Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.16 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 4113 906789 442146 2026-08-23T23:27:47Z Baffa ali 47435 906789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mike Acland''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1935) shi ne ɗan wasan [[ƙwallon ƙafa]] ta [[ƙasar Ingila]]. na shekarun 1950. An haife shi a Sidcup, ya fara aikin sana'a tare da Gillingham amma da sauri ya shiga kwallon kafa wanda ba na league ba.[1][2] Ya buga wasanni biyu a gasar kwallon kafa.[3] Daga baya ya jagoranci Erith & Belvedere tsakanin 1996 da 2003.[4] {{stub}} ==Manazarta== [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Acland, Mike}} [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila]] 7df03rhg6l8brv7hfd3rmd3gc2ustvk 0 4889 906779 510717 2026-08-23T22:57:49Z Baffa ali 47435 906779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:GilesBarnes03.jpg |thumb| Gilles]] [[File:Giles_Barnes,_Houston_Dynamo,_July_2014.jpg |thumb| Gilles]] [[Fayil:Houston Dynamo players tren 2016 (55).jpg|thumb|Giles Barnes]] [[Fayil:Houston Dynamo vs. San Jose (1) - копия.jpg|thumb|Giles Barnes]] '''Giles Barnes''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1988) shi ne ɗan wasan [[ƙwallon ƙafa]] ta [[ƙasar Ingila]]tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa ne wanda ya taka leda a matsayin mai gaba. Ya fara aikinsa tare da Derby County, inda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Young Player of the Year a 2007 kuma ya kasance Champion Player of the Month a watan Maris 2007. Barnes ya wakilci Ingila a matakin kasa da shekara 19. Duk da haka ya zaɓi ya wakilci Jamaica a babban matakin, ya fara Reggae Boyz a watan Maris na 2015 kuma ya wakilce su a Copa América da CONCACAF Gold Cup daga baya a wannan shekarar, ya taimaka musu zuwa wasan karshe na taron na ƙarshe. Bayan kammala aikinsa na wasa, ya shafe lokaci a matsayin mataimakin kocin Orlando Pride na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kasa.{{stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 1988]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Barnes, Giles}} [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila]] nwuj3h91zc2s0v5o6857ob2kmmwd3ab 0 5833 906734 906341 2026-08-23T21:42:41Z Hamza DK 12444 906734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Segun Padonou Aina''' ko '''Segun Arinze''' mawakin Nijeriya ne. Segun Arinze (an haife shi Segun Padonou Aina; 24 ga Satumba 1965) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, mawaƙi, mai shirya fina-finai, kuma kocin wasan kwaikwayo. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara harkar fina-finan Nollywood na zamani kuma ya shahara sosai bayan ya nuna jarumin Black Arrow a cikin fim ɗin Silent Night na 1996. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar Actors Guild of Nigeria (AGNES {{Stub}} ==Ayyuka== ==Rayuwar Farko da Ilimi== An haifi Arinze a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 1965 a Onitsha,Jihar Anambra, Kodayake asalinsa ɗan Badagry ne, Jihar Legas. Ya halarci Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Victory,Ilorin, da Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Taba, Kaduna,kafin ya sami digiri a fannin Fasahar Dramatic Arts daga [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]] Ile-Ife .<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segun_Arinze#cite_note-4</ref> ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Arinze, Segun}} [[Category:Mawaƙan Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] j6ea8i79wryc5jb2ml7scm4vagka9sq 906735 906734 2026-08-23T21:45:59Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Ayyuka */ 906735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Segun Padonou Aina''' ko '''Segun Arinze''' mawakin Nijeriya ne. Segun Arinze (an haife shi Segun Padonou Aina; 24 ga Satumba 1965) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, mawaƙi, mai shirya fina-finai, kuma kocin wasan kwaikwayo. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara harkar fina-finan Nollywood na zamani kuma ya shahara sosai bayan ya nuna jarumin Black Arrow a cikin fim ɗin Silent Night na 1996. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar Actors Guild of Nigeria (AGNES {{Stub}} ==Ayyuka== Arinze ya fara aikinsa ==Rayuwar Farko da Ilimi== An haifi Arinze a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 1965 a Onitsha,Jihar Anambra, Kodayake asalinsa ɗan Badagry ne, Jihar Legas. Ya halarci Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Victory,Ilorin, da Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Taba, Kaduna,kafin ya sami digiri a fannin Fasahar Dramatic Arts daga [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]] Ile-Ife .<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segun_Arinze#cite_note-4</ref> ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Arinze, Segun}} [[Category:Mawaƙan Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 23qdxmn32t7gpcr2d2sl8648nx4js4m 906738 906735 2026-08-23T21:49:50Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Ayyuka */ 906738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Segun Padonou Aina''' ko '''Segun Arinze''' mawakin Nijeriya ne. Segun Arinze (an haife shi Segun Padonou Aina; 24 ga Satumba 1965) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, mawaƙi, mai shirya fina-finai, kuma kocin wasan kwaikwayo. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara harkar fina-finan Nollywood na zamani kuma ya shahara sosai bayan ya nuna jarumin Black Arrow a cikin fim ɗin Silent Night na 1996. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar Actors Guild of Nigeria (AGNES {{Stub}} ==Ayyuka== Arinze ya fara aikinsa na nishaɗi a matsayin mawaƙi kafin ya fara wasan kwaikwayo gaba ɗaya. ==Rayuwar Farko da Ilimi== An haifi Arinze a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 1965 a Onitsha,Jihar Anambra, Kodayake asalinsa ɗan Badagry ne, Jihar Legas. Ya halarci Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Victory,Ilorin, da Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Taba, Kaduna,kafin ya sami digiri a fannin Fasahar Dramatic Arts daga [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]] Ile-Ife .<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segun_Arinze#cite_note-4</ref> ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Arinze, Segun}} [[Category:Mawaƙan Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] rfhiw60l9lihxzv96m7abexjkopucfd 906739 906738 2026-08-23T21:52:09Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Ayyuka */ 906739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Segun Padonou Aina''' ko '''Segun Arinze''' mawakin Nijeriya ne. Segun Arinze (an haife shi Segun Padonou Aina; 24 ga Satumba 1965) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, mawaƙi, mai shirya fina-finai, kuma kocin wasan kwaikwayo. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara harkar fina-finan Nollywood na zamani kuma ya shahara sosai bayan ya nuna jarumin Black Arrow a cikin fim ɗin Silent Night na 1996. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar Actors Guild of Nigeria (AGNES {{Stub}} ==Ayyuka== Arinze ya fara aikinsa na nishaɗi a matsayin mawaƙi kafin ya fara wasan kwaikwayo gaba ɗaya.Kundin wakokinsa na farko, Dream, ==Rayuwar Farko da Ilimi== An haifi Arinze a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 1965 a Onitsha,Jihar Anambra, Kodayake asalinsa ɗan Badagry ne, Jihar Legas. Ya halarci Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Victory,Ilorin, da Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Taba, Kaduna,kafin ya sami digiri a fannin Fasahar Dramatic Arts daga [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]] Ile-Ife .<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segun_Arinze#cite_note-4</ref> ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Arinze, Segun}} [[Category:Mawaƙan Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 2dr8gyup9teo5wx17sa2mgfn2n8hpt3 906748 906739 2026-08-23T21:55:38Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Ayyuka */ 906748 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Segun Padonou Aina''' ko '''Segun Arinze''' mawakin Nijeriya ne. Segun Arinze (an haife shi Segun Padonou Aina; 24 ga Satumba 1965) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, mawaƙi, mai shirya fina-finai, kuma kocin wasan kwaikwayo. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara harkar fina-finan Nollywood na zamani kuma ya shahara sosai bayan ya nuna jarumin Black Arrow a cikin fim ɗin Silent Night na 1996. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar Actors Guild of Nigeria (AGNES {{Stub}} ==Ayyuka== Arinze ya fara aikinsa na nishaɗi a matsayin mawaƙi kafin ya fara wasan kwaikwayo gaba ɗaya.Kundin wakokinsa na farko, Dream,ya jawo hankalin jama'a, kodayake nasarar da ya samu ta zo ne bayan ya fito a matsayin "Black Arrow" ==Rayuwar Farko da Ilimi== An haifi Arinze a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 1965 a Onitsha,Jihar Anambra, Kodayake asalinsa ɗan Badagry ne, Jihar Legas. Ya halarci Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Victory,Ilorin, da Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Taba, Kaduna,kafin ya sami digiri a fannin Fasahar Dramatic Arts daga [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]] Ile-Ife .<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segun_Arinze#cite_note-4</ref> ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Arinze, Segun}} [[Category:Mawaƙan Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] pdmpebuxmvm4n4bsxpzrmmxtsfkb172 906761 906748 2026-08-23T22:00:51Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Ayyuka */ 906761 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Segun Padonou Aina''' ko '''Segun Arinze''' mawakin Nijeriya ne. Segun Arinze (an haife shi Segun Padonou Aina; 24 ga Satumba 1965) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, mawaƙi, mai shirya fina-finai, kuma kocin wasan kwaikwayo. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara harkar fina-finan Nollywood na zamani kuma ya shahara sosai bayan ya nuna jarumin Black Arrow a cikin fim ɗin Silent Night na 1996. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar Actors Guild of Nigeria (AGNES {{Stub}} ==Ayyuka== Arinze ya fara aikinsa na nishaɗi a matsayin mawaƙi kafin ya fara wasan kwaikwayo gaba ɗaya.Kundin wakokinsa na farko, Dream,ya jawo hankalin jama'a, kodayake nasarar da ya samu ta zo ne bayan ya fito a matsayin "Black Arrow" a cikin fim ɗin Silent Night (1996), ==Rayuwar Farko da Ilimi== An haifi Arinze a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 1965 a Onitsha,Jihar Anambra, Kodayake asalinsa ɗan Badagry ne, Jihar Legas. Ya halarci Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Victory,Ilorin, da Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Taba, Kaduna,kafin ya sami digiri a fannin Fasahar Dramatic Arts daga [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]] Ile-Ife .<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segun_Arinze#cite_note-4</ref> ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Arinze, Segun}} [[Category:Mawaƙan Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 26wd4sffmedkbu96loh839yabdz7wc2 906766 906761 2026-08-23T22:02:19Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Ayyuka */ 906766 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Segun Padonou Aina''' ko '''Segun Arinze''' mawakin Nijeriya ne. Segun Arinze (an haife shi Segun Padonou Aina; 24 ga Satumba 1965) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, mawaƙi, mai shirya fina-finai, kuma kocin wasan kwaikwayo. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara harkar fina-finan Nollywood na zamani kuma ya shahara sosai bayan ya nuna jarumin Black Arrow a cikin fim ɗin Silent Night na 1996. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar Actors Guild of Nigeria (AGNES {{Stub}} ==Ayyuka== Arinze ya fara aikinsa na nishaɗi a matsayin mawaƙi kafin ya fara wasan kwaikwayo gaba ɗaya.Kundin wakokinsa na farko, Dream,ya jawo hankalin jama'a, kodayake nasarar da ya samu ta zo ne bayan ya fito a matsayin "Black Arrow" a cikin fim ɗin Silent Night (1996), ɗaya daga cikin manyan fina-finan da suka shahara a duniya, wanda ya ƙunshi "Black Arrow" da "Silent Night" (1996), wanda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan waƙoƙin da suka fi shahara a duniya. ==Rayuwar Farko da Ilimi== An haifi Arinze a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 1965 a Onitsha,Jihar Anambra, Kodayake asalinsa ɗan Badagry ne, Jihar Legas. Ya halarci Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Victory,Ilorin, da Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Taba, Kaduna,kafin ya sami digiri a fannin Fasahar Dramatic Arts daga [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]] Ile-Ife .<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segun_Arinze#cite_note-4</ref> ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Arinze, Segun}} [[Category:Mawaƙan Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 7gqzhdstgte91pl1jlc0aoekeoohd6e 0 6151 906795 483841 2026-08-23T23:43:31Z Baffa ali 47435 906795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Logo ville de Lille.svg|thumb|tambarin lille]] [[Fayil:Lille vue gd place.JPG|thumb|Hoton birnin lille]] [[Fayil:Lille.- Reliefs of Sacrifice of Isaac Rue Lepelletier.jpg|thumb|hoton wani tambari a like mai dauke da bayanin agaji]] [[Fayil:LilleOSC October1946.jpg|thumb|hoton yan kwalon garin lille]] [[Fayil:Team Lille croix.jpg|thumb|hoton gangami na yan kwalonngarin lile]] [[Fayil:Lille ND Treille Ste Chapelle.jpg|thumb|hoton wata coci a lille]] [[Fayil:View to Austnesfjorden from Støvelhaugen in a cloudy morning, Austvågøya, Lofoten, Norway, 2015 April.jpg|thumb|hoton yanayin wani wurin a lulle]] '''Lille''' [lafazi : /lil/] Birnin kasar [[Faransa]] ce.A cikin birnin Lille akwai mutane {{formatnum:1182127}} a kidayar shekarar 2014. Lille a kan iyaka tsakanin Faransa da [[Beljik]] ce. Garin Lille daidai yana da yawan jama'a 236,234 a cikin 2020 a cikin ƙaramin yanki na birni na 35 km2 (14 sq mi), Amma tare da ƙauyen Faransanci kuma yana mamaye yankin Lille (bangaren Faransa kawai), wanda ya wuce sama da ƙasa. 1,666 km2 (643 sq mi), Yana da yawan jama'a 1,515,061 a waccan shekarar (ƙidayar Janairu 2020), na huɗu mafi yawan jama'a a Faransa bayan Paris, Lyon, da Marseille. Birnin Lille da gundumomin Faransa 94 na kewayen birni sun kafu tun daga 2015 Babban Birni na Turai na Lille, Wata hukuma ce da aka zaba a kaikaice wacce ke da alhakin manyan batutuwan birni, tare da yawan jama'a 1,182,250 a ƙidayar Janairu 2020<ref>INSEE. "Historique des populations communales - Recensements de la population 1876-2020" (in French). Retrieved 16 January 2023.</ref>. ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Lille vue gd place.JPG|Lille_vue_gd_place File:0 Lille - Vieille bourse du travail 051201b.JPG|0_Lille_-_Vieille_bourse_du_travail_051201b File:Grande Place, Bourse du travail et beffroi Lille 2.JPG|Grande_Place,_Bourse_du_travail_et_beffroi_Lille_2 File:Lille - Nationalstrasse.jpg|Lille_-_Nationalstrasse File:Faculté des Sciences Juridiques Politiques et Sociales de Lille - Campus Moulins.jpg|Faculté_des_Sciences_Juridiques_Politiques_et_Sociales_de_Lille_-_Campus_Moulins File:Lille - Rijsel (France - Frankrijk - dép. du Nord - Noorderdepartement) – Gay Pride 2022.jpg|Lille_-_Rijsel_(France_-_Frankrijk_-_dép._du_Nord_-_Noorderdepartement)_–_Gay_Pride_2022 File:Palais-des-beaux-arts-Lille-Rene-Cortin.jpg|Palais-des-beaux-arts-Lille-Rene-Cortin </gallery> {{stub}} The city of Lille proper had a population of 238,246 in 2023 within its small municipal territory of 35 square kilometres (14 sq mi),[1] but together with its French suburbs and exurbs the Lille metropolitan area (French part only), which extends over 1,666 square kilometres (643 sq mi), had a population of 1,528,848 (2022),[2] the fourth most populated in France after Paris, Lyon, and Marseille. The city of Lille and 94 suburban French municipalities have formed since 2015 the European Metropolis of Lille, an indirectly elected metropolitan authority now in charge of wider metropolitan issues, with a population of 1,194,040 (2022 {{Commons}} ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Lille}} [[Category:Biranen Faransa]]. j35se75zs5e8r17hz71ct46isgp43lt 3 6214 906976 891314 2026-08-24T09:05:56Z ~2026-46209-95 48226 /* mouhammadousirajo4@gmail.com */ sabon sashe 906976 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa == Hi, Welcome on the Hausa Wikipedia. Sorry that this message is in English - we are very few editors here and most of us speak only basic/survival Hausa... so I'm very glad to see that someone who speaks fluently has just arrived. Wishing you a good time contributing to this project (please spread the news around you, since it needs more Hausa speakers!), --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:30, 12 Agusta 2017 (UTC) :Nagode [[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], Zanyi kokari in jawo mutane don mu inganta [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. :Thank you [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], I will try to draw more people to help develop this [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:47, 10 Satumba 2017 (UTC) ::Congratulations on your recent edits! I just wanted to ask if you had received my email from last week (there is a project in order to promote Wikipedia among Hausa speakers that I would like to talk you about), and if not, at which email address I could reach out to you. Thanks a lot, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:03, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :::Thanks Don. I have received it, and I will reply you there –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:23, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ::::I replied. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:48, 6 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :Hello, iam jalamcy2023 by name iam also a participant of Wikipedia, I used to edits in wikis, so iam try to filled the data support form but it refuse to open for me I don't no what's wrong, and I need the data because I don't have money to buy, please I need your help, so that I should continue my work in Wikipedia, I really enjoyed working with you. Thanks [[User:Jalamcy2023|Jalamcy2023]] ([[User talk:Jalamcy2023|talk]]) 14:28, 12 Satumba 2023 (UTC) :samaan :Hausa :@[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39981-47|&#126;2026-39981-47]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39981-47|talk]]) 13:46, 16 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Help == I am Hausa by tribe,and I am interested to start editing and creating some page need ur help don Camilo and ammar,sorry nt gud in speaking English. [[User:Slmdbr|Slmdbr]] ([[User talk:Slmdbr|talk]]) 15:20, 21 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ==Translation of three sentences== Dear Ammarpad, I hope this finds you well. [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] posted this request on my talk page, but sadly my Hausa is too weak to translate it correctly. Maybe you will be able to help him? Thanks a lot, kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 12:29, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) We are working on an offline distribution system for Wikipedia in Nigeria. Am needing help with the translation of the three sentences '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Internet-in-a-Box/Nigeria#Hausa here]'''. Wondering if you can help. Thanks [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) 11:48, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) *@Doc James and DonCamillo. I have translated it. I will also send someone to translate the Igbo, if no one did. Thank you all. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 00:01, 15 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot! :) --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Facebook page == Dear Ammar, Just to mention that I have just created a Facebook page regarding the Hausa Wikipedia, in order to get more interest from Hausa-speaking people: you're welcome if you want to like it or share it with your friends: [https://www.facebook.com/HausaWikipedia/ Hausa Wikipedia] Thanks a lot, Kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot. I have seen it, will share too. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:48, 8 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Neman Admin == Barka dai Mr.Ammarpad, Ina da matukar sha'awa sosai na taimaka a wannan shafin na hausa Wikipedia. Ni Bahaushe ne kuma ina gane Turanci, na fassara makaloli da dama daga Turanci Zuwa Hausa sabo da haka ne nake nema wannan shafin ya bani Admin domin karin tallafawa sosai. Nagode [[Abubakar A Gwanki]] :[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]] Naji dadin kasancewar ka bahaushe anan. Kasan babu Hausawa da yawa da zamu gina shi. Amma akwai shirye-shiryen da akeyi na farfado da it's. A wane gari kake zaune? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:27, 11 Mayu 2018 (UTC) ::Mr.Ammarpad ina zaune ne a kauyen [[Gwanki]] na karamar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a jihar [[Kano]] Najeriya. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]]. :::OK, da kwai shirin taro na musamman da ake fatan yi a Kano domin fadada wannan Wikipedia da kuma sawa dalibai suyi rubuta a nan, zan nemeka in sha Allah. Kuma idan ka gama rubuta bayani a shafin tattaunawa (kamar nan da muke magana) kawai ka rubuta (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>) guda hudu, banda bracket din, to zaka ga sunan ka, da kwanan wata, ya fito da kanshi. Kamar yadda zaka ga nawa a kasa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:05, 12 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == [[AuwalAzare]] == This page can be deleted (again), apparently. [[User:PlyrStar93|PlyrStar93]] ([[User talk:PlyrStar93|talk]]) 04:16, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :[[User:PlyrStar93|PlyStar93]]. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 04:47, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Auwal Azare == Barla dai malam Ammarpad, Wanda ya kirkiri wannan makalar ta '''Auwal Azare''' ya tubtubeni game da yadda za'ayi unblocking nashi. Idan da yadda za'ayi to a taimaka. Nagode AAgwanki 16:16, 19 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Gwanki]] Bani na yi blocking din shi ba. Daga can babban shafin [[Special:CentralAuth/Auwall|Meta da Wikifidiya ta Truranci]] akayi blocking din shi. Sannn '''ka daina kirkirar article akan shi''', ci gaba da yin hakan za iya ja yayi blocking dinka. Wikipedia ba wurin talla bane, kuma ba kowa ake rubuta ma tarihi ba sai sannanun mutane na hakika irin yan siyasa da makamantansu. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:30, 21 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == help == Please how to add reference and make template on Hausa articles. It's hard to me. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 07:39, 22 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]]: Yanzu babu template din anan sai an dauko su daga Wikipedia ta turanci. Amma idan kana son ka fiddo reference kawai kasa '''<nowiki><ref> .......</ref> </nowiki>''' a karshen bayanin zaka ga reference din ya fito a kasa kamar haka (<ref>misali</ref>). Inda ka ga nasa dash (....) sai ka sa link din bayanin wato kamar BBC Hausa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:54, 25 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Databox == Hi Ammar, Well done on the translation of technical messages, I had started this a long time ago but you are way better than me at this! By the way, I have started to translate Wikidata properties into Hausa. This can be useful because since recently there is a new tool called Databox: it allows, with very simple code, to have an infobox with a lot of useful information on many articles: I have created [[Napoleon]] to give an example. As you can see all the properties are not translated yet into Hausa. It can enable us to create thousands of stubs here on the Hausa Wikipedia (or just add an infobox to the existing articles). I have put some on [[User:DonCamillo|my userpage]], you can translate them here if you want, or translate them directly on Wikidata if you are familiar with the "labels" system. Have a great day! Best regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 06:11, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :You're welcome {{@|DonCamillo}}, I will look into them and do the appropriate thing. By the way, I am working on new, more intuitive [[Wikipedia:Sabon babban shafi|main page here]], you can have a look and tweak as deem fit. You'll find some templates like [[Template:Articles needed|this]] and [[Template:Invite|this]] are transcluded, so they can be edited independent of main page. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 19:12, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Reason for deletion of the article Abubakar A Gwanki == I have created many articles here in Hausa language Wikipedia, I didn't see anyone deleted but only one article of "Abubakar A Gwanki" why is being deleted? Nasan Dai dukkan makalolin da na kirkira shima kamar sauran ne amma kuma sai shi kadai ne naga ka goge shi. __ [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 17:14, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} Ina so in tabbatar ma abun da kake yi a Hausa Wikipedia kana kokari, kuma ina fatan ka ida fahimtar ta baki daya. Na dauki number wayarka zan neme ka mu tattauna abubuwa da dama. Amma ka daina kirkirar mukala akanka ko wani abokinka. Mukalar insakulofidiya ana rubuta ta ne kawai akan mutane fitatattu na gaskiya. Shiya sa kaga aka goge [[:en:Abubakar A Gwanki|abunda ka rubuta a Wikipedia ta turanci]]. Na gode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:38, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Translation request == Hello! May I ask you for a translation of the phrase '''Automatic refresh''' into {{#language:ha}}? Thanks [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 18:23, 20 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) :Will do that on translatewiki –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:05, 26 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) ::It is not a MediaWiki message; just my own request. [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 19:43, 27 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) == Neman taimako Daga Abdulmalik mansur sharif == Assalamu alaikum Ammarpad, Sunana abdulmalik mansur sharif a garin kano nake ni dalibi ne maison bincike, karance-karance da kuma rubutu musamman sanin tarihi dan Allah inaso a bani dama kuma asakani a hanya nayi wasu rubutun ta yadda zan anfanar da al'ummar hausawa, nadanyi wani Karin bayani akan tarihi Michael Jackson zaku iya dubawa Ku gani Dan Allah. Ina data zaku taimakeni. :Sannu da zuwa {{@|Ameer Maleek}} na duba gyaran da kayi kuma nayi farin ciki. A halin yanzu da kwai hausawa yan kadan a shafin, ina fatan zaka ci gaba da ziyartar shi lokaci lokaci. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:56, 7 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) == Godiya == Na gode in Allah ya yarda zanci gaba da bada gudun mowa Dari bisa dari kuma Dan idan kuna da wata kungiya inaso nazama member saboda na kara kwarewa Na kuma samu Karin ilimi da kuma hanyar da zan inganta rubuce rubuce Na. Na gode :{{@|Ameer Maleek}} OK, ka ban numbarka ta waya, zan neme ka. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 13 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) aslm wai wannan malamin yana ina azaune Lamba: 08160956607 Gari: kano Nigeria == [[Kira]] == Hi Ammarpad, sorry for writing in English. An IP has blanked the page above, do you think it was correct? If it was we can delete it. Regards [[User:DARIO SEVERI|DARIO SEVERI]] ([[User talk:DARIO SEVERI|talk]]) 05:58, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) :Hi {{@|DARIO SEVERI}} I have restored it and will develop it very soon. It is useful stub about [[:en:Blacsmith|Blacksmithing]]. Thank you. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 06:39, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) == David oyedepo == Wanene crista == WAM 2018 == Salam Ammarpad, Bansan ko zaka shiga cikin wannan gasar ba, amma idan kanada sha'awa zaka iya shiga, ka duba Karin bayani anan [[Wikipedia:Watan Yan'Asiya]]. Nagode. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 21:24, 8 Nuwamba, 2018 (UTC) == Hausa Wikimedians User Group == Hello! [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] I would like to let you know that I have started our Hausa editors community user group [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] in order to have a connected and collaborative working environment, that would serve as a primary place for co-ordinating of activities that would support us all in our editing and order related endeavors to improve and make quality contents of the Wikimedia projects. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 12:39, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) :Thanks {{@|The Living love}}, I will take a look. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:26, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) Hello {{@|Ammarpad}}, I'm sorry for contacting you here lately but I've sent you a message through WhatsApp earlier. I've spoken with {{@|DonCamillo}} regarding the application for recognition of our UG Hausa Wikimedians as I earlier told you about, and he's given 100% support for it. I hope to hear from you after seeing my messages. Thanks [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:32, 8 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) :Hello [[user:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], as I told you, the [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] is already on recognition process with the affiliation Committee of the '''WMF''', but the changes you've made just recently has changed everything in the application form we sent, and this has affected the mission which is very crucial. Please let us adhere to the previous name and design of the group. I would also start a discussion on the home page of the project on how we can select boards and audit committee for the group. As founding members I, you and [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]]'s email were all sent to the AffCom committee and I hope they would certainly contact you. If permitted I can undo all the changes or you do it yourself, and if otherwise please let me know. Thanks -[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 02:55, 13 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) ::Zanyi reply ta WhatsApp. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:35, 14 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :Slm [[user:Ammarpad|Ammar]] na maka magana ta whatsapp da email, dangane da message din da AffCom suka dawo dashi. Yanzu bansan me zaka ce ba.[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:28, 7 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) ::Nayi reply. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:49, 8 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) == Moustapha == Hakananna sai nayi nazari == I-mel == Sannu! Na turo maka sakon I-mel. Na gode. [[User:Engr Muhammad Khamis|Engr Muhammad Khamis]] ([[User talk:Engr Muhammad Khamis|talk]]) 09:11, 10 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) narda == Gyara == Barka da rana! Ina son Na ankarar da admins wata matsala da na gano ta a wannan shafin. Matsalar kuwa itace mu masu amfani da wayoyi wajen editing wannan shafin baya bude mana a Babban Shafi (desktop version), Idan da mai yiwuwa to a gyara. - [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 11:56, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} OK, ina ganin wannan haka site din yake ne. Yanzu kaga nima ina kan wayar hannu ne, in kana son komawa desktop version, saidai ka latsa "Babban shafi" da kanka, zaka ga wurin a can kasan kowane shafi. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:08, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) == gidanhaki == Gidanhaki dai shiya ce mai din bin tarifi ta kafune tun da zuwan shehu uthaman bin fodiyo allah shi yarda dashi izuwa kawo yanzu sai dai karin suna datakeyi a sassa daban daban da fannin muhammad sani gidanhaki Slm ammarpad dan allah inaso na kirkiri shafuka na hausa Assalam == Kwankwaso,s wife == Kwankwaso,s wife == Various requests == Hello, Could you please: *Replace the [[MediaWiki:Common.css|Hausa wiki css]] with the [[:en:MediaWiki:Common.css|english wiki css]]. It fixes, amongst others, the position of the infoboxes. *Delete these two pages: [[Template:Wikibase]], [[Module:Wikibase]]. *Edit these localization pages (Just modify the values on the right hand side): **[[Template:Infobox biography/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/basketball/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/football/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/tennis/localize]]. Thanks. [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]] ([[User talk:Sami At Ferḥat|talk]]) 18:23, 15 Mayu 2019 (UTC) == Alijos A Shehu == Sunan DUNiYA == Ibrahim kabiru gagarawa == Ina Neman yadda zan bude account na Wikipedia :{{@| 197.210.47.39}} Ka shiga [[Special:CreateAccount]]. Ko kuma ka tura man sunanka da email ta email dina <code>ammar@wikimedia.org.ng</code>. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:04, 13 ga Yuni, 2019 (UTC) == Muhamadu == Salm YA AKEBUDE EMAIL == yusuf == Ibrahim == sa idu musa == riji yan gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu kano == sa idu musa rijiya gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu IP == Yayi daidai kobaiyiba awayar mindakai == 88465702 == Kaka ari == layisantara == lawal ninazauna awurare dabandaba naungowa natashi dagabayan garin daura sunwajan gari shadam bu == Aslm barkan'mu da warhaka ina mana patan alkhairi baki daya yan uwana musilmai == Ina godiya ga allah daya bamu damar yadda damu kasance atare da juna == babani == 112202 == Translation == I want to know if I can translate a Wikipedia article from 'English Wikipedia' to 'Hausa Wikipedia'. If yes, I want to know more about it. Thanks. == ibraheem Adamu gumel jigawa state == barkanku DA fatan kuna lafeeya I want be among members of this organization wannni yafara shugaban kasa a nejire == Neman taimako == Barkanku da aiki, ni sunana ABDULMALIK MANSUR ina zaune a garin kano nayi rijista da wannan shafi ne domin nima na bada gudunmowa. Dan Allah ina bukatar shawarwarinku da kuma taimakon ku na gode. Godiya [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 17:25, 13 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa {{@|Maliky}} Barka da zuwa, kamar dame dame kake bukatar ka sani? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:31, 16 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) Kamar yadda ake yin table da kuma saka hoto. [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 11:41, 14 Satumba 2020 (UTC) == Muhammad Huwaidahu sufi == Facebook Wkslm lafiya kalau == 0852 == Aa == Aliyu iliyasu dangada == Nima inaso nabada gudummawa sosai Dan kara bunkasa yaren hausa innasamu damar hakan dukda ba sosai nake fashintar turanciba amma ina ganeshi misali wasu kalmomi da zamuso agyagygyara kuma muna munna da akasamar da wannan shafin muna jinjina maka matuka very good, [[Special:Contributions/105.112.25.48|105.112.25.48]] 10:00, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa yayi kyau, kuma muna maraba daku. Zaka iya shiga group dinmu na WhatsApp domin ci gaba da tattaunawa da kuma sanin shirye shiryen mu. Kuma ya kamata ka [[Special:CreateAccount|kirkiri sabon account]] don ka samu username na dindindin. Kana iya sake tambaya na idan kana neman karin bayani. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:09, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) == ismail == Labaran duniya == Abdullahi dahiru odo ogun == Barkan muda warhaka! :Yawwa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 11:58, 31 ga Janairu, 2021 (UTC) == na kirkira mukala == Ya zan sanya reference ::Ka duba shafinka na tattaunawa na anyi maka bayanin hakan. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:08, 16 ga Faburairu, 2021 (UTC) == From == Ghy == J k musa yaro == Son annabi shine so har abada shine son da mutum zai rika ya amfanar dashi duniya da lahira Allah kasa mudace allah kasamu cekinyan tatu bayin ka Asslm dan Allah ina da tambaya idan kana kusa == mansir isah == unguwar.magaji. kakngi.giwa.area.Kaduna.state Crawle == aminuidris0808811 == aminuiris == Auwal dalladi kargi == An haifi auwal a ranar 01/06/2000 == Databox == Asslm. Ammar ya ake sanya databox. Na yi translation na [[Jami'ar Jos]] amman daga baya naga '''Uncle bash''' ya saka databox. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 08:38, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :@[[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]], Za ka rubuta <nowiki>{{databox}}</nowiki> ne a farkon article din. Har da brackets (braces) din. Daga nan zaka ga information din ya fito. A wani article din kuma ba zaka gani ba, amma duk daya ne. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:04, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], na saka ma [[Jami'ar Jihar Kaduna]] yayi. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 16:34, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ==Neman shawara== Masha Allah Gaskiya naji dadi sosai kasancewar ansamu mai kula da page na Wikipedia da Hausa hakan ba qaramin cigaba ne ba ace Yaren Hausa yasamu irin wannan daukaka ta hanyar Mr.Ammarpad. Mr. Ammarpad ina jinjina a gareka,Allah yaqara daukaka,yayimaka jagora adukan lamurranka. A qarshe ina neman shawarar ka akan yadda za,ayi nabudawa garina Salame Wikipedia,Kasancewar Salame tsohon garine mai dinbin tarihi a daular Usmaniyya Wanda shine mahaifar Sheik Abdulqadir bn Mustafa alturud Salame. Daga Kabiru Aliyu Salame,Gwadabawa local government,Sokoto state,Nigeria. [[User:Kabir salame|Kabir salame]] ([[User talk:Kabir salame|talk]]) 18:54, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :Barka da zuwa Malam Kabir, muna farin ciki da zuwanka. :Ka duba tutorial din mu: [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]] akwai bayani sosae akan yadda zaka yi gyara da ƙirƙira sabbin muƙaloli a Wikipedia. :Akwai kuma bayani na musamman a wannan shafin shima: [[Wikipedia:Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 14 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) <u>ja layi</u> COMMUNIYT SYSTERM ALL THE USE VALU TRY [[Special:Contributions/197.210.70.246|197.210.70.246]] 23:09, 7 Disamba 2022 (UTC) == Jami u lawal == Allah yajikan zulaihatu == Databox == Barka da safe, Ammar, Ina fata kana lafiya. Congratulations on the work you are doing to add "databox" to articles where it was missing! I have been doing that manually for a long time but you have very clearly found a faster way to do it. :) Could you tell me which tool you are using? Nagode sosai, –[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 07:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) :Barka da yau {{@|DonCamillo|p=}} and sannu da ƙoƙari. Yes yana da wahala manually and can be quite slow. Ina amfani ne da custom PHP code ta hanyar [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=help&modules=edit module na editing], ba tool bane dake a kan wiki ba. Nagode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) == Saifillahi Abdullahi mlf == Kaura ne katsina SANI ABAKAR S D P SOKOTO WAMAKKO LG RUGGAR MONDE AR == Abia == Anyinasarar kama dantaaddaa'ngelzarma'jihar yobe karamunhukumar fune == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == FUNAKAA == FUNAKAA agaskiya inada tambaya to kamar ita wannan kasar ta jamhoriyar nijar wane laifine muhammadu bazoum yake dashi har sukan yimasa juyi mulki == Gaisuwa == Na gode kwarai,muna alfahari daku wurin nuna kulawa akan mu, Godiya nake [[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]] ([[User talk:El-Abdallaah|talk]]) 07:59, 31 ga Augusta, 2023 (UTC) :Nagode, @[[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]]. Barka da ƙoƙari. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:53, 1 Satumba 2023 (UTC) == Usman abubakar == Ita rayuwa wace abace da Allah madau kakin sarki yatsa ramana ita == ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar == Ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar [[Special:Contributions/105.112.235.123|105.112.235.123]] 15:56, 9 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == maganin daji == maganin daji [[Special:Contributions/2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6|2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6]] 20:01, 19 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Ali musa == An haife shi Chida ga watan Oktoba 1986 cikin@ gari gidan kube @ dake jahar maradi [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism]] [[Special:Contributions/41.254.48.53|41.254.48.53]] 21:45, 24 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Rigar kusa == "Rigar kusa" kauye ne dake karamar hukumar musawa katsina state. Rigar kusa kauye ne mai dauke dauke da yawa matasa da kuma dattawa masana sunce rigar kusa tsohon gari ne. Rigarkusa kauyika da dama yahada da yar kiya,sabongida slow,bambama da sauransu. Tana wutar nantarki da asibiti da makaranta primary da nasury. == Ghana Boy 055 == Chapiou @ [[Special:Contributions/154.160.9.24|154.160.9.24]] 12:09, 21 ga Maris, 2024 (UTC) == ALIYO == BORNO == Namespaces == Hi! You [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3A%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&diff=213527&oldid=181184 emptied] the page "Wikipedia:Ƙofan al'umma" some time ago. There was a section I added there with a question about namespace names. It can be seen here in an old revision: [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&oldid=181178#Namespaces You know the Hausa language, and you are also very experienced with MediaWiki. Can you please check the table and tell me whether the proposed names are good? Thanks! [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 18:30, 11 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) :I made a new section about this here: [[Wikipedia:Kofan al'umma#Namespace name translations]]. [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 20:01, 12 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) == Shehu gibirima == Shehu gibirima [[Musamman:Contributions/102.91.4.40|102.91.4.40]] 19:03, 24 ga Yuni, 2024 (UTC) == Salisu garba == Assalamu alaikum inason tan baya kozan shiwaka tana da sinada rin ciwon tayi pot == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru [[Musamman:Contributions/105.112.117.72|105.112.117.72]] 13:47, 28 ga Augusta, 2024 (UTC) == ABDULRAHMAN HARUNA == KADUNA == Bbca == A == HAUSA RIGAR SILKE == DUK WANI ABU DA YA SHAFI INGANTA HARSHEN HAUSA DA HAƁAKATA [[User:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU]] ([[User talk:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|talk]]) 15:05, 2 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC) == shaaibu == JIGAWA == SHEHU USMANU == GADA BUNGUDU ZAMFARA NIGERIA == AmmarBot for Swahili Wikipedia == Hello brother, I hope you are doing great after the series of sessions at Wikimania. I also hope you've returned safely to your home country. I was just asking about the bot issue which I shared with you back in Nairobi. Any progress so far? [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 12:36, 15 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) :Hello @[[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]], I am fine. I hope you reached home safely too. :I have set up the code now, I just need the translated text. Please share the welcome text. