (-15.0 kuma ta sauka zuwa -27.2 °C (-1.7 a Braemar. * Janairu 1982 fashewar iska mai sanyi - Janairu 1982 ya yi sanyi sosai. Wasanni na AFC na 1981, wanda aka gudanar a Cincinnati, an ba shi lakabi da "Freezer Bowl" saboda -9 ° F (-22.8 ° C) zafin jiki a kickoff da -59 ° F (-50.6 ° C) sanyi na iska. Ranar Lahadi ta mako mai zuwa (Janairu 17, 1982) kuma an san ta da Cold Sunday . Filin jirgin saman Chicago na Midway da O'Hare sun yi rikodin yanayin zafi na -26 ° F (-32 ° C). Milwaukee, Wisconsin ta rubuta yanayin zafi na -26 ° F (-32 ° C) a ranar 17 ga Janairu, mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin shekaru 111 a can. Rubuce-rubucen zafin jiki na -5 ° F (-21 ° C) a Atlanta da Jackson, Mississippi.<ref name="weather.com">{{Cite web |title=America's Coldest Outbreaks |url=https://weather.com/storms/winter/news/america-coldest-outbreaks |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120081455/https://weather.com/storms/winter/news/america-coldest-outbreaks |archive-date=20 January 2018 |access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref> '''1983''' * Disamba 1983 Great Plains sanyi wave - Amurka mai kusa da ita ta sami mafi sanyi a [[Kirsimeti]] a 1983, ban da kudu maso yammacin Amurka. Iska mai sanyi ya tashi daga Kanada kuma kusan kashi 70% na watan ya fi sanyi fiye da matsakaici. Yawancin wurare a gabashin Rockies sun karya rikodin sanyi na Disamba a Kirsimeti Kirsimeti. Baya ga -23 ° F (−30.6 ° C) sanyi, yankin Sioux Falls yana da iskõki {{Convert|60|mph|km/h}} km / h) da ke kawo sanyi na iska zuwa -70 ° F (-56.7 ° C). Babban yanayin zafi bai kai -10 ° F (-23.3 ° C) a arewacin Illinois ba a cikin kwanaki kafin Kirsimeti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=December Weather Trivia |url=http://www.crh.noaa.gov/lot/?n=Dec_wx_trivia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618160339/http://www.crh.noaa.gov/lot/?n=Dec_wx_trivia |archive-date=2013-06-18 |access-date=2014-01-08 |publisher=Crh.noaa.gov}}</ref> Yanayin zafi ya sauka ƙasa da {{Convert|0|°F|1}} ° F (-17.8 ° C) a ranar 15 ga Disamba kuma ya kasance a can sama da kwana tara a Sioux Falls.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-15 |title=Record cold December |url=http://www.crh.noaa.gov/fsd/?n=joe_december1983 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618160009/http://www.crh.noaa.gov/fsd/?n=joe_december1983 |archive-date=2013-06-18 |access-date=2014-01-08 |publisher=Crh.noaa.gov}}</ref> Minneapolis ta rubuta matsakaicin zafin jiki na watan {{Convert|3.7|°F|1}} ° F (-15.7 ° C), mafi sanyi a rikodin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minneapolis December weather records |url=http://climate.umn.edu/doc/twin_cities/mx12.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118023738/http://climate.umn.edu/doc/twin_cities/mx12.htm |archive-date=2012-11-18 |access-date=2014-01-08 |publisher=Climate.umn.edu}}</ref> A Birnin [[Chicago]], zafin jiki na -23 ° F (−30.6 ° C) da iskõki 30 mph sun haifar da sanyi na iska na -82 ° F (-63.3 ° C) ({{Convert|-57|°F|1}} ° F (-49.4 ° C) a ƙarƙashin sabon tsari) a Kirsimeti Kirsimeti.&nbsp; '''1985–1986''' * 1985 Babban Yammacin iska mai sanyi - Fabrairu 1985 ya ga yanayin zafi na biyu mafi sanyi na Amurka na -69 ° F (-56.1 ° C) a Peter Sinks, [[Utah]]. Kimanin wata daya na sanyi mai tsanani ya shafi babban bangare na al'ummar. 1985 ya zama shekara ta huɗu mafi sanyi a cikin rikodin a Arewa maso Yammacin Pacific.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2019}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> * Janairu 1985 - Janairu 1985 ita ce Janairu mafi sanyi tun 1979 a [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]] tare da yanayin zafi na ƙasa da matsakaici. * Janairu 1985 Yaduwar iska mai sanyi na Amurka - A ranar 21 ga Janairu, 1985, ya yi sanyi sosai har aka rantsar da Shugaba Ronald Reagan a cikin Capitol Rotunda. Baya ga sanyi a Washington, DC, Miami Beach ta rubuta kawai sanyi tun lokacin da aka fara rikodin, wanda ya dauki cikakken sa'o'i uku. Sauran biranen Kudancin da yawa sun kafa rikodin sanyi a kowane lokaci. * Winter na 1985/86 a cikin [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]] - Yanayin sanyi ya fara ne a watan Nuwamba 1985 tare da watan da ke ƙasa da matsakaici, kasancewar shine mafi sanyi tun aƙalla 1925. Disamba 1985 wata ce mai sauƙi kuma Janairu ta kusa da matsakaici. Fabrairu ita ce watan da ya fi sanyi tun Fabrairu 1947 a [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]] kuma ta zama Fabrairu ta 5 mafi sanyi a cikin bayanan CET tun daga 1659. * Yuli 1986 - Wani fashewar dusar ƙanƙara a kudu maso gabashin Ostiraliya ya kawo dusar ƙara a cikin biranen [[Melbourne]], [[Launceston, Tasmania|Launceston]] da Hobart, tare da narkewar dusarƙara har ma an ruwaito shi a wasu sassan [[Sydney]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2015 |title=Ausgrid's pass through application Bureau of Meteorology: A history of stormy weather |url=https://www.aer.gov.au/system/files/Attachment%203%20-%20Bureau%20of%20Meteorology%20-%20A%20history%20of%20stormy%20weather.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328132914/https://www.aer.gov.au/system/files/Attachment%203%20-%20Bureau%20of%20Meteorology%20-%20A%20history%20of%20stormy%20weather.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2024 |access-date=15 June 2024 |website=AAP}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BOM – Australian Climate Extremes |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/temp4.html |archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20090317054300/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/temp4.html |archive-date=17 March 2009 |website=webarchive.nla.gov.au}}</ref> '''1987''' * Janairu 1987 Snowfall na kudu maso gabashin Ingila - Wannan wata ce mai sanyi sosai ga Burtaniya kuma dusar ƙanƙara ma, musamman ga kudu maso gabas tare da mummunan tasirin ruwan sama wanda ya shafi yankunan Gabashin Anglia, kudu maso gabobin Ingila da London tsakanin 11 da 14 Janairu. Wannan shine dusar ƙanƙara mafi tsanani tun daga 1981/82. * Maris 1987 Girka guguwar sanyi - wani abu mai ban sha'awa mai kama iska mai sanyi - Guguwar sanyi ta Maris '87 ta dauki akalla kwanaki goma a Athens da kuma a arewacin Girka bisa ga rahotanni na yanayi kuma ya haifar da iska mai sanyi wanda aka kama a yankin Girka bayan an tsawaita tsarin matsin lamba mai girma yana tura iska mai sanyi daga Rasha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 1987 |title=1987/03 |url=https://antisimvatikos.blogspot.com/1987/03/1987.html |access-date=20 June 2021 |website=antisimvatikos.blogspot |ref=1}}</ref> '''1989''' * Fabrairu 1989 ya nuna wani gagarumin, guguwar sanyi na mako-mako a fadin Yammacin Amurka. Manyan biranen da sanyi ya shafa sun shimfiɗa daga Seattle, WA zuwa kudu kamar Los Angeles, CA. Las Vegas ta kafa rikodin rikodin Fabrairu tare da digiri {{Convert|16|°F|1}} ° F (−8.9 ° C) a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, 1989. * Disamba 1989 Ruwa mai sanyi na Amurka - A ƙarshen 1989, tsakiya da gabashin Amurka sun ga ɗaya daga cikin Disamba mafi sanyi a rikodin. An yi farin Kirsimeti. '''1990–1991''' * Winter na 1990-91 a Yammacin Turai - An lura da wannan hunturu saboda tasirinsa musamman a kan [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]] da kuma dusar ƙanƙara biyu da suka faru a watan Disamba 1990 da Fabrairu 1991, ba za a sake ganin irin wannan dusar ƙara ba har zuwa Fabrairu 2009. Lokacin hunturu shine mafi sanyi tun watan Janairu 1987. * Disamba 1990 yammacin Amurka - matsanancin sanyi ya sauka daga Kanada a rabi na biyu na Disamba, ya haifar da yanayin zafi mai yawa a Yammacin Yamma, gami da daya daga cikin mafi lalacewar California tun 1949. '''1994''' * 1994 Yaduwar sanyi ta Arewacin Amurka / Kudancin Kanada - Janairu 1994 ita ce watan da ya fi sanyi da aka taɓa yin rikodin ko kuma tun daga Janairu 1977 ko Fabrairu 1934 a sassa da yawa na arewa maso gabashin Amurka, tare da kusa da kudu maso gabashin Kanada. An saita rikodin rikodin dare da yawa. Yaduwar sanyi ta ci gaba zuwa watan Fabrairu amma tsananin ya ragu. [[Detroit]], Michigan ta ga yanayin zafi mafi sanyi a birnin tun 1985. '''1995''' * 1995 [[Girgizar Kasa ta fari|White Earthquake]] in southern [[Chile]] – In August 1995 southern Chile was struck by a cold wave consisting of two successive cold fronts. Fodder scarcity caused a severe livestock starvation. Cows and sheep were also buried in snow. In parts of Tierra del Fuego up to 80% of the sheep died. * December 1995 Great Britain cold wave – On the 30th of December the United Kingdom recorded a record low of {{Convert|−27.2|C|F}} in Altnaharra in [[Scotland]] equalling the record set on February 11, 1895, and January 10, 1982. '''1996''' * 1996 Babban barkewar sanyi na Midwest - ƙarshen Janairu da farkon Fabrairu shine mafi sanyi na Arewacin [[Minnesota]] a cikin rikodin. An rubuta rikodin rikodin -60 ° F (-51.1 ° C) a Tower, Minnesota. Birane kamar Minneapolis sun sami yanayin zafi kusa da -35 ° F (-37.2 ° C). '''1997''' * 1997 Yaduwar iska mai sanyi a Arewacin Filayen - Tsakiyar Janairu a fadin Arewacin Amurka tana ɗaya daga cikin iska mafi zafi a rikodin. Tare da ƙarancin kusan -40 ° F ({{Convert|-40|°F|1}}.0 ° C) a wasu wurare, iska ta haifar da sanyi mai sanyi wani lokacin yana kusa da -80 ° F (-62.2 ° C). Yankunan [[North Dakota|Arewacin Dakota]] sun ga har zuwa inci 90 (2.29 na dusar ƙanƙara. Wannan ya kasance daya daga cikin mummunar barkewar iska mai sanyi na shekarun 1990. '''2000''' * Yuli 2000 na ɗaya daga cikin watanni mafi sanyi a rubuce a Kudancin Amurka. Ruwan iska mai sanyi 4 ya ratsa nahiyar a cikin makonni 2, wanda ya haifar da yanayin zafi sosai a kasashe da yawa. Asunción ta yi rajista -1 ° C (31 ° F), [[Buenos Aires]] (Ezeiza Airport) ta kai kusan -3 ° C (27 ° F), kuma a Brazil birane da yawa sun rubuta mafi ƙarancin yanayin zafi a cikin shekaru da yawa. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Curitiba]] tana da kwanaki 12 masu ban mamaki na yanayin sanyi, wanda ya kai -4 ° C (26 ° F), kuma wasu yankuna na jihohin kudancin Rio Grande do Sul da Santa Catarina sun kai -11 ° C (14 ° F). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Har ila yau, dusar ƙanƙara ce sosai a cikin waɗannan jihohin. Har ma sanyi ya kai ga Amazon, tare da wasu biranen a kudancin gandun daji kusa da yanayin zafi na 10 ° C (50 ° F).&nbsp;&nbsp; === Ruwa mai sanyi na ƙarni na 21 (2001-yanzu) === '''2002''' * 2002 Ruwa mai sanyi a Girka Janairu 4 - dusar ƙanƙara ta farko ta karni na 21 a Athens, Girka ta faru a ranar 4 ga Janairu, ta ɗauki kwanaki uku kuma ta haifar da babbar matsala ga birnin. Ruwan dusar ƙanƙara mai yawa a tsakar dare na Janairu 5 ya bar akalla 15 cm na dusar ƙara a ƙasa a cikin garin Athens, yankunan arewacin Athens sun sami fiye da 50 cm.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2002 |title=2002 cold wave |url=https://antisimvatikos.blogspot.com/2002/01/blog-post_06.html |access-date=15 June 2021 |website=antisimvatikos.blogspot |ref=1}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; '''2004–2005''' * 2004 Yaduwar sanyi a watan Janairu, Arewa maso gabashin Amurka - New England ta kasance kusa da wata mai rikodin lokacin da yawan Arctic ya haifar da yanayin sanyi. [[Boston]] tana da mafi sanyi a watan Janairu tun 1893 ({{Convert|19.7|F|C}} ° F, -6.8 ° C), lokacin da ta kai matsakaicin {{Convert|20.7|F|C}} ° F (−6.3 ° C), kuma mafi ƙarancin matsakaicin matsakaicin a {{Convert|27.2|F|C}} ° F (-2.7 ° C). Virginia Beach tana da wani lokaci mai tsawo na ƙasa da yanayin sanyi. Wasu yankuna na arewacin New York sun ga inci 150 (3.81 na dusar ƙanƙara a cikin wata ɗaya. Yawancin sassan yamma da tsakiyar yammacin kasar sun ga tasirin. * 2004 Fabrairu sanyi raƙuman ruwa a Girka a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu - iska mafi sanyi da ta buge Girka a karni na 21 har zuwa yau - an jawo iska mai sanyi sosai daga Arewacin Pole a gabashin Turai saboda tsarin matsin lamba a yammacin Scandinavia ya kai ga kudancin Turai, wanda ya haifar da tsarin matsin matsin lamba mai sauƙi a cikin Balkans. Rashin sanyi a ƙarshe ya koma kudu ya buga Girka kuma ya haifar da 'rikodin yanayin zafi, ruwan sama mai daskarewa, tsawa a [[Athens]], dusar ƙanƙara da ta rufe tsibirin tsibirin tsibiri, dusarƙara da ke faɗuwa har ma a kudancin Girka a tsibirin Gavdos. A lokacin tsakar dare na Fabrairu 13 zafin jiki a Athens ya sauka da sauri wanda ya haifar da ruwan sama mai daskarewa wanda ya rufe dukkan bishiyoyi, sannan ya biyo bayan wani abu mai ban mamaki wanda ya sauka 25 cm na dusar ƙanƙara a tsakiyar Athens da fiye da 50 cm a yankunan gabashin. &nbsp;&nbsp;A safiyar ranar 13 ga watan Fabrairu an rubuta mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki na karni na 21 a tsakiyar Athens har zuwa yau na -5 ° C (23 ° F) digiri (wasu tashoshin meteorological a gabashin tsakiyar gari a kan tsawo mafi girma da aka rubuta -7 ° C (19,4 ° F)) wanda ya haifar da rushewar samar da ruwa kuma mazauna dole ne su kunna boilers da ruwa masu dumama don sake yin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2004 |title=2004/02 |url=https://antisimvatikos.blogspot.com/2004/02/blog-post.html |access-date=20 June 2021 |website=antisimvatikos.blogspot |ref=1}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; * 2004-2005 Kudancin Turai sanyi - Dukkanin yankunan Kudancin Yuropa sun ga hunturu mai tsanani. Wannan yanayin sanyi ya haifar da dusar ƙanƙara a [[Aljeriya]], wanda ba a saba gani ba. Kudancin Spain da Morocco suma sun rubuta yanayin sanyi, kuma an lura da yanayin sanyi a arewacin Portugal da Spain.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> '''2005–2006''' * 2005-06 Yammacin Turai - Gabashin Turai da Rasha sun ga hunturu mai sanyi sosai. Wasu daga cikinsu sun ga mafi sanyi a rubuce ko tun daga shekarun 1970s. Snow ya kasance mai yawa a wurare masu ban mamaki, kamar a kudancin Spain da Arewacin Afirka. Dukkanin watanni na hunturu a wannan lokacin sun ga yanayin zafi a ƙasa da matsakaici a duk faɗin nahiyar. '''2007''' * 2007 Ruwa mai sanyi na Arewacin Hemisphere - Dukkanin Kanada da mafi yawan Amurka sun sami daskarewa bayan dumama na makonni biyu wanda ya faru a ƙarshen Maris da farkon Afrilu. Amfanin gona ya daskare, iska ta karɓa, kuma dusar ƙanƙara ta zubar da yawancin Amurka. Wasu sassan Turai suma sun fuskanci yanayin sanyi mai kama da hunturu, a wannan lokacin. * [[Yuli 2007 Guguwar hunturu ta Argentina|Yuli 2007]] guguwa hunturu ta [[Argentina]] - Ma'amala tare da wani yanki na tsarin matsin lamba a duk faɗin Argentina a lokacin Yuli 6, 7 da 8 na 2007, kuma shigar da babban sanyi mai sanyi ya haifar da dusar ƙanƙara mai tsanani da dusar qanƙara, da kuma rikodin yanayin zafi a ƙasa da -32 ° C (-26 ° F). Rashin sanyi ya ci gaba daga kudu zuwa tsakiyar yankin kasar, yana ci gaba da motsi zuwa arewa a lokacin Asabar, Yuli 7. A ranar Litinin, 9 ga Yuli, kasancewar iska mai sanyi a lokaci guda, ya haifar da dusar ƙanƙara. Wannan abin mamaki ya bar akalla mutane 23 da suka mutu.&nbsp; '''2008''' * 2008 Alaska sanyi raƙuman ruwa - A farkon Fabrairu, Alaska ta sami yanayin sanyi na shekaru takwas, tare da Fairbanks kusa da -50 ° F (-45.6 ° C) da Chicken, Alaska, suna sauka a -72 ° F (-57.8 ° C), kawai takwas ° F (4.4 ° C) daga rikodin -80 ° F (-62.2 ° C). Rabin farko na watan Janairu ya kawo yanayin sanyi mai ban mamaki da dusar ƙanƙara mai nauyi ga yankuna masu yawa na kasar Sin da [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]], dusar ƙara ta kasance a [[Bagdaza|Bagadaza]] a karo na farko tun daga shekarun 1910.<ref name="baghdadsnowfall">[https://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/baghdad-sees-snow-for-the-1st-time-in-12-years/679070 Baghdad sees snow for the 1st time in 12 years] Accuweather {{Dead link}}</ref> * 2008 Girka sanyi raƙuman Fabrairu 16 - mafi mahimmancin sanyi wanda ya ɗauki kwanaki uku bayan 2002 - A ranar 14 ga Fabrairu wani babban matsin lamba tsakanin Greenland da Scandinavia ya shimfiɗa daga Tekun Arctic zuwa yammacin Bahar Rum tare da babban tsarin matsin lamba a Siberia wanda ya haifar da iska mai sanyi a gabashin Turai ya kai Girka a ranar 16 ga Fabrairun. Iska mai sanyi da ya motsa a kan teku ta Aegean ya haifar da dusar ƙanƙara mai tasirin tafkin da ya sauka fiye da 40 cm na dusar ƙara a Athens a cikin gundumar Chaidari. &nbsp;Bugu da kari, ya haifar da babbar matsala ga birnin kuma an soke jirage da yawa saboda mummunan yanayin yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2008 |title=2008/02 |url=https://antisimvatikos.blogspot.com/2008/02/2008.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204347/https://antisimvatikos.blogspot.com/2008/02/2008.html |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=20 June 2021 |website=antisimvatikos.blogspot |ref=1}}</ref> '''2009–2010''' * Farkon 2009 European Cold Wave - Farkon Janairu ya ba da mafi yawan Turai, musamman a tsakiya da kudu yanayin sanyi sosai. Wasu wurare kamar Jamus, Faransa, Italiya, {{Convert|0|°C}} da Spain suna da yanayin sanyi mai zurfi a ƙasa da 0 ° C (32 ° F). Yawancin wuraren an rufe su da dusar ƙanƙara da kankara wanda ya haifar da rufe makarantu da jinkirin filin jirgin sama. Manyan birane kamar [[Faris|Paris]], [[Madrid]], [[Berlin]] har ma da [[Marseille]] sun ga yanayin sanyi sosai tare da dusar ƙanƙara da kankara da yawa a Arewacin Italiya, mafi yawan Jamus, a arewacin [[Portugal]] har ma da bakin tekun [[Bahar Rum]]. A farkon watan Fabrairu wani sanyi ya kawo dusar ƙanƙara mai yawa ga yawancin Yammacin Turai tare da dusar ƙara mafi nauyi da ke fadowa a Faransa, Arewacin Italiya, Low Countries da Ingila, inda sassan Kudancin Ingila suka ga mafi munin dusar ƙana a cikin shekaru goma sha takwas [[Landan]] ya haifar da rushewar tafiye-tafiye musamman a kusa da London. * Fabrairu 2009 dusar ƙanƙara ta Burtaniya da Ireland - A watan Fabrairun 2009 dusarƙara ta Biritaniya da Ireland wani lokaci ne mai tsawo na dusar ƙara wanda ya fara a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 2009. Wasu yankuna sun sami mafi girman dusar ƙanƙara a cikin shekaru 18. Snow ya fadi a kan yawancin Yammacin Turai.<ref name="Blanket of snow over much of Europe">{{Cite web |date=2 February 2009 |title=Blanket of snow over much of Europe |url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0202/europeweather.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205075317/http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0202/europeweather.html |archive-date=5 February 2009 |access-date=6 February 2009 |publisher=[[RTÉ]]}}</ref> Ofishin Met na Burtaniya da Met Éireann na Ireland sun ba da gargadi mai tsanani game da dusar ƙanƙara. Fiye da 30 centimeters (12 in) na dusar ƙanƙara ya fadi a wasu sassan Arewacin Downs kuma sama da 20 centimeters (8 in) a wasu sashe na yankin London. Irin wannan tarin dusar ƙanƙara ba abu ne mai yawa a Landan ba.<ref name="msnbc1">{{Cite web |date=2 February 2009 |title=Snow causes London to slow to crawl |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna28972533 |access-date=6 February 2009 |website=NBC News}}</ref> A safiyar ranar 6 ga Fabrairu yawancin Burtaniya da Ireland suna da dusar ƙanƙara, tare da yankin da ke kewaye da [[Bristol]] Channel (Kudancin Wales (Yankin Cardiff) da Kudu maso Yammacin Ingila (Yankin Bristol)) sun fi shafa - 55 centimeters (22 in) sun zauna da dare a kusa da Okehampton, Devon, Kudu maso Yankin Ingila tare da irin wannan zurfin a Kudancin Wales. A Ireland an rubuta mafi girman jimlar a kusa da Gabashin Kildare da Wicklow County sun kai inci 11 (28 sun fadi a kusa da Naas, County Kildare har ma da yawa tare da Dutsen Wicklow. Lokaci na karshe irin wannan dusar ƙanƙara da ya shafi Burtaniya shine a watan Fabrairun 1991. A karo na biyu jimlar 32 centimeters (13 in) sun fadi a Leatherhead, Surrey kawai kudu da M25. Har ila yau 30 centimeters (12 in) sun fadi a kan Kudancin Downs da 26 centimeters (10 in) a wurare mafi girma na Brighton. * 2009-10 Yankin sanyi na Turai - Akalla an tabbatar da mutuwar mutum casa'in bayan rikodin yanayin zafi da dusar ƙanƙara mai yawa a duk faɗin Turai yana haifar da rushewar tafiye-tafiye zuwa yawancin nahiyar ciki har da Tsibirin Burtaniya, Faransa, Ƙasashe masu ƙasƙanci, Jamus, Austria, Italiya, [[Poland]], Kasashen Baltic, Balkans, [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] da Rasha. Ya kasance hunturu mafi sanyi kuma mafi tsawo na sanyi na shekaru talatin a Ƙasar Ingila, yayin da yanayin zafi a tsaunukan [[Alps|Alpine]] na Italiya ya kai ƙasa zuwa matsanancin -47 ° C (-52.6 ° F).   * Snowfall na farko ya fara ne a ranar 17 ga Disamba 2009, kafin hutu a lokacin Kirsimeti. Mafi tsananin dusar ƙanƙara ya fara ne a ranar 5 ga Janairu a Arewa maso Yammacin Ingila da yammacin Scotland tare da yanayin zafi da ya kai -17.6 ° C (0.3 ° F) a Greater Manchester, Ingila. dusar ƙanƙara ta bazu zuwa Kudancin Ingila a ranar 6 ga Janairu kuma a ranar 7 ga Janairu an rufe Ƙasar Ingila da dusar ƙara, <ref name="summary" /> wanda tauraron dan adam na NASA na Terra ya kama. Rashin narkewa ya zo mako guda bayan haka, yayin da yanayin zafi ya fara karuwa.<ref name="summary" /> Yanayin hunturu ya kawo rikice-rikice na sufuri, rufe makarantu, gazawar wutar lantarki, jinkirta abubuwan wasanni da mutuwar 25. &nbsp;An rubuta ƙananan -22.3 a Altnaharra, [[Scotland]] a ranar 8 ga Janairun 2010. Gabaɗaya shine hunturu mafi sanyi tun 1978-79, tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki na {{Convert|1.5|°C|1}} ° C (34.7 ° F). * Winter of 2009-10 a Great Britain da Ireland - Winter of 200910 a United Kingdom (wanda kuma ake kira The Big Freeze ta kafofin watsa labarai na Burtaniya) wani taron yanayi ne wanda ya fara a ranar 16 ga Disamba 2009, a matsayin wani ɓangare na mummunan yanayin hunturu a Turai. Janairu 2010 ta kasance Janairu mafi sanyi tun 1987 a duk faɗin ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=January 2010 |url=http://metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/2010/january.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117191208/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/2010/january.html |archive-date=17 January 2012 |access-date=20 February 2010 |publisher=The [[Met Office]]}}</ref> Tsarin sanyi na arewa da na gabas ya kawo sanyi, iska mai laushi zuwa [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]] tare da ruwan dusar ƙanƙara da yawa, gaba da ƙananan polar da ke kawo yanayin dusar ƙana tare da shi. * Ruwa mai sanyi ya shafi yawancin Kudancin Kudancin Amurka da [[Florida]] a cikin Janairu da Fabrairu 2010. '''2010–2011''' * Winter of 2010-11 a Great Britain da Ireland - Wannan hunturu an kira shi The Big Freeze ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai na ƙasa a duka Ingila da Ireland kuma shine hunturu mafi sanyi a Burtaniya na shekaru 31 tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki na {{Convert|1.51|C}} ° C ° F). Burtaniya tana da Disamba na biyu mafi sanyi a rikodin, kawai bayan Disamba 1890, kuma an dauke ta mafi sanyi a cikin rikodin a waje da Ingila. * 2011 New Zealand snowstorms- Ya haifaLr da guguwar Antarctic da ke motsawa sama, duk ƙasar ta shafi ɗan gajeren lokaci a watan Yulin 2011, kawai don ta dawo da ƙarfi a watan Agusta na dogon lokaci. Te Waipounamu / Tsibirin Kudancin shine mafi wuya, kodayake gabaɗaya Te Ika-a-Maui / Tsibirin Arewa ya shafi sosai. Yaduwar dusar ƙanƙara mai nauyi ya faɗi a Wellington a karo na farko a cikin shekaru ashirin, kuma a Auckland a karo na biyu tun daga shekarun 1930. Duk da wannan, Kiwis, musamman yara, ba su da rikici saboda dusar ƙanƙara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-01 |title=Kiwis marvel at Auckland and Wellington snow - Storyful |url=http://storyful.com/stories/1000006477 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201194052/http://storyful.com/stories/1000006477 |archive-date=2014-02-01 |access-date=2019-01-30}}</ref> * MwoeFarkon 2012 Yankin sanyi na Turai - Ya zuwa ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 2012, akalla mutane 590 sun mutu a lokacin sanyi tare da yanayin zafi da ya fadi ƙasa da -35 ° C (-31 ° F) a wasu yankuna.<ref name="Pidd, Helen & Elder, Helen">{{Cite web |last=Pidd |first=Helen |last2=Elder |first2=Miriam |date=3 February 2012 |title=European cold snap threatens energy crisis as death toll rises |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/03/europe-cold-energy-death-toll |access-date=20 January 2018 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> A [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]], an danganta mutuwar sama da 100 ga sanyi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kyiv Post: Ukraine Cold Spell Death Toll Rises 101 |url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/121772/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204232211/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/121772/ |archive-date=February 4, 2012}}</ref> '''2013''' * United Kingdom Maris-Afrilu 2013 - Ruwa mai sanyi na Burtaniya Spring 2013 ya kasance mai tsawo na yanayin sanyi wanda ya kawo dusar ƙanƙara mai yawa, mafi muni a watan Maris na shekaru 30 kuma tun 1947 a wasu wurare. Har ila yau, akwai wasu yanayin sanyi sosai tare da Ingila (CET) yana da Maris mafi sanyi tun 1883 tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki na kowane wata na {{Cvt|2.7|C}} ° C (36.9 ° F). Wannan yana nufin cewa Maris ya fi sanyi fiye da dukkan watanni uku na hunturu Disamba 2012, Janairu da Fabrairu 2013.   * Spring 2013 Arewacin Amurka sanyi - Ko da yake ainihin hunturu na 2012-13 ya kasance mai sauƙi, duka Maris da Afrilu sun kasance sanyi sosai a fadin Midwest, wanda ya haifar da bambancin zafin jiki daga Maris 2012 zuwa Maris 2013 a duk faɗin Amurka da Kanada. Wannan guguwar sanyi ta ƙarshe ba zato ba tsammani ba ne saboda Fabrairu da Maris 2013 an yi hasashen cewa sun fi sauƙi kuma sun fi kama da bazara fiye da Fabrairu zuwa Maris 2012, amma a maimakon haka sun fito da kusan matsakaicin Fabrairu kuma Maris mai sanyi. Wannan guguwar sanyi ta kai ga watan Afrilu, yayin da manyan guguwa huɗu na hunturu suka shafi yawancin arewacin Amurka, musamman a fadin Minnesota da Dakotas. Minnesota ta fuskanci guguwar dusar ƙanƙara ta Mayu sakamakon wannan guguwar sanyi. * A watan Yulin 2013, Kudancin Amurka ta fuskanci matsanancin sanyi a cikin shekaru 13. Wasu yankunan bakin teku na Argentina da Uruguay suna da kwanaki da yawa na kusan yanayin sanyi, kuma dusar ƙanƙara ta faɗi a duk Kudancin Brazil, har ma an yi rajista a [[Curitiba]] a karo na farko tun 1988. * 2013 Tsakiyar Gabas ta Tsakiya - [[Cyprus]], Masar, [[Misra|Misira]]'ila, [[Gaɓar Yamma|Yammacin Kogin]] [[Jodan|Jordan]], [[Lebanon]] da [[Siriya]]. '''2013–2014''' * Disamba 2013 Ruwa mai sanyi na Arewacin Amurka - A ranar 1 ga Disamba, raunanawar polar vortex ya haifar da jet stream yana motsawa zuwa kudu, wanda ya ba da damar yanayin sanyi mara kyau don shiga Amurka ta Tsakiya. A ranar 6 ga watan Disamba, an kafa rikodin dusar ƙanƙara na yau da kullun na 0.1 inci (2.5 a cikin Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex, ya karya tsohuwar rikodin ƙarancin dusar ƙara, wanda aka kafa a cikin 1950.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dallas, TX Weather Forecast from Weather Underground |url=http://www.wunderground.com/US/tx/dallas.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609141055/http://www.wunderground.com/US/TX/Dallas.html |archive-date=2015-06-09 |access-date=2013-12-06 |publisher=Wunderground.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dallas, Texas (75201) Conditions & Forecast |url=http://weather.wfaa.com/cgi-bin/findweather/getForecast?brand=wfaa&target=wfaa&query=Dallas,TX |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211011500/http://weather.wfaa.com/cgi-bin/findweather/getForecast?brand=wfaa&target=wfaa&query=Dallas%2CTX |archive-date=2013-12-11 |access-date=2013-12-06 |publisher=Weather.wfaa.com}}</ref> Ruwa mai sanyi ya ci gaba har zuwa ranar 10 ga watan Disamba, kafin yanayin zafi ya koma cikin kwanciyar hankali. * [[Janairu-Maris 2014 Ruwa mai sanyi na Arewacin Amurka|Farkon 2014 Ruwa mai sanyi na Arewacin Amurka]] - A watan Janairun 2-11, iska mai sanyi da aka fara danganta da Easter ta mamaye tsakiya da gabashin Amurka da Kanada, gabashin Rockies. Yanayin zafi ya fi sanyi fiye da Arewacin Pole da Kudancin Pole a yankuna da yawa a cikin Upper Midwest da Kanada. Yanayin zafi ya kai sanyi kamar -37 ° F (-38 ° C), kuma bai ma fita daga mummunan lambobi biyu a wurare da yawa ba, gami da [[Chicago]]. Ruwa mai sanyi ya kara da 'yan watanni, yana kawo ci gaba da tsarin rikodin yanayin zafi ga mafi yawan Tsakiya da Gabashin Gabashin Amurka, kafin tsarin ya ƙare a farkon Afrilu. '''2014–2015''' * [[Nuwamba 2014 Ruwa mai sanyi na Arewacin Amurka]] - Tsakanin Nuwamba 8 da Nuwamba 23, wani polar vortex mai kama da na baya a shekarar 2014 yana da dawowa na wucin gadi, yana isar da manyan hadari uku na hunturu na farko a Amurka. An tabbatar da bayanan dusar ƙanƙara a duk faɗin Midwest da Arewa maso gabas, musamman a kusa da Great Lakes. Buffalo, New York, ta kasance daga cikin wadanda suka fi wahala a cikin watan Nuwamba. * Fabrairu 2015 Ruwa mai sanyi na Arewacin Amurka - A lokacin rabi na biyu na Fabrairu 2015, an karya rikodin zafin jiki a bangarorin biyu na bakan. An karya rikodin zafi mai zafi a yammacin rabin Amurka kuma an karya rikodin sanyi mai sanyi a gabashin rabin. Baya ga matsanancin raƙuman sanyi a mafi muni a cikin Great Lakes, Mid-Atlantic, da New England, an ruwaito dusar ƙanƙara har zuwa kudu kamar Tupelo, Mississippi; Huntsville, Alabama; da Shreveport, Louisiana. Ruwa mai sanyi ya zama yadu kuma duk sauran yanayi masu sauƙi daga yamma an tura su zuwa arewacin Mexico. Har ma guguwar sanyi ta kai ga farkon watan Maris, tare da wani ɓangare na kowace jiha ta Amurka ban da [[Florida]] da ke ba da rahoton dusar ƙanƙara a ranar 1 ga Maris, 2015. '''2016''' '''2017''' * Afrilu 2017 - An yi rikodin yanayin zafi a [[Sarajevo]] daga dusar ƙanƙara mai ban mamaki wanda ya buge birnin, yana rushe zirga-zirga tun lokacin guguwar sanyi ta 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2017 |title=Snow in April in Bosnia and Herzegovina! |url=http://www.sarajevotimes.com/snow-april-bosnia-herzegovina/}}</ref> * Janairu 2017 Ruwa mai sanyi na Turai - Ruwa mai zafi ya mamaye Tsakiyar Turai da Gabashin Turai a ranar 5 ga Janairu. Mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki shine -45.4 .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Потепление приближается |trans-title=The warming is coming |url=http://www.meteovesti.ru/news/63619645752-poteplenie-priblizhaetsya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110075728/http://www.meteovesti.ru/news/63619645752-poteplenie-priblizhaetsya |archive-date=10 January 2017 |access-date=11 January 2017 |language=ru}}</ref> Rashin sanyi ya haifar da akalla mutuwar mutane 60. Har ila yau, akwai dusar ƙanƙara mai yawa. '''2017–2018''' * Ruwa mai sanyi na Nuwamba 9-12, 2017. An karya rikodin rikodin daga Minneapolis zuwa [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], yayin da iska ta Arctic ta ratsa yankunan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2017 |title=Arctic Cold Setting Dozens of Daily Records in the Northeast, Midwest Through Veterans Day &#124; the Weather Channel |url=https://weather.com/forecast/regional/news/2017-11-07-record-cold-temperatures-northeast-winter-chill}}</ref> * Ruwa mai sanyi wanda ya fara a ƙarshen Disamba 2017 (Disamba 24 bi da bi), [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]]. Ruwa mai tsananin zafin jiki, gami da raƙuman sanyi, ya faru a Kanada da arewa maso gabashin da tsakiyar yankunan Amurka daga Arewacin Kanada zuwa Mississippi, tare da yanayin zafi a yawancin Kanada na kusa da -29 ° C (−20 ° F) kuma kamar yadda yake ƙasa da -39 ° C (--38 ° F) a jihar New York, kuma har zuwa {{Convert|21|C|F}} ° C (70 ° F) da {{Convert|31|C|F}} ° C (88 ° F) A Sandberg da Los Angeles, bi da bi, a California. '''2018''' * A Ƙarshen Fabrairu da farkon tsakiyar Maris 2018, Turai. Iska ta Easter ta haifar da yanayi mai zafi, tare da dusar ƙanƙara, sau biyu a farkon bazara na 2018. Guguwar Emma, wacce ta shafi yankunan kudancin Burtaniya, ta kawo har zuwa 50 centimeters (20 in) na dusar ƙanƙara. Gabaɗaya, mutane 93 a duk faɗin Turai sun mutu; mutuwar 27 ta faru a Poland da 17 a Burtaniya. * A farkon watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018, wasu raƙuman sanyi sun mamaye Tsakiyar Rasha da Kazakhstan, suna kawo yanayin zafi da yawa daga matsakaici. Manyan birane kamar [[Novosibirsk]], [[Krasnoyarsk]], [[Omsk]], [[Irkutsk]], da Barnaul sun sami yanayin zafi na -10 C ko ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Погода в Новосибирске - климатический монитор за декабрь 2018 года |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php?id=29638&month=12&year=2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127061336/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php?id=29638&month=12&year=2018 |archive-date=2020-11-27 |access-date=2019-12-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Погода в Омске - климатический монитор за декабрь 2018 года |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php?id=28698&month=12&year=2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127063315/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php?id=28698&month=12&year=2018 |archive-date=2020-11-27 |access-date=2019-12-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Погода в Красноярске - климатический монитор за декабрь 2018 года |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php?id=29570&month=12&year=2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127044750/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php?id=29570&month=12&year=2018 |archive-date=2020-11-27 |access-date=2019-12-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Погода в Братске - климатический монитор за декабрь 2018 года |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php?id=30309&month=12&year=2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127061404/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php?id=30309&month=12&year=2018 |archive-date=2020-11-27 |access-date=2019-12-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Погода в Барнауле - климатический монитор за декабрь 2018 года |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php?id=29838&month=12&year=2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127050120/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php?id=29838&month=12&year=2018 |archive-date=2020-11-27 |access-date=2019-12-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Погода в Томске - климатический монитор за декабрь 2018 года |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php?id=29430&month=12&year=2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127054008/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php?id=29430&month=12&year=2018 |archive-date=2020-11-27 |access-date=2019-12-23}}</ref> Ruwa mai sanyi ya ɓace a tsakiyar watan Disamba, amma ya dawo kusa da Kirsimeti, ya sake tasiri ga Tsakiyar Rasha da Kazakhstan sosai, kafin a ƙarshe ya ɓace kusa da Sabuwar Shekara. Mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki, -52.5 ya faru a Yerbogachen a ranar Kirsimeti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Погода в Ербогачене - климатический монитор за декабрь 2018 года |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php?id=24817&month=12&year=2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127065018/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php?id=24817&month=12&year=2018 |archive-date=2020-11-27 |access-date=2019-12-23}}</ref> '''2019''' * A ƙarshen Janairu, wani matsanancin raƙuman sanyi ya buge [[Kanada]] da tsakiyar yamma Amurka, ya kawo yanayin zafi a ƙasa da -30.0 °C (-22.0 , tare da ƙarancin rikodin lokaci da aka saita a birane da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=So far 2019 has set 35 records for heat and 2 for cold |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2192369-so-far-2019-has-set-35-records-for-heat-and-2-for-cold/}}</ref> [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] yana da ƙananan zafin jiki na 2 ° F (-16 ° C), mafi sanyi karatu a Central Park tun daga ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 2016, lokacin da mercury ya sauka zuwa -1 ° F (-18 ° C), sanyi mafi sanyi a Birnin Nework tun daga Janairu 19, 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NYC Faces Wind Chills Well Below Zero After its First Snow Squall Warning |url=https://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2019/01/30/nyc-faces-wind-chills-well-below-zero-after-snow-squall |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=www.ny1.com |language=en}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; * Fabrairu 2019: Ya kawo yanayin zafi 10~15 digiri ƙasa da matsakaicin Fabrairu, da kuma yanayin zafi na -40 ° C (-40 ° F) digiri zuwa sassa da yawa na Siberia. [[Novosibirsk]], birni mafi girma a Asiya Rasha, ya sauka zuwa -40.1 °C (−40.2 a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, kawai wani ɓangare na digiri yana jin kunya ga rikodin da ya gabata a shekarar 1977. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Погода в Новосибирске - климатический монитор за февраль 2019 года |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php?id=29638&month=2&year=2019}}</ref> [[Krasnoyarsk]] kuma ya sauka zuwa -41.3 °C (−42.3 a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, ya ɓace kawai 0.3 °C zuwa rikodin sa a shekara ta 2001. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Погода в Красноярске - климатический монитор за февраль 2019 года |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php?id=29570&month=2&year=2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127055722/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php?id=29570&month=2&year=2019 |archive-date=2020-11-27 |access-date=2019-10-20}}</ref> &nbsp;Har ila yau, [[Irkutsk]] Oblast ya yi rikodin yanayin zafi sosai, tare da Irkutsk ya buga -37.7 ° C (-35.9 ° F) a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, ya doke rikodin da ya gabata na 6 ga Fabira, Bratsk ya ga yanayin zafi a ƙasa da -41.5 ° C (-42.7 ° F) ranar 5 ga Fabrairi, wanda wani lokacin ya fi sanyi fiye da biranen kamar Yakutsk.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Погода в Иркутске - климатический монитор за февраль 2019 года |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php?id=30710&month=2&year=2019}}</ref> 7 da 8 Fabrairu sun fi tsanani, tare da [[Omsk]] kamar yadda yake ƙasa da -39.0 , da kuma rikodin rashin tausayi mai ƙarancin -41.9 a Novokuznetsk, kawai 0.3 °C gajere da rikodin a shekarar 1969.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Погода в Омске - климатический монитор за февраль 2019 года |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php?id=28698&month=2&year=2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Погода в Новокузнецке - климатический монитор за февраль 2019 года |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php?id=29842&month=2&year=2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127063004/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php?id=29842&month=2&year=2019 |archive-date=2020-11-27 |access-date=2019-11-10}}</ref> &nbsp;An rubuta mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki a cikin guguwar sanyi na -53.6 a Vanavara Guguwar sanyi ta kuma shafi Gabashin Gabashin Rasha da wasu sassan Arewacin Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Погода в Ванаваре - климатический монитор за февраль 2019 года |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php?id=24908&month=2&year=2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127045330/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php?id=24908&month=2&year=2019 |archive-date=2020-11-27 |access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref> California ta fuskanci Fabrairu mai sanyi da sanyi, inda Los Angeles ta fuskanci watan Fabrairu mafi sanyi tun 1962. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-25 |title=February is coldest in Los Angeles in nearly 60 years |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-cold-february-20190225-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131110624/https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-cold-february-20190225-story.html |archive-date=2020-01-31 |access-date=2020-01-25 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> * Nuwamba 2019: Ruwa mai sanyi na Arewacin Amurka * Nuwamba 2019: Ruwa mai sanyi na Turkiyya '''2020''' * Fabrairu 2020: dusar ƙanƙara ta fadi a karo na biyu a Baghdad tun daga shekarun 1910. * Oktoba 2020: Dutsen Rocky da Great Plains na Amurka sun sami yanayin sanyi mai sanyi. An rubuta yanayin zafi na Fahrenheit (< -18 ° C) a [[Montana]], [[Wyoming]], [[Colorado]], da [[Nebraska]]. &nbsp;Bozeman, Montana, ya kai -20 ° F (−29 ° C) kuma [[Denver]], Colorado ya kai {{Convert|4|F|C}} ° F (-160 ° C). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fox |first=Lauren |last2=Puleo |first2=Mark |date=October 27, 2020 |title=Bitter cold obliterates records in western US as storm dumps snow, ice |url=https://www.accuweather.com/en/winter-weather/bitter-cold-obliterates-records-in-western-us-as-storm-dumps-snow-ice/837913 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105083235/http://www.accuweather.com/en/winter-weather/bitter-cold-obliterates-records-in-western-us-as-storm-dumps-snow-ice/837913 |archive-date=November 5, 2020 |access-date=November 7, 2020 |website=www.accuweather.com}}</ref> '''2021''' * Janairu 2021: Ruwa mai sanyi mai tsanani ya mamaye yankuna da yawa a Eurasia, musamman a yankin Iberian, Asiya ta Tsakiya, Asiya ta Kudu, Gabashin Asiya da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya tare da wasu daga cikin mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin shekaru da yawa. A Spain, Clot del Tuc de la Llança a Catalonia a cikin Pyrenees na Mutanen Espanya ya rubuta -34.1 °C a ranar 6 ga Janairu. &nbsp;Ba wai kawai sabon rikodin zafin jiki mafi ƙasƙanci a Spain ba ne, 2 ° C ƙasa da rikodin da ya gabata a 1956, har ma da mafi ƙasƙantar da zafin jiki a duk Yankin Iberian da aka taɓa yin rikodin. &nbsp;A ranar 9 ga watan Janairu an sami wani sabon rikodin tare da -35.6 °C a Vega de Liordes, a cikin tsaunukan Cantabrian na Spain. &nbsp;Ruwa mai sanyi ya kasance tare da guguwar dusar ƙanƙara ta tarihi wacce ta rufe Madrid a ƙarƙashin 50 zuwa 60 cm na dusar ƙara, karo na farko tun 1971. &nbsp;[[Novosibirsk]] ya kai ƙasa da -41 °C. &nbsp;[[Beijing]] ta yi rikodin ƙasa na -19.6 °C wanda shine mafi sanyi tun 1966. &nbsp;[[Seoul]] kuma ta rubuta -18.6 °C a watan Janairu 8 wanda shine rikodin taye tare da 2001 kuma mafi sanyi tun 1986. &nbsp;Fiye da 200 cm na dusar ƙanƙara ya fadi a yammacin Japan tare da gabar Tekun Japan.&nbsp; * Fabrairu 2021: Ruwa mai sanyi na Turkiyya * Fabrairu 2021: Fabrairu 2021.Fabrairu 2021 Ruwa mai sanyi na Arewacin Amurka * Mayu 202{{Convert|1|C}}: [[Sydney]]_CBD" id="mwBPQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Sydney CBD">Sydney CBD ta yi rikodin lokacin sanyi na kwanakin Mayu a cikin shekaru {{Convert|5|C}} saboda fashewar polar da ta mamaye kudu maso gabashin Australia, wanda ya sa yanayin zafi ya kasance ƙasa da {{Convert|9|C}} ° C (48 ° F) a farkon safiya na dare biyar a jere, ban da yankunan da ke cikin Sydney suna nutsewa zuwa 1 ° C (34 ° F) cikin Kamfen da 5 ° C (41 ° F) na Sydney Olympic Park . * Yuni 2021, Sydney CBD ta sami ranar da ta fi sanyi tun 1984 kuma ranar Yuni mafi sanyi tun 1899, inda ta kai matsakaicin {{Convert|10.3|C}} ° C (50.5 ° F). Bankstown, wani yanki na yamma, kawai ya kai {{Convert|9.7|C}} ° C (49.5 ° F), ranar da ta fi sanyi a cikin shekaru 50, tare da unguwanni da ke kusa da su suna yin rajistar irin wannan zafin jiki. Wadannan iyakar sanyi da ba a saba gani ba sun haifar da raguwa. '''2022''' * Fabrairu-Maris 2022: Ruwa mai sanyi na Turkiyya * Mayu 2022: Ruwa mai sanyi na Kudancin Amurka2022 Ruwa mai sanyi na Kudancin Amurka * Yuni 2022: Yankin Aysén a kudancin Chile ya sami yanayin sanyi mai ban mamaki. A wurare da yawa, yanayin zafi ya sauka ƙasa da -10 C.<ref name="tortelcold" /> A wani hali ya kai -14 C.<ref name="tortelcold" /> Sassan Tortel Fjord da Kogin Simpson sun daskare.<ref name="tortelcold" /> A Yankin Los Lagos, arewacin yankin Aysén, an yi rajistar yanayin zafi na -5 C.<ref name="tortelcold" /> * Disamba 2022: Ƙarshen Disamba 2022 Guguwar hunturu ta Arewacin Amurka * Disamba 2022: Disamba 2022 Ruwa mai sanyi na Burtaniya - Wani ɗan gajeren lokaci amma mai mahimmanci wanda ya kawo wasu daga cikin mafi ƙasƙanci da aka rubuta a Burtaniya tun lokacin hunturu na 2010-11. '''2023''' * Fabrairu 2023: Fabrairu 2023 Ruwa mai sanyi na Arewacin Amurka '''2024''' * Janairu 2024: Tsakiyar Janairu 2024 Ruwa Mai sanyi na Arewacin Amurka - Yanayin sanyi ya shafi abubuwan da suka faru na yakin neman zabe wanda ya kai ga Caucuses na Iowa a ranar 15 ga Janairu. Bugu da kari, yanayin sanyi ya haifar da Wasan NFL na 4 mafi sanyi a rikodin tsakanin Kansas City Chiefs da Miami Dolphins, tare da zafin kickoff ya kasance -4 ° F (-20 ° C). An kwantar da mutane 15 a asibiti saboda yanayin sanyi a lokacin wasan. Rashin sanyi na iska bayan guguwar ya kai ƙasa da -60 ° F (-51 ° C) a [[Montana]], kuma sanyi na iska har yanzu yana da -9 ° F (-23 ° C) har zuwa kudu kamar [[Dallas]] a ranar 14 ga Janairu. A ranar 13 ga watan Janairu, Dillon, Montana ta kai ga rikodin lokaci na -42 ° F (-41 ° C), yayin da Bozeman, Montana ta rubuta zafin jiki na biyu mafi sanyi a -45 ° F (43 ° C). A wannan rana, Dickinson, North Dakota ta kai -70 ° F (-57 ° C) sanyi na iska, mafi sanyi tun lokacin da aka sabunta tsarin sanyi na iska a shekara ta 2001, da kuma -33 ° F (-36 ° C) zafin iska, rikodin yau da kullun da kuma mafi sanyi tun daga shekara ta 1990. A ranar 16 ga watan Janairu, {{Convert|19|F|C}} ta sauka zuwa rikodin yau da kullun na 19 ° F (-7 ° C). Duk da wadannan abubuwan da suka faru, lokacin hunturu a Arewacin Amurka ya zama mafi dumi a rikodin ga yankuna da yawa. '''2025''' * Janairu 2025: Janairu 2025 Ruwa mai sanyi na Arewacin Amurka, ya kawo ƙasa da matsakaicin yanayin zafi zuwa Ƙananan 48 Amurka a cikin mafi yawan Janairu 2025. A ranar 20 ga watan Janairu, shugaban Amurka [[Donald Trump]] ya tura rantsarwarsa cikin gida saboda yanayin sanyi a waje. * Janairu 2025: [[January 2025 British Isles cold wave|Janairu 2025 Ruwa mai sanyi na tsibirin Burtaniya]] ya kawo ƙasa da yanayin sanyi a duk faɗin Burtaniya, musamman a Scotland inda wasu yankuna suka kai kimanin -20 ° C (-4 ° F). Ofishin Met ya ba da gargadi mai launin rawaya don kankara da dusar ƙanƙara, kuma an ba da gargadin kiwon lafiya saboda yanayin sanyi.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> '''2025–2026''' * Lokacin hunturu na 2025-2026 ya kasance daga cikin mafi sanyi a cikin fiye da shekaru goma a wasu sassan Turai. Raƙuman ruwa biyu masu sanyi da dusar ƙanƙara masu yawa sun mamaye tsibirin Burtaniya tun daga tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen Nuwamba, kuma babban birnin [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] [[Kiev|Kyiv]] ya rubuta dusar ƙara ba tare da katsewa ba har kwana 63 tsakanin 27 Disamba da 27 Fabrairu, mafi tsawo ba tare da tsayawa ba a ƙarƙashin dusar ƙana tun lokacin hunturu na 2010-2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-05 |title=Зима 2025–2026: Київ під снігом два місяці поспіль |url=https://texty.org.ua/articles/116988/zyma-20252026-kyyiv-pid-snihom-dva-misyaci-pospil/?src=main |access-date=2026-03-06 |language=uk}}</ref> * Janairu-Fabrairu 2026 Ruwa mai sanyi na Arewacin Amurka, ya kawo yanayin sanyi mai tsanani ga yawancin nahiyar Arewacin Amurka. == Dubi kuma == {{Reflist|2}}  == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cmzpxtbmyhz19fl220xteje8h7zf6lm 906291 906290 2026-08-22T19:12:48Z Ummu Ilham 45024 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368864734|Cold wave]]" 906291 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ruwa mai sanyi''' (wanda aka sani a wasu yankuna a matsayin sanyi, sanyi, fashewar Arctic, ko fashewarctic) wani yanayi ne wanda aka rarrabe shi ta hanyar sanyaya iska. Musamman, kamar yadda Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Amurka ta yi amfani da shi, raƙuman sanyi shine saurin faduwar zafin jiki a cikin sa'o'i 24 wanda ke buƙatar ƙarin kariya ga aikin gona, masana'antu, kasuwanci, da ayyukan zamantakewa. Takamaiman ka'idoji don raƙuman sanyi shine yawan da zafin jiki ya faɗi, da kuma mafi ƙarancin abin da ya faɗi. Wannan mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki ya dogara da yankin ƙasa da lokacin shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cold Wave |url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=cold-wave1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514110247/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=cold-wave1 |archive-date=2011-05-14 |access-date=2008-09-25 |publisher=[[American Meteorological Society|AMS]]: Glossary of Meteorology}}</ref> A Amurka, an bayyana yanayin sanyi a matsayin matsakaicin zafin jiki na ƙasa wanda ke sauka ƙasa da {{Convert|20|F}} ° F (-7 ° C). Za'a iya rarraba guguwar sanyi mai isasshen girma da tsawon lokaci a matsayin barkewar iska mai sanyi ('''CAO'''). <ref name="CAO">{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Erik T. |last2=S. C. Sheridan |date=2018 |title=The characteristics of extreme cold events and cold air outbreaks in the eastern United States |journal=Int. J. Climatol. |volume=38 |pages=e807–e820 |bibcode=2018IJCli..38E.807S |doi=10.1002/joc.5408 |s2cid=133920737}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Erik T. |last2=Sheridan |first2=Scott C. |date=2020 |title=Where do Cold Air Outbreaks occur and how have they changed over time? |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=47 |issue=13 |bibcode=2020GeoRL..4786983S |doi=10.1029/2020GL086983 |s2cid=219424375}}</ref> == Tasirin == === Tasirin ga mutane da lafiyar dabbobi === Ruwa mai sanyi na iya haifar da mutuwa da rauni ga dabbobi da namun daji. Bayyanawa ga sanyi yana ba da izinin cin abinci mai yawa ga dukkan dabbobi, gami da mutane, kuma idan raƙuman sanyi suna tare da dusar ƙanƙara mai nauyi da mai ɗorewa, dabbobi masu kiwo na iya samun abinci da ake buƙata kuma su mutu daga hypothermia ko yunwa. Sau da yawa suna buƙatar sayen kayan abinci don ciyar da dabbobi a farashi mai yawa ga manoma. Ana danganta sihiri na sanyi da karuwar yawan mace-mace a cikin jama'a a duniya.<ref name="JaakkolaGuo2015">{{Cite journal |last=Jaakkola |first=Jouni J.K. |last2=Guo |first2=Yuming |last3=Ryti |first3=Niilo R.I. |year=2015 |title=Global Association of Cold Spells and Adverse Health Effects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=124 |issue=1 |pages=12–22 |doi=10.1289/ehp.1408104 |issn=0091-6765 |pmc=4710591 |pmid=25978526}}</ref> Dukkanin raƙuman sanyi da [[Guguwar zafi|raƙuman zafi]] suna haifar da mutuwa, kodayake ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na mutane na iya zama masu saukin kamuwa da abubuwan yanayi daban-daban.<ref name="JoacimBertil2014">{{Cite journal |last=Joacim |first=Rocklöv |last2=Bertil |first2=Forsberg |last3=Kristie |first3=Ebi |last4=Tom |first4=Bellander |year=2014 |title=Susceptibility to mortality related to temperature and heat and cold wave duration in the population of Stockholm County, Sweden |journal=Global Health Action |volume=7 |doi=10.3402/gha.v7.22737 |issn=1654-9880 |pmc=3955771 |pmid=24647126}}</ref> Yawancin mutuwar da zafin jiki ke faruwa a lokacin guguwar sanyi fiye da guguwar zafi, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gasparrini |first=Antonio |last2=Guo |first2=Yuming |last3=Hashizume |first3=Masahiro |last4=Lavigne |first4=Eric |last5=Zanobetti |first5=Antonella |last6=Schwartz |first6=Joel |last7=Tobias |first7=Aurelio |last8=Tong |first8=Shilu |last9=Rocklöv |first9=Joacim |last10=Forsberg |first10=Bertil |last11=Leone |first11=Michela |date=July 2015 |title=Mortality risk attributable to high and low ambient temperature: a multicountry observational study |journal=The Lancet |volume=386 |issue=9991 |pages=369–375 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)62114-0 |issn=0140-6736 |pmc=4521077 |pmid=26003380 |doi-access=free}}</ref> kodayake yawan mace-mace ya fi girma a yankunan da ba a inganta su ba a duniya. matsanancin sanyi na hunturu sau da yawa yana haifar da bututun ruwa da ba su da kyau. Ko da wasu ɓarkewar famfo na cikin gida da ba a kare su sosai ba yayin da ruwa ke fadada a cikinsu, yana haifar da lalacewa mai yawa ga dukiya da kuma ikirarin inshora mai tsada. Bukatar wutar lantarki da [[man fetur]] suna ƙaruwa sosai a irin waɗannan lokutan, kodayake ƙarni na wutar lantarki na iya kasawa saboda daskarewa na ruwa da ake buƙata don samar da wutar lantarki. Wasu karafa na iya zama masu rauni a yanayin zafi. Motocin mota na iya kasawa lokacin da antifreeze ya kasa, man fetur ko man fetur, ko batir sun kasa haifar da gazawar tsarin sufuri. TheWutar ta zama mafi haɗari a lokacin matsanancin sanyi. Rashin ruwa na iya fashewa kuma samar da ruwa na iya zama abin dogaro, yana sa kashe gobara ya fi wuya. Iska a lokacin guguwar sanyi yawanci ya fi yawa kuma saboda haka yana dauke da karin iskar oxygen, don haka lokacin da iska da wuta ta jawo ta zama sanyi mai ban mamaki mai yiwuwa zai haifar da wuta mai tsanani.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2019}}Koyaya, dusar ƙanƙara na iya dakatar da yaduwar gobara, musamman gobarar daji. === Shuke-shuke da dabbobi === Raƙuman sanyi na hunturu waɗanda ba a ɗauka sanyi a wasu yankuna ba, amma suna haifar da yanayin zafi sosai ƙasa da matsakaici ga yanki, suma suna da lalacewa. Yankunan da ke da yanayin zafi na iya gane raƙuman sanyi a yanayin zafi mafi girma fiye da sauran wurare masu sanyi na duniya. Za'a iya gane guguwar sanyi a yanayin sanyi, saboda waɗannan har yanzu suna da sanyi sosai ga yankin, kuma rayuwar shuka da dabba ba za su iya jure irin wannan sanyi ba. Irin wannan yanayin hunturu wanda mutum ke hade da al'ada ga [[Colorado]], [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]], ko Bavaria yana da bala'i ga amfanin gona a wurare kamar [[Florida]], [[California]], ko wasu sassan [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]] waɗanda ke shuka 'ya'yan itace da kayan lambu a cikin hunturu. Guguwar sanyi da ke kawo '''daskarewa da sanyi mai tsanani''' ba zato ba tsammani a lokacin noman amfanin gona a yankunan da ke tsakiyar latitud na iya kashe tsire-tsire a farkon matakan girma, waɗanda su ne mafi rauni. Hakan na iya haifar da '''gazawar amfanin gona''', domin tsire-tsiren suna mutuwa kafin a samu damar girbe su ta hanyar da za ta kasance mai amfani ta fuskar tattalin arziki. Irin waɗannan guguwar sanyi sun taɓa haddasa '''yunwa mai tsanani'''. A wasu lokuta, guguwar sanyi na iya yin illa ga tsire-tsire kamar yadda '''fari''' yake yi. Haka kuma, tana iya barin ƙasa cikin haɗarin samun '''gobarar ciyayi da dazuzzuka''' daga baya, wadda ke cinye busasshiyar halittar tsirrai da ta mutu. Ɗaya daga cikin mafi tsananin misalan irin wannan yanayi shi ne abin da ake kira '''Shekarar da Ba a Yi Rani ba (Year Without a Summer)''' ta shekarar '''1816'''. Wannan na daga cikin shekaru da dama a shekarun '''1810''' da amfanin gona ya gaza saboda wasu lokutan sanyi na bazara da suka faru ba zato ba tsammani, bayan '''fashewar aman wuta''' da suka rage yawan hasken rana da ke isa doron ƙasa. === Tsarin guguwa na extrotropical === Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna yiwuwar alaƙa tsakanin raƙuman sanyi a Arewacin Amurka da Cyclogenesis na extratropical a Gabashin Atlantic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Messori |first=Gabriele |last2=Caballero |first2=Rodrigo |last3=Gaetani |first3=Marco |date=2016 |title=On cold spells in North America and storminess in western Europe |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=43 |issue=12 |pages=6620–6628 |bibcode=2016GeoRL..43.6620M |doi=10.1002/2016GL069392 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadannan na iya haɗawa da manyan hanyoyin yaduwar yanayi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Messori |first=Gabriele |last2=Faranda |first2=Davide |date=2023-04-16 |title=On the Systematic Occurrence of Compound Cold Spells in North America and Wet or Windy Extremes in Europe |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=50 |issue=7 |bibcode=2023GeoRL..5001008M |doi=10.1029/2022GL101008 |issn=0094-8276 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Misalan sun haɗa da yaduwar raƙuman Ruwa na Rossby daga Arewacin Pacific ko kuma anticyclone na sama a yammacin Greenland.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Riboldi |first=Jacopo |last2=Leeding |first2=Richard |last3=Segalini |first3=Antonio |last4=Messori |first4=Gabriele |date=2023-05-28 |title=Multiple Large-Scale Dynamical Pathways for Pan–Atlantic Compound Cold and Windy Extremes |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=50 |issue=10 |bibcode=2023GeoRL..5002528R |doi=10.1029/2022GL102528 |issn=0094-8276 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A Turai, advection na iska mai sanyi daga arewa maso gabas ya fito ne a matsayin siginar da za a iya amfani da ita ga mafi yawan raƙuman sanyi, wanda ke shafar bangarorin makamashi, kiwon lafiya, da aikin gona na nahiyar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Quesada |first=Benjamin |last2=Vautard |first2=Robert |last3=Yiou |first3=Pascal |date=2023-05-22 |title=Cold waves still matter: characteristics and associated climatic signals in Europe |journal=Climatic Change |language=en |volume=176 |issue=70 |bibcode=2023ClCh..176...70Q |doi=10.1007/s10584-023-03533-0 |issn=0930-7575 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Matakai na hanawa == A wasu wurare, kamar '''Siberiya''', tsananin sanyi yana tilasta a riƙa kunna injinan da ke amfani da mai waɗanda aka tanada don amfani lokaci-lokaci ba tare da tsayawa ba. Ana iya nade bututun ruwan cikin gida da kayan kariya, kuma sau da yawa mutane kan riƙa barin ruwa yana gudana a cikin bututun ba tare da tsayawa ba. Adana makamashi, wanda ke da matuƙar wahala a lokacin tsananin sanyi, na iya buƙatar matakan kamar tara mutane, musamman '''talakawa da tsofaffi''', a wuraren mafaka na jama'a. Hatta '''marasa matsuguni''' ana iya '''kamawa''' a kai su wuraren mafaka, sannan a sake su ne kawai bayan barazanar sanyi ta ragu. Asibitoci na iya shirya karɓar mutanen da suka kamu da '''sanyin jiki mai tsanani (frostbite)''' da '''hypothermia'''. Haka kuma, ana iya mayar da makarantu da sauran gine-ginen jama'a zuwa wuraren mafaka. Mutane na iya adana abinci, ruwa, da sauran abubuwan da ake bukata kafin guguwar sanyi. Wasu ma na iya zaɓar ƙaura zuwa wuraren da ke da yanayi mai sauƙi, aƙalla a lokacin hunturu. Za'a iya samun wadatattun kayan abinci kafin raƙuman sanyi don dabbobi, kuma ana iya jigilar dabbobi a yankunan da ke da rauni daga yankunan da abin ya shafa ko ma yanka su. Gishiri na iya kawo hayaki wanda ke hana daskarewa a gona ko itace. Ana iya yayyafa amfanin gona masu rauni da ruwa wanda zai kare tsire-tsire ta hanyar daskarewa da shan sanyi daga iska da ke kewaye. Yawancin mutane na iya yin ado yadda ya kamata kuma suna iya shimfiɗa tufafinsu idan suna buƙatar fita waje ko kuma idan dumama su ya kasa. Hakanan suna iya adana kyandirori, matches, fitilu, da man fetur mai ɗaukar hoto don dafa abinci da itace don wuraren wuta ko murhun itace, idan ya cancanta. Koyaya, ya kamata a yi taka tsantsan saboda amfani da gobarar gawayi don dafa abinci ko dumama a cikin gidan da aka rufe yana da haɗari sosai saboda guba na carbon monoxide. Dole ne manya su ci gaba da sanin yadda yara da tsofaffi ke fuskantar sanyi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cebgsgor0qm90vofmf8gamqkcn998bm 906292 906291 2026-08-22T19:14:55Z Ummu Ilham 45024 906292 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ruwa mai sanyi''' (wanda aka sani a wasu yankuna a matsayin sanyi, sanyi, fashewar Arctic, ko fashewarctic) wani yanayi ne wanda aka rarrabe shi ta hanyar sanyaya iska. Musamman, kamar yadda Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Amurka ta yi amfani da shi, raƙuman sanyi shine saurin faduwar zafin jiki a cikin sa'o'i 24 wanda ke buƙatar ƙarin kariya ga aikin gona, masana'antu, kasuwanci, da ayyukan zamantakewa. Takamaiman ka'idoji don raƙuman sanyi shine yawan da zafin jiki ya faɗi, da kuma mafi ƙarancin abin da ya faɗi. Wannan mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki ya dogara da yankin ƙasa da lokacin shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cold Wave |url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=cold-wave1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514110247/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=cold-wave1 |archive-date=2011-05-14 |access-date=2008-09-25 |publisher=[[American Meteorological Society|AMS]]: Glossary of Meteorology}}</ref> A Amurka, an bayyana yanayin sanyi a matsayin matsakaicin zafin jiki na ƙasa wanda ke sauka ƙasa da {{Convert|20|F}} ° F (-7 ° C). Za'a iya rarraba guguwar sanyi mai isasshen girma da tsawon lokaci a matsayin barkewar iska mai sanyi ('''CAO'''). <ref name="CAO">{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Erik T. |last2=S. C. Sheridan |date=2018 |title=The characteristics of extreme cold events and cold air outbreaks in the eastern United States |journal=Int. J. Climatol. |volume=38 |pages=e807–e820 |bibcode=2018IJCli..38E.807S |doi=10.1002/joc.5408 |s2cid=133920737}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Erik T. |last2=Sheridan |first2=Scott C. |date=2020 |title=Where do Cold Air Outbreaks occur and how have they changed over time? |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=47 |issue=13 |bibcode=2020GeoRL..4786983S |doi=10.1029/2020GL086983 |s2cid=219424375}}</ref> == Tasirin == === Tasirin ga mutane da lafiyar dabbobi === Ruwa mai sanyi na iya haifar da mutuwa da rauni ga dabbobi da namun daji. Bayyanawa ga sanyi yana ba da izinin cin abinci mai yawa ga dukkan dabbobi, gami da mutane, kuma idan raƙuman sanyi suna tare da dusar ƙanƙara mai nauyi da mai ɗorewa, dabbobi masu kiwo na iya samun abinci da ake buƙata kuma su mutu daga hypothermia ko yunwa. Sau da yawa suna buƙatar sayen kayan abinci don ciyar da dabbobi a farashi mai yawa ga manoma. Ana danganta sihiri na sanyi da karuwar yawan mace-mace a cikin jama'a a duniya.<ref name="JaakkolaGuo2015">{{Cite journal |last=Jaakkola |first=Jouni J.K. |last2=Guo |first2=Yuming |last3=Ryti |first3=Niilo R.I. |year=2015 |title=Global Association of Cold Spells and Adverse Health Effects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=124 |issue=1 |pages=12–22 |doi=10.1289/ehp.1408104 |issn=0091-6765 |pmc=4710591 |pmid=25978526}}</ref> Dukkanin raƙuman sanyi da [[Guguwar zafi|raƙuman zafi]] suna haifar da mutuwa, kodayake ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na mutane na iya zama masu saukin kamuwa da abubuwan yanayi daban-daban.<ref name="JoacimBertil2014">{{Cite journal |last=Joacim |first=Rocklöv |last2=Bertil |first2=Forsberg |last3=Kristie |first3=Ebi |last4=Tom |first4=Bellander |year=2014 |title=Susceptibility to mortality related to temperature and heat and cold wave duration in the population of Stockholm County, Sweden |journal=Global Health Action |volume=7 |doi=10.3402/gha.v7.22737 |issn=1654-9880 |pmc=3955771 |pmid=24647126}}</ref> Yawancin mutuwar da zafin jiki ke faruwa a lokacin guguwar sanyi fiye da guguwar zafi, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gasparrini |first=Antonio |last2=Guo |first2=Yuming |last3=Hashizume |first3=Masahiro |last4=Lavigne |first4=Eric |last5=Zanobetti |first5=Antonella |last6=Schwartz |first6=Joel |last7=Tobias |first7=Aurelio |last8=Tong |first8=Shilu |last9=Rocklöv |first9=Joacim |last10=Forsberg |first10=Bertil |last11=Leone |first11=Michela |date=July 2015 |title=Mortality risk attributable to high and low ambient temperature: a multicountry observational study |journal=The Lancet |volume=386 |issue=9991 |pages=369–375 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)62114-0 |issn=0140-6736 |pmc=4521077 |pmid=26003380 |doi-access=free}}</ref> kodayake yawan mace-mace ya fi girma a yankunan da ba a inganta su ba a duniya.. matsanancin sanyi na hunturu sau da yawa yana haifar da bututun ruwa da ba su da kyau. Ko da wasu ɓarkewar famfo na cikin gida da ba a kare su sosai ba yayin da ruwa ke fadada a cikinsu, yana haifar da lalacewa mai yawa ga dukiya da kuma ikirarin inshora mai tsada. Bukatar wutar lantarki da [[man fetur]] suna ƙaruwa sosai a irin waɗannan lokutan, kodayake ƙarni na wutar lantarki na iya kasawa saboda daskarewa na ruwa da ake buƙata don samar da wutar lantarki. Wasu karafa na iya zama masu rauni a yanayin zafi. Motocin mota na iya kasawa lokacin da antifreeze ya kasa, man fetur ko man fetur, ko batir sun kasa haifar da gazawar tsarin sufuri. TheWutar ta zama mafi haɗari a lokacin matsanancin sanyi. Rashin ruwa na iya fashewa kuma samar da ruwa na iya zama abin dogaro, yana sa kashe gobara ya fi wuya. Iska a lokacin guguwar sanyi yawanci ya fi yawa kuma saboda haka yana dauke da karin iskar oxygen, don haka lokacin da iska da wuta ta jawo ta zama sanyi mai ban mamaki mai yiwuwa zai haifar da wuta mai tsanani.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2019}}Koyaya, dusar ƙanƙara na iya dakatar da yaduwar gobara, musamman gobarar daji. === Shuke-shuke da dabbobi === Raƙuman sanyi na hunturu waɗanda ba a ɗauka sanyi a wasu yankuna ba, amma suna haifar da yanayin zafi sosai ƙasa da matsakaici ga yanki, suma suna da lalacewa. Yankunan da ke da yanayin zafi na iya gane raƙuman sanyi a yanayin zafi mafi girma fiye da sauran wurare masu sanyi na duniya. Za'a iya gane guguwar sanyi a yanayin sanyi, saboda waɗannan har yanzu suna da sanyi sosai ga yankin, kuma rayuwar shuka da dabba ba za su iya jure irin wannan sanyi ba. Irin wannan yanayin hunturu wanda mutum ke hade da al'ada ga [[Colorado]], [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]], ko Bavaria yana da bala'i ga amfanin gona a wurare kamar [[Florida]], [[California]], ko wasu sassan [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]] waɗanda ke shuka 'ya'yan itace da kayan lambu a cikin hunturu. Guguwar sanyi da ke kawo '''daskarewa da sanyi mai tsanani''' ba zato ba tsammani a lokacin noman amfanin gona a yankunan da ke tsakiyar latitud na iya kashe tsire-tsire a farkon matakan girma, waɗanda su ne mafi rauni. Hakan na iya haifar da '''gazawar amfanin gona''', domin tsire-tsiren suna mutuwa kafin a samu damar girbe su ta hanyar da za ta kasance mai amfani ta fuskar tattalin arziki. Irin waɗannan guguwar sanyi sun taɓa haddasa '''yunwa mai tsanani'''. A wasu lokuta, guguwar sanyi na iya yin illa ga tsire-tsire kamar yadda '''fari''' yake yi. Haka kuma, tana iya barin ƙasa cikin haɗarin samun '''gobarar ciyayi da dazuzzuka''' daga baya, wadda ke cinye busasshiyar halittar tsirrai da ta mutu. Ɗaya daga cikin mafi tsananin misalan irin wannan yanayi shi ne abin da ake kira '''Shekarar da Ba a Yi Rani ba (Year Without a Summer)''' ta shekarar '''1816'''. Wannan na daga cikin shekaru da dama a shekarun '''1810''' da amfanin gona ya gaza saboda wasu lokutan sanyi na bazara da suka faru ba zato ba tsammani, bayan '''fashewar aman wuta''' da suka rage yawan hasken rana da ke isa doron ƙasa. === Tsarin guguwa na extrotropical === Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna yiwuwar alaƙa tsakanin raƙuman sanyi a Arewacin Amurka da Cyclogenesis na extratropical a Gabashin Atlantic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Messori |first=Gabriele |last2=Caballero |first2=Rodrigo |last3=Gaetani |first3=Marco |date=2016 |title=On cold spells in North America and storminess in western Europe |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=43 |issue=12 |pages=6620–6628 |bibcode=2016GeoRL..43.6620M |doi=10.1002/2016GL069392 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadannan na iya haɗawa da manyan hanyoyin yaduwar yanayi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Messori |first=Gabriele |last2=Faranda |first2=Davide |date=2023-04-16 |title=On the Systematic Occurrence of Compound Cold Spells in North America and Wet or Windy Extremes in Europe |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=50 |issue=7 |bibcode=2023GeoRL..5001008M |doi=10.1029/2022GL101008 |issn=0094-8276 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Misalan sun haɗa da yaduwar raƙuman Ruwa na Rossby daga Arewacin Pacific ko kuma anticyclone na sama a yammacin Greenland.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Riboldi |first=Jacopo |last2=Leeding |first2=Richard |last3=Segalini |first3=Antonio |last4=Messori |first4=Gabriele |date=2023-05-28 |title=Multiple Large-Scale Dynamical Pathways for Pan–Atlantic Compound Cold and Windy Extremes |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=50 |issue=10 |bibcode=2023GeoRL..5002528R |doi=10.1029/2022GL102528 |issn=0094-8276 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A Turai, advection na iska mai sanyi daga arewa maso gabas ya fito ne a matsayin siginar da za a iya amfani da ita ga mafi yawan raƙuman sanyi, wanda ke shafar bangarorin makamashi, kiwon lafiya, da aikin gona na nahiyar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Quesada |first=Benjamin |last2=Vautard |first2=Robert |last3=Yiou |first3=Pascal |date=2023-05-22 |title=Cold waves still matter: characteristics and associated climatic signals in Europe |journal=Climatic Change |language=en |volume=176 |issue=70 |bibcode=2023ClCh..176...70Q |doi=10.1007/s10584-023-03533-0 |issn=0930-7575 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Matakai na hanawa == A wasu wurare, kamar '''Siberiya''', tsananin sanyi yana tilasta a riƙa kunna injinan da ke amfani da mai waɗanda aka tanada don amfani lokaci-lokaci ba tare da tsayawa ba. Ana iya nade bututun ruwan cikin gida da kayan kariya, kuma sau da yawa mutane kan riƙa barin ruwa yana gudana a cikin bututun ba tare da tsayawa ba. Adana makamashi, wanda ke da matuƙar wahala a lokacin tsananin sanyi, na iya buƙatar matakan kamar tara mutane, musamman '''talakawa da tsofaffi''', a wuraren mafaka na jama'a. Hatta '''marasa matsuguni''' ana iya '''kamawa''' a kai su wuraren mafaka, sannan a sake su ne kawai bayan barazanar sanyi ta ragu. Asibitoci na iya shirya karɓar mutanen da suka kamu da '''sanyin jiki mai tsanani (frostbite)''' da '''hypothermia'''. Haka kuma, ana iya mayar da makarantu da sauran gine-ginen jama'a zuwa wuraren mafaka. Mutane na iya adana abinci, ruwa, da sauran abubuwan da ake bukata kafin guguwar sanyi. Wasu ma na iya zaɓar ƙaura zuwa wuraren da ke da yanayi mai sauƙi, aƙalla a lokacin hunturu. Za'a iya samun wadatattun kayan abinci kafin raƙuman sanyi don dabbobi, kuma ana iya jigilar dabbobi a yankunan da ke da rauni daga yankunan da abin ya shafa ko ma yanka su. Gishiri na iya kawo hayaki wanda ke hana daskarewa a gona ko itace. Ana iya yayyafa amfanin gona masu rauni da ruwa wanda zai kare tsire-tsire ta hanyar daskarewa da shan sanyi daga iska da ke kewaye. Yawancin mutane na iya yin ado yadda ya kamata kuma suna iya shimfiɗa tufafinsu idan suna buƙatar fita waje ko kuma idan dumama su ya kasa. Hakanan suna iya adana kyandirori, matches, fitilu, da man fetur mai ɗaukar hoto don dafa abinci da itace don wuraren wuta ko murhun itace, idan ya cancanta. Koyaya, ya kamata a yi taka tsantsan saboda amfani da gobarar gawayi don dafa abinci ko dumama a cikin gidan da aka rufe yana da haɗari sosai saboda guba na carbon monoxide. Dole ne manya su ci gaba da sanin yadda yara da tsofaffi ke fuskantar sanyi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hlumjxgrb98djdzn03vq431mcra953t 0 165169 906293 2026-08-22T19:19:42Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369382189|Thunderstorm]]" 906293 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Lightning_Pritzerbe_01_(MK).jpg|thumb|Hasken wuta daga tsawa a kusa da Pritzerbe, Jamus]] Guguwar tsawa tana faruwa ne sakamakon saurin tashi sama na iska mai ɗumi da danshi, wani lokaci tare da iyakar yanayi (weather front). Amma domin iskar ta iya tashi sama cikin sauri, ana buƙatar wani nau'in tilastawar samuwar gajimare (cloud forcing), wanda zai iya kasancewa iyakar yanayi, shortwave trough, ko wani tsarin yanayi. Yayin da iska mai ɗumi da danshi take tashi sama, tana sanyaya, sannan tururin ruwa ya takure (condensation), wanda ke haifar da samuwar gajimaren cumulonimbus. Irin wannan gajimare na iya kaiwa tsayin da ya wuce kilomita 20 (mil 12)..<ref name="scied.ucar.edu2">{{cite web |title=Thunderstorms {{!}} UCAR Center for Science Education |url=https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/storms/thunderstorms |access-date=14 January 2021 |website=scied.ucar.edu}}</ref> Lokacin da iskar da ke tashi ta kai zafin dew point, tururin ruwa yana takure ya zama ƙananan ɗigon ruwa ko ƙanƙara. Wannan yana rage matsi (pressure) a wani yanki na cikin tantanin guguwar tsawa. Duk wani ruwan sama ko ƙanƙara (precipitation) da ya samu yana faɗowa daga nesa mai tsawo ta cikin gajimaren zuwa saman Duniya. Yayin da ɗigon ruwan ke faɗowa, suna karo da wasu ɗigogi, wanda ke sa su ƙara girma..<ref name="scied.ucar.edu3">{{cite web |title=Thunderstorms {{!}} UCAR Center for Science Education |url=https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/storms/thunderstorms |access-date=14 January 2021 |website=scied.ucar.edu}}</ref> Faɗuwar waɗannan ɗigogin tana haifar da iskar saukowa (downdraft), domin tana jan iska mai sanyi tare da ita. Daga nan sai wannan iska mai sanyi ta bazu a saman Duniya, kuma a wasu lokuta ta haifar da iska mai ƙarfi, wadda take daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi dangantawa da guguwar tsawa..<ref name="scied.ucar.edu">{{cite web |title=Thunderstorms {{!}} UCAR Center for Science Education |url=https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/storms/thunderstorms |access-date=14 January 2021 |website=scied.ucar.edu}}</ref> Guguwar tsawa na iya samu da haɓaka a kowane yanki na duniya, amma tana faruwa fiye da ko'ina a yankunan tsakiyar latitude (mid-latitudes), inda iska mai ɗumi da danshi daga yankunan tropics take karo da iska mai sanyi daga yankunan polar.<ref name="nssl.noaa.gov">{{cite web |author=National Severe Storms Laboratory |author-link=National Severe Storms Laboratory |title=SEVERE WEATHER 101 / Thunderstorm Basics |url=https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/thunderstorms/ |access-date=2 January 2020 |work=SEVERE WEATHER 101 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]}}</ref> Guguwar tsawa tana da alhakin samuwar wasu mugayen yanayi masu haɗari (severe weather phenomena). Mafi yawan barnar da guguwar tsawa ke haifarwa tana faruwa ne sakamakon iskar ƙasa mai ƙarfi (downburst winds), manyan ƙanƙara (large hailstones), da ambaliyar ruwa ta bazata (flash flooding) wadda ke faruwa saboda yawan ruwan sama (precipitation). Ƙwayoyin guguwar tsawa masu ƙarfi sosai na iya haifar da guguwar iska mai karkarwa (tornado) da kuma waterspout, wato guguwar iska mai juyawa da ke samuwa a saman ruwa. Akwai nau'ikan tsawa guda uku: tantanin halitta guda ɗaya, tantanin halitta da yawa, da supercell.<ref name="Thunderstorms and Tornadoes">{{Cite web |title=Thunderstorms and Tornadoes |url=https://www.ux1.eiu.edu/~jpstimac/1400/tstorms.html |access-date=14 January 2021 |website=www.ux1.eiu.edu}}</ref> Guguwar tsawa ta Supercell ita ce mafi karfi kuma mafi tsanani.<ref name="Thunderstorms and Tornadoes" /> Tsarin convective na Mesoscale wanda aka kafa ta hanyar iska mai kyau a cikin wurare masu zafi da subtropics na iya zama alhakin ci gaban [[Tropical cyclone|guguwa]]. Hadari mai bushewa, ba tare da hazo ba, na iya haifar da fashewar gobarar daji daga zafi da aka samar daga [[Lightning|walƙiya daga girgije zuwa ƙasa]] da ke tare da su. Ana amfani da hanyoyi da yawa don nazarin tsawa: radar na yanayi, Tashoshin yanayi, da daukar hoto na bidiyo. Al'adun da suka gabata sun gudanar da tatsuniyoyi daban-daban game da tsawa da ci gaban su har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 18. Bayan yanayin duniya, an kuma lura da tsawa a kan taurari na Jupiter, Saturn, [[Neptune]], kuma, mai yiwuwa, Venus. == Tsarin rayuwa == [[Fayil:Thunderstorm_formation.jpg|thumb|Matakai na rayuwar tsawa]] Iska mai dumi yana da ƙananan ƙarfi fiye da iska mai sanyi, don haka iska mai dumi tana tashi sama kuma iska mai sanyi zai zauna a kasa. Girgije yana samuwa lokacin da iska mai zafi, dauke da danshi, ya tashi a cikin iska mai sanyi. Iska mai laushi yana tashi, kuma, yayin da yake yin hakan, yana sanyaya kuma wasu daga cikin tururin ruwa a cikin wannan iska mai tasowa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FMI |date=2007 |title=Fog And Stratus – Meteorological Physical Background |url=http://www.zamg.ac.at/docu/Manual/SatManu/main.htm?/docu/Manual/SatManu/CMs/FgStr/backgr.htm |access-date=7 February 2009 |publisher=Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik}}</ref> Lokacin da danshi ya kwanta, yana fitar da makamashi da aka sani da zafi mai zurfi, wanda ke ba da damar tashiwar iska don sanyaya ƙasa da iska mai sanyi da ke kewaye da shi yana ci gaba da hawan girgije. Idan isasshen rashin kwanciyar hankali yana cikin yanayi, wannan tsari zai ci gaba da isasshen isasshen girgije don samarwa da samar da [[Lightning|walƙiya]] da [[Thunder|tsawa]]. Ana iya amfani da alamun yanayi irin su convective available potential energy (CAPE) da kuma alamar da aka ɗaga don taimakawa wajen tantance yiwuwar ci gaban girgije.<ref name="CAPE">{{Cite journal |last=David O. Blanchard |date=September 1998 |title=Assessing the Vertical Distribution of Convective Available Potential Energy |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1234637 |journal=[[Weather and Forecasting]] |publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]] |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=870–7 |bibcode=1998WtFor..13..870B |doi=10.1175/1520-0434(1998)013<0870:ATVDOC>2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=124375544 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, tsawa yana buƙatar danshi, iska mai ƙarfi, da ƙarfin ɗagawa don samarwa.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Dukkanin tsawa, ba tare da la'akari da irin su ba, suna wucewa ta matakai uku: matakin ci gaba, matakin balaga, da kuma matakin ɓacewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thunderstorm Basics |url=https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/thunderstorms/#:~:text=The%20developing%20stage%20of%20a,this%20stage%20but%20occasional%20lightning. |access-date=14 January 2021 |website=NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory |language=EN-US}}</ref> Matsakaicin tsawa yana da diamita {{Convert|24|km|mi}} km (). Dangane da yanayin da ke cikin yanayi, kowannensu daga cikin waɗannan matakai uku yana ɗaukar matsakaicin minti 30.<ref name="tsbasics">{{Cite web |last=National Severe Storms Laboratory |date=15 October 2006 |title=A Severe Weather Primer: Questions and Answers about Thunderstorms |url=http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/primer/tstorm/tst_basics.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825000832/http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/primer/tstorm/tst_basics.html |archive-date=25 August 2009 |access-date=1 September 2009 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]}}</ref> === Mataki na ci gaba === [[Fayil:2016_Chmura_Cumulus_congestus_02.jpg|thumb|Hadari sau da yawa yana tasowa daga girgije na cumulus congestus.]] Mataki na farko na tsawa shine matakin cumulus ko matakin ci gaba. A wannan matakin, ana ɗaga yawan danshi zuwa sama cikin yanayi. Abinda ke haifar da wannan ɗagawa na iya zama [[Rana mai zafi|Hasken rana]], inda dumama ƙasa ke samar da zafi jiki, ko kuma inda iskõki biyu suka haɗu suna tilasta iska sama, ko kuma ina iskõki suna busawa a kan ƙasa mai ƙaruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thunderstorm Basics |url=https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/thunderstorms/ |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory |language=EN-US}}</ref> Rashin ruwa yana ɗaukar sanyi zuwa sama a cikin saukad da ruwa saboda ƙananan yanayin zafi a babban tsawo, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin girgije mai tsawo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=US Department of Commerce |first=NOAA |title=Weather Spotter’s Field Guide - Thunderstorm Life Cycle |url=https://www.weather.gov/spotterguide/life |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=www.weather.gov |language=EN-US}}</ref> Yayin da tururin ruwa ya taru a cikin ruwa, ana fitar da zafi mai zurfi, wanda ke sa iska ta zama ƙasa da ƙarancin iska da ke kewaye da ita. Sa'an nan iska ta ci gaba da tashi a cikin [[Vertical draft|updraft]] ta hanyar tsarin convection. Wannan tsari yana haifar da Yankin matsin lamba a ciki da ƙarƙashin tsawa mai tasowa. === Mataki na balaga === [[Fayil:Anvil_shaped_cumulus_panorama_edit_crop.jpg|thumb|Girgizar girgije mai kama da doki a matakin balaga]] A cikin tsufa na tsawa, iska mai dumi tana ci gaba da tashi har sai ta kai wani yanki na iska mai zafi kuma ba za ta iya tashi ba. Sau da yawa wannan 'kashin' shine tropopause. A maimakon haka, an tilasta iska ta bazu, tana ba da guguwar siffar ƙuƙwalwa. Sakamakon girgije ana kiransa ''cumulonimbus incus'' . Ruwan ruwa ya haɗuwa cikin manyan kuma ya fi nauyi kuma ya daskare ya zama ƙwayoyin kankara. Yayin da waɗannan suka faɗi, suna narkewa don zama ruwan sama. Idan updraft yana da ƙarfi sosai, ana riƙe ɗigon sama har ya zama babba don ba su narke gaba ɗaya ba amma su faɗi kamar ƙanƙara. Duk da yake updrafts har yanzu suna nan, ruwan sama mai fadowa yana jawo iska da ke kewaye da shi, yana haifar da saukarwa. Kasancewar lokaci guda na duka updraft da downdraft suna nuna matakin tsufa na guguwar kuma suna samar da girgije na cumulonimbus. A wannan matakin, babban rikici na ciki na iya faruwa, wanda ke bayyana a matsayin iskõki masu ƙarfi, walƙiya mai tsanani, har ma da [[guguwa]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pilot's Web The Aviator's Journal |date=13 June 2009 |title=Structural Icing in VMC |url=http://www.pilotsweb.com/wx/w_sense.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819055501/http://pilotsweb.com/wx/w_sense.htm |archive-date=19 August 2011 |access-date=2 September 2009}}</ref> Yawanci, idan akwai ƙananan iska, guguwar za ta shiga cikin sauri kuma 'ruwa kanta', amma, idan akwai isasshen canji a cikin saurin iska ko shugabanci, za a raba downdraft daga updraft, kuma guguwar na iya zama supercell, inda matakin da ya girma zai iya ci gaba da kansa na sa'o'i da yawa. <ref name="motion">{{Cite web |last=Jon W. Zeitler |last2=Matthew J. Bunkers |name-list-style=amp |date=March 2005 |title=Operational Forecasting of Supercell Motion: Review and Case Studies Using Multiple Datasets |url=https://www.weather.gov/media/unr/soo/scm/ZB06.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505055134/https://www.weather.gov/media/unr/soo/scm/ZB06.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2025 |access-date=8 June 2026 |publisher=[[National Weather Service]] Forecast Office, [[Riverton, Wyoming]]}}</ref> === Mataki na warwarewa === [[Fayil:Cirrus_spissatus_cumulonimbogenitus_in_Oklahoma.jpg|thumb|Wani girgije da aka kafa daga tsawa mai tsawa]] A cikin matakin ɓarkewa, tsawa ta mamaye ta hanyar downdraft. Idan yanayin yanayi ba ya tallafawa ci gaban super cell, wannan matakin yana faruwa da sauri, kimanin minti 20-30 cikin rayuwar tsawa. Rashin ruwa zai tura daga cikin tsawa, ya buga ƙasa kuma ya bazu. Wannan sabon abu an san shi da downburst . Iska mai sanyi da aka ɗauka zuwa ƙasa ta hanyar saukar da iska ta yanke daga shigowar tsawa, tsawa ta ɓace kuma tsawa za ta ɓace. Hadari a cikin yanayi ba tare da kusan iska mai tsayi ba ya raunana da zaran sun aika da iyakar fitarwa a kowane bangare, wanda sa'an nan da sauri ya yanke isar da iska mai dumi, mai laushi, kuma ya kashe ci gaban hadari.<ref>{{Cite web |last=The Weather World 2010 Project |date=3 September 2009 |title=Vertical Wind Shear |url=http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/svr/comp/wind/home.rxml |access-date=21 October 2006 |publisher=University of Illinois}}</ref> Rashin da ke bugawa ƙasa yana haifar da iyakar fita. Wannan na iya haifar da fashewa, yanayin haɗari mai yuwuwa ga jirgin sama ya tashi ta hanyar, yayin da babban canji a cikin saurin iska da shugabanci ke faruwa, wanda ke haifar da raguwar saurin iska kuma raguwar ɗagawa ga jirgin. Ƙarfin fitarwa ya fi karfi, ƙarancin iska mai tsayi ya zama mai ƙarfi.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Ted Fujita}}</ref> == Rarraba == [[Fayil:CAPE_vs_SHEAR.svg|thumb|Yanayi mai kyau ga nau'ikan tsawa da rikitarwa]] Akwai manyan nau'ikan tsawa guda huɗu: tantanin halitta guda ɗaya, tantanin halitta da yawa, layin squall (wanda ake kira layin tantanin halitta mai yawa) da supercell.<ref name="Thunderstorms and Tornadoes" /> Wanne nau'in siffofi ya dogara da rashin daidaituwa da yanayin iska na dangi a matakai daban-daban na yanayi ("shear iska"). Hadari guda ɗaya yana samuwa a cikin mahalli na iska mai laushi kuma yana da minti 20-30 kawai. Hadari da aka shirya da tarin tsawa / layi na iya samun tsawon rayuwa yayin da suke samuwa a cikin mahalli na iska mai mahimmanci, yawanci mafi girma fiye da {{Convert|25|kn|m/s}} m / s) a cikin mafi ƙasƙanci 6 kilomita (3.7 na troposphere, wanda ke taimakawa ci gaban karfi mai ƙarfi da kuma nau'o'i daban-daban na yanayi mai tsanani. Supercell shine mafi karfi daga cikin tsawa, wanda aka fi danganta da babban ƙanƙara, iska mai ƙarfi, da kuma samar da guguwa.<ref name="Thunderstorms and Tornadoes" /> Rashin ruwa mai yawa fiye da 31.8 millimeters (1.25 in) yana goyon bayan ci gaban hadaddun tsawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maddox R.A., Chappell C.F., Hoxit L.R. |year=1979 |title=Synoptic and meso-α scale aspects of flash flood events |journal=Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=115–123 |bibcode=1979BAMS...60..115M |doi=10.1175/1520-0477-60.2.115 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadanda ke da ruwan sama mai yawa yawanci suna da ƙimar ruwa mai yawa fiye da 36.9 millimeters (1.45 in). Ana buƙatar ƙimar CAPE na sama da 800 J / kg don ci gaban tsari mai tsarawa. === Kwayar halitta guda ɗaya === [[Fayil:Clouds_above_grand_isle_(5015332240).jpg|thumb|Guguwa mai tsawa guda ɗaya a kan Grand Isle, LouisianaBabban tsibirin, Louisiana]] Guguwa mai tsawa guda ɗaya, wanda aka fi sani da guguwa mai iska, guguwa ce guda ɗaya tare da babban updraft ɗaya. Hadari guda ɗaya shine hadari na rani a wurare da yawa. Har ila yau, suna faruwa a cikin iska mai sanyi wanda sau da yawa yakan biyo bayan wucewar sanyi gaba teku a lokacin hunturu. A cikin tarin tsawa, kalmar "cell" tana nufin kowane babban updraft. Kwayoyin tsawa a wasu lokuta suna samuwa a ware, kamar yadda faruwar tsawa ɗaya na iya haɓaka iyakar fita wanda ke saita sabon ci gaban tsawa. Irin waɗannan guguwa ba su da tsanani kuma sakamakon rashin kwanciyar hankali ne na cikin gida; saboda haka kalmar nan "guguwar iska". Lokacin da irin wannan guguwa ke da ɗan gajeren lokaci na mummunan yanayi da ke da alaƙa da su, an san shi da guguwa mai tsanani. Guguwa mai tsanani ba a tsara shi sosai ba kuma yana faruwa ba zato ba tsammani a lokaci da sarari, yana mai da su da wuya a hango su. Hadari mai tsawa guda ɗaya yawanci yana ɗaukar minti 20-30 .<ref name="tsbasics" />&nbsp; === Ƙungiyoyin ƙwayoyin halitta da yawa === [[Fayil:8402_STS41B_Challenger_Thunderstorms_over_Brazil.jpg|thumb|Wani rukuni na tsawa a kan Brazil wanda Space Shuttle Challenger ya ɗaukaJirgin sararin samaniya <nowiki><i id="mwATM">Mai kalubalantar</i></nowiki>]] Wannan shine mafi yawan ci gaban tsawa. Ana samun tsawa masu girma a kusa da tsakiyar tarin, yayin da tsawa masu tasowa ke wanzu a gefen iska. Guguwar multicell ta samo asali ne a matsayin Layin guguwa amma tana iya canzawa zuwa layi ɗaya ko fiye. Duk da yake kowane tantanin halitta na tarin zai iya ɗaukar minti 20 kawai, tarin da kansa na iya ci gaba da sa'o'i a lokaci guda. &nbsp;Sau da yawa suna tasowa daga convective updrafts a cikin ko kusa da tsaunuka da iyakokin yanayi na layi, kamar su gaba mai sanyi mai ƙarfi ko ƙarancin matsin lamba. Wadannan nau'ikan guguwa sun fi karfi fiye da guguwar tantanin halitta guda ɗaya, duk da haka sun fi rauni fiye da gwagwarmayar supercell. Hadari tare da tarin multicell sun haɗa da ƙanƙara mai matsakaici, ambaliyar ruwa, da guguwa mai rauni.<ref name="tsbasics" /> === Layin da ya faru === layin guguwa layi ne mai tsawo na tsawa mai tsanani wanda zai iya samuwa tare ko a gaban sanyi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Glossary of Meteorology |date=2009 |title=Squall line |url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=squall-line1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217175139/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=squall-line1 |archive-date=17 December 2008 |access-date=14 June 2009 |publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Glossary of Meteorology |date=2009 |title=Prefrontal squall line |url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=prefrontal-squall-line1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817224959/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=prefrontal-squall-line1 |archive-date=17 August 2007 |access-date=14 June 2009 |publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]}}</ref> A farkon karni na 20, an yi amfani da kalmar a matsayin ma'anar sanyi.<ref name="OU">{{Cite web |last=University of Oklahoma |date=2004 |title=The Norwegian Cyclone Model |url=http://weather.ou.edu/~metr4424/Files/Norwegian_Cyclone_Model.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901163934/http://weather.ou.edu/~metr4424/Files/Norwegian_Cyclone_Model.pdf |archive-date=1 September 2006 |access-date=17 May 2007}}</ref> Layin [[guguwa]] ya ƙunshi [[Yayafi|ruwan sama]] mai nauyi, ƙanƙara, [[Lightning|walƙiya]] mai yawa, iska mai ƙarfi madaidaiciya, kuma mai yiwuwa guguwa da ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology |date=2008 |title=Chapter 2: Definitions |url=http://www.ofcm.gov/slso/pdf/slsochp2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002006/http://www.ofcm.gov/slso/pdf/slsochp2.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2009 |access-date=3 May 2009 |publisher=[[NOAA]] |pages=2–1}}</ref> Ana iya sa ran Yanayi mai tsanani a cikin nau'in iska mai ƙarfi madaidaiciya a yankunan da layin guguwa kanta ke cikin siffar muryar baka, a cikin ɓangaren layin da ya fi yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Glossary of Meteorology |date=2009 |title=Bow echo |url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=bow+echo&submit=Search |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606103620/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=bow+echo&submit=Search |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=14 June 2009 |publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]}}</ref> Ana iya samun [[Guguwa]] tare da raƙuman ruwa a cikin tsarin raƙuman raƙuman ƙasa, ko LEWP, inda wuraren da ke da matsin lamba. Wasu muryoyin baka a lokacin rani ana kiransu derechos, kuma suna motsawa da sauri ta manyan sassan yankin.<ref name="noaa">{{Cite web |last=Stephen F. Corfidi |last2=Jeffry S. Evans |last3=Robert H. Johns |name-list-style=amp |date=2015 |title=About Derechos |url=http://www.spc.noaa.gov/misc/AbtDerechos/derechofacts.htm |access-date=17 February 2015 |publisher=[[Storm Prediction Center]], NCEP, NWS, NOAA Web Site}}</ref> A gefen baya na garkuwar ruwan sama da ke da alaƙa da layin iska masu girma, farkawa mai ƙarancin ƙarfi na iya samarwa, wanda shine yankin matsin lamba na mesoscale wanda ke samuwa a bayan tsarin matsin lamba mai girma wanda ke cikin ruwan sama, wanda wani lokacin ana danganta shi da fashewar zafi. Irin wannan guguwa kuma an san shi da "Wind of the Stony Lake" (Sinanci mai sauƙi: 石湖风; gargajiya na Sinanci: 石 Lake風; shi2 hu2 feng1) a kudancin China.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2005 |title=Squall lines and "Shi Hu Feng" – what you want to know about the violent squalls hitting Hong Kong on 9 May 2005 |url=http://www.hko.gov.hk/education/edu01met/wxphe/ele_squalle.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025222307/http://www.hko.gov.hk/education/edu01met/wxphe/ele_squalle.htm |archive-date=25 October 2019 |access-date=23 August 2006 |publisher=Hong Kong Observatory}}</ref> === Supercells === [[Fayil:Supercell_with_Tornado.jpg|thumb|Wani supercell da ke samar da guguwa a kusa da Stratton, Colorado.]] ThunderstormSupercell storms are large, usually severe, quasi-steady-state storms that form in an environment where wind speed or wind direction varies with height ("wind shear"), and they have separate downdrafts and updrafts (i.e., where its associated precipitation is not falling through the updraft) with a strong, rotating updraft (a "[[mesocyclone]]"). These storms normally have such powerful updrafts that the top of the supercell storm cloud (or anvil) can break through the troposphere and reach into the lower levels of the stratosphere. Supercell storms can be {{Convert|24|km|mi|0}} wide. Research has shown that at least 90&nbsp;percent of supercells cause severe weather.<ref name="motion" /> These storms can produce destructive [[Guguwa|tornadoes]], extremely large [[Hail|hailstones]] ({{Convert|10|cm|in|0}} diameter), straight-line winds in excess of {{Convert|130|km/h|mph}}, and [[Ambaliyar ruwa|flash floods]]. In fact, research has shown that most tornadoes occur from this type of thunderstorm.