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:22, 16 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) ::Hello back @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]. I have replied to the email. [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 17:46, 17 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) == 7 == uyt [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2025-29458-90|&#126;2025-29458-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2025-29458-90|talk]]) 17:51, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) Taba nono na mace == Lawan abdulhamid == Lawan abdulhamid kano MIYzansa == Nakasa yin rijista == Nakasa yin rajista miyasane == SLM == SLM == Isma.il.abdul.yar.runfa == 08142754552 Aslm da farko sunana Abdul'aziz Anas ni ina yankin malumfashi ne '''mazaunin yakinkin karamar hukumar malumfashi garin YABA taken wanna rubutu da nakeyi shine ina da burin naga na wallafar da wani littafi Wanda na rubuta na da mashi suna rayuwar mu a yau .Wannan shine taken Wannan rubutu''' [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11554-74|&#126;2026-11554-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11554-74|talk]]) 13:02, 21 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji == suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11940-32|&#126;2026-11940-32]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11940-32|talk]]) 22:34, 22 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Dodik == imomaliyev [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12770-62|&#126;2026-12770-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12770-62|talk]]) 13:18, 26 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:35, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Tarihin fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:36, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == NURA FADA MUHAMMED == assalama alaikum waramatullah ta alawabar katuhum dafar kodai sunana NURA FADA MUHAMMED MUBI kemikagai suwaga shugabannin kasarmu najeriya dakuma sauran gomnonin jahohin dake afadin najeriya tareda rokon allah subahanahu wata alamadaukakin yabawa shugaban kasar nigeria nisan kona da yawan nasarar wajenganin anshimma wannan zaben dayatinkaromu nashekara ta 2027 alfarman annabi tareda rokonku dan allah dan annabin allah idon allah yasa wanan sakon taje indanake keutata zato taje todan allah kuyikokarin nemoni a number tawa don da sauran bayanin ne al,umar najeriya 07025450283, inajiranku == inason zuwa gambiya == neman aure zasu bani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13669-78|&#126;2026-13669-78]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13669-78|talk]]) 02:28, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == yes [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13801-80|&#126;2026-13801-80]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13801-80|talk]]) 16:48, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Usmanisah01234@gmail.com == Usmanu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14055-73|&#126;2026-14055-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14055-73|talk]]) 20:11, 4 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == AISHA ABDULLAHI == assalama alaikum mutanen wikipedia hausa == Abdul Aziz == Ssdf [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14413-94|&#126;2026-14413-94]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14413-94|talk]]) 07:21, 6 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == YAHAYA MUSA == 6/3/2026 Ni atemakeni bandasanaa == Isah Abubakar == kaduna steste nigeria inaneman temaku kudi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14783-76|&#126;2026-14783-76]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14783-76|talk]]) 05:47, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Help == Please help me improve [[Gaza genocide|this]] article I recently created; my Hausa language skills are poor. Also, please add [[:en:Gaza_genocide|this]] article to the Hausa Wikipedia as it is important. Thank you. [[User:جودت|جودت]] ([[User talk:جودت|talk]]) 15:48, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14911-34|&#126;2026-14911-34]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14911-34|talk]]) 18:45, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == INASONASHIGA == WALLAHI == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:39, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:40, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) Jahan dosso partama nawa ne Garett [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15494-30|&#126;2026-15494-30]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15494-30|talk]]) 23:24, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Auwalu mansur gaya == A garin gaya na bada tallafin Ramadan a Kofar gidan Sarkin garin Wanda ya hada da shinkafa da wake da ruwan Leda da lemon fata == Block review == Hi! Could I ask for your review of the block on [[Musamman:Contributions/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] placed by a global sysop roughly a year ago? If you do not think their contributions necessitate it, I'd recommend removing the block. The short version on my end is that [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] created a new account, [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu mc|Adamu mc]], after their account was blocked and subsequently locked. I identified this yesterday and globally blocked the new account. However, reviewing their edits, I don't think they're actually connected to AhmedMustafaaaa. If their contributions to this wiki do not warrant a block, removing their previous account's block would be useful. Thanks for your time, and let me know if I should send this request elsewhere. Best, [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 18:40, 16 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Vermont|Vermont]], I am not very familiar with this user, but from looking at the accounts involved, I agree they are the least likely to be AhmedMustafaaaa. Although [[User:Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] appears to be independently blocked on Wikidata and MediaWiki.org for unrelated reasons, their actions here on this wiki are quite acceptable and do not warrant a block. :I am fine with removing the block from the older account. However, it is worth noting that they created Adamu_ab about a month before the first account was blocked. They then immediately switched to the second account on the day the first was blocked. They need to stick to a single account and appeal blocks from there. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:33, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]: Indeed - part of a global unblock for them would be a commitment to using a single account, and the old account will likely remain locked. Thanks for looking into this. [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 14:49, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Jimi boi gk == Washer boi == (Ibrahim bako) == Bissimillahi rahamani rahim == Zanshuga == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17709-67|&#126;2026-17709-67]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17709-67|talk]]) 20:02, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17806-26|&#126;2026-17806-26]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17806-26|talk]]) 22:04, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == I need to edit == yusuf bin shaik [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-18422-17|&#126;2026-18422-17]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-18422-17|talk]]) 01:37, 25 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Dari daya == Litafi dari daya == Gali == Gufanar da mal. Nasir el rufa'i a gabar kotu == ALI ISA JC NAWA == CHAM == Sai anjima == sai anjima [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19045-00|&#126;2026-19045-00]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19045-00|talk]]) 11:00, 27 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == xxwxx == pap pu wwxx [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19636-09|&#126;2026-19636-09]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19636-09|talk]]) 18:16, 29 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Masaudu == Ina son koyon NAHAWU [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20180-81|&#126;2026-20180-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20180-81|talk]]) 10:05, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ina bukatar taimakonku == Ina bukatar taimakonku [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20156-98|&#126;2026-20156-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20156-98|talk]]) 12:50, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20503-90|&#126;2026-20503-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20503-90|talk]]) 01:46, 3 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Learning physics topics == Explain why ph [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20678-19|&#126;2026-20678-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20678-19|talk]]) 08:30, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == ١٢٣٤٥ == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20875-04|&#126;2026-20875-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20875-04|talk]]) 15:56, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Chrome == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20860-61|&#126;2026-20860-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20860-61|talk]]) 16:09, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Inason shiga kasara == yanada sauki kokuma yabinyake Kuma yakudian kasar suke [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21619-45|&#126;2026-21619-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21619-45|talk]]) 15:43, 7 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Fty == Fg [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21613-47|&#126;2026-21613-47]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21613-47|talk]]) 04:11, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:05, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:06, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Jibril auwal hamza == Inaso Na goge asusuna Na access bank Nada Wani asusuna Yaya zanyi domin Yin hakan == Usseni. Ibbirashim == 08133144879 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23155-49|&#126;2026-23155-49]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23155-49|talk]]) 14:59, 14 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Correction == The image of the statue, is not of Tullio Moneta but that of his Uncle/Great uncle, Ernesto Theodore Moneta. Tullio lived in Johannesburg, South Africa, not Durban. Mike Hoare lived in the Durban area. Wikipedia is a popular site as a source of credible information. Please be certain of facts before posting information on people. Thank you. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23654-39|&#126;2026-23654-39]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23654-39|talk]]) 17:00, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ahmad Rufai == Ahmad Rufai [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23571-21|&#126;2026-23571-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23571-21|talk]]) 23:36, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Sutura == Sutura [[User:Ahamad roufaï|Ahamad roufaï]] ([[User talk:Ahamad roufaï|talk]]) 23:44, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:23, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Misali kasa ko bishyu haka == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:24, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alhamdu lillah == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24815-45|&#126;2026-24815-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24815-45|talk]]) 16:13, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Itaciyyar zamani == shin tayaya Zan Iya gabatar Da darasi Mai Anfani a wannan gida Dan cigaban Al,umma GABA daya . Zan so in Samu damar Hakan in sha Allah. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-25442-87|&#126;2026-25442-87]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-25442-87|talk]]) 13:35, 26 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471754 --> == Ahamad Abba == Ahamad Abba [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29423-27|&#126;2026-29423-27]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29423-27|talk]]) 10:10, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == abdullashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29619-62|&#126;2026-29619-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29619-62|talk]]) 23:58, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Dan Allah Ina so na koya likitsnci == Abdulrrhaman [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29631-59|&#126;2026-29631-59]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29631-59|talk]]) 06:30, 17 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Brk == a [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-30415-61|&#126;2026-30415-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-30415-61|talk]]) 23:44, 20 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == 9044000454 == abdusammd Ali OPAY [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32331-29|&#126;2026-32331-29]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32331-29|talk]]) 02:02, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Taya zanbude account dazan temaka == ina neman Karin bayani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32735-01|&#126;2026-32735-01]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32735-01|talk]]) 07:13, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne wanda ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifi bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifina bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32562-31|&#126;2026-32562-31]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32562-31|talk]]) 12:49, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Reuben lover gwamma == [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32944-08|&#126;2026-32944-08]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32944-08|talk]]) 05:26, 4 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Bala sani == sani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-33592-03|&#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:44, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Umar m sharif == yane [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-33592-03|&#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:48, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == oumr sama == Gazaou [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-34357-62|&#126;2026-34357-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-34357-62|talk]]) 20:05, 10 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim Abdullah dangamau == kusada lg katsina state [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36380-21|&#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:55, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == 8126141543 opay bank Ibrahim Abdullahi == 8126141543 opay Ibrahim Abdullahi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36380-21|&#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:58, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ina tambaya ne game da cikakken tarihin masarautar Jama'are == tarihin masarautar Jama'are [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36511-04|&#126;2026-36511-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36511-04|talk]]) 21:29, 23 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim sani == nace ina da tambaya ne game da littafin tarin hausa barbie in same shi ne akwai yadda zan yi in samu littafan tarin hausa kamar taya na gizo zaku iya gano ta yadda zan samu shi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37548-11|&#126;2026-37548-11]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37548-11|talk]]) 11:58, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Mai bincike == idan nasadu damai hiv da condom bayan hiv wani gwaji yadace nayi idan inajin badaidaiba Ajikina [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37555-93|&#126;2026-37555-93]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37555-93|talk]]) 12:20, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim haruna == azare [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37948-19|&#126;2026-37948-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37948-19|talk]]) 17:18, 2 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Maradi == bonne nuit [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38771-90|&#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:33, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Assalam alaikoum barkamu da warhaka == helle [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38771-90|&#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:39, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 49565314543 == Saifuallhi usaini [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 00:51, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Nin nombadinayasamumsala == Nin nombadinayasamumsala [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 01:01, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Inaso ajaramin49565314543 == Inaso ajaramin49565314543 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 01:03, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 == bak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:17, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) :3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:49, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 == @ [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:24, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu fesbak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:58, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) :@ [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 00:02, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Menene Dalilin Sallar cika ciki == Menene Dalilin Sallar cika ciki [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-40126-77|&#126;2026-40126-77]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-40126-77|talk]]) 21:27, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) california se hamare saath ho raha hai hum kaise pata karengovernmenttaxforcecalifornia@gmail.com [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-40691-12|&#126;2026-40691-12]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-40691-12|talk]]) 17:32, 20 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Batu == safiya [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-42392-57|&#126;2026-42392-57]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-42392-57|talk]]) 18:07, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Auwal Abubakar == Auwal Abubakar Abdullahi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-42968-66|&#126;2026-42968-66]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-42968-66|talk]]) 12:02, 4 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) == mouhammadousirajo4@gmail.com == mouhammadou [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-46209-95|&#126;2026-46209-95]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-46209-95|talk]]) 09:05, 24 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 93cq67ee71o6ne9ygd4co24jsadau2g 0 6671 906798 862011 2026-08-24T00:06:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Nasir Ahmad El-Rufai|term_end2=27 July 2007|education=[[Barewa College]]|alma_mater=[[Ahmadu Bello University]]<br>[[Harvard University]]<br>[[Georgetown University]]<br>[[University of London]]|spouse={{Collapsible list |title=''See''|1=[[Hadiza Isma El-Rufai]]<br/>Asia Ahmad<br/>Aisha Ummi Garba}}|party=[[All Progressives Congress]]<br>(2013–present)|birth_place=[[Daudawa]], [[Northern Region, Nigeria|Northern Region]], [[British Nigeria]]<br>(now [[Daudawa]], Nigeria)|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1960|2|16|df=yes}}|successor2=[[Aliyu Modibbo Umar]]|predecessor2=[[Mohammed Abba Gana]]|term_start2=17 July 2003|image=|president2=[[Olusegun Obasanjo]]|office2=[[Minister of the Federal Capital Territory]]|term_end1=|term_start1=29 May 2015|successor1=|predecessor1=[[Mukhtar Ramalan Yero]]|deputy1=[[Yusuf Barnabas Bala]]<br>[[Hadiza Sabuwa Balarabe]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Deputy Governor – Kaduna State Government|url=https://kdsg.gov.ng/deputy-governor/|access-date=2020-05-23|archive-date=2021-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110014236/https://kdsg.gov.ng/deputy-governor/|url-status=dead}}</ref>|office1=[[Governor of Kaduna State]]|otherparty=[[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Peoples Democratic Party]]<br>(until 2009)<br>[[Congress for Progressive Change]]<br>(2011–2013)}}{{Databox}} [[File:Femi-fani-kayode.jpg|thumb|Elrufai da kayode]] [[File:Nuhu-nasir-femi.jpg|thumb]] [[File:--Ahmed Nuhu Bamalli-- with --Nasir El Rufai--.jpg|thumb|Ahmed nuhu bamalli with nasir Ahmad El rufa i]] [[Fayil:El-Rufai with Tinubu.jpg|thumb|'''El-Rufai with Tinubu''']] ([[User:Ihayatu|Ihayatu]] ([[User talk:Ihayatu|talk]]) 22:05, 30 Mayu 2023 (UTC)) '''Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai''' (An haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta alif ɗari tara da sittin (1960) miladiyya. An haife shi a garin Daudawa na karamar hukumar Faskari a cikin jihar [[Katsina]] daga kabilar [[Hausa]]. Mahaifinsa ya rasu yana da shekara takwas kaɗai a duniya, daga nan ɗan’uwan mahaifinsa Alhaji Yahaya Hamza ya ɗauki nauyin karatunsa tun daga kuruciyarsa har girmansa. Ya samu shiga makarantar [[Zariya|Barewa College dake Zaria,]] ɗaya daga cikin kwaleji mafiya shahara a arewacin Najeriya inda yasami babban yabo gami da samun babbar nasarar kammala karatun a matsayin babban dalibi. Nasir El-Rufai ya samu halartar jami’ar [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadu_Bello_University Ahmadu Ballo] dake Zariya inda yayi karatun digirin a fannin duba ƙasa wanda kuma ya samu lamba ta ɗaya wanda a turance ake kira da First Class. El-Rufa’i ya samu halarta kwalejin [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University Harvard] da kuma Georgetown. Sannan ya samu halartar jami’ar a kasar [[London]] a shekara ta 2008 gami da kwalejin [[John F. Kennedy]] dake Harvard a June shekarata 2009. Dan siyasan Najeriya ne yanzu tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Kaduna. ([[User:Ihayatu|Ihayatu]] ([[User talk:Ihayatu|talk]]) 22:05, 30 Mayu 2023 (UTC))<ref>"NVS Articles & Viewpoints – Nigerian Village Square". Nigeriavillagesquare.com. Retrieved 18 October 2011.</ref> Ya taba zama Ministan Babban Birnin Tarayya daga shekarata 2003 zuwa shekara ta 2007; da kuma daraktan Ofishin Jama'a.<ref>"Office of the Governor – Kaduna State Government". Retrieved 4 July 2020.</ref> Yana daga cikin wadanda suka kafa jam’iyyar [[All Progressives Congress|All Progressives Congress mai mulki]]([[User:Ihayatu|Ihayatu]] ([[User talk:Ihayatu|talk]]) 22:05, 30 Mayu 2023 (UTC)).<ref>Owete, Festus (25 June 2013). "Masari, El-Rufai, others emerge APC interim national officers | Premium Times Nigeria". Retrieved 13 July 2021</ref> [[File:Nuhu-nasir-femi.jpg|alt=Photo showing Mallam Nasir Ahmad El-Rufai in the middle. To his right is Mallam Nuhu Ribadu, and to his left is Chief Femi Fani-Kayode.|thumb|260x260px| Hoton da ke nuna Malam Nasir Ahmad El-Rufai a tsakiya. A daman sa akwai Mallam Nuhu Ribadu, a hagun sa kuma akwai Cif. Mallam Nasiru el-Rufai Dangajere Kusar Yaki! Cewar Yasir Ramadan Gwale Kamar yadda tsohon mataimakin Shugaban kasa Alhaji Atiku Abubakar ya taba fada a wata hira da ya yi da Jaridar This Day, cewar tsohon shugaban kasa Olushegun Obasanjo ya buka ce shi da ya zabo masa mutum mai jini a jika kuma wanda ba shi da tsoro, wanda idan ma ta kama zai iya yin akuya ga mahaifiyar obasanjon don ya bashi mukamin ministan babban birnin tarayya Abuja saboda ya dai-daitawa mutane sahu daga karkacewar da ya yi. Atiku kuma ya shaidawa Obsanjo cewar Nasan wasu mutane guda biyu abokai da Allah bai sanya sun taba hada hanya da tsoron wani mahaluki ba a fadin tarayyar kasar nan, daya daga cikinsu kuwa shi ne Nasiru el-Rufai, wanda a lokacin shine shugaban hukumar sayar da kadarorin gwamnati ta kasa ( Director General Bureau of Public Enterprises (BPE) and the Secretary of the National Council of Privatisation). Tabbas Mallam Nasiru el-Rufai ya nuna cewar shi ba matsoraci bane, lokacin da majalisa ta zo tantance shi a matsayin mutumin da za’a nada minister. Domin idan zamu iya tunawa anyi dauki babu dadi da el-Rufai kafin a nada shi minister, inda aka nemi ya bayar da cin-hanci shi kuma ya yi kememe ya ki bayarwa, wanda wannan ta sanya wasu da yawa daga cikin shugabannin majalisa a wancan lokacin jin kunya ciki kuwa harda Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa Sanata Nasir Ibrahim Mantu, inda el-Rufai ya bayyana a majalisa dauke da al-qur’ani a hannunsa ya yi rantsuwa cewar an nemi hanci daga wajensa, kuma shi Mantu ya karyata, inda el-Rufai ya bukaci Mantu shima da ya rantse da Al-qur’ani amma hakan ta gagara inda ya ce shifa bashi da tsarki duk kuwa da cewar akwai makewayi a majalisar, kusan zamu iya cewa tun a wannan lokacin el-Rufai ya nuna jarumtaka da tabbatarwa da duniya cewar shifa ba mutumin banza bane. Wannan namijin kokari da bajinta da el-Rufai ya nuna, shi ya sa jihar Georgia da ke kasar Amerika ta bashi izinin zama dan wannan jihar, wanda yanzu haka el-Rufai yana daga cikin ‘yan Najeriya da suke zuwa kasar Amerika ba tare da anyi musu binciken kwakwaf ba. Lokacin da Mallam Nasiru el-Rufai ya zama babban ministan babban birnin tarayya ya nuna babu sani babu sabo. Domin ya kau-da duk wasu gine gine da akayi ba bisa ka’ida ba, ciki kuwa harda gidan matar shugaban kasa marigayiya Stella Obasanjo da gidan shugaban PDP na wannan lokacin Sanata Amadu Ali da wasu manya manyan kusoshin gwamnati a wancan lokacin. Haka dai el-Rufai ya ringa sanya gireda yana ma-ke duk wani gini da aka gina shi ba bisa kai’da ba a Habuja. Mallam Nasiru el-Rufai kusan shine ministan Abuja mafi dadewa a tarihin wannan birni tun daga 1999 har zuwa 2007, kuma ya yi aiki dai-dai nasa. Tun da Marigayi Mallam Umaru Yar’Adua ya zama shugaban kasa el-Rufai ya tsallake yabar kasar nan inda ya tafi kasar Amerika ya koma makaranta, ya halarci kwasa kwasai da dama a fannoni daban daban, ciki kuwa harda katafariyar Jami’arnan ta Harvard, kadan daga Makarantun da el-Rufai ya halarta sun hada da Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Najeryia, Jami’ar London ko University of London a Burtaniya da Harvard Business School, Arthur D. Little School of Management a birnin Massachusetts da Georgetown University da School of Foreign Services a birnin Washington dukkaninisu a kasar Amerika da kuma D.C. da John F. Kennedy School of Government da Harvard University duk dai a can Amerika. Sannan el-Rufai yana da babbar Lambar yabo ta kasa wadda ake kira OFR (Officer of the Order of the Federal Republic of Nigeria) wadda aka bashi tun yana BFE, kuma yana da digirin girmamawa wanda Jami'ar Abuja ta Bashi a 2005 wato Doctorate Degree. Bayan da el-Rufai ya dawo gida Najeriya, ya fada Jam’iyyar adawa ta CPC inda ya mara baya ga takarar tsohon shugaban kasa Gen. Muhammadu Buhari duk kuwa da ana kallon zai goya baya ne ga takarar babban abokinsa wato Mallam Nuhu Ribadu. A halin yanzu dai Mallam Nasiru el-Rufai shi ne babban bakaniken jam’iyyar ta CPC wadda Buharin ya dora masa wannan nauyi na dai-daita sahun jam’iyyar kamar yadda a yiwa birnin tarayya Abuja, saboda fama da matsaloli da jam’iyyar ta ke yi a kusan daukacin jihohin kasarnan. Bayan haka kuma, el-Rufai shi ne kusan mutum daya tilo wanda tauraruwarsa ke haskawa wajen adawa da gwamnatin Goodluck Jonathan da kuma Jam’iyyar PDP. Mallam Nasir el-Rufai ya dauki lokaci yana sharhi akan kasafin kudi na shekarar ta 2012 inda ya yi kaca-kaca da gwamnatin Jonathan ya nuna ma basu san me suke yi ba. Hakan ta sanya el-Rufai ya dinga daukan hankalin jama’a a ciki da wajen kasarnan wajen yadda yake fashin baki a harkar tafiyar da wannan gwamnatin musamman a harkar da ta shafi tattalin arziki, wannan ta sanya jami’an SSS suka ringa sanya masa tarko suna kamashi a kusan duk lokacin da zai yi wata tafiya zuwa kasashen waje, haka nan yake tsallake irin wannan turaku da ake sanya masa. Bahaushe ya ce al-kalami ya fi Takobi, lallai wannan magana haka ta ke, domin shakka babu wannan gwamnatin Jonathan babu alkalami da ta ke jin tsoro a kullum kamar na el-Rufai, domin sun san cewar mai ilimin gaske ne kuma masani ta fannoni da daman gaske. Mallam Nasiru el-Rufai dai idan ka ganshi irin mutanan nan ne da zaka gansu ‘yan tsirit wato ba shi da wani cika ido, wannan ce ma ta sanya abokansa suke masa lakabi da sunan GIANT wato wani babban mutum kamar dai yadda Bahaushe yake ce wa gajere malam dogo . Lallai kam ya zuwa yanzu babu wani daga cikin ‘yan Adawa wanda tauraruwarsa take haskawa kamar el-Rufai ba, kuma duk wannan ya faru ne ta sanadiyar al-kalaminsa da yake caccakar wannan gwamnati da shi. Tabbas maganar Bahaushe gaskiya ce da ya ce Alkamai ya fi takobi, domin idan da fada za’a iya da takobi watakila da farat daya za’a gama da el-Rufai amma da yake fadan na alkalami ne, babu yadda aka iya da shi sai dai a kayar da shi da hujja idan ana da ita. Lallai Najeriya tana bukatar mutane masu gaskiya wadan da zasu iya yakar cin-hanci da rashawa da gaskiya kuma hazikai irinsu Mallam Nasiru el-Rufai. Femi Fani-Kayode.]] == Farkon Rayuwa == An haifi Nasir Ahmad El-Rufai a ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta alif 1960 ga dangin [[Fulani]] a [[Daudawa]]. Mahaifinsa ya rasu yana da shekaru takwas kadai aduniya. Daga nan ne wani kawun sa ya dauki nauyinsa da kuma karatunsa .<ref>"Profile: Mallam Nasir el-Rufai". ''BBC News''. 7 September 2004. Retrieved 19 May 2010.</ref> El-Rufai ya auri mata uku, matarsa ta farko itace [[Hadiza Isma El-Rufai]] marubuciya ce kuma marubuciyace tare, suna gudanar da Gidauniyar Yasmin El-Rufai (YELF), an kafa ta ne don girmama ɗiyarsu da ta mutu a shekarar ta 2011.<ref>"I used to sing in the Catholic Church choir – Hadiza El-Rufai". ''Punch Newspapers''. Retrieved 13 January 2021</ref> El-Rufai ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Barewa]]. Tun yana karami a kwalejin, [[Shugaban Nijeriya|Shugaba]] [[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua|Umaru 'Yar'Adua]] ne kyaftin din gidan kwanan sa. A shekarar ta 1976, ya kammala karatunsa a saman 'yan ajinsa, inda ya lashe kyautar "Barewa Old Boys 'Association Academic Achievement". El-Rufai ya halarci [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da]] ke [[Zariya]], inda ya samu digiri na farko a fannin binciken yawan karatu tare da karramawar ajin farko.<ref>"Nasir El Rufai". LinkedIn. Retrieved 13 June 2021</ref> A shekara ta alif Dari Tara da tamanin da hudu 1984, ya sami digiri na biyu kan harkokin kasuwanci daga Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello Zaria. Tun daga nan ya halarci shirye-shiryen ƙwararru da dama a digirinsa na biyu, daga Makarantar Georgetown na Ayyukan Kasashen Waje na Jami'ar Georgetown da ke [[Washington DC|Washington, DC]] da shirye-shirye kan keɓaɓɓu da jagoranci.<ref name=":0">Amsterdam, Rober (1 December 2009). "White Paper: Reform vs Status" (PDF). ''Amsterdam & Partners''.</ref><ref name=":0" /> <ref>"Archived 9 November 2013 at the [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> A watan Agustan na shekarar ta 2008 ya sami digiri a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar London; da kuma digiri na biyu a harkokin mulki daga John F. Kennedy School na Gwamnatin Jami'ar Harvard a watan Yunin a shekarar ta 2009. Ya kuma sami Takaddar Makarantar Kennedy a cikin Manufofin Jama'a da Gudanarwa bayan ya kwashe watanni 11 a matsayin Edward A. Mason Fellow a cikin Manufofin Jama'a da Gudanarwa daga Yuli shekarar ta 2008 zuwa Yuni shekarar ta 2009. == Kwarewar Sana'a == Nasir ya kirkira Wani kamfani tare da hadin kan abokan sa inda suka samar da kamfanin quantity surveying and project management , kamfanin Yana Gudanar da ayyukan gine gine da injiinan farar hula ,hakan ya taimaka ma abokan aikin NASA suka zamo attaajirai a nijeriya<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://manuniya.com/2022/12/21/cikakken-tarihin-nasir-ahmad-el-rufai/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-07-12 |archive-date=2023-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712141014/https://manuniya.com/2022/12/21/cikakken-tarihin-nasir-ahmad-el-rufai/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>,A shekarar ta 1982, ya kirkiro kamfanin El-Rufai & Partners, wani kamfanin bincike da gwaje-gwaje tare da wasu abokan aikinsa guda uku wadanda suka gudanar da aiki tare har zuwa shekarar ta 1998. A lokacin mulkin soja na shekarun ta 1983Zuwa shekarun ta 1998, kamfanin ya karbi kwangilar gini da injiniyan gine-gine ciki har da lokacin da ake gina [[Abuja]], wanda ya sa abokan aikkin nasa suka zama "matasa masu kudi". Bugu da kari ga aikinsa, El-Rufai ya rike mukaman gudanarwa tare da kamfanonin sadarwa biyu na duniya, AT&amp;amp;T Network Systems International BV da Motorola Inc.<ref name=":1">Amsterdam, Rober (1 December 2009). "White Paper: Reform vs Status" (PDF). ''Amsterdam & Partners''.</ref><ref name=":1" /> == Farkon aikin siyasa == A shekarar ta 1998, bayan mutuwar shugaban mulkin soja Janar [[Sani Abacha]], magajinsa Janar [[Abdulsalami Abubakar|Abdulsalami Abubakar ya]] nada El-Rufai a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki kasa. A cikin wannan matsayin ya yi aiki tare da [[Bankin Duniya|Bankin]] Duniya da Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya. A shekarar ta1999, sojoji suka mika mulki ga Shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1999, an nada shi a matsayin darekta a Ofishin Harkokin Kasuwancin Jama'a da kuma sakatare na Majalisar Bayar da Kyaututtuka ta Kasa inda ya jagoranci jagorancin sayar da kamfanoni da dama na mallakar gwamnatin nijeriya tare da Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa Alh.[[Atiku Abubakar]] (Turakin Adamawa). == Ministan Babban Birnin Tarayya == A watan Yulin shekara ta 2003, aka nada Nasir Elrufa'i matsayin Ministan Babban Birnin Tarayyan Nigeria, wato Abuja. A lokacinsa, ya jagoranci canjin babban birnin tarayya a baya wanda ya kasance cike da rashawa da kuma kauce wa hanya daga asalin shirin. Tare da kafa Tsarin Bayanai na Yankin Kasa na Abuja, babban birnin ya zama birni na farko a Najeriya tare da rajistar ƙasar da tsarin bayanai. Tare da Shugaban kasa da mambobin Kungiyar Gudanar da Tattalin Arziki, ya jagoranci sake fasalin ayyukan gwamnati na Najeriya wanda ya zama mara aiki a tsawon shekarun mulkin kama-karya na soja. A lokuta daban-daban a lokacin da yake Minista, ya kula da Ma’aikatun Kasuwanci na Tarayya (sau biyu) da na cikin gida. Ya kuma shugabanci wasu manyan kwamitocin majalisar ministocin da suka jagoranci kafa tsarin lamuni a Najeriya, Tsarin katin dan kasa na Najeriya, Inganta Wutar Lantarki da kuma sayar da kadarorin Gwamnatin Tarayya a Abuja. A kwanakin karshe na gwamnatin Obasanjo, Nuhu Ribadu, wani abokin tarayya El-Rufai wanda ya taba bayyana shi a matsayin "jami'in zahiri na 2, masa alama da matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban kasa, musamman bayan faduwar- tsakanin Obasanjo da mataimakinsa Atiku Abubakar. An yi imanin cewa amincewa da yarda da Obasanjo ga El-Rufai ya fusata yawancin masu fada aji a siyasance, wanda daga baya za su tsananta masa. == Gudun hijira == A shekarar ta 2008, El-Rufai ya shiga gudun hijira na kashin kansa kuma ya zama mai sukar gwamnatin [[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua|Umaru 'Yar'Adua]]. == Siyasa == A shekarar ta 2010, ya dawo Najeriya kuma daga baya ne Hukumar Yaki da Yiwa Tattalin Arziki Tu'annati (EFCC) ta kama shi. Elrufa'i ya bayyana dawowarsa ne domin ya wanke sunan sa daga tuhumar cin hanci da rashawa. A shekarar ta 2011, el-Rufai ya shiga siyasar jam’iyya tare da jam’iyyar Congress for Progressive Change da ke goyon bayan kamfen din [[Muhammadu Buhari]] a zaben shugaban kasa na shekarar ta 2011. Acikin shekarar ta 2013, an nada el-Rufai mataimakin sakatare na kasa na sabuwar [[All Progressives Congress|jam’iyya Mai mulki wato All Progressives Congress]] (APC). Acikin shekarar ta 2014, El-Rufai ya bayyana yakin neman zaben sa na gwamnan jihar Kaduna, inda ya fito takarar zaben fidda gwani na jam’iyyar APC don zama dan takarar gwamnan jihar na jam’iyyar. Ya ci gaba da lashe zaben gwamna, tare da kuri’u sama da miliyan don kayar da gwamna mai ci [[Mukhtar Ramalan Yero]] dan takarar [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam’iyyar Democratic Party]]. Ashekarar ta 2018, ya sake fitowa a matsayin dan takarar gwamna na APC. An sake zaben shi a ranar 9 ga watan Maris a shekarar ta 2019, inda ya kayar da abokin karawar sa da kuri’u sama da 200,000. a cikin watan july, 2023 zababben shugaban kasa Ahmed bola Tinubu ya Mika sunan Nasir Ahmed el-Rufai a cikin sabbin ministocin da zaa a nada a majalissar tarayya. == Gwamnan Jihar Kaduna == A ranar 29 ga watan Mayu, a shekarar ta 2015, aka rantsar da El-Rufai a matsayin Gwamna na 22 na Jihar Kaduna. A jawabinsa na farko, ya bayyana cewa shi da mataimakinsa suna rage alawus dinsu da rabi har sai an samu ci gaba a yanayin kasafin kudin jihar Kaduna. A ranar 6 ga watan Agustan a shekarar ta 2015, El-Rufai a daya daga cikin ayyukansa na farko a matsayinsa na gwamna ya bayyana cewa jihar Kaduna za ta fara amfani da tsarin Baitul Malin Ma'aurata nan da 1 ga watan Satumba a shekarar. A karshen atisayen, an rufe asusu guda 470 na ma’aikatu, sassa da hukumomi daban-daban sannan aka dawo da Naira biliyan 24.7 aka mayar da su ga TSA na Gwamnatin Jihar Kaduna tare da [[Babban Bankin Najeriya]]. Ta hanyar toshe hanyoyin gurbatawa da rage tsadar tafiyar da gwamnati, ana kiyasta cewa gwamnatin El-Rufai ta sami damar adana Naira Biliyan 1.2 a cikin watanni biyu kacal.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/05/why-el-rufai-should-become-next-sgf/</ref> {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}}El-Rufai kuma sauya yakin sabis a jihar Kaduna da kuma rage yawan ma'aikatun daga 19 zuwa 13 da kuma yawan sakatarori daga 35 zuwa 18. A wani yunkuri na rage kudin gudanar da mulki, El-Rufai ya nada kwamishinoni 13, da masu ba da shawara na musamman 10 da mataimaka na musamman 12 yayin da kwamishinonin 24, masu ba da shawara na musamman 41 da kuma mataimaka na musamman kimanin 400 da tsohuwar gwamnatin ta nada. {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} A matsayinsa na gwamna, El-Rufai ya fara aiwatar da garambawul a fannin ilimi da nufin sake fasalin yanayin ilimi a jihar. El-Rufai ya kori sama da malaman firamare 22,000. {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} Gwamnatin El-Rufai ta bullo da shirin Ciyar da Makaranta, da nufin samar da abinci sau daya a kowace rana ga dalibai miliyan daya da rabi a makarantun firamaren gwamnati da ke cikin jihar. {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}} Ya kuma soke tarin kudade da kuma levies a makarantun firamare da junior sakandare a Kaduna, game da shi, cire wani kudi nauyin N3 biliyan daga iyaye. A ranar 28 ga Maris a shekarar ta 2020, El-Rufai ya gwada tabbatacce ga [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]], bayan ya gama tuntuɓar sa. Ya sanya dokar hana fita a jihar Kaduna da kuma takaita zirga-zirga, don hana yaduwar kwayar. A ranar 20 ga watan Agusta a shekarar ta 2020, Rigima ta kaure a shafukan sada zumunta lokacin da [[Kungiyar Layoyi ta Najeriya|Kungiyar Lauyoyi ta Najeriya ta]] gayyaci Gwamna El-rufai don yin magana a taron ta na shekara-shekara. Dubun-dubatar ‘yan Nijeriya sun sanya hannu kan takardar sauya sheka a shafin canji don ganin an soke gayyatar da Gwamna El-rufai ya yi musu. NBA ta fada cikin matsin lamba sannan ta bata sunan gwamnan. Wani rahoto na Open Bar initiative ya kawo dalilai takwas da yasa El-rufai ya gayyaci babban taron bai amsa ba. Wasu daga cikin dalilan sun hada da kin bin umarnin kotu a karar sa da Audu Maikori, yana mai yin barazana ga Gloria Ballason wacce ta kasance lauyan Maikori da kuma wani rahoto da kamfanin Quartz (wallafa) na Afirka wanda ya ambaci Gwamna El-rufai a matsayin shugaban wata kungiyar "masu karfi" ta Gwamnonin Najeriya wadanda "yanzu haka suke amfani da jami'an tsaro akai-akai don kamewa da tsoratar da 'yan jaridar da suka kuskura suka yi tambaya game da ayyukansu ko kokarin tuhumar su". El Rufa'i ya yi afuwa ga fursunoni 12 a jihar Kaduna, 10 daga cikinsu suna dab da kare hukuncin da aka yanke musu, wasu ma an yafe musu saboda yawan shekaru. Bugu da kari ya rage fursunoni guda hukuncin kisa zuwa rai da rai.<ref>https://m.guardian.ng/news/gov-el-rufai-grants-pardon-to-12-prisoners-in-kaduna-state</ref> El Rufa'i yana daya daga cikin masu ilimi matuka acikin gwamnonin nijeriya, saboda hakane ma yayi fice dasamun nasaran shiga gaba atasakanin gwamnoni, sanadiyar ayyukan dakeyi a acikin jihar ta Kaduna. El Rufa'i yadage matuka ganin cewa kowani dan talaka dake jihar Kaduna yasami ingantance ilimi. == Kara Dubawa == * Jerin sunayen gwamnonin jihar Kaduna * [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] == External links == {{KadunaStateGovernors}}{{AbujaFCTMinisters}} * [[Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Kaduna|Jerin Gwamnonin Jihar Kaduna]] * [[Kisan Kiyashi a Kudancin Kaduna|Kisan kiyashin Kudancin Kaduna]] {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Rufai, Nasir El-}}{{Authority control}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}  == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930163800/http://www.thisdayonline.com/nview.php?id=25798 ''This Day'' (Lagos) a kan el-Rufai, 20 Agusta 2005] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3634616.stm ''BBC'' kan Nasir el-Rufai, 7 ga Satumba 2004] , * [http://www.nigeriatop.com/ ''Manyan Siyasar Najeriya,'' / Gaskiya akan 'yan siyasar mu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005160256/http://www.nigeriatop.com/ |date=2011-10-05 }} [[Category:Gwamnonin Jihar Kaduna]] [[Category:Yan siyasa a najeriya]] [[Category:Daliban barewa college]] [[Category:Jami'ar Georgetown]] [[Category:Yan takaran zaben 2015 a Nijeriya]] [[Category:Yan jam'iyyar APC]] [[Category:Makarantan Gwamnati na JF Kennedy]] [[Category:Ministocin Nijeriya]] [[Category:PDP]] [[Category:Daliban Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] [[Category:Makarantun Gwamnati]] [[Category:Daliban Jami'ar London]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Wanda aka haifa a 1960]] [[Category:'Yan siyasa Jihar Kaduna]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] smo75y5nd04kjq312wjrusm5q14rlpd 0 9587 906778 485616 2026-08-23T22:52:38Z Baffa ali 47435 906778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Antoine Griezmann October 2017.png|thumb]] '''Antoine Griezmann''' (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan maris shekara ta 1991) Dan was an [[kwallon kafa]] na Barcelona da kasar [[Faransa]]. Ya buga wasan kwallo ma kungiyar kwallon kasar Faransa daga shekara ta 2014. ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:France WC2018 final.jpg|Antoine Griezman a line up din France File:Match de football France-Allemagne - 16 octobre 2018 - Penalty d'Antoine Griezmann.ogv File:Rus-Fra 2018 (15).jpg File:FRA-BEL 2018-07-10.svg File:Cabella & Griezmann vs Armenia (cropped).jpg File:Suisse - France 2016 - Griezmann (crop).png|Antoine Griezman France 2016 File:Griezmann-Helmántico.jpg|Antoine Griezman Helmantico File:Utiliza el Metro para acudir al nuevo estadio del Atlético de Madrid - 36944677401.jpg|Antoine Griezman Yayin hira dashi File:Utiliza el Metro para acudir al nuevo estadio del Atlético de Madrid - 36944676691.jpg|Antoine Griezman a atletico Madrid Fc File:El Atlético ofrece su doble triunfo a Madrid 03.jpg|Antoine Griezman tareda cup dinsu File:France champion of the Football World Cup Russia 2018.jpg|France world Cup final Murna File:Cabella & Griezmann vs Armenia (cropped).jpg|Antoine Griezman da cabella File:Antoine Griezmann October 2017.png|Antoine Griezman a shekarar 2017 File:Fernando Montero Antoine Griezmann.jpg|Antoine Griezman da Fernando Montero File:Antoine Griezmann.jpg|Antoine Griezman a France File:Antoine Griezmann (cropped).jpg|Antoine Griezman a France Jersey File:Match de football France-Allemagne - 16 octobre 2018 - Penalty d'Antoine Griezmann.ogv|Antoine Griezman Yayin buga penalty kick a shekarar 2018 File:Antoine Griezmann 2012 Levante.jpg|Antoine Griezman a shekarar 2012 File:Antoine Griezmann 2016.jpg|Antoine Griezman a shekarar 2016 File:Antoine Griezmann in 2018.jpg|Antoine Griezman a shekarar 2018 a France File:Antoine Griezmann - CdR - RM v ATL.jpg|Antoine Griezman a atletico Madrid Fc File:Antoine Griezmann 2018.jpg|Antoine Griezman a bayan fili File:Antoine Griezmann September 2017.jpg|Antoine Griezman September 2017 </gallery> A cikin 2019, bayan shekaru da yawa na hasashe, ya bar Atlético zuwa Barcelona a cikin canja wuri da ya kai Yuro miliyan 120, wanda ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin 'Yan wasan da suka fi tsada a kowane lokaci.  Duk da lashe lambar yabo ta farko ta cikin gida, Copa del Rey a 2021, Griezmann ya sami raguwa a cikin tsari. Kafin 2021-2022, ya koma Atlético kuma ya zama babban mai zira kwallaye a kulob din a farkon 2024. A kakar wasa ta karshe, Griezmann ya zira kwallaye 200 da kuma taimakon 100 ga Atlético, kuma ya zira kwallan biyar a wasanni shida don taimakawa kulob din ya kai wasan karshe na Copa del Rey, wanda suka rasa. Bayan shekaru 17 a Spain, Griezmann ya koma Amurka don shiga Orlando City. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Griezmann, Antoine}} [[Category:'Yan wasan kwallon kafa ta kasar Faransa]] j927g734vmmuwqbdlq36mqvur9h9zc8 0 10998 906781 874639 2026-08-23T23:04:22Z Baffa ali 47435 906781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Nidelva utløp Trondheim.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Trondheim.]] [[File:Nidelva utløp Trondheim.jpg|thumb|hoton garin trondheim]] '''Trondheim''' birni ne, da ke a yankin Trøndelag, a ƙasar [[Nowe]]. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2017, jimilar mutane sun kai kimanin 190 464. An gina birnin Trondheim a karni na goma bayan haifuwan Annabi Issa.{{Stub}} ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Tyholt_tower.jpg|Hasumiyar Rediyo da ke a Tyholt, Trondheim File:Vaernes_terminal.jpg|Filin jirgin Sama na Trongheim File:Trondheim_ntnu_dragvoll.jpg|Wani bangare na daga cikin Jami'ar Trondheim File:NTNU_Trondheim_Mainbuilding.jpg|Baban ginin Hukumar NTNU File:Olav_Tryggvasons_gate_with_tram_lines_1935.jpg|Ƙofar Olav Trygvasons 1935 File:Trondhjem sentralstasjon 1929.jpg|Babban tashar Trondheim 1929 File:P1040097.jpg|Tsofaffin gidajen ajiya a bankunan Nidelva, Trondheim File:Trondheim_fort.JPG|Trondheim Fort </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Trondheim}} [[Category:Biranen Nowe]] mvb14c9zp1gpg5tdcg1phyok93q22h6 0 11137 906666 894540 2026-08-23T19:19:29Z Zahrah0 14848 906666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Halimatu Ayinde''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Mayu, shekarar alif 1995) ƙwararriyar 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce daga [[Najeriya]] wadda take taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya. LTa yi fice wajen taka leda tare da ƙungiyar mata ta ƙasar Najeriya, wato ''Super Falcons'', inda ta wakilci ƙasar a manyan gasanni na duniya da nahiyar Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/tournaments/womens/womensworldcup/australia-new-zealand2023/teams/nigeria/squad](https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/tournaments/womens/womensworldcup/australia-new-zealand2023/teams/nigeria/squad) |title=FIFA Women's World Cup 2023 – Nigeria Squad |publisher=FIFA |access-date=7 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Halimatu Ayinde a jihar Kaduna da ke arewacin Najeriya. Tun tana ƙarama take nuna sha’awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, inda ta fara taka leda a ƙananan ƙungiyoyi kafin daga baya ta samu damar shiga manyan kungiyoyin mata a Najeriya. Hazakarta da ƙwarewarta wajen sarrafa ƙwallo da kare tsakiyar fili sun taimaka mata wajen zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan mata na Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://www.cafonline.com/](https://www.cafonline.com/) |title=CAF Player Profile – Halimatu Ayinde |publisher=Confederation of African Football |access-date=7 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Sana'ar ƙungiya == Ayinde ta fara taka leda a matakin ƙwararru tare da ƙungiyar ''Delta Queens'' ta Najeriya. A lokacin da take can, ta taimaka wajen bunƙasa ƙungiyar tare da nuna ƙwarewa sosai a tsakiyar fili. Bayan nasarorin da ta samu a gida Najeriya, ta samu damar zuwa ƙasashen waje domin ci gaba da taka leda a matakin duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://www.flashscore.com/player/ayinde-halimatu/](https://www.flashscore.com/player/ayinde-halimatu/) |title=Halimatu Ayinde Player Stats |publisher=Flashscore |access-date=7 Mayu 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekarar 2015, Ayinde ta koma ƙungiyar ''Western New York Flash'' a Amurka inda ta taka leda a gasar mata ta National Women's Soccer League (NWSL). Duk da cewa zamanta bai daɗe sosai ba, hakan ya ba ta damar samun gogewa a ɗaya daga cikin manyan gasannin ƙwallon ƙafa na mata a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://www.nwslsoccer.com/](https://www.nwslsoccer.com/) |title=NWSL Player Information – Halimatu Ayinde |publisher=NWSL |access-date=7 Mayu 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Daga baya ta koma ƙasar Sweden inda ta shiga ƙungiyar ''Eskilstuna United''. A can ne Ayinde ta fara nuna bajintarta sosai a nahiyar Turai, inda ta zama muhimmin ɓangare na ƙungiyar wajen kare baya da kuma haɗa kai tsakanin 'yan wasan tsakiya. Ta shafe shekaru masu yawa tana taka rawar gani a kungiyar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://escunited.com/](https://escunited.com/) |title=Eskilstuna United Squad Profile |publisher=Eskilstuna United |access-date=7 Mayu 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekarar 2021 ta koma ƙungiyar ''BK Häcken'' ta Sweden, inda ta ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa a gasar Damallsvenskan. Kwarewarta wajen kwace ƙwallo da taka rawar jagoranci sun sanya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan tsakiyar fili a gasar mata ta Sweden.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://bkhacken.se/](https://bkhacken.se/) |title=BK Häcken Women's Team |publisher=BK Häcken |access-date=7 Mayu 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sana'ar ƙasa da ƙasa == Ayinde ta fara wakiltar Najeriya a matakin manya tun daga shekarar 2015. Ta kasance cikin tawagar ''Super Falcons'' da ta halarci gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA da kuma gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta mata (WAFCON).<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://www.fifa.com/](https://www.fifa.com/) |title=Halimatu Ayinde – FIFA Profile |publisher=FIFA |access-date=7 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimakawa Najeriya lashe gasar ''Women's Africa Cup of Nations'' a shekarun 2016 da 2018. Salon wasanta na ƙarfi da kuma iya katse hare-haren abokan hamayya sun sa masu horarwa suka riƙa dogaro da ita sosai a manyan wasanni.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://www.bbc.com/sport/football](https://www.bbc.com/sport/football) |title=Super Falcons and WAFCON Coverage |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=7 Mayu 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ayinde ta kuma wakilci Najeriya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta shekarar 2019 da kuma ta 2023. A gasar 2023, ta taimaka wa Najeriya kaiwa zagayen ‘yan 16 bayan nuna ƙwazo a wasannin rukuni.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/tournaments/womens/womensworldcup/australia-new-zealand2023](https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/tournaments/womens/womensworldcup/australia-new-zealand2023) |title=FIFA Women's World Cup Australia & New Zealand 2023 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=7 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Salon wasa == An fi sanin Halimatu Ayinde da ƙwarewarta wajen kare tsakiyar fili, kwace ƙwallaye, da kuma hana abokan hamayya samun damar kai hari. Tana da ƙarfin jiki da kuma iya rarraba ƙwallo cikin natsuwa. Wannan ya sa take da muhimmanci ga ƙungiyarta da kuma tawagar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://www.goal.com/](https://www.goal.com/) |title=Analysis of Halimatu Ayinde's Playing Style |publisher=Goal.com |access-date=7 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Najeriya === * '''Women's Africa Cup of Nations''' Zakara: 2016, 2018<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://www.cafonline.com/womens-africa-cup-of-nations/](https://www.cafonline.com/womens-africa-cup-of-nations/) |title=WAFCON Winners History |publisher=CAF |access-date=7 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === Kungiyoyi === * '''BK Häcken''' Svenska Cupen Women: 2022–23<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://bkhacken.se/](https://bkhacken.se/) |title=BK Häcken Honours |publisher=BK Häcken |access-date=7 Mayu 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == ryzp4xmujzfayirdl4tt9bmq7w67tqy 0 11443 906803 876966 2026-08-24T01:10:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Ngozi okonjo-iweala world economic forum.jpg|thumb|Ngozi a taron tattalin arzikin a shekara ta 2007]] [[File:Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala.jpg|thumb|Ngozi a wani taro tana magana (speech)]] [[File:Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala takes over as new WTO Director-General, 1 March 2021 (50993534756) (cropped).jpg|thumb|hoton ngozi okonjo]] [[File:Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi (2008 portrait).jpg|thumb|Ngozi okonjo lweala]] '''Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala''' (An haife ta a ranar 13, ga watan Yuni shekara ta alif dari tara da hamsin da huɗu 1954), ta Miladiyya. ta kasance 'ƴar siyasar [[Nijeriya]] ce. An Kuma haife ta a garin [[Ogwashi Ukwu]] a cikin Ƙaramar Hukumar [[Aniocha ta Kudu]], a jihar [[Delta (jiha)|Delta]], Nijeriya. Ngozi Okonjo-Iwea[[Delta (jiha)|M]]<nowiki/>a Ministar Tattalin Arziki da Kasafin kuɗi ce daga watan Agustan shekarar 2011, zuwa Mayun shekarar ta 2015, bayan [[Olusegun Olutoyin Aganga]] (Tattalin Arziƙi) da [[Adamu Ciroma]] (Kasafin). A baya, Okonjo-Iweala ta shafe tsawon shekaru 25, a [[Bankin Duniya]] a matsayin masaniyar tattalin arziki da cigaba, tare da kuma samun mukamai har zuwa matsayin Darakta mai lamba ta 2, na Daraktan Gudanarwa, A shekara ta (2007-2011).Ta kuma yi aiki sau biyu a matsayin [[Ministan kuɗi na Najeriya|Ministan Kudi na Najeriya shekara ta]] (2003-2006, 2011-2015), a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] da Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] daki-daki.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ARC Agency Governing Board–African Risk Capacity|url=https://www.africanriskcapacity.org/about/who-is-arc/arc-governing-board/|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-12|archive-date=2020-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520205839/https://www.africanriskcapacity.org/about/who-is-arc/arc-governing-board/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ARC Agency Governing Board – African Risk Capacity|url=https://www.africanriskcapacity.org/about/who-is-arc/arc-governing-board/|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-12|archive-date=2020-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520205839/https://www.africanriskcapacity.org/about/who-is-arc/arc-governing-board/|url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Rayuwa da ilimi. == An haife Okonjo-Iweala a Ogwashi-Ukwu a, jihar Delta, [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] inda mahaifinta Farfesa ne mai suna Chukwuka Okonjo. Shi ne Eze (Sarki) daga gidan sarautar Obahai na Ogwashi-Ukwu. Okonjo-Iweala ta halarci makarantar "''Queen's School, Enugu" da "St. Anne's School, Molete, Ibadan" ,'' da kuma [[:en:International_School_Ibadan|"International School Ibadan"]]. ta kuma ketara zuwa Amurka (USA) a shekarar 1973 tana matashiyarta don karatu a [[:en:Harvard_University|"Harvard University"]], ta kammala karatun da sakamakon AB a ''Economics'' a shekarar 1976.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, former finance minister of Nigeria and former managing director of the World Bank, will deliver the 2020 Graduation. Address|url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/announcements/ngozi-okonjo-iweala-former-finance-minister-nigeria-and-former-managing-director|website=www.hks.harvard.edu|language=en|access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref> a shekarar 1981, kuma, ta samu shedar digiri na 3, wato [[:en:PhD|Ph.D]] a kan Ilimin tattalin arziqi na yanki da cigaba ''(regional economics and development)'' daga [[:en:Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology|"Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)"]] da kundin bincike wanda ta gabatar mai taken "''Credit policy, rural financial markets, and Nigeria's agricultural development"'' .<ref name="PhD">{{Cite book|last=Okonjo-Iweala|first=Ngozi|title=Credit policy, rural financial markets, and Nigeria's agricultural development|date=1981|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology|language=English|type=Thesis|hdl=1721.1/46400|oclc=08096642}}</ref> Ta amshi lambar girma ta "''International Fellowship"'' daga "''[[:en:American_Association_of_University_Women|"American Association of University Women (AAUW)"]],'' wadda kungiya ce da ta tallafa wa rubutun nazarin da ta yi a lokacin digirin ta na 3.<ref name="cgdev.org">{{cite web|url=https://cgdev.org/blog/nigeria-receives-its-first-sovereign-credit-ratings|title=Nigeria receives its first sovereign credit ratings|publisher=|accessdate=8 May 2017|website=Center for Global Development|date=February 9, 2006}}</ref> Ta yi aure da Dr. Ikemba Iweala, wanda likita ne na "n''eurosurgeon"'' . Suna da 'ya' ya 4, a tsakaninsu<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/ngozi-okonjo-iweala-and-her-son-uzodinma-0pnwk99g8s5|title=Ngozi Okonjo Iweala and her son Uzodinma|newspaper=[[The Sunday Times]]|date=August 20, 2006|accessdate=March 30, 2019}}</ref> - Mace daya: Onyinye Iweala (AB,MD,PhD,Harvard) da kuma Maza 3: [[:en:Uzodinma_Iweala|Uzodinma Iweala]] (AB, Harvard, MD, Columbia),<ref name="bteam.org">{{cite web|url=https://bteam.org/team/dr-ngozi-okonjo-iweala|title=Dr. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala|publisher=The B Team|date=2016-09-15|accessdate=2017-05-08|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612113741/http://bteam.org/team/dr-ngozi-okonjo-iweala/|archivedate=12 June 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>Dinitia Smith (November 24, 2005), [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/24/books/young-and-privileged-but-writing-vividly-of-africas-child-soldiers.html Young and Privileged, but Writing Vividly of Africa's Child Soldiers] ''[[New York Times]]''.</ref> Okechukwu Iweala (AB, Harvard) da kuma Uchechi Iweala (AB, MD, MBA, Harvard). == Aiki. == Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru 25, a Bankin Duniya a Washington DC a matsayin masaniyar tattalin arziƙi na cigaba, wanda ta hau matsayin lamba 2, na Daraktan Gudanarwa.<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> A matsayinta na Darakta, ta kasance tana lura da nauyin dala biliyan 81, na bankin duniya a Afirka, Kudancin Asia, Turai da tsakiyar Asiya. Okonjo-Iweala ta shugabanci wasu shirye-shirye na Bankin Duniya don taimaka wa kasashe masu karamin karfi a tsakanin shekarar 2008, zuwa 2009, rikicin abinci, daga baya kuma lokacin rikicin kudi. A shekara ta 2010, ta kuma kasance shugabar bankin IDA, nasarar da bankin duniya ya tara dala biliyan 49.3, na bayar da tallafi da karancin ba shi ga kasashe mafi talauci a duniya. <ref>{{cite news|title=World Bank's Fund for The Poorest Receives Almost $50 Billion in Record Funding|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2010/12/15/world-banks-fund-for-the-poorest-receives-almost-50-billion-in-record-funding|date=15 December 2010|accessdate=24 September 2018|website=World Bank|archive-date=24 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924190346/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2010/12/15/world-banks-fund-for-the-poorest-receives-almost-50-billion-in-record-funding|url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin lokacinta a Bankin Duniya, tana kuma memba a cikin Kungiyar Haɗin Kai da Haɓakawa tare da Afirka, wanda [[ Firayim Ministan Denmark|Firayim Minista]] [[ Anders Fogh Rasmussen|Anders Fogh Rasmussen]] na [[Denmark|Denmark ya kafa,]] kuma ya gudanar da tarurruka tsakanin watan Afrilu da watan Oktoba shekarar 2008. <ref>[http://www.ft.dk/samling/20072/lovforslag/l188/pgf/6/spm/1/svar/570287/594322.pdf Commission on Effective Development Cooperation with Africa] [[Folketing]].</ref> == Aiki da gwamnati. == Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala ta yi aiki sau biyu a matsayin Ministan Kudi na Najeriya, sannan kuma a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta rike mukamai biyu. A lokacin mulkinta na farko a matsayinta na Ministan Kudi a karkashin Gwamnatin tsohon Shugaban kasa Olusegun Obasanjo, ta jagoranci tattaunawar da kungiyar [[ Klub din Paris|Paris Club]] wacce ta kai ga dakatar da bashin dalar Amurka biliyan 30, na Najeriya, gami da sokewar dala biliyan 18, na Amurka. A shekarar 2003, ta jagoranci kokarin inganta tattalin arzikin Najeriya wanda ya hada da aiwatar da dokar kasa-da-kasa a inda aka samu kudaden da suka tara son asusun ajiya watau “Excess Crude Account” wanda ya taimaka wajen rage tasirin tattalin arziki. Har ila yau, ta gabatar da al'adar wallafa tallafin kowane wata daga Gwamnatin Tarayyar Nijeriya a cikin jaridu. Wannan aikin ya yi babban amfani wajen kara nuna gaskiya a cikin shugabanci. Taimakon tallafin bankin duniya da IMF ga Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya, ta taimaka wajen gina wani tsarin hada-hadar kudi na lantarki — tsarin hada-hadar kudi da bayanai (GIFMIS), gami da [[ Baitul-kadar guda ɗaya|asusun]] hada-hadar kudi [[ Baitul-kadar guda ɗaya|(TSA)]] da kuma Hadin Albashi da Tsarin Bayanai na Jama'a (IPPIS), suna taimakawa a rage cin hanci da rashawa a tsarin. Kamar yadda a ranar 31, ga watan Disamban shekarar 2014, IPPIS dandamali ya cire ma'aikatan bogi 62,893, daga tsarin kuma ya ceci gwamnatin Najeriya kusan $ 1.25, biliyan a cikin aikin. Bayan ajalinta na farko a matsayin Ministan Kudi, ta koma Bankin Duniya a matsayin Manajan Darakta a watan Disamba shekarar ta 2007. A shekara ta 2011, Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan|Jonathan]] ya sake nada Okonjo-Iweala a matsayin Ministan Kudi a Najeriya tare da fadada jadawalin Ministan Mai Kula da Tattalin Arziki na Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] . Kyaututtukan ta sun hada da karfafa tsarin hada-hadar kudade na Najeriya da kuma karfafa bangaren gidaje tare da kafa [[ Kamfanin Mayar da Motsin Gida na Najeriya|Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Gida na]] Najeriya [[ Kamfanin Mayar da Motsin Gida na Najeriya|(NMRC).]] Har ila yau, ta ba da iko ga mata da matasa na Najeriya tare da Kungiyar Inganta Mata da Matasa a cikin Shirin GWIN; Tsarin kasafin kudi da zai amsa jinsi, da kuma Babban [https://web.archive.org/web/20111013144944/http://youwin.org.ng/ Kamfanin Matasa] da aka yaba [https://web.archive.org/web/20111013144944/http://youwin.org.ng/ da tsarin Innovation (YouWIN)] ; don tallafawa 'yan kasuwa, wannan shi ne ya samar da dubban ayyukan yi. Bankin Duniya ya kimanta wannan shirin a matsayin daya daga cikin ingantattun shirye-shirye irin nasa a duniya. Karkashin jagorancin nata, ofishin kididdiga na kasa ya aiwatar da aikin sake yin amfani da Gross Domestic Product (GDP); na farko cikin shekaru 24, wanda ya sa Najeriya ta fito a matsayin mafi girman tattalin arzikin Afirka. Ta dauki zafi mai yawa don cire tallafin mai daga gwamnatin Najeriya, matakin da ya haifar da zanga-zanga a watan Janairu shekarar 2012. A watan Mayun shekarar 2016, sabuwar gwamnatin Najeriya daga karshe ta cire tallafin mai bayan da ta fito fili cewa ba za a iya jurewa masa ba kuma ba ba ya yin aiki. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/impactevaluations/what-happens-when-you-give-50000-aspiring-nigerian-entrepreneur|title=What happens when you give $50,000 to an aspiring Nigerian entrepreneur?|website=Impact Evaluations|accessdate=8 May 2017|last=David McKenzie|date=8 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/interview/ngozi-okonjo-iweala-coordinating-minister-economy-and-minister-finance-interview|title=Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Coordinating Minister of the Economy and Minister of Finance: Interview|website=Oxford Business Group|access-date=2020-05-16|archive-date=2020-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508143041/https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/interview/ngozi-okonjo-iweala-coordinating-minister-economy-and-minister-finance-interview|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://v4c-nigeria.com/gwin-growing-girls-and-women-in-nigeria-gets-the-limelight|title=GWiN (Growing Girls and Women in Nigeria) Gets the Limelight!|url-status=dead|access-date=May 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526193722/https://v4c-nigeria.com/gwin-growing-girls-and-women-in-nigeria-gets-the-limelight|archive-date=26 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/view/group/main/main/id/00029897.html|title=Rebasing Makes Nigeria Africa's Biggest Economy|date=5 April 2014|publisher=|accessdate=8 May 2017|archive-date=10 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610050630/http://allafrica.com/view/group/main/main/id/00029897.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="gavi.org3">{{cite web|url=https://gavi.org/library/news/press-releases/2015/ngozi-okonjo-iweala-appointed-chair-elect-of-gavi-board|title=Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala appointed Chair-elect of Gavi Board|publisher=Gavi.org|accessdate=2017-05-08|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415201036/http://www.gavi.org/library/news/press-releases/2015/ngozi-okonjo-iweala-appointed-chair-elect-of-gavi-board/|archivedate=15 April 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36274402|title=Nigeria unions to resist 'criminal' fuel price hike|work=BBC News|date=12 May 2016|publisher=|accessdate=8 May 2017|via=www.bbc.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://effectivecooperation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Room-document-Media-guide.pdf#page=7|title=Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation Media Guide|accessdate=2017-05-08|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224033605/http://effectivecooperation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Room-document-Media-guide.pdf#page=7|archivedate=24 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://newclimateeconomy.net/about/members-global-commission/|title=Members of the Global Commission|author=<!--Not stated-->|website=NewClimateEconomy.net|access-date=April 17, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://noi-polls.com/root/index.php?pid=34&ptid=1&parentid=8|title=Our Founder|accessdate=2017-05-08|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706002836/http://www.noi-polls.com/root/index.php?pid=34&ptid=1&parentid=8|archivedate=6 July 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cseaafrica.org|website=Center for the Study of Economies of Africa|title=Center for the Study of Economies of Africa Homepage}}</ref><ref>Elizabeth Flock, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/ngozi-okonnjo-iweala-world-bank-presidential-candidate-says-she-would-focus-on-job-creation/2012/04/09/gIQAxR7j6S_story.html Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, World Bank presidential candidate, says she would focus on job creation], ''Washington Post'' (April 9, 2012).</ref><ref>[http://www.ft.dk/samling/20072/lovforslag/l188/pgf/6/spm/1/svar/570287/594322.pdf Commission on Effective Development Cooperation with Africa] [[Folketing]].</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/ngozi-okonjo-iweala/|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nsi-ins.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/NgoziOkonjoIweala_Ottawa_Forum_ForDelivery.pdf#page=3|website=The North-South Institute|title=The African State and Natural Resource Governance in the 21st Century|access-date=2020-05-16|archive-date=2019-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618191157/http://www.nsi-ins.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/NgoziOkonjoIweala_Ottawa_Forum_ForDelivery.pdf#page=3|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Songwe|first=Vera|last2=Francis|first2=Paul|last3=Rossiasco|first3=Paula|last4=O'Neill|first4=Fionnuala|last5=Chase|first5=Rob|date=2008-10-01|title=Nigeria's experience publishing budget allocations : a practical tool to promote demand for better governance|url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/220031468288952944/Nigerias-experience-publishing-budget-allocations-a-practical-tool-to-promote-demand-for-better-governance|language=en|pages=1–4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTSOCIALDEVELOPMENT/Resources/244362-1193949504055/4348035-1298566783395/7755386-1298566794345/7755368-1298581402948/nigeria.pdf|title=Nigeria’s Experience Publishing Budget Allocations: A Practical Tool to Promote Demand for Better Governance|website=World Bank}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nitda.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/ICT4D-SAPI-Book.pdf#page=20|title=ICT4D Strategic Action Plan Implementation - Status Update and Illustrations Book|accessdate=2017-05-08|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819105807/http://www.nitda.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/ICT4D-SAPI-Book.pdf#page=20|archivedate=19 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cgdev.org/initiative/nigerian-debt-relief|title=Nigerian Debt Relief|publisher=|accessdate=8 May 2017|website=Center for Global Development}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala|url=https://live.worldbank.org/experts/ngozi-okonjo-iweala|date=2013-10-02|website=World Bank Live|language=en|access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala|url=https://www.brookings.edu/experts/ngozi-okonjo-iweala-2/|last=Okonjo-Iweala|first=Ngozi|date=2018-04-04|website=Brookings|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref> == Daga bisani. == Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala ce shugabar Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na tattalin arziki da kuma sauyin yanayin (''Climate)'' , tare da [[ Nicholas Stern, Baron Stern na Brentford|Nicholas Stern]] da [[ Paul Polman|Paul Polman]]. A baya, ta kasance shugabar Mata ta Kungiyar Kawancen Duniya don Karfafa Haɗin Kai. A da, Okonjo-Iweala shi ma memba ne a Hukumar [[ Hukumar Kasa da Kasa kan Tallafa Dama ta Ilimin Lafiya ta Duniya|Kasa da Kasa kan Ba da Haɓaka Ilimi a Duniya]] a shekarar (2015-2016), wanda [[Gordon Brown|Gordon Brown ke]] jagoranta; Hukumar da ke kan Sabon "''Climate Economy"'' (wanda Paul Polman da Lord Nicholas Stern suka yi aiki tare); Kungiyar bunkasa tattalin arzikin matasa ta Duniya; [[ Bayanin Haɓaka Cigaba na 2015|Babban Kwamitin Babban Sakatare na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Tsarin Bunkasa Ci gaba da Shekarar 2015]] (2012-2013); da kuma Mashahurin [[ Hukumar Girma|Hukumar Cigaban]] (2006-2009), wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel Prize [[ Michael Spence|Farfesa Michael Spence]] . Okonjo-Iweala ita ce wadda ta kafu da kungiyar masu binciken jin ra'ayin jama'a na asalin Najeriya, watau NOI-Polls. Ta kuma kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Cigaban tattalin arzikin Afirka (C-SEA), wata matattara mai zurfin bincike a Abuja, babban birnin Najeriya kuma ita ce ke Ganawa da Cibiyar Cigaban Duniya da kungiyar ''Brookings''. A shekarar 2012, Okonjo-Iweala ta kasance yar takarar Shugaban Bankin Duniya, wanda ta fafata da Shugaban [[Kwalejin Dartmouth]] [[Jim Yong Kim]] ; idan an zabe ta, za ta kasance shugabar mata ta farko ta kungiyar. <ref>Elizabeth Flock, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/ngozi-okonnjo-iweala-world-bank-presidential-candidate-says-she-would-focus-on-job-creation/2012/04/09/gIQAxR7j6S_story.html Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, World Bank presidential candidate, says she would focus on job creation], ''Washington Post'' (April 9, 2012).</ref>Tun daga shekarar 2019, Okonjo-Iweala ta kasance [[ UNESCO|memba]] a Hukumar [[UNESCO]] ta Duniya kan makomar Ilimi, [[Sahle-Work Zewde|wadda Sahle-Work Zewde ke jagoranta]] . <ref>[https://en.unesco.org/futuresofeducation/international-commission International Commission on the Futures of Education] [[UNESCO]].</ref> A shekarar 2020, Manajan Daraktan [[ Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya|Asusun bada lamuni na duniya]] [[ Kristalina Georgieva|Kristalina Georgieva ya]] nada ta ga wata kungiyar masu ba da shawara ta waje don samar da bayanai kan kalubalen manufofin. <ref>Andrea Shalal and David Lawder (April 10, 2020), [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-imf/imfs-georgieva-creates-external-advisory-panel-on-pandemic-idUSKCN21S1O1 IMF's Georgieva creates external advisory panel on pandemic] ''[[Reuters]]''.</ref> Haka nan a shekarar 2020, [[Taraiyar Afirka|Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] (AU) ta nada ta a matsayin Manzon musamman don neman goyon bayan kasa da kasa don taimaka wa nahiyar wajen magance tasirin tattalin arziki na [[ Zazzabin cizon sauro na shekara ta 2019-20|cutar kwalara ta shekara ta 2019 zuwa 20]] . <ref>Emma Rumney (April 12, 2020), [https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-africa/african-union-appoints-ex-credit-suisse-boss-as-envoy-for-virus-support-idUSL5N2C00E2 African Union appoints ex-Credit Suisse boss as envoy for virus support] ''[[Reuters]]''.</ref> == Wasu aikace-aikacenta. == Tun daga shekarar 2019, Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala ta kasance [[ UNESCO|memba]] a Hukumar [[ UNESCO|UNESCO]] ta Duniya kan makomar Ilimi, [[Sahle-Work Zewde|wadda Sahle-Work Zewde ke jagoranta]] . <ref>[https://en.unesco.org/futuresofeducation/international-commission International Commission on the Futures of Education] [[UNESCO]].</ref> A shekarar 2020, Manajan Daraktan Asusun bada lamuni na duniya [[ Kristalina Georgieva|Kristalina Georgieva ya]] nada ta ga wata kungiyar masu ba da shawara ta waje don samar da bayanai kan kalubalen manufofin. <ref>Andrea Shalal and David Lawder (April 10, 2020), [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-imf/imfs-georgieva-creates-external-advisory-panel-on-pandemic-idUSKCN21S1O1 IMF's Georgieva creates external advisory panel on pandemic] ''[[Reuters]]''.</ref> Haka nan a shekarar 2020, [[Taraiyar Afirka|Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] (AU) ta nada ta a matsayin Manzon musamman don neman goyon bayan kasa da kasa don taimakawa nahiyar wajen magance tasirin tattalin arziki na [[ Zazzabin cizon sauro na shekara ta 2019-20|cutar kwalara ta shekara ta 2019 zuwa 20]] . <ref>Emma Rumney (April 12, 2020), [https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-africa/african-union-appoints-ex-credit-suisse-boss-as-envoy-for-virus-support-idUSL5N2C00E2 African Union appoints ex-Credit Suisse boss as envoy for virus support] ''[[Reuters]]''.</ref> === aiki. === * Hukumar hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa ta Japan (JICA), ita mamba ce a kwamitin ba da shawara na kasa da kasa <ref>[https://www.jica.go.jp/english/news/press/2017/170710_02.html First Meeting of the International Advisory Board] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509014017/https://www.jica.go.jp/english/news/press/2017/170710_02.html|date=2020-05-09}} [[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] (JICA), press release of July 10, 2017.</ref> === Kungiyoyin kasa da kasa. === * [[:en:Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank|Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank]] (AIIB), Member International Advisory Panel (since 2016)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aiib.org/en/news-events/news/2016/20161019_001.html|title=International Advisory Panel Holds Inaugural Meeting|website=Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank|language=en|access-date=2020-03-19}}</ref> * [[:en:GAVI|GAVI]], Chair of the Board (since 2016)<ref name="gavi.org2">{{cite web|url=https://gavi.org/library/news/press-releases/2015/ngozi-okonjo-iweala-appointed-chair-elect-of-gavi-board|title=Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala appointed Chair-elect of Gavi Board|publisher=Gavi.org|accessdate=2017-05-08|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415201036/http://www.gavi.org/library/news/press-releases/2015/ngozi-okonjo-iweala-appointed-chair-elect-of-gavi-board/|archivedate=15 April 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> * [[:en:African_Development_Bank|African Development Bank]] (AfDB), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2003-2006, 2011-2015)<ref>[https://www.afdb.org/en/documents/document/annual-report-2013-48189 2013 Annual Report] [[African Development Bank]] (AfDB).</ref> * [[:en:International_Monetary_Fund|International Monetary Fund]] (IMF), Member of the International Monetary and Finance Committee (2003-2006, 2011-2015){{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} * Joint World Bank-IMF Development Committee, Chair (2004) === Kwamitin tattaunawa. === * [[:en:Twitter|Twitter]], Board of Directors (since 2018)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/jack/status/1020055752944177152|title=Tweet by @jack|date=19 July 2018|website=twitter.com|access-date=24 September 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/twitter-appoints-ngozi-okonjo-iweala-and-robert-zoellick-to-board-of-directors-300684015.html?tc=eml_cleartime|title=Twitter Appoints Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala and Robert Zoellick to Board of Directors|date=Jul 19, 2018|website=PR Newswire}}</ref> * [[:en:Standard_Chartered|Standard Chartered]], Independent Non-executive Member of the Board of Directors (since 2017)<ref>{{cite news|title=Okonjo-Iweala named director at UK bank - Vanguard News|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/07/okonjo-iweala-named-director-uk-bank/|accessdate=5 August 2017|work=Vanguard News|publisher=Vanguard News|date=28 July 2017}}</ref> * [[:en:Lazard|Lazard]], Senior Advisor (since 2015)<ref name="washingtonspeakers.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.wsb.com/speakers/ngozi-okonjo-iweala/|website=Washington Speakers Bureau|title=Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala|accessdate=8 May 2017|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318112705/https://www.wsb.com/speakers/ngozi-okonjo-iweala/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Kungiyoyin sa kai. === * [[:en:Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace|Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]], Member of the Board of Trustees (since 2019)<ref>[https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/06/06/carnegie-endowment-for-international-peace-board-of-trustees-welcomes-five-new-members-pub-79269 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Board of Trustees Welcomes Five New Members] [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]], June 6, 2019.</ref> * Bloomberg New Economy Forum, Member of the Advisory Board (since 2018)<ref>[https://www.neweconomyforum.com/leadership/#row-footer Advisory Board] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425192453/https://www.neweconomyforum.com/leadership/#row-footer |date=2019-04-25 }} Bloomberg New Economy Forum.</ref> * [[:en:Results_for_Development|Results for Development]] (R4D), Member of the Board of Directors (since 2014)<ref>[https://www.r4d.org/about/board-of-directors/ Board of Directors] [[Results for Development]] (R4D)</ref><ref>[https://www.r4d.org/news/nigerian-finance-minister-ngozi-okonjo-iweala-joins-r4d-board-directors/ Nigerian Finance Minister Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala Joins R4D Board of Directors] [[Results for Development]] (R4D), press release of May 8, 2014.</ref> * [[:en:Women's_World_Banking|Women's World Banking]], Member of the Africa Advisory Council (since 2014)<ref>[https://www.womensworldbanking.org/insights-and-impact/press-release-african-leaders-commit-economic-empowerment-low-income-women/ African leaders commit to economic empowerment for low-income women] [[Women's World Banking]], press release of November 24, 2014.</ref> * [[:en:The_B_Team|The B Team]], Member (since 2013)<ref>[https://bteam.org/who-we-are/leaders Leaders] [[The B Team]].</ref><ref>[https://bteam.org/press/press-release-richard-branson-and-jochen-zeitz-reveal-the-b-team-leaders-and-kick-start-a-plan-b-for-business Richard Branson and Jochen Zeitz reveal The B Team Leaders and kick-start a Plan B for business] [[The B Team]], press release of June 13, 2013.</ref> * Friends of the Global Fund Africa, Member of the Board (since 2007)<ref>[https://www.theglobalfund.org/en/news/2007-02-12-friends-of-the-global-fund-africa-officially-launched/ Friends of The Global Fund Africa officially launched] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509105859/https://www.theglobalfund.org/en/news/2007-02-12-friends-of-the-global-fund-africa-officially-launched/ |date=2020-05-09 }} [[The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria|Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria]], press release of February 12, 2007.</ref> * Global Financial Integrity (GFI), Member of the Advisory Board (since 2007)<ref>[https://gfintegrity.org/press-release/gfi-advisory-board-member-ngozi-okonjo-iweala-nominated-world-bank-presidency/ GFI Advisory Board Member, Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, to Be Nominated for World Bank Presidency] Global Financial Integrity (GFI), press release of March 22, 2012.</ref> * African Risk Capacity, Chair of the Board<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africanriskcapacity.org/2016/10/29/arc-agency-governing-board/|title=ARC Agency Governing Board|website=African Risk Capacity|date=October 29, 2016|access-date=May 16, 2020|archive-date=September 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924190636/http://www.africanriskcapacity.org/2016/10/29/arc-agency-governing-board/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[:en:African_University_of_Science_and_Technology|African University of Science and Technology]], Chair of the Board<ref name="washingtonspeakers.com2">{{cite web|url=https://www.wsb.com/speakers/ngozi-okonjo-iweala/|website=Washington Speakers Bureau|title=Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala|accessdate=8 May 2017|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318112705/https://www.wsb.com/speakers/ngozi-okonjo-iweala/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[:en:Georgetown_Institute_for_Women,_Peace_and_Security|Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security]], Member of the Advisory Board<ref>[https://giwps.georgetown.edu/advisory-board/ Advisory Board] [[Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security]].</ref> * Global Business Coalition for Education, Member of the Advisory Board<ref>[https://gbc-education.org/our-board/ Advisory Board] Global Business Coalition for Education.</ref> * [[:en:Mandela_Institute_for_Development_Studies|Mandela Institute for Development Studies]] (MINDS), Member of the Advisory Board<ref>[https://minds-africa.org/about-us/ Advisory Board] [[Mandela Institute for Development Studies]] (MINDS).</ref> * [[:en:Mercy_Corps|Mercy Corps]], Member of the Global Leadership Council<ref>[https://www.mercycorps.org/who-we-are/our-team Global Leadership Council] [[Mercy Corps]].</ref> * [[:en:Rockefeller_Foundation|Rockefeller Foundation]], Member of the Global Development Network * [[:en:Nelson_Mandela_Institution|Nelson Mandela Institution]], Chair of the Board<ref>[https://www.nminst.org/why-nmi/governance/board-of-directors/ Board of Directors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217180605/https://www.nminst.org/why-nmi/governance/board-of-directors/|date=2021-02-17}} [[Nelson Mandela Institution]].</ref> * [[:en:One_Campaign|One Campaign]], Member of the Board<ref>Michael Elliott (June 25, 2013), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jun/25/one-campaign-not-drown-out-african-voices The ONE campaign does not drown out African voices] ''[[The Guardian]]''.</ref> * [[:en:Oxford_Martin_School|Oxford Martin School]], Member of the Advisory Council<ref>[https://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/about/governance/ Governance] [[Oxford Martin School]].</ref> * [[:en:Vital_Voices|Vital Voices]], Member of the Global Advisory Council<ref>[https://www.vitalvoices.org/who-we-are/bod/ Global Advisory Council] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401212846/https://www.vitalvoices.org/who-we-are/bod/|date=2020-04-01}} [[Vital Voices]].</ref> == Lamban girma. == Okonjo-Iweala ta samu yabo da yawa. An lissafta ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan Shugabannin Duniya 50 na duniya (''Fortune'', 2015), [https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/159357-okonjo-iweala-dangote-named-among-time-magazines-100-influential-people.html Manyan 100an 100 da suka fi Tasiri a Duniya] ( ''KWANKWASO'', 2014), Manya 100 na Duniya (kasashen ''waje'', 2011 da 2012), Manyan Mata 100 da suka fi Karfi a Duniya ( ''[[ Forbes|Forbes]]'', 2011, 2012, 2013 da 2014), Manyan Mata 3 da suka fi Karfi a Afirka (Forbes, 2012), Manyan Mata 10 da sukafi Tasiri a Afirka ( ''[[ Forbes|Forbes]]'', 2011), Manyan Mata 100 a Duniya ( ''[[ The Guardian|The Guardian]]'', 2011), Manyan Mata 150 a Duniya (''Newsweek'', 2011), Manyan mata 100 da suka fi kowa kwarjini a Duniya na Bayar da Girlsan mata da (an mata (Bayar da Matar, 2011). An sa ta cikin jerin <nowiki>''</nowiki>kwararrun<nowiki>''</nowiki> masu tasiri na kasuwanci a duniya ta Condé Nast International. A shekara ta 2019, an zabi Okonjo-Iweala ga [[ Kwalejin Ilimin Amurka da Kimiyya|Kwalejin Kimiyya da Kimiyya ta Amurka]] . Har ila yau, an ba ta girmamawa ga manyan masu martaba na kasa daga Jamhuriyar Cote d'Ivoire da Jamhuriyar Laberiya. Ita ce kuma ta karɓi Kwamandan Rundunar Tarayyar Najeriya (CFR). Sauran girmamawa sun hada da: === jadawali. === * 2017 – Vanguard Award, [[:en:Howard_University|Howard University]] * 2017 – Women’s Economic Empowerment Award, WEConnect International * 2017 – Madeleine K. Albright Global Development Award, [[:en:Aspen_Institute|Aspen Institute]] * 2016 – Power with Purpose Award, ''Devex Development Communications Network'' * 2016 – Global Fairness Award, Global Fairness Initiative * 2014 – David Rockefeller Bridging Leadership Award * 2011 – President of the Italian Republic Gold Medal, Pia Manzu Centre * 2011 – Global Leadership Award, [[:en:Chicago_Council_on_Global_Affairs|Chicago Council on Global Affairs]] * 2010 – Global Leadership Award, [[:en:School_of_International_and_Public_Affairs,_Columbia_University|Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs]] * 2010 – [[:en:Bishop_John_T._Walker_Distinguished_Humanitarian_Service_Award|Bishop John T. Walker Distinguished Humanitarian Service Award]] * 2004 – ''TIME''’s European Heroes Award * 2004 – Finance Minister of the Year, ''Africa Investor Magazine'' * 2004 – Finance Minister of the Year for Africa and the Middle East, ''[[:en:The_Banker|The Banker]]'' * 2005 – Global Finance Minister of the Year, ''[[:en:Euromoney|Euromoney]]'' * 2005 – Finance Minister of the Year for Africa and the Middle East, ''Emerging Markets Magazine'' == Digirin girmamawa. == Okonjo-Iweala ta sami digiri na girmamawa daga jami'o'i 14 a duniya, ciki har da wasu daga manyan kwalejoji masu daraja: [[ Jami'ar Pennsylvania|Jami'ar Pennsylvania]] (2013), [[ Jami’ar Yale|Jami'ar Yale]] (2015), [[ Kwalejin Amherst|Amherst College]] (2009) [[ Makarantar Saduma ta Fati, Dublin|Trinity College, Dublin]] (2007) [[ Jami’ar Brown|Jami'ar Brown]] (2006), [[ Kwalejin Colby|Kwalejin Colby]] (2007), da [[ Jami’ar Arewacin Caribbean|Jami'ar Caribbean ta Arewa]], Jamaica. Ta kuma samu digiri daga wasu jami’o’in Najeriya da suka hada da [[ Jami’ar Jihar Abia|Jami’ar Jihar Abia, Jami’ar]] [[ Jami’ar jihar Delta, Abraka|Delta State, Abraka]], [[ Jami’ar Oduduwa|Jami’ar Oduduwa, Jami’ar]] [[ Jami’ar Babcock|Babcock]], da Jami’ar Fatakwal, Calabar, da Ife (Obafemi Awolowo). A shekarar 2019, an ba Okonjo Iweala lambar girmamawa daga jami’ar Tel Aviv.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/2005-06/05-116|title=Brown University will confer eight honorary degrees on May 28|website=brown.edu|accessdate=8 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.yale.edu/2015/05/15/yale-awards-nine-honorary-degrees-commencement-2015|title=Yale awards nine honorary degrees at Commencement 2015|website=Yale News|date=15 May 2015|accessdate=8 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://penncurrent.upenn.edu/2013-03-14/latest-news/vice-president-biden-speak-penn%E2%80%99s-257th-commencement|title=Vice President Biden to speak at Penn's 257th Commencement {{!}} Penn Current|website=penncurrent.upenn.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-10-20|date=March 14, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/1710b42a-4ef3-11e8-a7a9-37318e776bab|title=Fighting Corruption Is Dangerous by Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala|website=Financial Times|accessdate=27 July 2018|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi|title=Fighting corruption is dangerous : the story behind the headlines|isbn=978-0-262-03801-0|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|lccn=2017041524|oclc=1003273241|ol=OL27372326M}}</ref> == Aikinta. == * Yaki da rashawa yana da Hadari : Labarin a kan kanun labarai - Labari na gaba daga tsohuwar ministar kudi ta Najeriya, Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, kan yadda ake yaki da rashawa da darussan da aka koya don gudanar da mulki da ci gaban kasa. An buga ta MIT Press, (2018). * Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi. Canza marasa daidaituwa   : darussa daga Najeriya (MIT Press paperback ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts. ISBN   <bdi> Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi. </bdi> Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi. LCCN   2012008453 . OCLC   878501895 . OL   25238823M . * Haske da Haske kan Takaitattun bayanai - kasida kan hadahadar kudade ga Manoma kananan Ma'aikata na Afirka, wanda Ministan Harkokin Wajen waje ya wallafa, (2015), tare da Janeen Madan suka yi rubutu. * Taimaka wa SDGs: Takaddar lasisi da Izinin Tallafi daga Developasashe Masu tasowa, wanda mujallar Horizons ta wallafa, (2016) * Sallah, Tijan M.; Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi (2003). Chinua Achebe, malamin haske   : tarihin rayuwa . Trenton, NJ: Labaran Duniya na Afirka. ISBN   <bdi> Sallah, Tijan M.; Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi (2003). </bdi> Sallah, Tijan M.; Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi (2003). LCCN   2002152037 . OCLC   50919841 . OL   3576773M . * Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi; Soludo, Charles Chukwuma; Muhtar, Mansur, eds. (2003). Tarkon bashi a Najeriya   : zuwa dabarar ci bashi mai dorewa . Trenton, NJ: Labaran Duniya na Afirka. ISBN   <bdi> Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi; Soludo, Charles Chukwuma; Muhtar, Mansur, eds. (2003). </bdi> Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi; Soludo, Charles Chukwuma; Muhtar, Mansur, eds. (2003). LCCN   2002007778 . OCLC   49875048 . OL   12376413M . * Kuna son Taimakawa Afirka? Yi Kasuwanci Anan - Ted Talk ya ba da Maris 2007 * Taimakawa Kasuwancin Taimakon - Ted Ted ya ba da Yuni 2007 * Kada Trivialize Cin Hanci da Rashawa, magance Yana - A Tedx Euston Talk tsĩrar Janairu 2013. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/05/17/photo-news-okonjo-iweala-bags-honorary-phd-from-tel-aviv-varsity/|title=Photo News: Okonjo-Iweala bags honorary PhD from Tel Aviv varsity|date=2019-05-17|website=P.M. News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.colby.edu/commencement/honorary-4/ngozi-okonjo-iweala/|title=Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala {{!}} Commencement|website=www.colby.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amherst.edu/news/specialevents/commencement/awards/2009/okonjo-iweala|title=2009 Honorees {{!}} Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala|website=www.amherst.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-10-20|archive-date=2018-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223021519/https://www.amherst.edu/news/specialevents/commencement/awards/2009/okonjo-iweala|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tcd.ie/registrar/honorary-degrees/recipients.php|title=Honorary Degree Recipients|website=tcd.ie|accessdate=8 May 2017}}</ref> == Hotunan Ingozi. == <gallery> File:Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi (2008 portrait).jpg File:Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala.jpg File:Ngozi okonjo-iweala world economic forum.jpg File:Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala WEF Davos 2010.jpg File:Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala - World Economic Forum on Africa 2012.jpg File:The Managing Director, World Bank, Ms. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala calls on the Union Finance Minister, Shri Pranab Mukherjee, in New Delhi on May 12, 2011.jpg File:Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, former Nigerian Finance Minister and former Managing Director of the World Bank, speaking at the UK-Africa Investment Summit in London, 20 January 2020 20200120154611 GMCB0323 (49419243418).jpg File:Umaru YarAdua 080630-F-1644L-111.jpg File:20th Anniversary of Treasury’s Office of Technical Assistance (5621907811).jpg File:African Finance Ministers IMF 2003 Annual Meeting - IMF 62ph030920GH.jpg File:Jacob Zuma, 2009 World Economic Forum on Africa-1.jpg </gallery> == Manazarta. == {{Reflist|3}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi}} [[Category:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] == Farkon rayuwa da karatu == <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chukwuka Okonjo – Biography |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Okonjo/ |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=Maths History |language=en}}</ref>An haifi Okonjo-Iweala a Ogwashi-Ukwu, a Jihar Delta, Najeriya. Mahaifinta, Farfesa Chukwuka Okonjo, shi ne Obi (Sarki) na gidan sarautar Obahai na garin Ogwashi-Ukwu a Najeriya. Ta auri Dr. Ikemba Iweala kuma suna da 'ya'ya hudu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Guardian |date=2023-11-18 |title=Okonjo-Iweala, husband, four children make list of ‘Exemplars: 100 Most Outstanding Nigerians In The Diaspora’ |url=https://guardian.ng/life/okonjo-iweala-husband-four-children-make-list-of-exemplars-100-most-outstanding-nigerians-in-the-diaspora/ |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2020 |title=Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, former finance minister of Nigeria and former managing director of the World Bank, will deliver the 2020 Graduation Address |url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/announcements/ngozi-okonjo-iweala-former-finance-minister-nigeria-and-former-managing-director |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513211315/https://www.hks.harvard.edu/announcements/ngozi-okonjo-iweala-former-finance-minister-nigeria-and-former-managing-director |archive-date=13 May 2020 |access-date=12 May 2020 |website=www.hks.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref name="cgdev.org"/> == Aiki == [[Fayil:Ngozi_Okonjo-Iweala.jpg|thumb|Okonjo-Iweala, a taron bazara na 2004 na Asusun Kuɗi na Duniya da Bankin DuniyaƘungiyar Bankin Duniya]] === A cikin gwamnati === == Rayuwarta == <ref name="bteam.org"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Niharika S. |date=8 December 2008 |title=Alumna Leads World Bank in Crisis |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2008/12/8/alumna-leads-world-bank-in-crisis/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602235015/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2008/12/8/alumna-leads-world-bank-in-crisis/ |archive-date=2 June 2015 |access-date=15 February 2021 |website=[[The Harvard Crimson]]}}</ref> == Wasu ayyukan == <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chukwuka Okonjo – Biography |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Okonjo/ |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=Maths History |language=en}}</ref>An haifi Okonjo-Iweala a Ogwashi-Ukwu, a Jihar Delta, Najeriya. Mahaifinta, Farfesa Chukwuka Okonjo, shi ne Obi (Sarki) na gidan sarautar Obahai na garin Ogwashi-Ukwu a Najeriya. Ta auri Dr. Ikemba Iweala kuma suna da 'ya'ya hudu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Guardian |date=2023-11-18 |title=Okonjo-Iweala, husband, four children make list of ‘Exemplars: 100 Most Outstanding Nigerians In The Diaspora’ |url=https://guardian.ng/life/okonjo-iweala-husband-four-children-make-list-of-exemplars-100-most-outstanding-nigerians-in-the-diaspora/ |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2020 |title=Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, former finance minister of Nigeria and former managing director of the World Bank, will deliver the 2020 Graduation Address |url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/announcements/ngozi-okonjo-iweala-former-finance-minister-nigeria-and-former-managing-director |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513211315/https://www.hks.harvard.edu/announcements/ngozi-okonjo-iweala-former-finance-minister-nigeria-and-former-managing-director |archive-date=13 May 2020 |access-date=12 May 2020 |website=www.hks.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref name="cgdev.org"/> [[Fayil:Ngozi_Okonjo-Iweala.jpg|thumb|Okonjo-Iweala, a taron bazara na 2004 na Asusun Kuɗi na Duniya da Bankin DuniyaƘungiyar Bankin Duniya]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chukwuka Okonjo – Biography |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Okonjo/ |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=Maths History |language=en}}</ref>An haifi Okonjo-Iweala a Ogwashi-Ukwu, a Jihar Delta, Najeriya. Mahaifinta, Farfesa Chukwuka Okonjo, shi ne Obi (Sarki) na gidan sarautar Obahai na garin Ogwashi-Ukwu a Najeriya. Ta auri Dr. Ikemba Iweala kuma suna da 'ya'ya hudu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Guardian |date=2023-11-18 |title=Okonjo-Iweala, husband, four children make list of ‘Exemplars: 100 Most Outstanding Nigerians In The Diaspora’ |url=https://guardian.ng/life/okonjo-iweala-husband-four-children-make-list-of-exemplars-100-most-outstanding-nigerians-in-the-diaspora/ |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2020 |title=Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, former finance minister of Nigeria and former managing director of the World Bank, will deliver the 2020 Graduation Address |url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/announcements/ngozi-okonjo-iweala-former-finance-minister-nigeria-and-former-managing-director |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513211315/https://www.hks.harvard.edu/announcements/ngozi-okonjo-iweala-former-finance-minister-nigeria-and-former-managing-director |archive-date=13 May 2020 |access-date=12 May 2020 |website=www.hks.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref name="cgdev.org"/> [[Fayil:Ngozi_Okonjo-Iweala.jpg|thumb|Okonjo-Iweala, a taron bazara na 2004 na Asusun Kuɗi na Duniya da Bankin DuniyaƘungiyar Bankin Duniya]] === A cikin gwamnati === <ref name="bteam.org"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Niharika S. |date=8 December 2008 |title=Alumna Leads World Bank in Crisis |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2008/12/8/alumna-leads-world-bank-in-crisis/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602235015/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2008/12/8/alumna-leads-world-bank-in-crisis/ |archive-date=2 June 2015 |access-date=15 February 2021 |website=[[The Harvard Crimson]]}}</ref> === Hukumomin gwamnati === * Hukumar hadin kan kasa da kasa ta Japan (JICA), memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Duniya (tun daga 2017) === Kungiyoyin kasa da kasa === * === Kwamitin kamfanoni === * * Gidauniyar Afirka ta Turai (AEF), memba na Babban Ƙungiyar Mutane a kan Dangantakar Afirka da Turai (tun daga 2020) * Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, memba na Kwamitin Amintattun (tun daga shekara ta 2019) * Bloomberg New Economy Forum, memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara (tun daga 2018) * Sakamakon Ci Gaban (R4D), memba na Kwamitin Daraktoci (tun 2014) * Bankin Duniya na Mata, memba na Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta Afirka (tun daga shekara ta 2014) * Kungiyar B, memba (tun daga shekara ta 2013) * Abokan Asusun Duniya na Afirka, memba na kwamitin (tun 2007) * Aminci na Kudi na Duniya (GFI), memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara (tun daga 2007) * Ikon Hadarin Afirka, Shugaban Kwamitin <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2016 |title=ARC Agency Governing Board |url=http://www.africanriskcapacity.org/2016/10/29/arc-agency-governing-board/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924190636/http://www.africanriskcapacity.org/2016/10/29/arc-agency-governing-board/ |archive-date=24 September 2018 |access-date=24 September 2018 |website=African Risk Capacity}}</ref> * [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Afirka]], Shugaban Kwamitin <ref name="washingtonspeakers.com"/> * Cibiyar Georgetown ta Mata, Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro, memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara * Kungiyar Kasuwancin Duniya don Ilimi, memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara * Cibiyar Ci Gaban Duniya (IGC), Babban Mai Ba da Shawara &nbsp; * Cibiyar Nazarin Ci Gaban Mandela (MINDS), memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara &nbsp; * Mercy Corps, memba na Majalisar Jagorancin Duniya * Gidauniyar Rockefeller, memba na Kwamitin Amintattun (2008-2018) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala |url=https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/profile/ngozi-okonjo-iweala/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126215529/https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/profile/ngozi-okonjo-iweala/ |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date=15 February 2021 |website=The Rockefeller Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=WTO Director-General: Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala |url=https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/dg_e/dg_e.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215160620/https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/dg_e/dg_e.htm |archive-date=15 February 2021 |access-date=15 February 2021 |website=www.wto.org |language=en |ref=wtoBio}}</ref> * Cibiyar Nelson Mandela, Shugaban Hukumar * Ɗaya daga cikin Kamfen ɗin, memba na Kwamitin * Makarantar Martin ta Oxford, memba na Majalisar Ba da Shawara * Vital Voices, memba na Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta Duniya * Gidauniyar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya Matasa Shugabannin Duniya, tsohon memba na kwamitin <ref name=":1" /> * memba na Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya na Kwamitin Amintattun <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leadership and Governance – World Economic Forum |url=https://www.weforum.org/about/leadership-and-governance/}}</ref> Okonjo-Iweala ta sami yabo da kyaututtuka da yawa. An lissafa ta a matsayin daya daga cikin 50 Mafi Girma na Duniya (Fortune, 2015), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala |url=https://fortune.com/worlds-greatest-leaders/2015/ngozi-okonjo-iweala |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513104424/https://fortune.com/worlds-greatest-leaders/2015/ngozi-okonjo-iweala/ |archive-date=13 May 2020 |access-date=5 May 2020 |website=Fortune}}</ref> Top 100 Mafi Girma a Duniya (TIME, 2014 da 2021), Top 100 Global Thinkers (Foreign Policy, 2011 da 2012), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala |url=https://www.cgdev.org/expert/ngozi-okonjo-iweala |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423013515/https://www.cgdev.org/expert/ngozi-okonjo-iweala |archive-date=23 April 2018 |access-date=12 May 2020 |publisher=Center For Global Development}}</ref> Top 100 Mafi Ƙarfi a Duniya (''Forbes'', 2011, 2013, 2014, 2022 da 2023), <ref>{{Cite web |last=Okonjo-Iweala |first=Ngozi |date=4 April 2018 |title=Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala |url=https://www.brookings.edu/experts/ngozi-okonjo-iweala-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513205223/https://www.brookings.edu/experts/ngozi-okonjo-iweala-2/ |archive-date=13 May 2020 |access-date=16 May 2020 |website=Brookings}}</ref> == Wasu ayyukan == <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chukwuka Okonjo – Biography |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Okonjo/ |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=Maths History |language=en}}</ref>An haifi Okonjo-Iweala a Ogwashi-Ukwu, a Jihar Delta, Najeriya. Mahaifinta, Farfesa Chukwuka Okonjo, shi ne Obi (Sarki) na gidan sarautar Obahai na garin Ogwashi-Ukwu a Najeriya. Ta auri Dr. Ikemba Iweala kuma suna da 'ya'ya hudu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Guardian |date=2023-11-18 |title=Okonjo-Iweala, husband, four children make list of ‘Exemplars: 100 Most Outstanding Nigerians In The Diaspora’ |url=https://guardian.ng/life/okonjo-iweala-husband-four-children-make-list-of-exemplars-100-most-outstanding-nigerians-in-the-diaspora/ |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2020 |title=Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, former finance minister of Nigeria and former managing director of the World Bank, will deliver the 2020 Graduation Address |url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/announcements/ngozi-okonjo-iweala-former-finance-minister-nigeria-and-former-managing-director |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513211315/https://www.hks.harvard.edu/announcements/ngozi-okonjo-iweala-former-finance-minister-nigeria-and-former-managing-director |archive-date=13 May 2020 |access-date=12 May 2020 |website=www.hks.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref name="cgdev.org"/> [[Fayil:Ngozi_Okonjo-Iweala.jpg|thumb|Okonjo-Iweala, a taron bazara na 2004 na Asusun Kuɗi na Duniya da Bankin DuniyaƘungiyar Bankin Duniya]] === A cikin gwamnati === <ref name="bteam.org"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Niharika S. |date=8 December 2008 |title=Alumna Leads World Bank in Crisis |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2008/12/8/alumna-leads-world-bank-in-crisis/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602235015/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2008/12/8/alumna-leads-world-bank-in-crisis/ |archive-date=2 June 2015 |access-date=15 February 2021 |website=[[The Harvard Crimson]]}}</ref> === Hukumomin gwamnati === * Hukumar hadin kan kasa da kasa ta Japan (JICA), memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Duniya (tun daga 2017) === Kungiyoyin kasa da kasa === * === Kwamitin kamfanoni === * * Gidauniyar Afirka ta Turai (AEF), memba na Babban Ƙungiyar Mutane a kan Dangantakar Afirka da Turai (tun daga 2020) * Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, memba na Kwamitin Amintattun (tun daga shekara ta 2019) * Bloomberg New Economy Forum, memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara (tun daga 2018) * Sakamakon Ci Gaban (R4D), memba na Kwamitin Daraktoci (tun 2014) * Bankin Duniya na Mata, memba na Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta Afirka (tun daga shekara ta 2014) * Kungiyar B, memba (tun daga shekara ta 2013) * Abokan Asusun Duniya na Afirka, memba na kwamitin (tun 2007) * Aminci na Kudi na Duniya (GFI), memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara (tun daga 2007) * Ikon Hadarin Afirka, Shugaban Kwamitin <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2016 |title=ARC Agency Governing Board |url=http://www.africanriskcapacity.org/2016/10/29/arc-agency-governing-board/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924190636/http://www.africanriskcapacity.org/2016/10/29/arc-agency-governing-board/ |archive-date=24 September 2018 |access-date=24 September 2018 |website=African Risk Capacity}}</ref> * [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Afirka]], Shugaban Kwamitin <ref name="washingtonspeakers.com"/> * Cibiyar Georgetown ta Mata, Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro, memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara * Kungiyar Kasuwancin Duniya don Ilimi, memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara * Cibiyar Ci Gaban Duniya (IGC), Babban Mai Ba da Shawara &nbsp; * Cibiyar Nazarin Ci Gaban Mandela (MINDS), memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara &nbsp; * Mercy Corps, memba na Majalisar Jagorancin Duniya * Gidauniyar Rockefeller, memba na Kwamitin Amintattun (2008-2018) <ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/> * Cibiyar Nelson Mandela, Shugaban Hukumar * Ɗaya daga cikin Kamfen ɗin, memba na Kwamitin * Makarantar Martin ta Oxford, memba na Majalisar Ba da Shawara * Vital Voices, memba na Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta Duniya * Gidauniyar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya Matasa Shugabannin Duniya, tsohon memba na kwamitin <ref name=":1" /> * memba na Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya na Kwamitin Amintattun <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leadership and Governance – World Economic Forum |url=https://www.weforum.org/about/leadership-and-governance/}}</ref> === A cikin gwamnati === <ref name="bteam.org"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Niharika S. |date=8 December 2008 |title=Alumna Leads World Bank in Crisis |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2008/12/8/alumna-leads-world-bank-in-crisis/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602235015/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2008/12/8/alumna-leads-world-bank-in-crisis/ |archive-date=2 June 2015 |access-date=15 February 2021 |website=[[The Harvard Crimson]]}}</ref> === Hukumomin gwamnati === * Hukumar hadin kan kasa da kasa ta Japan (JICA), memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Duniya (tun daga 2017) === Kungiyoyin kasa da kasa === * === Kwamitin kamfanoni === * == Hotuna == <gallery> Fayil:Ngozi_Okonjo-Iweala_WEF_Davos_2010.jpg|Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala at the 2007 World Economic Forum Fayil:Ngozi_Okonjo-Iweala_-_World_Economic_Forum_on_Africa_2012.jpg Fayil:Ngozi_okonjo-iweala_world_economic_forum.jpg|Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala at the 2007 World Economic Forum Fayil:The_Managing_Director,_World_Bank,_Ms._Ngozi_Okonjo-Iweala_calls_on_the_Union_Finance_Minister,_Shri_Pranab_Mukherjee,_in_New_Delhi_on_May_12,_2011.jpg|**Misis Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala tana ganawa da Ministan Kuɗi na Tarayyar India, wanda daga baya ya zama Shugaban Ƙasa na 13 na Indiya, Pranab Mukherjee, a New Delhi, ranar 12 ga Mayu, 2011. Fayil:Ngozi_Okonjo-Iweala,_former_Nigerian_Finance_Minister_and_former_Managing_Director_of_the_World_Bank,_speaking_at_the_UK-Africa_Investment_Summit_in_London,_20_January_2020_20200120154611_GMCB0323_(49419243418).jpg|Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, tsohuwar Daraktar Gudanarwa ta World Bank, tana jawabi a wajen UK-Africa Investment Summit da aka gudanar a London. Fayil:20th_Anniversary_of_Treasury’s_Office_of_Technical_Assistance_(5621907811).jpg Fayil:Jiang_Jianqing,_2009_World_Economic_Forum_on_Africa.jpg Fayil:African_Finance_Ministers_IMF_2003_Annual_Meeting_-_IMF_62ph030920GH.jpg </gallery> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ayyuka == === Littattafai === * *   * {{Cite journal |last=Okonjo-Iweala |first=Ngozi |date=2016 |title=Funding THE SDGs: Licit and Illicit Financial Flows From Developing Countries |journal=Horizons: Journal of International Relations and Sustainable Development |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=108–117 |jstor=48573616}} === Tattaunawa === *   *   *   q5slynjv34ec79t9o2sngki494yfzfb 0 11594 906651 901510 2026-08-23T18:50:56Z Zahrah0 14848 906651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Spas na Ilyine - Patriarch Abel.jpg|thumb|Hutun Habila]] '''Habila;''' Shine Ɗa na farko da [[Annabi]] [[Adam]] da [[Hauwa`u]] suka haife su a [[Duniya]] ba a [[Aljanna]] ba, acikin [[Duniya]] [[Shedan]] ya musu ziga har yasa daya ya kashe daya [[Habila]] da [[Kabila]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dillon|first1=Michael|title=China's Muslim Hui Community|edition=|page=37|year=1999|publisher=Curzon|location=|isbn=978-0-7007-1026-3|ref=}}</ref><ref>Denise Aigle ''The Mongol Empire between Myth and Reality: Studies in Anthropological History'' BRILL, 28 October 2014 {{ISBN|978-9-0042-8064-9}} p. 110.</ref><ref>A.C.S. Peacock ''Early Seljuq History:A New Interpretation'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|9781135153694}} p. 123.</ref><ref name="Arab-Israeli Conflict Page 917">''The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social and Military History'' edited by Spencer C.Tucker,Priscilla Mary Roberts p.917 [https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA917&dq=Zaydis+use+hanafi#v=onepage&q=Zaydis%20use%20hanafi]</ref><ref>name="The Iraq Effect Page 91">''The Iraq Effect: The Middle East After the Iraq War'' By Frederic M. Wehrey p. 91 [https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91&dq=Zaydis+use+hanafi#v=onepage&q=Zaydis%20use%20hanafi]</ref><ref>Jonathan Brown ''The Canonization of al-Bukhārī and Muslim: The Formation and Function of the Sunnī Ḥadīth Canon'' Brill 2007 {{ISBN|9789047420347}} p. 313</ref><ref>Ahmed, Imad-ad-Dean. Signs in the heavens. 2. Amana Publications, 2006. p. 170. Print. {{ISBN|1-59008-040-8}}</ref><ref>Nicolas Laos ''The Metaphysics of World Order: A Synthesis of Philosophy, Theology, and Politics'' Wipf and Stock Publishers 2015 {{ISBN|9781498201025}} p. 177</ref><ref>name="ReferenceG">Robert Rabil ''Salafism in Lebanon: From Apoliticism to Transnational Jihadism'' Georgetown University Press 2014 {{ISBN|9781626161184}} chapter: "Doctrine"</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1&fid=69415&jid=ASS&volumeId=32&issueId=03&aid=69414 |title=Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in North India during the Twentieth Century |access-date=2019-09-16 |archive-date=2020-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317013822/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/generational-changes-in-the-leadership-of-the-ahle-sunnat-movement-in-north-india-during-the-twentieth-century/8AAAC4CFEFC4F4084731C3964A5CAE84 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Denise Aigle ''The Mongol Empire between Myth and Reality: Studies in Anthropological History'' BRILL, 28 October 2014 {{ISBN|978-9-0042-8064-9}} p. 110.</ref><ref>A.C.S. Peacock ''Early Seljuq History: A New Interpretation'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|9781135153694}} p. 123.</ref><ref name="Arab-Israeli Conflict Page 917" /><ref>refname="The Iraq Effect Page 91">''The Iraq Effect: The Middle East After the Iraq War'' By Frederic M. Wehrey p. 91 [https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91&dq=Zaydis+use+hanafi#v=onepage&q=Zaydis%20use%20hanafi]</ref><ref>Jonathan Brown ''The Canonization of al-Bukhārī and Muslim: The Formation and Function of the Sunnī Ḥadīth Canon'' Brill 2007 {{ISBN|9789047420347}} p. 313</ref><ref>Ahmed, Imad-ad-Dean. Signs in the heavens. 2. Amana Publications, 2006. p. 170. Print. {{ISBN|1-59008-040-8}}</ref><ref>Nicolas Laos ''The Metaphysics of World Order: A Synthesis of Philosophy, Theology, and Politics'' Wipf and Stock Publishers 2015 {{ISBN|9781498201025}} p. 177</ref><ref name="ReferenceG">Robert Rabil ''Salafism in Lebanon: From Apoliticism to Transnational Jihadism'' Georgetown University Press 2014 {{ISBN|9781626161184}} chapter: "Doctrine"</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1&fid=69415&jid=ASS&volumeId=32&issueId=03&aid=69414 |title=Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in North India during the Twentieth Century |access-date=2019-09-16 |archive-date=2020-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317013822/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/generational-changes-in-the-leadership-of-the-ahle-sunnat-movement-in-north-india-during-the-twentieth-century/8AAAC4CFEFC4F4084731C3964A5CAE84 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Diddigin bayanai na waje== * [http://www.haqislam.org/tenets-of-islam/ Tenets of Islam] * [http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1859?_hi=17&_pos=3 Pillars of Islam in Oxford Islamic Studies Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119134252/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1859?_hi=17&_pos=3 |date=2012-11-19 }} * [http://islamicpath.org/pillars-of-islam/ Pillars of Islam]. A brief description of the Five Pillars of Islam. * [https://www.fivepillarsof-islam.com/ Five Pillars of Islam]. Complete information about The Five Pillars of Islam. ==Karin dubawa== ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Habila}} [[Category: Sallah]] [[Category: Azumi]] [[Category: Zakkah]] [[Category: Aikin-Hajji]] [[Category: Sallar asubahi]] [[Category: Sallar azahar]] [[Category: Sallar la`asar]] [[Category: Sallar mangariba]] [[Category: Sallar isha`i]] [[Category: Sallolin nafila]] [[Category: Muhammad]] [[Category: Annabi]] [[Category: Allah]] ===Littattafai da jaridu=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite journal| last=Accad | first=Martin | title=The Gospels in the Muslim Discourse of the Ninth to the Fourteenth Centuries: An Exegetical Inventorial Table (Part I) | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_islam-christian-muslim-relations_2003-01_14_1/page/67 | journal=Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations | volume=14 | issue=1 | pages=67–91 |year=2003 | ref=harv | doi=10.1080/09596410305261}} * {{Cite book| last=Ahmed | first=Akbar | title=Islam Today: A Short Introduction to the Muslim World | publisher=I.B. Tauris | edition=2.00 | year=1999 | isbn=978-1-86064-257-9 | ref=harv | url=https://archive.org/details/islamtoday00akba_0 }} * {{Cite book| publisher = Continuum International Publishing Group| isbn = 978-0-8264-9944-8| last = Bennett| first = Clinton |authorlink= Clinton Bennett| title = Interpreting the Qur'an: a guide for the uninitiated| year = 2010| page=101 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Brockopp | first=Jonathan E. | title=Islamic Ethics of Life: abortion, war and euthanasia | publisher=University of South Carolina press | year=2003 | isbn=978-1-57003-471-8 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Cohen-Mor | first=Dalya | title=A Matter of Fate: The Concept of Fate in the Arab World as Reflected in Modern Arabic Literature | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2001 | isbn=978-0-19-513398-1 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Curtis | first=Patricia A. | year=2005 | title=A Guide to Food Laws and Regulations | publisher=Blackwell Publishing Professional | isbn=978-0-8138-1946-4 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink = John Esposito | title=Islam: The Straight Path | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2010 | edition=4th | isbn=978-0-19-539600-3 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Esposito | first=John | title=Islam: The Straight Path | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1998 | edition=3rd | isbn=978-0-19-511234-4 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last1=Esposito | first1=John | last2=Haddad | first2=Yvonne Yazbeck | title=Muslims on the Americanization Path? | year=2000a | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-513526-8 | ref=harv | url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsonamerica00yvon }} * {{Cite book| last=Esposito | first=John | year=2000b | title=Oxford History of Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-510799-9 | ref=harv | url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john }} * {{Cite book| last=Esposito | first=John| year=2002a | title=Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-516886-0 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Esposito | first=John| year=2002b | title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-515713-0 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Esposito | first=John| title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press| year=2003 | isbn=978-0-19-512558-0 | ref=harv| title-link=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam}} * {{Cite book| last=Esposito | first=John| title=Islam: The Straight Path | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2004 | edition=3rd Rev Upd | isbn=978-0-19-518266-8 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Farah | first=Caesar | authorlink=Caesar E. Farah | title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances | publisher=Barron's Educational Series | year=1994 | edition=5th | isbn=978-0-8120-1853-0 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Farah | first=Caesar | title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances | publisher=Barron's Educational Series | year=2003 | edition=7th | isbn=978-0-7641-2226-2 | ref=harv | url=https://archive.org/details/islambeliefsobse00fara_0 }} * {{Cite book| last=Firestone | first=Reuven | title=Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam | publisher= Oxford University Press | year=1999 | isbn=978-0-19-512580-1 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Ghamidi | first=Javed | authorlink=Javed Ahmed Ghamidi | title=Mizan | publisher=[[Al-Mawrid|Dar al-Ishraq]] | year=2001 | oclc=52901690 | ref=harv| title-link=Mizan }} * {{Cite book|last1=Goldschmidt, Jr. |first1=Arthur | last2=Davidson| first2 = Lawrence | title=A Concise History of the Middle East | publisher=Westview Press | year=2005 | edition=8th | isbn=978-0-8133-4275-7 | ref={{harvid|Goldschmidt|2005}}}} * {{Cite book|last1=Griffith |first1=Ruth Marie | last2=Savage| first2=Barbara Dianne | title=Women and Religion in the African Diaspora: Knowledge, Power, and Performance | publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-8018-8370-5 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last= Haddad | first= Yvonne Yazbeck |title= Muslims in the West: from sojourners to citizens| publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] | year=2002 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Hawting| first=G.R. | authorlink= G.R. Hawting | title=The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750 | publisher=Routledge | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-415-24073-4 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Hedayetullah | first=Muhammad | title=Dynamics of Islam: An Exposition | publisher=Trafford Publishing | year=2006 | isbn=978-1-55369-842-5 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Hofmann|first1=Murad|title=Islam and Qur'an|edition=|year=2007|location=|isbn=978-1-59008-047-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Holt|first1=P.M | last2=Lewis| first2=Bernard| authorlink2=Bernard Lewis | title=Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 1 | year=1977 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-29136-1 | ref={{harvid|Holt|1977a}}}} * {{Cite book| last1=Holt | first1=P.M. | last2=Lambton |first2=Ann K.S| last3=Lewis| first3=Bernard | title=Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 2 | year=1977 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-29137-8 | ref={{harvid|Holt|1977b}}}} * {{Cite book| last1=Hourani | first1=Albert | authorlink=Albert Hourani | last2=Ruthven| first2=Malise| authorlink2=Malise Ruthven | title=A History of the Arab Peoples | year=2003 | publisher=Belknap Press; Revised edition | isbn=978-0-674-01017-8 | ref={{harvid|Hourani|2003}}}} * {{Cite book| last=Kobeisy | first=Ahmed Nezar | title=Counseling American Muslims: Understanding the Faith and Helping the People | publisher=Praeger Publishers | year=2004 | isbn=978-0-313-32472-7 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Kramer | first=Martin | title=Shi'Ism, Resistance, and Revolution | publisher=Westview Press | year=1987 | isbn=978-0-8133-0453-3 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Lapidus| first=Ira | title=A History of Islamic Societies | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2002 | edition=2nd | isbn=978-0-521-77933-3 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis| title=The Jews of Islam | publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul | year=1984 | isbn=978-0-7102-0462-2 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Lewis | first=Bernard | title=The Arabs in History | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1993 | isbn=978-0-19-285258-8 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Lewis | first=Bernard| title=The Middle East | publisher=Scribner | year=1997 | isbn=978-0-684-83280-7 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Lewis | first=Bernard| title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East | publisher=Open Court | edition=2nd | year=2001 | isbn=978-0-8126-9518-2 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Lewis | first=Bernard | title=What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East | publisher=Harper Perennial | edition=Reprint | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-06-051605-5 | ref=harv | url=https://archive.org/details/whatwentwrongcl00lewi }} * {{Cite book| last=Lewis | first=Bernard | title=The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror | publisher=Random House, Inc., New York | year=2004 | isbn=978-0-8129-6785-2 | ref=harv | url=https://archive.org/details/crisisofislam00bern }} * {{Cite book| last=Madelung | first=Wilferd | authorlink=Wilferd Madelung | title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=1996 | isbn=978-0-521-64696-3 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last1=Malik| first1=Jamal| last2=Hinnells| first2=John R | title=Sufism in the West | publisher= Routledge | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-415-27408-1 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Menski | first=Werner F. | title=Comparative Law in a Global Context: The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-521-85859-5 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | editor-last = Miller | editor-first = Tracy |date=2009 | publisher = [[Pew Research Center]] | title = Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population | format = PDF | url=http://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/ | accessdate = 2013-09-24 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Momen | first=Moojan | title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism | publisher=Yale University Press | year=1987 | isbn=978-0-300-03531-5 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Nasr | first=Seyed Muhammad | title=Our Religions: The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition (Chapter 7) | publisher=HarperCollins | year=1994 | isbn=978-0-06-067700-8 | ref=harv | url=https://archive.org/details/ourreligions00shar }} * {{cite book| last= Nigosian | first = Solomon Alexander | title=Islam: its history, teaching, and practices| publisher= [[Indiana University Press]]| year =2004| isbn= | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Patton | first=Walter M. | title=The Doctrine of Freedom in the Korân | journal=The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures |date=1900 | volume=16 | issue=3 | isbn=978-90-04-10314-6 | doi=10.1086/369367 | page=129 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Peters | first=F.E. | title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-691-11553-5 | ref=harv | url=https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe }} * {{Cite book| last=Rahman | first=H.U. |title=Chronology of Islamic History, 570–1000 CE | publisher=Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd | edition=3rd | year=1999 | ref=harv }} * {{Cite book| last=Rippin | first=Andrew | authorlink=Andrew Rippin | title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices | publisher=Routledge | edition=2nd | year=2001 | isbn=978-0-415-21781-1 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Sachedina | first=Abdulaziz | title=The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence | publisher=Oxford University Press US | year=1998 | isbn=978-0-19-511915-2 | authorlink=Abdulaziz Sachedina | ref=harv}} * Siljander, Mark D. and John David Mann. ''A Deadly Misunderstanding: a Congressman's Quest to Bridge the Muslim-Christian Divide''. First ed. New York: Harper One, 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-06-143828-8}} * {{Cite book| last=Smith | first=Jane I. | title=The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-19-515649-2 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last1=Tabatabae | first1=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn | last2=Nasr| first2=Seyyed Hossein | authorlink1=Allameh Tabatabaei | title= Shi'ite Islam | publisher=Suny press| year=1979 | isbn=978-0-87395-272-9 | ref={{harvid|Tabatabaei|1979}}}} * {{Cite book| last=Teece | first=Geoff | title=Religion in Focus: Islam | publisher=Franklin Watts Ltd | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-7496-4796-4 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Trimingham| first=John Spencer | title=The Sufi Orders in Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1998| isbn=978-0-19-512058-5 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Turner | first=Colin | title=Islam: the Basics | publisher=Routledge (UK) | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-415-34106-6 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Turner | first=Bryan S. | title=Weber and Islam | publisher=Routledge (UK) | year=1998 | isbn=978-0-415-17458-9 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Waines | first=David | title=An Introduction to Islam | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-521-53906-7 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Watt | first=W. Montgomery | authorlink=William Montgomery Watt | title=The Formative Period of Islamic Thought | publisher=University Press Edinburgh| year=1973 | isbn=978-0-85224-245-2 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Watt | first=W. Montgomery | title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman | publisher=Oxford University Press | edition=New | year=1974 | isbn=978-0-19-881078-0 | ref=harv | url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt }} * {{Cite book| last=Weiss | first=Bernard G.