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 1999 |title=Supercell Thunderstorms |url=http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/svr/type/spr/home.rxml |access-date=23 August 2006 |website=Weather World 2010 Project |publisher=University of Illinois}}</ref> Supercells are generally the strongest type of thunderstorm.<ref name="tsbasics" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 08eugps3opg0piyt81c7f9pw5gad5wv 906294 906293 2026-08-22T19:23:36Z Saad Nuhu 43323 906294 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Lightning_Pritzerbe_01_(MK).jpg|thumb|Hasken wuta daga tsawa a kusa da Pritzerbe, Jamus]] Guguwar tsawa (thunderstorm), wadda ake kuma kira guguwar lantarki (electrical storm) ko guguwar walƙiya (lightning storm), ita ce guguwar da ake samun walƙiya (lightning) da tsawa (thunder) a cikinta. Guguwar tsawa mai rauni ana iya kiranta thundershower. '''Guguwar tsawa''' tana samuwa ne a cikin gajimaren cumulonimbus '''(cumulonimbus cloud)'''. Yawanci tana tare da iska mai ƙarfi, kuma sau da yawa tana haifar da ruwan sama mai yawa. A wasu lokuta kuma tana iya haifar da ƙanƙara mai laushi (sleet), ƙanƙara (hail), ko ma dusar ƙanƙara mai ɗauke da tsawa (thundersnow). Sai dai wasu guguwar tsawa kan kawo ɗan ƙaramin ruwa ko kuma ba sa kawo ruwan sama kwata-kwata, musamman abin da ake kira dry thunderstorm. Guguwar tsawa na iya jere ɗaya bayan ɗaya ta samar da jerin guguwa, ko kuma ta haɗu ta zama wani layin ruwan sama (rainband) da ake kira squall line. Guguwar tsawa mai ƙarfi ko mai tsanani (severe thunderstorm) na iya haifar da wasu daga cikin abubuwan yanayi mafi haɗari, kamar manyan ƙanƙara (large hail), iska mai tsananin ƙarfi, da guguwar iska mai karkarwa (tornado). Wasu daga cikin guguwar tsawa masu ƙarfi da kuma ɗorewa, waɗanda ake kira supercells, suna yin juyawa kamar yadda cyclones suke yi. Yawancin guguwar tsawa suna tafiya ne bisa ga matsakaicin alkiblar iska da ke cikin ɓangaren troposphere da guguwar take ciki. Amma wani lokaci bambancin saurin ko alkiblar iska da tsawo (vertical wind shear) kan sa guguwar ta karkata daga hanyar da iska take bi, har kusan zuwa kusurwar digiri 90 da alkiblar wind shear ɗin. Guguwar tsawa tana faruwa ne sakamakon saurin tashi sama na iska mai ɗumi da danshi, wani lokaci tare da iyakar yanayi (weather front). Amma domin iskar ta iya tashi sama cikin sauri, ana buƙatar wani nau'in tilastawar samuwar gajimare (cloud forcing), wanda zai iya kasancewa iyakar yanayi, shortwave trough, ko wani tsarin yanayi. Yayin da iska mai ɗumi da danshi take tashi sama, tana sanyaya, sannan tururin ruwa ya takure (condensation), wanda ke haifar da samuwar gajimaren cumulonimbus. Irin wannan gajimare na iya kaiwa tsayin da ya wuce kilomita 20 (mil 12)..<ref name="scied.ucar.edu2">{{cite web |title=Thunderstorms {{!}} UCAR Center for Science Education |url=https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/storms/thunderstorms |access-date=14 January 2021 |website=scied.ucar.edu}}</ref> Lokacin da iskar da ke tashi ta kai zafin dew point, tururin ruwa yana takure ya zama ƙananan ɗigon ruwa ko ƙanƙara. Wannan yana rage matsi (pressure) a wani yanki na cikin tantanin guguwar tsawa. Duk wani ruwan sama ko ƙanƙara (precipitation) da ya samu yana faɗowa daga nesa mai tsawo ta cikin gajimaren zuwa saman Duniya. Yayin da ɗigon ruwan ke faɗowa, suna karo da wasu ɗigogi, wanda ke sa su ƙara girma..<ref name="scied.ucar.edu3">{{cite web |title=Thunderstorms {{!}} UCAR Center for Science Education |url=https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/storms/thunderstorms |access-date=14 January 2021 |website=scied.ucar.edu}}</ref> Faɗuwar waɗannan ɗigogin tana haifar da iskar saukowa (downdraft), domin tana jan iska mai sanyi tare da ita. Daga nan sai wannan iska mai sanyi ta bazu a saman Duniya, kuma a wasu lokuta ta haifar da iska mai ƙarfi, wadda take daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi dangantawa da guguwar tsawa..<ref name="scied.ucar.edu">{{cite web |title=Thunderstorms {{!}} UCAR Center for Science Education |url=https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/storms/thunderstorms |access-date=14 January 2021 |website=scied.ucar.edu}}</ref> Guguwar tsawa na iya samu da haɓaka a kowane yanki na duniya, amma tana faruwa fiye da ko'ina a yankunan tsakiyar latitude (mid-latitudes), inda iska mai ɗumi da danshi daga yankunan tropics take karo da iska mai sanyi daga yankunan polar.<ref name="nssl.noaa.gov">{{cite web |author=National Severe Storms Laboratory |author-link=National Severe Storms Laboratory |title=SEVERE WEATHER 101 / Thunderstorm Basics |url=https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/thunderstorms/ |access-date=2 January 2020 |work=SEVERE WEATHER 101 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]}}</ref> Guguwar tsawa tana da alhakin samuwar wasu mugayen yanayi masu haɗari (severe weather phenomena). Mafi yawan barnar da guguwar tsawa ke haifarwa tana faruwa ne sakamakon iskar ƙasa mai ƙarfi (downburst winds), manyan ƙanƙara (large hailstones), da ambaliyar ruwa ta bazata (flash flooding) wadda ke faruwa saboda yawan ruwan sama (precipitation). Ƙwayoyin guguwar tsawa masu ƙarfi sosai na iya haifar da guguwar iska mai karkarwa (tornado) da kuma waterspout, wato guguwar iska mai juyawa da ke samuwa a saman ruwa. Akwai nau'ikan tsawa guda uku: tantanin halitta guda ɗaya, tantanin halitta da yawa, da supercell.<ref name="Thunderstorms and Tornadoes">{{Cite web |title=Thunderstorms and Tornadoes |url=https://www.ux1.eiu.edu/~jpstimac/1400/tstorms.html |access-date=14 January 2021 |website=www.ux1.eiu.edu}}</ref> Guguwar tsawa ta Supercell ita ce mafi karfi kuma mafi tsanani.<ref name="Thunderstorms and Tornadoes" /> Tsarin convective na Mesoscale wanda aka kafa ta hanyar iska mai kyau a cikin wurare masu zafi da subtropics na iya zama alhakin ci gaban [[Tropical cyclone|guguwa]]. Hadari mai bushewa, ba tare da hazo ba, na iya haifar da fashewar gobarar daji daga zafi da aka samar daga [[Lightning|walƙiya daga girgije zuwa ƙasa]] da ke tare da su. Ana amfani da hanyoyi da yawa don nazarin tsawa: radar na yanayi, Tashoshin yanayi, da daukar hoto na bidiyo. Al'adun da suka gabata sun gudanar da tatsuniyoyi daban-daban game da tsawa da ci gaban su har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 18. Bayan yanayin duniya, an kuma lura da tsawa a kan taurari na Jupiter, Saturn, [[Neptune]], kuma, mai yiwuwa, Venus. == Tsarin rayuwa == [[Fayil:Thunderstorm_formation.jpg|thumb|Matakai na rayuwar tsawa]] Iska mai dumi yana da ƙananan ƙarfi fiye da iska mai sanyi, don haka iska mai dumi tana tashi sama kuma iska mai sanyi zai zauna a kasa. Girgije yana samuwa lokacin da iska mai zafi, dauke da danshi, ya tashi a cikin iska mai sanyi. Iska mai laushi yana tashi, kuma, yayin da yake yin hakan, yana sanyaya kuma wasu daga cikin tururin ruwa a cikin wannan iska mai tasowa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FMI |date=2007 |title=Fog And Stratus – Meteorological Physical Background |url=http://www.zamg.ac.at/docu/Manual/SatManu/main.htm?/docu/Manual/SatManu/CMs/FgStr/backgr.htm |access-date=7 February 2009 |publisher=Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik}}</ref> Lokacin da danshi ya kwanta, yana fitar da makamashi da aka sani da zafi mai zurfi, wanda ke ba da damar tashiwar iska don sanyaya ƙasa da iska mai sanyi da ke kewaye da shi yana ci gaba da hawan girgije. Idan isasshen rashin kwanciyar hankali yana cikin yanayi, wannan tsari zai ci gaba da isasshen isasshen girgije don samarwa da samar da [[Lightning|walƙiya]] da [[Thunder|tsawa]]. Ana iya amfani da alamun yanayi irin su convective available potential energy (CAPE) da kuma alamar da aka ɗaga don taimakawa wajen tantance yiwuwar ci gaban girgije.<ref name="CAPE">{{Cite journal |last=David O. Blanchard |date=September 1998 |title=Assessing the Vertical Distribution of Convective Available Potential Energy |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1234637 |journal=[[Weather and Forecasting]] |publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]] |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=870–7 |bibcode=1998WtFor..13..870B |doi=10.1175/1520-0434(1998)013<0870:ATVDOC>2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=124375544 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, tsawa yana buƙatar danshi, iska mai ƙarfi, da ƙarfin ɗagawa don samarwa.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Dukkanin tsawa, ba tare da la'akari da irin su ba, suna wucewa ta matakai uku: matakin ci gaba, matakin balaga, da kuma matakin ɓacewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thunderstorm Basics |url=https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/thunderstorms/#:~:text=The%20developing%20stage%20of%20a,this%20stage%20but%20occasional%20lightning. |access-date=14 January 2021 |website=NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory |language=EN-US}}</ref> Matsakaicin tsawa yana da diamita {{Convert|24|km|mi}} km (). Dangane da yanayin da ke cikin yanayi, kowannensu daga cikin waɗannan matakai uku yana ɗaukar matsakaicin minti 30.<ref name="tsbasics">{{Cite web |last=National Severe Storms Laboratory |date=15 October 2006 |title=A Severe Weather Primer: Questions and Answers about Thunderstorms |url=http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/primer/tstorm/tst_basics.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825000832/http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/primer/tstorm/tst_basics.html |archive-date=25 August 2009 |access-date=1 September 2009 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]}}</ref> === Mataki na ci gaba === [[Fayil:2016_Chmura_Cumulus_congestus_02.jpg|thumb|Hadari sau da yawa yana tasowa daga girgije na cumulus congestus.]] Mataki na farko na tsawa shine matakin cumulus ko matakin ci gaba. A wannan matakin, ana ɗaga yawan danshi zuwa sama cikin yanayi. Abinda ke haifar da wannan ɗagawa na iya zama [[Rana mai zafi|Hasken rana]], inda dumama ƙasa ke samar da zafi jiki, ko kuma inda iskõki biyu suka haɗu suna tilasta iska sama, ko kuma ina iskõki suna busawa a kan ƙasa mai ƙaruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thunderstorm Basics |url=https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/thunderstorms/ |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory |language=EN-US}}</ref> Rashin ruwa yana ɗaukar sanyi zuwa sama a cikin saukad da ruwa saboda ƙananan yanayin zafi a babban tsawo, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin girgije mai tsawo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=US Department of Commerce |first=NOAA |title=Weather Spotter’s Field Guide - Thunderstorm Life Cycle |url=https://www.weather.gov/spotterguide/life |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=www.weather.gov |language=EN-US}}</ref> Yayin da tururin ruwa ya taru a cikin ruwa, ana fitar da zafi mai zurfi, wanda ke sa iska ta zama ƙasa da ƙarancin iska da ke kewaye da ita. Sa'an nan iska ta ci gaba da tashi a cikin [[Vertical draft|updraft]] ta hanyar tsarin convection. Wannan tsari yana haifar da Yankin matsin lamba a ciki da ƙarƙashin tsawa mai tasowa. === Mataki na balaga === [[Fayil:Anvil_shaped_cumulus_panorama_edit_crop.jpg|thumb|Girgizar girgije mai kama da doki a matakin balaga]] A cikin tsufa na tsawa, iska mai dumi tana ci gaba da tashi har sai ta kai wani yanki na iska mai zafi kuma ba za ta iya tashi ba. Sau da yawa wannan 'kashin' shine tropopause. A maimakon haka, an tilasta iska ta bazu, tana ba da guguwar siffar ƙuƙwalwa. Sakamakon girgije ana kiransa ''cumulonimbus incus'' . Ruwan ruwa ya haɗuwa cikin manyan kuma ya fi nauyi kuma ya daskare ya zama ƙwayoyin kankara. Yayin da waɗannan suka faɗi, suna narkewa don zama ruwan sama. Idan updraft yana da ƙarfi sosai, ana riƙe ɗigon sama har ya zama babba don ba su narke gaba ɗaya ba amma su faɗi kamar ƙanƙara. Duk da yake updrafts har yanzu suna nan, ruwan sama mai fadowa yana jawo iska da ke kewaye da shi, yana haifar da saukarwa. Kasancewar lokaci guda na duka updraft da downdraft suna nuna matakin tsufa na guguwar kuma suna samar da girgije na cumulonimbus. A wannan matakin, babban rikici na ciki na iya faruwa, wanda ke bayyana a matsayin iskõki masu ƙarfi, walƙiya mai tsanani, har ma da [[guguwa]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pilot's Web The Aviator's Journal |date=13 June 2009 |title=Structural Icing in VMC |url=http://www.pilotsweb.com/wx/w_sense.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819055501/http://pilotsweb.com/wx/w_sense.htm |archive-date=19 August 2011 |access-date=2 September 2009}}</ref> Yawanci, idan akwai ƙananan iska, guguwar za ta shiga cikin sauri kuma 'ruwa kanta', amma, idan akwai isasshen canji a cikin saurin iska ko shugabanci, za a raba downdraft daga updraft, kuma guguwar na iya zama supercell, inda matakin da ya girma zai iya ci gaba da kansa na sa'o'i da yawa. <ref name="motion">{{Cite web |last=Jon W. Zeitler |last2=Matthew J. Bunkers |name-list-style=amp |date=March 2005 |title=Operational Forecasting of Supercell Motion: Review and Case Studies Using Multiple Datasets |url=https://www.weather.gov/media/unr/soo/scm/ZB06.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505055134/https://www.weather.gov/media/unr/soo/scm/ZB06.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2025 |access-date=8 June 2026 |publisher=[[National Weather Service]] Forecast Office, [[Riverton, Wyoming]]}}</ref> === Mataki na warwarewa === [[Fayil:Cirrus_spissatus_cumulonimbogenitus_in_Oklahoma.jpg|thumb|Wani girgije da aka kafa daga tsawa mai tsawa]] A cikin matakin ɓarkewa, tsawa ta mamaye ta hanyar downdraft. Idan yanayin yanayi ba ya tallafawa ci gaban super cell, wannan matakin yana faruwa da sauri, kimanin minti 20-30 cikin rayuwar tsawa. Rashin ruwa zai tura daga cikin tsawa, ya buga ƙasa kuma ya bazu. Wannan sabon abu an san shi da downburst . Iska mai sanyi da aka ɗauka zuwa ƙasa ta hanyar saukar da iska ta yanke daga shigowar tsawa, tsawa ta ɓace kuma tsawa za ta ɓace. Hadari a cikin yanayi ba tare da kusan iska mai tsayi ba ya raunana da zaran sun aika da iyakar fitarwa a kowane bangare, wanda sa'an nan da sauri ya yanke isar da iska mai dumi, mai laushi, kuma ya kashe ci gaban hadari.<ref>{{Cite web |last=The Weather World 2010 Project |date=3 September 2009 |title=Vertical Wind Shear |url=http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/svr/comp/wind/home.rxml |access-date=21 October 2006 |publisher=University of Illinois}}</ref> Rashin da ke bugawa ƙasa yana haifar da iyakar fita. Wannan na iya haifar da fashewa, yanayin haɗari mai yuwuwa ga jirgin sama ya tashi ta hanyar, yayin da babban canji a cikin saurin iska da shugabanci ke faruwa, wanda ke haifar da raguwar saurin iska kuma raguwar ɗagawa ga jirgin. Ƙarfin fitarwa ya fi karfi, ƙarancin iska mai tsayi ya zama mai ƙarfi.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Ted Fujita}}</ref> == Rarraba == [[Fayil:CAPE_vs_SHEAR.svg|thumb|Yanayi mai kyau ga nau'ikan tsawa da rikitarwa]] Akwai manyan nau'ikan tsawa guda huɗu: tantanin halitta guda ɗaya, tantanin halitta da yawa, layin squall (wanda ake kira layin tantanin halitta mai yawa) da supercell.<ref name="Thunderstorms and Tornadoes" /> Wanne nau'in siffofi ya dogara da rashin daidaituwa da yanayin iska na dangi a matakai daban-daban na yanayi ("shear iska"). Hadari guda ɗaya yana samuwa a cikin mahalli na iska mai laushi kuma yana da minti 20-30 kawai. Hadari da aka shirya da tarin tsawa / layi na iya samun tsawon rayuwa yayin da suke samuwa a cikin mahalli na iska mai mahimmanci, yawanci mafi girma fiye da {{Convert|25|kn|m/s}} m / s) a cikin mafi ƙasƙanci 6 kilomita (3.7 na troposphere, wanda ke taimakawa ci gaban karfi mai ƙarfi da kuma nau'o'i daban-daban na yanayi mai tsanani. Supercell shine mafi karfi daga cikin tsawa, wanda aka fi danganta da babban ƙanƙara, iska mai ƙarfi, da kuma samar da guguwa.<ref name="Thunderstorms and Tornadoes" /> Rashin ruwa mai yawa fiye da 31.8 millimeters (1.25 in) yana goyon bayan ci gaban hadaddun tsawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maddox R.A., Chappell C.F., Hoxit L.R. |year=1979 |title=Synoptic and meso-α scale aspects of flash flood events |journal=Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=115–123 |bibcode=1979BAMS...60..115M |doi=10.1175/1520-0477-60.2.115 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadanda ke da ruwan sama mai yawa yawanci suna da ƙimar ruwa mai yawa fiye da 36.9 millimeters (1.45 in). Ana buƙatar ƙimar CAPE na sama da 800 J / kg don ci gaban tsari mai tsarawa. === Kwayar halitta guda ɗaya === [[Fayil:Clouds_above_grand_isle_(5015332240).jpg|thumb|Guguwa mai tsawa guda ɗaya a kan Grand Isle, LouisianaBabban tsibirin, Louisiana]] Guguwa mai tsawa guda ɗaya, wanda aka fi sani da guguwa mai iska, guguwa ce guda ɗaya tare da babban updraft ɗaya. Hadari guda ɗaya shine hadari na rani a wurare da yawa. Har ila yau, suna faruwa a cikin iska mai sanyi wanda sau da yawa yakan biyo bayan wucewar sanyi gaba teku a lokacin hunturu. A cikin tarin tsawa, kalmar "cell" tana nufin kowane babban updraft. Kwayoyin tsawa a wasu lokuta suna samuwa a ware, kamar yadda faruwar tsawa ɗaya na iya haɓaka iyakar fita wanda ke saita sabon ci gaban tsawa. Irin waɗannan guguwa ba su da tsanani kuma sakamakon rashin kwanciyar hankali ne na cikin gida; saboda haka kalmar nan "guguwar iska". Lokacin da irin wannan guguwa ke da ɗan gajeren lokaci na mummunan yanayi da ke da alaƙa da su, an san shi da guguwa mai tsanani. Guguwa mai tsanani ba a tsara shi sosai ba kuma yana faruwa ba zato ba tsammani a lokaci da sarari, yana mai da su da wuya a hango su. Hadari mai tsawa guda ɗaya yawanci yana ɗaukar minti 20-30 .<ref name="tsbasics" />&nbsp; === Ƙungiyoyin ƙwayoyin halitta da yawa === [[Fayil:8402_STS41B_Challenger_Thunderstorms_over_Brazil.jpg|thumb|Wani rukuni na tsawa a kan Brazil wanda Space Shuttle Challenger ya ɗaukaJirgin sararin samaniya <nowiki><i id="mwATM">Mai kalubalantar</i></nowiki>]] Wannan shine mafi yawan ci gaban tsawa. Ana samun tsawa masu girma a kusa da tsakiyar tarin, yayin da tsawa masu tasowa ke wanzu a gefen iska. Guguwar multicell ta samo asali ne a matsayin Layin guguwa amma tana iya canzawa zuwa layi ɗaya ko fiye. Duk da yake kowane tantanin halitta na tarin zai iya ɗaukar minti 20 kawai, tarin da kansa na iya ci gaba da sa'o'i a lokaci guda. &nbsp;Sau da yawa suna tasowa daga convective updrafts a cikin ko kusa da tsaunuka da iyakokin yanayi na layi, kamar su gaba mai sanyi mai ƙarfi ko ƙarancin matsin lamba. Wadannan nau'ikan guguwa sun fi karfi fiye da guguwar tantanin halitta guda ɗaya, duk da haka sun fi rauni fiye da gwagwarmayar supercell. Hadari tare da tarin multicell sun haɗa da ƙanƙara mai matsakaici, ambaliyar ruwa, da guguwa mai rauni.<ref name="tsbasics" /> === Layin da ya faru === layin guguwa layi ne mai tsawo na tsawa mai tsanani wanda zai iya samuwa tare ko a gaban sanyi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Glossary of Meteorology |date=2009 |title=Squall line |url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=squall-line1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217175139/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=squall-line1 |archive-date=17 December 2008 |access-date=14 June 2009 |publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Glossary of Meteorology |date=2009 |title=Prefrontal squall line |url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=prefrontal-squall-line1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817224959/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=prefrontal-squall-line1 |archive-date=17 August 2007 |access-date=14 June 2009 |publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]}}</ref> A farkon karni na 20, an yi amfani da kalmar a matsayin ma'anar sanyi.<ref name="OU">{{Cite web |last=University of Oklahoma |date=2004 |title=The Norwegian Cyclone Model |url=http://weather.ou.edu/~metr4424/Files/Norwegian_Cyclone_Model.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901163934/http://weather.ou.edu/~metr4424/Files/Norwegian_Cyclone_Model.pdf |archive-date=1 September 2006 |access-date=17 May 2007}}</ref> Layin [[guguwa]] ya ƙunshi [[Yayafi|ruwan sama]] mai nauyi, ƙanƙara, [[Lightning|walƙiya]] mai yawa, iska mai ƙarfi madaidaiciya, kuma mai yiwuwa guguwa da ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology |date=2008 |title=Chapter 2: Definitions |url=http://www.ofcm.gov/slso/pdf/slsochp2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002006/http://www.ofcm.gov/slso/pdf/slsochp2.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2009 |access-date=3 May 2009 |publisher=[[NOAA]] |pages=2–1}}</ref> Ana iya sa ran Yanayi mai tsanani a cikin nau'in iska mai ƙarfi madaidaiciya a yankunan da layin guguwa kanta ke cikin siffar muryar baka, a cikin ɓangaren layin da ya fi yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Glossary of Meteorology |date=2009 |title=Bow echo |url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=bow+echo&submit=Search |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606103620/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=bow+echo&submit=Search |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=14 June 2009 |publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]}}</ref> Ana iya samun [[Guguwa]] tare da raƙuman ruwa a cikin tsarin raƙuman raƙuman ƙasa, ko LEWP, inda wuraren da ke da matsin lamba. Wasu muryoyin baka a lokacin rani ana kiransu derechos, kuma suna motsawa da sauri ta manyan sassan yankin.<ref name="noaa">{{Cite web |last=Stephen F. Corfidi |last2=Jeffry S. Evans |last3=Robert H. Johns |name-list-style=amp |date=2015 |title=About Derechos |url=http://www.spc.noaa.gov/misc/AbtDerechos/derechofacts.htm |access-date=17 February 2015 |publisher=[[Storm Prediction Center]], NCEP, NWS, NOAA Web Site}}</ref> A gefen baya na garkuwar ruwan sama da ke da alaƙa da layin iska masu girma, farkawa mai ƙarancin ƙarfi na iya samarwa, wanda shine yankin matsin lamba na mesoscale wanda ke samuwa a bayan tsarin matsin lamba mai girma wanda ke cikin ruwan sama, wanda wani lokacin ana danganta shi da fashewar zafi. Irin wannan guguwa kuma an san shi da "Wind of the Stony Lake" (Sinanci mai sauƙi: 石湖风; gargajiya na Sinanci: 石 Lake風; shi2 hu2 feng1) a kudancin China.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2005 |title=Squall lines and "Shi Hu Feng" – what you want to know about the violent squalls hitting Hong Kong on 9 May 2005 |url=http://www.hko.gov.hk/education/edu01met/wxphe/ele_squalle.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025222307/http://www.hko.gov.hk/education/edu01met/wxphe/ele_squalle.htm |archive-date=25 October 2019 |access-date=23 August 2006 |publisher=Hong Kong Observatory}}</ref> === Supercells === [[Fayil:Supercell_with_Tornado.jpg|thumb|Wani supercell da ke samar da guguwa a kusa da Stratton, Colorado.]] ThunderstormSupercell storms are large, usually severe, quasi-steady-state storms that form in an environment where wind speed or wind direction varies with height ("wind shear"), and they have separate downdrafts and updrafts (i.e., where its associated precipitation is not falling through the updraft) with a strong, rotating updraft (a "[[mesocyclone]]"). These storms normally have such powerful updrafts that the top of the supercell storm cloud (or anvil) can break through the troposphere and reach into the lower levels of the stratosphere. Supercell storms can be {{Convert|24|km|mi|0}} wide. Research has shown that at least 90&nbsp;percent of supercells cause severe weather.<ref name="motion" /> These storms can produce destructive [[Guguwa|tornadoes]], extremely large [[Hail|hailstones]] ({{Convert|10|cm|in|0}} diameter), straight-line winds in excess of {{Convert|130|km/h|mph}}, and [[Ambaliyar ruwa|flash floods]]. In fact, research has shown that most tornadoes occur from this type of thunderstorm.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 1999 |title=Supercell Thunderstorms |url=http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/svr/type/spr/home.rxml |access-date=23 August 2006 |website=Weather World 2010 Project |publisher=University of Illinois}}</ref> Supercells are generally the strongest type of thunderstorm.<ref name="tsbasics" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dwkn7nqbx4qd5yoiqxfo16e75wi4bwy 906295 906294 2026-08-22T19:26:38Z Saad Nuhu 43323 906295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Lightning_Pritzerbe_01_(MK).jpg|thumb|Hasken wuta daga tsawa a kusa da Pritzerbe, Jamus]] Guguwar tsawa (thunderstorm), wadda ake kuma kira guguwar lantarki (electrical storm) ko guguwar walƙiya (lightning storm), ita ce guguwar da ake samun walƙiya (lightning) da tsawa (thunder) a cikinta. Guguwar tsawa mai rauni ana iya kiranta thundershower. '''Guguwar tsawa''' tana samuwa ne a cikin gajimaren cumulonimbus '''(cumulonimbus cloud)'''. Yawanci tana tare da iska mai ƙarfi, kuma sau da yawa tana haifar da ruwan sama mai yawa. A wasu lokuta kuma tana iya haifar da ƙanƙara mai laushi (sleet), ƙanƙara (hail), ko ma dusar ƙanƙara mai ɗauke da tsawa (thundersnow). Sai dai wasu guguwar tsawa kan kawo ɗan ƙaramin ruwa ko kuma ba sa kawo ruwan sama kwata-kwata, musamman abin da ake kira dry thunderstorm. Guguwar tsawa na iya jere ɗaya bayan ɗaya ta samar da jerin guguwa, ko kuma ta haɗu ta zama wani layin ruwan sama (rainband) da ake kira squall line. Guguwar tsawa mai ƙarfi ko mai tsanani (severe thunderstorm) na iya haifar da wasu daga cikin abubuwan yanayi mafi haɗari, kamar manyan ƙanƙara (large hail), iska mai tsananin ƙarfi, da guguwar iska mai karkarwa (tornado). Wasu daga cikin guguwar tsawa masu ƙarfi da kuma ɗorewa, waɗanda ake kira supercells, suna yin juyawa kamar yadda cyclones suke yi. Yawancin guguwar tsawa suna tafiya ne bisa ga matsakaicin alkiblar iska da ke cikin ɓangaren troposphere da guguwar take ciki. Amma wani lokaci bambancin saurin ko alkiblar iska da tsawo (vertical wind shear) kan sa guguwar ta karkata daga hanyar da iska take bi, har kusan zuwa kusurwar digiri 90 da alkiblar wind shear ɗin. Guguwar tsawa tana faruwa ne sakamakon saurin tashi sama na iska mai ɗumi da danshi, wani lokaci tare da iyakar yanayi (weather front). Amma domin iskar ta iya tashi sama cikin sauri, ana buƙatar wani nau'in tilastawar samuwar gajimare (cloud forcing), wanda zai iya kasancewa iyakar yanayi, shortwave trough, ko wani tsarin yanayi. Yayin da iska mai ɗumi da danshi take tashi sama, tana sanyaya, sannan tururin ruwa ya takure (condensation), wanda ke haifar da samuwar gajimaren cumulonimbus. Irin wannan gajimare na iya kaiwa tsayin da ya wuce kilomita 20 (mil 12)..<ref name="scied.ucar.edu2">{{cite web |title=Thunderstorms {{!}} UCAR Center for Science Education |url=https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/storms/thunderstorms |access-date=14 January 2021 |website=scied.ucar.edu}}</ref> Lokacin da iskar da ke tashi ta kai zafin dew point, tururin ruwa yana takure ya zama ƙananan ɗigon ruwa ko ƙanƙara. Wannan yana rage matsi (pressure) a wani yanki na cikin tantanin guguwar tsawa. Duk wani ruwan sama ko ƙanƙara (precipitation) da ya samu yana faɗowa daga nesa mai tsawo ta cikin gajimaren zuwa saman Duniya. Yayin da ɗigon ruwan ke faɗowa, suna karo da wasu ɗigogi, wanda ke sa su ƙara girma..<ref name="scied.ucar.edu3">{{cite web |title=Thunderstorms {{!}} UCAR Center for Science Education |url=https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/storms/thunderstorms |access-date=14 January 2021 |website=scied.ucar.edu}}</ref> Faɗuwar waɗannan ɗigogin tana haifar da iskar saukowa (downdraft), domin tana jan iska mai sanyi tare da ita. Daga nan sai wannan iska mai sanyi ta bazu a saman Duniya, kuma a wasu lokuta ta haifar da iska mai ƙarfi, wadda take daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi dangantawa da guguwar tsawa..<ref name="scied.ucar.edu">{{cite web |title=Thunderstorms {{!}} UCAR Center for Science Education |url=https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/storms/thunderstorms |access-date=14 January 2021 |website=scied.ucar.edu}}</ref> Guguwar tsawa na iya samu da haɓaka a kowane yanki na duniya, amma tana faruwa fiye da ko'ina a yankunan tsakiyar latitude (mid-latitudes), inda iska mai ɗumi da danshi daga yankunan tropics take karo da iska mai sanyi daga yankunan polar.<ref name="nssl.noaa.gov">{{cite web |author=National Severe Storms Laboratory |author-link=National Severe Storms Laboratory |title=SEVERE WEATHER 101 / Thunderstorm Basics |url=https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/thunderstorms/ |access-date=2 January 2020 |work=SEVERE WEATHER 101 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]}}</ref> Guguwar tsawa tana da alhakin samuwar wasu mugayen yanayi masu haɗari (severe weather phenomena). Mafi yawan barnar da guguwar tsawa ke haifarwa tana faruwa ne sakamakon iskar ƙasa mai ƙarfi (downburst winds), manyan ƙanƙara (large hailstones), da ambaliyar ruwa ta bazata (flash flooding) wadda ke faruwa saboda yawan ruwan sama (precipitation). Ƙwayoyin guguwar tsawa masu ƙarfi sosai na iya haifar da guguwar iska mai karkarwa (tornado) da kuma waterspout, wato guguwar iska mai juyawa da ke samuwa a saman ruwa. Akwai nau'ikan tsawa guda uku: tantanin halitta guda ɗaya, tantanin halitta da yawa, da supercell.<ref name="Thunderstorms and Tornadoes">{{Cite web |title=Thunderstorms and Tornadoes |url=https://www.ux1.eiu.edu/~jpstimac/1400/tstorms.html |access-date=14 January 2021 |website=www.ux1.eiu.edu}}</ref> Guguwar tsawa ta Supercell ita ce mafi karfi kuma mafi tsanani.<ref name="Thunderstorms and Tornadoes" /> Tsarin convective na Mesoscale wanda aka kafa ta hanyar iska mai kyau a cikin wurare masu zafi da subtropics na iya zama alhakin ci gaban [[Tropical cyclone|guguwa]]. Hadari mai bushewa, ba tare da hazo ba, na iya haifar da fashewar gobarar daji daga zafi da aka samar daga [[Lightning|walƙiya daga girgije zuwa ƙasa]] da ke tare da su. Ana amfani da hanyoyi da yawa don nazarin tsawa: radar na yanayi, Tashoshin yanayi, da daukar hoto na bidiyo. Al'adun da suka gabata sun gudanar da tatsuniyoyi daban-daban game da tsawa da ci gaban su har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 18. Bayan yanayin duniya, an kuma lura da tsawa a kan taurari na Jupiter, Saturn, [[Neptune]], kuma, mai yiwuwa, Venus. == Tsarin rayuwa == [[Fayil:Thunderstorm_formation.jpg|thumb|Matakai na rayuwar tsawa]] Iska mai dumi yana da ƙananan ƙarfi fiye da iska mai sanyi, don haka iska mai dumi tana tashi sama kuma iska mai sanyi zai zauna a kasa. Girgije yana samuwa lokacin da iska mai zafi, dauke da danshi, ya tashi a cikin iska mai sanyi. Iska mai laushi yana tashi, kuma, yayin da yake yin hakan, yana sanyaya kuma wasu daga cikin tururin ruwa a cikin wannan iska mai tasowa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FMI |date=2007 |title=Fog And Stratus – Meteorological Physical Background |url=http://www.zamg.ac.at/docu/Manual/SatManu/main.htm?/docu/Manual/SatManu/CMs/FgStr/backgr.htm |access-date=7 February 2009 |publisher=Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik}}</ref> Lokacin da danshi ya kwanta, yana fitar da makamashi da aka sani da zafi mai zurfi, wanda ke ba da damar tashiwar iska don sanyaya ƙasa da iska mai sanyi da ke kewaye da shi yana ci gaba da hawan girgije. Idan isasshen rashin kwanciyar hankali yana cikin yanayi, wannan tsari zai ci gaba da isasshen isasshen girgije don samarwa da samar da [[Lightning|walƙiya]] da [[Thunder|tsawa]]. Ana iya amfani da alamun yanayi irin su convective available potential energy (CAPE) da kuma alamar da aka ɗaga don taimakawa wajen tantance yiwuwar ci gaban girgije.<ref name="CAPE">{{Cite journal |last=David O. Blanchard |date=September 1998 |title=Assessing the Vertical Distribution of Convective Available Potential Energy |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1234637 |journal=[[Weather and Forecasting]] |publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]] |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=870–7 |bibcode=1998WtFor..13..870B |doi=10.1175/1520-0434(1998)013<0870:ATVDOC>2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=124375544 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, tsawa yana buƙatar danshi, iska mai ƙarfi, da ƙarfin ɗagawa don samarwa.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Dukkanin tsawa, ba tare da la'akari da irin su ba, suna wucewa ta matakai uku: matakin ci gaba, matakin balaga, da kuma matakin ɓacewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thunderstorm Basics |url=https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/thunderstorms/#:~:text=The%20developing%20stage%20of%20a,this%20stage%20but%20occasional%20lightning. |access-date=14 January 2021 |website=NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory |language=EN-US}}</ref> Matsakaicin tsawa yana da diamita {{Convert|24|km|mi}} km (). Dangane da yanayin da ke cikin yanayi, kowannensu daga cikin waɗannan matakai uku yana ɗaukar matsakaicin minti 30.<ref name="tsbasics">{{Cite web |last=National Severe Storms Laboratory |date=15 October 2006 |title=A Severe Weather Primer: Questions and Answers about Thunderstorms |url=http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/primer/tstorm/tst_basics.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825000832/http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/primer/tstorm/tst_basics.html |archive-date=25 August 2009 |access-date=1 September 2009 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]}}</ref> === Mataki na ci gaba === [[Fayil:2016_Chmura_Cumulus_congestus_02.jpg|thumb|Hadari sau da yawa yana tasowa daga girgije na cumulus congestus.]] Mataki na farko na tsawa shine matakin cumulus ko matakin ci gaba. A wannan matakin, ana ɗaga yawan danshi zuwa sama cikin yanayi. Abinda ke haifar da wannan ɗagawa na iya zama [[Rana mai zafi|Hasken rana]], inda dumama ƙasa ke samar da zafi jiki, ko kuma inda iskõki biyu suka haɗu suna tilasta iska sama, ko kuma ina iskõki suna busawa a kan ƙasa mai ƙaruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thunderstorm Basics |url=https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/thunderstorms/ |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory |language=EN-US}}</ref> Rashin ruwa yana ɗaukar sanyi zuwa sama a cikin saukad da ruwa saboda ƙananan yanayin zafi a babban tsawo, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin girgije mai tsawo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=US Department of Commerce |first=NOAA |title=Weather Spotter’s Field Guide - Thunderstorm Life Cycle |url=https://www.weather.gov/spotterguide/life |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=www.weather.gov |language=EN-US}}</ref> Yayin da tururin ruwa ya taru a cikin ruwa, ana fitar da zafi mai zurfi, wanda ke sa iska ta zama ƙasa da ƙarancin iska da ke kewaye da ita. Sa'an nan iska ta ci gaba da tashi a cikin [[Vertical draft|updraft]] ta hanyar tsarin convection. Wannan tsari yana haifar da Yankin matsin lamba a ciki da ƙarƙashin tsawa mai tasowa. === Mataki na balaga === [[Fayil:Anvil_shaped_cumulus_panorama_edit_crop.jpg|thumb|Girgizar girgije mai kama da doki a matakin balaga]] A cikin tsufa na tsawa, iska mai dumi tana ci gaba da tashi har sai ta kai wani yanki na iska mai zafi kuma ba za ta iya tashi ba. Sau da yawa wannan 'kashin' shine tropopause. A maimakon haka, an tilasta iska ta bazu, tana ba da guguwar siffar ƙuƙwalwa. Sakamakon girgije ana kiransa ''cumulonimbus incus'' . Ruwan ruwa ya haɗuwa cikin manyan kuma ya fi nauyi kuma ya daskare ya zama ƙwayoyin kankara. Yayin da waɗannan suka faɗi, suna narkewa don zama ruwan sama. Idan updraft yana da ƙarfi sosai, ana riƙe ɗigon sama har ya zama babba don ba su narke gaba ɗaya ba amma su faɗi kamar ƙanƙara. Duk da yake updrafts har yanzu suna nan, ruwan sama mai fadowa yana jawo iska da ke kewaye da shi, yana haifar da saukarwa. Kasancewar lokaci guda na duka updraft da downdraft suna nuna matakin tsufa na guguwar kuma suna samar da girgije na cumulonimbus. A wannan matakin, babban rikici na ciki na iya faruwa, wanda ke bayyana a matsayin iskõki masu ƙarfi, walƙiya mai tsanani, har ma da [[guguwa]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pilot's Web The Aviator's Journal |date=13 June 2009 |title=Structural Icing in VMC |url=http://www.pilotsweb.com/wx/w_sense.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819055501/http://pilotsweb.com/wx/w_sense.htm |archive-date=19 August 2011 |access-date=2 September 2009}}</ref> Yawanci, idan akwai ƙananan iska, guguwar za ta shiga cikin sauri kuma 'ruwa kanta', amma, idan akwai isasshen canji a cikin saurin iska ko shugabanci, za a raba downdraft daga updraft, kuma guguwar na iya zama supercell, inda matakin da ya girma zai iya ci gaba da kansa na sa'o'i da yawa. <ref name="motion">{{Cite web |last=Jon W. Zeitler |last2=Matthew J. Bunkers |name-list-style=amp |date=March 2005 |title=Operational Forecasting of Supercell Motion: Review and Case Studies Using Multiple Datasets |url=https://www.weather.gov/media/unr/soo/scm/ZB06.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505055134/https://www.weather.gov/media/unr/soo/scm/ZB06.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2025 |access-date=8 June 2026 |publisher=[[National Weather Service]] Forecast Office, [[Riverton, Wyoming]]}}</ref> === Mataki na warwarewa === [[Fayil:Cirrus_spissatus_cumulonimbogenitus_in_Oklahoma.jpg|thumb|Wani girgije da aka kafa daga tsawa mai tsawa]] A cikin matakin ɓarkewa, tsawa ta mamaye ta hanyar downdraft. Idan yanayin yanayi ba ya tallafawa ci gaban super cell, wannan matakin yana faruwa da sauri, kimanin minti 20-30 cikin rayuwar tsawa. Rashin ruwa zai tura daga cikin tsawa, ya buga ƙasa kuma ya bazu. Wannan sabon abu an san shi da downburst . Iska mai sanyi da aka ɗauka zuwa ƙasa ta hanyar saukar da iska ta yanke daga shigowar tsawa, tsawa ta ɓace kuma tsawa za ta ɓace. Hadari a cikin yanayi ba tare da kusan iska mai tsayi ba ya raunana da zaran sun aika da iyakar fitarwa a kowane bangare, wanda sa'an nan da sauri ya yanke isar da iska mai dumi, mai laushi, kuma ya kashe ci gaban hadari.<ref>{{Cite web |last=The Weather World 2010 Project |date=3 September 2009 |title=Vertical Wind Shear |url=http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/svr/comp/wind/home.rxml |access-date=21 October 2006 |publisher=University of Illinois}}</ref> Rashin da ke bugawa ƙasa yana haifar da iyakar fita. Wannan na iya haifar da fashewa, yanayin haɗari mai yuwuwa ga jirgin sama ya tashi ta hanyar, yayin da babban canji a cikin saurin iska da shugabanci ke faruwa, wanda ke haifar da raguwar saurin iska kuma raguwar ɗagawa ga jirgin. Ƙarfin fitarwa ya fi karfi, ƙarancin iska mai tsayi ya zama mai ƙarfi.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Ted Fujita}}</ref> == Rarraba == [[Fayil:CAPE_vs_SHEAR.svg|thumb|Yanayi mai kyau ga nau'ikan tsawa da rikitarwa]] Akwai manyan nau'ikan tsawa guda huɗu: tantanin halitta guda ɗaya, tantanin halitta da yawa, layin squall (wanda ake kira layin tantanin halitta mai yawa) da supercell.<ref name="Thunderstorms and Tornadoes" /> Wanne nau'in siffofi ya dogara da rashin daidaituwa da yanayin iska na dangi a matakai daban-daban na yanayi ("shear iska"). Hadari guda ɗaya yana samuwa a cikin mahalli na iska mai laushi kuma yana da minti 20-30 kawai. Hadari da aka shirya da tarin tsawa / layi na iya samun tsawon rayuwa yayin da suke samuwa a cikin mahalli na iska mai mahimmanci, yawanci mafi girma fiye da {{Convert|25|kn|m/s}} m / s) a cikin mafi ƙasƙanci 6 kilomita (3.7 na troposphere, wanda ke taimakawa ci gaban karfi mai ƙarfi da kuma nau'o'i daban-daban na yanayi mai tsanani. Supercell shine mafi karfi daga cikin tsawa, wanda aka fi danganta da babban ƙanƙara, iska mai ƙarfi, da kuma samar da guguwa.<ref name="Thunderstorms and Tornadoes" /> Rashin ruwa mai yawa fiye da 31.8 millimeters (1.25 in) yana goyon bayan ci gaban hadaddun tsawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maddox R.A., Chappell C.F., Hoxit L.R. |year=1979 |title=Synoptic and meso-α scale aspects of flash flood events |journal=Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=115–123 |bibcode=1979BAMS...60..115M |doi=10.1175/1520-0477-60.2.115 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadanda ke da ruwan sama mai yawa yawanci suna da ƙimar ruwa mai yawa fiye da 36.9 millimeters (1.45 in). Ana buƙatar ƙimar CAPE na sama da 800 J / kg don ci gaban tsari mai tsarawa. === Kwayar halitta guda ɗaya === [[Fayil:Clouds_above_grand_isle_(5015332240).jpg|thumb|Guguwa mai tsawa guda ɗaya a kan Grand Isle, LouisianaBabban tsibirin, Louisiana]] Guguwa mai tsawa guda ɗaya, wanda aka fi sani da guguwa mai iska, guguwa ce guda ɗaya tare da babban updraft ɗaya. Hadari guda ɗaya shine hadari na rani a wurare da yawa. Har ila yau, suna faruwa a cikin iska mai sanyi wanda sau da yawa yakan biyo bayan wucewar sanyi gaba teku a lokacin hunturu. A cikin tarin tsawa, kalmar "cell" tana nufin kowane babban updraft. Kwayoyin tsawa a wasu lokuta suna samuwa a ware, kamar yadda faruwar tsawa ɗaya na iya haɓaka iyakar fita wanda ke saita sabon ci gaban tsawa. Irin waɗannan guguwa ba su da tsanani kuma sakamakon rashin kwanciyar hankali ne na cikin gida; saboda haka kalmar nan "guguwar iska". Lokacin da irin wannan guguwa ke da ɗan gajeren lokaci na mummunan yanayi da ke da alaƙa da su, an san shi da guguwa mai tsanani. Guguwa mai tsanani ba a tsara shi sosai ba kuma yana faruwa ba zato ba tsammani a lokaci da sarari, yana mai da su da wuya a hango su. Hadari mai tsawa guda ɗaya yawanci yana ɗaukar minti 20-30 .<ref name="tsbasics" />&nbsp; === Ƙungiyoyin ƙwayoyin halitta da yawa === [[Fayil:8402_STS41B_Challenger_Thunderstorms_over_Brazil.jpg|thumb|Wani rukuni na tsawa a kan Brazil wanda Space Shuttle Challenger ya ɗaukaJirgin sararin samaniya <nowiki><i id="mwATM">Mai kalubalantar</i></nowiki>]] Wannan shine mafi yawan ci gaban tsawa. Ana samun tsawa masu girma a kusa da tsakiyar tarin, yayin da tsawa masu tasowa ke wanzu a gefen iska. Guguwar multicell ta samo asali ne a matsayin Layin guguwa amma tana iya canzawa zuwa layi ɗaya ko fiye. Duk da yake kowane tantanin halitta na tarin zai iya ɗaukar minti 20 kawai, tarin da kansa na iya ci gaba da sa'o'i a lokaci guda. &nbsp;Sau da yawa suna tasowa daga convective updrafts a cikin ko kusa da tsaunuka da iyakokin yanayi na layi, kamar su gaba mai sanyi mai ƙarfi ko ƙarancin matsin lamba. Wadannan nau'ikan guguwa sun fi karfi fiye da guguwar tantanin halitta guda ɗaya, duk da haka sun fi rauni fiye da gwagwarmayar supercell. Hadari tare da tarin multicell sun haɗa da ƙanƙara mai matsakaici, ambaliyar ruwa, da guguwa mai rauni.<ref name="tsbasics" /> === Layin da ya faru === layin guguwa layi ne mai tsawo na tsawa mai tsanani wanda zai iya samuwa tare ko a gaban sanyi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Glossary of Meteorology |date=2009 |title=Squall line |url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=squall-line1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217175139/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=squall-line1 |archive-date=17 December 2008 |access-date=14 June 2009 |publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Glossary of Meteorology |date=2009 |title=Prefrontal squall line |url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=prefrontal-squall-line1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817224959/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=prefrontal-squall-line1 |archive-date=17 August 2007 |access-date=14 June 2009 |publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]}}</ref> A farkon karni na 20, an yi amfani da kalmar a matsayin ma'anar sanyi.<ref name="OU">{{Cite web |last=University of Oklahoma |date=2004 |title=The Norwegian Cyclone Model |url=http://weather.ou.edu/~metr4424/Files/Norwegian_Cyclone_Model.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901163934/http://weather.ou.edu/~metr4424/Files/Norwegian_Cyclone_Model.pdf |archive-date=1 September 2006 |access-date=17 May 2007}}</ref> Layin [[guguwa]] ya ƙunshi [[Yayafi|ruwan sama]] mai nauyi, ƙanƙara, [[Lightning|walƙiya]] mai yawa, iska mai ƙarfi madaidaiciya, kuma mai yiwuwa guguwa da ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology |date=2008 |title=Chapter 2: Definitions |url=http://www.ofcm.gov/slso/pdf/slsochp2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002006/http://www.ofcm.gov/slso/pdf/slsochp2.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2009 |access-date=3 May 2009 |publisher=[[NOAA]] |pages=2–1}}</ref> Ana iya sa ran Yanayi mai tsanani a cikin nau'in iska mai ƙarfi madaidaiciya a yankunan da layin guguwa kanta ke cikin siffar muryar baka, a cikin ɓangaren layin da ya fi yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Glossary of Meteorology |date=2009 |title=Bow echo |url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=bow+echo&submit=Search |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606103620/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=bow+echo&submit=Search |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=14 June 2009 |publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]}}</ref> Ana iya samun [[Guguwa]] tare da raƙuman ruwa a cikin tsarin raƙuman raƙuman ƙasa, ko LEWP, inda wuraren da ke da matsin lamba. Wasu muryoyin baka a lokacin rani ana kiransu derechos, kuma suna motsawa da sauri ta manyan sassan yankin.<ref name="noaa">{{Cite web |last=Stephen F. Corfidi |last2=Jeffry S. Evans |last3=Robert H. Johns |name-list-style=amp |date=2015 |title=About Derechos |url=http://www.spc.noaa.gov/misc/AbtDerechos/derechofacts.htm |access-date=17 February 2015 |publisher=[[Storm Prediction Center]], NCEP, NWS, NOAA Web Site}}</ref> A gefen baya na garkuwar ruwan sama da ke da alaƙa da layin iska masu girma, farkawa mai ƙarancin ƙarfi na iya samarwa, wanda shine yankin matsin lamba na mesoscale wanda ke samuwa a bayan tsarin matsin lamba mai girma wanda ke cikin ruwan sama, wanda wani lokacin ana danganta shi da fashewar zafi. Irin wannan guguwa kuma an san shi da "Wind of the Stony Lake" (Sinanci mai sauƙi: 石湖风; gargajiya na Sinanci: 石 Lake風; shi2 hu2 feng1) a kudancin China.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2005 |title=Squall lines and "Shi Hu Feng" – what you want to know about the violent squalls hitting Hong Kong on 9 May 2005 |url=http://www.hko.gov.hk/education/edu01met/wxphe/ele_squalle.