|authorlink=Bernard G. Weiss | title=Studies in Islamic Legal Theory | year=2002 | location=Boston | publisher=Brill Academic publishers | isbn=978-90-04-12066-2 | ref=harv}} {{Refend}} ==Karatu na gaba== {{Refbegin}} * Abdul-Haqq, Abdiyah Akbar (1980). ''Sharing Your Faith with a Muslim''. Minneapolis: Bethany House Publishers. ''N.B''. Presents the genuine doctrines and concepts of Islam and of the Holy Qur'an, and this religion's affinities with Christianity and its Sacred Scriptures, in order to "dialogue" on the basis of what both faiths really teach. {{ISBN|0-87123-553-6}} * {{Cite book| last=Akyol | first=Mustafa | authorlink=Mustafa Akyol | title=Islam Without Extremes | publisher=W.W. Norton & Company | edition=1st | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-393-07086-6}} * {{Cite book | last=Arberry | first=A.J. | authorlink=A. J. Arberry | title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation | publisher=Touchstone | edition=1st | year=1996 | isbn=978-0-684-82507-6 | url=https://archive.org/details/koraninterpreted00ajar }} * Cragg, Kenneth (1975). ''The House of Islam'', in ''The Religious Life of Man Series''. Second ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1975. xiii, 145 p. {{ISBN|0-8221-0139-4}}. * Hourani, Albert (1991). ''Islam in European Thought''. First pbk. ed. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1992, cop. 1991. xi, 199 p. {{ISBN|0-521-42120-9}}; alternative ISBN on back cover, 0-521-42120-0. * {{Cite book| last=Khan | first=Muhammad Muhsin | authorlink=Muhammad Muhsin Khan |author2=Al-Hilali Khan |author3=Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din | title=Noble Quran | year=1999 | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | edition=1st | isbn=978-9960-740-79-9}} * A. Khanbaghi (2006). ''The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran''. I. B. Tauris. * Khavari, Farid A. (1990). ''Oil and Islam: the Ticking Bomb''. First ed. Malibu, Calif.: Roundtable Publications. viii, 277 p., ill. with maps and charts. {{ISBN|0-915677-55-5}}. * {{Cite book |editor-last=Kramer |editor-first=Martin |editor-link=Martin Kramer | title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis | publisher=Syracuse University | year=1999 | isbn=978-965-224-040-8}} * {{Cite book| last=Kuban | first=Dogan | title=Muslim Religious Architecture | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=1974 | isbn=978-90-04-03813-4}} * {{Cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | title=Islam and the West | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1994 | isbn=978-0-19-509061-1 | url=https://archive.org/details/islamwest00lewi_0 }} * {{Cite book| last=Lewis | first=Bernard| title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1996 | isbn=978-0-19-510283-3}} * {{Cite book| last=Mubarkpuri | first=Saifur-Rahman | title=The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Prophet | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-59144-071-0}} * {{Cite book| last=Najeebabadi | first=Akbar Shah | title=History of Islam | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | year=2001 | ref=Harv | isbn=978-1-59144-034-5}} * {{Cite book| last=Nigosian | first=S.A. | title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices | publisher=Indiana University Press | year=2004 | edition=New | isbn=978-0-253-21627-4}} * {{Cite book| last=Rahman | first=Fazlur | authorlink=Fazlur Rahman | title=Islam | publisher=University of Chicago Press | year=1979 | edition=2nd | isbn=978-0-226-70281-0}} * {{Cite book | last=Schimmel | first=Annemarie | authorlink=Annemarie Schimmel | title=Deciphering the Signs of God: A Phenomenological Approach to Islam | publisher=State University of New York Press | year=1994 | url=https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam | isbn=978-0791419823 | access-date=2019-09-16 | archive-date=2019-04-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422154518/https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam | url-status=dead }} * {{Cite book| last=Tausch | first=Arno| authorlink=Arno Tausch | title=What 1.3&nbsp;Billion Muslims Really Think: An Answer to a Recent Gallup Study, Based on the "World Values Survey". Foreword Mansoor Moaddel, Eastern Michigan University | publisher=Nova Science Publishers, New York| year=2009 | edition=1st | isbn=978-1-60692-731-1}} * {{Cite book | last=Tausch | first=Arno | authorlink=Arno Tausch | title=The political algebra of global value change. General models and implications for the Muslim world. With Almas Heshmati and Hichem Karoui |publisher=Nova Science Publishers, New York|year=2015 | edition=1st | isbn=978-1-62948-899-8}} * {{Cite book| last=Walker | first=Benjamin | authorlink=Benjamin Walker (author) | title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith | publisher=Peter Owen Publishers | year=1998 | isbn=978-0-7206-1038-3}} {{Refend}} ==Diddigi na waje== {{Sister project links |wikt=Islam |commons=Category:Islam |b=Subject:Islam |n=Category:Islam |q=Islam |s=Portal:Islam |v=Islam |voy=Islam |species=no |d=Q432 |m=no|mw=no}} ;Academic resources * [http://www.patheos.com/Library/Islam.html Patheos Library&nbsp;– Islam] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140729180433/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/home/ University of Southern California Compendium of Muslim Texts] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20041010144541/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/ Divisions in Islam] ;Diddigi na yanar gizo na online * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105852/Islam Islam], article at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' * {{Curlie|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Islam/}} ;Directories * [http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Islam_%28Bookshelf%29 Islam (Bookshelf)] at [[Project Gutenberg]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090326092524/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/us/islamus.htm Islam] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' [[Category:Musulunci| ]] [[Category:Annabawa]] f5tlyheo5jxkhde3wkgqt8ydk76zbrb 0 12423 906647 174677 2026-08-23T18:45:37Z Zahrah0 14848 906647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Green wood-hoopoe (Phoeniculus purpureus).jpg|thumb|Jabar kogi a bisa itace]] [[File:Green wood hoopoe (Phoeniculus purpureus angolensis) landing.jpg|thumb|jabar kogi tabude fukafuki]] [[File:Green Wood Hoopoe RWD.jpg|thumb]] [[File:Green Wood Hoopoe (Phoeniculus purpureus) (2855064078).jpg|thumb]] [[File:Green Wood Hoopoes (Phoeniculus purpureus) chorus ... (17286076106).jpg|thumb|Jabar kogi]] '''Jaaɓak koogoo''' (''Phoeniculus purpureus'')sunan wani [[tsuntsu]] ne.<ref>Isa Dutse da Roger Blench (2003). [http://www.rogerblench.info/ethnoscience/animals/birds/hausa%20bird%20names%20edited.pdf Hausa names of some common birds around Hadejia-Nguru wetlands] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713195110/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Animals/Birds/Hausa%20bird%20names%20edited.pdf |date=2019-07-13 }}.</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== <references/> [[Category:Tsuntsu]] qyq4r8q112qx9s2j3kplmju617jfgkk 0 12608 907003 870207 2026-08-24T11:39:11Z Ndamangoro 47037 /* Mutane */ 907003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Nupe woman.jpg|thumb|Nupe woman]] '''Nupenci''' (Dibo) harshen Nupe a [[Nijeriya]] ne. {{Stub}} ==Mutane== *[[Jerry Gana]] *[[Usman Haruna]] ==Duba kuma== *[[Harsunan Najeriya]] *[[Nufawa]] ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Harsunan Nijeriya]] ck8o60pxwqs42uylzkuuc2fp2a358k1 907004 907003 2026-08-24T11:42:43Z Ndamangoro 47037 /* Mutane */ 907004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Nupe woman.jpg|thumb|Nupe woman]] '''Nupenci''' (Dibo) harshen Nupe a [[Nijeriya]] ne. {{Stub}} ==Mutane== *[[Jerry Gana]] *[[Sarah Jibril]] *[[Usman Haruna]] ==Duba kuma== *[[Harsunan Najeriya]] *[[Nufawa]] ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Harsunan Nijeriya]] jwt5byqgabzhq9bfun71b83qpwb4hve 0 13757 906826 892784 2026-08-24T04:40:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Oluremi Oyo''' OON (An haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 1952 kuma ta mutu a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoban 2014) yar' jarida ce a [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] kuma tsohuwar manajan darakta a [[Hukumar Labarai ta Najeriya|Kamfanin Dillancin Labaran Najeriya]] Kuma itace mai taimakawa tsohon shugaban kasar Najeriya [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] akan watsa labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://icirnigeria.org/former-managing-director-of-nan-oluremi-oyo-is-dead/|title=Former Managing Director of NAN, Oluremi Oyo Is Dead ‹ International Centre for Investigative Reporting|publisher=|accessdate=4 October 2014|archive-date=29 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029180644/https://www.icirnigeria.org/former-managing-director-of-nan-oluremi-oyo-is-dead/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://saharareporters.com/2014/10/02/former-president-obasanjo%E2%80%99s-spokesperson-remi-oyo-dies-62|title=Former President Obasanjo’s spokesperson, Remi Oyo, Dies At 62 {{!}} Sahara Reporters|last=siteadmin|date=2014-10-02|work=Sahara Reporters|access-date=2017-12-22}}</ref> == Farkon rayuwa da aiki == Remi Oyo an haife ta ne a cikin shekarar 1954 a [[Ilorin]], [[Kwara (jiha)|Jihar Kwara]], arewacin tsakiyar [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] . Ta halarci [[Jami'ar Legas]] ta sami digiri na farko a fannin sadarwa da aikin jarida.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/jonathan-obasanjo-mark-others-extol-remi-oyo-s-virtues-mourn-her-passing/190453/|publisher=Thisday|title=Jonathan, Obasanjo, Mark, others extol Remi Oyo's Virtues, Mourn her|access-date=2020-05-27|archive-date=2015-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411002934/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/jonathan-obasanjo-mark-others-extol-remi-oyo-s-virtues-mourn-her-passing/190453/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta kasance kakakin shugaban kasa [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], tsohon shugaban [[Nijeriya|tarayyar Najeriya]] (2003-2007)..<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://saharareporters.com/2014/10/02/former-president-obasanjo%E2%80%99s-spokesperson-remi-oyo-dies-62|title=Former President Obasanjo’s spokesperson, Remi Oyo, Dies At 62|date=October 2, 2014|website=Sahara Reporters}}</ref> Ta mutu a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] a 1 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2014, bayan ta yi rashin nasara a kansa da cutar kansa An binne ta ne a makabartar Yaba, a jihar Legas Najeriya. An nada Oyoamatsayin Managing Director na News Agency na Nageriya a watan Juli shekarar 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.irinnews.org/report/47551/liberia-sierra-leone-interpol-warrant-for-taylor-illegal-says-defence-lawyer|title=IRIN Africa - LIBERIA-SIERRA LEONE: Interpol warrant for Taylor illegal, says defence lawyer - Liberia - Sierra Leone - Conflict|work=IRINnews|accessdate=4 October 2014}}{{Dead link|date=November 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3293613.stm|title=BBC NEWS - Africa - Nigeria rules out Taylor arrest|publisher=|accessdate=4 October 2014}}</ref> Oyo ba memba bace na kowane irin kongiyar jinsi na kungiyar yan'jarida. Tana da ganin cewa kwarewa da ilimi da kokarin mutuum sune zasu bayyana shi bawai wata kungiya ba, koda ko waye mutuum namiji ko mace. Takan kira kanta a koda yaushe da suna ‘pressman’.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/mum-was-the-force-that-held-us-together-oluremi-oyos-son/|title=Mum was the force that held us together – Oluremi Oyo’s son}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/168926-breaking-oluremi-oyo-dies.html|title=Oluremi Oyo, former News Agency of Nigeria boss dies - Premium Times Nigeria|date=October 2, 2014}}</ref>. Ta mutu a [[United Kingdom]] a watan October 1,shekarar 2014, bayan fama data tayi da cutar cancer<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/new/?p=84406m|publisher=The Sun|title=Remi Oyo is dead|date=October 3, 2014|accessdate=November 14, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africanewshub.com/news/2020759-my-last-moment-with-remi-oyo-in-uk-hospital-nephew|title=My last moment with Remi Oyo in UK hospital – Nephew :: The Nation|publisher=|accessdate=4 October 2014|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006143947/http://www.africanewshub.com/news/2020759-my-last-moment-with-remi-oyo-in-uk-hospital-nephew|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ereporter.com.ng/index.php/national-news/item/228-president-jonathan-mourns-ex-nan-boss-remi-oyo|title=President Jonathan Mourns Ex-Nan Boss, Remi Oyo|publisher=|accessdate=4 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006114007/http://www.ereporter.com.ng/index.php/national-news/item/228-president-jonathan-mourns-ex-nan-boss-remi-oyo|archive-date=6 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> She was laid to rest at the Yaba Cemetery, Lagos<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sunnewsonline.com/new/?p=87780|title=Tears, tributes as Remi Oyo is buried in Lagos|publisher=The Sun|date=October 25, 2014|accessdate=November 14, 2014}}</ref> == Kyautuka da martabawa == * Ta karbi kyautar National Council of Catholic Women Organisation of Nigeria merit award.<ref>{{cite web |title=Former Obasanjo's Media Aide, Oluremi Oyo Dies Of Cancer In UK |url=http://www.africanexaminer.com/former-obasanjos-media-aide-oluremi-oyo-dies-of-cancer-in-uk |website=African Examiner |accessdate=22 May 2020 |date=2 October 2014 |archive-date=12 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112183631/http://www.africanexaminer.com/former-obasanjos-media-aide-oluremi-oyo-dies-of-cancer-in-uk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * She was Fellow of the Nigerian Guild of Editors (NGE), Nigerian Institute of Management (NIM), and the Nigerian Institute of Public Administrators<ref name="auto"/> * Oyo an bata kyat a national award of Officer of the Order of Niger, OON, in 2006. <ref name="auto"/> * Oyo an bata kyauta a Fellow of the Nigerian Guild of Editors and the first female president of the Guild, she also served as the Senior Special Assistant to President Olusegun Obasanjo for media and publicity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndr.org.ng/remi-oyos-death-another-blow-to-the-media-ipc/|title=Remi Oyo’s Death: Another blow to the Media – IPC – Nigerian Democratic Report}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theplatformnigeria.com/sites/2012/oct/mrs-oluremi-oyo/|title=Mrs. Oluremi Oyo}}</ref> == A duba kuma== *[[Olusegun Obasanjo]] *[[Moji Makanjuola]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Oyo, Oluremi}} p3eczc8kie5ibh5h504wrdqcrdmh0jb 0 14790 906786 576959 2026-08-23T23:24:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906786 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Articles with hCards]] {{Databox}} '''Nadia Buari''' (an Haife ta 21 ga watan Nuwamba,Shekara ta 1982)<ref>'Interview with Nadia Buari at NigeriaFilms.com". Retrieved 2009-10-15</ref> yar wasan kwaikwayo ce daga [[Ghana|Ghana.]] An kaddamar da ita har saubiyu a matsayin Jaruma da tafi fice a Kyautar Fina-Finan Afirka a shekarar 2009.<ref>Stets, Regina (2020-11-24). "Nadia Buari biography: age, parents, husband, children, net worth". ''Legit.ng - Nigeria news''. Retrieved 2021-11-16.</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Buari a Sekondi-Takoradi, [[Ghana]], [[Lebanon|ubanta dan kasar Lebanon]] da uwa ’yar Ghana.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201207/123699.php | title =Photo: Nadia Buari At Mfantsiman Girls School (Then & Now) | date =13 July 2012 | publisher =Peacefmonline | access-date =23 June 2020 | archive-date =27 October 2019 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20191027205001/http://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201207/123699.php | url-status =dead }}</ref> Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandaren Mata ta Mfantsiman sannan ta yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Ghana, inda ta kammala karatun digiri na BFA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yen.com.gh/109577-ghanaian-actress-nadia-buari-biography.html|title=Full Nadia Buari profile|last=Efua|first=Adric|date=2018-05-17|website=Yen.com.gh - Ghana news.|language=en|access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref><ref name="bio1">{{cite web|url=http://www.modernghana.com/news2/2793/4/id-have-loved-to-marry-ramsey-nouah-nadia-buari.html|title=Nadia Buari&nbsp;— Interview|access-date=2009-10-15}}</ref> A tsawon lokacin da ta yi a Jami'ar Ghana, ta kasance mai himma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da kulake na raye-raye.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nadia Buari|url=http://www.eximhaus.com/ghanaianfilmactorsactresses/id5.html|access-date=22 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605120410/http://www.eximhaus.com/ghanaianfilmactorsactresses/id5.html|archive-date=5 June 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Sana'a == An fara gabatar da Buari a [[Ghana|gidan talabijin na ƙasar Ghana]] tare da jerin shirye-shiryen TV na ''Wasannin Mutane'' a ƙarshen 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gbcghana.com/news/25217detail.html |title=Ghanaian movie stars up for AMAA |access-date=2009-10-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219135338/http://www.gbcghana.com/news/25217detail.html |archive-date=February 19, 2010 }}</ref> Babban fim ''ɗinta na farko shine 'Yar Mummy'', bayan haka, ta fito a cikin ''Beyonce: 'yar shugaban ƙasa''. Matsayinta na "Beyonce" shine babban ci gabanta. Aikinta na fim ya fara ne tare da taka rawa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen TV na ''Wasannin Mutane'' a 2005, wanda aka zaba don mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{cite web|title=10 things you NEVER knew about Ghanaian actress, Nadia Buari on her birthday|url=http://ynaija.com/10-things-you-never-knew-about-ghanaian-actress-nadia-buari-on-her-birthday-10-hot-photos-look/|publisher=naija.com|access-date=22 February 2015}}</ref> Ta fito a fina-finai sama da 20.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2790044/|title=List of Movies from Nadia Buari|access-date=2009-10-15}}</ref> A 2013, ta fito da nata fim din mai suna ''The Diary of Imogene Brown''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nadia Buari looking fab at her movie ‘Diary of Imogen Brown’ premiere|url=http://iafrica-tv.blogspot.ca/2013/12/nadia-buari-looking-fab-at-her-movie.html|access-date=22 February 2015|date=31 December 2013}}</ref> === Nasarar Nollywood da nasara === Buari ta tashi daga fina-finan [[Ghana]] zuwa [[Nollywood|fina]] -finan Nollywood a shekara ta 2008. Nasarar da ta yi a Nollywood shine a cikin fim din ''[[Beyoncé|Beyonce]] & [[Rihanna]]'' a matsayin [[Beyoncé|Beyonce]] tare da [[Nollywood|']] yar wasan [[Omotola Jalade Ekeinde|Nollywood Omotola Jalade Ekeinde]] wanda ya taka Rihanna. Fim din ya samu karbuwa sosai ga jama'ar Ghana da na Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web|title=Beyoncé is my name|url=http://africamagic.dstv.com/2012/08/15/beyonce-is-my-name/|access-date=22 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222091612/http://africamagic.dstv.com/2012/08/15/beyonce-is-my-name/|archive-date=22 February 2015}}</ref> Sauran fitattun fina-finanta na Nollywood sun hada da ''Rough Rider'', ''Beauty and the Beast'', ''Holding Hope'' da ''Single da Mauri''. Ta kuma shahara wajen yin fim tare da [[Nollywood|jarumin]] taurarin Nollywood, Jim Iyke, wanda kuma ya samu kulawa. Fina-finan sun haɗa da jerin fina-finan ''Beyonce & Rihanna'' '', Hot Romance'' da ''Behind a smile.''<ref>{{cite web|title=Behind a Smile|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VK8KFJaI_4E|publisher=Youtube|access-date=22 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jim Iyke And Nadia Buari In Hot Romance|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G2rAjHem4YQ|publisher=Youtube|access-date=22 February 2015}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2013, ta ci lambar yabo ta Pan African Actress a lambar yabo ta Nishaɗi ta Najeriya (NEA Awards) na shekara-shekara a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Sarkodie, Nadia Buari, John Dumelo win at 2013 Nigerian Entertainment Awards|url=http://www.ameyawdebrah.com/sarkodie-nadia-buari-john-dumelo-win-2013-nigerian-entertainment-awards-neaawards/|access-date=22 February 2015}}</ref> === Sauran aiki === Buari ya zama jakada a Tablet India Limited (TIL) a cikin 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tablet India Limited Unveils Nadia Buari As Brand Ambassador|url=http://omgghana.com/tablet-india-limited-unveils-nadia-buari-as-brand-ambassador/|publisher=omgghana.com|access-date=22 February 2015|archive-date=22 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222070553/http://omgghana.com/tablet-india-limited-unveils-nadia-buari-as-brand-ambassador/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwa == A shekarar 2019, Buari ta bayyana a wata hira da ta yi cewa tana da aure kuma tana da ‘ya’ya hudu.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nadia Buari finally speaks on why she got married and had 4 kids secretly |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Nadia-Buari-finally-speaks-on-why-she-got-married-and-had-4-kids-secretly-755275 |access-date=2 January 2021 |publisher=Ghanaweb |date=15 June 2019}}</ref> == Lambar Yabo == A cikin 2014, an ba Buari lambar yabo ta musamman a Afirka Magic Viewers Choice Awards.<ref>{{cite web|title=Winners: 2014|url=http://www.africanachieversawards.net/winners-2014/|publisher=africanachieversawards.net|access-date=22 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406012513/http://www.africanachieversawards.net/winners-2014/|archive-date=6 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Filmography ==   == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Nadia Buari at IMDb == Manazarta == [[Category:Mutanen Ghana 'yan asalin Lebanon]] [[Category:Mutanen Ghana daga tsatson larabawa]] [[Category:Makarantan sekandare ta mata ta Mfantsiman]] [[Category:Jarumar fina-finan Ghana]] [[Category:Tsaffin daliban Jami'ar Ghana]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1982]] gqebkf2h2yyrakozm1cjnfh8rl7zus2 0 15089 906658 882688 2026-08-23T19:00:38Z Zahrah0 14848 906658 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Turai Yar'Adua and Werner Burkart.jpg|thumb|Turai Yar'dua da Werner Burkart]] Hajiya '''Turai Umar Musa Yar'Adua''' (An haife ta ne a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta alif 1957)<ref name="allafrica">{{cite news|first=Chioma|last=Gabriel|title=Turai Yar'Adua - a Silent But Influential First Lady|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201001150880.html|work=[[Vanguard Media]]|publisher=AllAfrica.com|date=2010-01-15|accessdate=2010-05-05}}</ref> ita ce matar tsohon Shugaban [[Kasar Inyamurai|kasar]] [[Najeriya]], kuma tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Katsina [[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]]. Ita ce ''First Lady'' a [[Najeriya]] tun daga shekara ta 200, har zuwa rasuwar mijinta shugaba Umaru Musa Yar'Adua a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2010. == Ilimi. == An haifi Turai Yar'Adua ne a cikin garin [[Katsina]] na [[Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriy]]<nowiki/>a a watan Yulin shekara ta alif 1957.<ref name="allafrica" /> Ta halarci makarantar Government Girls Secondary ta [[Kankia|Kankiya]] tun tana yarinya.<ref name="allafrica" /> Turai Yar'adua ta yi makarantar firamare ta Garama da ke [[Katsina (jiha)|Katsina]] da kuma Makarantar Gwamnati wato Government Secondary school da ke [[Kankia]], duk a cikin [[Katsina (jiha)|Jihar ta Katsina]]. Daga baya ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Arts da Kimiyya da Fasaha ta [[Katsina (jiha)|Katsina]] da ke [[Zariya]], [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], inda aka ba ta suna "dalibar da ta fi dacewa" a shekarar alif 1980.<ref name="allafrica" /> A shekara ta alif 1983, Turai ta samu digiri na farko a fannin yare dake a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello.]]<ref name="allafrica" /> == Rayuwar ta. == Turai ta auri [[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua|Umaru Yar'Adua]] a shekara ta alif 1975,<ref name="allafrica" /> kuma suna da 'ya'ya mata biyar da maza biyu. ‘ya’yanta maza biyu sune Shehu Umaru Musa Yar’adua da Musa Umar Musa Yar’adua, Shehu sunan marigayi shugaban kasa Umaru Musa Yar’adua dan’uwa. Kuma tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Najeriya.<ref name="allafrica" /><ref name="le">{{cite news|first=Christy|last=Iliya|title=Hajiya Turai: What Manner Of First Lady?|url=http://www.leadershipnigeria.com/product_info.php?%20products_id=7136|work=Leadership online|publisher=Leadership Newspapers Group|date=|accessdate=2007-09-22|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930002418/http://www.leadershipnigeria.com/product_info.php?%20products_id=7136|archivedate=2007-09-30|df=}}</ref> Daya daga cikin ‘yarsu mai suna Zainab ta auri Usman Saidu Nasamu Dakingari, Gwamnan [[jihar Kebbi]].<ref name="td">{{cite news|first=Saka Ibrahim|last=Birnin|title='Yar’Adua’s Daughter's Wedding Won't Affect Guber Case'|url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/nview.php?id=83775|work=[[Thisday]]|publisher=Leaders & Company|date=2007-07-16|accessdate=2007-09-22|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930153942/http://www.thisdayonline.com/nview.php?id=83775|archivedate=2007-09-30|df=}}</ref> A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2007, Turai ta kasance baƙon girmamawa a yayin ƙaddamar da Cibiyar Mobility Aid da Braille a [[Akure]], [[Ondo (jiha)|Jihar Ondo]]. Wata cibiya mai zaman kanta mai suna ''Handicapped Education Foundation (HANDEF)'' ce ta gina wannan cibiyar wacce Olufunke Agagu, sannan Uwargidan Gwamnan [[Jihar Ondo]] ta kafa. Wadanda suka halarci taron sun hada da matar Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa, [[Patience Jonathan|Patience Jonathan,]] da matan wasu gwamnonin jihohi da dama.<ref name="vg">{{cite news|first=Dayo|last=Johnson|title=First Lady rallies support for physically challenged persons|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/articles/2002/southwest/sw107092007.html|work=Vanguard|publisher=Vanguard Media|date=2007-09-07|accessdate=2007-09-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070917155310/http://www.vanguardngr.com/articles/2002/southwest/sw107092007.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive -->|archivedate=2007-09-17}}</ref> An yi rade-radin cewa Turai na daya daga cikin na kusa da mashawarcin mijinta a lokacin da yake Shugaban kasar [[Najeriya|Najeriya.]]<ref name="allafrica8">{{cite news|first=Chioma|last=Gabriel|title=Turai Yar'Adua - a Silent But Influential First Lady|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201001150880.html|work=[[Vanguard Media]]|publisher=AllAfrica.com|date=2010-01-15|accessdate=2010-05-05}}</ref> Misali, Yan anyi imanin cewa Turai ta yi tasiri kan zabin Farfesa Babatunde Osotimehin, tsohon Darakta-Janar na Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa kan cutar kanjamau, a matsayin Ministar Lafiya ta Najeriya a lokacin mulkin mijinta. == Manazarta. == {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 1957]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar katsina]] [[Category:Mata]] fipo6xku8cd703dke8biij6hbvluwls 0 15283 906807 795630 2026-08-24T02:07:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906807 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nkoyo Esu Toyo''' (an haife tane a 5 ga watan Nuwamba 1958) yar siyasan Nijeriya ce, lauya ce kuma mai ba da shawara game da ci gaban al'amura, tare da keɓaɓɓu a [[Hakkokin Yan-adam|kan haƙƙin ɗan adam]] da daidaiton jinsi <ref>{{cite web|last1=Oyewole|first1=Nurudeen|title=New laws are expensive – Nkoyo Toyo|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/law/new-laws-are-expensive-nkoyo-toyo/25652.html|website=Daily Trust|accessdate=8 March 2018|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702093412/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/law/new-laws-are-expensive-nkoyo-toyo/25652.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>Ita tsohuwar jakadiyar Najeriya ce a Habasha, kuma ita ce ta kafa kungiyar Gender and Development Action (GADA) a Nijeriya<ref>{{cite news|last1=Igbinovia|first1=Josephine|title=Nigeria has too many laws already – Hon. Nkoyo Toyo|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/08/nigeria-has-too-many-laws-already-hon-nkoyo-toyo/|accessdate=13 May 2018|issue=Vista Woman|publisher=Vanguard|date=25 August 2013}}</ref>An zabe ta ne don wakiltar Municipality / Odukpani Federal Constituency of Cross River yayin zaɓen 2011<ref>{{cite web|title=Appeal courts upholds elections of Rep. Nkoyo Toyo|url=http://www.sharpedgenews.com/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=4551:appeal-court-upholds-election-of-rep-nkoyo-toyo&Itemid=641|website=Sharpedgenews.com|accessdate=13 May 2018|archive-date=14 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514065617/http://www.sharpedgenews.com/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=4551:appeal-court-upholds-election-of-rep-nkoyo-toyo&Itemid=641|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nkoyo Toyo ƙwararriyar masaniyar mulki ce tare da kasancewa membobi a cikin ƙungiyoyin mata.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cornwall|first1=Andrea|last2=Molyneux|first2=Maxine|title=The Politics of Rights: Dilemmas for Feminist Praxis|date=13 September 2013|publisher=Routledge|location=USA Canada|page=ix|url=https://books.google.com/?id=WWXdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA12&dq=%22Nkoyo+Toyo%22#v=onepage&q=%22Nkoyo%20Toyo%22&f=false|accessdate=13 May 2018|isbn=9781317996750}}</ref> da yawa kuma ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kira taron “Mata dubu goma” a Abuja, wanda ƙungiyar Women4Women (W4W) He4She ta shirya don magance matsalolin da suka shafi mata<ref>{{cite news|last1=Onifade|first1=Olasunkanmi|title=Women group demand progress, implementation of charter|url=https://sundiatapost.com/2018/05/11/women-group-demand-progress-implementation-of-charter/|accessdate=13 May 2018|issue=News|publisher=SundiataPost|date=10 May 2018|archive-date=1 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701094242/https://sundiatapost.com/2018/05/11/women-group-demand-progress-implementation-of-charter/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ilimi == A 1974, Nkoyo ta kammala makarantar sakandare ta Union sannan ya ci gaba da karatun lauya a [[jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]], Zariya Kaduna a shekarar 1975. A shekarar 1980, Nkoyo Toyo ta kammala karatun ta a makarantar koyon aikin lauya ta Najeriya kuma aka kira ta zuwa kungiyar lauyoyin Najeriya . Daga baya ta sami digiri na biyu na (Law of Laws (LLM) a Jami'ar Legas a 1994<ref>{{cite web|title=Hon. Esu Toyo Nkoyo|url=http://kyg.nigeriagovernance.org/PersonsInOffices/view/187|website=Nigeria Governanace Project|accessdate=8 March 2018|archive-date=4 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160904111550/http://kyg.nigeriagovernance.org/PersonsInOffices/view/187|url-status=dead}}</ref> .Saboda sha'awarta da aikinta na ciyar da matsayin mata a rayuwar jama'a ta Najeriya, Nkoyo ta sami Chevening Scholarship don yin karatu a Cibiyar Nazarin Ci Gaban (IDS), Jami'ar Sussex<ref>{{cite web|title=Our Board|url=http://cislacnigeria.net/index.php/our-board/|website=Civil Society Legislative Advocacy Centre|accessdate=8 March 2018|archive-date=16 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316111713/http://cislacnigeria.net/index.php/our-board/|url-status=dead}}</ref>.inda ta karɓi Masters a Gudanarwa a 2001 . Daga shekarar 2020 zuwa 2021, ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin tafiyar da harkokin gwamnati (MPA) daga makarantar John F. Kennedy ta gwamnati a jami’ar Harvard . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1958]] [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Mata yan kwallon kafa]] 8wcsgdngt2rc7pfpntprpng0xgjmsg3 0 15949 906760 900435 2026-08-23T22:00:27Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 906760 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Invariances of music.mid|thumb|sautin kiɗa]] [[Fayil:Dublin Philharmonic Orchestra performing Tchaikovsky's Symphony No 4 in Charlotte, North Carolina.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Allegory of Music MET DT1387.jpg|thumb|salon kida]] '''Nau'in kida''' Yanki ne na yau da kullun wanda ke nuna wasu [[Kida|wakokin kida]] kamar na al'adar raba gari ko tsarin taron, ko kuma wanda mata zasu kebanta suyi a lokacin bukukuwa ko lokacin sallah a musulunce.<ref>Samson, Jim. [http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/40599 "Genre"]. In Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Accessed March 4, 2012.</ref> Shi ne da za a bambanta daga ''m siffar'' da kuma ''m style,'' ko da yake a yi da wadannan sharuddan wani lokaci ana amfani interchangeably,<ref>{{cite web|author=Janice Wong|year=2011|title=Visualising Music: The Problems with Genre Classification|url=http://mastersofmedia.hum.uva.nl/2011/04/26/visualising-music-the-problems-with-genre-classification/}}</ref> [[File:Naxi Musicians I.jpg|thumb|nau'ikan kiɗa]] Za'a kuma iya raba kiɗa zuwa nau'o'i daban-daban ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kamar cikin kiɗan da aka fi sani da kiɗan fasaha, ko kiɗan addini da kiɗan duniya . Yanayin fasaha na kiɗa yana nufin cewa waɗannan rabe-raben galibi suna da ma'ana da rikice-rikice, kuma wasu nau'ikan na iya cikawa. Ma'anar ilimi game da kalmar ''jinsi'' kanta ya bambanta. == Ma'anoni == A cikin littafinsa ''Form in Tonal Music'', Douglass M. Green ya bambance tsakanin jinsi da sifa . Ya kuma jera madrigal, motet, canzona, ricercar, da rawa a matsayin misalai na jinsi daga lokacin Renaissance . Don kara bayyana ma'anar ''jinsi'', Green ya rubuta, "Opet na Beethoven. 61 da Mendelssohn's Op. 64 iri daya ne a jinsi-duka gwanayen goge ne-amma sun sha bamban a sigar. Koyaya, Ronart na Rondo na Piano, K. 511, da ''Agnus Dei'' daga Mass ɗinsa, K. 317, sun sha bamban da nau'ikan jinsi amma sun zama kamannin su ta sigar. "<ref>{{cite book|title=Form in Tonal Music|last=Green|first=Douglass M.|year=1965|publisher=Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Inc|isbn=978-0-03-020286-5|page=1}}</ref> Wasu, kamar Peter van der Merwe, bi da sharuddan ''Salo'' da kuma ''style'' kamar guda, yana mai cewa ''Genre'' ya kamata a bayyana a matsayin guda na music da cewa rabo a wasu style ko "na asali m harshe."<ref name="Pete">{{cite book|title=Origins of the Popular Style: The Antecedents of Twentieth-Century Popular Music|last=van der Merwe|first=Peter|authorlink=Peter van der Merwe (musicologist)|year=1989|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-316121-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/originsofpopular0000vand/page/3 3]|url=https://archive.org/details/originsofpopular0000vand/page/3}}</ref> Sauran, kamar su Allan F. Moore, sun bayyana cewa ''nau'in'' da ''salon'' kalmomi ne mabambanta guda biyu, kuma halaye na sakandare kamar su batun ma na iya bambance tsakanin nau'o'in.<ref name="Moore">{{Cite journal|jstor=3526163|title=Categorical Conventions in Music Discourse: Style and Genre|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_music-letters_2001-08_82_3/page/432|last1=Moore|first1=Allan F.|journal=Music & Letters|volume=82|issue=3|pages=432–442|year=2001|doi=10.1093/ml/82.3.432}}</ref> Hakanan ana iya bayyana nau'ikan kiɗa ko dabara ta hanyar fasahar kiɗa, mahallin al'adu, da abun ciki da ruhun jigogi. A wasu lokuta ana amfani da asalin asalin ƙasa don gano nau'in kiɗa, kodayake rukunin yanki guda ɗaya sau da yawa zai ƙunshi nau'ikan ɓarna daban-daban. Timothy Laurie ya bayar da hujjar cewa, tun a farkon shekarun 1980, "salo ya kammala karatunsa daga kasancewa rukunin shahararrun karatun kide-kide da zama kusan duk wani wuri da za a iya tsarawa da kimanta abubuwan bincike na kide-kide".<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.5130/csr.v20i2.4149|title=Music Genre as Method|year=2014|last1=Laurie|first1=Timothy|journal=Cultural Studies Review|volume=20|issue=2|doi-access=free}}</ref> Masana kimiyyar kade kade wasu lokuta sun kasafta kide kide da sharadi irin na trichotomous kamar su Philip Tagg "axiomatic triangle wanda ya kunshi 'jama'a', 'art' da 'mashahurin' kida". <ref name="Analysing Popular Music 1982, p. 41">Tagg, Philip. "Analysing Popular Music: Theory, Method and Practice". ''Popular Music'' 2 (1982): 41.</ref> Ya bayyana cewa kowane ɗayan waɗannan uku ana rarrabe su da sauran bisa wasu ƙa'idodi.<ref name="Analysing Popular Music 1982, p. 412">Tagg, Philip. "Analysing Popular Music: Theory, Method and Practice". ''Popular Music'' 2 (1982): 41.</ref> [[File:PresHallBandJaquesA.jpg|thumb|Wannan ma wani nau'in kida ne]] A madadin haka, ana iya tantance kiɗa a kan girma uku na "arousal", "valence", da "zurfin".<ref name="ECON">{{cite web|url=http://www.econotimes.com/Musical-genres-are-out-of-date-%E2%80%93-but-this-new-system-explains-why-you-might-like-both-jazz-and-hip-hop-244941|title=Musical genres are out of date – but this new system explains why you might like both jazz and hip hop|date=3 August 2016|publisher=Econotimes|accessdate=8 August 2016}}</ref> Arousal yana nuna tsarin ilimin lissafi kamar motsawa da shakatawa (mai ƙarfi, mai ƙarfi, mai zafin rai, mai ban sha'awa, mai raɗaɗi, mai laushi, mai laushi, mai raɗaɗi), nuna alfahari yana nuna halaye na motsa rai da yanayi (nishaɗi, farin ciki, mai rai, mai himma, farin ciki da rashin damuwa, baƙin ciki), da kuma zurfin yana nuna matakai na fahimta (mai hankali, mai wayewa, mai ban sha'awa, mai rikitarwa, mai ba da labari, mai zurfin ciki, mai motsin rai, mai tunani game da kiɗan jam’iyya, mai rawa)<ref name="ECON2">{{cite web|url=http://www.econotimes.com/Musical-genres-are-out-of-date-%E2%80%93-but-this-new-system-explains-why-you-might-like-both-jazz-and-hip-hop-244941|title=Musical genres are out of date – but this new system explains why you might like both jazz and hip hop|date=3 August 2016|publisher=Econotimes|accessdate=8 August 2016}}</ref> Waɗannan suna taimakawa wajen bayyana dalilin da yasa mutane da yawa suke son waƙoƙi iri ɗaya daga nau'ikan keɓaɓɓu na al'ada.<ref name="ECON3">{{cite web|url=http://www.econotimes.com/Musical-genres-are-out-of-date-%E2%80%93-but-this-new-system-explains-why-you-might-like-both-jazz-and-hip-hop-244941|title=Musical genres are out of date – but this new system explains why you might like both jazz and hip hop|date=3 August 2016|publisher=Econotimes|accessdate=8 August 2016}}</ref> == Kiɗan fasaha == Kiɗan kiɗa da farko ya haɗa da al'adun gargajiya, gami da nau'ikan kiɗan zamani da na gargajiya. Akwai waƙar fasaha a sassa da yawa na duniya. Yana jaddada salo na yau da kullun wanda ke kiran fasaha da cikakken lalata <ref>Siron, Jacques. "Musique Savante (Serious Music)". ''Dictionnaire des mots de la musique'' (Paris: Outre Mesure): 242.</ref> da zargi, da buƙatar mai da hankali ga mai sauraro. A al'adar Yammacin Turai, ana ɗaukan kiɗan fasaha da farko rubutacciyar al'adar kiɗa, <ref name="Arnold, Denis">Arnold, Denis: "Art Music, Art Song", in ''The New Oxford Companion to Music, Volume 1: A-J'' (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1983): 111.</ref> aka adana ta wata hanyar sanarwa ta kiɗa maimakon a watsa ta da baki, ta hanyar magana, ko a cikin rikodin, kamar yadda mashahurin kiɗan gargajiya ya saba. <ref>Tagg, Philip. "Analysing Popular Music: Theory, Method and Practice". ''Popular Music'' 2 (1982): 37–67, here 41–42.</ref> Tarihi, mafi yammacin art music an rubuta saukar da yin amfani da daidaitattun siffofin music tsarin rubutu cewa samo asali a Turai, tun da kyau kafin Renaissance da kuma kai ta balaga a cikin Romantic lokaci. Bayanin "aiki" ko "yanki" na kiɗan fasaha galibi ana bayyana shi ne da sananniyar sigar maimakon ta wani aiki na musamman kuma yana da alaƙa da farko da mawaƙin maimakon mai yi (duk da cewa mawaƙa na iya barin mawaƙa da wasu dama don fassarawa ko ingantawa). Wannan haka yake musamman dangane da kiɗan gargajiya na yamma. Kiɗan fasaha na iya haɗawa da wasu nau'ikan jazz, kodayake wasu suna jin cewa jazz da farko nau'i ne na kiɗan mashahuri. Shekarun 1960s sun ga guguwar gwaji a cikin jazz kyauta, wanda masu zane-zane irin su Ornette Coleman, Sun Ra, Albert Ayler, Archie Shepp da Don Cherry suka wakilta. <ref>Anon. [http://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/avant-garde-jazz-ma0000002438 Avant-Garde Jazz]. AllMusic.com, n.d.</ref> Kuma masu zane-zane irin su Frank Zappa, Kyaftin Beefheart, da Mazauna sun fitar da fayafayen kiɗan fasaha. == Mashahurin kiɗa == [[File:Jennifer_Lopez_-_Pop_Music_Festival_(35).jpg|thumb| Jennifer Lopez tana yi a wani bikin kade-kade da wake- wake]] Shahararren kiɗa kowane salon kiɗa ne wanda jama'a ke amfani dashi kuma kafofin watsa labarai ke watsa shi . Masanin ilimin kida da shahararren masanin kida Philip Tagg ya bayyana ma'anar ta fuskar yanayin zamantakewar al'umma da tattalin arziki:<blockquote>Mashahurin kiɗa, ba kamar kiɗan fasaha ba, ana yin (1) don rarraba taro ga manyan masu sauraro daban-daban da sau da yawa, (2) adanawa da rarraba su ta hanyar da ba rubutacciya ba, (3) mai yiwuwa ne kawai a cikin tattalin arziƙin tattalin arziƙin masana'antu inda ya zama kayayyaki da (4) a cikin al'ummomin jari hujja, waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin dokokin 'yanci' kyauta&nbsp;... yakamata yakamata a sayar sosai gwargwadon iko.<ref name="Analysing Popular Music 1982, p. 413">Tagg, Philip. "Analysing Popular Music: Theory, Method and Practice". ''Popular Music'' 2 (1982): 41.</ref> Shahararrun kiɗa ana samun su a mafi yawan gidajen rediyo na kasuwanci da sabis na jama'a, a yawancin yan kasuwar kiɗa na kasuwanci da manyan shaguna, da waƙoƙin silima da talabijin. An lura da shi a kan <nowiki><i id="mwcA">jadawalin</i></nowiki> talla kuma, ban da mawaƙa-marubucin waƙoƙi da mawaƙa, ya ƙunshi masu kera kiɗan fiye da sauran nau'ikan.</blockquote>Bambanci tsakanin na gargajiya da sanannen kiɗa wani lokacin yakan dusashe a yankuna masu iyaka <ref>Arnold, Denis (1983): "Art Music, Art Song", in ''The New Oxford Companion to Music, Volume 1: A-J'', Oxford University Press, p. 111, {{ISBN|0-19-311316-3}}.</ref> kamar ƙaramar kiɗa da litattafan haske. Kidan baya don fina-finai / fina-finai galibi yakan jawo al'adun biyu ne. Ta wannan fuskar, waƙa kamar tatsuniya ce, wanda hakan ke nuna bambanci tsakanin almara na adabi da kuma shahararren labarin da ba koyaushe yake zama daidai ba. === Salon Kida na Rock === Shi Salon kidan Rock wani nau'in nau'ine na shahararren kidan da ya samo asali kamar " rock and roll " a kasar Amurka a farkon shekarun 1950, kuma ya bunkasa zuwa wasu nau'ikan salo daban daban a shekarun 1960s da kuma daga baya, musamman a Burtaniya da Amurka. . Kidan raye-raye na lantarki ya ga ƙarin tashi  a farkon al'adun gargajiya na karni na 21 saboda DJs kamar Avicii, Calvin Harris, Daft Punk, David Guetta, Deadmau5, Marshmello, Martin Garrix, Skrillex, Alan Walker da ƙari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/8257429/billboard-dance-100-2018|title=Billboard Dance 100: Top Dance & Electronic Music Artists of 2018|date=March 22, 2018|website=Billboard}}</ref> === Kiɗa na ruhu / R & B === Kiɗan ruhu ya zama nau'in kiɗa wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan kiɗan R & B daga ayyukan R&B na pop a Motown Records a [[Detroit]], kamar su The Temptations, Marvin Gaye da Four Tops, ga mawaƙan " mai zurfin rai " kamar Percy Sledge da James Carr .<ref name="Motown Museum">{{cite web|title=Motown: The Sound that Changed America|url=https://www.motownmuseum.org/story/motown/|website=Motown Museum|accessdate=October 27, 2016}}</ref> === Funk === === Waƙar ƙasa === Kiɗan ƙasa, wanda aka fi sani da ƙasa da yamma (ko ƙasa kawai) da kiɗan tuddai, nau'ikan sanannen kiɗa ne wanda ya samo asali daga kudancin Amurka a farkon 1920s. === Reggae === Kiɗan Reggae, wanda ya samo asali daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960 na [[Jamaika|Jamaica]], nau'ine na kiɗa wanda asalinsa Jamaicans ke amfani dashi don ayyana kansu da salon rayuwarsu da zamantakewar su.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.units.miamioh.edu/ath175/student/petersle/culture.html|title=ATH 175 Peoples of the World|website=www.units.miamioh.edu|access-date=2020-02-19}}</ref> Ma'anar bayan waƙoƙin reggae sun kasance game da soyayya, imani ko iko mafi girma, da 'yanci. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manchesterhive.com/view/9781847792877/9781847792877.xml|title=Time and memory in reggae music: The politics of hope|first=Sarah|last=Daynes|date=May 16, 2016|publisher=Manchester University Press|via=www.manchesterhive.com}}</ref> Kiɗan Reggae yana da mahimmanci ga al'adun Jamaica kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi azaman wahayi ga yawancin ƙungiyoyin kwato 'yanci na duniya. [[Bob Marley]], ɗan zane-zane da aka fi sani da kiɗan reggae, an girmama shi ne a bikin Independancin Zimbabwe na 1980 saboda waƙarsa da ke ba da kwarin gwiwa ga masu gwagwarmayar 'yanci. Nau'in kiɗa na reggae sananne ne don haɗawa da dabarun salo iri daban-daban don samar da kari da rudani, jazz, Afirka, Caribbean, da sauran nau'ikan kuma amma abin da ke sa reggae ya zama na musamman shine waƙoƙi da waƙoƙi.  Ana yin waƙoƙin a cikin Jamaican Patois, Jamusanci Ingilishi, da yarukan Iyaric . Baitukan waƙar reggae galibi suna ɗaga da wayewar siyasa ne da ra'ayoyin al'adu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dagnini|first=Jérémie Kroubo|date=2011-05-18|title=The Importance of Reggae Music in the Worldwide Cultural Universe|url=http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/4740|journal=Études caribéennes|language=en|issue=16|doi=10.4000/etudescaribeennes.4740|issn=1779-0980|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Hip hop kiɗa === [[File:DJ_Hypnotize_and_Baby_Cee.jpg|thumb| DJ biyu suna aikin turntablism]] Kiɗan Hip Hop, wanda kuma ake kira da ''hip hop'' ko ''kiɗan rap'', nau'ikan kiɗa ne da aka fara shi a Amurka, musamman South Bronx a cikin [[New York (birni)|New York City]] da samarin Ba-Amurke daga ƙauyuka na ciki a shekarun 1970s. Ana iya bayyana shi a sarari azaman salon kiɗan kiɗa wanda aka kera wanda yawanci yana rayewa da raɗawa,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hip+hop|title=Definition of HIP HOP|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|access-date=2019-03-13}}</ref> mai daɗi da amo da ake rerawa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/rap|title=Rap {{!}} music|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-03-13}}</ref> Kiɗan Hip hop ya samo asali ne daga al'adun hip hop kanta, gami da abubuwa masu mahimmanci guda huɗu: emceeing ( MCing ) / rapping, Disc jockeying ( DJing ) with turntablism, breakdancing and graffiti art . === Polka === Polka asalinta rawa ce ta Czech da kuma nau'ikan kiɗan raye-raye da aka sani ko'ina cikin Turai da Amurka. <ref>Gracian Černušák, revised by Andrew Lamb and [[John Tyrrell (musicologist)|John Tyrrell]], "Polka (from Cz., pl. polky )", ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by [[Stanley Sadie]] and John Tyrrell (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001).</ref> == Wakar addini == Kiɗan addini (har ila yau) waƙa ce da ake yinta ko aka tsara don amfani da addini ko ta tasirin addini. Bishara, ta ruhaniya, da kiɗan Kirista misalai ne na kiɗan addini. [[File:Sonolite.jpg|alt=A picture of a red and black button accordion|thumb| Piano accordion : Kayan aikin Italiyanci anyi amfani dasu a cikin al'adu daban daban]] Gargajiya da ta gargajiya suna da kamanni iri daya. Kodayake kiɗan gargajiya yanki ne mai fa'ida sosai kuma yana iya haɗa nau'ikan nau'ikan daban-daban, an yarda da shi cewa kiɗan gargajiya ya ƙunshi kiɗan jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.traditionalmusic.org/traditionalmusicdefinition.shtml|title=What is Traditional Music? - a broad definition|website=www.traditionalmusic.org|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref> Dangane da ICTM ([[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] don Kiɗan Gargajiya), kiɗan gargajiya waƙoƙi ne da waƙoƙin da aka yi su cikin dogon lokaci (galibi yawancin ƙarni) '''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ictmusic.org/|title=Home {{!}} International Council for Traditional Music|website=ictmusic.org|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref>''' An rarraba nau'ikan waƙoƙin jama'a a matsayin kiɗan da ake magana da shi ta baki daga tsara zuwa wani. Yawancin lokaci ba a san mai fasaha ba, kuma akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan waƙa iri ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.earmaster.com/|title=EarMaster - Music Theory & Ear Training on PC, Mac and iPad|website=www.earmaster.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref> Ana watsa nau'ikan ta hanyar raira waƙa, sauraro da rawa ga shahararrun waƙoƙi. Wannan nau'ikan sadarwar yana bawa al'adu damar yada salo (filaye da karen aiki) da kuma yanayin da aka inganta shi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Albrecht|first1=Joshua|last2=Shanahan|first2=Daniel|date=2019-02-01|title=Examining the Effect of Oral Transmission on Folksongs|journal=Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal|language=en|volume=36|issue=3|pages=273–288|doi=10.1525/mp.2019.36.3.273|issn=0730-7829|doi-access=free}}</ref> Waƙoƙin gargajiya na watsa al'adun gargajiya suna riƙe da cikakkiyar shaida game da lokacin tarihi lokacin da aka halicce su da kuma zamantakewar zamantakewar da suka ɓullo da ita. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/folk-music|title=Folk music|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref> Ana iya ganin wasu misalan al'adun gargajiya a cikin waƙar gargajiya ta [[Birtaniya|Ingila]] da kuma waƙoƙin gargajiya ta [[Turkiyya]] . Kiɗan al'adun Ingilishi ya haɓaka tun zamanin da kuma ana watsa shi daga wancan lokacin har zuwa yau. Hakanan, waƙar gargajiya ta Turkiyya tana da alaƙa da duk wayewar da ta taɓa wucewa ta Turkiyya, don haka ya zama abin tunatarwa a duniya tun daga rikice-rikicen gabas da yamma a zamanin Zamani na Farko . Kiɗan al'adun gargajiya yawanci yana nufin waƙoƙin da aka kirkira a ƙarni na ashirin, waɗanda ake rubuta su a matsayin gaskiyar duniya da manyan batutuwan lokacin da aka tsara su.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/style/traditional-folk-ma0000004419/songs|title=Traditional Folk Music Songs|website=AllMusic|language=en-us|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref> Masu fasaha ciki har da [[Bob Dylan]] ; Bitrus, Bulus da Maryamu ; James Taylor ; da [[Leonard Cohen|Leonard Cohen sun]] sauya waƙoƙin jama'a zuwa abin da aka sani a yau.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mystiquemuzik.com/|title=Mystique Music - Music Licensing|language=en-AU|access-date=2019-12-18}}</ref> Sabbin mawaka kamar su Ed Sheeran (mutanen gargajiya) da The Lumineers (jama'ar Amurka) misalai ne na waƙar gargajiya ta zamani, wacce aka rikodin ta kuma dace da sabuwar hanyar sauraren kiɗa (ta yanar gizo) - ba kamar hanyar gargajiya ta watsa kida da baka ba. .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nazandella.com/single-post/2017/04/01/Is-folk-music-dying-out|title=Is folk music dying out? {{!}} Naz & Ella {{!}} Indie-Folk Duo {{!}} London|website=Naz & Ella {{!}} Indie-Folk Duo {{!}} London|language=en|access-date=2019-04-02|archive-date=2019-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402175117/https://www.nazandella.com/single-post/2017/04/01/Is-folk-music-dying-out|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Mary Lou Williams (Gottlieb 09231).jpg|thumb|nan ma wani nau'in kiɗan ne ]] Kowace ƙasa a duniya, a wasu lokuta kowane yanki, yanki da al'umma, suna da nasu salon waƙoƙin jama'a. Bangarorin daban-daban na al'adun gargajiya suna haɓaka ta kowane wuri, asalin al'adu da tarihi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cabrillo.edu/~mstrunk/Music12/Wk11/European%20Folk%20Music.htm|title=THE GENERAL CHARACTER OF EUROPEAN FOLK MUSIC|website=www.cabrillo.edu|access-date=2019-04-01|archive-date=2019-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817104350/http://www.cabrillo.edu/~mstrunk/Music12/Wk11/European%20Folk%20Music.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Saboda kiɗan da aka haɓaka a wurare daban-daban, yawancin kayan kiɗan suna da halaye ga wuri da yawan mutane-amma ana amfani da wasu ko'ina: maballin ko piano accordion, nau'ikan sarewa ko ƙaho, banjo, da ukulele . Duk kiɗan Faransanci da na mutanen Scotland suna amfani da kayan alaƙa masu alaƙa kamar su abin ɗoki, garaya da bambancin jakar bututu .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/212113558/what-instruments-are-used-in-typical-french-folk-music|title=What instruments are used in typical French folk music|website=Scribd|language=en|access-date=2019-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tv-english.club/articles-en/discover-great-britain-en/scottish-traditional-music/|title=Traditional Scottish Music|date=2015-10-29|website=English Club TV On-the-Go|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-04}}</ref><nowiki></br></nowiki> == Rarraba na atomatik == Hanyoyi na atomatik na gano kamanceceniya, dangane da haƙa bayanai da nazarin abubuwan da suka faru tare, an haɓaka don rarraba taken taken don rarraba kiɗan lantarki.<ref>François Pachet, Geert Westermann, Damien Laigre. [http://www.csl.sony.fr/downloads/papers/2001/pachet01c.pdf "Musical Data Mining for Electronic Music Distribution"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327024728/http://www.csl.sony.fr/downloads/papers/2001/pachet01c.pdf|date=March 27, 2014}}. ''Proceedings of the 1st WedelMusic Conference'' sou, pp. 101-106, Firenze, Italy, 2001.</ref> == Fitowar sababbin nau'ikan nau'ikan halittu da nau'ikan halittu == Sabbin nau'ikan na iya bayyana ta hanyar haɓaka sababbin sifofi da salon kiɗa da kuma ta hanyar ƙirƙirar sabon rarrabuwa. Kodayake abin tunani ne don ƙirƙirar salon kida ba tare da alaƙa da nau'ikan nau'ikan da ke akwai ba, sabbin salo galibi suna bayyana ne a ƙarƙashin tasirin nau'o'in da suka gabata. Tsarin asalin nau'ikan nau'ikan kiɗa yana bayyana, sau da yawa a cikin tsarin jadawalin rubutu, yadda sababbin nau'ikan suka samo asali a ƙarƙashin rinjayar tsofaffi. Idan nau'uka biyu ko sama da haka da ke akwai suka haifar da sabon sabo, za a iya cewa haɗuwa a tsakanin su ya faru. Yawaitar shahararrun kiɗa a ƙarni na 20 ya haifar da ƙayyadaddun nau'ikan nau'ikan mawaƙa 1,200. Misalan nau'ikan fusion sun hada da jazz fusion, wanda shine haduwar jazz da kidan kade, da kuma kasar rock wanda yake hade da kidan kasar da kidan rock . == Tallace-tallace na kasuwanci == == Ilimin halin dan Adam na fifita kiɗa == [[File:Metallica_at_the_O2_Arena,_March_28th_2009.jpg|alt=Metallica performing at the O2 Arena, March 28th, 2009|thumb| Metallica tana yin wasa a O2 Arena, Maris 28th, 2009]] [[File:John_Scofield_Kongsberg_Jazzfestival_2017_(191409).jpg|alt=John Scofield at the stage of Energimølla. The concert was part of Kongsberg Jazzfestival and took place on 06 July 2017|thumb| John Scofield a matakin Energimølla. Shagalin ya kasance wani ɓangare na Kongsberg Jazzfestival da aka gudanar a kan 06 Yuli 2017]] === Tasirin zamantakewar al'umma akan zabar kiɗa === Tun da kida ya zama cikin sauki ( Spotify, iTunes, YouTube, da sauransu), mutane da yawa sun fara sauraron salon kida da fadi da fadi. Kari akan haka, asalin zamantakewar jama'a shima yana taka rawa babba cikin fifikon kiɗa. Hali shine babban mai ba da gudummawa don zaɓar kiɗa. Wani da ya ɗauki kansa a matsayin "ɗan tawaye" zai zaɓi salon waƙoƙi masu nauyi kamar ƙarfe mai nauyi ko dutse mai ƙarfi, yayin da wani kuma wanda yake ganin cewa sun fi “annashuwa” ko “hutawa” zai zaɓi salon waƙoƙi masu sauƙi kamar jazz ko kiɗan gargajiya . Akwai manyan abubuwa guda biyar waɗanda suke wanzu waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin fifikon kiɗa waɗanda ba su da jinsi,  kuma yana nuna martani / motsin rai / tasiri. Wadannan dalilai guda biyar sune: # Matsakaicin Mellow wanda ya ƙunshi salo mai kyau da shakatawa (jazz, na gargajiya, da dai sauransu. ). # Factora'idar Urban da aka ayyana mafi akasari ta hanyar raɗaɗa da raɗaɗi (rap, hip-hop, funk, da sauransu ). # Matsayi mai mahimmanci ( operatic, duniya, da dai sauransu.) ) # Intarin ƙarfi wanda aka ayyana ta da ƙarfi, da ƙarfi, da kuma kuzari mai ƙarfi (dutsen, ƙarfe, da dai sauransu.) ). # Yankin sansanin, wanda ke nufin nau'ikan mawaƙa-waƙoƙi da ƙasa. === Tasirin mutum da halin da yake ciki === ==== Jinsi ==== Nazarin ya nuna cewa yayin da mata suka fi son kiɗan da ke da fa'ida, maza sun fi son sauraren kiɗa mai nauyi. Wannan wani lokaci ana haɗa shi tare da kan iyaka da mutane masu adawa da zamantakewa . ==== Shekaru ==== Shekaru wani mahimmin abu ne wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga fifiko na kiɗa. Akwai shaidu da ke nuna cewa zaɓi na kiɗa na iya canzawa yayin da mutum ya tsufa. Nazarin [[Kanada]] ya nuna cewa matasa suna nuna sha'awar mawaƙa masu kida yayin da manya da tsofaffi suka fi son nau'ikan gargajiya irin su rock, opera, da jazz . == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Makarantar haɗuwa * Tarihin nau'ikan nau'ikan kiɗa * Jerin salon kiɗa * Jerin shahararrun nau'ikan kiɗa * Jerin tsarin rediyo == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Kara karantawa == * Holt, Fabian (2007). Genre in Popular Music. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. * Negus, Keith (1999). Music Genres and Corporate Cultures. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17399-5. * Starr, Larry; Waterman, Christopher Alan (2010). American popular music from minstrelsy to MP3. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-539630-0. [[Category:Kiɗa]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] jecjfvuef4m0tguhmodfqa8msvmbbfv 0 16071 906654 497109 2026-08-23T18:55:31Z Zahrah0 14848 906654 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Yo-Hassanat Taiwo Akinwande.ogg|thumb|furucin hassanat akinwande]] '''Hassanat Taiwo Akinwande''', Sunan wasan kwaikwayo '''Wunmi''', sananniya ce<ref name="bbc">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/nolpda/ifs_news/hi/newsid_6193000/6193008.stm Drug disgrace for Nollywood star]{{Dead link|date=September 2022|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} Senan Murray, [[BBC News]] website, 29 Nov 06; accessed 15 September 2007</ref> fim da talabijan [[Nijeriya]] . [[Yarbawa|Yar]] kabilar [[Yarbawa|Yarbawa ce]] . ==Sana'ar fim== Aikinta ya fara ne a cikin shekarar alif 1980s tare da fitowa a fim din sabulu ''Feyi Kogbon'' . <ref name="bbc"/> Ta yi jagoranci a cikin bidiyo sama da 50. ==An kama ta== A shekarar 2006 aka kama ta da hodar iblis. Tallace-tallacen da ke tattare da kamun nata ya bunkasa shaharar bidiyonta. <ref name="bbc"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] t2x09ss7cnt9jxjxg4armxicz8ejai3 0 18223 906984 889461 2026-08-24T10:11:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Qusai Kheder''' ( {{Lang-ar|قصي خضر}}, an haife shi a shekarar alif na 1978), ya kasan ce, wanda aka san shi da sunan wasan '''Qusai''', ya kasan ce kuma ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] Ba'amurke, mawaƙi/mai raira waƙoƙi, mai gabatar da rikodi, mawaƙa, mawaƙin talabijin, mai wasan murya da DJ. Shine kwararren mawakin hip hop na Saudiyya. <ref name="arabianmanmag">Dahlawia, Faizal (May 2010). "[http://www.godubai.com/arabianman/pdf/amMay2010_MakingHipHopHistory.pdf Making Hip-Hop History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617054853/http://www.godubai.com/arabianman/pdf/amMay2010_MakingHipHopHistory.pdf |date=2011-06-17 }}". ''Arabian Man''.</ref> <ref name="audidol">(April 8, 2010). "[http://www.eyeofdubai.com/v1/news/newsdetail-42336.htm Top Arab hip hop artist to perform at AUD Idol on tonight] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531052454/http://www.eyeofdubai.com/v1/news/newsdetail-42336.htm |date=2010-05-31 }}" [Press release].</ref> Baya ga aikin waka, Qusai ya fito a talabijin a matsayin mai daukar nauyin shirin ''Hip Hop Na'' a MTV Arabia tare da furodusan hip-hop Fredwreck, <ref name="busweek">(October 22, 2007). "[http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/oct2007/gb20071011_342851.htm The Arab World Wants Its MTV]". ''[[Bloomberg BusinessWeek]]''.</ref> <ref name="arabnews">Alosaimi, Najah. (May 6, 2008). "[http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=9&section=0&article=109640&d=6&m=5&y=2008 Saudi Rapper Gives Hip-Hop a Hejazi Twist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616055856/http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=9&section=0&article=109640&d=6&m=5&y=2008 |date=2012-06-16 }}". ''ArabNews.com''</ref> kuma a matsayin mai daukar nauyin shirin, tare da Raya Abirached, a MBC1 ''Larabawa Sun Samu Kyauta'' . == Tarihin rayuwa == === Shekarun farko da aikin waƙa da wuri === An haifi Qusai Kheder ne a [[Riyadh]] kuma ya tashi a [[Jeddah]] a cikin Masarautar Saudi Arabia, <ref name="50ct">(April 29, 2008). "[http://www.50stotinki.com/main/?p=1585 Qusai and Jeddah Legends - The Wedding] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906155643/http://50stotinki.com/main/?p=1585 |date=2011-09-06 }}". ''50 Ctotnhkn''</ref> Mai son hip-hop tun yarintarsa, Kheder ya fara yin waka da yin DJ yana da shekaru 15. Yana dan shekara 17 a shekarar alif 1996, Kheder ya koma Amurka don halartar kwaleji, da farko zuwa [[Vermont]], sannan daga baya ya koma Jami'ar Central Florida a Orlando, Florida . <ref>"[http://hiphopdiplomacy.org/hip-hop-geography/arabia/saudi-arabia/qusai-saudi-arabiaflorida/ Qusai (Saudi Arabia/Florida)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225062314/http://hiphopdiplomacy.org/hip-hop-geography/arabia/saudi-arabia/qusai-saudi-arabiaflorida/ |date=2011-02-25 }}". ''Hip Hop Diplomacy''</ref> Tare da gabatarwar sabbin abokan hulɗa, Kamfanin samar da Ido na Eyesomnia ya samo asali zuwa Enterananan Masana'antu ta shekarar 2004. A karkashin lakabin Eyesomnia, Don Legend ya fitar da fayafayai ta solo guda biyu, sannan kuma ya yi rikodin EPs guda biyu da cikakken faifai a matsayin wani ɓangare na duo Urban Legacy tare da takwarorinsu MC D-Light. Waƙar "Jeddah (Garin Gari Na)" daga kundi mai zaman kansa na farko, ''Rayuwar ɓacewar Rai'', ya fara ba da labari ga mai zane a garinsu na dawowa a Saudi Arabia. Tarihin da aka gabatar akai-akai a wurare da yawa na wasan kwaikwayo da abubuwan kiɗa a yankin Orlando yayin farkon zuwa tsakiyar 2000s. <ref name="arabianmanmag"/> Ya kuma yi wasan kwaikwayo a [[Chicago]], [[Atlanta]], New York, da sauran manyan biranen Amurka. === Komawa Saudiyya === Don Legend ya dawo Saudi Arabiya a shekara ta 2005, ya canza sunan wasansa zuwa Qusai kuma ya sanya hannu tare da Platinum Records, wanda ke cikin. Faifan sa na farko na Platinum shi ne na ''Don Legend the Kamelion na'' 2008, wanda aka siyar da kofi sama da 20,000 a Gabas ta Tsakiya kuma ya kasance kundin lamba ta daya akan taswirar KSA Music Master tsawon sati uku a jere. <ref name="50ct"/> Kundin nasa na biyu, Gwajin Gwaji (2010), ya sayar da kwafi 30,000 kuma shi ne na daya a jerin manyan kundin ''faya-faya na'' sama a yankin Tekun Fasha na tsawon makonni hudu a jere. Waɗannan tallace-tallace sun sami nasara ba tare da rarraba ƙasa ko tallace-tallace ta kan layi ba. Qusai yana yin rikodi kuma yana aiwatarwa da larabci da Ingilishi. Biyu daga cikin marassa aure, "Bikin auren" (2008) da "The Job" (2010) sun kasance wakoki na daya a jerin Manyan 10 na Wanasah da kuma kan MBC FM 103. A cikin (3 ga Mayu, 2014) ya fito da wata sabuwar waƙa "Mafarki" feat Anas Arabi, wanda ya haɗu da marubucin waƙa "Baker Sanusi", memba na "Sony Music Entertainment". Bidiyon na "Uwa" daya tilo na Qusai an nuna shi a gidan talabijin na MBC don ya dace da ranar uwa (21 ga watan Maris) a shekarar 2009. <ref>Sharawi, Mohannad (2009). "[http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2009032433088 Saudi rap song released to mark Mother’s Day] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330191018/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2009032433088 |date=2012-03-30 }}". ''The Saudi Gazette''.</ref> Qusai na ci gaba da aiwatar da ayyukanta a duk Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya. <ref name="arabnews"/> Baya ga wakarsa, Qusai ya fara aiki a talabijin kuma. Shi da abokin aikinsa mawakin hip hop na Larabci Fredwreck sun karbi bakuncin ''Hip Hop Na'' ( ''Our Hip-Hop'' ), wasan nuna gwanintar neman gwaninta na hip-hop, don MTV Arabia a 2007. <ref name="arabnews"/> ''Hip Hop Na'' ya zama farkon wasan kwaikwayo na hip-hop na larabci da nuna fifiko ga MTV Arabia. <ref name="busweek"/> A shekarar 2009, Qusai da Fredwreck sun fara daukar nauyin ''Beit el Hip Hop'' ( ''Gidan Hip-Hop'' ) a gidan talabijin na Wanasah. A ranar 14 ga Janairun 2011, Qusai ya fara bayyana a matsayin wanda zai dauki nauyin shirin, tare da Raya Abi Rached, na ''Larabawa da ke Talent'' a MBC1. Kuma a cikin (2011) shi ne wasan kwaikwayo na farko a cikin "Dubai" tare da "Anas Arabi". <ref name="arabsgottalent">(January 11, 2011). "[http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/events/and-now-arabia-s-got-talent-hits-tv-screens-2011-01-11-1.340867 And now, Arabia's got talent hits TV screens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206181026/https://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/events/and-now-arabia-s-got-talent-hits-tv-screens-2011-01-11-1.340867 |date=2022-12-06 }}".</ref> Ya kuma yi waka tare da mawaƙa da yawa kamar Ludacris, Akon, Karl Wolf da sauransu. == Binciken == === Babban lakabin da aka sake === * ''Don Legend da Kamelion'' (2008) * ''Gwajin gwaji'' (2010) * ''Canjin da Babu Makawa'' (2012) * "BassLine ep" (2016) * "Saudi ep" (2017) === Mara aure da bidiyon kiɗa === * 2008: "Bikin aure" * 2008: "Hayo Al-Saudiyya" * 2009: "Rayuwa kenan" * 2009: "Uwa" * 2010: "Aiki" * 2010: "Duk Wata Ranar" * 2010: "Uba" * 2011: "Kowa Zai Iya Wasa" * 2012: "Yalla" * 2012: "Canji" * 2013: "Hauwa'u" * 2013: "Duniyar Larabawa ta Haɗa" * 2014: "Mafarki", "Na Yi Kyau" * 2015: "Umm El-Dunia" * 2016: "tafi" * 2017: "Duk hanya" * 2017: "Saudiyya" * 2018: "Ka rasa" * 2018: "Malamin" * 2019: "Kan Yama Kan" * 2019: "Yi zafi da shi" * 2020: "Lokaci na" * 2020: "Dar Dyali" === Kasuwancin TV === * PepsiCo / Zain Telecom / Chrysler / Souk.com / Hyundai / OMO Qusai ya kuma bayyana Chester Cheetah a cikin larabci na Cheetos ad "Flamin 'Hot Diss Track", wanda aka watsa a ranar 11 ga Maris, 2020. == Aikin talabijin == drsvt4iloxvk95vm2hymcjsjvq7v8ya 0 19069 906767 879388 2026-08-23T22:02:34Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 906767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Mollah_imamzadeh_tabriz.jpg|right|thumb| Wacce take sallah a cikin Imamzadeh Seyyed Hamza, [[Tabriz]] .]] [[Fayil:Painting of a mullah (Muslim scholar) reading a book. Gouache by an Indian artist, circa 19th century.jpg|thumb|zanen mullah]] A kowace ƙasar [[Musulunci]] kalmar '''''Mullah''''' Fasha: ملا ko ''Mula'' shine sunan da ake ba wa namiji mai ilimi a ilimin addinin Musulunci da [[Shari'a|shari’a]] . Ana kiran taken ''Mullah da'' kananan limaman musulinci ko [[Masallaci|shugabannin masallaci.]] An fahimta da farko a duniyar musulmai azaman girmamawa ga mai ilimin addini. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Musulunci]] [[Category:Musulmai]] Mullah Mullah (Farisanci: ملا; ana kuma rubuta shi Mulla ko Mollah) lakabi ne da ake bai wa namiji mai ilimi a ilimin addinin Musulunci, musamman wanda ya kware a Alƙur'ani, Hadisi, Fikihu, Tauhidi da Shari'ar Musulunci. Wannan lakabi ya shahara musamman a ƙasashen [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]], Pakistan, [[Indiya]], Bangladesh da wasu sassan Asiya ta Tsakiya. Duk da haka, ana kuma amfani da shi a wasu ƙasashen Musulmi da ma al'ummomin Musulmi da ke zaune a sauran sassan duniya. Asalin kalmar Kalmar Mullah ta samo asali ne daga harshen Larabci Mawlā (مولى), wadda ke nufin ubangiji, mai kula, aboki ko mai daraja. Daga baya kalmar ta shiga harshen Farisanci inda aka fara amfani da ita a matsayin lakabin malamai masu ilimin addini. Daga Farisanci ta bazu zuwa sauran harsuna kamar Urdu, Pashto da Turkanci. Tarihi Lakabin Mullah ya fara samun karɓuwa tun daga ƙarni na farko bayan yaɗuwar Musulunci a yankunan Farisa da Asiya ta Tsakiya. Bayan kafuwar daulolin Musulmi irin su Daular Safawiyya, Mughal da kuma Daular Usmaniyya, malamai masu wannan lakabi sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen koyar da addini, gudanar da kotunan shari'a, jagorantar masallatai da kuma ba sarakuna shawara kan al'amuran addini da zamantakewa. Ayyukan Mullah Mullah yana da nauyin gudanar da ayyuka masu yawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da: - Jagorantar sallar jam'i a masallaci. - Koyar da Alƙur'ani, Hadisi da sauran ilimin Musulunci. - Bayar da wa'azi da nasiha ga al'umma. - Taimakawa wajen warware rigingimu bisa koyarwar Musulunci. - Gudanar da ɗaurin aure da sauran ibadoji. - Bayar da fatawa idan yana da cancantar yin hakan. - Kula da makarantun allo ko madrasu a wasu yankuna. Ilimin da ake buƙata Domin mutum ya zama Mullah, yawanci yana karantar ilimin addini na tsawon shekaru a makarantar Musulunci (Madrasa). Daga cikin fannonin da ake koyarwa akwai: - Alƙur'ani da Tajwidi. - Hadisi. - Fikihu. - Tauhidi. - Nahawu da Balaga na Larabci. - Usulul-Fiqhi. - Tafsirin Alƙur'ani. Matsayinsa a al'umma A yawancin ƙasashen Musulmi, Mullah mutum ne mai daraja wanda mutane ke komawa gare shi domin neman shawara kan al'amuran addini da rayuwar yau da kullum. A wasu ƙasashe kuma yana taka rawa a harkokin siyasa, ilimi da sulhunta rikice-rikice. Bambanci tsakanin Mullah da sauran lakabai Akwai wasu lakaban malamai masu kama da Mullah, amma suna da bambance-bambance: - Imam yana jagorantar sallah, kuma ba lallai ne duk Imam ya kasance Mullah ba. - Sheikh lakabi ne da ake bai wa manyan malamai ko dattawa masu ilimi. - Mufti malami ne mai ikon bayar da fatawa bisa ƙwarewarsa a fikihu. - Qadi (Alƙali) shi ne mai yanke hukunci a kotun shari'a. Amfani da kalmar a ƙasashe daban-daban - Iran: Ana amfani da Mullah ga malaman Shi'a masu koyarwa ko wa'azi. - Afghanistan: Mullah na iya zama limamin masallaci ko shugaban addini na gari. - Pakistan da Indiya: Ana amfani da kalmar ga malaman makarantu da limaman masallatai. - Bangladesh: Lakabi ne na malaman addinin Musulunci, musamman masu koyar da Alƙur'ani. Muhimmanci Mullah yana da muhimmiyar rawa wajen kare koyarwar Musulunci, ilmantar da al'umma, jagorantar ibada, da kuma bunƙasa ɗabi'u na gari. A ƙasashe da dama, suna taimakawa wajen yaɗa ilimi da tabbatar da zaman lafiya ta hanyar wa'azi da sulhu. Kammalawa Mullah lakabi ne mai dogon tarihi da muhimmanci a duniyar Musulunci. Duk da cewa ma'anarsa da aikinsa na iya bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, gaba ɗaya ana kallonsa a matsayin malamin addini wanda ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa wajen koyarwa, jagoranci da hidimar al'ummar Musulmi. sb4yl80l2bb223gkd1rg1y530ccxted 0 20169 906731 462729 2026-08-23T21:36:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906731 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad Garba''' dan jarida ne kuma [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Dan Najeriya]],<ref>https://platinumpost.ng/2020/01/10/profile-muhammad-garba-the-kano-state-government-imagemaker/{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kuma dan siyasa daga jihar Kano wanda shine kwamishinan yada labarai.<ref>https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/kano-ganduje-retains-some-former-commissioners-in-new-cabinet.html</ref> kuma memba na Kwamitin Gudanarwa a Kungiyar Yan Jarida ta Duniya.<ref>https://thetriumphnews.com/meet-kanos-new-commissioners-i/{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Muhammad a ranar 22 ga watan Nuwambar shekara ta alif dari tara da sittin da hudu (1964) a Yakasai Quarters a [[Kano Municipal]] ta [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]]. Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Kofar Nassarawa da Kwalejin Malamai, Sumaila ya yi Digiri na daya da na biyu a [[Jami'ar Bayero|Jami'ar Bayero Kano]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.kanostate.gov.ng/muhammad-garba |access-date=2021-05-20 |archive-date=2020-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203110840/https://www.kanostate.gov.ng/muhammad-garba |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://platinumpost.ng/2020/03/02/the-journey-of-a-versatile-journalist-to-the-peak/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-05-20 |archive-date=2020-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310215020/https://platinumpost.ng/2020/03/02/the-journey-of-a-versatile-journalist-to-the-peak/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sana'a == Muhammad ya fara aikin jarida a shekarar 1989 tare da Kamfanin [[Triumph (jarida)|Dillancin Labarai na Triumph]], Kano a matsayin dan jarida kuma ya yi aiki a jihohi daban-daban na tarayya a matsayin wakilin. Daga baya ya girma a cikin aikinsa har ya zama Babban Edita, Editan Labaran Rukuni, da Mataimakin Edita.<ref name=":0" /> Ya kuma taba zama memba na Hukumar Edita na Jaridun Kasa da dama. Muhammed Garba ya rike mukamai daban-daban da suka hada da Sakataren Yada Labarai na Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Wakilai a shekarar 1993 da Sakataren Yada Labarai na Mataimakin Gwamnan [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] [[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje]] a shekarar 1999 zuwa 2003. Ya fara fafutukar sa na kungiyar ne a matsayin shugaban kungiyarsa ta Chapel-The Triumph, wacce ke karkashin kungiyar Yan jarida ta Najeriya (NUJ), [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]]. Daga baya aka zabe shi shugaban majalisar jiha na a wa’adi biyu kuma ya kasance mataimakin shugaban kungiyar na kasa, sannan ya zama shugaban kungiyar Yan jarida ta Najeriya NUJ a shekarar 2009. Muhammad ya kasance shugaban kungiyar Yan jarida ta yammacin Afirka (WAJA) wanda aka zaɓa a [[Bamako]], [[Mali]] kuma shine shugaban kungiyar Yan siyasan jarida ta Afrika (FAJ) wanda aka zaba a [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]], [[Moroko|Morocco]] 2009. Muhammad memba ne na Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Kungiyar Yan Jarida ta Duniya (IFJ) wanda aka zaba a [[Dublin]], Ireland. Dr [[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje]] ya nada Muhammad kwamishinan yaɗa labarai a shekarar 2015.<ref>https://www.kanostate.gov.ng/?q=portfolio/ministry-information-internal-affairs {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520070823/https://www.kanostate.gov.ng/?q=portfolio/ministry-information-internal-affairs |date=2021-05-20 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/news/kwankwaso-others-made-gandujes-commissioners-list/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-15 |archive-date=2023-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315213231/https://guardian.ng/news/kwankwaso-others-made-gandujes-commissioners-list/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://dailypost.ng/2019/11/05/ganduje-swears-in-new-commissioners/</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|1}} [[Category:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Gwamnonin Nijeriya]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1964]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar kano]] 79v42eoiwy0289bhazmd82szcl010ha 4 21908 906729 906337 2026-08-23T21:26:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 906729 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Numba !Edita !Gudummuwa !Lokacin rajista |- |1 |[[User:Madhurendra Kr|Madhurendra Kr]] |[[Special:Contributions/Madhurendra Kr|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 19 ga Augusta 2026 |- |2 |[[User:AdamsVanessa|AdamsVanessa]] |[[Special:Contributions/AdamsVanessa|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 19 ga Augusta 2026 |- |3 |[[User:7amoudy|7amoudy]] |[[Special:Contributions/7amoudy|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 19 ga Augusta 2026 |- |4 |[[User:ColateoCuza767|ColateoCuza767]] |[[Special:Contributions/ColateoCuza767|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 19 ga Augusta 2026 |- |5 |[[User:Kabeer khamees Bichi|Kabeer khamees Bichi]] |[[Special:Contributions/Kabeer khamees Bichi|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 19 ga Augusta 2026 |- |6 |[[User:DeBoy07|DeBoy07]] |[[Special:Contributions/DeBoy07|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 19 ga Augusta 2026 |- |7 |[[User:아만다엔피|아만다엔피]] |[[Special:Contributions/아만다엔피|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 19 ga 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22]] |[[Special:Contributions/Dark X 22|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 22 ga Augusta 2026 |- |92 |[[User:Amir Ghandi|Amir Ghandi]] |[[Special:Contributions/Amir Ghandi|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 22 ga Augusta 2026 |- |93 |[[User:GrogmarkMan|GrogmarkMan]] |[[Special:Contributions/GrogmarkMan|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 22 ga Augusta 2026 |- |94 |[[User:Pthomson697|Pthomson697]] |[[Special:Contributions/Pthomson697|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 22 ga Augusta 2026 |- |95 |[[User:Kyrasymborski|Kyrasymborski]] |[[Special:Contributions/Kyrasymborski|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 23 ga Augusta 2026 |- |96 |[[User:Shuutaa|Shuutaa]] |[[Special:Contributions/Shuutaa|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 23 ga Augusta 2026 |- |97 |[[User:MrFluffster|MrFluffster]] |[[Special:Contributions/MrFluffster|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 23 ga Augusta 2026 |- |98 |[[User:Husyakub|Husyakub]] |[[Special:Contributions/Husyakub|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 23 ga Augusta 2026 |- |99 |[[User:Nikolay Kazak|Nikolay Kazak]] |[[Special:Contributions/Nikolay Kazak|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 23 ga Augusta 2026 |- |100 |[[User:Sunglocto|Sunglocto]] |[[Special:Contributions/Sunglocto|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 23 ga Augusta 2026 |- |101 |[[User:Hcostille|Hcostille]] |[[Special:Contributions/Hcostille|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 23 ga Augusta 2026 |- |102 |[[User:Lematth88|Lematth88]] |[[Special:Contributions/Lematth88|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 23 ga Augusta 2026 |- |103 |[[User:Amyka.office|Amyka.office]] |[[Special:Contributions/Amyka.office|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 23 ga Augusta 2026 |- |104 |[[User:Sadik Nigerien|Sadik Nigerien]] |[[Special:Contributions/Sadik Nigerien|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 23 ga Augusta 2026 |- |105 |[[User:ЭндерСтив|ЭндерСтив]] |[[Special:Contributions/ЭндерСтив|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 23 ga Augusta 2026 |- |106 |[[User:Glatisant|Glatisant]] |[[Special:Contributions/Glatisant|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 23 ga Augusta 2026 |- |107 |[[User:Rafsan Ahmad Ayaaz|Rafsan Ahmad Ayaaz]] |[[Special:Contributions/Rafsan Ahmad Ayaaz|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 23 ga Augusta 2026 |- |108 |[[User:Chigozirim2005|Chigozirim2005]] |[[Special:Contributions/Chigozirim2005|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 23 ga Augusta 2026 |- |109 |[[User:Lisbean|Lisbean]] |[[Special:Contributions/Lisbean|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 23 ga Augusta 2026 |- |110 |[[User:Jpogba14|Jpogba14]] |[[Special:Contributions/Jpogba14|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 23 ga Augusta 2026 |- |} 3x23mv2j7xzrhdolnu2agpoq206it01 0 22410 906948 874133 2026-08-24T08:05:18Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 906948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Ritt zum Kufenstechen.jpg|thumb|Mutum yana wasa a cikin Jama’a.]] '''Shiga cikin jama'a''', wanda kuma aka sani da S'''a [[Dan Kassawa FC|hannun ɗan ƙasa]]''' shine shigar da jama'a cikin ayyukan kowace ƙungiya ko aikin sa Kai. Kasancewar jama'a nayi kama to amma yafi hada-hada tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki. Gaba ɗaya sa hannun jama'a yana nema da kuma sauƙaƙe sa hannun waɗanda ke iya shafar ko sha'awar yanke shawara. Wannan na iya kasancewa dangane da mutane, [[Gwamnati|gwamnatoci]], cibiyoyi, kamfanoni da duk wasu abubuwan da suka shafi bukatun jama'a. Ka'idar shigar jama'a ya nuna cewa wannan shawarar ta shafi suna da 'yancin kasancewa cikin tsarin yanke hukunci. Kasancewar jama'a yana nuna cewa gudummawar jama'a zai rinjayi shawarar. Shiga cikin jama'a ana iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin nau'i na ƙarfafawa kuma a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na gudanar da mulkin farar hula na demokaraɗiyya. Dangane da yanayin kula da ilimin ne wasu ke ganin kafa tsarin tafiyar da aiki tare a mai gudanarwa ta hanyar haɗa kai da kuma hada hadin kai, wanda aka tsara ta hanyar sha'awar kasancewar dukkan al'umma ko al'ummomi. Kasancewar jama'a wani bangare ne na ka'idojin "mutane masu cibiya" ko kuma "tsaka-tsakin mutane", waɗanda suka samo asali a cikin al'adun Yammacin shekaru talatin da suka gabata, kuma suna da ɗan fa'idar ilimi, kasuwanci, manufofin jama'a da shirye-shiryen taimakon ƙasa da ƙasa. Jama'a na hallara aka cigaba da humanis ƙungiyoyi. Na halartar jama'a na cigaba a matsayin wani ɓangare na canjin yanayin mutane na farko. Dangane da haka halartar jama'a na iya ƙalubalantar batun cewa "babba ya fi kyau" da kuma ma'anar tsarin sarauta, ciyar da wasu dabaru na "ƙarin kawuna sun fi ɗaya" kuma suna jayayya cewa sa hannun jama'a na iya ɗorewa mai amfani kuma mai ɗorewa. An sanya wayar da jama'a za su taka a cigaban tattalin arziki da cigaban dan Adam a Yarjejeniyar Afirka ta shekarar 1990 don Kasancewar Jama'a a Cigaba da Sauyi. [[File:Swapnochowa - A Non Governmental Organization.jpg|thumb|Ƙungiyoyin jama'ah]] A cikin shekarata 1990, masu aikin sun kafa kungiyar horaswa ta Duniya don a samu Masu Amincewa da Jama'a don mayar da martani ga ƙaruwar sha'awar aikin, sannan kuma suka kafa kungiyar horaswa ta Duniya don Kasancewar Jama'a (IAP2). An kafa aikinta sosai a duniya kuma ƙungiyar ƙasashen Duniya ta Haɗin Jama'a yanzu tana da ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa a duk faɗin duniya. == Ta filin wasa == === Zane Zane === === Kasafin Kuɗi === Kasafin kudi sa hannu tsari ne na shawarwarin demokwaradiyya da yanke shawara, inda talakawan birni ke yanke shawarar yadda za su ware wani bangare na kasafin kuɗin birni ko na jama'a. Kasancewar kasafin kudi na ba da gudummawa yawanci ana yin sa ne da fasali daban-daban na muhimmanci: ana gano abubuwan fifikon ciyarwa ta hanyar membobin al'umma, zaben wakilan kasafin kuɗi don wakiltar al'ummomi daban-daban, gudanarwa da taimakon fasaha ta ma'aikatan gwamnati, majalisun [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] da na manyan jami'ai don yin shawara da jefa kuri'a kan bayar da fifikon kuɗi, da aiwatar da ayyukan cikin gida mai tsarin kai tsaye. Birane dake a duk duniya su na iya amfani da kasafin kuɗaɗen shiga, kuma an yada shi sosai a Porto Alegre, [[Brazil]], sune farkon tsarin tsara kasafin kuɗi na farko wanda aka fara daga shekarata 1989. === Cigaba === [[File:Political_rights_are_important_and_without_people_participation_development_actions_fails--_TVP.webmsd.webm|thumb|Hoto mai magana segment in 2011: "Idan ba hada aikin jama’a ci gaba ya samu nakasa.” - [[wikibooks:Development Cooperation Handbook/Interviews/Shiva Kumar|S.Kumar]] ]] A cikin ka'idar ci gaban tattalin arziki, akwai makarantar cigaba da Haɗin kai. Bukatar ƙara sa hannu a cikin jama'a a cikin taimakon agaji da cigaba ya haifar da kafa wata yar-takamaiman mahallin, takamaiman hanyoyin, ''matrices'', koyarwa da kuma hanyoyin wucin gadi. Waɗannan sun haɗa da ƙwarewa da aiki; Binciken aiki tare (PAR), kimanta karkara cikin sauri (RRA) da ƙididdigar ƙauyuka (PRA); nazarin tasirin sarrafa tasiri (AIC); hanyoyin "Bude sarari"; Manufofin Shirye-shiryen Shirye-shiryen Buga (ZOPP); nazarin yanayin rauni da iya aiki bincike . === Gado === Kusan masana duniya sunyi aiki tare da al'ummomin yankin su. Al'ummomin gida sune muhimman masu ruwa da tsaki don al'adun gargajiya. <ref>ICCROM. ''People-Centred Approaches to the Conservation of Cultural Heritage: Living Heritage''. 