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025222307/http://www.hko.gov.hk/education/edu01met/wxphe/ele_squalle.htm |archive-date=25 October 2019 |access-date=23 August 2006 |publisher=Hong Kong Observatory}}</ref> === Supercells === [[Fayil:Supercell_with_Tornado.jpg|thumb|Wani supercell da ke samar da guguwa a kusa da Stratton, Colorado.]] ThunderstormSupercell storms are large, usually severe, quasi-steady-state storms that form in an environment where wind speed or wind direction varies with height ("wind shear"), and they have separate downdrafts and updrafts (i.e., where its associated precipitation is not falling through the updraft) with a strong, rotating updraft (a "[[mesocyclone]]"). These storms normally have such powerful updrafts that the top of the supercell storm cloud (or anvil) can break through the troposphere and reach into the lower levels of the stratosphere. Supercell storms can be {{Convert|24|km|mi|0}} wide. Research has shown that at least 90&nbsp;percent of supercells cause severe weather.<ref name="motion" /> These storms can produce destructive [[Guguwa|tornadoes]], extremely large [[Hail|hailstones]] ({{Convert|10|cm|in|0}} diameter), straight-line winds in excess of {{Convert|130|km/h|mph}}, and [[Ambaliyar ruwa|flash floods]]. In fact, research has shown that most tornadoes occur from this type of thunderstorm.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 1999 |title=Supercell Thunderstorms |url=http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/svr/type/spr/home.rxml |access-date=23 August 2006 |website=Weather World 2010 Project |publisher=University of Illinois}}</ref> Supercells are generally the strongest type of thunderstorm.<ref name="tsbasics" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tdt8rbyecydjv8usa6hb1zvpa6rjf03 0 165170 906298 2026-08-22T20:00:31Z Ummu Ilham 45024 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369533552|Federal Emergency Management Agency]]" 906298 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tarihi == === Kafin shekarun 1930 === Jerin wasu manyan gobara masu muni ya afku a birnin tashar jiragen ruwa na '''Portsmouth, New Hampshire''', a farkon ƙarni na 19. '''Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta 7 (7th U.S. Congress)''' ta zartar da wani mataki a shekara ta '''1803''' wanda ya tanadi tallafi ga ’yan kasuwar Portsmouth, ta hanyar tsawaita lokacin da aka ba su domin biyan '''haraji kan kayayyakin da ake shigowa da su (tariffs)'''. Ana ɗaukar wannan matakin a matsayin '''dokar farko da gwamnatin tarayyar Amurka ta zartar domin ba da tallafi bayan afkuwar wani bala’i'''. Tsakanin 1803 da 1930, an zartar da dokar wucin gadi fiye da sau 100 don taimako ko diyya bayan bala'i. Misalan sun haɗa da watsi da haraji da haraji ga 'yan kasuwa na Birnin New York bayan babban gobarar New York a 1835. Hakazalika, bayan rushewar Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na John T. Ford a watan Yunin 1893, Majalisa ta 54 ta zartar da dokar biyan diyya ga wadanda suka ji rauni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guide to House Records: Chapter 23 Ford's Theater Disaster |url=https://www.archives.gov/legislative/guide/house/chapter-23-joint-fords-theater-disaster.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921185712/http://www.archives.gov/legislative/guide/house/chapter-23-joint-fords-theater-disaster.html |archive-date=September 21, 2016 |access-date=September 8, 2016 |website=Archives.gov}}</ref> === Hanyar Piecemeal (1930s-1960s) === Bayan farawar [[Great Depression|Babban Mawuyacin hali]] a 1929, Shugaba Herbert Hoover ya ba da izini ga Kamfanin Kudi na sake ginawa (RFC) a 1932. Manufar RFC ita ce ba da rancen kuɗi ga bankunan da cibiyoyi don haɓaka ayyukan tattalin arziki. RFC kuma tana da alhakin rarraba dala na tarayya bayan bala'i. Ana iya la'akari da RFC a matsayin hukumar mayar da martani ta farko ta tarayya. An ba Ofishin Hanyar Jama'a iko a cikin 1934 don tallafawa sake gina manyan hanyoyi da hanyoyi bayan bala'o'i. Dokar Kula da Ambaliyar ruwa ta 1944 ta kuma ba da ikon Injiniyoyin Sojojin Amurka kan kula da ambaliyar ruwa da ayyukan ban ruwa kuma daga nan gaba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimakawa farfadowa da sake ginawa bayan bala'in ambaliyar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=US Fish and Wildlife Service |title=Flood Control Act of 1944 |url=https://www.fws.gov/laws/lawsdigest/FLOOD.HTML |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226084251/https://www.fws.gov/laws/lawsdigest/FLOOD.HTML |archive-date=December 26, 2018 |access-date=9 August 2019 |website=Digest of Federal Resource Laws of Interest to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service}}</ref> === Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane (1973-1979) === An kawo taimakon bala'i da farfadowa na Tarayya a ƙarƙashin laima na Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane (HUD) a cikin 1973 ta hanyar Shirin sake tsara shugaban kasa na 2 na 1973. <ref name="Archives">{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Records of the Federal Emergency Management Agency [FEMA] |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/311.html |website=National Archives |publisher=U.S. Government}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, an kirkiro Hukumar Taimako ta Tarayya a matsayin ƙungiyar ƙungiya a cikin HUD, kuma wannan hukumar ce za ta kula da bala'o'i har sai an haɗa ta cikin FEMA a cikin 1978. <ref name="Archives" /> Kafin aiwatar da Shirin sake tsarawa na 3 na 1978 ta hanyar E.O. 12127 da E.O., hukumomin gwamnati da yawa har yanzu suna da hannu a cikin taimakon bala'i; a wasu lokuta, fiye da 100 hukumomi daban-daban na iya yin aiki don sarrafawa da ikon bala'i. A cikin shekaru, Majalisa ta kara fadada kewayon nau'ikan da aka rufe don taimako, kuma umarnin shugaban kasa da yawa sun yi hakan. Ta hanyar aiwatar da waɗannan nau'ikan jagororin majalisa daban-daban, Majalisa ta kafa wani rukuni don taimakon kasafin kuɗi na shekara-shekara ga waɗanda ke fama da nau'ikan haɗari ko bala'o'i daban-daban suka shafi, ta ƙayyade cancanta, sannan ta kafa ko ta ba da alhakin ga hukumomin tarayya da ba na tarayya ba. A cikin lokaci, wannan fadada jerin hukumomi da kansu sun sake tsarawa. Ɗaya daga cikin irin waɗannan hukumomin tarayya na farko shine Hukumar Tsaro ta Tarayya, wanda ke aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ofishin zartarwa na Shugaban kasa (EOP). An ba da ayyuka don gudanar da taimakon bala'i ga Shugaban kasa da kansa, wanda ya ba da waɗannan ga Hukumar Kula da Gidaje da Kudin Gida ta Tarayya. Daga baya, an kirkiro sabon Ofishin Tsaro. Sa'an nan kuma, sabon Ofishin Tsaro da Tattalin Arziki, wanda kuma EOP ke gudanarwa, kuma bayan haka, Ofishin Tattalin Ruwa da Tattarin Arziki, yina ya sake sunan tsohon hukumar. Sa'an nan, Ofishin Tsaro na Jama'a, a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Tsaro (DoD); Ma'aikatu, Ilimi da Welfare (HEW); Ma'aikatan Aikin Gona; Ofishin Shirye-shiryen Gaggawa (OEmP); Hukumar Tsaro ta Tsaro (wanda ta maye gurbin OCD a cikin DoD); Maɓallin Gidaje-gwaje da Ci gaban Birane (HUD) da Babban Gudanar da Ayyuka (GSA) (bayan dakatar da OEmP). Wadannan ayyukan sun nuna cewa, a cikin waɗannan shekarun, alhakin shirye-shiryen bala'i na al'umma sun kasance masu rikitarwa kuma sun haɗa da hukumomi daban-daban; an ƙaddara tsarin ta hanyar ayyukan majalisa daban-daban, wanda manufofi da ƙaddamar da kasafin kuɗi suka motsa shi, kuma ba ta hanyar ɗaya ba, haɗin kai, cikakkiyar dabarun don biyan bukatun al'ummar don shirye-shirye da amsawa cikin bala'i a nan gaba. Sa'an nan, a cikin 1978 an yi ƙoƙari don karfafa waɗannan ayyuka, umarni, hukumomi da rafi na kuɗi: An kirkiro FEMA don adana tsaro na farar hula da shirye-shiryen bala'i a ƙarƙashin rufin ɗaya. Wannan yanke shawara ce mai rikitarwa. === FEMA a matsayin hukuma mai zaman kanta (1979-2003) === [[Fayil:US-FEMA-Pre2003Seal.svg|thumb|Alamar FEMA daga 1981 zuwa 2003]] [[Fayil:Flag_of_the_Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency.svg|thumb|FEMA flag daga 1981 zuwa 2003 da 2022-ya zuwa yanzu]] An kafa FEMA a karkashin Shirin sake tsarawa na 1978 No. 3 kuma Shugaba [[Jimmy Carter]] ne ya kunna shi a cikin Dokar Zartarwa a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1979. <ref name="ExecOrder-12127">{{Cite web |title=Executive Order 12127—Federal Emergency Management Agency |url=https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/eo/eo-12127.htm |publisher=Federation of American Scientists}}</ref> A watan '''Yuli''', Carter ya sanya hannu kan '''Umarnin Shugaban Ƙasa na 12148 (Executive Order 12148)''', wanda ya mayar da ayyukan ba da agajin bala’i zuwa sabuwar hukuma ta matakin tarayya. '''FEMA''' ta haɗiye '''Federal Insurance Administration''', '''National Fire Prevention and Control Administration''', '''Community Preparedness Program''' na '''National Weather Service''', '''Federal Preparedness Agency''' ta '''General Services Administration''', da kuma ayyukan '''Federal Disaster Assistance Administration''' daga '''HUD'''. An kuma bai wa FEMA alhakin kula da '''Civil Defense''' na ƙasar, wato tsarin kare fararen hula daga bala’o’i da sauran barazana. A baya, '''Defense Civil Preparedness Agency''' ta '''Ma’aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka (Department of Defense)''' ce ke gudanar da wannan aiki. Ɗaya daga cikin bala'o'in da FEMA ta amsa shi ne zubar da sharar gida mai guba a cikin Love Canal a Niagara Falls, New York, a ƙarshen 1970s. FEMA ta kuma mayar da martani ga hadarin nukiliya na Three Mile Island inda Tashar samar da nukiliya ta sha wahala a wani bangare na narkewa. Wadannan bala'o'i, yayin da suke nuna hukumar na iya aiki yadda ya kamata, sun kuma gano wasu rashin inganci.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2009}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2009)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A shekara ta 1993, Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] ya nada James Lee Witt a matsayin Darakta na FEMA. A shekara ta 1996, an ɗaga hukumar zuwa matsayin majalisa; Shugaba George W. Bush bai ci gaba da wannan ba. <ref name="cqfema">{{Cite web |last=Fowler, Daniel |date=November 19, 2008 |title=Emergency Managers Make It Official: They Want FEMA Out of DHS |url=http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=hsnews-000002988269&cpage=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081129170848/http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=hsnews-000002988269&cpage=1 |archive-date=November 29, 2008 |access-date=March 3, 2010 |publisher=CQ Politics |quote=During the Clinton administration, FEMA Administrator James Lee Witt met with the cabinet. His successor in the Bush administration, Joe M. Allbaugh, did not.}} (Archived by WebCite at )</ref> Witt ya fara gyare-gyare da za su taimaka wajen sauƙaƙe farfado da bala'i da kuma ragewa. Ƙarshen [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cold]] ya kuma ba da damar karkatar da albarkatun hukumar daga tsaron farar hula zuwa shirye-shiryen bala'i. Bayan kirkirar FEMA ta hanyar sake tsarawa da umarnin zartarwa, Majalisa ta ci gaba da fadada ikon FEMA ta ta hanyar ba da alhakin ta. Wadannan nauyin sun hada da tsaro a karkashin Dokar Tsaro ta Dam ta Kasa; taimakon bala'i a karkashin Dokar Taimako da Taimako na Bala'i ta Stafford; Rage haɗarin girgizar ƙasa a ƙarƙashin Dokar Rage Hadarin Girgizar Kasa ta 1977 kuma ta kara fadada ta Dokar Zartarwa ta 12699, game da bukatun tsaro ga gine-ginen tarayya da Dokar Zartaka ta 12941, game da buƙatar kimanta farashin don sake fasalin gine-ginin tarayya; abinci na gaggawa da mafaka a ƙarƙashin Dokar Taimako na Gida ta Stewart B. McKinney na Gida-Yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shelter and Services Program |url=https://www.fema.gov/grants/shelter-services-program |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821222259/https://www.fema.gov/grants/shelter-services-program |archive-date=August 21, 2023 |access-date=December 19, 2024 |website=Fema.gov}}</ref> Bugu da kari, FEMA ta sami iko don yaki da ta'addanci ta hanyar gyaran Nunn-Lugar-Domenici a karkashin Dokar Makamai ta Mass Destruction ta 1996, wanda shine martani ga sanannun rauni na Amurka bayan harin iskar gas a kan tashar jirgin karkashin kasa ta Tokyo a shekarar 1995. Majalisa ta ba da kuɗin FEMA ta hanyar haɗuwa da kudade na yau da kullun da kudade masu gaggawa don mayar da martani ga abubuwan da suka faru. === FEMA a karkashin Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Cikin Gida (2003-yanzu) === [[Fayil:Appropriations_Act_of_2004.jpg|thumb|Shugaba [[George W. Bush]] ya sanya hannu kan Dokar Tsaro ta Gida ta 2004.]] Bayan '''hare-haren 11 ga Satumba, 2001''', Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta zartar da '''Dokar Tsaron Cikin Gida ta 2002 (Homeland Security Act of 2002)''', wadda ta kafa '''Ma’aikatar Tsaron Cikin Gida (Department of Homeland Security – DHS)''' domin inganta haɗin gwiwa tsakanin hukumomin tarayya daban-daban da ke kula da '''tsaron doka, shirye-shiryen tunkarar bala’o’i da farfaɗowa daga gare su, kare iyakoki, da kuma kare fararen hula'''. An haɗa '''FEMA''' cikin '''DHS''' daga ranar '''1 ga Maris, 2003'''. Sakamakon haka, FEMA ta zama wani ɓangare na '''Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate''' na Ma’aikatar Tsaron Cikin Gida, inda take da ma’aikata sama da '''2,600''' na cikakken lokaci. A ranar '''31 ga Maris, 2007''', aka sake mayar da sunanta zuwa '''Federal Emergency Management Agency''', amma ta ci gaba da kasancewa ƙarƙashin '''DHS'''. Shugaba Bush ya nada Michael D. Brown a matsayin darektan FEMA a watan Janairun shekara ta 2003. Brown ya yi gargadi a watan Satumbar shekara ta 2003 cewa shafar FEMA cikin DHS za ta yi ba'a da sabon taken FEMA, "A Nation Prepared", kuma zai "kashe FEMA daga manyan ayyukanta", "karkatar da halin hukumar" da kuma "karkatara dangantaka mai tsawo, mai tasiri da gwadawa tare da jihohi da masu ruwa da tsaki na farko". Sakamakon da ba za a iya gujewa ba na sake tsarawa na 2003, ya gargadi Brown, zai zama "amsawar da ba ta da tasiri kuma ba ta dace ba" ga harin ta'addanci ko bala'i. Guguwar Katrina a shekara ta 2005 ta nuna cewa hangen nesa na ci gaba da hadin kan ayyuka da sake tsarawa ba zai iya magance matsalolin da FEMA ta fuskanta a baya ba. "Rahoton Ƙarshe na Kwamitin Zaɓuɓɓuka na Bi-Artisan don Bincike Shirye-shiryen da Amsa ga Guguwar Katrina", wanda Ofishin Buga na Gwamnatin Amurka ya fitar a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 2006, ya bayyana cewa ba a ba da tallafin tarayya ga jihohi don "duk haɗari" bukatun shirye-shiryen bala'i sai dai idan hukumomin cikin gida sun sanya dalilan don tallafawa aikin "ta'addanci kawai". Kwararrun masu kula da gaggawa sun ba da shaida cewa an ba da kudade don shirye-shiryen haɗarin yanayi ƙasa da shirye-shirye don matakan yaki da ta'addanci. Shaidar ta kuma bayyana ra'ayin cewa aikin don rage rauni da shirya don bala'o'in haɗari na halitta kafin su faru an raba su daga ayyukan shirye-shiryen bala'i, suna sa al'ummar ta fi fuskantar haɗari da aka sani, kamar guguwa. Bayan zarge-zargen rashin kulawa a lokacin Guguwar Katrina, an sauya Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya na Kasa'i na kasa (NDMS) daga Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Cikin Gida zuwa Ma'abiyar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta hanyar Dokar Shirye-shiryen Pandemic da All-Hazards, wanda Shugaba George W. Bush ya sanya hannu a ranar 18 ga Disamba, 2006. A cikin wannan shekarar, majalisa ta zartar da Dokar Gyaran Gudanar da Gaggawa ta Post-Katrina ta 2006, wanda ya sanya FEMA wata hukuma mai zaman kanta a cikin DHS, kuma ya fi bayyana aikinta na farko.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-04 |title=History of FEMA {{!}} FEMA.gov |url=https://www.fema.gov/about/history |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=www.fema.gov |language=en}}</ref> Har ila yau, aikin ya kara da Sojojin Capacity Force, wanda ke ba da damar Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Gida don kara ma'aikatan FEMA tare da ƙarin ma'aikata daga sassa daban-daban na tarayya a yayin da hukumar ta mamaye. An kunna rundunar ne don Guguwar Sandy, Guguwar Harvey, Guguwar Irma, Guguwar Maria, da gobarar daji ta California ta 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2013 |title=Surge Capacity Force |url=https://www.dhs.gov/surge-capacity-force |access-date=2021-06-03}}</ref> [[Fayil:FEMA_-_2716_-_Photograph_by_FEMA_News_Photo.jpg|thumb]] A cikin kaka na shekara ta 2008, FEMA ta karɓi nauyin daidaitawar Kamfen ɗin Ready, kamfen ɗin talla na sabis na jama'a na ƙasa tare da haɗin gwiwar Majalisar Ad, don ilimantarwa da ƙarfafa Amurkawa don shirya da amsawa ga gaggawa ciki har da bala'o'i na halitta da na mutum. Kamfen ɗin Shirye-shiryen (da kuma harshen Mutanen Espanya, {{Lang|es|Listo}}) yana tambayar mutane su yi abubuwa uku: gina kayan samar da gaggawa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Build A Kit {{!}} Ready.gov |url=https://www.ready.gov/build-a-kit |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101041434/https://www.ready.gov/build-a-kit |archive-date=November 1, 2016 |access-date=October 31, 2016 |website=Ready.gov}}</ref> yin shirin gaggawa na iyali, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Make A Plan {{!}} Ready.gov |url=https://www.ready.gov/make-a-plan |access-date=October 31, 2016 |website=Ready.gov}}</ref> kuma a sanar da su game da nau'ikan gaggawa daban-daban da za su iya faruwa da kuma yadda za su amsa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Ready Campaign {{!}} Ready.gov |url=https://www.ready.gov/about-us |access-date=October 31, 2016 |website=Ready.gov}}</ref> An inganta sakonnin kamfen ɗin ta hanyar talabijin, rediyo, bugawa, PSAs na waje da na yanar gizo, da kuma littattafai, layin waya kyauta da shafukan yanar gizo na Turanci da Mutanen Espanya. A cikin 2013, a matsayin martani ga martani na FEMA ga Guguwar Sandy, majalisa ta zartar da Dokar Ingantawar Sandy ta 2013, wanda a tsakanin sauran abubuwa ya ba da damar kabilun da aka amince da su don neman sanarwar gaggawa ta shugaban kasa kai tsaye.<ref name=":1" /> Dokar Stafford ta yi gyare-gyare ta hanyar Dokar Gudanar da Dabbobi da Ka'idojin Sufuri (PETS Act) a cikin 2006, da Dokar Gyara Hadari (DRRA) a cikin 2018.<ref name=":1" /> DRRA ta yi ƙoƙari don mayar da hankali ga ƙoƙarin FEMA kan inganta juriya, shiri, da rage rauni ga manyan bala'o'i.<ref name=":1" /> An sanya FEMA a matsayin mai kula da sayen kayan kiwon lafiya a lokacin annobar COVID-19. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cole |first=Devan |date=March 22, 2020 |title=Illinois governor says 'it's a wild west' for medical supplies because of Trump's response to states' requests |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/22/politics/pritzker-illinois-states-competing-medical-supplies/index.html |access-date=March 23, 2020 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> A cewar wani tweet da Deanne Criswell ya wallafa a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2022, an sake gabatar da tutar FEMA, wacce aka yi amfani da ita tsakanin 1981 da 2003.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === FEMA a karkashin Gwamnatin Trump ta biyu (2025) === A tarihi, '''FEMA''' ta kasance tana gudanar da ayyukanta ba tare da nuna bangaranci na siyasa ba, inda take amsa buƙatun jihohi na tallafin bala’o’i ta hanya makamanciya, ba tare da la’akari da ko '''Jam’iyyar Democrat''' ko '''Jam’iyyar Republican''' ce ke iko da jihar ba. Sai dai, a ƙarƙashin '''gwamnatin Donald Trump ta biyu''', FEMA ta amince da kashi '''23%''' na buƙatun tallafin bala’o’i daga jihohin da ke da gwamna ɗan Jam’iyyar Democrat da sanatoci biyu ’yan Democrat, yayin da ta amince da kashi '''89%''' na buƙatun daga jihohin da ’yan Republican ke mulki. Haka kuma, Shugaba Trump yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo wajen yanke shawara kan buƙatun da suka fito daga jihohin Democrat. A cikin kalaman da Shugaba Trump ke wallafawa a kafafen sada zumunta, ya bayyana a sarari cewa yana nuna '''bangarancin siyasa''' dangane da buƙatun tallafin da jihohi ke gabatarwa bayan afkuwar bala’o’i..<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-23 |title=It's 3 times harder for blue states to get disaster funding under Trump |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2026/03/23/trump-denies-disaster-aid-for-democratic-led-states-00831199 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref> Gwamnatin Trump tana da burin da aka bayyana na rage ko kawar da rawar tarayya ta FEMA, da kuma samun jihohi daban-daban su dauki nauyin gudanar da gaggawa a maimakon haka. A cikin 2025, Gwamnatin Trump ta yanke wa FEMA, ta kori sama da sabbin ma'aikata 200 a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Frank |first=Thomas |last2=E&E News |title=FEMA Firings Hit Agency Already Suffering Staffing Shortages |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/trump-fema-firings-hit-agency-already-suffering-staffing-shortages/ |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Maris, 2025, Sakatariyar Tsaro ta Cikin Gida Kristi Noem ta ce za ta matsa don kawar da FEMA.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruberry |first=Brendan |title=DHS Sec. Noem says will move to 'eliminate' FEMA, a long-time Trump target |url=https://www.semafor.com/article/03/24/2025/dhs-sec-kristi-noem-says-administration-will-move-to-eliminate-fema |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Semafor |language=en}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2007, kankara da aka ba da umarni ga wadanda ke fama da Katrina amma ba a taɓa amfani da shi ba kuma an ajiye shi a wuraren ajiya, a farashin dala miliyan 12.5, an narke shi. A watan Yunin 2008, binciken CNN ya gano cewa FEMA ta ba da kimanin dala miliyan 85 a cikin kayan gida da ake nufi ga wadanda ke fama da guguwar Katrina ga wasu jihohi 16. === Guguwar dusar ƙanƙara ta Buffalo === FEMA ta kasance cikin hari saboda martani ga Oktoba Surprise Storm a Buffalo, New York, a ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 2006. Kamar yadda FEMA bisa doka ba za ta iya tsoma baki cikin kasuwancin jihar ba sai dai idan aka tambaye ta, FEMA ta amsa cewa kamar yadda aka tsara, gwamnan jihar New York, George Pataki, bai nemi taimakon FEMA ba. Hedikwatar FEMA ta kasance cikin hulɗa ta yau da kullun tare da ofisoshin majalisa na Jiha suna ba su sabbin bayanan da ke akwai. Da'awar ta bayyana cewa jami'an FEMA ba su isa ba har zuwa ranar 16 ga Oktoba, kwana uku bayan guguwar ta faru. Lalacewar guguwar dusar ƙanƙara a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da wayoyin wutar lantarki da aka rushe, itatuwa da aka rushi, kuma sun haifar da lalacewar tsarin gidaje da kasuwanni. === Dumas, Arkansas, guguwa === Mutane da yawa na Dumas, Arkansas, musamman wadanda ke fama da [[guguwa]] a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2007, sun soki martani na FEMA ta hanyar rashin samar da adadin sabbin trailers da suke bukata, da kuma aikawa da saiti na trailers masu amfani, ƙasa da adadin da ake buƙata. Bayan guguwar, Sanata na Amurka Mark Pryor ya soki martani na FEMA ga kokarin farfadowa da tsaftacewa. === Wutar daji ta California === FEMA ta fuskanci zargi mai tsanani lokacin da aka bayyana cewa an shirya taron manema labarai a kan gobarar daji ta California a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2007. Mataimakin Mai Gudanarwa Harvey E. Johnson yana amsa tambayoyin daga ma'aikatan FEMA waɗanda ke nuna kansu a matsayin manema labarai. Yawancin waɗannan tambayoyin tambayoyin "softball" ne (watau, "Shin kun yi farin ciki da amsar FEMA har zuwa yanzu?"), an yi musu da gangan a hanyar da za ta haifar da amsa mai kyau wanda ke ba da ra'ayi cewa FEMA tana yin komai daidai. Ta wannan hanyar, duk wani bincike daga 'yan jarida na ainihi (da yawa daga cikinsu an ba su sanarwa na minti 15 kawai) za a guje wa. Fox News, MSNBC, da sauran kafofin watsa labarai sun watsa sanarwar manema labarai kai tsaye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FEMA Stages Press Conference: Staff Pose As Journalists And Ask 'Softball' Questions |url=http://thinkprogress.org/2007/10/26/fema-softball-presser/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522034446/http://thinkprogress.org/2007/10/26/fema-softball-presser/ |archive-date=May 22, 2011 |access-date=April 18, 2016 |website=ThinkProgress.org}}</ref> An sanar da 'yan jarida na ainihi minti 15 kawai a gaba kuma sun sami damar kiran cikin layin taro kawai, wanda aka saita don yanayin "sauraro kawai". Mutanen da ke wurin kawai sune ma'aikatan harkokin jama'a na FEMA. === Guguwar Maria === FEMA ta ba da tallafi ga ayyukan farfadowa sama da dala biliyan 33.9 ga Guguwar María, da farko an mayar da hankali kan maido da ababen more rayuwa na dindindin. Wannan ya haɗa da kusan dala miliyan 600 da aka amince da su don kayan aiki da kayan aiki don taimakawa sake gina wutar lantarki ta Puerto Rico. Ci gaban da aka tsara sun haɗa da shigar da kusan kilomita 2,500 na layin watsawa, kilomita 23 na kebul na karkashin ruwa don yin hidima ga tsibirin Vieques da Culebra, fiye da 300 substations, kusan masu canzawa 200,000, da kuma kimanin kilomita 13,400 na masu rarraba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-11 |title=FEMA Achieves 11,000 Projects Obligated for Puerto Rico |url=https://www.fema.gov/press-release/20240711/fema-achieves-11000-projects-obligated-puerto-rico |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=www.fema.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-13 |title=Nearly $600 Million in FEMA Funding Injection to Rebuild Power Grid |url=https://www.fema.gov/press-release/20220613/nearly-600-million-fema-funding-injection-rebuild-power-grid |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=www.fema.gov |language=en}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2017, Guguwar Maria ta buge [[Dominika|Dominica]] da [[Puerto Rico]] tare da iskõki masu ƙarfi 175 mph (280 km / h). &nbsp;&nbsp;Maria ita ce guguwa ta biyar mafi karfi da ta taɓa buga Amurka tare da iskõki masu ƙarfi fiye da waɗanda Irma ta kawo da irin wannan ruwan sama da Guguwar Harvey ta kawo Houston.<ref name="widener.edu">{{Cite magazine|url-status=26–31}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Duk da kokarin da FEMA ta yi a Puerto Rico, tsibirin har yanzu ya lalace fiye da yadda ake tsammani. Hukumar ta shirya wasu tanadi ga mazauna da suka rasa muhallinsu kafin guguwar ta buge, gami da: kimanin ma'aikatan FEMA 124 da aka sanya a tsibirin, abinci, ruwa, da gado.<ref name="widener.edu" /> Koyaya, mutane sun ba da rahoton cewa kunshin abinci na FEMA ba su da lafiya kamar su kayan kwalliya. An soki FEMA sosai saboda martani ga Maria, yayin da tsibirin ya fada cikin rikici na jin kai. Har ila yau, tsibirin ya sami asarar wutar lantarki sosai sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa da lalacewar iska da aka samu a lokacin Maria. A farkon watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2017, Lieutenant Janar Todd Semonite, shugaban da kwamandan janar na Injiniyoyin Sojojin Amurka, ya bayyana girman da kuma bukatar taimako ga wannan rikicin iko. Semonite ya bayyana wasu takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru ga manema labarai, yana bayanin cewa tsibirin yana buƙatar "megawatts 2,700 na wutar lantarki don aiki kuma a ƙarshe ƙididdigar tana da megawatts 376 da ke akwai. "Wannan yana fassara zuwa kusan kashi 14 cikin 100 na grid yana aiki.<ref name="auto" /> Mai kula da FEMA William "Brock" Long ya gaya wa manema labarai a cikin wani bayani bayan guguwar cewa siyasar Puerto Rico ta hana ikon gwamnatin tarayya ta aika taimako. Ya bayyana cewa rarrabuwar siyasa ta hana hadin kai ga shugabannin a wannan lokacin rikicin, yana kwatanta cewa batun su "mafi muni" fiye da batun Amurka tsakanin 'yan Democrat da' yan Republican. Mazauna, a wasu lokuta, ana buƙatar su cika takardu a Turanci maimakon Mutanen Espanya ba tare da fatan samun taimakon da suka nema ba.<ref name="auto" /> Brigadier Janar Jose Reyes na tsaron kasa na Puerto Rico ya tattauna dabarun don hanzarta isowar albarkatu ta hanyar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ponce, wanda ke kan kudancin Puerto Rico.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of PONCE (PR PSE) details – Departures, Expected Arrivals and Port Calls – AIS Marine Traffic |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/12501/Puerto_Rico_port:PONCE |access-date=December 16, 2017 |website=MarineTraffic.com}}</ref> Reyes ya kuma danganta jinkirin a cikin waɗannan ayyukan ga jerin guguwa da ba a taɓa gani ba waɗanda suka bukaci kulawa daga hukumar a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Game da wannan, Janar Reyes ya gaya wa manema labarai "Ba mu ma dawo da ƙafafunmu ba bayan Irma, sannan ba zato ba tsammani Maria ta buge mu. "Ya kuma magance bambance-bambance tsakanin taimakon da aka aika zuwa yankunan da bala'i suka shafa da Puerto Rico, yana bayanin cewa a yankuna kamar Florida da Texas, wadanda kwanan nan suka kamu da irin wannan lalacewar, jigilar albarkatu ya fi sauƙi. Wannan saboda suna iya amfani da ababen more rayuwa don jigilar taimako. Jirgin irin wannan albarkatun zuwa Puerto Rico ya zama da wahala, saboda dole ne su yi tafiya a fadin teku, ko dai a cikin jirgin sama ko a cikin jiragen ruwa.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Achenbach |first=Joel |last2=Hernández |first2=Arelis R. |date=October 9, 2017 |title=FEMA administrator: Puerto Rico's politics, lack of unity, hindering hurricane response |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/fema-administrator-puerto-ricos-politics-lack-of-unity-hindering-hurricane-response/2017/10/09/f1711996-ad10-11e7-9e58-e6288544af98_story.html |access-date=December 16, 2017 |via=www.WashingtonPost.com}}</ref> Long ya kuma ambaci cewa filin jirgin saman kasa da kasa na Puerto Rico bai iya aiki da cikakken iko ba, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin cikas ga shigo da taimakon tarayya. QLong ya yi murabus a ranar 8 ga Maris, 2019, biyo bayan zargi game da yadda yake kula da Guguwar Maria da kuma korafin ɗabi'a game da rashin amfani da motocin hukuma, wanda ya kai $ 151,000. Sakataren Tsaro na Gida Kirstjen Nielsen ya ce Long zai biya gwamnati kudin motocin da ma'aikatan da ke cikin tafiye-tafiye, da yawa daga cikinsu suna tsakanin Washington da gidansa a [[North Carolina|Arewacin Carolina]]. Nielsen ta gabatar da murabus dinta a matsayin Sakataren Tsaro na Gida kasa da wata daya daga baya a ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 2019. === Guguwar Harvey === AGuguwar Harvey ta fadi a ƙarshen watan Agusta 2017 a matsayin Guguwar Guguwa ta Kashi 4 tare da 130 mph (215 km / h) iska mai ɗorewa. &nbsp;&nbsp;Guguwar ta fi shafar kudu maso gabashin [[Texas]]; duk da haka, an ji tasirin ta har zuwa Arkansas, [[Kentucky]], da [[Tennessee]] a cikin hanyar ambaliyar ruwa. Harvey a hankali ya ci gaba a kudu maso gabashin Texas, inda ya samar da ruwaAn sama mai yawa a yankin. Wannan ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani a yankunan zama kamar Colorado City, Liberty, da Montgomery, Texas.<ref name="auto1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Texas Hurricane Harvey (DR-4332) – FEMA.gov |url=https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4332 |access-date=December 16, 2017 |website=Fema.gov}}</ref> Harvey ita ce ta farko a cikin jerin guguwa da guguwa na wurare masu zafi da suka shafi Amurka tsakanin Agusta da Satumba 2017. Sakamakon wadannan guguwa sun hada da ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani, lalacewa daga iskõki masu saurin gudu, lalacewar tsari, da damuwa game da wadatar abubuwan da ake bukata kamar abinci, ruwa, da mafaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Willingham |first=AJ |date=October 10, 2017 |title=A look at four storms from one brutal hurricane season |url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/10/weather/hurricane-nate-maria-irma-harvey-impact-look-back-trnd/index.html |access-date=December 16, 2017 |website=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 20, 2017 |title=Hurricane Season 2017 |url=https://www.unocha.org/hurricane-season-2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215164707/http://www.unocha.org/hurricane-season-2017 |archive-date=December 15, 2017 |access-date=December 16, 2017 |website=UNOCHA}}</ref> An tilasta wa wasu masu karɓa su jira har zuwa watanni biyu kafin su sami taimako daga FEMA, yayin da matsalolin fasaha suka dakatar da aikace-aikacen su da kuma aiwatar da aikace-shiryen da aka ambata. Wasu mazauna sun hana taimakon Tarayya kuma dole ne su yi jayayya da kin amincewarsu a kokarin sake ginawa da gyaran kadarori ba tare da samun asarar kudi mai yawa ba. === Cutar coronavirus (COVID-19) === QA farkon watan Afrilu 2020, ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' ta ruwaito cewa Gwamnatin Trump tana "tsayawa" kwace kayan kiwon lafiya daga jihohi da asibitoci, inda ta ambaci jami'an asibiti da asibitan da ke kula da jihohi bakwai. Wadannan jami'an sun bayyana cewa gwamnati ba ta sanar da su yadda za su iya samun damar samun kayan da suka umarce su ba. Wani wakilin FEMA ya ce hukumar, tana aiki tare da Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam da Ma'aikatan Tsaro, sun haɓaka tsarin gano kayan da ake buƙata daga masu siyarwa da rarraba su daidai. Har ila yau, gwamnatin tarayya ta kwace umarni don ma'aunin ma'auni na Florida, umarni don abin rufe fuska daga Texas Association of Community Health Centers, da kuma umarni don gwajin kayan da ake nufi da tsarin asibitin PeaceHealth a Washington, [[Oregon]] da [[Alaska]]. === Guguwar Ian === [[Fayil:Thomas_McCool,_Francisco_Sanchez,_and_Marion_McFadden_giving_an_oath_to_testify_truthfully.png|thumb|Jami'an FEMA, SBA, da HUD suna rantsuwa don ba da shaida da gaskiya yayin sauraron]] A ranar 10 ga watan Agusta, 2023, Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ayyukan Gwamnati da Ma'aikatan Tarayya, wani kwamiti a karkashin Kwamitin Majalisar kan Kulawa da Gyaran Gwamnati, ya gudanar da sauraron bincike na talabijin game da martani na gwamnatin tarayya da kuma kokarin farfadowa gaba ɗaya daga Guguwar Ian, wanda ya buge [[Florida]] a watan Satumbar 2022.<ref name="TheHill">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Caleigh |date=11 August 2023 |title=Lawmakers grill feds over delays in Hurricane Ian response |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4149077-lawmakers-grill-feds-over-delays-in-hurricane-ian-response/ |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kruger |first=Ryan |date=10 August 2023 |title=Congressional subcommittee asks what went wrong with Ian recovery |url=https://www.fox4now.com/news/local-news/congressional-subcommittee-asks-what-went-wrong-with-ian-recovery |access-date=6 August 2025 |website=[[WFTX-TV]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2023 |title=FEMA Taken to The Woodshed |url=https://beachtalkradionews.com/fema-taken-to-the-woodshed/ |website=Beach Talk Radio News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Moline |first=Michael |date=12 August 2023 |title=U.S. House panel in South Fla. hears complaints about Hurricane Ian recovery problems |url=https://rhodeislandcurrent.com/2023/08/12/u-s-house-panel-in-south-fla-hears-complaints-about-hurricane-ian-recovery-problems/ |website=[[Rhode Island Current]]}}</ref> === Guguwa Helene da Milton === Tsakanin Nuwamba 2024-Maris 2025, Majalisa ta Amurka ta gudanar da sauraron bincike na talabijin guda hudu game da martani na gwamnatin tarayya, kokarin farfadowa gaba ɗaya daga, da abubuwan da suka faru bayan Milton da Guguwar Helene 'yan makonni da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Battaglia |first=Danielle |date=20 November 2024 |title=FEMA admin testifies about misinformation, funding and Trump supporters after Helene |url=https://www.newsobserver.com/news/politics-government/article295753664.html |access-date=23 August 2025 |website=[[The News & Observer]] |publisher=McClatchy}}</ref><ref name="NBC1">{{Cite web |last=Strickler |first=Laura |last2=Shabad |first2=Rebecca |last3=Ebner |first3=Victoria |date=19 November 2024 |title=FEMA chief grilled about government's response to hurricanes Helene and Milton |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/fema-chief-face-questions-governments-response-hurricanes-helen-milton-rcna180762 |access-date=23 August 2025 |website=[[NBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gorman |first=Reese |date=19 March 2025 |title=The House Oversight Committee Wants Answers From FEMA on the Hurricane Helene Response |url=https://www.notus.org/congress/house-oversight-fema-helene-north-carolina-hearing |access-date=23 August 2025 |website=[[NOTUS (website)|NOTUS]] |publisher=Albritton Journalism Institute}}</ref> === QYuli 2025 Ambaliyar Tsakiyar Texas === A lokacin ambaliyar ruwa ta Tsakiya ta Texas ta Yuli 2025, gwamnatin Trump ta rage ma'aikatan FEMA da kashi ɗaya cikin biyar tun lokacin da suka hau mulki, kuma horar da shirye-shiryen FEMA ya ƙare na watanni, rufe sama da masu horo 7,000. Sabili da haka, amsar FEMA ga wannan bala'i mai yiwuwa za a bincika shi sosai. Kungiyar Gudanar da Gaggawa ta Kasa, a matsayin wani ɓangare na hadin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, ta bayyana a cikin wata wasika ta Yuni 30, 2025, zuwa ga Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Gida cewa FEMA "ba ta bude aikace-aikace don adadi mai yawa na tallafi ba kuma ta rasa lokutan da doka ta ba da izini don tabbatar da za a iya rarraba kudaden. "<ref name=":3" />Irin waɗannan tallafin suna tallafawa ma'aikatan gudanar da gaggawa da albarkatu ga kashi 82% na yankunan Amurka, musamman a yankunan karkara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hawes |first=Jennifer Berry |date=2025-06-27 |title=States fear critical funding from FEMA may be drying up |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/fema-grants-trump-emergencies |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=ProPublica |language=en}}</ref> Gwamnatin Trump tana da burin da aka bayyana na rage - ko ma kawar da - rawar da FEMA ke takawa ta tarayya, da kuma samun jihohi su dauki nauyin gudanar da gaggawa a maimakon haka; akwai shaidar cewa ana hana kwararar bayanai daga da kuma cikin FEMA da gangan - halin da ke hana ikon hukumar sadarwa da aiki tare da jami'an jihar, har ma da wasu sassan gwamnatin tarayya, don haka "haɓin amsawar gaggawa da damar tsaro ta gida, yana sanya 'mai mahimmanci' cikin haɗari". <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Gabe |date=2025-07-02 |title='We've been ghosted by FEMA': Officials across country say they can't get answers on critical funding |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/07/02/politics/fema-critical-funding-disaster-response |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>Game da ambaliyar ruwa ta Tsakiyar Texas ta Yulin 2025, tsohon mai kula da FEMA ya lura cewa "Texas ta riga ta nemi taimako don bincike da ceto... Oklahoma da Louisiana suna aika da ƙungiyoyin bincike da ceton ciki, kuma ta nuna cewa ƙungiyoyin da ba na jihar ba, a zaQhiri, FEMA sun horar da su kuma sun ba da kuɗi, suna rokon tambayoyin da ta yi: "Mene zai faru idan wannan kudade don horarwarsu ta ci gaba ya tafi?" da kuma "Ta yaya za su iya ci gaba da hakan?" == Tarayyar Tarayya da FEMA == Kudin bala'i ga jihohi da yankuna na iya ƙaruwa da sauri. Taimako na Tarayya ya zama cikakke tare da amincewar Shugaban kasa da kuma bukatar gwamnan. Taimako na jama'a ga gwamnatoci don gyara wuraren shine kashi 75% na tarayya tare da kananan hukumomi da ke da alhakin rufe sauran (sai dai idan jihar ta ba da taimako ko rance). FEMA ba ta biya bashin gine-ginen da jihar ko karamar hukuma ba ta kula da su yadda ya kamata ba kuma ba ta biya don ingantawa ko inganta kayan aiki. FEMA tana daidaitawa amma ba ta tallafawa taimakon bala'i da Hukumar Kula da Ƙananan Kasuwanci ko Hukumar Kula da Manoma ta bayar ba. Kudin tallafin FEMA sun fito ne daga raba kudaden shiga, Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane da Ma'abiyar Sufuri. Gundumomin kula da ambaliyar ruwa na iya amfani da tallafi don shirye-shiryen bala'i.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Settle |first=Allen K. |date=January 1985 |title=Financing Disaster Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, and Recovery |journal=Public Administration Review |volume=45 |issue=Special Issue: Emergency Management: A Challenge for Public Administration |pages=101–106 |doi=10.2307/3135004 |jstor=3135004}}</ref> === ''U.S. v. Parish of Jefferson et al'' === Wannan shari'ar ta ba FEMA damar kai karar don dawo da kudaden da aka biya a cikin ikirarin inshorar ambaliyar ruwa saboda lalacewar ambaliyar ambaliyar a sakamakon yanke shawara mara kyau daga jami'an yankin da masu haɓakawa. Har ila yau, shari'ar ta ba FEMA ikon kai karar yankunan da suka kasa biyan bukatun kula da ambaliyar ruwa.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite journal |last=Settle |first=Allen K. |date=1985 |title=Financing Disaster Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, and Recovery |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3135004 |journal=Public Administration Review |volume=45 |pages=101–106 |doi=10.2307/3135004 |issn=0033-3352 |jstor=3135004 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Jerin shugabannin FEMA == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} ! class="unsortable" |Portrait !Name !Start !End ! class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Refs.|References}} ! colspan="2" |President |- |– |[[Fayil:No_image.svg|70x70px]] |{{Sortname|James|Hafer}}{{Efn|Serving as the last director of the [[Office of Emergency Preparedness]], the predecessor agency to FEMA}} |May 1975 |April 1, 1979 | | style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |{{Sortname|Gerald|Ford}}<br /><br />(1974–1977) |- | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |– | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |[[Fayil:No_image.svg|70x70px]] | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |{{Sortname|Gordon|Vickery}}{{Efn|Director of the [[U.S. Fire Administration]] serving as Acting Director of the newly created Federal Emergency Management Agency}}<br /><br />{{Small|Acting}} | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |April 1, 1979 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |July 1979 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" | | rowspan="3" style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | | rowspan="3" |{{Sortname|Jimmy|Carter}}<br /><br />(1977–1981) |- bgcolor="#e6e6aa" |– |[[Fayil:No_image.svg|70x70px]] |{{Sortname|Thomas|Casey}}{{Efn|Deputy Associate Director serving as acting director}}<br /><br />{{Small|Acting}} |July 1979 |August 1979 | |- |1 |[[Fayil:JohnWMacyJr1963.png|80x80px]] |{{Sortname|John|Macy}} |August 1979 |January 20, 1981 |<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 3, 1979 |title=Federal Emergency Management Agency Nomination of John W. Macy, ]r., To Be Director. |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/federal-emergency-management-agency-nomination-john-w-macy-r-be-director |website=Carter White House |via=[[The American Presidency Project]]}}</ref> |- | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |– | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |[[Fayil:No_image.svg|70x70px]] | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |{{Sortname|Bernard|Gallagher}}{{Efn|federal emergency preparedness manager at Mount Weather serving as acting director}}<br /><br />{{Small|Acting}} | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |January 20, 1981 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |April 1981 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" | | rowspan="5" style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | | rowspan="5" |{{Sortname|Ronald|Reagan}}<br /><br />(1981–1989) |- bgcolor="#e6e6aa" |– |[[Fayil:No_image.svg|70x70px]] |{{Sortname|John|McConnell}}<br /><br />{{Small|Acting}} |April 1981 |May 1981 | |- |2 |[[Fayil:No_image.svg|70x70px]] |{{Sortname|Jeff|Giuffrida|Louis O. Giuffrida}} |May 1981 |September 1, 1985 |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Louis O. Giuffrida (obituary) |url=https://obits.nj.com/us/obituaries/hunterdoncountydemocrat/name/louis-giuffrida-obituary?id=18735110 |website=[[NJ.com]]}}</ref> |- bgcolor="#e6e6aa" |– |[[Fayil:No_image.svg|70x70px]] |{{Sortname|Robert|Morris}}<br /><br />{{Small|Acting}} |September 1, 1985 |November 1985 | |- |3 |[[Fayil:Lt_Gen_Julius_W._Becton_Jr.jpeg|88x88px]] |{{Sortname|Julius|Becton|Julius W. Becton Jr.}} |November 1985 |June 1989 | |- | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |– | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |[[Fayil:No_image.svg|70x70px]] | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |{{Sortname|Robert|Morris}}<br /><br />{{Small|Acting}} | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |June 1989 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |May 1990 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" | | rowspan="3" style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | | rowspan="3" |{{Sortname|George H. W.|Bush}}<br /><br />(1989–1993) |- bgcolor="#e6e6aa" |– |[[Fayil:No_image.svg|70x70px]] |{{Sortname|Jerry|Jennings}}<br /><br />{{Small|Acting}} |May 1990 |August 1990 | |- |4 |[[Fayil:No_image.svg|70x70px]] |{{Sortname|Wallace|Stickney}} |August 1990 |January 20, 1993 |<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 4, 1990 |title=Nomination of Wallace Elmer Stickney To Be Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and Appointment as a Governor of the Board of Governors of the American National Red Cross |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/nomination-wallace-elmer-stickney-be-director-the-federal-emergency-management-agency-and |website=George H.W. Bush White House |via=[[The American Presidency Project]]}}</ref> |- | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |– | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |[[Fayil:No_image.svg|70x70px]] | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |{{Sortname|William|Tidball}}<br /><br />{{Small|Acting}} | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |January 20, 1993 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |April 5, 1993 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" | | rowspan="2" style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Bill|Clinton}}<br /><br />(1993–2001) |- |5 |[[Fayil:James_Lee_Witt,_official_FEMA_photo_portrait.jpg|99x99px]] |{{Sortname|James|Witt|James Lee Witt}} |April 5, 1993 |January 20, 2001 | |- | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |– | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |[[Fayil:John_magaw.jpg|85x85px]] | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |{{Sortname|John|Magaw}}<br /><br />{{Small|Acting}} | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |January 20, 2001 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |February 15, 2001 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" | | rowspan="5" style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | | rowspan="5" |{{Sortname|George W.|Bush}}<br /><br />(2001–2009) |- |6 |[[Fayil:FEMA_-_5710_-_Photograph_by_Greg_Schaler_taken_on_12-10-2001_in_District_of_Columbia.jpg|88x88px]] |{{Sortname|Joe|Allbaugh}} |February 15, 2001 |April 15, 2003 |<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 5, 2001 |title=Remarks by the President at Swearing-In Ceremony for Director of FEMA Joseph Allbaugh |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/03/20010305-6.html |publisher=The White House |via=NARA}}</ref> |- |7 |[[Fayil:Michael_D._Brown,_official_FEMA_photo_portrait,_2003.jpg|104x104px]] |{{Sortname|Michael|Brown|Michael D. Brown}} |April 15, 2003 |September 12, 2005 | |- | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |– | rowspan="2" |[[Fayil:R._David_Paulison,_official_FEMA_photo_portrait,_2006.jpg|70x70px]] | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|David|Paulison|R. David Paulison}} | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |September 12, 2005 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |June 8, 2006 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" | |- |8 |June 8, 2006 |January 21, 2009 | |- | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |– | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |[[Fayil:Nancy_t_ward.jpg|70x70px]] | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |{{Sortname|Nancy|Ward|Nancy L. Ward}}<br /><br />{{Small|Acting}} | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |January 21, 2009 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |May 19, 2009 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" | | rowspan="2" style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Barack|Obama}}<br /><br />(2009–2017) |- |9 |[[Fayil:Craig_Fugate_official_portrait.jpg|88x88px]] |{{Sortname|Craig|Fugate}} |May 19, 2009 |January 20, 2017 | |- | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |– | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |[[Fayil:FEMA_-_45336_-_FEMA's_Robert_Fenton_in_the_FEMA_studio_(cropped).jpg|77x77px]] | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |{{Sortname|Bob|Fenton|Robert J. Fenton}}<br /><br />{{Small|Acting}} | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |January 20, 2017 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |June 23, 2017 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" | | rowspan="4" style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | | rowspan="4" |{{Sortname|Donald|Trump|Political appointments of the first Trump administration}}<br /><br />(2017–2021) |- |10 |[[Fayil:Brock_Long.jpg|97x97px]] |{{Sortname|Brock|Long}} |June 23, 2017 |March 8, 2019 |<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 23, 2017 |title=FEMA Welcomes New FEMA Administrator Brock Long |url=https://www.fema.gov/press-release/20250602/fema-welcomes-new-fema-administrator-brock-long |publisher=FEMA}}</ref> |- | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |– | rowspan="2" |[[Fayil:Pete_Gaynor_DHS_Portrait.jpg|87x87px]] | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Pete|Gaynor}} | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |March 8, 2019 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |January 14, 2020 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" | |- |11 |January 14, 2020 |January 12, 2021 |<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 16, 2020 |title=Pete Gaynor Becomes FEMA Administrator |url=https://www.fema.gov/press-release/20250602/pete-gaynor-becomes-fema-administrator |publisher=FEMA}}</ref> |- | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |– | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |[[Fayil:FEMA_-_45336_-_FEMA's_Robert_Fenton_in_the_FEMA_studio_(cropped).jpg|77x77px]] | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |{{Sortname|Bob|Fenton|Robert J. Fenton}}<br /><br />{{Small|Acting}} | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |January 12, 2021 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |April 26, 2021 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" | | rowspan="2" style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Joe|Biden|List of political appointments by Joe Biden}}<br /><br />(2021–2025) |- |12 |[[Fayil:Deanne_Criswell,_FEMA_Administrator.jpg|70x70px]] |{{Sortname|Deanne|Criswell}} |April 26, 2021 |January 20, 2025 |<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2021 |title=Deanne Criswell Takes Oath as FEMA's 12th Administrator |url=https://www.fema.gov/press-release/20210427/deanne-criswell-takes-oath-femas-12th-administrator |publisher=FEMA}}</ref> |- | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |– | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |[[Fayil:FEMA_-_22440_-_Photograph_by_Robert_Kaufmann_taken_on_02-20-2006_in_Louisiana.jpg|91x91px]] | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |{{Sortname|Tony|Robinson}}<br /><br />{{Small|Acting}} | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |January 20, 2025 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |January 22, 2025 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" | | rowspan="6" style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | | rowspan="6" |{{Sortname|Donald|Trump|Political appointments of the second Trump administration}}<br /><br />(2025–present) |- bgcolor="#e6e6aa" |– |[[Fayil:Acting_FEMA_Cameron_Hamilton.jpg|70x70px]] |{{Sortname|Cameron|Hamilton}}<br /><br />{{Small|Acting}} |January 22, 2025 |May 8, 2025 | |- bgcolor="#e6e6aa" |– |[[Fayil:David_Richardson_Official_Portrait.jpg|91x91px]] |{{Sortname|David|Richardson}}<br /><br />{{Small|Acting}} |May 8, 2025 |November 30, 2025 |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Douglas |first=Leah |last2=Layne |first2=Nathan |date=May 9, 2025 |title=New FEMA head says he will 'run right over' staff who resist his changes |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/fema-head-says-he-will-run-right-over-staff-who-resist-agency-changes-2025-05-09/ |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>{{R|reuters-2025nov}} |- bgcolor="#e6e6aa" |– |[[Fayil:KarenSEvans_Photo.jpg|105x105px]] |{{Sortname|Karen|Evans}}<br /><br />{{Small|Acting}} |December 1, 2025 |May 12, 2026 |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Chris |date=November 24, 2025 |title=FEMA to get new interim director ahead of agency review report |url=https://rollcall.com/2025/11/24/fema-to-get-new-interim-director-ahead-of-agency-review-report/ |quote=Interim chief David Richardson resigned and will leave the role on Dec. 1, and Karen Evans, formerly a top official at the Energy Department for cybersecurity and emergency response will take the helm at FEMA, an administration official confirmed Friday.}}</ref> |- bgcolor="#e6e6aa" |– |[[Fayil:FEMA_-_45336_-_FEMA's_Robert_Fenton_in_the_FEMA_studio_(cropped).jpg|77x77px]] |{{Sortname|Bob|Fenton|Robert J. Fenton}}<br /><br />{{Small|Acting}} |May 12, 2026 |August 10, 2026 |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Frank |first=Thomas |date=May 12, 2026 |title=Fema's Acting Administrator Is Out, for the Third Time under Trump |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2026/05/12/femas-acting-administrator-is-out-for-third-time-under-trump-00916239 |access-date=May 12, 2026 |website=[[Politico]] |quote="I know this year has been challenging for many across the agency," Robert Fenton, Evans' temporary replacement, wrote in the staff memo Tuesday.}}</ref> |- |13 |[[Fayil:Acting_FEMA_Cameron_Hamilton.jpg|70x70px]] |{{Sortname|Cameron|Hamilton}} |August 10, 2026 |present |<ref>{{Cite web |title=FEMA overhaul now likely as agency gets new leader backed by Congress - E&E News by POLITICO |url=https://www.eenews.net/articles/fema-overhaul-now-likely-as-agency-gets-new-leader-backed-by-congress/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260810122235/https://www.eenews.net/articles/fema-overhaul-now-likely-as-agency-gets-new-leader-backed-by-congress/ |archive-date=2026-08-10 |access-date=2026-08-15}}</ref> |} {{Notelist}} === Takardun sarauta === * Darakta na Ofishin Shirye-shiryen Gaggawa a cikin Babban Gudanar da Ayyuka (Mayu 1975 - Afrilu 1, 1979) * Darakta na Hukumar Kula da Gaggawa ta Tarayya a matsayin hukuma mai zaman kanta (1 ga Afrilu, 1979 - 15 ga Afrilu), 2003) ** An ɗaukaka shi zuwa matakin majalisar ministoci (Fabrairu 26, 1996 - Janairu 20, 2001) <ref name="cqfema" /> * Darakta na Hukumar Kula da Gaggawa ta Tarayya da Mataimakin Sakataren Tsaro na Gida don Shirye-shiryen Gaggawa da Amsa a cikin Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Gida (15 ga Afrilu, 2003 - 8 ga Yuni, 2006) * Darakta na Hukumar Kula da Gaggawa ta Tarayya da Mataimakin Sakataren Tsaro na Cikin Gida don Gudanar da Gaggawa na Tarayya a cikin Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Cikin Gida (8 ga Yuni, 2006 - 31 ga Maris, 2007) * Mai gudanarwa na Hukumar Kula da Gaggawa ta Tarayya a cikin Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Gida (31 ga Maris, 2007 - yanzu) == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5jrof6btmnw133yd7dgum56wfa9ztey 906299 906298 2026-08-22T20:01:18Z Ummu Ilham 45024 906299 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tarihi == === Kafin shekarun 1930 === Jerin wasu manyan gobara masu muni ya afku a birnin tashar jiragen ruwa na '''Portsmouth, New Hampshire''', a farkon ƙarni na 19. '''Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta 7 (7th U.S. Congress)''' ta zartar da wani mataki a shekara ta '''1803''' wanda ya tanadi tallafi ga ’yan kasuwar Portsmouth, ta hanyar tsawaita lokacin da aka ba su domin biyan '''haraji kan kayayyakin da ake shigowa da su (tariffs)'''. Ana ɗaukar wannan matakin a matsayin '''dokar farko da gwamnatin tarayyar Amurka ta zartar domin ba da tallafi bayan afkuwar wani bala’i'''. Tsakanin 1803 da 1930, an zartar da dokar wucin gadi fiye da sau 100 don taimako ko diyya bayan bala'i. Misalan sun haɗa da watsi da haraji da haraji ga 'yan kasuwa na Birnin New York bayan babban gobarar New York a 1835. Hakazalika, bayan rushewar Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na John T. Ford a watan Yunin 1893, Majalisa ta 54 ta zartar da dokar biyan diyya ga wadanda suka ji rauni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guide to House Records: Chapter 23 Ford's Theater Disaster |url=https://www.archives.gov/legislative/guide/house/chapter-23-joint-fords-theater-disaster.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921185712/http://www.archives.gov/legislative/guide/house/chapter-23-joint-fords-theater-disaster.html |archive-date=September 21, 2016 |access-date=September 8, 2016 |website=Archives.gov}}</ref> === Hanyar Piecemeal (1930s-1960s) === Bayan farawar [[Great Depression|Babban Mawuyacin hali]] a 1929, Shugaba Herbert Hoover ya ba da izini ga Kamfanin Kudi na sake ginawa (RFC) a 1932. Manufar RFC ita ce ba da rancen kuɗi ga bankunan da cibiyoyi don haɓaka ayyukan tattalin arziki. RFC kuma tana da alhakin rarraba dala na tarayya bayan bala'i. Ana iya la'akari da RFC a matsayin hukumar mayar da martani ta farko ta tarayya. An ba Ofishin Hanyar Jama'a iko a cikin 1934 don tallafawa sake gina manyan hanyoyi da hanyoyi bayan bala'o'i. Dokar Kula da Ambaliyar ruwa ta 1944 ta kuma ba da ikon Injiniyoyin Sojojin Amurka kan kula da ambaliyar ruwa da ayyukan ban ruwa kuma daga nan gaba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimakawa farfadowa da sake ginawa bayan bala'in ambaliyar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=US Fish and Wildlife Service |title=Flood Control Act of 1944 |url=https://www.fws.gov/laws/lawsdigest/FLOOD.HTML |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226084251/https://www.fws.gov/laws/lawsdigest/FLOOD.HTML |archive-date=December 26, 2018 |access-date=9 August 2019 |website=Digest of Federal Resource Laws of Interest to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service}}</ref> === Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane (1973-1979) === An kawo taimakon bala'i da farfadowa na Tarayya a ƙarƙashin laima na Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane (HUD) a cikin 1973 ta hanyar Shirin sake tsara shugaban kasa na 2 na 1973. <ref name="Archives">{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=Records of the Federal Emergency Management Agency [FEMA] |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/311.html |website=National Archives |publisher=U.S. Government}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, an kirkiro Hukumar Taimako ta Tarayya a matsayin ƙungiyar ƙungiya a cikin HUD, kuma wannan hukumar ce za ta kula da bala'o'i har sai an haɗa ta cikin FEMA a cikin 1978. <ref name="Archives" /> Kafin aiwatar da Shirin sake tsarawa na 3 na 1978 ta hanyar E.O. 12127 da E.O., hukumomin gwamnati da yawa har yanzu suna da hannu a cikin taimakon bala'i; a wasu lokuta, fiye da 100 hukumomi daban-daban na iya yin aiki don sarrafawa da ikon bala'i. A cikin shekaru, Majalisa ta kara fadada kewayon nau'ikan da aka rufe don taimako, kuma umarnin shugaban kasa da yawa sun yi hakan. Ta hanyar aiwatar da waɗannan nau'ikan jagororin majalisa daban-daban, Majalisa ta kafa wani rukuni don taimakon kasafin kuɗi na shekara-shekara ga waɗanda ke fama da nau'ikan haɗari ko bala'o'i daban-daban suka shafi, ta ƙayyade cancanta, sannan ta kafa ko ta ba da alhakin ga hukumomin tarayya da ba na tarayya ba. A cikin lokaci, wannan fadada jerin hukumomi da kansu sun sake tsarawa. Ɗaya daga cikin irin waɗannan hukumomin tarayya na farko shine Hukumar Tsaro ta Tarayya, wanda ke aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ofishin zartarwa na Shugaban kasa (EOP). An ba da ayyuka don gudanar da taimakon bala'i ga Shugaban kasa da kansa, wanda ya ba da waɗannan ga Hukumar Kula da Gidaje da Kudin Gida ta Tarayya. Daga baya, an kirkiro sabon Ofishin Tsaro. Sa'an nan kuma, sabon Ofishin Tsaro da Tattalin Arziki, wanda kuma EOP ke gudanarwa, kuma bayan haka, Ofishin Tattalin Ruwa da Tattarin Arziki, yina ya sake sunan tsohon hukumar. Sa'an nan, Ofishin Tsaro na Jama'a, a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Tsaro (DoD); Ma'aikatu, Ilimi da Welfare (HEW); Ma'aikatan Aikin Gona; Ofishin Shirye-shiryen Gaggawa (OEmP); Hukumar Tsaro ta Tsaro (wanda ta maye gurbin OCD a cikin DoD); Maɓallin Gidaje-gwaje da Ci gaban Birane (HUD) da Babban Gudanar da Ayyuka (GSA) (bayan dakatar da OEmP). Wadannan ayyukan sun nuna cewa, a cikin waɗannan shekarun, alhakin shirye-shiryen bala'i na al'umma sun kasance masu rikitarwa kuma sun haɗa da hukumomi daban-daban; an ƙaddara tsarin ta hanyar ayyukan majalisa daban-daban, wanda manufofi da ƙaddamar da kasafin kuɗi suka motsa shi, kuma ba ta hanyar ɗaya ba, haɗin kai, cikakkiyar dabarun don biyan bukatun al'ummar don shirye-shirye da amsawa cikin bala'i a nan gaba. Sa'an nan, a cikin 1978 an yi ƙoƙari don karfafa waɗannan ayyuka, umarni, hukumomi da rafi na kuɗi: An kirkiro FEMA don adana tsaro na farar hula da shirye-shiryen bala'i a ƙarƙashin rufin ɗaya. Wannan yanke shawara ce mai rikitarwa. === FEMA a matsayin hukuma mai zaman kanta (1979-2003) === [[Fayil:US-FEMA-Pre2003Seal.svg|thumb|Alamar FEMA daga 1981 zuwa 2003]] [[Fayil:Flag_of_the_Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency.svg|thumb|FEMA flag daga 1981 zuwa 2003 da 2022-ya zuwa yanzu]] An kafa FEMA a karkashin Shirin sake tsarawa na 1978 No. 3 kuma Shugaba [[Jimmy Carter]] ne ya kunna shi a cikin Dokar Zartarwa a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1979. <ref name="ExecOrder-12127">{{Cite web |title=Executive Order 12127—Federal Emergency Management Agency |url=https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/eo/eo-12127.htm |publisher=Federation of American Scientists}}</ref> A watan '''Yuli''', Carter ya sanya hannu kan '''Umarnin Shugaban Ƙasa na 12148 (Executive Order 12148)''', wanda ya mayar da ayyukan ba da agajin bala’i zuwa sabuwar hukuma ta matakin tarayya. '''FEMA''' ta haɗiye '''Federal Insurance Administration''', '''National Fire Prevention and Control Administration''', '''Community Preparedness Program''' na '''National Weather Service''', '''Federal Preparedness Agency''' ta '''General Services Administration''', da kuma ayyukan '''Federal Disaster Assistance Administration''' daga '''HUD'''. An kuma bai wa FEMA alhakin kula da '''Civil Defense''' na ƙasar, wato tsarin kare fararen hula daga bala’o’i da sauran barazana. A baya, '''Defense Civil Preparedness Agency''' ta '''Ma’aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka (Department of Defense)''' ce ke gudanar da wannan aiki. Ɗaya daga cikin bala'o'in da FEMA ta amsa shi ne zubar da sharar gida mai guba a cikin Love Canal a Niagara Falls, New York, a ƙarshen 1970s. FEMA ta kuma mayar da martani ga hadarin nukiliya na Three Mile Island inda Tashar samar da nukiliya ta sha wahala a wani bangare na narkewa. Wadannan bala'o'i, yayin da suke nuna hukumar na iya aiki yadda ya kamata, sun kuma gano wasu rashin inganci.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2009}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2009)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A shekara ta 1993, Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] ya nada James Lee Witt a matsayin Darakta na FEMA. A shekara ta 1996, an ɗaga hukumar zuwa matsayin majalisa; Shugaba George W. Bush bai ci gaba da wannan ba. <ref name="cqfema">{{Cite web |last=Fowler, Daniel |date=November 19, 2008 |title=Emergency Managers Make It Official: They Want FEMA Out of DHS |url=http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=hsnews-000002988269&cpage=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081129170848/http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=hsnews-000002988269&cpage=1 |archive-date=November 29, 2008 |access-date=March 3, 2010 |publisher=CQ Politics |quote=During the Clinton administration, FEMA Administrator James Lee Witt met with the cabinet. His successor in the Bush administration, Joe M. Allbaugh, did not.}} (Archived by WebCite at )</ref> Witt ya fara gyare-gyare da za su taimaka wajen sauƙaƙe farfado da bala'i da kuma ragewa. Ƙarshen [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cold]] ya kuma ba da damar karkatar da albarkatun hukumar daga tsaron farar hula zuwa shirye-shiryen bala'i. Bayan kirkirar FEMA ta hanyar sake tsarawa da umarnin zartarwa, Majalisa ta ci gaba da fadada ikon FEMA ta ta hanyar ba da alhakin ta. Wadannan nauyin sun hada da tsaro a karkashin Dokar Tsaro ta Dam ta Kasa; taimakon bala'i a karkashin Dokar Taimako da Taimako na Bala'i ta Stafford; Rage haɗarin girgizar ƙasa a ƙarƙashin Dokar Rage Hadarin Girgizar Kasa ta 1977 kuma ta kara fadada ta Dokar Zartarwa ta 12699, game da bukatun tsaro ga gine-ginen tarayya da Dokar Zartaka ta 12941, game da buƙatar kimanta farashin don sake fasalin gine-ginin tarayya; abinci na gaggawa da mafaka a ƙarƙashin Dokar Taimako na Gida ta Stewart B. McKinney na Gida-Yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shelter and Services Program |url=https://www.fema.gov/grants/shelter-services-program |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821222259/https://www.fema.gov/grants/shelter-services-program |archive-date=August 21, 2023 |access-date=December 19, 2024 |website=Fema.gov}}</ref> Bugu da kari, FEMA ta sami iko don yaki da ta'addanci ta hanyar gyaran Nunn-Lugar-Domenici a karkashin Dokar Makamai ta Mass Destruction ta 1996, wanda shine martani ga sanannun rauni na Amurka bayan harin iskar gas a kan tashar jirgin karkashin kasa ta Tokyo a shekarar 1995. Majalisa ta ba da kuɗin FEMA ta hanyar haɗuwa da kudade na yau da kullun da kudade masu gaggawa don mayar da martani ga abubuwan da suka faru.. === FEMA a karkashin Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Cikin Gida (2003-yanzu) === [[Fayil:Appropriations_Act_of_2004.jpg|thumb|Shugaba [[George W. Bush]] ya sanya hannu kan Dokar Tsaro ta Gida ta 2004.]] Bayan '''hare-haren 11 ga Satumba, 2001''', Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta zartar da '''Dokar Tsaron Cikin Gida ta 2002 (Homeland Security Act of 2002)''', wadda ta kafa '''Ma’aikatar Tsaron Cikin Gida (Department of Homeland Security – DHS)''' domin inganta haɗin gwiwa tsakanin hukumomin tarayya daban-daban da ke kula da '''tsaron doka, shirye-shiryen tunkarar bala’o’i da farfaɗowa daga gare su, kare iyakoki, da kuma kare fararen hula'''. An haɗa '''FEMA''' cikin '''DHS''' daga ranar '''1 ga Maris, 2003'''. Sakamakon haka, FEMA ta zama wani ɓangare na '''Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate''' na Ma’aikatar Tsaron Cikin Gida, inda take da ma’aikata sama da '''2,600''' na cikakken lokaci. A ranar '''31 ga Maris, 2007''', aka sake mayar da sunanta zuwa '''Federal Emergency Management Agency''', amma ta ci gaba da kasancewa ƙarƙashin '''DHS'''. Shugaba Bush ya nada Michael D. Brown a matsayin darektan FEMA a watan Janairun shekara ta 2003. Brown ya yi gargadi a watan Satumbar shekara ta 2003 cewa shafar FEMA cikin DHS za ta yi ba'a da sabon taken FEMA, "A Nation Prepared", kuma zai "kashe FEMA daga manyan ayyukanta", "karkatar da halin hukumar" da kuma "karkatara dangantaka mai tsawo, mai tasiri da gwadawa tare da jihohi da masu ruwa da tsaki na farko". Sakamakon da ba za a iya gujewa ba na sake tsarawa na 2003, ya gargadi Brown, zai zama "amsawar da ba ta da tasiri kuma ba ta dace ba" ga harin ta'addanci ko bala'i. Guguwar Katrina a shekara ta 2005 ta nuna cewa hangen nesa na ci gaba da hadin kan ayyuka da sake tsarawa ba zai iya magance matsalolin da FEMA ta fuskanta a baya ba. "Rahoton Ƙarshe na Kwamitin Zaɓuɓɓuka na Bi-Artisan don Bincike Shirye-shiryen da Amsa ga Guguwar Katrina", wanda Ofishin Buga na Gwamnatin Amurka ya fitar a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 2006, ya bayyana cewa ba a ba da tallafin tarayya ga jihohi don "duk haɗari" bukatun shirye-shiryen bala'i sai dai idan hukumomin cikin gida sun sanya dalilan don tallafawa aikin "ta'addanci kawai". Kwararrun masu kula da gaggawa sun ba da shaida cewa an ba da kudade don shirye-shiryen haɗarin yanayi ƙasa da shirye-shirye don matakan yaki da ta'addanci. Shaidar ta kuma bayyana ra'ayin cewa aikin don rage rauni da shirya don bala'o'in haɗari na halitta kafin su faru an raba su daga ayyukan shirye-shiryen bala'i, suna sa al'ummar ta fi fuskantar haɗari da aka sani, kamar guguwa. Bayan zarge-zargen rashin kulawa a lokacin Guguwar Katrina, an sauya Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya na Kasa'i na kasa (NDMS) daga Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Cikin Gida zuwa Ma'abiyar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta hanyar Dokar Shirye-shiryen Pandemic da All-Hazards, wanda Shugaba George W. Bush ya sanya hannu a ranar 18 ga Disamba, 2006. A cikin wannan shekarar, majalisa ta zartar da Dokar Gyaran Gudanar da Gaggawa ta Post-Katrina ta 2006, wanda ya sanya FEMA wata hukuma mai zaman kanta a cikin DHS, kuma ya fi bayyana aikinta na farko.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-04 |title=History of FEMA {{!}} FEMA.gov |url=https://www.fema.gov/about/history |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=www.fema.gov |language=en}}</ref> Har ila yau, aikin ya kara da Sojojin Capacity Force, wanda ke ba da damar Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Gida don kara ma'aikatan FEMA tare da ƙarin ma'aikata daga sassa daban-daban na tarayya a yayin da hukumar ta mamaye. An kunna rundunar ne don Guguwar Sandy, Guguwar Harvey, Guguwar Irma, Guguwar Maria, da gobarar daji ta California ta 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2013 |title=Surge Capacity Force |url=https://www.dhs.gov/surge-capacity-force |access-date=2021-06-03}}</ref> [[Fayil:FEMA_-_2716_-_Photograph_by_FEMA_News_Photo.jpg|thumb]] A cikin kaka na shekara ta 2008, FEMA ta karɓi nauyin daidaitawar Kamfen ɗin Ready, kamfen ɗin talla na sabis na jama'a na ƙasa tare da haɗin gwiwar Majalisar Ad, don ilimantarwa da ƙarfafa Amurkawa don shirya da amsawa ga gaggawa ciki har da bala'o'i na halitta da na mutum. Kamfen ɗin Shirye-shiryen (da kuma harshen Mutanen Espanya, {{Lang|es|Listo}}) yana tambayar mutane su yi abubuwa uku: gina kayan samar da gaggawa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Build A Kit {{!}} Ready.gov |url=https://www.ready.gov/build-a-kit |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101041434/https://www.ready.gov/build-a-kit |archive-date=November 1, 2016 |access-date=October 31, 2016 |website=Ready.gov}}</ref> yin shirin gaggawa na iyali, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Make A Plan {{!}} Ready.gov |url=https://www.ready.gov/make-a-plan |access-date=October 31, 2016 |website=Ready.gov}}</ref> kuma a sanar da su game da nau'ikan gaggawa daban-daban da za su iya faruwa da kuma yadda za su amsa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Ready Campaign {{!}} Ready.gov |url=https://www.ready.gov/about-us |access-date=October 31, 2016 |website=Ready.gov}}</ref> An inganta sakonnin kamfen ɗin ta hanyar talabijin, rediyo, bugawa, PSAs na waje da na yanar gizo, da kuma littattafai, layin waya kyauta da shafukan yanar gizo na Turanci da Mutanen Espanya. A cikin 2013, a matsayin martani ga martani na FEMA ga Guguwar Sandy, majalisa ta zartar da Dokar Ingantawar Sandy ta 2013, wanda a tsakanin sauran abubuwa ya ba da damar kabilun da aka amince da su don neman sanarwar gaggawa ta shugaban kasa kai tsaye.<ref name=":1" /> Dokar Stafford ta yi gyare-gyare ta hanyar Dokar Gudanar da Dabbobi da Ka'idojin Sufuri (PETS Act) a cikin 2006, da Dokar Gyara Hadari (DRRA) a cikin 2018.<ref name=":1" /> DRRA ta yi ƙoƙari don mayar da hankali ga ƙoƙarin FEMA kan inganta juriya, shiri, da rage rauni ga manyan bala'o'i.<ref name=":1" /> An sanya FEMA a matsayin mai kula da sayen kayan kiwon lafiya a lokacin annobar COVID-19. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cole |first=Devan |date=March 22, 2020 |title=Illinois governor says 'it's a wild west' for medical supplies because of Trump's response to states' requests |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/22/politics/pritzker-illinois-states-competing-medical-supplies/index.html |access-date=March 23, 2020 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> A cewar wani tweet da Deanne Criswell ya wallafa a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2022, an sake gabatar da tutar FEMA, wacce aka yi amfani da ita tsakanin 1981 da 2003.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === FEMA a karkashin Gwamnatin Trump ta biyu (2025) === A tarihi, '''FEMA''' ta kasance tana gudanar da ayyukanta ba tare da nuna bangaranci na siyasa ba, inda take amsa buƙatun jihohi na tallafin bala’o’i ta hanya makamanciya, ba tare da la’akari da ko '''Jam’iyyar Democrat''' ko '''Jam’iyyar Republican''' ce ke iko da jihar ba. Sai dai, a ƙarƙashin '''gwamnatin Donald Trump ta biyu''', FEMA ta amince da kashi '''23%''' na buƙatun tallafin bala’o’i daga jihohin da ke da gwamna ɗan Jam’iyyar Democrat da sanatoci biyu ’yan Democrat, yayin da ta amince da kashi '''89%''' na buƙatun daga jihohin da ’yan Republican ke mulki. Haka kuma, Shugaba Trump yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo wajen yanke shawara kan buƙatun da suka fito daga jihohin Democrat. A cikin kalaman da Shugaba Trump ke wallafawa a kafafen sada zumunta, ya bayyana a sarari cewa yana nuna '''bangarancin siyasa''' dangane da buƙatun tallafin da jihohi ke gabatarwa bayan afkuwar bala’o’i..<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-23 |title=It's 3 times harder for blue states to get disaster funding under Trump |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2026/03/23/trump-denies-disaster-aid-for-democratic-led-states-00831199 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref> Gwamnatin Trump tana da burin da aka bayyana na rage ko kawar da rawar tarayya ta FEMA, da kuma samun jihohi daban-daban su dauki nauyin gudanar da gaggawa a maimakon haka. A cikin 2025, Gwamnatin Trump ta yanke wa FEMA, ta kori sama da sabbin ma'aikata 200 a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Frank |first=Thomas |last2=E&E News |title=FEMA Firings Hit Agency Already Suffering Staffing Shortages |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/trump-fema-firings-hit-agency-already-suffering-staffing-shortages/ |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Maris, 2025, Sakatariyar Tsaro ta Cikin Gida Kristi Noem ta ce za ta matsa don kawar da FEMA.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruberry |first=Brendan |title=DHS Sec. Noem says will move to 'eliminate' FEMA, a long-time Trump target |url=https://www.semafor.com/article/03/24/2025/dhs-sec-kristi-noem-says-administration-will-move-to-eliminate-fema |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Semafor |language=en}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2007, kankara da aka ba da umarni ga wadanda ke fama da Katrina amma ba a taɓa amfani da shi ba kuma an ajiye shi a wuraren ajiya, a farashin dala miliyan 12.5, an narke shi. A watan Yunin 2008, binciken CNN ya gano cewa FEMA ta ba da kimanin dala miliyan 85 a cikin kayan gida da ake nufi ga wadanda ke fama da guguwar Katrina ga wasu jihohi 16. === Guguwar dusar ƙanƙara ta Buffalo === FEMA ta kasance cikin hari saboda martani ga Oktoba Surprise Storm a Buffalo, New York, a ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 2006. Kamar yadda FEMA bisa doka ba za ta iya tsoma baki cikin kasuwancin jihar ba sai dai idan aka tambaye ta, FEMA ta amsa cewa kamar yadda aka tsara, gwamnan jihar New York, George Pataki, bai nemi taimakon FEMA ba. Hedikwatar FEMA ta kasance cikin hulɗa ta yau da kullun tare da ofisoshin majalisa na Jiha suna ba su sabbin bayanan da ke akwai. Da'awar ta bayyana cewa jami'an FEMA ba su isa ba har zuwa ranar 16 ga Oktoba, kwana uku bayan guguwar ta faru. Lalacewar guguwar dusar ƙanƙara a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da wayoyin wutar lantarki da aka rushe, itatuwa da aka rushi, kuma sun haifar da lalacewar tsarin gidaje da kasuwanni. === Dumas, Arkansas, guguwa === Mutane da yawa na Dumas, Arkansas, musamman wadanda ke fama da [[guguwa]] a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2007, sun soki martani na FEMA ta hanyar rashin samar da adadin sabbin trailers da suke bukata, da kuma aikawa da saiti na trailers masu amfani, ƙasa da adadin da ake buƙata. Bayan guguwar, Sanata na Amurka Mark Pryor ya soki martani na FEMA ga kokarin farfadowa da tsaftacewa. === Wutar daji ta California === FEMA ta fuskanci zargi mai tsanani lokacin da aka bayyana cewa an shirya taron manema labarai a kan gobarar daji ta California a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2007. Mataimakin Mai Gudanarwa Harvey E. Johnson yana amsa tambayoyin daga ma'aikatan FEMA waɗanda ke nuna kansu a matsayin manema labarai. Yawancin waɗannan tambayoyin tambayoyin "softball" ne (watau, "Shin kun yi farin ciki da amsar FEMA har zuwa yanzu?"), an yi musu da gangan a hanyar da za ta haifar da amsa mai kyau wanda ke ba da ra'ayi cewa FEMA tana yin komai daidai. Ta wannan hanyar, duk wani bincike daga 'yan jarida na ainihi (da yawa daga cikinsu an ba su sanarwa na minti 15 kawai) za a guje wa. Fox News, MSNBC, da sauran kafofin watsa labarai sun watsa sanarwar manema labarai kai tsaye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FEMA Stages Press Conference: Staff Pose As Journalists And Ask 'Softball' Questions |url=http://thinkprogress.org/2007/10/26/fema-softball-presser/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522034446/http://thinkprogress.org/2007/10/26/fema-softball-presser/ |archive-date=May 22, 2011 |access-date=April 18, 2016 |website=ThinkProgress.org}}</ref> An sanar da 'yan jarida na ainihi minti 15 kawai a gaba kuma sun sami damar kiran cikin layin taro kawai, wanda aka saita don yanayin "sauraro kawai". Mutanen da ke wurin kawai sune ma'aikatan harkokin jama'a na FEMA. === Guguwar Maria === FEMA ta ba da tallafi ga ayyukan farfadowa sama da dala biliyan 33.9 ga Guguwar María, da farko an mayar da hankali kan maido da ababen more rayuwa na dindindin. Wannan ya haɗa da kusan dala miliyan 600 da aka amince da su don kayan aiki da kayan aiki don taimakawa sake gina wutar lantarki ta Puerto Rico. Ci gaban da aka tsara sun haɗa da shigar da kusan kilomita 2,500 na layin watsawa, kilomita 23 na kebul na karkashin ruwa don yin hidima ga tsibirin Vieques da Culebra, fiye da 300 substations, kusan masu canzawa 200,000, da kuma kimanin kilomita 13,400 na masu rarraba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-11 |title=FEMA Achieves 11,000 Projects Obligated for Puerto Rico |url=https://www.fema.gov/press-release/20240711/fema-achieves-11000-projects-obligated-puerto-rico |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=www.fema.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-13 |title=Nearly $600 Million in FEMA Funding Injection to Rebuild Power Grid |url=https://www.fema.gov/press-release/20220613/nearly-600-million-fema-funding-injection-rebuild-power-grid |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=www.fema.gov |language=en}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2017, Guguwar Maria ta buge [[Dominika|Dominica]] da [[Puerto Rico]] tare da iskõki masu ƙarfi 175 mph (280 km / h). &nbsp;&nbsp;Maria ita ce guguwa ta biyar mafi karfi da ta taɓa buga Amurka tare da iskõki masu ƙarfi fiye da waɗanda Irma ta kawo da irin wannan ruwan sama da Guguwar Harvey ta kawo Houston.<ref name="widener.edu">{{Cite magazine|url-status=26–31}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Duk da kokarin da FEMA ta yi a Puerto Rico, tsibirin har yanzu ya lalace fiye da yadda ake tsammani. Hukumar ta shirya wasu tanadi ga mazauna da suka rasa muhallinsu kafin guguwar ta buge, gami da: kimanin ma'aikatan FEMA 124 da aka sanya a tsibirin, abinci, ruwa, da gado.<ref name="widener.edu" /> Koyaya, mutane sun ba da rahoton cewa kunshin abinci na FEMA ba su da lafiya kamar su kayan kwalliya. An soki FEMA sosai saboda martani ga Maria, yayin da tsibirin ya fada cikin rikici na jin kai. Har ila yau, tsibirin ya sami asarar wutar lantarki sosai sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa da lalacewar iska da aka samu a lokacin Maria. A farkon watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2017, Lieutenant Janar Todd Semonite, shugaban da kwamandan janar na Injiniyoyin Sojojin Amurka, ya bayyana girman da kuma bukatar taimako ga wannan rikicin iko. Semonite ya bayyana wasu takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru ga manema labarai, yana bayanin cewa tsibirin yana buƙatar "megawatts 2,700 na wutar lantarki don aiki kuma a ƙarshe ƙididdigar tana da megawatts 376 da ke akwai. "Wannan yana fassara zuwa kusan kashi 14 cikin 100 na grid yana aiki.<ref name="auto" /> Mai kula da FEMA William "Brock" Long ya gaya wa manema labarai a cikin wani bayani bayan guguwar cewa siyasar Puerto Rico ta hana ikon gwamnatin tarayya ta aika taimako. Ya bayyana cewa rarrabuwar siyasa ta hana hadin kai ga shugabannin a wannan lokacin rikicin, yana kwatanta cewa batun su "mafi muni" fiye da batun Amurka tsakanin 'yan Democrat da' yan Republican. Mazauna, a wasu lokuta, ana buƙatar su cika takardu a Turanci maimakon Mutanen Espanya ba tare da fatan samun taimakon da suka nema ba.<ref name="auto" /> Brigadier Janar Jose Reyes na tsaron kasa na Puerto Rico ya tattauna dabarun don hanzarta isowar albarkatu ta hanyar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ponce, wanda ke kan kudancin Puerto Rico.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of PONCE (PR PSE) details – Departures, Expected Arrivals and Port Calls – AIS Marine Traffic |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ports/12501/Puerto_Rico_port:PONCE |access-date=December 16, 2017 |website=MarineTraffic.com}}</ref> Reyes ya kuma danganta jinkirin a cikin waɗannan ayyukan ga jerin guguwa da ba a taɓa gani ba waɗanda suka bukaci kulawa daga hukumar a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Game da wannan, Janar Reyes ya gaya wa manema labarai "Ba mu ma dawo da ƙafafunmu ba bayan Irma, sannan ba zato ba tsammani Maria ta buge mu. "Ya kuma magance bambance-bambance tsakanin taimakon da aka aika zuwa yankunan da bala'i suka shafa da Puerto Rico, yana bayanin cewa a yankuna kamar Florida da Texas, wadanda kwanan nan suka kamu da irin wannan lalacewar, jigilar albarkatu ya fi sauƙi. Wannan saboda suna iya amfani da ababen more rayuwa don jigilar taimako. Jirgin irin wannan albarkatun zuwa Puerto Rico ya zama da wahala, saboda dole ne su yi tafiya a fadin teku, ko dai a cikin jirgin sama ko a cikin jiragen ruwa.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Achenbach |first=Joel |last2=Hernández |first2=Arelis R. |date=October 9, 2017 |title=FEMA administrator: Puerto Rico's politics, lack of unity, hindering hurricane response |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/fema-administrator-puerto-ricos-politics-lack-of-unity-hindering-hurricane-response/2017/10/09/f1711996-ad10-11e7-9e58-e6288544af98_story.html |access-date=December 16, 2017 |via=www.WashingtonPost.com}}</ref> Long ya kuma ambaci cewa filin jirgin saman kasa da kasa na Puerto Rico bai iya aiki da cikakken iko ba, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin cikas ga shigo da taimakon tarayya. QLong ya yi murabus a ranar 8 ga Maris, 2019, biyo bayan zargi game da yadda yake kula da Guguwar Maria da kuma korafin ɗabi'a game da rashin amfani da motocin hukuma, wanda ya kai $ 151,000. Sakataren Tsaro na Gida Kirstjen Nielsen ya ce Long zai biya gwamnati kudin motocin da ma'aikatan da ke cikin tafiye-tafiye, da yawa daga cikinsu suna tsakanin Washington da gidansa a [[North Carolina|Arewacin Carolina]]. Nielsen ta gabatar da murabus dinta a matsayin Sakataren Tsaro na Gida kasa da wata daya daga baya a ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 2019. === Guguwar Harvey === AGuguwar Harvey ta fadi a ƙarshen watan Agusta 2017 a matsayin Guguwar Guguwa ta Kashi 4 tare da 130 mph (215 km / h) iska mai ɗorewa. &nbsp;&nbsp;Guguwar ta fi shafar kudu maso gabashin [[Texas]]; duk da haka, an ji tasirin ta har zuwa Arkansas, [[Kentucky]], da [[Tennessee]] a cikin hanyar ambaliyar ruwa. Harvey a hankali ya ci gaba a kudu maso gabashin Texas, inda ya samar da ruwaAn sama mai yawa a yankin. Wannan ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani a yankunan zama kamar Colorado City, Liberty, da Montgomery, Texas.<ref name="auto1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Texas Hurricane Harvey (DR-4332) – FEMA.gov |url=https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4332 |access-date=December 16, 2017 |website=Fema.gov}}</ref> Harvey ita ce ta farko a cikin jerin guguwa da guguwa na wurare masu zafi da suka shafi Amurka tsakanin Agusta da Satumba 2017. Sakamakon wadannan guguwa sun hada da ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani, lalacewa daga iskõki masu saurin gudu, lalacewar tsari, da damuwa game da wadatar abubuwan da ake bukata kamar abinci, ruwa, da mafaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Willingham |first=AJ |date=October 10, 2017 |title=A look at four storms from one brutal hurricane season |url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/10/weather/hurricane-nate-maria-irma-harvey-impact-look-back-trnd/index.html |access-date=December 16, 2017 |website=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 20, 2017 |title=Hurricane Season 2017 |url=https://www.unocha.org/hurricane-season-2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215164707/http://www.unocha.org/hurricane-season-2017 |archive-date=December 15, 2017 |access-date=December 16, 2017 |website=UNOCHA}}</ref> An tilasta wa wasu masu karɓa su jira har zuwa watanni biyu kafin su sami taimako daga FEMA, yayin da matsalolin fasaha suka dakatar da aikace-aikacen su da kuma aiwatar da aikace-shiryen da aka ambata. Wasu mazauna sun hana taimakon Tarayya kuma dole ne su yi jayayya da kin amincewarsu a kokarin sake ginawa da gyaran kadarori ba tare da samun asarar kudi mai yawa ba. === Cutar coronavirus (COVID-19) === QA farkon watan Afrilu 2020, ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' ta ruwaito cewa Gwamnatin Trump tana "tsayawa" kwace kayan kiwon lafiya daga jihohi da asibitoci, inda ta ambaci jami'an asibiti da asibitan da ke kula da jihohi bakwai. Wadannan jami'an sun bayyana cewa gwamnati ba ta sanar da su yadda za su iya samun damar samun kayan da suka umarce su ba. Wani wakilin FEMA ya ce hukumar, tana aiki tare da Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam da Ma'aikatan Tsaro, sun haɓaka tsarin gano kayan da ake buƙata daga masu siyarwa da rarraba su daidai. Har ila yau, gwamnatin tarayya ta kwace umarni don ma'aunin ma'auni na Florida, umarni don abin rufe fuska daga Texas Association of Community Health Centers, da kuma umarni don gwajin kayan da ake nufi da tsarin asibitin PeaceHealth a Washington, [[Oregon]] da [[Alaska]]. === Guguwar Ian === [[Fayil:Thomas_McCool,_Francisco_Sanchez,_and_Marion_McFadden_giving_an_oath_to_testify_truthfully.png|thumb|Jami'an FEMA, SBA, da HUD suna rantsuwa don ba da shaida da gaskiya yayin sauraron]] A ranar 10 ga watan Agusta, 2023, Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ayyukan Gwamnati da Ma'aikatan Tarayya, wani kwamiti a karkashin Kwamitin Majalisar kan Kulawa da Gyaran Gwamnati, ya gudanar da sauraron bincike na talabijin game da martani na gwamnatin tarayya da kuma kokarin farfadowa gaba ɗaya daga Guguwar Ian, wanda ya buge [[Florida]] a watan Satumbar 2022.<ref name="TheHill">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Caleigh |date=11 August 2023 |title=Lawmakers grill feds over delays in Hurricane Ian response |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4149077-lawmakers-grill-feds-over-delays-in-hurricane-ian-response/ |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kruger |first=Ryan |date=10 August 2023 |title=Congressional subcommittee asks what went wrong with Ian recovery |url=https://www.fox4now.com/news/local-news/congressional-subcommittee-asks-what-went-wrong-with-ian-recovery |access-date=6 August 2025 |website=[[WFTX-TV]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2023 |title=FEMA Taken to The Woodshed |url=https://beachtalkradionews.com/fema-taken-to-the-woodshed/ |website=Beach Talk Radio News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Moline |first=Michael |date=12 August 2023 |title=U.S. House panel in South Fla. hears complaints about Hurricane Ian recovery problems |url=https://rhodeislandcurrent.com/2023/08/12/u-s-house-panel-in-south-fla-hears-complaints-about-hurricane-ian-recovery-problems/ |website=[[Rhode Island Current]]}}</ref> === Guguwa Helene da Milton === Tsakanin Nuwamba 2024-Maris 2025, Majalisa ta Amurka ta gudanar da sauraron bincike na talabijin guda hudu game da martani na gwamnatin tarayya, kokarin farfadowa gaba ɗaya daga, da abubuwan da suka faru bayan Milton da Guguwar Helene 'yan makonni da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Battaglia |first=Danielle |date=20 November 2024 |title=FEMA admin testifies about misinformation, funding and Trump supporters after Helene |url=https://www.newsobserver.com/news/politics-government/article295753664.html |access-date=23 August 2025 |website=[[The News & Observer]] |publisher=McClatchy}}</ref><ref name="NBC1">{{Cite web |last=Strickler |first=Laura |last2=Shabad |first2=Rebecca |last3=Ebner |first3=Victoria |date=19 November 2024 |title=FEMA chief grilled about government's response to hurricanes Helene and Milton |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/fema-chief-face-questions-governments-response-hurricanes-helen-milton-rcna180762 |access-date=23 August 2025 |website=[[NBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gorman |first=Reese |date=19 March 2025 |title=The House Oversight Committee Wants Answers From FEMA on the Hurricane Helene Response |url=https://www.notus.org/congress/house-oversight-fema-helene-north-carolina-hearing |access-date=23 August 2025 |website=[[NOTUS (website)|NOTUS]] |publisher=Albritton Journalism Institute}}</ref> === QYuli 2025 Ambaliyar Tsakiyar Texas === A lokacin ambaliyar ruwa ta Tsakiya ta Texas ta Yuli 2025, gwamnatin Trump ta rage ma'aikatan FEMA da kashi ɗaya cikin biyar tun lokacin da suka hau mulki, kuma horar da shirye-shiryen FEMA ya ƙare na watanni, rufe sama da masu horo 7,000. Sabili da haka, amsar FEMA ga wannan bala'i mai yiwuwa za a bincika shi sosai. Kungiyar Gudanar da Gaggawa ta Kasa, a matsayin wani ɓangare na hadin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, ta bayyana a cikin wata wasika ta Yuni 30, 2025, zuwa ga Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Gida cewa FEMA "ba ta bude aikace-aikace don adadi mai yawa na tallafi ba kuma ta rasa lokutan da doka ta ba da izini don tabbatar da za a iya rarraba kudaden. "<ref name=":3" />Irin waɗannan tallafin suna tallafawa ma'aikatan gudanar da gaggawa da albarkatu ga kashi 82% na yankunan Amurka, musamman a yankunan karkara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hawes |first=Jennifer Berry |date=2025-06-27 |title=States fear critical funding from FEMA may be drying up |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/fema-grants-trump-emergencies |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=ProPublica |language=en}}</ref> Gwamnatin Trump tana da burin da aka bayyana na rage - ko ma kawar da - rawar da FEMA ke takawa ta tarayya, da kuma samun jihohi su dauki nauyin gudanar da gaggawa a maimakon haka; akwai shaidar cewa ana hana kwararar bayanai daga da kuma cikin FEMA da gangan - halin da ke hana ikon hukumar sadarwa da aiki tare da jami'an jihar, har ma da wasu sassan gwamnatin tarayya, don haka "haɓin amsawar gaggawa da damar tsaro ta gida, yana sanya 'mai mahimmanci' cikin haɗari". <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Gabe |date=2025-07-02 |title='We've been ghosted by FEMA': Officials across country say they can't get answers on critical funding |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/07/02/politics/fema-critical-funding-disaster-response |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>Game da ambaliyar ruwa ta Tsakiyar Texas ta Yulin 2025, tsohon mai kula da FEMA ya lura cewa "Texas ta riga ta nemi taimako don bincike da ceto... Oklahoma da Louisiana suna aika da ƙungiyoyin bincike da ceton ciki, kuma ta nuna cewa ƙungiyoyin da ba na jihar ba, a zaQhiri, FEMA sun horar da su kuma sun ba da kuɗi, suna rokon tambayoyin da ta yi: "Mene zai faru idan wannan kudade don horarwarsu ta ci gaba ya tafi?" da kuma "Ta yaya za su iya ci gaba da hakan?" == Tarayyar Tarayya da FEMA == Kudin bala'i ga jihohi da yankuna na iya ƙaruwa da sauri. Taimako na Tarayya ya zama cikakke tare da amincewar Shugaban kasa da kuma bukatar gwamnan. Taimako na jama'a ga gwamnatoci don gyara wuraren shine kashi 75% na tarayya tare da kananan hukumomi da ke da alhakin rufe sauran (sai dai idan jihar ta ba da taimako ko rance). FEMA ba ta biya bashin gine-ginen da jihar ko karamar hukuma ba ta kula da su yadda ya kamata ba kuma ba ta biya don ingantawa ko inganta kayan aiki. FEMA tana daidaitawa amma ba ta tallafawa taimakon bala'i da Hukumar Kula da Ƙananan Kasuwanci ko Hukumar Kula da Manoma ta bayar ba. Kudin tallafin FEMA sun fito ne daga raba kudaden shiga, Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane da Ma'abiyar Sufuri. Gundumomin kula da ambaliyar ruwa na iya amfani da tallafi don shirye-shiryen bala'i.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Settle |first=Allen K. |date=January 1985 |title=Financing Disaster Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, and Recovery |journal=Public Administration Review |volume=45 |issue=Special Issue: Emergency Management: A Challenge for Public Administration |pages=101–106 |doi=10.2307/3135004 |jstor=3135004}}</ref> === ''U.S. v. Parish of Jefferson et al'' === Wannan shari'ar ta ba FEMA damar kai karar don dawo da kudaden da aka biya a cikin ikirarin inshorar ambaliyar ruwa saboda lalacewar ambaliyar ambaliyar a sakamakon yanke shawara mara kyau daga jami'an yankin da masu haɓakawa. Har ila yau, shari'ar ta ba FEMA ikon kai karar yankunan da suka kasa biyan bukatun kula da ambaliyar ruwa.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite journal |last=Settle |first=Allen K. |date=1985 |title=Financing Disaster Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, and Recovery |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3135004 |journal=Public Administration Review |volume=45 |pages=101–106 |doi=10.2307/3135004 |issn=0033-3352 |jstor=3135004 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Jerin shugabannin FEMA == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} ! class="unsortable" |Portrait !Name !Start !End ! class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Refs.|References}} ! colspan="2" |President |- |– |[[Fayil:No_image.svg|70x70px]] |{{Sortname|James|Hafer}}{{Efn|Serving as the last director of the [[Office of Emergency Preparedness]], the predecessor agency to FEMA}} |May 1975 |April 1, 1979 | | style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |{{Sortname|Gerald|Ford}}<br /><br />(1974–1977) |- | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |– | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |[[Fayil:No_image.svg|70x70px]] | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |{{Sortname|Gordon|Vickery}}{{Efn|Director of the [[U.S. Fire Administration]] serving as Acting Director of the newly created Federal Emergency Management Agency}}<br /><br />{{Small|Acting}} | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |April 1, 1979 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |July 1979 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" | | rowspan="3" style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | | rowspan="3" |{{Sortname|Jimmy|Carter}}<br /><br />(1977–1981) |- bgcolor="#e6e6aa" |– |[[Fayil:No_image.svg|70x70px]] |{{Sortname|Thomas|Casey}}{{Efn|Deputy Associate Director serving as acting director}}<br /><br />{{Small|Acting}} |July 1979 |August 1979 | |- |1 |[[Fayil:JohnWMacyJr1963.png|80x80px]] |{{Sortname|John|Macy}} |August 1979 |January 20, 1981 |<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 3, 1979 |title=Federal Emergency Management Agency Nomination of John W. Macy, ]r., To Be Director. |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/federal-emergency-management-agency-nomination-john-w-macy-r-be-director |website=Carter White House |via=[[The American Presidency Project]]}}</ref> |- | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |– | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |[[Fayil:No_image.svg|70x70px]] | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |{{Sortname|Bernard|Gallagher}}{{Efn|federal emergency preparedness manager at Mount Weather serving as acting director}}<br /><br />{{Small|Acting}} | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |January 20, 1981 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |April 1981 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" | | rowspan="5" style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | | rowspan="5" |{{Sortname|Ronald|Reagan}}<br /><br />(1981–1989) |- bgcolor="#e6e6aa" |– |[[Fayil:No_image.svg|70x70px]] |{{Sortname|John|McConnell}}<br /><br />{{Small|Acting}} |April 1981 |May 1981 | |- |2 |[[Fayil:No_image.svg|70x70px]] |{{Sortname|Jeff|Giuffrida|Louis O. Giuffrida}} |May 1981 |September 1, 1985 |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Louis O. Giuffrida (obituary) |url=https://obits.nj.com/us/obituaries/hunterdoncountydemocrat/name/louis-giuffrida-obituary?id=18735110 |website=[[NJ.com]]}}</ref> |- bgcolor="#e6e6aa" |– |[[Fayil:No_image.svg|70x70px]] |{{Sortname|Robert|Morris}}<br /><br />{{Small|Acting}} |September 1, 1985 |November 1985 | |- |3 |[[Fayil:Lt_Gen_Julius_W._Becton_Jr.jpeg|88x88px]] |{{Sortname|Julius|Becton|Julius W. Becton Jr.}} |November 1985 |June 1989 | |- | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |– | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |[[Fayil:No_image.svg|70x70px]] | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |{{Sortname|Robert|Morris}}<br /><br />{{Small|Acting}} | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |June 1989 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |May 1990 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" | | rowspan="3" style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | | rowspan="3" |{{Sortname|George H. W.|Bush}}<br /><br />(1989–1993) |- bgcolor="#e6e6aa" |– |[[Fayil:No_image.svg|70x70px]] |{{Sortname|Jerry|Jennings}}<br /><br />{{Small|Acting}} |May 1990 |August 1990 | |- |4 |[[Fayil:No_image.svg|70x70px]] |{{Sortname|Wallace|Stickney}} |August 1990 |January 20, 1993 |<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 4, 1990 |title=Nomination of Wallace Elmer Stickney To Be Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and Appointment as a Governor of the Board of Governors of the American National Red Cross |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/nomination-wallace-elmer-stickney-be-director-the-federal-emergency-management-agency-and |website=George H.W. Bush White House |via=[[The American Presidency Project]]}}</ref> |- | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |– | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |[[Fayil:No_image.svg|70x70px]] | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |{{Sortname|William|Tidball}}<br /><br />{{Small|Acting}} | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |January 20, 1993 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |April 5, 1993 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" | | rowspan="2" style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Bill|Clinton}}<br /><br />(1993–2001) |- |5 |[[Fayil:James_Lee_Witt,_official_FEMA_photo_portrait.jpg|99x99px]] |{{Sortname|James|Witt|James Lee Witt}} |April 5, 1993 |January 20, 2001 | |- | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |– | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |[[Fayil:John_magaw.jpg|85x85px]] | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |{{Sortname|John|Magaw}}<br /><br />{{Small|Acting}} | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |January 20, 2001 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |February 15, 2001 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" | | rowspan="5" style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | | rowspan="5" |{{Sortname|George W.|Bush}}<br /><br />(2001–2009) |- |6 |[[Fayil:FEMA_-_5710_-_Photograph_by_Greg_Schaler_taken_on_12-10-2001_in_District_of_Columbia.jpg|88x88px]] |{{Sortname|Joe|Allbaugh}} |February 15, 2001 |April 15, 2003 |<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 5, 2001 |title=Remarks by the President at Swearing-In Ceremony for Director of FEMA Joseph Allbaugh |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/03/20010305-6.html |publisher=The White House |via=NARA}}</ref> |- |7 |[[Fayil:Michael_D._Brown,_official_FEMA_photo_portrait,_2003.jpg|104x104px]] |{{Sortname|Michael|Brown|Michael D. Brown}} |April 15, 2003 |September 12, 2005 | |- | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |– | rowspan="2" |[[Fayil:R._David_Paulison,_official_FEMA_photo_portrait,_2006.jpg|70x70px]] | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|David|Paulison|R. David Paulison}} | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |September 12, 2005 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |June 8, 2006 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" | |- |8 |June 8, 2006 |January 21, 2009 | |- | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |– | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |[[Fayil:Nancy_t_ward.jpg|70x70px]] | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |{{Sortname|Nancy|Ward|Nancy L. Ward}}<br /><br />{{Small|Acting}} | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |January 21, 2009 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |May 19, 2009 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" | | rowspan="2" style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Barack|Obama}}<br /><br />(2009–2017) |- |9 |[[Fayil:Craig_Fugate_official_portrait.jpg|88x88px]] |{{Sortname|Craig|Fugate}} |May 19, 2009 |January 20, 2017 | |- | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |– | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |[[Fayil:FEMA_-_45336_-_FEMA's_Robert_Fenton_in_the_FEMA_studio_(cropped).jpg|77x77px]] | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |{{Sortname|Bob|Fenton|Robert J. Fenton}}<br /><br />{{Small|Acting}} | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |January 20, 2017 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |June 23, 2017 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" | | rowspan="4" style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | | rowspan="4" |{{Sortname|Donald|Trump|Political appointments of the first Trump administration}}<br /><br />(2017–2021) |- |10 |[[Fayil:Brock_Long.jpg|97x97px]] |{{Sortname|Brock|Long}} |June 23, 2017 |March 8, 2019 |<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 23, 2017 |title=FEMA Welcomes New FEMA Administrator Brock Long |url=https://www.fema.gov/press-release/20250602/fema-welcomes-new-fema-administrator-brock-long |publisher=FEMA}}</ref> |- | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |– | rowspan="2" |[[Fayil:Pete_Gaynor_DHS_Portrait.jpg|87x87px]] | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Pete|Gaynor}} | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |March 8, 2019 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |January 14, 2020 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" | |- |11 |January 14, 2020 |January 12, 2021 |<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 16, 2020 |title=Pete Gaynor Becomes FEMA Administrator |url=https://www.fema.gov/press-release/20250602/pete-gaynor-becomes-fema-administrator |publisher=FEMA}}</ref> |- | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |– | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |[[Fayil:FEMA_-_45336_-_FEMA's_Robert_Fenton_in_the_FEMA_studio_(cropped).jpg|77x77px]] | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |{{Sortname|Bob|Fenton|Robert J. Fenton}}<br /><br />{{Small|Acting}} | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |January 12, 2021 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |April 26, 2021 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" | | rowspan="2" style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Joe|Biden|List of political appointments by Joe Biden}}<br /><br />(2021–2025) |- |12 |[[Fayil:Deanne_Criswell,_FEMA_Administrator.jpg|70x70px]] |{{Sortname|Deanne|Criswell}} |April 26, 2021 |January 20, 2025 |<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2021 |title=Deanne Criswell Takes Oath as FEMA's 12th Administrator |url=https://www.fema.gov/press-release/20210427/deanne-criswell-takes-oath-femas-12th-administrator |publisher=FEMA}}</ref> |- | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |– | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |[[Fayil:FEMA_-_22440_-_Photograph_by_Robert_Kaufmann_taken_on_02-20-2006_in_Louisiana.jpg|91x91px]] | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |{{Sortname|Tony|Robinson}}<br /><br />{{Small|Acting}} | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |January 20, 2025 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" |January 22, 2025 | style="background-color:#E6E6AA;" | | rowspan="6" style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | | rowspan="6" |{{Sortname|Donald|Trump|Political appointments of the second Trump administration}}<br /><br />(2025–present) |- bgcolor="#e6e6aa" |– |[[Fayil:Acting_FEMA_Cameron_Hamilton.jpg|70x70px]] |{{Sortname|Cameron|Hamilton}}<br /><br />{{Small|Acting}} |January 22, 2025 |May 8, 2025 | |- bgcolor="#e6e6aa" |– |[[Fayil:David_Richardson_Official_Portrait.jpg|91x91px]] |{{Sortname|David|Richardson}}<br /><br />{{Small|Acting}} |May 8, 2025 |November 30, 2025 |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Douglas |first=Leah |last2=Layne |first2=Nathan |date=May 9, 2025 |title=New FEMA head says he will 'run right over' staff who resist his changes |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/fema-head-says-he-will-run-right-over-staff-who-resist-agency-changes-2025-05-09/ |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>{{R|reuters-2025nov}} |- bgcolor="#e6e6aa" |– |[[Fayil:KarenSEvans_Photo.jpg|105x105px]] |{{Sortname|Karen|Evans}}<br /><br />{{Small|Acting}} |December 1, 2025 |May 12, 2026 |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Chris |date=November 24, 2025 |title=FEMA to get new interim director ahead of agency review report |url=https://rollcall.com/2025/11/24/fema-to-get-new-interim-director-ahead-of-agency-review-report/ |quote=Interim chief David Richardson resigned and will leave the role on Dec. 1, and Karen Evans, formerly a top official at the Energy Department for cybersecurity and emergency response will take the helm at FEMA, an administration official confirmed Friday.}}</ref> |- bgcolor="#e6e6aa" |– |[[Fayil:FEMA_-_45336_-_FEMA's_Robert_Fenton_in_the_FEMA_studio_(cropped).jpg|77x77px]] |{{Sortname|Bob|Fenton|Robert J. Fenton}}<br /><br />{{Small|Acting}} |May 12, 2026 |August 10, 2026 |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Frank |first=Thomas |date=May 12, 2026 |title=Fema's Acting Administrator Is Out, for the Third Time under Trump |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2026/05/12/femas-acting-administrator-is-out-for-third-time-under-trump-00916239 |access-date=May 12, 2026 |website=[[Politico]] |quote="I know this year has been challenging for many across the agency," Robert Fenton, Evans' temporary replacement, wrote in the staff memo Tuesday.}}</ref> |- |13 |[[Fayil:Acting_FEMA_Cameron_Hamilton.jpg|70x70px]] |{{Sortname|Cameron|Hamilton}} |August 10, 2026 |present |<ref>{{Cite web |title=FEMA overhaul now likely as agency gets new leader backed by Congress - E&E News by POLITICO |url=https://www.eenews.net/articles/fema-overhaul-now-likely-as-agency-gets-new-leader-backed-by-congress/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260810122235/https://www.eenews.net/articles/fema-overhaul-now-likely-as-agency-gets-new-leader-backed-by-congress/ |archive-date=2026-08-10 |access-date=2026-08-15}}</ref> |} {{Notelist}} === Takardun sarauta === * Darakta na Ofishin Shirye-shiryen Gaggawa a cikin Babban Gudanar da Ayyuka (Mayu 1975 - Afrilu 1, 1979) * Darakta na Hukumar Kula da Gaggawa ta Tarayya a matsayin hukuma mai zaman kanta (1 ga Afrilu, 1979 - 15 ga Afrilu), 2003) ** An ɗaukaka shi zuwa matakin majalisar ministoci (Fabrairu 26, 1996 - Janairu 20, 2001) <ref name="cqfema" /> * Darakta na Hukumar Kula da Gaggawa ta Tarayya da Mataimakin Sakataren Tsaro na Gida don Shirye-shiryen Gaggawa da Amsa a cikin Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Gida (15 ga Afrilu, 2003 - 8 ga Yuni, 2006) * Darakta na Hukumar Kula da Gaggawa ta Tarayya da Mataimakin Sakataren Tsaro na Cikin Gida don Gudanar da Gaggawa na Tarayya a cikin Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Cikin Gida (8 ga Yuni, 2006 - 31 ga Maris, 2007) * Mai gudanarwa na Hukumar Kula da Gaggawa ta Tarayya a cikin Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Gida (31 ga Maris, 2007 - yanzu) == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8i24yyumxkrtqnjrn67zm5ybpazdb3w 0 165171 906300 2026-08-22T20:11:32Z Ummu Ilham 45024 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369817648|Vulnerability]]" 906300 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rashin ƙarfi''' yana nufin "kyakkyawan ko yanayin kasancewa da yiwuwar kai farmaki ko cutar, ko dai a jiki ko a motsin rai".<ref>{{Cite web |title=VULNERABILITY - English Definition and Meaning |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/vulnerability |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118111731/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/vulnerability |archive-date=January 18, 2021 |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=Lexico Dictionaries - English |language=en}}</ref>Fahimtar rauni na zamantakewa da muhalli, a matsayin hanyar da za a bi, ya haɗa da nazarin haɗari da kadarorin kungiyoyin marasa galihu, kamar tsofaffi. Hanyar rauni a cikin kanta tana kawo babban tsammanin Manufofin zamantakewa da shirin tsofaffi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanchez-Gonzalez, D. |last2=Egea-Jimenez, C. |year=2011 |title=Social Vulnerability approach to investigate the social and environmental disadvantages. Its application in the study of elderly people |journal=Pap. Poblac |volume=17 |issue=69 |pages=151–185}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanchez-Gonzalez, D |year=2015 |title=Physical-social environments and aging population from environmental gerontology and geography. Socio-spatial implications in Latin America |journal=Revista de Geografía Norte Grande |volume=60 |issue=60 |pages=97–114 |doi=10.4067/S0718-34022015000100006 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nau'o'in rauni sun haɗa da zamantakewa, fahimta, muhalli, motsin rai ko soja. Dangane da '''haɗurra (hazards)''' da '''bala’o’i (disasters)''', '''rauni ko rashin juriya (vulnerability)''' wata fahimta ce da ke bayyana alaƙar da mutane ke da ita da '''muhallinsu''', tare da tasirin ƙarfin zamantakewa da hukumomi, da kuma ƙimomin al’adu da ke tallafa musu ko kuma suke ƙalubalantar su. “Fahimtar rauni tana bayyana yanayin bala’o’i mai fuskoki da dama, ta hanyar mayar da hankali kan gabaɗayan alaƙar da ke cikin wani yanayi na zamantakewa, wadda ke haifar da wani hali wanda, idan aka haɗa shi da ƙarfin muhalli, zai iya haifar da bala’i.” Haka kuma, '''vulnerability''' na nufin matakin da wasu sauye-sauye za su iya cutar da wani tsari, ko kuma matakin da al’umma za ta iya fuskantar tasirin wani haɗari, ko kuma kasancewa cikin yiwuwar a kai mata hari ko cutar da ita, ko dai ta fuskar '''jiki ko ta zuciya'''..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vulnerability |url=https://www.undrr.org/terminology/vulnerability |access-date=2026-07-19 |website=UNDRR Terminology |publisher=United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|edition=O.F.|url-access=van der Linden|oclc=Hanson}}</ref> A cikin jikin wallafe-wallafen da suka shafi rauni, wani babban hanyar bincike ya haɗa da hanyar da ke bayan binciken da aka ambata, wato auna da kimanta alamun rauni. Wadannan sun hada da waje - girgizar kwatsam da ci gaba da damuwa - da alamun ciki, kamar rashin kariya ko rashin iya magance rashin iyawa. Binciken rauni ya rufe wani yanki mai rikitarwa, mai fannoni da yawa ciki har da ci gaba da nazarin [[talauci]], [[lafiyar jama'a]], [[Lalacewar canjin yanayi|Nazarin yanayi]], Nazarin tsaro, [[Injinia.|injiniya]], [[Labarin kasa|Yanayin ƙasa]], ilimin muhalli na siyasa, da kuma kula da haɗarin bala'i (kazalika da kula da haɗari). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rumpf |first=Clemens M. |last2=Lewis |first2=Hugh G. |last3=Atkinson |first3=Peter M. |date=2017-03-27 |title=Population vulnerability models for asteroid impact risk assessment |journal=Meteoritics & Planetary Science |language=en |volume=52 |issue=6 |pages=1082–1102 |arxiv=1702.05798 |bibcode=2017M&PS...52.1082R |doi=10.1111/maps.12861 |issn=1086-9379 |s2cid=49320450}}</ref> Wannan binciken yana da mahimmanci da sha'awa ga kungiyoyi da ke ƙoƙarin rage rauni - musamman ma dangane da talauci da sauran Manufofin Ci gaban Millennium.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Promotion of Roma's access to Education [Social Impact]. WORKALÓ. The creation of new occupational patterns for cultural minorities: the Gypsy Case (2001-2004). Framework Programme 5 (FP5). |url=http://sior.ub.edu/jspui/cris/socialimpact/socialimpact00423 |website=SIOR, Social Impact Open Repository}}</ref> Cibiyoyi da yawa suna gudanar da bincike na hadin gwiwa game da rauni. Wani dandalin da ke kawo yawancin masu bincike na yanzu game da rauni tare shine Kungiyar Kwararru kan Aunawa da Rashin Rashin Ruwa (EWG), wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli da Tsaron Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta shirya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNU-EHS Expert Working Group on Measuring Vulnerability Meets in Indonesia |url=https://unu.edu/news/news/unu-ehs-expert-working-group-on-measuring-vulnerability.html |access-date=2026-07-19 |publisher=United Nations University}}</ref> Masu bincike a halin yanzu suna aiki don inganta ma'anar "rashin ƙarfi", ma'auni da hanyoyin kimantawa, da kuma ingantaccen sadarwa na bincike ga masu yanke shawara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wolters |first=Michel L. |last2=Kuenzer |first2=Claudia |year=2015 |title=Vulnerability Assessments of Coastal River Deltas – Categorization and Review |journal=Journal of Coastal Conservation |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=345–368 |bibcode=2015JCC....19..345W |doi=10.1007/s11852-015-0396-6 |issn=1400-0350 |s2cid=127950375}}</ref> == Nau'o'in == === Jama'a === [[Fayil:Social_Vulnerability_Index_variables_grouped_into_four_themes.png|thumb|CDC / ATSDR Canje-canje na Cibiyar Rashin Tsaro na Jama'a da aka haɗa cikin jigogi huɗu]] Rashin lafiyar zamantakewa wani bangare ne na rashin lafiyar da ke amsawa ga masu damuwa da yawa (mutumin da ke da alhakin damuwa) da girgizar ƙasa, gami da cin zarafi, warewar zamantakewa da [[Natural disaster|haɗarin halitta]]. Rashin lafiyar jama'a yana nufin rashin iyawar mutane, kungiyoyi, da al'ummomi don tsayayya da mummunar tasiri daga masu damuwa da yawa waɗanda aka fallasa su. Wadannan tasirin sun kasance ne saboda wani bangare na halaye da ke cikin hulɗar zamantakewa, cibiyoyi, da tsarin dabi'un al'adu. An kuma gano cewa matsayin aure, aiki, da samun kudin shiga suna da tasiri a matakin rauni da aka gabatar a cikin mutane.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Turner |first=Heather A. |last2=Turner |first2=R. Jay |date=December 1999 |title=Gender, Social Status, and Emotional Reliance |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2676331 |journal=Journal of Health and Social Behavior |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=360–373 |doi=10.2307/2676331 |jstor=2676331 |pmid=10643161 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A wannan bangaren, akwai buƙatar ƙara mai da hankali kan kadarori da haƙƙoƙi don fahimtar 'babban bala'i' sabanin kawai ƙarfin ko tsananin girgizar ƙasa. Ikon mutane, al'ummomi da tsarin su tsira, su daidaita, su canza, kuma su girma a fuskar damuwa da girgizar ƙasa suna ƙaruwa lokacin da yanayi ke buƙatar hakan. Gina juriya shine game da sanya mutane, al'ummomi, da tsarin da suka fi dacewa don tsayayya da abubuwan bala'i - na halitta da na mutum - kuma suna iya dawowa da sauri kuma suna fitowa da ƙarfi daga waɗannan girgizar ƙasa da damuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wells |first=Linton |date=2017 |title=Cognitive-Emotional Conflict: Adversary Will and Social Resilience |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26470514 |journal=PRISM |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=4–17 |issn=2157-0663 |jstor=26470514}}</ref> Gilashin rauni (WOV) shine lokacin da matakan tsaro suka ragu, sun lalace, ko kuma sun rasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KBpedia: Vulnerability Reference Concept |url=http://kbpedia.org/knowledge-graph/reference-concept/?uri=Vulnerability |access-date=2019-11-21 |website=KBpedia |language=en}}</ref> Maganar ta shiga amfani sosai a ƙarshen shekarun 1970, lokacin da masu tsara tsaro na Amurka suka yi jayayya cewa makamai masu linzami na ƙasa na Amurka suna buɗewa ga yajin aikin farko na Soviet, da'awar da aka yanke hukunci daga baya an wuce gona da iri. === Samun fahimta === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Rashin hankali, a cikin ilimin halayyar mutum, kuskure ne, nuna bambanci, ko tsarin tunani wanda aka yi imanin cewa yana sa mutum ya fuskanci matsalolin halayyar dan adam. Rashin lafiyar hankali yana nan kafin alamun cututtukan tunani su fara bayyana, kamar su high neuroticism.<ref name="NeuroticismMA">{{Cite journal |last=Jeronimus B.F. |last2=Kotov, R. |last3=Riese, H. |last4=Ormel, J. |year=2016 |title=Neuroticism's prospective association with mental disorders halves after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history, but the adjusted association hardly decays with time: a meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal/prospective studies with 443 313 participants |url=https://zenodo.org/record/895885 |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=46 |issue=14 |pages=2883–2906 |doi=10.1017/S0033291716001653 |pmid=27523506 |s2cid=23548727}}</ref> Bayan mutum ya fuskanci kwarewar damuwa, rashin lafiyar fahimta yana haifar da amsa mara kyau wanda zai iya haifar da rikicewar tunani.<ref name="black" /> A cikin [[Ilimin ƙwaƙwalwa|ilimin halayyar mutum]], ana gina rashin lafiyar fahimta daga samfuran tsari, samfuran rashin bege, da ka'idar haɗewa.<ref name="rick">{{Cite journal |last=Ingram |first=Rick |date=February 2003 |title=Origins of Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression |url=http://www.people.ku.edu/~reingram/PDFs/origins.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Cognitive Therapy and Research |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=77–88 |doi=10.1023/a:1022590730752 |issn=0147-5916 |s2cid=16148365 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809211716/http://www.people.ku.edu/~reingram/PDFs/origins.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-09 |access-date=2012-08-18}}</ref> Ka'idar haɗewa ta bayyana cewa mutane suna buƙatar haɓaka dangantaka ta kusa da masu kula da su. Lokacin da akwai rushewa a cikin dangantakar yaro da iyaye ana iya danganta shi da rauni da baƙin ciki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lawton |first=M. Powell |date=1980 |title=Psychological Vulnerability |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3563995 |journal=IRB: Ethics & Human Research |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=5–7 |issn=0193-7758 |jstor=3563995}}</ref> Rashin son kai wani nau'i ne na son zuciya wanda zai iya haifar da rauni na fahimta. Bayar da matakin haɗari ga barazana ya dogara da gaggawa ko tsananin ƙofar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mogg |first=Karin |last2=Bradley |first2=Brendan P. |last3=de Bono |first3=J. |last4=Painter |first4=M. |year=1997 |title=Time course of attentional bias for threat information in non-clinical anxiety |journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy |volume=35 |pages=297–303 |doi=10.1016/S0005-7967(96)00109-X}}</ref> Damuwa ba ta da alaƙa da zaɓaɓɓen tsari.<ref name="emo">{{Cite journal |last=Mathews |first=Andrew |last2=MacLeod, Colin |date=1 April 2005 |title=Cognitive Vulnerability to Emotional Disorders |journal=Annual Review of Clinical Psychology |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=167–195 |doi=10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143916 |pmid=17716086}}</ref> === Canjin muhalli ko yanayi === {{excerpt|Climate change vulnerability|file=no|paragraphs=1}} === Rashin tausayi === A fannin '''ilimin halayyar ɗan Adam na asibiti (clinical psychology)''', '''raunin motsin rai (emotional vulnerability)''' yana nufin wani yanayin ɗabi’a inda mutum yake da matuƙar sauƙin shafar sa ta abubuwan da ke motsa '''ji da motsin rai''', yana mayar da martani gare su cikin tsanani, sannan yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo kafin ya koma yanayin tunaninsa na yau da kullum. Wannan ra'ayi yana da muhimmiyar rawa a cikin '''ka’idar biosocial''' ta '''Marsha Linehan''' game da '''borderline personality disorder''', wadda aka gina '''dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)''' a kanta. A cikin wannan ka’ida, matsaloli masu ɗorewa wajen daidaita motsin rai na iya tasowa idan yaro da aka haife shi da irin wannan rauni ya girma a cikin wani '''“yanayi marar inganci” (invalidating environment)''', wato muhalli da ke yin watsi da yadda yake ji a cikin zuciyarsa, ya hukunta shi saboda bayyana waɗannan motsin rai, ko kuma ya mayar da martani gare su ta hanyar da ba a iya hasashe. Masu bincike a fannin '''ilimin halayyar ɗan Adam (personality psychology)''' suna bayyana yawan '''neuroticism''' da kalmomi masu kama da haka, wato a matsayin wani nau’in raunin motsin rai mai faɗi wanda ke ƙara yiwuwar mutum ya fuskanci '''damuwa (anxiety)''' da '''matsalolin yanayin zuciya (mood disorders)''' a nan gaba.<ref name="NeuroticismMA2">{{cite journal |author1=Jeronimus B.F. |author2=Kotov, R. |author3=Riese, H. |author4=Ormel, J. |year=2016 |title=Neuroticism's prospective association with mental disorders halves after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history, but the adjusted association hardly decays with time: a meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal/prospective studies with 443 313 participants |url=https://zenodo.org/record/895885 |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=46 |issue=14 |pages=2883–2906 |doi=10.1017/S0033291716001653 |pmid=27523506 |s2cid=23548727}}</ref> Bincike kan Dangantaka ta kusa yana bi da shirye-shiryen kasancewa mai rauni tare da wani mutum a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin da kusanci ke tasowa. A cikin tsarin tsarin hulɗa na Reis da Shaver, kusanci yana ƙaruwa lokacin da aka sadu da Bayyana kansa na abokin tarayya tare da amsawar da mai bayyanawa ke fuskanta kamar fahimta, tabbatarwa, da kulawa. Brené Brown ya bayyana rauni a matsayin "rashin tabbas, haɗari, da kuma nuna motsin rai".Brown ya ci gaba da ba da shawarar cewa rauni shine mafi kyawun ƙarfin hali; muna barin kanmu a ga kanmu lokacin da muke da rauni. Brené Brown ta koya wa mabiyanta cewa ana tunanin rauni a matsayin cibiyar motsin rai, kamar baƙin ciki, kunya, tsoro, da takaici, amma kuma cibiyar da wurin haihuwar ƙauna ce, kasancewa, sahihanci, kerawa, ƙarfin zuciya, da lissafi. An yi amfani da ƙarfafawa da ƙira don taimakawa yara su koyi tun suna ƙanana yadda za su tsara da kuma ɗaukar lissafi ga motsin zuciyarsu. Yanayin motsin rai mara kyau ana sarrafa su ta hanyar rashin jin daɗinsu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thompson |first=Ross A. |date=1991 |title=Emotional Regulation and Emotional Development |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23359228 |journal=Educational Psychology Review |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=269–307 |doi=10.1007/bf01319934 |issn=1040-726X |jstor=23359228 |s2cid=3560960 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Har ila yau, masu amsawa suna da tasiri ga rashin jin daɗi game da rashin tabbas na canjin yanayi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bray |first=Margaret V. du |last2=Wutich |first2=Amber |last3=Brewis |first3=Alexandra |date=2017-04-01 |title=Hope and Worry: Gendered Emotional Geographies of Climate Change in Three Vulnerable U.S. Communities |journal=Weather, Climate, and Society |language=EN |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=285–297 |bibcode=2017WCS.....9..285D |doi=10.1175/WCAS-D-16-0077.1 |issn=1948-8327 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Karin wayar da kan jama'a da tasiri yana haifar da karuwar martani na motsin rai. A cikin rayuwa ta baya, tsarin ƙarfi da rauni (SAVI) yana riƙe da cewa tsofaffi sun zama mafi kyau wajen guje wa yanayin da zai iya damun su, amma mafi muni a jimrewa da ilimin lissafi lokacin da ba za a iya kauce wa tashin hankali mai ƙarfi ba kuma ya ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charles |first=Susan T. |year=2010 |title=Strength and vulnerability integration: A model of emotional well-being across adulthood |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=136 |issue=6 |pages=1068–1091 |doi=10.1037/a0021232 |pmc=3059514}}</ref> Tare da wannan, rashin jin daɗi na iya shafar lafiyar jiki na tsofaffi lokacin da suke murkushe motsin zuciyarsu a cikin yanayi mai wahala.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charles |first=Susan T. |last2=Luong |first2=Gloria |date=2013 |title=Emotional Experience Across Adulthood: The Theoretical Model of Strength and Vulnerability Integration |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44318703 |journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=443–448 |doi=10.1177/0963721413497013 |issn=0963-7214 |jstor=44318703 |s2cid=145454712 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Lokacin da ake tallafawa waɗannan raunin ta hanyar tattaunawa tare da amintaccen motsin rai "wani", wannan raunin na iya haifar da juriya da ikon tallafawa wasu. === Soja === A cikin kalmomin soja, rauni wani ɓangare ne na tsira, sauran suna da saukin kamuwa da dawowa. Ana bayyana rauni a hanyoyi daban-daban dangane da al'umma da kuma sabis ɗin da ya shafi, amma gabaɗaya yana nufin tasirin kusan nan take na harin makami. A cikin jirgin sama an bayyana shi azaman rashin iyawar jirgin sama don tsayayya da lalacewar da yanayin da mutum ya haifar. A wasu ma'anoni, dawowa (tsaron lalacewa, kashe gobara, maido da damar) an haɗa shi cikin rauni. Wasu ayyukan soja suna haɓaka ra'ayinsu game da rauni.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carlo |first=Kopp |date=5 July 2005 |title=Warship Vulnerability |url=http://www.ausairpower.net/Warship-Hits.html |pages=1}}</ref> === Siyasa === Za'a iya fahimtar rauni na siyasa a matsayin "raunin tsarin dimokuradiyya, tare da mummunar tasirinsa akan ingancin manufofin jama'a, halattaccen aikin gwamnati, iyakance shiga na 'yan ƙasa da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a kokarin kasa, haɗin kai tare da kananan hukumomi da kungiyoyin farar hula, sarrafawa da gudanar da gaggawa, aiwatar da bukatun' yan ƙasa da bukatun, da kuma ikon biyan su. "<ref>{{Cite journal |title=A Matter of Development: How to Reduce Vulnerability in the Face of Natural Disasters &#124; Publications |url=https://publications.iadb.org/publications/english/document/A-Matter-of-Development-How-to-Reduce-Vulnerability-in-the-Face-of-Natural-Disasters.pdf}}</ref>Rashin koma baya na dimokuradiyya shine sakamakon kai tsaye na rauni na siyasa, kuma an rubuta shi a duk faɗin duniya a cikin tarihi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCoy |first=Jennifer |title=The Vulnerabilities of Democracy |url=https://www.cartercenter.org/news/documents/doc2043.html |website=The Carter Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=6 in 10 Americans say US democracy is in crisis as the 'Big Lie' takes root |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/01/03/1069764164/american-democracy-poll-jan-6 |website=NPR}}</ref> Rashin lafiyar siyasa na iya nufin zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai ko 'yan takarar siyasa na zaɓen, tare da zaɓen birni da na gida sau da yawa yana nuna canji a wata hanya ko wata a kan sikelin ƙasa. == Rashin haɗari == Invulnerability wani fasalin da aka saba samu a cikin fiction kimiyya da fantasy, musamman a cikin ficción superhero, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin litattafai, littattafai masu ban dariya da [[Wasan Bidiyo|Wasannin bidiyo]]. A cikin irin waɗannan labarun, inganci ne wanda ke sa halayen ba su da tsayayya da ciwo, lalacewa ko asarar lafiya zuwa wani mataki mai mahimmanci. Akwai matakai da yawa na rashin rauni, kamar yadda akwai matakai da dama na rashin mutuwa (mataki mafi girma shine cikakkiyar rashin mutuwa), halayen sau da yawa yana zuwa tare da iyakancewa yana barin haruffa don a dauke su kawai "ba tare da rauni ba". Yawancin jarumawa da manyan mutane a cikin littattafan ban dariya suna da wani mataki na rashin ƙarfi, amma sau da yawa ya dogara da su da ƙarfin mutum (aka Strength-Based Invulnerability), yana sa yadda ba za a iya cutar da su ba tare da matakin ƙarfin jiki ba. Wadannan nau'ikan haruffa suna da nau'in dangi, kasancewar kusan ba zai yiwu a cutar da su ba ta hanyar halittu ko dakarun da ba su da ƙarfi fiye da kansu. Suna da kariya ga mafi yawan barazanar, amma har yanzu ana iya lalata su ko ma kashe su ta hanyar halayen da suka fi karfi ko dakarun da ke hana su. Sauran haruffa na iya samun wani nau'i na zaɓaɓɓen ko yanayin rashin ƙarfi, kasancewa rigakafi ko tsayayya da wasu sakamako masu cutarwa ko wasu irin waɗannan abubuwan yayin da suke da rauni ga wasu. Wadannan takamaiman raunin sau da yawa sun isa su kashe su da kuma cutar da su, idan ba kawai hanyar kashe su ba. Wannan kuma na iya zuwa a cikin nau'in rashin ƙarfi, yana sa halayyar ta yi tsayayya sosai ko rigakafi ga lahani sai dai ga takamaiman wurare, kamar gabobin ciki. A cikin wasannin bidiyo, ana iya samun sa a cikin nau'in "power-ups" ko zamba; lokacin da aka kunna ta hanyar zamba, galibi ana kiranta "Yanayin Allah".<ref name="InverseGodMode">{{Cite web |title=God Mode game meaning: How a vintage cheat code became a universal brag |url=https://www.inverse.com/gaming/god-mode-meaning-video-game-definition-memes-doom |access-date=2026-07-19 |website=Inverse}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun misalai shine lambar IDDQD a cikin mai harbi na 1993 Doom, wanda ke sa mai kunnawa ya kare kansa ga kusan duk lalacewa.<ref name="InverseGodMode" /> Gabaɗaya, ba ya kare mai kunnawa daga wasu haɗarin mutuwa nan take, musamman ramuka "marasa tushe" daga inda, koda kuwa mai kunnawa ya tsira daga faduwar, ba za su iya tserewa ba. A matsayin doka, rashin ƙarfi da aka ba shi ta hanyar wutar lantarki na wucin gadi ne, kuma yana raguwa bayan wani lokaci, yayin da yaudarar rashin ƙarfi, da zarar an kunna shi, ya kasance yana aiki har sai an kashe shi, ko kuma an kai ƙarshen matakin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hurt me plenty: the rise of god mode |url=https://www.bitmapbooks.com/blogs/news/hurt-me-plenty-the-rise-of-god-mode |access-date=2026-07-19 |website=Bitmap Books}}</ref> "Dangane da wasan da ake tambaya, rashin kamuwa da lalacewa na iya ko bazai kare mai kunnawa daga tasirin da ba na lalacewa ba, kamar kasancewa a cikin motsi ko aikawa da tashi. " A cikin tatsuniyoyi, masu amfani da sihiri sun halicci talismans, charms, da amulet don manufar sanya mai ɗaukar ya yi garkuwa da rauni daga makamai masu ban mamaki da na duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=William Godwin |year=1876 |title=Lives of the Necromancers |url=https://archive.org/details/livesnecromance04godwgoog |page=17}}</ref> === Matasa === Hill, Duggan, da Lapsley sun bayyana a cikin labarin su cewa an yarda da shi cewa matasa ba su da la'akari da haɗarin jiki, wanda zai iya nuna cewa suna da haɗarin haɗari. Bugu da ƙari, sun yi hasashen cewa matasa na iya samun ma'anar rashin lafiyar hankali, ko kuma ma'anar kasancewa ba tare da tasirin tunani da motsin rai ba. Don gwada tasirin nau'ikan biyu na rashin rauni, masu bincike sun yi amfani da Matasa Invulnerability Scale wanda Lapsley da Hill suka kirkira a cikin 2010, wanda ya haɗa da maganganu ashirin da ke kimanta har zuwa wane matakin matasa suka ji ba za a iya cutar da su ba a cikin tunanin mutum da kuma yanayin haɗari.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lapsley |first=Daniel K. |last2=Hill |first2=Patrick L. |date=April 16, 2009 |title=Subjective invulnerability, optimism bias and adjustment in emerging adulthood. |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9409-9 |journal=Journal of Youth and Adolescence |volume=39 |issue=8 |pages=847–857 |doi=10.1007/s10964-009-9409-9 |pmid=20596815 |s2cid=18161557 |url-access=subscription |access-date=March 27, 2023}}</ref> Hill et al. sun gano cewa kasancewa da ma'anar rashin lafiyar hankali ya amfane matasa wajen yaki da mummunan motsin rai kamar baƙin ciki. Matasa da suka kimanta kansu a matsayin wadanda ba su da lahani a hankali sun nuna hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa a lokacin damuwa ko baƙin ciki. Wannan ya sa masu bincike su yi imani da cewa rashin lafiyar hankali a lokacin balaga yana da fa'ida ga samar da ainihi.<ref name="HillDuggan2011">{{Cite journal |last=Hill |first=Patrick L. |last2=Duggan |first2=Peter M. |last3=Lapsley |first3=Daniel K. |date=February 24, 2011 |title=Subjective Invulnerability, Risk Behavior, and Adjustment in Early Adolescence. |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431611400304 |journal=The Journal of Early Adolescence |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=489–501 |doi=10.1177/0272431611400304 |s2cid=145688280 |url-access=subscription |access-date=March 27, 2023}}</ref> Haɗarin haɗari yana da alaƙa da aikin doka ko na laifi amma ba shi da alaƙa tare da lafiyar hankali. Koyaya, haɗarin haɗari ya sami damar yin hasashen yadda ya kamata "ƙazantar da hankali, amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi na rayuwa, da yawan amfani da miyagu".Bambance-bambance tsakanin jinsi a cikin bayanan sun nuna cewa matasa maza sun fi jin ba su da haɗari da tasirin tunani. Masu binciken ba su lura da wani bambanci tsakanin shekarun mahalarta ba.<ref name="HillDuggan2011" /> === Manya masu tasowa === Lapsley da Hill sun kirkiro Matasa Invulnerability Scale a wani bangare don nazarin rashin lafiyar daliban koleji a cikin Arnett na tasowa. Masu bincike sun yi hasashen kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin matasa da ƙididdigar manya masu tasowa kuma daga baya sun sami alaƙa da aka ambata. Ba su lura da bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin mummunan da kyakkyawan fata ba, wanda wasu abubuwa ne na wannan binciken. Amma, kamar yadda aka annabta, mahalarta maza sun ci kwallaye mafi girma a bangarorin biyu na rashin rauni.<ref name=":0" /> Babban haɗari mai haɗari yana da alaƙa da batutuwan zamantakewa, kamar halayyar haɗari da amfani da kwayoyi. Dukkanin nau'ikan rashin rauni, tunanin mutum da haɗari, sun zama manyan masu tsinkaya na matsalolin girman kai a cikin manya masu tasowa.<ref name=":0" /> == Dubi kuma == * Courage - Ikon magance tsoro * Gullibility - Rashin fahimtar jama'a * Emergency management - Yin aiki da dukkan fannoni na jin kai na gaggawa * Emotional insecurity - Jin rashin isasshen * Environmental Vulnerability Index - Matsakaicin matsalolin muhalli * Exploitation of labour - Abubuwan da suka faru na tattalin arziki * Representativeness heuristic - Kayan aiki don taimakawa hukunci a cikin rashin tabbas * True self and false self - Ka'idodin halayyar mutum da ake amfani da su akai-akai dangane da narcissism * Vulnerabilities exploited by manipulators - Irin tasirin zamantakewa * Vulnerability and care theory of love - Masanin falsafa da kuma masanin halayyar dan adam na KanadaShafuka da ke nuna taƙaitaccen bayanin manufofi * Vulnerability in computing - Rashin ƙarfi a cikin tsarin kwamfuta * Vulnerability index - Matsakaicin bayyanar jama'a ga wasu haɗari * Vulnerable adult - Manya wanda ba zai iya kula da kansa ba == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kv1q2pps6k2kksr45msuamag6izbhzx 906301 906300 2026-08-22T20:12:28Z Ummu Ilham 45024 906301 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rashin ƙarfi''' yana nufin "kyakkyawan ko yanayin kasancewa da yiwuwar kai farmaki ko cutar, ko dai a jiki ko a motsin rai".<ref>{{Cite web |title=VULNERABILITY - English Definition and Meaning |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/vulnerability |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118111731/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/vulnerability |archive-date=January 18, 2021 |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=Lexico Dictionaries - English |language=en}}</ref>Fahimtar rauni na zamantakewa da muhalli, a matsayin hanyar da za a bi, ya haɗa da nazarin haɗari da kadarorin kungiyoyin marasa galihu, kamar tsofaffi. Hanyar rauni a cikin kanta tana kawo babban tsammanin Manufofin zamantakewa da shirin tsofaffi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanchez-Gonzalez, D. |last2=Egea-Jimenez, C. |year=2011 |title=Social Vulnerability approach to investigate the social and environmental disadvantages. Its application in the study of elderly people |journal=Pap. Poblac |volume=17 |issue=69 |pages=151–185}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanchez-Gonzalez, D |year=2015 |title=Physical-social environments and aging population from environmental gerontology and geography. Socio-spatial implications in Latin America |journal=Revista de Geografía Norte Grande |volume=60 |issue=60 |pages=97–114 |doi=10.4067/S0718-34022015000100006 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nau'o'in rauni sun haɗa da zamantakewa, fahimta, muhalli, motsin rai ko soja. Dangane da '''haɗurra (hazards)''' da '''bala’o’i (disasters)''', '''rauni ko rashin juriya (vulnerability)''' wata fahimta ce da ke bayyana alaƙar da mutane ke da ita da '''muhallinsu''', tare da tasirin ƙarfin zamantakewa da hukumomi, da kuma ƙimomin al’adu da ke tallafa musu ko kuma suke ƙalubalantar su. “Fahimtar rauni tana bayyana yanayin bala’o’i mai fuskoki da dama, ta hanyar mayar da hankali kan gabaɗayan alaƙar da ke cikin wani yanayi na zamantakewa, wadda ke haifar da wani hali wanda, idan aka haɗa shi da ƙarfin muhalli, zai iya haifar da bala’i.” Haka kuma, '''vulnerability''' na nufin matakin da wasu sauye-sauye za su iya cutar da wani tsari, ko kuma matakin da al’umma za ta iya fuskantar tasirin wani haɗari, ko kuma kasancewa cikin yiwuwar a kai mata hari ko cutar da ita, ko dai ta fuskar '''jiki ko ta zuciya'''..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vulnerability |url=https://www.undrr.org/terminology/vulnerability |access-date=2026-07-19 |website=UNDRR Terminology |publisher=United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|edition=O.F.|url-access=van der Linden|oclc=Hanson}}</ref> A cikin jikin wallafe-wallafen da suka shafi rauni, wani babban hanyar bincike ya haɗa da hanyar da ke bayan binciken da aka ambata, wato auna da kimanta alamun rauni. Wadannan sun hada da waje - girgizar kwatsam da ci gaba da damuwa - da alamun ciki, kamar rashin kariya ko rashin iya magance rashin iyawa. Binciken rauni ya rufe wani yanki mai rikitarwa, mai fannoni da yawa ciki har da ci gaba da nazarin [[talauci]], [[lafiyar jama'a]], [[Lalacewar canjin yanayi|Nazarin yanayi]], Nazarin tsaro, [[Injinia.|injiniya]], [[Labarin kasa|Yanayin ƙasa]], ilimin muhalli na siyasa, da kuma kula da haɗarin bala'i (kazalika da kula da haɗari). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rumpf |first=Clemens M. |last2=Lewis |first2=Hugh G. |last3=Atkinson |first3=Peter M. |date=2017-03-27 |title=Population vulnerability models for asteroid impact risk assessment |journal=Meteoritics & Planetary Science |language=en |volume=52 |issue=6 |pages=1082–1102 |arxiv=1702.05798 |bibcode=2017M&PS...52.1082R |doi=10.1111/maps.12861 |issn=1086-9379 |s2cid=49320450}}</ref> Wannan binciken yana da mahimmanci da sha'awa ga kungiyoyi da ke ƙoƙarin rage rauni - musamman ma dangane da talauci da sauran Manufofin Ci gaban Millennium.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Promotion of Roma's access to Education [Social Impact]. WORKALÓ. The creation of new occupational patterns for cultural minorities: the Gypsy Case (2001-2004). Framework Programme 5 (FP5).. |url=http://sior.ub.edu/jspui/cris/socialimpact/socialimpact00423 |website=SIOR, Social Impact Open Repository}}</ref> Cibiyoyi da yawa suna gudanar da bincike na hadin gwiwa game da rauni. Wani dandalin da ke kawo yawancin masu bincike na yanzu game da rauni tare shine Kungiyar Kwararru kan Aunawa da Rashin Rashin Ruwa (EWG), wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli da Tsaron Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta shirya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNU-EHS Expert Working Group on Measuring Vulnerability Meets in Indonesia |url=https://unu.edu/news/news/unu-ehs-expert-working-group-on-measuring-vulnerability.html |access-date=2026-07-19 |publisher=United Nations University}}</ref> Masu bincike a halin yanzu suna aiki don inganta ma'anar "rashin ƙarfi", ma'auni da hanyoyin kimantawa, da kuma ingantaccen sadarwa na bincike ga masu yanke shawara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wolters |first=Michel L. |last2=Kuenzer |first2=Claudia |year=2015 |title=Vulnerability Assessments of Coastal River Deltas – Categorization and Review |journal=Journal of Coastal Conservation |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=345–368 |bibcode=2015JCC....19..345W |doi=10.1007/s11852-015-0396-6 |issn=1400-0350 |s2cid=127950375}}</ref> == Nau'o'in == === Jama'a === [[Fayil:Social_Vulnerability_Index_variables_grouped_into_four_themes.png|thumb|CDC / ATSDR Canje-canje na Cibiyar Rashin Tsaro na Jama'a da aka haɗa cikin jigogi huɗu]] Rashin lafiyar zamantakewa wani bangare ne na rashin lafiyar da ke amsawa ga masu damuwa da yawa (mutumin da ke da alhakin damuwa) da girgizar ƙasa, gami da cin zarafi, warewar zamantakewa da [[Natural disaster|haɗarin halitta]]. Rashin lafiyar jama'a yana nufin rashin iyawar mutane, kungiyoyi, da al'ummomi don tsayayya da mummunar tasiri daga masu damuwa da yawa waɗanda aka fallasa su. Wadannan tasirin sun kasance ne saboda wani bangare na halaye da ke cikin hulɗar zamantakewa, cibiyoyi, da tsarin dabi'un al'adu. An kuma gano cewa matsayin aure, aiki, da samun kudin shiga suna da tasiri a matakin rauni da aka gabatar a cikin mutane.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Turner |first=Heather A. |last2=Turner |first2=R. Jay |date=December 1999 |title=Gender, Social Status, and Emotional Reliance |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2676331 |journal=Journal of Health and Social Behavior |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=360–373 |doi=10.2307/2676331 |jstor=2676331 |pmid=10643161 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A wannan bangaren, akwai buƙatar ƙara mai da hankali kan kadarori da haƙƙoƙi don fahimtar 'babban bala'i' sabanin kawai ƙarfin ko tsananin girgizar ƙasa. Ikon mutane, al'ummomi da tsarin su tsira, su daidaita, su canza, kuma su girma a fuskar damuwa da girgizar ƙasa suna ƙaruwa lokacin da yanayi ke buƙatar hakan. Gina juriya shine game da sanya mutane, al'ummomi, da tsarin da suka fi dacewa don tsayayya da abubuwan bala'i - na halitta da na mutum - kuma suna iya dawowa da sauri kuma suna fitowa da ƙarfi daga waɗannan girgizar ƙasa da damuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wells |first=Linton |date=2017 |title=Cognitive-Emotional Conflict: Adversary Will and Social Resilience |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26470514 |journal=PRISM |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=4–17 |issn=2157-0663 |jstor=26470514}}</ref> Gilashin rauni (WOV) shine lokacin da matakan tsaro suka ragu, sun lalace, ko kuma sun rasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KBpedia: Vulnerability Reference Concept |url=http://kbpedia.org/knowledge-graph/reference-concept/?uri=Vulnerability |access-date=2019-11-21 |website=KBpedia |language=en}}</ref> Maganar ta shiga amfani sosai a ƙarshen shekarun 1970, lokacin da masu tsara tsaro na Amurka suka yi jayayya cewa makamai masu linzami na ƙasa na Amurka suna buɗewa ga yajin aikin farko na Soviet, da'awar da aka yanke hukunci daga baya an wuce gona da iri. === Samun fahimta === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Rashin hankali, a cikin ilimin halayyar mutum, kuskure ne, nuna bambanci, ko tsarin tunani wanda aka yi imanin cewa yana sa mutum ya fuskanci matsalolin halayyar dan adam. Rashin lafiyar hankali yana nan kafin alamun cututtukan tunani su fara bayyana, kamar su high neuroticism.<ref name="NeuroticismMA">{{Cite journal |last=Jeronimus B.F. |last2=Kotov, R. |last3=Riese, H. |last4=Ormel, J. |year=2016 |title=Neuroticism's prospective association with mental disorders halves after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history, but the adjusted association hardly decays with time: a meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal/prospective studies with 443 313 participants |url=https://zenodo.org/record/895885 |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=46 |issue=14 |pages=2883–2906 |doi=10.1017/S0033291716001653 |pmid=27523506 |s2cid=23548727}}</ref> Bayan mutum ya fuskanci kwarewar damuwa, rashin lafiyar fahimta yana haifar da amsa mara kyau wanda zai iya haifar da rikicewar tunani.<ref name="black" /> A cikin [[Ilimin ƙwaƙwalwa|ilimin halayyar mutum]], ana gina rashin lafiyar fahimta daga samfuran tsari, samfuran rashin bege, da ka'idar haɗewa.<ref name="rick">{{Cite journal |last=Ingram |first=Rick |date=February 2003 |title=Origins of Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression |url=http://www.people.ku.edu/~reingram/PDFs/origins.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Cognitive Therapy and Research |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=77–88 |doi=10.1023/a:1022590730752 |issn=0147-5916 |s2cid=16148365 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809211716/http://www.people.ku.edu/~reingram/PDFs/origins.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-09 |access-date=2012-08-18}}</ref> Ka'idar haɗewa ta bayyana cewa mutane suna buƙatar haɓaka dangantaka ta kusa da masu kula da su. Lokacin da akwai rushewa a cikin dangantakar yaro da iyaye ana iya danganta shi da rauni da baƙin ciki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lawton |first=M. Powell |date=1980 |title=Psychological Vulnerability |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3563995 |journal=IRB: Ethics & Human Research |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=5–7 |issn=0193-7758 |jstor=3563995}}</ref> Rashin son kai wani nau'i ne na son zuciya wanda zai iya haifar da rauni na fahimta. Bayar da matakin haɗari ga barazana ya dogara da gaggawa ko tsananin ƙofar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mogg |first=Karin |last2=Bradley |first2=Brendan P. |last3=de Bono |first3=J. |last4=Painter |first4=M. |year=1997 |title=Time course of attentional bias for threat information in non-clinical anxiety |journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy |volume=35 |pages=297–303 |doi=10.1016/S0005-7967(96)00109-X}}</ref> Damuwa ba ta da alaƙa da zaɓaɓɓen tsari.<ref name="emo">{{Cite journal |last=Mathews |first=Andrew |last2=MacLeod, Colin |date=1 April 2005 |title=Cognitive Vulnerability to Emotional Disorders |journal=Annual Review of Clinical Psychology |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=167–195 |doi=10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143916 |pmid=17716086}}</ref> === Canjin muhalli ko yanayi === {{excerpt|Climate change vulnerability|file=no|paragraphs=1}} === Rashin tausayi === A fannin '''ilimin halayyar ɗan Adam na asibiti (clinical psychology)''', '''raunin motsin rai (emotional vulnerability)''' yana nufin wani yanayin ɗabi’a inda mutum yake da matuƙar sauƙin shafar sa ta abubuwan da ke motsa '''ji da motsin rai''', yana mayar da martani gare su cikin tsanani, sannan yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo kafin ya koma yanayin tunaninsa na yau da kullum. Wannan ra'ayi yana da muhimmiyar rawa a cikin '''ka’idar biosocial''' ta '''Marsha Linehan''' game da '''borderline personality disorder''', wadda aka gina '''dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)''' a kanta. A cikin wannan ka’ida, matsaloli masu ɗorewa wajen daidaita motsin rai na iya tasowa idan yaro da aka haife shi da irin wannan rauni ya girma a cikin wani '''“yanayi marar inganci” (invalidating environment)''', wato muhalli da ke yin watsi da yadda yake ji a cikin zuciyarsa, ya hukunta shi saboda bayyana waɗannan motsin rai, ko kuma ya mayar da martani gare su ta hanyar da ba a iya hasashe. Masu bincike a fannin '''ilimin halayyar ɗan Adam (personality psychology)''' suna bayyana yawan '''neuroticism''' da kalmomi masu kama da haka, wato a matsayin wani nau’in raunin motsin rai mai faɗi wanda ke ƙara yiwuwar mutum ya fuskanci '''damuwa (anxiety)''' da '''matsalolin yanayin zuciya (mood disorders)''' a nan gaba.<ref name="NeuroticismMA2">{{cite journal |author1=Jeronimus B.F. |author2=Kotov, R. |author3=Riese, H. |author4=Ormel, J. |year=2016 |title=Neuroticism's prospective association with mental disorders halves after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history, but the adjusted association hardly decays with time: a meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal/prospective studies with 443 313 participants |url=https://zenodo.org/record/895885 |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=46 |issue=14 |pages=2883–2906 |doi=10.1017/S0033291716001653 |pmid=27523506 |s2cid=23548727}}</ref> Bincike kan Dangantaka ta kusa yana bi da shirye-shiryen kasancewa mai rauni tare da wani mutum a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin da kusanci ke tasowa. A cikin tsarin tsarin hulɗa na Reis da Shaver, kusanci yana ƙaruwa lokacin da aka sadu da Bayyana kansa na abokin tarayya tare da amsawar da mai bayyanawa ke fuskanta kamar fahimta, tabbatarwa, da kulawa. Brené Brown ya bayyana rauni a matsayin "rashin tabbas, haɗari, da kuma nuna motsin rai".Brown ya ci gaba da ba da shawarar cewa rauni shine mafi kyawun ƙarfin hali; muna barin kanmu a ga kanmu lokacin da muke da rauni. Brené Brown ta koya wa mabiyanta cewa ana tunanin rauni a matsayin cibiyar motsin rai, kamar baƙin ciki, kunya, tsoro, da takaici, amma kuma cibiyar da wurin haihuwar ƙauna ce, kasancewa, sahihanci, kerawa, ƙarfin zuciya, da lissafi. An yi amfani da ƙarfafawa da ƙira don taimakawa yara su koyi tun suna ƙanana yadda za su tsara da kuma ɗaukar lissafi ga motsin zuciyarsu. Yanayin motsin rai mara kyau ana sarrafa su ta hanyar rashin jin daɗinsu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thompson |first=Ross A. |date=1991 |title=Emotional Regulation and Emotional Development |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23359228 |journal=Educational Psychology Review |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=269–307 |doi=10.1007/bf01319934 |issn=1040-726X |jstor=23359228 |s2cid=3560960 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Har ila yau, masu amsawa suna da tasiri ga rashin jin daɗi game da rashin tabbas na canjin yanayi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bray |first=Margaret V. du |last2=Wutich |first2=Amber |last3=Brewis |first3=Alexandra |date=2017-04-01 |title=Hope and Worry: Gendered Emotional Geographies of Climate Change in Three Vulnerable U.S. Communities |journal=Weather, Climate, and Society |language=EN |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=285–297 |bibcode=2017WCS.....9..285D |doi=10.1175/WCAS-D-16-0077.1 |issn=1948-8327 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Karin wayar da kan jama'a da tasiri yana haifar da karuwar martani na motsin rai. A cikin rayuwa ta baya, tsarin ƙarfi da rauni (SAVI) yana riƙe da cewa tsofaffi sun zama mafi kyau wajen guje wa yanayin da zai iya damun su, amma mafi muni a jimrewa da ilimin lissafi lokacin da ba za a iya kauce wa tashin hankali mai ƙarfi ba kuma ya ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charles |first=Susan T. |year=2010 |title=Strength and vulnerability integration: A model of emotional well-being across adulthood |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=136 |issue=6 |pages=1068–1091 |doi=10.1037/a0021232 |pmc=3059514}}</ref> Tare da wannan, rashin jin daɗi na iya shafar lafiyar jiki na tsofaffi lokacin da suke murkushe motsin zuciyarsu a cikin yanayi mai wahala.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charles |first=Susan T. |last2=Luong |first2=Gloria |date=2013 |title=Emotional Experience Across Adulthood: The Theoretical Model of Strength and Vulnerability Integration |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44318703 |journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=443–448 |doi=10.1177/0963721413497013 |issn=0963-7214 |jstor=44318703 |s2cid=145454712 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Lokacin da ake tallafawa waɗannan raunin ta hanyar tattaunawa tare da amintaccen motsin rai "wani", wannan raunin na iya haifar da juriya da ikon tallafawa wasu. === Soja === A cikin kalmomin soja, rauni wani ɓangare ne na tsira, sauran suna da saukin kamuwa da dawowa. Ana bayyana rauni a hanyoyi daban-daban dangane da al'umma da kuma sabis ɗin da ya shafi, amma gabaɗaya yana nufin tasirin kusan nan take na harin makami. A cikin jirgin sama an bayyana shi azaman rashin iyawar jirgin sama don tsayayya da lalacewar da yanayin da mutum ya haifar. A wasu ma'anoni, dawowa (tsaron lalacewa, kashe gobara, maido da damar) an haɗa shi cikin rauni. Wasu ayyukan soja suna haɓaka ra'ayinsu game da rauni.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carlo |first=Kopp |date=5 July 2005 |title=Warship Vulnerability |url=http://www.ausairpower.net/Warship-Hits.html |pages=1}}</ref> === Siyasa === Za'a iya fahimtar rauni na siyasa a matsayin "raunin tsarin dimokuradiyya, tare da mummunar tasirinsa akan ingancin manufofin jama'a, halattaccen aikin gwamnati, iyakance shiga na 'yan ƙasa da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a kokarin kasa, haɗin kai tare da kananan hukumomi da kungiyoyin farar hula, sarrafawa da gudanar da gaggawa, aiwatar da bukatun' yan ƙasa da bukatun, da kuma ikon biyan su. "<ref>{{Cite journal |title=A Matter of Development: How to Reduce Vulnerability in the Face of Natural Disasters &#124; Publications |url=https://publications.iadb.org/publications/english/document/A-Matter-of-Development-How-to-Reduce-Vulnerability-in-the-Face-of-Natural-Disasters.pdf}}</ref>Rashin koma baya na dimokuradiyya shine sakamakon kai tsaye na rauni na siyasa, kuma an rubuta shi a duk faɗin duniya a cikin tarihi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCoy |first=Jennifer |title=The Vulnerabilities of Democracy |url=https://www.cartercenter.org/news/documents/doc2043.html |website=The Carter Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=6 in 10 Americans say US democracy is in crisis as the 'Big Lie' takes root |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/01/03/1069764164/american-democracy-poll-jan-6 |website=NPR}}</ref> Rashin lafiyar siyasa na iya nufin zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai ko 'yan takarar siyasa na zaɓen, tare da zaɓen birni da na gida sau da yawa yana nuna canji a wata hanya ko wata a kan sikelin ƙasa. == Rashin haɗari == Invulnerability wani fasalin da aka saba samu a cikin fiction kimiyya da fantasy, musamman a cikin ficción superhero, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin litattafai, littattafai masu ban dariya da [[Wasan Bidiyo|Wasannin bidiyo]]. A cikin irin waɗannan labarun, inganci ne wanda ke sa halayen ba su da tsayayya da ciwo, lalacewa ko asarar lafiya zuwa wani mataki mai mahimmanci. Akwai matakai da yawa na rashin rauni, kamar yadda akwai matakai da dama na rashin mutuwa (mataki mafi girma shine cikakkiyar rashin mutuwa), halayen sau da yawa yana zuwa tare da iyakancewa yana barin haruffa don a dauke su kawai "ba tare da rauni ba". Yawancin jarumawa da manyan mutane a cikin littattafan ban dariya suna da wani mataki na rashin ƙarfi, amma sau da yawa ya dogara da su da ƙarfin mutum (aka Strength-Based Invulnerability), yana sa yadda ba za a iya cutar da su ba tare da matakin ƙarfin jiki ba. Wadannan nau'ikan haruffa suna da nau'in dangi, kasancewar kusan ba zai yiwu a cutar da su ba ta hanyar halittu ko dakarun da ba su da ƙarfi fiye da kansu. Suna da kariya ga mafi yawan barazanar, amma har yanzu ana iya lalata su ko ma kashe su ta hanyar halayen da suka fi karfi ko dakarun da ke hana su. Sauran haruffa na iya samun wani nau'i na zaɓaɓɓen ko yanayin rashin ƙarfi, kasancewa rigakafi ko tsayayya da wasu sakamako masu cutarwa ko wasu irin waɗannan abubuwan yayin da suke da rauni ga wasu. Wadannan takamaiman raunin sau da yawa sun isa su kashe su da kuma cutar da su, idan ba kawai hanyar kashe su ba. Wannan kuma na iya zuwa a cikin nau'in rashin ƙarfi, yana sa halayyar ta yi tsayayya sosai ko rigakafi ga lahani sai dai ga takamaiman wurare, kamar gabobin ciki. A cikin wasannin bidiyo, ana iya samun sa a cikin nau'in "power-ups" ko zamba; lokacin da aka kunna ta hanyar zamba, galibi ana kiranta "Yanayin Allah".<ref name="InverseGodMode">{{Cite web |title=God Mode game meaning: How a vintage cheat code became a universal brag |url=https://www.inverse.com/gaming/god-mode-meaning-video-game-definition-memes-doom |access-date=2026-07-19 |website=Inverse}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun misalai shine lambar IDDQD a cikin mai harbi na 1993 Doom, wanda ke sa mai kunnawa ya kare kansa ga kusan duk lalacewa.<ref name="InverseGodMode" /> Gabaɗaya, ba ya kare mai kunnawa daga wasu haɗarin mutuwa nan take, musamman ramuka "marasa tushe" daga inda, koda kuwa mai kunnawa ya tsira daga faduwar, ba za su iya tserewa ba. A matsayin doka, rashin ƙarfi da aka ba shi ta hanyar wutar lantarki na wucin gadi ne, kuma yana raguwa bayan wani lokaci, yayin da yaudarar rashin ƙarfi, da zarar an kunna shi, ya kasance yana aiki har sai an kashe shi, ko kuma an kai ƙarshen matakin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hurt me plenty: the rise of god mode |url=https://www.bitmapbooks.com/blogs/news/hurt-me-plenty-the-rise-of-god-mode |access-date=2026-07-19 |website=Bitmap Books}}</ref> "Dangane da wasan da ake tambaya, rashin kamuwa da lalacewa na iya ko bazai kare mai kunnawa daga tasirin da ba na lalacewa ba, kamar kasancewa a cikin motsi ko aikawa da tashi. " A cikin tatsuniyoyi, masu amfani da sihiri sun halicci talismans, charms, da amulet don manufar sanya mai ɗaukar ya yi garkuwa da rauni daga makamai masu ban mamaki da na duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=William Godwin |year=1876 |title=Lives of the Necromancers |url=https://archive.org/details/livesnecromance04godwgoog |page=17}}</ref> === Matasa === Hill, Duggan, da Lapsley sun bayyana a cikin labarin su cewa an yarda da shi cewa matasa ba su da la'akari da haɗarin jiki, wanda zai iya nuna cewa suna da haɗarin haɗari. Bugu da ƙari, sun yi hasashen cewa matasa na iya samun ma'anar rashin lafiyar hankali, ko kuma ma'anar kasancewa ba tare da tasirin tunani da motsin rai ba. Don gwada tasirin nau'ikan biyu na rashin rauni, masu bincike sun yi amfani da Matasa Invulnerability Scale wanda Lapsley da Hill suka kirkira a cikin 2010, wanda ya haɗa da maganganu ashirin da ke kimanta har zuwa wane matakin matasa suka ji ba za a iya cutar da su ba a cikin tunanin mutum da kuma yanayin haɗari.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lapsley |first=Daniel K. |last2=Hill |first2=Patrick L. |date=April 16, 2009 |title=Subjective invulnerability, optimism bias and adjustment in emerging adulthood. |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9409-9 |journal=Journal of Youth and Adolescence |volume=39 |issue=8 |pages=847–857 |doi=10.1007/s10964-009-9409-9 |pmid=20596815 |s2cid=18161557 |url-access=subscription |access-date=March 27, 2023}}</ref> Hill et al. sun gano cewa kasancewa da ma'anar rashin lafiyar hankali ya amfane matasa wajen yaki da mummunan motsin rai kamar baƙin ciki. Matasa da suka kimanta kansu a matsayin wadanda ba su da lahani a hankali sun nuna hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa a lokacin damuwa ko baƙin ciki. Wannan ya sa masu bincike su yi imani da cewa rashin lafiyar hankali a lokacin balaga yana da fa'ida ga samar da ainihi.<ref name="HillDuggan2011">{{Cite journal |last=Hill |first=Patrick L. |last2=Duggan |first2=Peter M. |last3=Lapsley |first3=Daniel K. |date=February 24, 2011 |title=Subjective Invulnerability, Risk Behavior, and Adjustment in Early Adolescence. |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431611400304 |journal=The Journal of Early Adolescence |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=489–501 |doi=10.1177/0272431611400304 |s2cid=145688280 |url-access=subscription |access-date=March 27, 2023}}</ref> Haɗarin haɗari yana da alaƙa da aikin doka ko na laifi amma ba shi da alaƙa tare da lafiyar hankali. Koyaya, haɗarin haɗari ya sami damar yin hasashen yadda ya kamata "ƙazantar da hankali, amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi na rayuwa, da yawan amfani da miyagu".Bambance-bambance tsakanin jinsi a cikin bayanan sun nuna cewa matasa maza sun fi jin ba su da haɗari da tasirin tunani. Masu binciken ba su lura da wani bambanci tsakanin shekarun mahalarta ba.<ref name="HillDuggan2011" /> === Manya masu tasowa === Lapsley da Hill sun kirkiro Matasa Invulnerability Scale a wani bangare don nazarin rashin lafiyar daliban koleji a cikin Arnett na tasowa. Masu bincike sun yi hasashen kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin matasa da ƙididdigar manya masu tasowa kuma daga baya sun sami alaƙa da aka ambata. Ba su lura da bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin mummunan da kyakkyawan fata ba, wanda wasu abubuwa ne na wannan binciken. Amma, kamar yadda aka annabta, mahalarta maza sun ci kwallaye mafi girma a bangarorin biyu na rashin rauni.<ref name=":0" /> Babban haɗari mai haɗari yana da alaƙa da batutuwan zamantakewa, kamar halayyar haɗari da amfani da kwayoyi. Dukkanin nau'ikan rashin rauni, tunanin mutum da haɗari, sun zama manyan masu tsinkaya na matsalolin girman kai a cikin manya masu tasowa.<ref name=":0" /> == Dubi kuma == * Courage - Ikon magance tsoro * Gullibility - Rashin fahimtar jama'a * Emergency management - Yin aiki da dukkan fannoni na jin kai na gaggawa * Emotional insecurity - Jin rashin isasshen * Environmental Vulnerability Index - Matsakaicin matsalolin muhalli * Exploitation of labour - Abubuwan da suka faru na tattalin arziki * Representativeness heuristic - Kayan aiki don taimakawa hukunci a cikin rashin tabbas * True self and false self - Ka'idodin halayyar mutum da ake amfani da su akai-akai dangane da narcissism * Vulnerabilities exploited by manipulators - Irin tasirin zamantakewa * Vulnerability and care theory of love - Masanin falsafa da kuma masanin halayyar dan adam na KanadaShafuka da ke nuna taƙaitaccen bayanin manufofi * Vulnerability in computing - Rashin ƙarfi a cikin tsarin kwamfuta * Vulnerability index - Matsakaicin bayyanar jama'a ga wasu haɗari * Vulnerable adult - Manya wanda ba zai iya kula da kansa ba == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sxh7yf0i5mx2m2fl5nkw25pe4z0qfyw 0 165172 906302 2026-08-22T20:16:14Z Muhibba Waziri 40514 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358094108|Lashell Adderley]]" 906302 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Julie Lashell Adderley''' (born 1968<ref name="ipu">{{Cite web |date=5 July 2018 |title=Bahamas |url=https://data.ipu.org/content/bahamas?chamber_id=13331 |website=Parline: the IPU’s Open Data Platform |language=en}}</ref>) is a Bahamian lawyer and politician who has served as President of the Senate of the Bahamas since 7 October 2021.<ref name="ipu" /> Adderley's leadership of the Senate and Patricia Deveaux's leadership of the House of Assembly made it the first time that women led both chambers of the Parliament of the Bahamas. == Sana'a == Adderley is a lawyer who has worked as legal Adderley is a lawyer who has worked as legal Adderley is a lawyer who has worked as legal counsel for Bahamas First General Insurance,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Data Protection Annual Report 20210 |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/08ebbf50-5b20-409c-a693-594adc6af0db/DPA_AReport2010.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CONVERT_TO=url&CACHEID=08ebbf50-5b20-409c-a693-594adc6af0db |publisher=Government of the Bahamas |page=16}}</ref> dderley is a lawyer who has worked as legal counsel for Bahamas First General Insurance,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Data Protection Annual Report 20210 |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/08ebbf50-5b20-409c-a693-594adc6af0db/DPA_AReport2010.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CONVERT_TO=url&CACHEID=08ebbf50-5b20-409c-a693-594adc6af0db |publisher=Government of the Bahamas |page=16}}</ref> and as a legal and compliance manager<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2013 |title=PM Christie to open National Training Symposium |url=http://www.thebahamasweekly.com/publish/bis-news-updates/PM_Christie_to_open_National_Training_Symposium31190.shtml |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=The Bahamas Weekly}}</ref> and corporate secretary for Bahamas First Holdings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2018 |title=Bahamas First Holds Governance Seminar |url=http://www.tribune242.com/news/2018/apr/09/bahamas-first-holds-governance-seminar/ |access-date=6 November 2021 |website=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=2011 Annual Report |url=https://bahamasfirst.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Bahamas-First-Holdings-Limited-Annual-Report-2011.pdf |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=Bahamas First Holdings |page=13}}</ref> In 2024 she received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Northern Caribbean University in [[Jamaika|Jamaica]], awarded in recognition of her career as a legislator, attorney-at-law and lauya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin lauyan shari'a a Bahamas First General Insurance, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Data Protection Annual Report 20210 |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/08ebbf50-5b20-409c-a693-594adc6af0db/DPA_AReport2010.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CONVERT_TO=url&CACHEID=08ebbf50-5b20-409c-a693-594adc6af0db |publisher=Government of the Bahamas |page=16}}</ref> kuma a matsayin manajan shari'a da bin ƙa'ida <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2013 |title=PM Christie to open National Training Symposium |url=http://www.thebahamasweekly.com/publish/bis-news-updates/PM_Christie_to_open_National_Training_Symposium31190.shtml |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=The Bahamas Weekly}}</ref> da kuma sakataren kamfanoni na Bahamas First Holdings. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2018 |title=Bahamas First Holds Governance Seminar |url=http://www.tribune242.com/news/2018/apr/09/bahamas-first-holds-governance-seminar/ |access-date=6 November 2021 |website=The Tribune}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=2011 Annual Report |url=https://bahamasfirst.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Bahamas-First-Holdings-Limited-Annual-Report-2011.pdf |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=Bahamas First Holdings |page=13}}</ref> A shekarar 2024 ta sami digirin girmamawa na Dakta a fannin Shari'a daga Jami'ar Arewacin Caribbean da ke [[Jamaika|Jamaica]], wanda aka ba ta don girmama aikinta na 'yan majalisa, lauya da kuma masanin tattalin arziki. baby as a legal and compliance manager<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2013 |title=PM Christie to open National Training Symposium |url=http://www.thebahamasweekly.com/publish/bis-news-updates/PM_Christie_to_open_National_Training_Symposium31190.shtml |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=The Bahamas Weekly}}</ref> and corporate secretary for Bahamas First Holdings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2018 |title=Bahamas First Holds Governance Seminar |url=http://www.tribune242.com/news/2018/apr/09/bahamas-first-holds-governance-seminar/ |access-date=6 November 2021 |website=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=2011 Annual Report |url=https://bahamasfirst.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Bahamas-First-Holdings-Limited-Annual-Report-2011.pdf |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=Bahamas First Holdings |page=13}}</ref> In 2024 she received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Northern Caribbean University in [[Jamaika|Jamaica]], awarded in recognition of her career as a legislator, attorney-at-law and lauya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin lauyan shari'a a Bahamas First General Insurance, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Data Protection Annual Report 20210 |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/08ebbf50-5b20-409c-a693-594adc6af0db/DPA_AReport2010.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CONVERT_TO=url&CACHEID=08ebbf50-5b20-409c-a693-594adc6af0db |publisher=Government of the Bahamas |page=16}}</ref> kuma a matsayin manajan shari'a da bin ƙa'ida <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2013 |title=PM Christie to open National Training Symposium |url=http://www.thebahamasweekly.com/publish/bis-news-updates/PM_Christie_to_open_National_Training_Symposium31190.shtml |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=The Bahamas Weekly}}</ref> da kuma sakataren kamfanoni na Bahamas First Holdings. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2018 |title=Bahamas First Holds Governance Seminar |url=http://www.tribune242.com/news/2018/apr/09/bahamas-first-holds-governance-seminar/ |access-date=6 November 2021 |website=The Tribune}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=2011 Annual Report |url=https://bahamasfirst.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Bahamas-First-Holdings-Limited-Annual-Report-2011.pdf |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=Bahamas First Holdings |page=13}}</ref> A shekarar 2024 ta sami digirin girmamawa na Dakta a fannin Shari'a daga Jami'ar Arewacin Caribbean da ke [[Jamaika|Jamaica]], wanda aka ba ta don girmama aikinta na 'yan majalisa, lauya da kuma masanin tattalin arziki. for Bahamas First General Insurance,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Data Protection Annual Report 20210 |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/08ebbf50-5b20-409c-a693-594adc6af0db/DPA_AReport2010.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CONVERT_TO=url&CACHEID=08ebbf50-5b20-409c-a693-594adc6af0db |publisher=Government of the Bahamas |page=16}}</ref> dderley is a lawyer who has worked as legal counsel for Bahamas First General Insurance,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Data Protection Annual Report 20210 |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/08ebbf50-5b20-409c-a693-594adc6af0db/DPA_AReport2010.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CONVERT_TO=url&CACHEID=08ebbf50-5b20-409c-a693-594adc6af0db |publisher=Government of the Bahamas |page=16}}</ref> and as a legal and compliance manager<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2013 |title=PM Christie to open National Training Symposium |url=http://www.thebahamasweekly.com/publish/bis-news-updates/PM_Christie_to_open_National_Training_Symposium31190.shtml |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=The Bahamas Weekly}}</ref> and corporate secretary for Bahamas First Holdings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2018 |title=Bahamas First Holds Governance Seminar |url=http://www.tribune242.com/news/2018/apr/09/bahamas-first-holds-governance-seminar/ |access-date=6 November 2021 |website=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=2011 Annual Report |url=https://bahamasfirst.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Bahamas-First-Holdings-Limited-Annual-Report-2011.pdf |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=Bahamas First Holdings |page=13}}</ref> In 2024 she received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Northern Caribbean University in [[Jamaika|Jamaica]], awarded in recognition of her career as a legislator, attorney-at-law and lauya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin lauyan shari'a a Bahamas First General Insurance, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Data Protection Annual Report 20210 |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/08ebbf50-5b20-409c-a693-594adc6af0db/DPA_AReport2010.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CONVERT_TO=url&CACHEID=08ebbf50-5b20-409c-a693-594adc6af0db |publisher=Government of the Bahamas |page=16}}</ref> kuma a matsayin manajan shari'a da bin ƙa'ida <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2013 |title=PM Christie to open National Training Symposium |url=http://www.thebahamasweekly.com/publish/bis-news-updates/PM_Christie_to_open_National_Training_Symposium31190.shtml |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=The Bahamas Weekly}}</ref> da kuma sakataren kamfanoni na Bahamas First Holdings. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2018 |title=Bahamas First Holds Governance Seminar |url=http://www.tribune242.com/news/2018/apr/09/bahamas-first-holds-governance-seminar/ |access-date=6 November 2021 |website=The Tribune}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=2011 Annual Report |url=https://bahamasfirst.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Bahamas-First-Holdings-Limited-Annual-Report-2011.pdf |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=Bahamas First Holdings |page=13}}</ref> A shekarar 2024 ta sami digirin girmamawa na Dakta a fannin Shari'a daga Jami'ar Arewacin Caribbean da ke [[Jamaika|Jamaica]], wanda aka ba ta don girmama aikinta na 'yan majalisa, lauya da kuma masanin tattalin arziki. baby as a legal and compliance manager<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2013 |title=PM Christie to open National Training Symposium |url=http://www.thebahamasweekly.com/publish/bis-news-updates/PM_Christie_to_open_National_Training_Symposium31190.shtml |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=The Bahamas Weekly}}</ref> and corporate secretary for Bahamas First Holdings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2018 |title=Bahamas First Holds Governance Seminar |url=http://www.tribune242.com/news/2018/apr/09/bahamas-first-holds-governance-seminar/ |access-date=6 November 2021 |website=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=2011 Annual Report |url=https://bahamasfirst.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Bahamas-First-Holdings-Limited-Annual-Report-2011.pdf |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=Bahamas First Holdings |page=13}}</ref> In 2024 she received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Northern Caribbean University in [[Jamaika|Jamaica]], awarded in recognition of her career as a legislator, attorney-at-law and lauya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin lauyan shari'a a Bahamas First General Insurance, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Data Protection Annual Report 20210 |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/08ebbf50-5b20-409c-a693-594adc6af0db/DPA_AReport2010.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CONVERT_TO=url&CACHEID=08ebbf50-5b20-409c-a693-594adc6af0db |publisher=Government of the Bahamas |page=16}}</ref> kuma a matsayin manajan shari'a da bin ƙa'ida <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2013 |title=PM Christie to open National Training Symposium |url=http://www.thebahamasweekly.com/publish/bis-news-updates/PM_Christie_to_open_National_Training_Symposium31190.shtml |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=The Bahamas Weekly}}</ref> da kuma sakataren kamfanoni na Bahamas First Holdings. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2018 |title=Bahamas First Holds Governance Seminar |url=http://www.tribune242.com/news/2018/apr/09/bahamas-first-holds-governance-seminar/ |access-date=6 November 2021 |website=The Tribune}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=2011 Annual Report |url=https://bahamasfirst.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Bahamas-First-Holdings-Limited-Annual-Report-2011.pdf |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=Bahamas First Holdings |page=13}}</ref> A shekarar 2024 ta sami digirin girmamawa na Dakta a fannin Shari'a daga Jami'ar Arewacin Caribbean da ke [[Jamaika|Jamaica]], wanda aka ba ta don girmama aikinta na 'yan majalisa, lauya da kuma masanin tattalin arziki. is a lawyer who has worked as legal counsel for Bahamas First General Insurance,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Data Protection Annual Report 20210 |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/08ebbf50-5b20-409c-a693-594adc6af0db/DPA_AReport2010.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CONVERT_TO=url&CACHEID=08ebbf50-5b20-409c-a693-594adc6af0db |publisher=Government of the Bahamas |page=16}}</ref> dderley is a lawyer who has worked as legal counsel for Bahamas First General Insurance,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Data Protection Annual Report 20210 |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/08ebbf50-5b20-409c-a693-594adc6af0db/DPA_AReport2010.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CONVERT_TO=url&CACHEID=08ebbf50-5b20-409c-a693-594adc6af0db |publisher=Government of the Bahamas |page=16}}</ref> and as a legal and compliance manager<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2013 |title=PM Christie to open National Training Symposium |url=http://www.thebahamasweekly.com/publish/bis-news-updates/PM_Christie_to_open_National_Training_Symposium31190.shtml |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=The Bahamas Weekly}}</ref> and corporate secretary for Bahamas First Holdings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2018 |title=Bahamas First Holds Governance Seminar |url=http://www.tribune242.com/news/2018/apr/09/bahamas-first-holds-governance-seminar/ |access-date=6 November 2021 |website=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=2011 Annual Report |url=https://bahamasfirst.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Bahamas-First-Holdings-Limited-Annual-Report-2011.pdf |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=Bahamas First Holdings |page=13}}</ref> In 2024 she received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Northern Caribbean University in [[Jamaika|Jamaica]], awarded in recognition of her career as a legislator, attorney-at-law and lauya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin lauyan shari'a a Bahamas First General Insurance, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Data Protection Annual Report 20210 |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/08ebbf50-5b20-409c-a693-594adc6af0db/DPA_AReport2010.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CONVERT_TO=url&CACHEID=08ebbf50-5b20-409c-a693-594adc6af0db |publisher=Government of the Bahamas |page=16}}</ref> kuma a matsayin manajan shari'a da bin ƙa'ida <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2013 |title=PM Christie to open National Training Symposium |url=http://www.thebahamasweekly.com/publish/bis-news-updates/PM_Christie_to_open_National_Training_Symposium31190.shtml |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=The Bahamas Weekly}}</ref> da kuma sakataren kamfanoni na Bahamas First Holdings. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2018 |title=Bahamas First Holds Governance Seminar |url=http://www.tribune242.com/news/2018/apr/09/bahamas-first-holds-governance-seminar/ |access-date=6 November 2021 |website=The Tribune}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=2011 Annual Report |url=https://bahamasfirst.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Bahamas-First-Holdings-Limited-Annual-Report-2011.pdf |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=Bahamas First Holdings |page=13}}</ref> A shekarar 2024 ta sami digirin girmamawa na Dakta a fannin Shari'a daga Jami'ar Arewacin Caribbean da ke [[Jamaika|Jamaica]], wanda aka ba ta don girmama aikinta na 'yan majalisa, lauya da kuma masanin tattalin arziki. baby as a legal and compliance manager<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2013 |title=PM Christie to open National Training Symposium |url=http://www.thebahamasweekly.com/publish/bis-news-updates/PM_Christie_to_open_National_Training_Symposium31190.shtml |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=The Bahamas Weekly}}</ref> and corporate secretary for Bahamas First Holdings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2018 |title=Bahamas First Holds Governance Seminar |url=http://www.tribune242.com/news/2018/apr/09/bahamas-first-holds-governance-seminar/ |access-date=6 November 2021 |website=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=2011 Annual Report |url=https://bahamasfirst.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Bahamas-First-Holdings-Limited-Annual-Report-2011.pdf |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=Bahamas First Holdings |page=13}}</ref> In 2024 she received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Northern Caribbean University in [[Jamaika|Jamaica]], awarded in recognition of her career as a legislator, attorney-at-law and lauya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin lauyan shari'a a Bahamas First General Insurance, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Data Protection Annual Report 20210 |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/08ebbf50-5b20-409c-a693-594adc6af0db/DPA_AReport2010.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CONVERT_TO=url&CACHEID=08ebbf50-5b20-409c-a693-594adc6af0db |publisher=Government of the Bahamas |page=16}}</ref> kuma a matsayin manajan shari'a da bin ƙa'ida <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2013 |title=PM Christie to open National Training Symposium |url=http://www.thebahamasweekly.com/publish/bis-news-updates/PM_Christie_to_open_National_Training_Symposium31190.shtml |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=The Bahamas Weekly}}</ref> da kuma sakataren kamfanoni na Bahamas First Holdings. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2018 |title=Bahamas First Holds Governance Seminar |url=http://www.tribune242.com/news/2018/apr/09/bahamas-first-holds-governance-seminar/ |access-date=6 November 2021 |website=The Tribune}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=2011 Annual Report |url=https://bahamasfirst.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Bahamas-First-Holdings-Limited-Annual-Report-2011.pdf |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=Bahamas First Holdings |page=13}}</ref> A shekarar 2024 ta sami digirin girmamawa na Dakta a fannin Shari'a daga Jami'ar Arewacin Caribbean da ke [[Jamaika|Jamaica]], wanda aka ba ta don girmama aikinta na 'yan majalisa, lauya da kuma masanin tattalin arziki. for Bahamas First General Insurance,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Data Protection Annual Report 20210 |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/08ebbf50-5b20-409c-a693-594adc6af0db/DPA_AReport2010.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CONVERT_TO=url&CACHEID=08ebbf50-5b20-409c-a693-594adc6af0db |publisher=Government of the Bahamas |page=16}}</ref> dderley is a lawyer who has worked as legal counsel for Bahamas First General Insurance,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Data Protection Annual Report 20210 |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/08ebbf50-5b20-409c-a693-594adc6af0db/DPA_AReport2010.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CONVERT_TO=url&CACHEID=08ebbf50-5b20-409c-a693-594adc6af0db |publisher=Government of the Bahamas |page=16}}</ref> and as a legal and compliance manager<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2013 |title=PM Christie to open National Training Symposium |url=http://www.thebahamasweekly.com/publish/bis-news-updates/PM_Christie_to_open_National_Training_Symposium31190.shtml |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=The Bahamas Weekly}}</ref> and corporate secretary for Bahamas First Holdings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2018 |title=Bahamas First Holds Governance Seminar |url=http://www.tribune242.com/news/2018/apr/09/bahamas-first-holds-governance-seminar/ |access-date=6 November 2021 |website=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=2011 Annual Report |url=https://bahamasfirst.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Bahamas-First-Holdings-Limited-Annual-Report-2011.pdf |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=Bahamas First Holdings |page=13}}</ref> In 2024 she received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Northern Caribbean University in [[Jamaika|Jamaica]], awarded in recognition of her career as a legislator, attorney-at-law and lauya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin lauyan shari'a a Bahamas First General Insurance, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Data Protection Annual Report 20210 |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/08ebbf50-5b20-409c-a693-594adc6af0db/DPA_AReport2010.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CONVERT_TO=url&CACHEID=08ebbf50-5b20-409c-a693-594adc6af0db |publisher=Government of the Bahamas |page=16}}</ref> kuma a matsayin manajan shari'a da bin ƙa'ida <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2013 |title=PM Christie to open National Training Symposium |url=http://www.thebahamasweekly.com/publish/bis-news-updates/PM_Christie_to_open_National_Training_Symposium31190.shtml |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=The Bahamas Weekly}}</ref> da kuma sakataren kamfanoni na Bahamas First Holdings. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2018 |title=Bahamas First Holds Governance Seminar |url=http://www.tribune242.com/news/2018/apr/09/bahamas-first-holds-governance-seminar/ |access-date=6 November 2021 |website=The Tribune}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=2011 Annual Report |url=https://bahamasfirst.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Bahamas-First-Holdings-Limited-Annual-Report-2011.pdf |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=Bahamas First Holdings |page=13}}</ref> A shekarar 2024 ta sami digirin girmamawa na Dakta a fannin Shari'a daga Jami'ar Arewacin Caribbean da ke [[Jamaika|Jamaica]], wanda aka ba ta don girmama aikinta na 'yan majalisa, lauya da kuma masanin tattalin arziki. baby as a legal and compliance manager<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2013 |title=PM Christie to open National Training Symposium |url=http://www.thebahamasweekly.com/publish/bis-news-updates/PM_Christie_to_open_National_Training_Symposium31190.shtml |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=The Bahamas Weekly}}</ref> and corporate secretary for Bahamas First Holdings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2018 |title=Bahamas First Holds Governance Seminar |url=http://www.tribune242.com/news/2018/apr/09/bahamas-first-holds-governance-seminar/ |access-date=6 November 2021 |website=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=2011 Annual Report |url=https://bahamasfirst.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Bahamas-First-Holdings-Limited-Annual-Report-2011.pdf |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=Bahamas First Holdings |page=13}}</ref> In 2024 she received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Northern Caribbean University in [[Jamaika|Jamaica]], awarded in recognition of her career as a legislator, attorney-at-law and lauya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin lauyan shari'a a Bahamas First General Insurance, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Data Protection Annual Report 20210 |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/08ebbf50-5b20-409c-a693-594adc6af0db/DPA_AReport2010.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CONVERT_TO=url&CACHEID=08ebbf50-5b20-409c-a693-594adc6af0db |publisher=Government of the Bahamas |page=16}}</ref> kuma a matsayin manajan shari'a da bin ƙa'ida <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2013 |title=PM Christie to open National Training Symposium |url=http://www.thebahamasweekly.com/publish/bis-news-updates/PM_Christie_to_open_National_Training_Symposium31190.shtml |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=The Bahamas Weekly}}</ref> da kuma sakataren kamfanoni na Bahamas First Holdings. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2018 |title=Bahamas First Holds Governance Seminar |url=http://www.tribune242.com/news/2018/apr/09/bahamas-first-holds-governance-seminar/ |access-date=6 November 2021 |website=The Tribune}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=2011 Annual Report |url=https://bahamasfirst.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Bahamas-First-Holdings-Limited-Annual-Report-2011.pdf |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=Bahamas First Holdings |page=13}}</ref> A shekarar 2024 ta sami digirin girmamawa na Dakta a fannin Shari'a daga Jami'ar Arewacin Caribbean da ke [[Jamaika|Jamaica]], wanda aka ba ta don girmama aikinta na 'yan majalisa, lauya da kuma masanin tattalin arziki. Daga From 2017, she was a member of the Progressive Liberal Party's constitution committee to review its policies 2017, ta kasance memba a kwamitin kundin tsarin mulki na Jam'iyyar Progressive Liberal don sake duba manufofinta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2017 |title=PLP Seeks Constitutional Reform |url=http://jonesbahamas.com/plp-seeks-constitutional-reform/ |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=Jones Bahamas}}</ref> Adderley was appointed President of the Senate the day she was sworn in, 6 October 2021,<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2021 |title=New Senators Sworn In |url=https://znsbahamas.com/new-senators-sworn-in/ |access-date=6 November 2021 |website=ZNS Bahamas}}</ref> the fifth woman to hold the role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2021 |title=Patricia Deveaux likely for Speaker role |url=https://www.bahamaslocal.com/newsitem/270820/Patricia_Deveaux_likely_for_Speaker_role.html |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=Bahamas Local}}</ref> She was appointed at the same time as Patricia Deveaux was made Speaker of the House of Assembly, the first time women have led both houses at the same time.<ref name="boss">{{Cite web |last=De Shong |first=Dillon |date=6 October 2021 |title=Woman is boss! Adderley & Deveaux to lead Bahamian Parliament |url=https://caribbean.loopnews.com/content/woman-boss-adderley-deveaux-lead-bahamian-parliament |access-date=6 November 2021 |website=Loop Caribbean News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Khrisna |date=7 October 2021 |title=History Made As Women Lead House And Senate |url=http://www.tribune242.com/news/2021/oct/07/history-made-women-lead-house-and-senate/ |access-date=6 November 2021 |website=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bahamas: History made as women to serve as House speaker and President of the Senate |url=https://www.thehabarinetwork.com/bahamas-history-made-as-women-to-serve-as-house-speaker-and-president-of-the-senate |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=The Habari Network}}</ref> Prime Minister Philip "Brave" Davis had been criticised the week prior for a lack of [[Daidaiton jinsi|gender equality]], with Adderley one of only two female Senate appointments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Sloan |date=4 October 2021 |title=GENDER PARITY: Govt. appoints two women out of 12 Senate appointments |url=https://ewnews.com/gender-parity-govt-appoints-two-women-out-of-12-senate-appointments |access-date=6 November 2021 |website=Eyewitness News}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ita 'yar Adventist ce mai aiki a rana ta bakwai wacce aka haife ta a cikin coci kuma memba ce ta Cocin Adventist na Johnson Park a New Providence, inda ta kuma yi aiki a kwamitin makaranta na Kwalejin Bahamas da kuma Kwamitin Tsarin Mulki da Dokoki na Kudancin Bahamas . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Greene |first=July Michelle |date=26 July 2025 |title=President of the Bahamian Senate Reflects on General Conference Session |url=https://adventistreview.org/profile/president-of-the-bahamian-senate-reflects-on-general-conference-session/ |access-date=27 November 2025 |publisher=Adventist Review}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2021 |title=Logos: Called to Serve |url=https://southbahamasconference.org/newsblogpost.php?permalink=logos-called-to-serve-16361363466185759a695916185759a69595 |access-date=27 November 2025 |website=South Bahamas Conference of Seventh-day Adventists}}</ref> == Matsayin siyasa == Adderley yana goyon bayan haramta yin fyade a aure . Tana goyon bayan hukuncin kisa kuma ta yi kira da a dawo da hukuncin kisa bayan kisan wani yaro mai shekaru 12 a shekarar 2024. [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 3t28skfj4dy2df4s4rwgingednn5x0n 0 165173 906304 2026-08-22T20:26:07Z Muhibba Waziri 40514 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350893113|Fauzia Gailani]]" 906304 wikitext text/x-wiki Kafin zaɓenta, Kafin zaɓenta, Fauzia, uwar 'ya'ya shida, ta kafa jerin cibiyoyin motsa jiki . Tana Kafin Prior to her election Fauzia, a mother of six, had established a chain of fitness centers. She belongs to the Gailani ethnic Pashtun family of Afghanistan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Foreign Press Centers |url=https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/121930.pdf}}</ref> Fauzia has spoken out against violence against women, and has spoken out against forced marriages for girls. She herself was forced to marry, at thirteen years of age. She was widely quoted following the murder of Nadia Anjuman, a young Afghan poet whose husband was arrested for her death after admitting hitting her following an argument. ta Fauzia, mahaifiyar yara shida, ta kafa jerin Cibiyoyin motsa jiki. Ta kasance daga dangin Pashtun na Gailani na Afghanistan . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Foreign Press Centers |url=https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/121930.pdf}}</ref> Fauzia ta yi magana game da cin zarafin mata, kuma ta yi magana kan auren tilasta wa 'yan mata. An tilasta mata kanta ta yi aure, tana da shekaru goma sha uku. An ambaci ta sosai bayan kisan Nadia Anjuman, wani matashi mawaki na Afghanistan wanda aka kama mijinta saboda mutuwarta bayan ya yarda ya buge ta bayan jayayya. dangin Pashtun na kabilar Gailani ta Afghanistan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Foreign Press Centers |url=https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/121930.pdf}}</ref> Fauzia ta yi magana game da cin zarafin mata, kuma ta yi magana game da auren dole ga 'yan mata. An tilasta mata yin aure, tana da shekaru goma sha uku. An yi ta rade-radin cewa ta mutu ne bayan kisan gillar da aka yi wa Nadia Anjuman, wata matashiyar mawakiya 'yar Afghanistan wacce aka kama mijinta saboda mutuwarta bayan ya amsa cewa ya buge ta bayan wata jayayya., uwar 'ya'ya shida, ta kafa jerin cibiyoyin motsa jiki . Tana cikin dangin Pashtun na kabilar Gailani ta Afghanistan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Foreign Press Centers |url=https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/121930.pdf}}</ref> Fauzia ta yi magana game da cin zarafin mata, kuma ta yi magana game da auren dole ga 'yan mata. An tilasta mata yin aure, tana da shekaru goma sha uku. An yi ta rade-radin cewa ta mutu ne bayan kisan gillar da aka yi wa Nadia Anjuman, wata matashiyar mawakiya 'yar Afghanistan wacce aka kama mijinta saboda mutuwarta bayan ya amsa cewa ya buge ta bayan wata jayayya.   '''Fauzia Gailani''' yar siyasan Afghanistan ce. An zaɓe ta don wakiltar [[Lardin Herat]] a Wolesi Jirga na [[Afghanistan]], ƙaramin majalisar dokokin ƙasar, a shekara ta 2005. Ta lashe kusan kuri'u 16,885, fiye da kowace 'yar takara a [[Herat]] . Kafin zaɓenta, Fauzia, uwar 'ya'ya shida, ta kafa jerin cibiyoyin motsa jiki . Tana cikin dangin Pashtun na kabilar Gailani ta Afghanistan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Foreign Press Centers |url=https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/121930.pdf}}</ref> Fauzia ta yi magana game da cin zarafin mata, kuma ta yi magana game da auren dole ga 'yan mata. An tilasta mata yin aure, tana da shekaru goma sha uku. An yi ta rade-radin cewa ta mutu ne bayan kisan gillar da aka yi wa Nadia Anjuman, wata matashiyar mawakiya 'yar Afghanistan wacce aka kama mijinta saboda mutuwarta bayan ya amsa cewa ya buge ta bayan wata jayayya. The Congressional Research Service described Fauzia as one of the independent representatives whose support the Hamid Karzai administration was struggling to win. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] tmz1974x2u89v4ohp6a1856u0ihz51j 3 165174 906308 2026-08-22T21:23:16Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906308 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mahady Bilal Sharu DK! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mahady Bilal Sharu DK|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 22 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 2fuuwzlrhprhufm5og0f5wie5gx3rg0 3 165175 906309 2026-08-22T21:23:26Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906309 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Czcz ccc! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Czcz ccc|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 22 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) cd053b3fw9469hurcb1tjglfs7yj9s7 3 165176 906310 2026-08-22T21:23:36Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906310 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Kemou marwane! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Kemou marwane|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 22 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 34gpf4zuumyrg1i2e75m0qcefi5bzh5 3 165177 906311 2026-08-22T21:23:46Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906311 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, ZZAdamZZ! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/ZZAdamZZ|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 22 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) mx8cwiqueqbp5lewpx1tt5sqvff44jg 3 165178 906312 2026-08-22T21:23:56Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906312 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, DASHRATH1335! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/DASHRATH1335|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 22 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 56p5lz7um4cinieuw50s8yjcowin3z9 3 165179 906313 2026-08-22T21:24:06Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906313 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Միլենա Չիլինգարյան! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Միլենա Չիլինգարյան|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 22 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 92c2xluisw9si2ibc36s5kme061vjsj 3 165180 906314 2026-08-22T21:24:16Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906314 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Emmanuel Lucas Vieira! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Emmanuel Lucas Vieira|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 22 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) gvxc8vfzitsknizop4nodvbj6lvzgr7 3 165181 906315 2026-08-22T21:24:26Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906315 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Oea Magna! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Oea Magna|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 22 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) im4bxehgeznhs1sszu6qmytl2wgaw9x 3 165182 906316 2026-08-22T21:24:36Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906316 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, DDKOS! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/DDKOS|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 22 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) dp52ds6snbdk3en0p2se3dor7se6vqw 3 165183 906317 2026-08-22T21:24:46Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906317 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sadiksk7! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sadiksk7|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 22 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 2ju00gp2lk08fpbnnz7mk8vxfiksogr 3 165184 906318 2026-08-22T21:24:56Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906318 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, きじばる! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/きじばる|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 22 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) m7eld3hku7bewwckztp6v7a11oijt6p 3 165185 906319 2026-08-22T21:25:06Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906319 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Adam Abubakar A! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Adam Abubakar A|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 22 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 45krf4hduauwkdmxrmp3jui9ukocjis 3 165186 906320 2026-08-22T21:25:16Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906320 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mammal lemming Lisa! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mammal lemming Lisa|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 22 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 36z0uj24zp3413z996444ennhl4jvaj 3 165187 906321 2026-08-22T21:25:26Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906321 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Aude! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Aude|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 22 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) elmv68azwqwkujeuizzm53f03xq0n1d 3 165188 906322 2026-08-22T21:25:36Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906322 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Visionsofanetor! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Visionsofanetor|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 22 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 7wafawwg1dburzi4c9neqczv4f3p55q 3 165189 906323 2026-08-22T21:25:46Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906323 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Indigos92! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Indigos92|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 22 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 3dk93hjqal2cpd9fjr93xxb4qo8e77n 3 165190 906324 2026-08-22T21:25:56Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906324 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Eskimoco! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Eskimoco|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 22 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) li9m4am78eyraypvt2yxweia56imbsd 3 165191 906325 2026-08-22T21:26:06Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906325 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, LacsiraxAriscal! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/LacsiraxAriscal|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 22 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) rgcy6l81ifqwoh2srpipugp8ce1oi4v 3 165192 906326 2026-08-22T21:26:16Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906326 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Habibullah nura! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Habibullah nura|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 22 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 46w1n1bbg5sxbgnvols30bdqcr81ne4 3 165193 906327 2026-08-22T21:26:26Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906327 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Beusson! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Beusson|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 22 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) iird7bdq2ucooapvreg6jye88ph4dny 3 165194 906328 2026-08-22T21:26:36Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906328 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Rebeccagreening! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Rebeccagreening|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 22 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) mxmw8t198tr4l1saooq8pfjrgath79j 906455 906328 2026-08-23T08:37:58Z Cabayi 8435 Cabayi moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Rebeccagreening]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Erodiophyllumelderi]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Rebeccagreening|Rebeccagreening]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Erodiophyllumelderi|Erodiophyllumelderi]]" 906328 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Rebeccagreening! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Rebeccagreening|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 22 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) mxmw8t198tr4l1saooq8pfjrgath79j 3 165195 906329 2026-08-22T21:26:46Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906329 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Elpharouk! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Elpharouk|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 22 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 5qzyhxwtptf7rlxvnk0u9t6ix2r5pcr 3 165196 906330 2026-08-22T21:26:56Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906330 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Lulasaurius! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Lulasaurius|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 22 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) mgiamivabdxrqu0b9ll7c4lvfcgnblq 3 165197 906331 2026-08-22T21:27:06Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906331 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Bazeboss! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Bazeboss|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 22 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) pkn5k8a5rea6ggd0x7o6rshcmwmn3yb 3 165198 906332 2026-08-22T21:27:16Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906332 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Golwollad! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Golwollad|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 22 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 9s57cgugegarx7fukcj908mus29mwy3 3 165199 906333 2026-08-22T21:27:26Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906333 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Carmela Angela! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Carmela Angela|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 22 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 3peojhuw41zxqp6v7pf3gc6smu9q86z 3 165200 906334 2026-08-22T21:27:36Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906334 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Nastryr! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Nastryr|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 22 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 0dgq5xldw8pvw23n7no4af3szybjq8m 3 165201 906335 2026-08-22T21:27:46Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906335 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Loosewind! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Loosewind|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 22 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 0x50kqs3c7kff4nk5px81ti0diqcnr0 3 165202 906336 2026-08-22T21:27:56Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906336 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Heitor Los09! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Heitor Los09|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 22 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 2cnw9jxur4l4ttyeesrt6sd36j3vbc3 0 165203 906430 2026-08-23T05:04:45Z Gwanki 3834 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368578324|Murtala Sule Garo]]" 906430 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Murtala Sule Garo''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1978) 'yar siyasar Najeriya ce kuma mai gudanar da gwamnati wacce ke aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Gwamna na [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] . Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kano ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 27 ga Afrilu 2026 bayan da Gwamna [[Abba Kabir Yusuf]] ya zaba shi. . A baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Karamar Hukumar da Harkokin Kasuwanci a Jihar Kano, da kuma Shugaban Yankin Karamar Hukumar Kabo da Shugaban Sashen Jihar Kano na Kungiyar Karamar Hukumar Najeriya (ALGON). Ya kuma kasance mataimakin dan takarar gwamna na All Progressives Congress (APC) a zaben gwamna na Jihar Kano na 2023.<ref name="v516">{{Cite web |date=2026-05-05 |title=The State House, Abuja |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/president-tinubu-congratulates-new-kano-deputy-governor-murtala-garo/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=The State House}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Murtala Sule Garo a shekara ta 1978 a garin Garo na Karamar Hukumar Kano, Najeriya <ref name="k703">{{Cite web |last=Maccido |first=Abubakar |date=2026-04-22 |title=Murtala Sule Garo: Kano state governor Abba Yusuf appoint Atiku son-in-law as Deputy governor |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/clyrkxxnrj7o.amp |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Garo ya fara aikinsa na siyasa a matakin ƙauyuka, yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman a cikin karamar hukuma kafin ya zama Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Kabo. Daga baya ya fito a matsayin Shugaban Kungiyar Kananan Hukumomi ta Najeriya (ALGON) a Jihar Kano, yana wakiltar bukatun kananan hukumomi a duk fadin jihar. Kwamishinan Karamar Hukumar da Harkokin Cifuka Ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Harkokin Kananan Hukumomi da Harkokin Kasuwanci a karkashin gwamnatin tsohon gwamnan Abdullahi Umar Ganduje . [1] A cikin wannan rawar, ya kula da karamar hukuma da kuma daidaita dangantakar da ke tsakanin gwamnatin jihar da cibiyoyin gargajiya == Mataimakin Gwamna na Jihar Kano == A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2026, biyo bayan murabus din Mataimakin Gwamna [[Aminu Abdussalam Gwarzo|Abdussalam Aminu Gwarzo]], Gwamna Abba Kabir Yusuf ya zabi Garo a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jihar Kano a karkashin Sashe na 191 (3) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya na 1999. A ranar 27 ga Afrilu 2026, Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kano ta bincika kuma ta tabbatar da zabensa, bayan haka ya hau mulki a matsayin Mataimakin Gwamna.<ref name="d401">{{Cite web |last=Okere |first=Alexander |date=2026-04-27 |title=Kano Assembly Confirms Garo As Deputy Gov |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2026/04/27/kano-assembly-confirms-garo-as-deputy-gov/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=Channels Television}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] r1w6m2rl3cqbkfybbsootilu52e9xus 906431 906430 2026-08-23T05:05:07Z Gwanki 3834 906431 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Murtala Sule Garo''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1978) 'yar siyasar Najeriya ce kuma mai gudanar da gwamnati wacce ke aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Gwamna na [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] . Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kano ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 27 ga Afrilu 2026 bayan da Gwamna [[Abba Kabir Yusuf]] ya zaba shi. . A baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Karamar Hukumar da Harkokin Kasuwanci a Jihar Kano, da kuma Shugaban Yankin Karamar Hukumar Kabo da Shugaban Sashen Jihar Kano na Kungiyar Karamar Hukumar Najeriya (ALGON). Ya kuma kasance mataimakin dan takarar gwamna na All Progressives Congress (APC) a zaben gwamna na Jihar Kano na 2023.<ref name="v516">{{Cite web |date=2026-05-05 |title=The State House, Abuja |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/president-tinubu-congratulates-new-kano-deputy-governor-murtala-garo/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=The State House}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Murtala Sule Garo a shekara ta 1978 a garin Garo na Karamar Hukumar Kano, Najeriya <ref name="k703">{{Cite web |last=Maccido |first=Abubakar |date=2026-04-22 |title=Murtala Sule Garo: Kano state governor Abba Yusuf appoint Atiku son-in-law as Deputy governor |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/clyrkxxnrj7o.amp |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Garo ya fara aikinsa na siyasa a matakin ƙauyuka, yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman a cikin karamar hukuma kafin ya zama Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Kabo. Daga baya ya fito a matsayin Shugaban Kungiyar Kananan Hukumomi ta Najeriya (ALGON) a Jihar Kano, yana wakiltar bukatun kananan hukumomi a duk fadin jihar. Kwamishinan Karamar Hukumar da Harkokin Cifuka Ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Harkokin Kananan Hukumomi da Harkokin Kasuwanci a karkashin gwamnatin tsohon gwamnan Abdullahi Umar Ganduje . [1] A cikin wannan rawar, ya kula da karamar hukuma da kuma daidaita dangantakar da ke tsakanin gwamnatin jihar da cibiyoyin gargajiya == Mataimakin Gwamna na Jihar Kano == A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2026, biyo bayan murabus din Mataimakin Gwamna [[Aminu Abdussalam Gwarzo|Abdussalam Aminu Gwarzo]], Gwamna Abba Kabir Yusuf ya zabi Garo a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jihar Kano a karkashin Sashe na 191 (3) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya na 1999. A ranar 27 ga Afrilu 2026, Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kano ta bincika kuma ta tabbatar da zabensa, bayan haka ya hau mulki a matsayin Mataimakin Gwamna.<ref name="d401">{{Cite web |last=Okere |first=Alexander |date=2026-04-27 |title=Kano Assembly Confirms Garo As Deputy Gov |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2026/04/27/kano-assembly-confirms-garo-as-deputy-gov/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=Channels Television}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] b761qbphv9fviy63yuu4ytff7cn1ha2 906433 906431 2026-08-23T05:24:33Z Baby juuu 38856 906433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Murtala Sule Garo''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1978) 'yar siyasar Najeriya ce kuma mai gudanar da gwamnati wacce ke aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Gwamna na [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] . Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kano ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu 2026 bayan da Gwamna [[Abba Kabir Yusuf]] ya zaba shi. . A baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Karamar Hukumar da Harkokin Kasuwanci a Jihar Kano, da kuma Shugaban Yankin Karamar Hukumar Kabo da Shugaban Sashen Jihar Kano na Kungiyar Karamar Hukumar Najeriya (ALGON). Ya kuma kasance mataimakin dan takarar gwamna na All Progressives Congress (APC) a zaben gwamna na Jihar Kano na 2023.<ref name="v516">{{Cite web |date=2026-05-05 |title=The State House, Abuja |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/president-tinubu-congratulates-new-kano-deputy-governor-murtala-garo/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=The State House}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Murtala Sule Garo a shekara ta 1978 a garin Garo na Karamar Hukumar Kano, Najeriya <ref name="k703">{{Cite web |last=Maccido |first=Abubakar |date=2026-04-22 |title=Murtala Sule Garo: Kano state governor Abba Yusuf appoint Atiku son-in-law as Deputy governor |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/clyrkxxnrj7o.amp |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Garo ya fara aikinsa na siyasa a matakin ƙauyuka, yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman a cikin karamar hukuma kafin ya zama Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Kabo. Daga baya ya fito a matsayin Shugaban Kungiyar Kananan Hukumomi ta Najeriya (ALGON) a Jihar Kano, yana wakiltar bukatun kananan hukumomi a duk fadin jihar. Kwamishinan Karamar Hukumar da Harkokin Cifuka Ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Harkokin Kananan Hukumomi da Harkokin Kasuwanci a karkashin gwamnatin tsohon gwamnan Abdullahi Umar Ganduje . [1] A cikin wannan rawar, ya kula da karamar hukuma da kuma daidaita dangantakar da ke tsakanin gwamnatin jihar da cibiyoyin gargajiya == Mataimakin Gwamna na Jihar Kano == A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2026, biyo bayan murabus din Mataimakin Gwamna [[Aminu Abdussalam Gwarzo|Abdussalam Aminu Gwarzo]], Gwamna Abba Kabir Yusuf ya zabi Garo a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jihar Kano a karkashin Sashe na 191 (3) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya na 1999. A ranar 27 ga Afrilu 2026, Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kano ta bincika kuma ta tabbatar da zabensa, bayan haka ya hau mulki a matsayin Mataimakin Gwamna.<ref name="d401">{{Cite web |last=Okere |first=Alexander |date=2026-04-27 |title=Kano Assembly Confirms Garo As Deputy Gov |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2026/04/27/kano-assembly-confirms-garo-as-deputy-gov/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=Channels Television}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] 6h18fjm0srzrdjzztiwtacpodanilb4 906434 906433 2026-08-23T05:24:49Z Baby juuu 38856 906434 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Murtala Sule Garo''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1978) 'yar siyasar Najeriya ce kuma mai gudanar da gwamnati wacce ke aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Gwamna na [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] . Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kano ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu a 2026 bayan da Gwamna [[Abba Kabir Yusuf]] ya zaba shi. . A baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Karamar Hukumar da Harkokin Kasuwanci a Jihar Kano, da kuma Shugaban Yankin Karamar Hukumar Kabo da Shugaban Sashen Jihar Kano na Kungiyar Karamar Hukumar Najeriya (ALGON). Ya kuma kasance mataimakin dan takarar gwamna na All Progressives Congress (APC) a zaben gwamna na Jihar Kano na 2023.<ref name="v516">{{Cite web |date=2026-05-05 |title=The State House, Abuja |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/president-tinubu-congratulates-new-kano-deputy-governor-murtala-garo/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=The State House}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Murtala Sule Garo a shekara ta 1978 a garin Garo na Karamar Hukumar Kano, Najeriya <ref name="k703">{{Cite web |last=Maccido |first=Abubakar |date=2026-04-22 |title=Murtala Sule Garo: Kano state governor Abba Yusuf appoint Atiku son-in-law as Deputy governor |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/clyrkxxnrj7o.amp |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Garo ya fara aikinsa na siyasa a matakin ƙauyuka, yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman a cikin karamar hukuma kafin ya zama Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Kabo. Daga baya ya fito a matsayin Shugaban Kungiyar Kananan Hukumomi ta Najeriya (ALGON) a Jihar Kano, yana wakiltar bukatun kananan hukumomi a duk fadin jihar. Kwamishinan Karamar Hukumar da Harkokin Cifuka Ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Harkokin Kananan Hukumomi da Harkokin Kasuwanci a karkashin gwamnatin tsohon gwamnan Abdullahi Umar Ganduje . [1] A cikin wannan rawar, ya kula da karamar hukuma da kuma daidaita dangantakar da ke tsakanin gwamnatin jihar da cibiyoyin gargajiya == Mataimakin Gwamna na Jihar Kano == A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2026, biyo bayan murabus din Mataimakin Gwamna [[Aminu Abdussalam Gwarzo|Abdussalam Aminu Gwarzo]], Gwamna Abba Kabir Yusuf ya zabi Garo a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jihar Kano a karkashin Sashe na 191 (3) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya na 1999. A ranar 27 ga Afrilu 2026, Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kano ta bincika kuma ta tabbatar da zabensa, bayan haka ya hau mulki a matsayin Mataimakin Gwamna.<ref name="d401">{{Cite web |last=Okere |first=Alexander |date=2026-04-27 |title=Kano Assembly Confirms Garo As Deputy Gov |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2026/04/27/kano-assembly-confirms-garo-as-deputy-gov/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=Channels Television}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] l982ilmvnj5nhy11hdfx5l1l88wesvi 906435 906434 2026-08-23T05:25:09Z Baby juuu 38856 906435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Murtala Sule Garo''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1978) 'yar siyasar Najeriya ce kuma mai gudanar da gwamnati wacce ke aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Gwamna na [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] . Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kano ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu a shek 2026 bayan da Gwamna [[Abba Kabir Yusuf]] ya zaba shi. . A baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Karamar Hukumar da Harkokin Kasuwanci a Jihar Kano, da kuma Shugaban Yankin Karamar Hukumar Kabo da Shugaban Sashen Jihar Kano na Kungiyar Karamar Hukumar Najeriya (ALGON). Ya kuma kasance mataimakin dan takarar gwamna na All Progressives Congress (APC) a zaben gwamna na Jihar Kano na 2023.<ref name="v516">{{Cite web |date=2026-05-05 |title=The State House, Abuja |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/president-tinubu-congratulates-new-kano-deputy-governor-murtala-garo/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=The State House}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Murtala Sule Garo a shekara ta 1978 a garin Garo na Karamar Hukumar Kano, Najeriya <ref name="k703">{{Cite web |last=Maccido |first=Abubakar |date=2026-04-22 |title=Murtala Sule Garo: Kano state governor Abba Yusuf appoint Atiku son-in-law as Deputy governor |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/clyrkxxnrj7o.amp |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Garo ya fara aikinsa na siyasa a matakin ƙauyuka, yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman a cikin karamar hukuma kafin ya zama Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Kabo. Daga baya ya fito a matsayin Shugaban Kungiyar Kananan Hukumomi ta Najeriya (ALGON) a Jihar Kano, yana wakiltar bukatun kananan hukumomi a duk fadin jihar. Kwamishinan Karamar Hukumar da Harkokin Cifuka Ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Harkokin Kananan Hukumomi da Harkokin Kasuwanci a karkashin gwamnatin tsohon gwamnan Abdullahi Umar Ganduje . [1] A cikin wannan rawar, ya kula da karamar hukuma da kuma daidaita dangantakar da ke tsakanin gwamnatin jihar da cibiyoyin gargajiya == Mataimakin Gwamna na Jihar Kano == A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2026, biyo bayan murabus din Mataimakin Gwamna [[Aminu Abdussalam Gwarzo|Abdussalam Aminu Gwarzo]], Gwamna Abba Kabir Yusuf ya zabi Garo a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jihar Kano a karkashin Sashe na 191 (3) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya na 1999. A ranar 27 ga Afrilu 2026, Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kano ta bincika kuma ta tabbatar da zabensa, bayan haka ya hau mulki a matsayin Mataimakin Gwamna.<ref name="d401">{{Cite web |last=Okere |first=Alexander |date=2026-04-27 |title=Kano Assembly Confirms Garo As Deputy Gov |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2026/04/27/kano-assembly-confirms-garo-as-deputy-gov/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=Channels Television}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] 2qsao7412x1x4eqmlr29os3ihr9u5ht 906436 906435 2026-08-23T05:25:29Z Baby juuu 38856 906436 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Murtala Sule Garo''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1978) 'yar siyasar Najeriya ce kuma mai gudanar da gwamnati wacce ke aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Gwamna na [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] . Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kano ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu a shekarar 2026 bayan da Gwamna [[Abba Kabir Yusuf]] ya zaba shi. . A baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Karamar Hukumar da Harkokin Kasuwanci a Jihar Kano, da kuma Shugaban Yankin Karamar Hukumar Kabo da Shugaban Sashen Jihar Kano na Kungiyar Karamar Hukumar Najeriya (ALGON). Ya kuma kasance mataimakin dan takarar gwamna na All Progressives Congress (APC) a zaben gwamna na Jihar Kano na 2023.<ref name="v516">{{Cite web |date=2026-05-05 |title=The State House, Abuja |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/president-tinubu-congratulates-new-kano-deputy-governor-murtala-garo/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=The State House}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Murtala Sule Garo a shekara ta 1978 a garin Garo na Karamar Hukumar Kano, Najeriya <ref name="k703">{{Cite web |last=Maccido |first=Abubakar |date=2026-04-22 |title=Murtala Sule Garo: Kano state governor Abba Yusuf appoint Atiku son-in-law as Deputy governor |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/clyrkxxnrj7o.amp |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Garo ya fara aikinsa na siyasa a matakin ƙauyuka, yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman a cikin karamar hukuma kafin ya zama Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Kabo. Daga baya ya fito a matsayin Shugaban Kungiyar Kananan Hukumomi ta Najeriya (ALGON) a Jihar Kano, yana wakiltar bukatun kananan hukumomi a duk fadin jihar. Kwamishinan Karamar Hukumar da Harkokin Cifuka Ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Harkokin Kananan Hukumomi da Harkokin Kasuwanci a karkashin gwamnatin tsohon gwamnan Abdullahi Umar Ganduje . [1] A cikin wannan rawar, ya kula da karamar hukuma da kuma daidaita dangantakar da ke tsakanin gwamnatin jihar da cibiyoyin gargajiya == Mataimakin Gwamna na Jihar Kano == A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2026, biyo bayan murabus din Mataimakin Gwamna [[Aminu Abdussalam Gwarzo|Abdussalam Aminu Gwarzo]], Gwamna Abba Kabir Yusuf ya zabi Garo a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jihar Kano a karkashin Sashe na 191 (3) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya na 1999. A ranar 27 ga Afrilu 2026, Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kano ta bincika kuma ta tabbatar da zabensa, bayan haka ya hau mulki a matsayin Mataimakin Gwamna.<ref name="d401">{{Cite web |last=Okere |first=Alexander |date=2026-04-27 |title=Kano Assembly Confirms Garo As Deputy Gov |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2026/04/27/kano-assembly-confirms-garo-as-deputy-gov/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=Channels Television}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] gf3fo5m2vpfy5yl9l5yksszk97xp1p6 0 165204 906450 2026-08-23T07:39:45Z Nnamadee 31123 Nnamadee moved page [[Nigerian Export-Import Bank]] to [[Bankin fitar da kayayyaki na Najeriya]] 906450 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Bankin fitar da kayayyaki na Najeriya]] s2j2kd7c2d61pfh7j5h5vywb00pjh4g 3 165205 906456 2026-08-23T08:37:58Z Cabayi 8435 Cabayi moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Rebeccagreening]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Erodiophyllumelderi]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Rebeccagreening|Rebeccagreening]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Erodiophyllumelderi|Erodiophyllumelderi]]" 906456 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tattaunawar user:Erodiophyllumelderi]] ak8tg80nprwazvbp3rmfdp4c4a7a5hu 0 165206 906541 2026-08-23T11:49:02Z Omoty77 29711 Sabon shafi: '''Agnes Aduako''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga Disamba 1989) ’yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ’yar ƙasar Ghana, wadda take taka leda a matsayin ’yar gaba (forward) a tawagar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Ghana. Ta kasance cikin tawagar Ghana a Gasar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Mata ta Afirka ta 2014 (African Women's Championship), sannan ta wakilci ƙasar a Wasannin Afirka na 2015 (African Games), inda ta zura ƙwallo ɗaya a ragar Zimbabwe. A matakin kulob, ta buga wa Fabulous Ladies... 906541 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Agnes Aduako''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga Disamba 1989) ’yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ’yar ƙasar Ghana, wadda take taka leda a matsayin ’yar gaba (forward) a tawagar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Ghana. Ta kasance cikin tawagar Ghana a Gasar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Mata ta Afirka ta 2014 (African Women's Championship), sannan ta wakilci ƙasar a Wasannin Afirka na 2015 (African Games), inda ta zura ƙwallo ɗaya a ragar Zimbabwe. A matakin kulob, ta buga wa Fabulous Ladies a Ghana. == Manazarta == mjgm0oqlcrfh878iuh4b8c03coahq9r 906543 906541 2026-08-23T11:51:44Z Omoty77 29711 saka manazarta 906543 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Agnes Aduako''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga Disamba 1989) ’yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ’yar ƙasar Ghana, wadda take taka leda a matsayin ’yar gaba (forward) a tawagar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Ghana. Ta kasance cikin tawagar Ghana a Gasar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Mata ta Afirka ta 2014 (African Women's Championship), sannan ta wakilci ƙasar a Wasannin Afirka na 2015 (African Games), inda ta zura ƙwallo ɗaya a ragar Zimbabwe. A matakin kulob, ta buga wa Fabulous Ladies a Ghana.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20161027060544/http://www.ghanafa.org/pages/blackqueens/201409/9863.php</ref> == Manazarta == 0nnm1cx0wlbncii7okvz2mo50ipdmz0 906544 906543 2026-08-23T11:52:39Z Omoty77 29711 Saka databox 906544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Agnes Aduako''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga Disamba 1989) ’yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ’yar ƙasar Ghana, wadda take taka leda a matsayin ’yar gaba (forward) a tawagar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Ghana. Ta kasance cikin tawagar Ghana a Gasar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Mata ta Afirka ta 2014 (African Women's Championship), sannan ta wakilci ƙasar a Wasannin Afirka na 2015 (African Games), inda ta zura ƙwallo ɗaya a ragar Zimbabwe. A matakin kulob, ta buga wa Fabulous Ladies a Ghana.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20161027060544/http://www.ghanafa.org/pages/blackqueens/201409/9863.php</ref> == Manazarta == qaly0rern2tl1pv4kcmicuikpar4bi0