2015 https://www.iccrom.org/sites/default/files/PCA_Annexe-2.pdf</ref> An yarda da shawarwari tare da al'ummomin gida bisa tsari a cikin tsarin tafiyar da al'adu. Su na da muhimmanci don bayyana muhimmancin wuri / rukunin al'adu, in ba haka ba suna fuskantar haɗarin kula da ƙimomin da yawa, suna mai da hankali kan ra'ayoyin “masana”. <ref>Clark, Kate. “Preserving What Matters. Value-Led Planning for Cultural Heritage Sites.” ''Conservation, The GCI Newsletter'' 16, no. 3 (2001): 5-12. </ref> Wannan haka lamarin yake a cikin kula da al'adun gargajiya har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na ashirin 20. Canjin yanayi ya fara ne tare da Yarjejeniyar Burra ta (ICOMOS) Ostiraliya a 1979 sannan daga baya aikin (GCI) ya inganta shi a kusa da 2000. <ref>Avrami, Erica C., Randall Mason, and Marta De la Torre. 2000. ''Values and Heritage Conservation: Research Report''. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Conservation Institute. <nowiki>http://hdl.handle.net/10020/gci_pub/values_heritage_research_report</nowiki></ref> <ref>De la Torre, Marta, ed. 2002. ''Assessing the Values of Cultural Heritage: Research Report''. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Conservation Institute. </ref> A yau, wanda ake kira “adana-mai kiyayewa” yana a tushe na kula da kayan gado don shafukan WH:an kafa masu ruwa da tsaki da ƙimomin ƙa'idojin babban mataki ne na ƙirƙirar Tsarin Gudanarwa don waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon. Tunanin masu ruwa da tsaki ya fadada ya hada da al'ummomin yankin. Matsayi daban-daban na ƙananan hukumomi, cibiyoyin bincike, masana'antu, ƙungiyoyin agaji, da al'ummomi dukkansu muhimman ƙungiyoyi ne. Ayyuka su kamar [https://sites.unicef.org/knowledge-exchange/index_85493.html musayar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503231103/https://sites.unicef.org/knowledge-exchange/index_85493.html |date=2021-05-03 }} ilimi, shawarwari, nune-nunen, al'amuran ilimi, yaƙin neman zaɓe, da sauransu duk hanyoyi ne masu tasiri don shiga cikin gari. Misali, kungiyoyin bada agaji na gari a Homs, [[Siriya|Syria]] suna gudanar da ayyuka da dama tare da al'ummomin yankin don kare al'adunsu. Wani shiri na kiyayewa a garin Dangeil na kasar Sudan, yayi amfani da alakar zamantakewar al'umma da tattalin arziki tare da al'umma don ganin aikin ya ci gaba cikin dogon lokaci. A Ostiraliya, al'ummomin yan asalin kungiyoyi su na da matakan kula da tsare-tsare da gudanar da shirye-shirye don kulawa, a saka idanu da kula da wuraren al'adun gargajiya da shimfida wurare, musamman waɗanda ke ƙunshe da fasahar dutsen. === Jaridu === === Manufofin jama'a === A wasu ƙasashen sa hannun jama'a ya zama babbar ƙa'idar aiwatar da manufofin jama'a . A Burtaniya da Kanada an lura cewa duk matakan [[gwamnati]] sun fara da gina dan ƙasa da masu ruwa da tsaki cikin tsarin aiwatar da manufofin su. Wannan na iya haɗawa da manyan shawarwari, binciken ƙungiyar mai da hankali, tattaunawar ta kan layi, ko jarabawar 'yan ƙasa masu ba da shawara. Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na halartar jama'a, ko da yake waɗanda sukan raba fasali ɗaya (don jerin sama da 100, da rubutun hanyoyin, duba Rowe da Frewer, 2005). <ref>Rowe, G. and Frewer, L.J. (2005) A typology of public engagement mechanisms, Science, Technology, & Human Values, 30 (2), 251-290.</ref> Ana kallon halartar jama'a a matsayin kayan aiki, wanda aka yi niyya don sanar da tsarawa, tsarawa ko ba da kuɗi na ayyuka. Hakanan ana iya amfani da halartar jama'a don auna manyan manufofin, kimanta tasiri, da kuma gano darussa don aikin koda yaushe. Duk kundin tsarin mulki na yau da kullun da mahimman ka'idoji sun ƙunshi kuma sun bayyana ra'ayi da ƙa'idar ƙaƙƙarfan ikon mallakar, wanda ke da muhimmanci cewa mutane sune tushen asalin ikon jama'a ko ikon gwamnati. Manufar shahararren masarauta ita ce kawai a cikin al'umar da aka tsara don aiwatar da siyasa, ra'ayin mutane gaba daya shine kawai madaidaicin matakin siyasa. Ana iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani muhimmin abu a cikin tsarin ƙididdigewa, da kuma wakilcin dimokiradiyya. Sabili da haka, mutane suna da haƙƙin mallaka kai tsaye koda su shiga kai tsaye cikin aiwatar da manufofin jama'a da kuma yin doka. A cikin Amurka shiga cikin jama'a a cikin tsarin mulki yana nufin tsarin da dokokin da aka gabatar suke batun yin bayani game da jama'a na wani takamaiman lokaci. Halartar jama'a galibi ne abin tilastawa ne ga ƙa'idodin da hukumomin zartarwa na gwamnatin Amurka dake gabatarwa. Ƙa'idojin ko manufofin hukumar na iya ba da umarnin sauraren jama'a a wannan lokacin. === Kimiyya === === Sauran === == Yadar da amincwar jama'a == A cikin 'yan shekarun nan rashin amincewa da jama'a ga hukumomi da' yan siyasa ya zama abin damuwa a cikin yawancin al'ummomin dimokiradiyya. Kasancewa cikin jama'a ana daukar shi a matsayin babbar hanyar magance rikice-rikicen amincewa da shugabanci na jama'a, musamman a Burtaniya, Turai, da sauran ƙasashe masu mulkin demokaraɗiyya. Manufar ita ce cewa ya kamata jama'a su shiga cikin cikakkiyar manufa ta yadda hukumomi za su nemi ra'ayoyin jama'a da kuma shiga, maimakon daukar jama'a kamar kawai masu karbar shawarar siyasa. Babban tunanin da masu ra'ayin siyasa, masu sharhi kan zamantakewa, har ma da 'yan siyasa ke yi shine, kasancewar jama'a na kara yarda da jama'a ga hukumomi, da inganta tasirin dan kasa, inganta manufofin dimokaraɗiyya har ma da inganta ingancin yanke shawara kan manufofi. Koyaya, har yanzu ba a tabbatar da fa'idar da aka sanya ba na kasancewar jama'a cikin dawo da amanar jama'a. <ref>Rowe, G. and Frewer, L.J. (2000) Public participation methods: A framework for evaluation, Science, Technology, & Human Values, 25 (1), 3-29.</ref> <ref>Rowe, G. and Gammack, J.G. (2004) Promise and perils of electronic public engagement, Science and Public Policy, 31 (1), 39-54.</ref> == Amincewa da nuna gaskiya == Hakanan ana iya kallon halartar jama'a a matsayin haɓaka lissafin kuɗi. Hujjar ita ce kasancewar shigar jama'a na iya zama wata hanya ga al'ummomin da ke halartar su tuhumi hukumomin gwamnati da aiwatar da su. <ref name="autogenerated2">Nazrul Islam, Nazrul Isable Martinez and Wang Xi, "Environmental Law in Developing Countries: Selected Issues, IUCN, 2002, pg.7</ref> A cikin Burtaniya ana amfani da 'yan ƙasa don tabbatar da adalci da mutuntar da fursunoni. Masu ba da agaji sun hada da Hukumar Kula da Masu Zaman Kansu mai zaman kanta da ke bayar da rahoto game da adalci da tsare mutuncin fursunoni. == Muhalli da cigaba mai dorewa == A cikin shekarun nan kasancewar sa hannun jama'a ya zama wani muhimmin ɓangare na magance matsalolin muhalli da kawo ci gaba mai ɗorewa. A wannan yanayin iyakokin dogaro ne kawai ga tsarin mulki na yanke shawara, kuma ana jayayya cewa sa hannun jama'a yana ba gwamnatoci damar aiwatar da manufofi da kafa dokoki da suka dace da al'ummomi da la'akari da bukatunsu. <ref name="autogenerated2">Nazrul Islam, Nazrul Isable Martinez and Wang Xi, "Environmental Law in Developing Countries: Selected Issues, IUCN, 2002, pg.7</ref> An yarda da kasancewar jama'a a matsayin ƙa'idar muhalli, duba da Ka'idoji da Manufofin Muhalli, kuma an sanya shi cikin sanarwar Rio. == Fassara mai muhimmanci == An soki ra'ayi da aikin shigar da jama'a, galibi ana amfani da tsarin nazarin ''Foucauldian''. Irin waɗannan asusun suna ba da cikakken bayani game da yadda sa hannu zai iya zama hanyar ɗaukar ayyukan al'umma a cikin tsarin mulki da ikon duk da cewa an kuma lura cewa kamawa da ƙarfafawa na iya kasancewa tare. === Kasancewar jama'a cikin tafiyar da muhalli === Tare da kara rikitarwa game da lamuran muhalli, sa hannun jama'a ya zama kan gaba cikin nazarin ilimi game da muhawara ta zamani game da tsarin muhalli . Akwai maganganu da yawa da ke nuna fifikon tsarin ba da gudummawa, wanda ke jaddada cewa shigar jama'a muhimmin abu ne a cikin harkokin kula da muhalli wanda ke bayar da gudummawa wajen yanke shawara mai kyau. An san cewa matsalolin muhalli ba za a iya magance su ta hanyar gwamnati ita kadai ba. <ref>Pring, G. and Noé, S.Y. (2002) 'The Emerging International Law of Public Participation Affecting Global Mining, Energy, and Resource Development' in Zillman, D.M., Lucas, A. and Pring, G.(eds) ''Human Rights in Natural Resource Development: Public Participation in the Sustainable Development of Mining and Energy Resources'', Oxford University Press, Oxford, P 76.</ref> Kasancewa cikin yanke shawara game da muhalli ya danganta jama'a da tsarin kula da muhalli. Ta hanyar shigar da jama'a, wadanda su ne asalin dalilan biyu da kuma magance matsalolin muhalli, a tattaunawar muhalli, za a iya cimma nasara a bayyane da rikon amana, don haka ya tabbatar da halaccin dimokiradiyya na yanke shawara cewa kyakkyawan shugabancin muhalli ya dogara ne. <ref name="two">Bulkeley, H. and Mol, A.P.J. (2003), 'Participation and Environmental Governance: Consensus, Ambivalence and Debate', ''Environmental Values'' '''12''' (2): 143–54.</ref> Za a iya yarda da shi, kasancewa mai ƙarfi daga cikin jama'a game da kula da muhalli na iya ƙara himma tsakanin masu hannun jari, wanda ke ƙarfafa bin doka da kiyaye dokokin muhalli. (GIS) na iya samar da kayan aiki mai mahimmanci don irin wannan aikin duba (GIS) da shugabancin muhalli. Bugu da kari, wasu masu adawa suna jayayya cewa 'yancin shiga a yanke shawara kan muhalli hakki ne na tsari wanda za a iya gani a matsayin wani bangare na babban hakki na kare muhalli. <ref name="four">Du Plessis, A. (2008), 'Public Participation, Good Environmental Governance and Fulfillment of Environmental Rights', ''Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal'', '''11'''(2): 170-201.(4)</ref> Daga wannan mahangar, ana sa ran gudanar da muhalli zai yi aiki cikin tsarin da ya dace da "ka'idar tsarin mulki na adalci (hada daidaito)", wanda babu makawa yana bukatar cikar "'yancin muhalli" kuma a karshe yana kira ga shiga jama'a. Bugu da kari, a cikin yanayin rashin tabbas na kimiyya game da al'amuran muhalli, halartar jama'a na taimakawa wajen magance irin wannan rashin tabbas da kuma cike gibin da ke tsakanin matsalolin muhalli da aka ayyana a kimiyance da gogewa da kimar masu ruwa da tsaki. <ref>Fischer, F. (2000) ''Citizens, Experts and the Environment'', Durham, NC: Duke University Press, p.222.</ref> Ta hanyar kokarin hadin gwiwa na gwamnati da masana kimiyya tare da hadin gwiwar jama'a, ana fatan samun kyakkyawan shugabanci na muhalli ta hanyar yanke shawara mafi dacewa. [[File:Gammelgården Ljungdalen Mars 2013.jpg|thumb|Lafiyar Muhalli]] Kodai ace akwai yarjejeniyoyi da dama, amma batun shigar da jama'a cikin yanke shawara game da muhalli ya kasance mai dorewa game da hakikanin sakamakon tasirin mahalarta muhalli. Masu sukar suna jayayya cewa sa hannu ga jama'a ya kan mai da hankali ne kan cimma matsaya tsakanin 'yan wasan da suke da dabi'u daya kuma suke neman sakamako iri daya. Ko yaya, rashin tabbas na yawancin batutuwan muhalli zai lalata ingancin shiga cikin jama'a, kasancewar a lokuta da dama masu wasan kwaikwayo sunzo kan teburin tattaunawa suna da ra'ayi mabanbanta game da matsala da kuma mafita wanda da wuya a haɗa shi cikin yarjejeniya saboda rashin dacewar mukamai daban-daban. <ref>Pellizzoni, L. (2003): 'Uncertainty and Participatory Democracy', ''Environmental Values'' '''12'''(2): 195-224.</ref> Wannan na iya haifar da haɗarin fifikon ƙwararru, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin wariya kamar yadda waɗanda ke adawa da yarjejeniya za su kasance sanannu a cikin shawarar yanke shawara game da muhalli, wanda ya keta ƙimar amfani da tsarin mahalarta don samar da shawarwarin muhalli na dimokiradiyya. Wannan ya haifar da ƙarin tambaya game da shin yarda ya kamata ya zama ma'aunin nasarar nasarar halartar. <ref>Owens, S. (2000). 'Engaging the public: information and deliberation in environmental policy', ''Environment and Planning A'', 32: 1141–8.</ref> Kamar yadda Davies ya bayar da shawara, dimokiradiyya mai ba da gudummawa ba za ta iya ba da tabbaci ga fa'idodin muhalli ba 'idan akwai ra'ayoyi masu gasa game da yanayin da ya kamata ya kasance da kuma abin da ke da muhimmanci'. <ref>Davies, A. (2001). 'What silence knows – planning, public participation and environmental values', ''Environmental Values'', 10: 77–102.</ref> Sakamakon haka, wanene ya kamata ya shiga cikin waɗanne matakai a yayin yanke shawara game da muhalli kuma mecece maƙasudin irin wannan sahun ya zama jigon mahawara kan shigar jama'a a matsayin babban batun tafiyar da muhalli. <ref name="two">Bulkeley, H. and Mol, A.P.J. (2003), 'Participation and Environmental Governance: Consensus, Ambivalence and Debate', ''Environmental Values'' '''12''' (2): 143–54.</ref> === Kimiyyar ɗan kasa === Kimiyyar ɗan ƙasa kalma ce da aka kirkira da aka saba amfani da ita don bayyana kasancewar waɗanda ba masana kimiyya ba a cikin binciken kimiyya. Ikirarin shigar da masana ƙwararrun masana kimiyya cikin binciken siyasa yana da muhimmanci. <ref>Richardson, Liz. "Engaging the Public in Policy Research: Are Community Researchers the Answer?" Politics and Governance, vol. 2, no. 1, 2014, pp. 32–44.</ref> Ilimi ne da ya rataya a wuyan saukake "demokradiyya ta hanyar binciken manufofin". Wannan yana da fa'idodi da yawa: sanya 'yan ƙasa cikin ba kawai gudummawar bayanai ba, har ma da ƙira da haɓaka bincike kanta. Mabuɗin cin nasara wajen amfani da kimiyyar ɗan ƙasa ga cigaban manufofi shi ne bayanan da suka "dace, masu ƙarfi, kuma sanannen ƙwarewa don ƙirar tushen shaidu". Matsalolin amfani da kimiyyar dan kasa ga cigaban siyasa sun hada da rashin dacewa tsakanin bayanan da aka tattara da kuma manufar da ake magana akai da kuma shakku dangane da bayanan da wadanda ba masana suka tattara ba. <ref name=":0">Chapman, Colin and Crona Hodges. "Can Citizen Science Seriously Contribute to Policy Development?: A Decision Maker's View." Analyzing the Role of Citizens Science in Modern Research. IGI Global, 2017. 246-261.</ref> == 'Yancin shiga jama'a == Mataki na 21 na [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Sanarwar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Duniya ya]] nuna 'yancin kowane mutum ya shiga cikin al'amuran kasarsa, kai tsaye ko kuma ta hanyar zabar wakilai. Hakanan, 'yancin shiga siyasa na nufin' yancin da hukuma mai mulki ke jajircewa wajen samar da 'yanci ga yan kasa, gami da 'yancin zabar da zabar wakilai, rike mukaman gwamnati bisa ka'idar daidaiton dama, shiga cikin sirri da tarurrukan jama'a, da 'yancin kafa da shiga jam'iyyun siyasa. Shafuka na 20 da 27 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Hakkokin dan Adam da Siyasa sun yi irin wannan sanarwa game da haƙƙin shiga cikin harkokin al'amuran jama'a. A wasu yankuna doka ta tanadi haƙƙin shigar jama'a. Hakanan ana iya ɗaukar haƙƙin shiga cikin jama'a a matsayin [[Hakkokin Yan-adam|haƙƙin ɗan adam]], ko kuma bayyanuwar haƙƙin toancin haɗuwa da yancin taro. Kamar yadda [[Holand|Netherlands]], Jamus, [[Denmark]] da [[Sweden]], suna da damar shiga cikin jama'a da 'yancin samun bayanai a cikin tsarin shari'arsu tun kafin Tsararru. [[Dimokaraɗiyya|Dimokiradiyya]] da sa hannun jama'a suna da alaƙa da al'ummomin dimokiraɗiyya waɗanda suka haɗa haƙƙoƙin shiga jama'a cikin dokokinsu ƙarnuka da yawa. Misali, a Amurka 'yancin koke ya kasance wani bangare na Kwaskwarimar kundin tsarin mulkin Amurka na farko tun shekara ta 1791. A kwanan nan, tun daga shekarun 1970 a cikin New Zealand dokoki da yawa (misali: kiwon lafiya, ƙaramar hukuma, kula da muhalli) suna buƙatar jami'an gwamnati su "tuntuɓi" waɗanda abin ya shafa kuma su yi la'akari da ra'ayinsu yayin yanke shawara. Ingantaccen halartar jama'a ya dogara da jama'a da samun dama ingantacce kuma mai gamsarwa. Saboda haka dokoki game da sa hannun jama'a galibi suna magana ne a kan batun haƙƙin sani, samun bayanai da 'yanci na bayanai. Hakanan ana iya haɓaka haƙƙin shiga cikin yanayin daidaito da haƙƙin ƙungiya, wanda ake nufi don tabbatar da daidaito da kuma cikakken halartar ƙungiyar da aka ayyana a cikin al'umma. Misali, a yanayin nakasassu. === Bayanin Rio kan Muhalli da Cigaba === Sanarwar ta Rio ta 1992 ta ƙunshi shigar jama'a cikin ƙa'idodinta 27. Ka'ida ta 10 ta ce "an fi dacewa da magance matsalolin muhalli tare da sa hannun dukkan 'yan ƙasa da abin ya shafa, a matakin da ya dace". Bayanin na Rio ya cigaba, yana jawo kusanci tsakanin samun dama ga bayanai da kuma halartar jama'a:<blockquote>A matakin kasa, kowane mutum yana da damar da ta dace game da yanayin da hukumomin gwamnati ke rike da shi, gami da bayanai kan abubuwa masu hadari da ayyukan cikin al'ummominsu, da kuma damar shiga cikin tsarin yanke shawara. Jihohi za su taimaka da karfafa wayar da kan jama'a da kuma halartar su ta hanyar samar da bayanai a ko'ina. Za a samar da ingantacciyar hanyar yin shari'a da gudanarwa, gami da gyara da magance su. </blockquote> === Yarjejeniyar kan Hakkokin Nakasassu === Yarjejeniyar 2006 kan Hakkokin Nakasassu ta amince da cewa "nakasa ta samo asali ne daga cudanya tsakanin mutane da nakasa da halaye na gari da na muhalli wadanda ke hana su cikakkiyar damar aiwatar da tasiri a cikin al'umma daidai da na wasu" kuma "masu nakasa suna cigaba don fuskantar shinge a shigarsu a matsayinsu na daidaikun alumma." Yarjejeniyar ta sanya halartar nakasassu daya daga cikin ka'idojinta, yana mai cewa "Ka'idodin Babban Taron na yanzu zai kasance Cikakken kuma ingantacce shiga tare da hada kan cikin al'umma" wanda daga baya ya sanya 'yancin nakasassu su shiga a dama da su daidai a cikin al'umma, ilimi, kowane bangare na rayuwa (a mahallin zaman lafiya da gyaranta), siyasa da rayuwar jama'a, rayuwar al'adu, hutu da wasanni. == Duba kuma == == Manazarta == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] o8d3cdmvdmfm87a1sqvtxfpj9wzh7sb 0 23805 906622 892642 2026-08-23T17:12:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mercy Catherine Adjabeng''' marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Ghana, babban edita kuma Manajan Edita na Mujallar Teen Gane.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-23|title=Discovery Teen Magazine engages young people to address adolescence muddle|url=https://ghananewsflash.com/discovery-teen-magazine-engages-young-people-to-address-adolescence-muddle/|access-date=2021-08-11|website=Ghana News Flash|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811140508/https://ghananewsflash.com/discovery-teen-magazine-engages-young-people-to-address-adolescence-muddle/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Asamoah|first=Renee|date=2021-03-23|title=Dicovery Teens Magazines Organises a Maiden Programme|url=https://newstodaygh.com/dicovery-teens-magazines-organises-a-maiden-programme/|access-date=2021-08-11|website=NewsTodayGh|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811135004/https://newstodaygh.com/dicovery-teens-magazines-organises-a-maiden-programme/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Cudjoe|first=Kizito|date=2021-03-23|title=Discovery Teen Magazine engages young people to address adolescence muddle|url=https://thebftonline.com/23/03/2021/discovery-teen-magazine-engages-young-people-to-address-adolescence-muddle/|access-date=2021-08-11|website=The Business & Financial Times|language=en-GB|archive-date=2021-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811135005/https://thebftonline.com/23/03/2021/discovery-teen-magazine-engages-young-people-to-address-adolescence-muddle/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=Ghana|title=Book on Understanding English Literature launched - Ghanamma.com|url=https://www.ghanamma.com/2020/12/16/book-on-understanding-english-literature-launched/|access-date=2021-08-11|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ita ce kuma mai ba da shawara ta Sadarwa da Sadarwa ta Mata a Shari'a da Ci gaban yankin Afirka (WiLDAF).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Simpson|first=Tony|title=Communications Advisor donates to St. Thomas Aquinas, Armed Forces Schools|url=https://www.gna.org.gh/1.18614314|access-date=2021-08-11|website=www.gna.org.gh|language=en|archive-date=2021-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811135004/https://www.gna.org.gh/1.18614314|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Headquarters: Women activists lobby for female Veep - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/election-headquarters-women-activists-lobby-for-female-veep/|access-date=2021-08-11|website=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> == Aiki == Ta kasance tsohuwar malamar Harshen Ingilishi da Adabi a Makarantar Sakandaren 'Yan mata ta Wesley a garin Cape Coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Wesley Girls’ High School receives books to boost performance in English language and Literature|url=https://gh.afronews.org/wesley-girls-high-school-receives-books-to-boost-performance-in-english-language-and-literature|access-date=2021-08-11|website=AFRONEWS.ORG (GH)|language=en|archive-date=2021-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811135006/https://gh.afronews.org/wesley-girls-high-school-receives-books-to-boost-performance-in-english-language-and-literature|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta yi hira da Jakadan Amurka a Ghana, Robert Potter Jackson.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Human Trafficking: $500m Ghana’s Energy Compact With US To Be Abrogated If… {{!}} Comprehensive Ghana Oil and Gas news, information, updates, analysis|url=http://www.reportingoilandgas.org/human-trafficking-500m-ghanas-energy-compact-with-us-to-be-abrogated-if/|access-date=2021-08-11|website=www.reportingoilandgas.org|archive-date=2021-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811135006/http://www.reportingoilandgas.org/human-trafficking-500m-ghanas-energy-compact-with-us-to-be-abrogated-if/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta yi hadin gwiwa da Ofishin Jakadancin Faransa a Ghana, GOLDKEY Properties da UNFPA Ghana don kaddamar da Mujallar Matashi ta Discovery da dandalin Tattaunawar Matasa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=News Desk|date=14 June 2021|title=Meet Mercy Catherine Adjabeng: the gem empowering adolescents for a brighter future|url=https://newsghana.com.gh/meet-mercy-catherine-adjabeng-the-gem-empowering-adolescents-for-a-brighter-future/|url-status=live|access-date=11 August 2021|website=News Ghana}}</ref> Ta kuma yi hadin gwiwa da Bankin Stanbic Ghana, I-ZAR Group, Effe Farms da Trading Enterprise da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-22|title=St. Thomas Aquinas, Forces Senior High receive books to boost English language and Literature|url=https://angelonline.com.gh/2020/07/22/st-thomas-aquinas-forces-senior-high-receive-books-to-boost-english-language-and-literature/|access-date=2021-08-11|website=Angel Online|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811135003/https://angelonline.com.gh/2020/07/22/st-thomas-aquinas-forces-senior-high-receive-books-to-boost-english-language-and-literature/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A halin yanzu tana aiki a 3FM.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Series|date=2021-06-01|title=Wenchi School For The Blind|url=https://allghschools.com/wenchi-school-for-the-blind/|access-date=2021-08-11|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811135007/https://allghschools.com/wenchi-school-for-the-blind/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ita ce kuma Jami’ar Bincike da Hulda da Jama’a na Babban Hukumar Australia a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sunyani needs ultra-modern shopping mall, Minister invites investors|url=https://www.businessghana.com/|access-date=2021-08-11|website=BusinessGhana}}</ref> == Kyauta == Ta ba da littafinta mai suna 'Fahimtar Adabin Ingilishi' ga makarantar sakandaren 'yan mata ta Wesley. Littattafan da aka bayar an yi ƙimar su da darajar GH ¢ 6,000.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=3FM|date=22 December 2019|title=Wesley Girls’ High School receives books to boost performance in English language and Literature|url=https://3news.com/wesley-girls-high-school-receives-books-to-boost-performance-in-english-language-and-literature/|url-status=dead|access-date=11 August 2021|website=3news.com|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129102413/https://3news.com/wesley-girls-high-school-receives-books-to-boost-performance-in-english-language-and-literature/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Opinari|first=Elsie's|date=2019-12-16|title=Wesley Girls’ High School presented Literature books valued at GHc6, 000|url=https://elsieopinari.com/wesley-girls-high-school-presented-literature-books-valued-at-ghc6-000/|access-date=2021-08-11|website=Elsie's Opinari|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811135016/https://elsieopinari.com/wesley-girls-high-school-presented-literature-books-valued-at-ghc6-000/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta kuma ba da littafinta ga St. Thomas Aquinas da Makarantar Fasaha ta Makarantar Sakandare a Accra. An yi iƙirarin cewa darajarsu ta kai GH ¢ 4,500.<ref>{{Cite web|title=English language and Literature books donated to St. Thomas Aquinas, Forces SHS|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/education/english-language-and-literature-books-donated-to-st-thomas-aquinas-forces-shs.html|access-date=2021-08-11|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} 4ibkf07hdoinr1mxn81v46a054qdtgi 0 24548 906813 601205 2026-08-24T03:19:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906813 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Evolution of global electricity demand 1990-2025.png|thumb|yanayin wutar lantarki]] '''Nura''' kamfani ne mai amfani da kayan lantarki da ke [[Melbourne|Melbourne, Ostiraliya]], wanda ke ƙira da ƙera belun kunne tare da fasahar sauti na musamman. Nura ta na mallakar tajirai fasahar ta atomatik ƙaddara mai amfani ta ji sensitivities zuwa daban-daban mitoci ta sa idanu otoacoustic watsi.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/review/nuraphone-wireless-headphones-review/|title=These Headphones Scan Your Ears and Tune Themselves|magazine=WIRED|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref> Wannan tsarin ji na ji yana ɗaukar mintuna 1-2.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/nuraphone-review-noise-cancelling-headphones-price-app-a8451661.html|title=Nuraphone review: Noise-cancelling headphones with a personal touch|work=The Independent|access-date=2018-09-24}}</ref> Sannan belun kunne ya da-idaita amsar mitar su zuwa sauraron mai amfani, yana bawa mai amfani damar jin ƙarin dalla-dalla lokacin sauraron kiɗa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/11/19/nuraphones-custom-profiles-bring-out-new-detail-in-familiar-songs/|title=Nuraphones' custom profiles bring out new detail in familiar songs|website=TechCrunch|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref> Samfurin farko na nura da nuraphone ya ƙaddamar a ranar 3 ga watan Oktoban, shekara ta 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2017/10/3/16402996/nuraphones-ship-date-announced-on-sale-nura|title=Nura is finally ready to ship Kickstarter headphones that correct for hearing|last=Kastrenakes|first=Jacob|date=2017-10-03|website=The Verge|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref> kuma ya sami ingantattun bita a cikin manema labarai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/gallery/best-on-ear-headphones|title=Best over-ear headphones for noise-cancelling sound|last=Leedham|first=Robert|website=British GQ|access-date=2018-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/paularmstrongtech/2018/10/04/nuraphone-are-the-last-headphones-you-should-ever-buy/|title=Nuraphone Are The Last Headphones You Should Ever Buy|last=Armstrong|first=Paul|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2018-12-07}}</ref> A watan Yuli a shekara ta 2018, nura ya zama kamfani guda ɗaya da ya taɓa ƙara soke hayaniya zuwa lasifikan kai ta hanyar sabunta software.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2018/07/16/nuraphones-anc-g2-update-hands-on/|title=Nuraphones update adds noise-cancellation and 'transparency' mode|website=Engadget|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref> == Tarihi == nura ya kafa a shekara ta 2015, Dr Luke Campbell, Dr. Dragan Petrović da Kyle Slater.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.smartcompany.com.au/entrepreneurs/influencers-profiles/melbourne-headphones-startup-nura-planning-big-as-bose/|title="We're better than all of them": How Melbourne headphones startup nura is planning to be as big as Bose - SmartCompany|date=2018-08-06|work=SmartCompany|access-date=2018-09-24}}</ref> Fasahar mallakar kamfani wanda ke auna ƙimar otoacoustic ya dogara ne akan bincike wanda Campbell, likitan likita kuma masanin kimiyyar ji,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.smartcompany.com.au/entrepreneurs/influencers-profiles/melbourne-headphones-startup-nura-planning-big-as-bose/|title="We're better than all of them": How Melbourne headphones startup nura is planning to be as big as Bose - SmartCompany|date=2018-08-06|work=SmartCompany|access-date=2018-09-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/nura-co-founder-explains-how-his-personalised-nuraphones-work-20180717-p4zrvo.html|title=Nura co-founder explains how his 'personalised' Nuraphones work|last=Wells|first=Peter|date=2018-07-20|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=2018-09-06}}</ref> aka gudanar a Sashen Jami'ar Otolaryngology na Melbourne a ƙarƙashin jagorancin masanin kimiyyar jiyya, Dr David Sly.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.afr.com/technology/how-australia-is-leading-the-world-for-custom-headphones-20180518-h1091e|title=How Australia is leading the world for custom headphones|date=2018-05-21|work=Financial Review|access-date=2018-09-24}}</ref> === Tallafawa === ==== Shirin Hanzarta Melbourne ==== Shirin Gudun Hijira na Melbourne ya ba da nura (sannan mai suna "nuraloop ''"'' ) Fungiyar Kasuwanci a shekara ta 2015, yana ba da sararin ofishin nura, jagoranci da $ 20,000 a cikin kudade don haɓaka ƙirar farko na nuraphone ta amfani da fasahar keɓancewa. ==== HAX ==== A cikin shekarata 2016, nura ya shiga HAX, shirin haɓaka kayan aiki wanda ya fito daga [[Shenzhen|Shenzen]], [[Sin|China]], wanda ya ba wa nura kuɗi don haɓaka samfuran nuraphone da aka yi amfani da su don ƙaddamar da Gangamin Kickstarter na nuraphone. ==== Crowdfunding ==== nura ya gudanar da kamfen mai yawa a Kickstarter tsakanin Mayu 16,ga wata shekara ta 2016, da 15 ga watan Yuli,na shekara ta 2016, don tara kuɗi don fara samar da nuraphone. Manufar kamfen ɗin ta farko ta $ 100,000 (USD) an isa cikin awanni 14. A ƙarshe kamfen ɗin Kickstarter ya tara dala miliyan 1.8 (USD) daga masu tallafawa 7730 don zama kamfen mafi girma na Kickstarter a tarihin Ostiraliya. ==== Babban jari ==== A May shekara ta 2017, Nura tashe $ miliyan 6 (AUD) iri-kudade zagaye, wanda aka jagorancin blackbird Ventures, tare da ƙarin zuba jari daga SOSV, Qualgro, Sean Parker, Craig Barratt, San Francisco 49ers da abokan Perkins Coie. Biye da samar da iri ya biyo bayan jerin dala miliyan 21 (AUD) A zagaye kuma wanda Blackbird Ventures ke jagoranta, wanda aka rufe a watan Satumba a 2018. === Kaddamarwa === nura ya fara aiki a hukumance a ranar 3 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta 2017, yana baiwa jama'a damar samun nuraphone.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2017/10/3/16402996/nuraphones-ship-date-announced-on-sale-nura|title=Nura is finally ready to ship Kickstarter headphones that correct for hearing|work=The Verge|access-date=2018-09-21}}</ref> == Kayayyaki == === nuraphone === Nuraphone wayar kai ce wacce ke keɓanta sauti ta hanyar auna yadda kunnen ɗan adam ke amsa mitar sauti daban-daban,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sciencefocus.com/future-technology/nuraphones-headphones-reinvented/|title=Nuraphones: headphones reinvented?|work=Science Focus - BBC Focus Magazine|access-date=2018-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hearingtracker.com/blog/nura-claims-its-headphones-automatically-measure-your-hearing/|title=Nura Claims Its Headphones "Automatically Measure Your Hearing"|date=2016-07-04|work=Hearing Aid News|access-date=2018-09-21|archive-date=2018-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205193309/https://www.hearingtracker.com/blog/nura-claims-its-headphones-automatically-measure-your-hearing/|url-status=dead}}</ref> kuma yana da kariya ta patent a matsayin lasifikan lantarki na masu amfani kawai don yin hakan ta hanyar sa ido kan fitar da iska.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nuraphone.com/pages/patents|title=Patents|website=www.nuraphone.com|access-date=2018-09-21|archive-date=2018-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205145751/https://www.nuraphone.com/pages/patents|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==== Karɓar baki ==== Nuraphone ya sami ingantattun bita, tare da masu bita suna yaba inganci da keɓantaccen sautin nuraphone.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sciencefocus.com/future-technology/nuraphones-headphones-reinvented/|title=Nuraphones: headphones reinvented?|work=Science Focus - BBC Focus Magazine|access-date=2018-09-21|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/review/nuraphone-wireless-headphones-review|title=These Headphones Scan Your Ears and Tune Themselves|magazine=WIRED|language=en-US|access-date=2018-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/nura-headphones-tailor-their-sound-to-your-ears/|title=Nura headphones tailor their sound to your ears|date=2016-07-05|work=CNET|access-date=2018-09-21|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.techadvisor.co.uk/review/headphones/nuraphone-review-g2-3667215/|title=The Nuraphone G2 update adds noise cancelling and other new features|last=Martin|first=Chris|work=Tech Advisor|access-date=2018-09-21|language=en-GB|archive-date=2018-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717214246/https://www.techadvisor.co.uk/review/headphones/nuraphone-review-g2-3667215/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.techradar.com/news/audio/portable-audio/best-noise-cancelling-headphones-1280490|title=The best noise-cancelling headphones 2018|work=TechRadar|access-date=2018-09-21|language=en}}</ref> Wasu masu bita sun lura da nuraphone da ba a saba haɗawa a cikin kunne da ƙirar kunne;<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/review/nuraphone-wireless-headphones-review/|title=These Headphones Scan Your Ears and Tune Themselves|magazine=WIRED|language=en-US|access-date=2018-09-21}}</ref> duk da haka, masu bita da yawa sun kuma yaba ta'aziyya da ƙira.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.techradar.com/au/reviews/nuraphone-headphones|title=Nuraphone headphones review|work=TechRadar|access-date=2018-09-21|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.musicradar.com/reviews/nuraphone-by-nura|title=Nuraphone by Nura review|work=MusicRadar|access-date=2018-09-21|language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ |Bugawa | Ci |- | Mai waya | 8/10 |- | TechRadar | 4/5 |- | Mai ba da shawara na fasaha | 4/5 |- | Abubuwa | 5/5 |- | MusicRadar | 4.5/5 |- | Amintattun Labarai | 4/5 |- | Aljihu-lint | 4/5 |- | Kamar Hifi (DE) | 95% |- | Head-Fi | 8.5/10 |- | Mai karɓar | 4.3/5 |- | Alphr | 4/5 |- | Binciken Masana | 4/5 |} ==== nuraphone /G2 ==== nura ya fitar da sabunta firmware na kyauta don nuraphone a cikin Yuli a shekara ta 2018 wanda ya ba da damar ƙarin fasali kamar soke amo mai aiki, wucewar sauti, da haɓakawa zuwa kiran murya da latsa maɓallin. == Zane da Fasaha == === Keɓancewa === A nuraphone ta personalization aiki da sa idanu mai amfani da otoacoustic watsi sa'an nan daidaitawa sauti dangane da ma'aunai, kyale mai amfani ga jin more daki-daki a lokacin da sauraron kiɗa. === Zane === A nuraphone yana da wani jadadda mallaka zane (Inova) da ya hada da duka biyu a-kunne a yanki da kuma a kan-kunne kofuna. === Bawul din Tesla === Nuraphone yana fasalta bawul ɗin Tesla waɗanda ke watsa iska ta cikin kofunan kunne don sanya kunnuwan mai amfani su yi sanyi yayin amfani. === Patent mallakar nura === * Amurka 9,497,530 * Amurka 9,794,672 * Amurka 10,154,333 * Amurka 10,165,345 * WO2017040327 == Kyaututtuka == === Kyautar Innovation CES A Shekara Ta 2018 === nura ya lashe Kyautar Innovation a CES Innovation Awards a shekara ta 2018 don nuraphone. === Kyautar Red Dot Award A Shekara Ta 2018 === Nuraphone ya ci lambar yabo ta Red Dot Award a shekara ta 2018 Mafi Kyawun Kyau, babbar kyauta a cikin lambar yabo ta Red Dot: ƙirar samfur a cikin rukunin kayan lantarki. Wadanda suka ci nasara a baya sun hada da Apple AirPods da Google Home . === Kyauta mai Kyau A Shekara Ta 2018 === Nuraphone ya ci kyautar Kyautar Kyakkyawar Kyauta a shekara ta 2018 don ƙirar samfura a cikin na'urorin lantarki. === IDEA 2018 === Nuraphone ya lashe Zinariya a lambar yabo ta IDSA.org IDEA shekara ta 2018 a fannin fasahar masu amfani. == Manazarta== == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://www.nuraphone.com Tashar yanar gizon] kzuian32zhmtuqyo05k7kjywmo1ucm3 0 27363 906770 637888 2026-08-23T22:15:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:DPRD Kabupaten Muna Barat 2019.svg|thumb|'''''Muna''''']] '''''Muna''''' ne a shekarar 2019, fim ne na Nijeriya-American fim ne da akayi shi na faɗa da tashin hankali. Wanda ya bayar da umarnin fim ɗin shine Kevin Nwankwor <ref>{{Cite web|title=Etomi-Wellington shines in action movie MUNA|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/etomi-wellington-shines-in-action-movie-muna/|date=2019-12-04|website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref> Fim din ya fito da [[Adesua Etomi]] a matsayin mai taken. Fim din dai an yi shi ne a Najeriya da Amurka. Fim ɗin ya ƙunshi fitattun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na [[Nollywood]] da Hollywood.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Love or Vengeance? New Human Trafficking Thriller "Muna" Asks Tough Questions|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/love-or-vengeance-new-human-trafficking-thriller-muna-asks-tough-questions-300858834.html|last=KevStel|website=www.prnewswire.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref> An sake shi a ranar 13 ga Disamba, 2019 a Najeriya, Laberiya da Ghana kuma ya sami kyakyawan bita daga masu suka yayin da yake taka rawar gani a akwatin akwatin.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2019's Most Anticipated Dramatic Motion Picture, MUNA to Hit Screens December 6|url=https://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/2019-s-most-anticipated-dramatic-motion-picture-muna-to-hit-screens-december-6-855562246.html|last=KevStel|website=www.prnewswire.co.uk|language=en|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Movie Review: ‘Muna’ suggests new career angle for Adesua Etomi-Wellington|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/367208-movie-review-muna-suggests-new-career-angle-for-adesua-etomi-wellington.html|date=2019-12-08|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref> An dauki fim din a matsayin daya daga cikin fina-finan da ake jira kafin fitowa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=5 most anticipated films for December release|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/5-most-anticipated-films-for-december-release/25w52s1|date=2019-11-13|website=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-07|archive-date=2019-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115125814/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/5-most-anticipated-films-for-december-release/25w52s1|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ƴan wasa == * [[Adesua Etomi]] a matsayin Muna * Adam Huss a matsayin Tony * Massi Furlan a matsayin Adrian * Cesar D'La Torre a matsayin Alberto * Myles Cranford a matsayin Daniel * Robert Miano a matsayin Luca * Falz a matsayin kansa (kamar bayyanar) * [[Ebele Okaro]] * [[Onyeka Onwenu]] * Sharon Ifedi * Michael Cavalieri a matsayin Varrick * Jonny Williams * Mayling Ng a matsayin Brunildaa * Camille Winbush kamar yadda Mindy * Steve Wilder a matsayin Detective Oswald == Takaitaccen bayani == Labarin ya ta'allaka ne akan wata yarinya Muna da kakarta ta raino; wanda shine memba na ƙarshe da ya tsira a cikin iyali. Burin Muna shine ta samar da ingantacciyar rayuwa ga kanta da kakar ta a ƙasar nono da zuma suna haifar da inuwar halaye waɗanda zasu canza yanayin. == Shiryawa == Hotunan da ke ɗauke da Adesua Etomi-Wellington da ke nuna halin Muna da ke yin wasan fada sun yi ta yawo a shafinta na [[Instagram]] a watan Yuli 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adesuwa Etomi Fierce, Furious in ‘Muna’|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/06/15/adesuwa-etomi-fierce-furious-in-muna/|last=editor|date=2019-06-14|website=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=WATCH: Adesua Etomi shows off martial arts skills in 'Muna' trailer|url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/watch-adesua-etomi-shows-off-martial-arts-skills-in-muna-trailer/|date=2019-06-05|website=TheCable Lifestyle|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref> Rapper Falz ya fito a cikin fitowar taho. An ɗauki sassan fim ɗin a [[California]] da [[Los Angeles]] kuma an kammala ɗaukar fim ɗin a cikin Maris 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=5 things you should know about movie featuring Adesua Etomi|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/muna-5-things-you-should-know-about-movie-featuring-adesua-etomi/0rcbxzq|date=2017-07-12|website=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref> Duk da haka an jinkirta fitar da fim ɗin na tsawon shekaru biyu kafin a fito da shi a ranar 13 ga Disamba 2019. An ƙaddamar da shirin fim ɗin a ranar 3 ga Yuni 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘Muna’ official trailer proves that Adesua Etomi-Wellington is ready for global stage|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/muna-official-trailer-shows-that-adesua-etomi-is-ready-for-the-world/k7fdgen|date=2019-06-12|website=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref> == Ofishin tikitoci == Fim ɗin ya samu kuɗi miliyan 10.9 a cikin kwanaki biyu na farko tun bayan fitowar sa a wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=3 female Nigerian filmmakers set to rule the box office in December 2019|url=https://www.pulse.ng/bi/lifestyle/3-female-nigerian-filmmakers-set-to-rule-the-box-office-in-december-2019/0041j8q|date=2019-11-13|website=www.pulse.ng|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-07|archive-date=2019-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114164910/https://www.pulse.ng/bi/lifestyle/3-female-nigerian-filmmakers-set-to-rule-the-box-office-in-december-2019/0041j8q|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigerian Box Office: 'Muna' starring Adesua Etomi opens with N10 million|url=https://www.pulse.ng/bi/lifestyle/nigerian-box-office-muna-starring-adesua-etomi-opens-with-n10-million/byt21nj|date=2019-12-11|website=www.pulse.ng|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-07|archive-date=2020-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502212736/https://www.pulse.ng/bi/lifestyle/nigerian-box-office-muna-starring-adesua-etomi-opens-with-n10-million/byt21nj|url-status=dead}}</ref> Fim ɗin ya tara jimillar Naira miliyan 30.4 a akwatin ofishin. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fina-finan Najeriya]] [[Category:Fina-finai]] r1cwhsh6um41gsjbo3ykdwhswh6rs5d 0 27526 906996 608196 2026-08-24T11:19:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Actor in Gbomo Gbomo Express.png|thumb|Ramsey Nouah]] '''Ramsey Nouah''' (an haife '''Ramsey Tokunbo Nouah Jr''' .; A Watan Disamba 19, shekarar 1970)<ref name="IReportersTV">{{cite news|url=http://ireporterstv.co/today-is-nollywood-actor-ramsey-nouah-birthday/|title=Nollywood Actor Ramsey Nouah Birthday|date=19 December 2012|work=IReportersTV|access-date=14 May 2012|archive-date=13 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013030109/https://primecutt.com/today-is-nollywood-actor-ramsey-nouah-birthday//|url-status=dead}}</ref> ɗan [[Ɗan Nijeriya|wasan]] kwaikwayo ne kuma [[Darakta|darekta]]. Ya lashe lambar yabo ta Afirka Movie Academy Award don ''Mafi kyawun Jarumi a Matsayin Jagora'' a Shekarar 2010 saboda rawar da ya taka a fim din " ''The Figurine'' ". Ya fara fitowa a matsayin darakta tare da fim ɗin ''Rayuwa a Bada: Breaking Free'' a 2019 kuma ya ci gaba da jagorantar [[Nollywood]] classic ''Rattle Snake: the story of Ahanna'' wanda shine aka sake a matsayin Rattlesnake (1995).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-25|title=Rattlesnake: The Ahanna Story to premiere in cinemas November 13|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/rattlesnake-the-ahanna-story-to-premiere-in-cinemas-november-13/g0e9x8w|access-date=2021-08-23|website=Pulse Nigeria|language=en|archive-date=2021-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007173749/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/rattlesnake-the-ahanna-story-to-premiere-in-cinemas-november-13/g0e9x8w|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=nollywoodreinvented|date=2020-09-16|title=COMING SOON: RattleSnake - The Ahanna Story|url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2020/09/coming-soon-rattlesnake-the-ahanna-story.html|access-date=2021-08-23|website=Nollywood Reinvented|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615042425/https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2020/09/coming-soon-rattlesnake-the-ahanna-story.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="vanguardngr.com">{{Cite web|date=2020-10-07|title=Play Network, Ramsey Nouah remake Nollywood classic Rattlesnake: The Ahanna story|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/10/play-network-ramsey-nouah-remake-nollywood-classic-rattlesnake-the-ahanna-story/|access-date=2021-08-23|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=BellaNaija.com|date=2020-09-15|title=Get to Know their Roles – Let us Take You Behind the Scenes of "Rattlesnake: The Ahanna Story"|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/bts-rattlesnake-the-ahanna-story/|access-date=2021-08-25|website=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == [[Fayil:Take10 of Gbomo Gbomo Express.png|thumb|Ramsey Nouah]] An haifi Ramsey Tokunbo Nouah Jr a jihar [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] a ranar 19 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 1970, ga mahaifin Isra'ila [[Yarbawa|kuma mahaifiyar Yarbawa]] wacce ta fito daga [[Owo]], [[Ondo (jiha)|Jihar Ondo]]. Ya girma a [[Surulere (Lagos)|Surulere]], [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], inda ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Atara da Makarantar Grammar Community.<ref name="punchng.com">{{Cite web|date=2018-07-15|title=I stumbled into acting while looking for GCE money – Ramsey Nouah|url=https://punchng.com/i-stumbled-into-acting-while-looking-for-gce-money-ramsey-nouah/|access-date=2021-03-22|website=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> Ya samu shaidar difloma a fannin sadarwa a Jami’ar Legas, bayan nan kuma ya ci gaba da sana’ar wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.citypulseng.com/2014/08/i-never-had-university-degree-ramsey.html?m=1|title=I don't have a University degree: Ramsey Nouah|publisher=City Pulse|location=Nigeria|access-date=February 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204225838/http://www.citypulseng.com/2014/08/i-never-had-university-degree-ramsey.html?m=1|archive-date=2015-02-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Sana'a == Ramsey Nouah ya fara wasan kwaikwayo a farkon shekarun 90s saboda yana buƙatar kuɗi don karatunsa na General Certificate Education( GCE ).<ref name="punchng.com"/> Aikin wasan kwaikwayo Nouah ya fara ne lokacin da ya fito a matsayin tauraro a cikin opera ta sabulun ''TV na Najeriya Fortunes''. Tun daga lokacin ya fito a cikin fina-finai da dama da ya fito a matsayin jagora, kuma ana kiransa da ''"Lover-Boy"'' saboda yawan rawar da ya taka a fina-finan soyayya.<ref name="mtv">{{cite web|url=http://blog.mtviggy.com/2010/04/12/the-2010-african-movie-academy-awards-winners-re-cap-dresses|title=The 2010 African Movie Academy Awards: Winners, Re-Cap, Dresses|publisher=[[MTV Networks]] a division of [[Viacom (2005–present)|Viacom International Inc]]|access-date=25 August 2010|location=New York, NY, USA|archive-date=16 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416020205/http://blog.mtviggy.com/2010/04/12/the-2010-african-movie-academy-awards-winners-re-cap-dresses/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Falola|first=Toyin|date=2015|title=The Figurine: Araromire dir. by Kunle Afolayan (review)|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/580596|journal=African Studies Review|volume=58|issue=1|pages=273–274|doi=10.1017/asr.2015.23|s2cid=140841085|issn=1555-2462}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=An Intimate Chat with The Figurine's Kunle Afolayan and Ramsey Nouah|url=https://www.nigeriafilms.com/movie-news/90-meet-nollywood-stars/6593-an-intimate-chat-with-the-figurine-s-kunle-afolayan-and-ramsey-nouah|access-date=2021-08-25|website=Nigeriafilms.com|language=en-gb}}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana kallon Nouah a matsayin daya daga cikin jaruman da ake nema ruwa a jallo a Najeriya. A cikin shekarar 2015, ya kare haƙƙoƙin ''Rayuwa a cikin kangi: Breaking Free'' from Kenneth Nnebue don yiwuwar sake yin fim ɗin a Turai, Amurka, da Najeriya. Daga baya an tabbatar da labarin akan [[Instagram]], amma fim ɗin ya bayyana yana cikin jahannama na ci gaba har tsawon shekaru uku. A cikin shekarar 2018, Nouah ya ba da sanarwar sake yin sa ya zama mabiyi mai taken ''Rayuwa a cikin kangin bauta: Breaking Free'', wanda aka saki a ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2019. Nouah, wanda shine sabon babban limamin kungiyar asiri, ya fara fitowa a matsayin darakta, tare da jiga-jigan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo Okwonkwo, Udokwu, da Kanayo suma sun mayar da aikinsu. Labarin ya shafi dan Andy Nnamdi da neman arziki. Ita ma jarumar Rapper da MBGN Muna Abii ita ma ta taka rawa a cikin shirin. A cikin shekarar 2020, Fim ɗin ''Rayuwa a Ƙarfafawa: Breaking Free ya'' sami lambobin yabo 7 akan Kyautar Zaɓar Masu Kallon Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kaya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.citypulseng.com/2014/08/i-never-had-university-degree-ramsey.html?m=1|title=I don't have a University degree: Ramsey Nouah|publisher=City Pulse|location=Nigeria|access-date=February 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204225838/http://www.citypulseng.com/2014/08/i-never-had-university-degree-ramsey.html?m=1|archive-date=2015-02-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kyautuka == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! ! Kyauta ! Fim ! Sakamako ! Ref |- | 2010 | Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka | Mafi kyawun Jarumi a Matsayin Jagora | ''Figurine''|{{Won}} | |- | 2017 | Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka | ''Mafi kyawun Jarumi a Matsayin Jagora'' | ''76''|{{Won}} | |- | 2018 | rowspan="2" | Mafi kyawun Kyautar Nollywood | rowspan="2" | Mafi kyawun Jarumi a Matsayin Jagora - Turanci ||{{Nom}} | |- | 2019 | ''Lawi''|{{Nom}} | |- | rowspan="2" | 2020 | Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka | ''Mafi kyawun Jarumi A Matsayin Taimakawa'' | rowspan="2" | ''Rayuwa cikin Dauri: Watse 'Yanci''|{{Won}} |<ref name=":1" /> |- | 2020 Mafi kyawun Kyautar Nollywood | Daraktan Shekara|{{Won}} | |} == Rayuwa == Nouah ya auri Emelia Philips-Nuah. Ma’auratan suna da ’ya’ya maza biyu masu suna Quincy Nouah da Joshua Nouah, da ’ya ɗaya mai suna Desiree Nouah. == Zababbun fina-finai == === Fim === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title !Function !Cast |- |1996 |Silent Night |Actor |with [[Joke Silva]], [[Kate Henshaw]], [[Segun Arinze]], and Alex Usifo |- | rowspan="2" |1999 |Camouflage |Actor | |- |End of the Wicked |Actor |with Alex Usifo Omiagbo and Helen Ukpabio |- |2000 |Fugitive |Actor |with [[Genevieve Nnaji]], [[Stella Damasus]], and [[Rita Dominic]] |- |2001 |The Battle of Love |Actor | |- | rowspan="4" |2002 |Power of Love |Actor |with [[Genevieve Nnaji]] |- |Valentino |Actor |with [[Genevieve Nnaji]] |- |My Love |Actor |with Hilda Dokubo |- |Church Business |Actor |with [[Genevieve Nnaji]] |- | rowspan="4" |2003 |Break Up |Actor |with [[Genevieve Nnaji]], Jim Iyke and Pat Attah |- |Emotional Crack |Actor |with [[Stephanie Okereke Linus|Stephanie Okereke]] and [[Patience Ozokwor]] |- |Supa Love |Actor |with [[Genevieve Nnaji]] |- |True Love |Actor |with [[Omotola Jalade Ekeinde]] |- | rowspan="2" |2004 |Across the Niger |Actor | |- |[[Dangerous Twins]] |Actor (Taiye & Kehinde) |with [[Stella Damasus]] and [[Bimbo Akintola]] |- | rowspan="2" |2005 |Coming to South Africa |Actor | |- |Bleeding Love |Actor | |- |2007 |The Faculty |Actor | |- | rowspan="2" |2008 |Chase |Actor |with [[Uche Jombo]] |- |Sweet Tomorrow |Actor | |- | rowspan="4" |2009 |''[[Reloaded (2009 fim)|Reloaded (2009 film)]]'' |Actor |with [[Stephanie Okereke Linus|Stephanie Okereke]] and [[Rita Dominic]] |- |''The Figurine'' |Actor (Femi) |with Kunle Afolayan |- |Nnenda |Actor | |- |''[[Guilty Pleasures (2009 film)]]'' |Actor (Tesso) |with [[Nse Ikpe-Etim]] |- | rowspan="2" |2010 |Private Storm |Actor (Alex) |with [[Omotola Jalade Ekeinde|Omotola Jolade-Ekeinde]], [[Ufuoma McDermott|Ufuoma Ejenobor]], and John Dumelo |- |The Black Soul |Actor | |- | rowspan="2" |2011 |Heart of a Fighter |Actor |with [[Mercy Johnson]], Enebeli Elebuwa, and [[Chika Ike]] |- |Iru Oka |Actor |with [[Ayo Adesanya]], Adebayo Salami, and [[Rachel Oniga|Racheal Oniga]] |- | rowspan="2" |2012 |''Weekend Getaway'' |Actor |with [[Genevieve Nnaji]], [[Ini Edo]], and Uti Nwachukwu |- |''Gem of the Rainforest'' |Actor | |- |2013 |''Confusion Na Wa'' |Actor (Emeka Nwosu) | |- | rowspan="3" |2014 |''Unguarded'' |Actor |with Chet Anekwe |- |''Busted Life'' |Actor |with Chet Anekwe |- |''30 Days in Atlanta'' |Richard |Actor |- | rowspan="3" |2015 |''[[Tempting Fate (2015 fim)|Tempting Fate]]'' |Actor (Ugo) |with Dan Davies, Andrew Onochie, and John J Vogel |- |''The Grave Dust'' |Actor (Johnson Okwuozo) |with [[Joke Silva]] |- |''Gbomo Gbomo Express'' |Actor (Austin Mba) | |- |2016 |'76 |Actor (Captain Joseph Dewa) |with [[Rita Dominic]] and [[Ibinabo Fiberesima]] |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |''The Accidental Spy'' |Actor (Manny) |- |''My Wife &amp;amp; I'' |Actor (Toyosi) | |- | rowspan="3" |2018 |Crazy People |Actor (Ramsey Nouah) |with Chioma (Chigurl) Omerua, [[Sola Sobowale]], [[Iretiola Doyle]], [[Monalisa Chinda]], [[Desmond Elliot]] and Kunle Afolayan |- |''Merry Men: The Real Yoruba Demons'' |Actor (Ayo Alesinloye) |with Remi Martins, Falz, Amaju Abioritsegbemi, Ayo Makun, Naz Okigbo, and Jim Iyke |- |Lagos Landing |Actor (Bayo) | |- | rowspan="3" |2019 |<nowiki><i id="mwAdM">The Millions</i></nowiki> |Actor (Bem Kator) | |- |''Living in Bondage: Breaking Free'' |Director / Actor (Richard Williams) |with Enyinna Nwigwe and Swanky JKA |- |''Merry Men 2'' |Actor (Ayo) |with Ayo Makun, Jim Iyke, and Falz |- | rowspan="3" |2020 |''Deranged'' |Actor (Benny Essiam) |with [[Nadia Buari]] |- |''Rattle Snake: The Ahanna Story'' |Director |Stan Nze, [[Osas Ighodaro]], Ayo Makun, [[Omotola Jalade Ekeinde]] | |- |''Nneka the Pretty Serpent'' |Actor (Richard Williams) |- |2021 |''Slay'' |Actor (Richard) | | |} === Shirye-shiryen Talabijin === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Bayanan kula |- | 1993 |Fortune | Jeff | tare da [[Liz Benson]] da [[Regina Askia-Williams|Regina Askia]] |- | 2018 | ''Oghenekome (Broken)'' | | da Segun Arinze |} Bikin bayar da kyaututtuka == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Ramsey Nouah at IMDb == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Yan wasa maza daga Edo]] [[Category:Yan wasan kwaikwayo maza na Najeriya]] [[Category:'yan wasan fim na Najeriya]] [[Category:Taurarin fim daga Lagos]] [[Category:Tsaffin daliban Jami'ar Lagos]] [[Category:Yan wasa maza daga siniman yarbawa]] [[Category:Yan wasa maza daga jihar Edo]] [[Category:'Yan Najeriya yan asalin tsatson Izira'ila]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Wanda ya cinye gasan jarumin shekara]] 05yqndk473yr325jftnkipicl8lpvpl 0 28261 906572 872400 2026-08-23T12:56:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Marina DeBris''' sunan ne da wata mai fasaha ta Australiya ke amfani da shi wanda aikinsa ya mayar da hankali kan sake amfani da sharar<ref>{{cite news|title=The Sydney Morning Herald Photos of the week, November 18, 2021|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/the-sydney-morning-herald-photos-of-the-week-november-18-2021-20211116-h1ztmw.html|access-date=27 November 2021|publisher=Sydney Morning Herald|date=19 November 2021}}</ref> don wayar da kan jama'a game da gurbatar teku da bakin teku.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trash chic|url=http://www.spiegel.de/stil/trashion-marina-debris-macht-mode-aus-muell-a-1114213.html|access-date=February 12, 2017|publisher=Spiegel Online|date=May 10, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Greenmuze Staff|title=Washed Up Beach Art|url=http://www.greenmuze.com/art/artists/4000-washed-up-beach-art-.html|publisher=Greenmuze|date=19 June 2011|access-date=2012-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421022031/http://www.greenmuze.com/art/artists/4000-washed-up-beach-art-.html|archive-date=21 April 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Guzman|first1=Richard|title=Urban Ocean Festival brings music, art, food and more to Aquarium of the Pacific for ocean awareness|url=http://www.dailybulletin.com/lifestyle/20140429/urban-ocean-festival-brings-music-art-food-and-more-to-aquarium-of-the-pacific-for-ocean-awareness|access-date=2014-06-07|publisher=Daily Bulletin|date=2014-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Throwaway society. On the rubbish trail with artist and ‘trashion’ creator Marina DeBris|journal=Wilderness Journal|issue=010|url=https://journal.wilderness.org.au/issue-010/index.html?fbclid=IwAR2xbOewGW9syRqOA29NXMMHKtykfFRrGNUXABomKs_qdFTODCwNPOD1TaA#section-lzTgkH9No7|access-date=20 June 2021}}{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> DeBris yana amfani da sharar da aka wanke daga bakin teku don ƙirƙirar sharar, 'tankunan kifi', fasahar ado da sauran ayyukan fasaha.<ref name="theguard">{{cite news|title='Trashion' designer Marina DeBris turns ocean rubbish into high-end outfits – in pictures|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2016/sep/13/trashion-designer-marina-debris-turns-ocean-rubbish-into-high-end-outfits-in-pictures|access-date=14 September 2016|work=The Guardian|date=September 13, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jesse|title=Art by Deb Ris|url=http://forthmagazine.com/art/2010/04/art-by-deb-ris/|publisher=Forth Magazine|date=April 18, 2010|access-date=2012-02-04|archive-date=2012-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430230538/http://forthmagazine.com/art/2010/04/art-by-deb-ris/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Huntington Beach Art Center|title=City Managers Weekly Report, Huntington Beach, California|date=November 14, 2011|url=http://www.huntingtonbeachca.gov/residents/news_publications/weekly_report/files/November-14-2011.pdf|access-date=December 26, 2021|archive-date=December 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211021514/https://www.huntingtonbeachca.gov/residents/news_publications/weekly_report/files/November-14-2011.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta kuma yi amfani da sharar bakin teku don ba da hangen nesa guda ɗaya kan yadda ƙasa za ta yi kama da sararin samaniya.<ref>{{cite news|title=New Art|author=Elizabeth Schwyzer|work=Santa Barbara Independent|date=August 3, 2011|url=http://www.independent.com/news/2011/aug/03/new-art-peg-grady-raphael-perea-de-la-cabada-and-m/|access-date=December 26, 2021|archive-date=November 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109024800/https://www.independent.com/news/2011/aug/03/new-art-peg-grady-raphael-perea-de-la-cabada-and-m/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kazalika ƙirƙirar zane-zane daga tarkace, DeBris kuma shine mai tara kuɗi don ƙungiyoyin muhalli,<ref>{{cite news|title=Mar Vista Artist Turns Trash Into Eye-Opening Art|url=http://theopendaily.com/eco-living/mar-vista-artist-turns-trash-into-eye-opening-art|access-date=25 July 2012|newspaper=The Open Daily|date=2011-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110630032443/http://theopendaily.com/eco-living/mar-vista-artist-turns-trash-into-eye-opening-art|archive-date=30 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Community Briefs: "Trash becomes art."|url=http://www.smdp.com/Articles-c-2011-08-05-72324.113116-Trash-becomes-art.html|newspaper=Santa Monica Daily Press|date=August 5, 2011|author=Rebecca Asoulin}}{{dead link|date=January 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref name="ecosalon">"Coast Couture" Rowena Ritchie, Eco Style West, Vol 23, August 23, 2011 [http://ecosalon.com/eco-style-west-vol-23-153/ "Coast Couture."]</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Art exhibit of trash pieces on display at Fred Segal gallery in Santa Monica|url=http://argonautnews.com/art-exhibit-of-trash-pieces-on-display-at-fred-segal-gallery-in-santa-monica/|access-date=17 February 2013|newspaper=The Argonaut|date=2011-08-25|archive-date=2013-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212175619/http://argonautnews.com/art-exhibit-of-trash-pieces-on-display-at-fred-segal-gallery-in-santa-monica/|url-status=dead}}</ref> kuma yana haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da makarantu don ilimantar da yara game da gurɓacewar teku.<ref>"Santa Monica Baykeeper to Educate and Entertain Children at Abbott Kinney Street Festival September 25 in Venice, California." Kristine Lee. ''Westside Today''. n.d. [http://www.westsidetoday.com/n5928/santa-monica-baykeeper-to.html "Santa Monica Baykeeper to Educate Children"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506180456/http://www.westsidetoday.com/n5928/santa-monica-baykeeper-to.html|date=2012-05-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=News » OC... and Sculpture by the Sea!|url=http://www.sutherland-p.schools.nsw.edu.au/news/oc-by-the-sea|publisher=Sutherland Public Schools|access-date=8 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043212/http://www.sutherland-p.schools.nsw.edu.au/news/oc-by-the-sea|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A cikin 2021, DeBris ta sami kusan fuskoki 300 a bakin rairayin bakin teku, kuma ta yi amfani da su a cikin sharar ta da sauran abubuwan nunin.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gachman|first1=Dina|title=What Will We Do With Our Masks Now?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/08/style/masks-after-covid.html|access-date=10 May 2021|publisher=New York Times|date=May 8, 2021}}</ref> DeBris ita ma yar gwagwarmaya ce ta zamantakewa. A cikin shekarar 2011 ta shiga cikin wani kwamiti kan yadda masu fasaha za su iya ba da gudummawa ga manufofin jama'a na muhalli,<ref>"[[California Lawyers for the Arts]], Arts and Environmental Dialogue II—Los Angeles". ''California Lawyers for the Arts''. April 7, 2011 [http://www.calawyersforthearts.org/Resources/Documents/Arts_and_Environmental_Dialogue_II_Report_Final.pdf "Arts and Environmental Dialogue II Final Report"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501153620/http://www.calawyersforthearts.org/Resources/Documents/Arts_and_Environmental_Dialogue_II_Report_Final.pdf |date=2012-05-01 }}</ref> haɓaka makamashi mai tsafta<ref>{{cite web|title=Hands Across the Sand! Activism immersed in Art!|url=http://www.art4allpeople.com/hands-across-the-sand-day-of-activism-and-conscious-art-art-4-all/|publisher=Art 4 All People, Workshops, Retreats and Fine Arts Gallery|access-date=8 August 2012|archive-date=30 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130195010/http://www.art4allpeople.com/hands-across-the-sand-day-of-activism-and-conscious-art-art-4-all/|url-status=dead}}</ref> da kuma kula da nune-nunen fasahar muhalli.<ref>{{cite web|title=American Trash|url=http://earthwe.com/events/detail/american-trash|website=EarthWe|publisher=EarthWe|access-date=16 October 2014|archive-date=5 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141005233913/http://earthwe.com/events/detail/american-trash|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SustainAbility A Call for Action-We are all in this together--Eco Art Exhibition For International artists|url=http://www.cac.ca.gov/artistcall/acdetail.php?id=25269|publisher=California Arts Council|access-date=9 August 2013|archive-date=13 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213065726/http://www.cac.ca.gov/artistcall/acdetail.php?id=25269|url-status=dead}}</ref> DeBris ta yi aiki tare da marasa riba don tara kuɗi don ilimin fasaha.<ref>{{cite news|last=Leonardo|first=Kathy|title=The Fashion of TRASHion Lights Up Downtown LA|url=http://whitehotmagazine.com/articles/up-downtown-la-8232-/2590|access-date=25 July 2012|newspaper=Whitehot Magazine|date=June 2012}}</ref> DeBris an jera ta tare da Directory Artists na Muhalli na Mata.<ref>{{cite web|title=Marina DeBris|url=http://weadartists.org/artist/marinadebris|publisher=Women Environmental Artists Directory|access-date=8 December 2013|archive-date=13 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213100720/http://weadartists.org/artist/marinadebris|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ilimi da rayuwar sirri == DeBris ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Indiana da Makarantar Zane ta Rhode Island. Ta zauna kuma ta yi aiki a [[New York (birni)|New York City]], London, Ingila, da [[Sydney]], [[Asturaliya|Australia]]. An haife ta a Detroit, ta rayu a Los Angeles,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=LA Art Lab|url=http://www.laartlab.org/about/marina-debris/|title=Marina DeBris|access-date=2012-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206062007/http://www.laartlab.org/about/marina-debris/|archive-date=2012-02-06|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Washed Up, About page|url=http://www.washedup.us/|access-date=January 1, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Marina DeBris|url=http://www.artslant.com/global/artists/show/202922-marina-debris|work=Art Slant New York|publisher=Art Slant|access-date=January 1, 2012}}</ref> kuma a halin yanzu tana zaune a Ostiraliya.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Thompson|first1=Sean|title='Trashion' designer Marina Debris set to unveil Zoolander-esque dresses made of rubbish|url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/city-east/trashion-designer-marina-debris-set-to-unveil-zoolander-esque-dresses-made-of-rubbish/story-fngr8h22-1227576096144|access-date=23 November 2015|publisher=Daily Telegraph|date=October 20, 2015}}</ref> == Salo da wuraren zama == Ayyukan DeBris galibi ana nuna su a cikin ɗakunan ajiya,<ref name="theguard" /><ref>Upstairs at the Market Gallery, ArtLab Presents: Language. February 26, 2011. http://www.artslant.com/la/events/show/147945-la-artlab-presents-language-an-art-show-closing {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917131437/https://www.artslant.com/la/events/show/147945-la-artlab-presents-language-an-art-show-closing |date=2017-09-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=11:11 A Creative Collective|url=http://www.1111acc.org/|publisher=11:11 A Creative Collective|access-date=2 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Transcending Trash: the Art of Upcycling|url=http://www.muzeo.org/exhibit_current.html|website=Muzeo Museum Current Exhibit, April 26, 2014 - August 31, 2014|publisher=Muzeo Muzeum|access-date=2014-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714161926/http://www.muzeo.org/exhibit_current.html|archive-date=July 14, 2014|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya na teku,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Pitt|first1=Helen|title=Meet the coastal warrior creating couture from Sydney's shore waste|url=https://www.smh.com.au/culture/art-and-design/meet-the-coastal-warrior-creating-couture-from-sydney-s-shore-waste-20210126-p56wye.html|access-date=February 5, 2021|work=Sydney Morning Herald|date=February 4, 2021}}</ref> Sculpture by the Sea,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wynne|first1=Emma|title=Aquarium of the pacific gyre by Marina DeBris at Sculpture by the Sea at Cottesloe Beach, 7 March 2014|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-03-11/sxs-cott-aquariumjpg/5311040|access-date=2014-06-22|publisher=ABC News Australia|date=2014-03-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Taylor|first=Andrew|title=Bondi bubble turns head at Sculpture by the Sea|url=http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/art-and-design/bondi-bubble-turns-head-at-sculpture-by-the-sea-20131023-2w1sb.html|access-date=2 November 2013|newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald|date=October 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Paget|first=Clive|title=Sculpture by the Sea takes art on holiday|url=http://www.limelightmagazine.com.au/Article/362073,sculpture-by-the-sea-takes-art-on-holiday.aspx|access-date=2 November 2013|newspaper=Limelight|date=28 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102225536/http://www.limelightmagazine.com.au/Article/362073,sculpture-by-the-sea-takes-art-on-holiday.aspx|archive-date=2 November 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Wynne|first1=Emma|title=Aquarium of the pacific gyre by Marina DeBris at Sculpture by the Sea at Cottesloe Beach, 7 March 2014|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-03-11/sxs-cott-aquariumjpg/5311040|access-date=2014-06-07|issue=3/11/2014|publisher=ABC News|date=2014-03-11}}</ref> wanda aka nuna a cikin mujallu,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Obsolete|first1=Ricardo|title=OBSOLETE! #10: The SolarPunk Issue|url=http://obsolete-press.com/magazines/obsolete-10-solarpunk-issue/|website=Obsolete Magazine|publisher=Ricardo Obsolete|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410051539/http://obsolete-press.com/magazines/obsolete-10-solarpunk-issue/|archive-date=10 April 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> an haɗa su cikin abubuwan kimiyya,<ref>{{cite web|title=LASER - Space and Place|url=http://artsci.ucla.edu/?q=events/laser-space-and-place|publisher=UCLA Art {{!}} Sci Center|access-date=May 27, 2013}}</ref> an haɗa su cikin Cibiyar Wanke Ashore na Cibiyar Smithsonian,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fortescue|first1=Elizabeth|title=Fashion or trash?: Bondi designer Marina Debris makes outfits out of ocean waste|url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/entertainment/sydney-confidential/fashion-or-trash-bondi-designer-marina-debris-makes-outfits-out-of-ocean-waste/news-story/0340f18d7ef86c9751077581d0b1d8b6|access-date=10 September 2016|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=8 September 2016}}</ref> ko ƙungiyoyi kamar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya za su iya amfani da su azaman lambobin yabo.<ref>{{cite news|last=James|first=Mitch|title=Golden Goody Award Presented To Anna Cummins At UN Women LA Event|url=http://www.smmirror.com/articles/News/Golden-Goody-Award-Presented-To-Anna-Cummins-At-UN-Women-LA-Event/36386|access-date=14 February 2013|newspaper=Santa Monica Mirror|date=25 December 2012|archive-date=20 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120055237/http://smmirror.com/articles/News/Golden-Goody-Award-Presented-To-Anna-Cummins-At-UN-Women-LA-Event/36386|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hakanan ana nuna ayyukanta a wuraren da ba a saba tunanin su azaman kayan tarihi ba, amma wuraren fasaha ne duk da haka, kamar wuraren sayar da kayayyaki,<ref name="ecosalon" /><ref>Styrofoam Cups: From Trash to Fashion. Heal The Bay News Item. http://www.healthebay.org/blogs-news/styrofoam-cups-trash-fashion</ref> Burning Man,<ref>{{cite web|last=Wilson|first=Stiv|title=Junkraft at Burning Man|url=http://5gyres.org/posts/2011/09/05/junkraft_at_burning_man_|work=The Latest on Plastic Pollution|publisher=5Gyres|access-date=30 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520210222/http://5gyres.org/posts/2011/09/05/junkraft_at_burning_man_|archive-date=20 May 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ƙwallon kwandon shara,<ref>{{cite web|title=Surfrider Los Angeles news about upcoming events|url=http://www.ema-global.org/surfriders-trashers-ball-tonight-charity-surfrider-la/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729203206/http://www.ema-global.org/surfriders-trashers-ball-tonight-charity-surfrider-la/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-07-29|work=Surfriders News|publisher=Electronic Music Alliance|access-date=30 January 2012}}</ref> yawo a cikin gari,<ref>{{cite web|title=Calendar entry for November 9, 2011|url=http://articles.hbindependent.com/2011-11-09/entertainment/tn-hbi-1110-calendar-20111109_1_huntington-beach-interfaith-council-veterans-day-ceremony-pier-plaza/2|work=Huntington Beach Independent|access-date=30 January 2012}}</ref> tsabtace ruwan rafi na Rana ta Duniya,<ref name="Alvez">{{cite web|last=Alvez|first=Christian|title=Earth Day Report: Springtime Restoration & Creek Cleanup at Ballona|url=http://www.ballonafriends.org/blog/2011/05/earth-day-report-springtime-restoration-creek-cleanup-at-ballona/|work=Friends of Ballona Wetlands|access-date=30 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612005030/http://www.ballonafriends.org/blog/2011/05/earth-day-report-springtime-restoration-creek-cleanup-at-ballona/|archive-date=2011-06-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> da muhalli kuma Nunin Adalci na Dabbobi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Resistance As Art: An Environmental & Animal Justice Exhibit|url=http://events.kesq.com/Resistance_As_Art_An_Environmental_Animal_Justice_Exhibit/332840452.html|publisher=KESQ: CBS Local|access-date=8 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021344/http://events.kesq.com/Resistance_As_Art_An_Environmental_Animal_Justice_Exhibit/332840452.html|archive-date=9 April 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> DeBris kuma tana haɗin gwiwa ko aiki tare da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na yaƙi da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen iska, kamar Abokan Ballona Wetlands,<ref name="Alvez" /> 5 Gyres,<ref>{{cite web|last=Cummins|first=Anna|title=Marina Debris aka Garbage Girl rocks trash couture in Japan|url=http://www.5gyres.org/posts/2012/06/20/marina_debris_aka_garbage_girl_rocks_trash_couture_in_japan|publisher=5 Gyres|access-date=2013-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628052541/http://5gyres.org/posts/2012/06/20/marina_debris_aka_garbage_girl_rocks_trash_couture_in_japan|archive-date=2012-06-28|url-status=dead}}</ref> RuckusRoots,<ref>{{cite web|title=TRASHion Show: A Success|url=http://www.ruckusroots.org/trashion-show-a-success/|publisher=Ruckus Roots|access-date=2013-02-14|archive-date=2013-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522091112/http://www.ruckusroots.org/trashion-show-a-success/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Musamman kan Canjin Yanayi<ref>{{cite news|title=UN Women Special Assembly on Climate Change|url=http://www.sgiquarterly.org/news2013apr-1.html|access-date=2 November 2013|newspaper=SGI Quarterly|date=n.d.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103202257/http://www.sgiquarterly.org/news2013apr-1.html|archive-date=3 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Heal the Bay<ref>{{cite web|title=Styrofoam Cups: From Trash to Fashion|url=http://www.healthebay.org/blogs-news/styrofoam-cups-trash-fashion|publisher=Heal the Bay|access-date=2013-02-14}}</ref> da sauran ƙungiyoyi, kamar Aquarium na Pacific.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bennett|first1=Sarah|title=Aquarium's Urban Ocean Festival Educates With Trash Fashion, Local Seafood and Art|url=http://lbpost.com/life/2000002220-aquarium-s-urban-ocean-festival-hopes-to-educate-with-trash-fashion-local-seafood-and-art|access-date=16 October 2014|publisher=Long Beach Post|date=2013-05-03|archive-date=2017-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410050625/http://lbpost.com/life/2000002220-aquarium-s-urban-ocean-festival-hopes-to-educate-with-trash-fashion-local-seafood-and-art|url-status=dead}}</ref> Marina DeBris kuma ta tsara kayan haɗi don Kyaftin Charles J. Moore, wanda ya yi aiki don kawo hankali ga Babban Sharan Ruwa na Pacific. Ayyukan DeBris tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Musamman shine haɗin gwiwa tare da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo/mawaki Sheryl Lee, mai rawa Maya Gabay, da kuma mawaƙa Marla Leigh.<ref>{{cite web|title=UN Women L.A. Chapter to host First General Assembly December 8th|url=http://www.prweb.com/releases/UN_Women_LA_Chapter/Goody_Awards/prweb10178997.htm|publisher=PR Web|access-date=8 December 2013|archive-date=22 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222130803/http://www.prweb.com/releases/UN_Women_LA_Chapter/Goody_Awards/prweb10178997.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> DeBris ta kuma yi haɗin gwiwa tare da ginin ofis, Cibiyar MLC, don haskaka matsalolin kofuna na kofi. Cibiyar MLC ta dauki nauyin aikinta na "Gaskiya da za a iya zubarwa" da aka yi daga kofuna na kofi da aka yi amfani da su.<ref>{{cite web|title=Environmental Artist Marina DeBris collaborates with the MLC Centre|url=https://www.mlccentre.com.au/retail-precinct/blog/2017/disposable-truths|publisher=The MLC Centre|access-date=27 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Miyazaki|first1=Kaoko|title=Marina DeBris' Disposable Truths|url=https://www.sydneychic.com.au/single-post/2017/09/17/Marina-DeBris%E2%80%99-Disposable-Truths|access-date=27 November 2017|work=Sydney Chic|date=17 September 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034904/https://www.sydneychic.com.au/single-post/2017/09/17/Marina-DeBris%E2%80%99-Disposable-Truths|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Recycled Coffee Cup Sculpture Highlights Affects Of Everyday Waste|url=http://www.gettyimages.com/event/recycled-coffee-cup-sculpture-highlights-affects-of-everyday-waste-775038006|publisher=Getty Images|access-date=27 November 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043620/http://www.gettyimages.com/event/recycled-coffee-cup-sculpture-highlights-affects-of-everyday-waste-775038006|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kyauta == "Shagon Rashin jin daɗi" na DeBris ya kasance haɗin gwiwa mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Allen People's Choice Award a 2017 Sculpture By the Sea.<ref>{{cite web|title=Allen's People's Choice Award|url=https://sculpturebythesea.com/allens-peoples-choice-award-2/|publisher=Sculpture by the Sea|access-date=27 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=People's Choice Prize|url=https://www.allens.com.au/spons/sculpture/bondi/bonpeo.htm|publisher=Allens|access-date=27 November 2017}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An kuma ba da "Kantin Ƙarfafawa" tare da Tallafin Tsarin Muhalli na Ruwa na Sydney saboda aikinta kan gurɓacewar ruwa da cinyewa,<ref>{{cite web|title=Sydney Water Environmental Sculpture Subsidy for Bondi 2017|url=http://sculpturebythesea.com/marina-debris-receives-bondi-2017s-sydney-water-environmental-artist-subsidy/|publisher=Sculpture by the Sea|access-date=27 November 2017}}</ref> kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Magajin Garin Waverley.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Brandy|first1=Daniella|title=23 striking works from this year's Sculpture by the Sea|url=https://www.businessinsider.com.au/23-striking-works-from-this-years-sculpture-by-the-sea-2017-10|access-date=27 November 2017|publisher=Business Insider Australia|date=20 October 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043035/https://www.businessinsider.com.au/23-striking-works-from-this-years-sculpture-by-the-sea-2017-10|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Pitt|first1=Helen|title=Artist who picks up marine litter picks up Mayor's prize|url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/artist-who-picks-up-marine-litter-picks-up-mayors-prize-20171021-gz5oma.html|access-date=27 November 2017|publisher=Sydney Morning Herald|date=23 October 2017}}</ref> Marina kuma ta sami nasarar tallafin karatu na Helen Lempriere.<ref>{{cite web|title=HELEN LEMPRIERE SCHOLARSHIP RECIPIENT MARINA DEBRIS|url=https://sculpturebythesea.com/helen-lempriere-scholarship-recipient-marina-debris/|publisher=Sculpture by the Sea|access-date=27 November 2021}}</ref> == Manazarta == r2cz07jdxjmjvyauwshue8d071u9pni 0 28319 906950 519548 2026-08-24T08:05:55Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 906950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Guimaraes Portugal Praça-de-S-Tiago-01.jpg|thumb|Cibiyar Tarihi ta Guimarães]] '''Cibiyar Tarihi ta Guimarães''' yanki ne na birni na birnin Guimarães, a ƙasar [[Portugal]], wanda ya samo asali tun zamanin da ya mamaye kadada 16 kuma yana riƙe da gine-gine da yawa tun daga tsakiyar tsakiyar har zuwa karni na 19. Tun daga 2001, an ayyana shi a matsayin Cibiyar Tarihi ta Duniya ta [[UNESCO]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1031|title=Historic Centre of Guimarães|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|website=whc.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=2017-05-17}}</ref> Guimarães yana da alaƙa ta kut-da-kut da samuwar asalin ƙasa da harshen Fotigal a ƙarni na 12. Ita ce birnin Afonso Henriques na asali, sarkin farko na Portugal, wanda a shekara ta 1139, ya ayyana 'yancin kai na kasar. == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Antiguo Pazo del Consejo Guimaraes.JPG|Tsohon Fadar Majalisar, Dandalin Oliveira, Cibiyar Tarihi ta Guimarães File:Largo da Oliveira 02.jpg|Tsohon Gidan Gari da sauran gine-gine a Dandalin Oliveira File:Castelo Guimaraes.JPG|sansanin Guimarães. File:Castelo de Guimarães (Portugal).jpg|Duban dare na sansanin Guimarães File:Guimarães-Altstadt-3.jpg|Oliveira Plaza da Arch na 14th Century. File:Casa do Arco, Guimarães.jpg|''Rua santa Maria''. </gallery> == Manazarta == 025bpkrr50e5098acr11tkrvw3clter 0 29964 906999 888022 2026-08-24T11:33:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The '''Freedom Riders National Monument''' wani abin tunawa ne na Ƙasar Amurka a Anniston, Alabama wanda Shugaba [[Barack Obama|Barack Obama ya]] kafa a cikin Janairu shekarata 2017, don kiyayewa da tunawa da Ƴancin 'a lokacin [[Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama]] . Hukumar kula da wuraren shakatawa ta kasa ce ke gudanar da wannan abin tunawa. Ƙungiyar Ƴancin Riders National Monument na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa na kasa guda uku da aka tsara ta hanyar shelar Shugaba Obama a ranar 12, ga Janairu, shekarar 2017. Na biyu shi ne abin tunawa na Ƙasar Haƙƙin Bil'adama na Birmingham kuma na uku, Gidan Tarihi na Zamani na Sake, an sake sanya shi azaman National Historical Park a ranar Maris 12, shekarata 2019. <ref name="Eversley">Melanie Eversley, [https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/01/12/obama-designates-3-civil-rights-sites-national-monuments/96515606/ Obama designates 3 civil rights sites as national monuments], ''USA Today'' (January 12, 2017).</ref> == Shafukan. == Abin tunawa na Ƴancin Riders na Kasa ya ƙunshi wurare biyu, ɗaya a cikin garin Anniston kanta da ɗayan a wajen gari. === Tashar Bus ta Greyhound. === Wurin farko da aka sanya a matsayin wani ɓangare na abin tunawa na ƙasa shine tsohon wurin ajiyar bas na Greyhound a 1031, Gurnee Avenue a Anniston, inda, a ranar 14, ga Mayu, shekarata 1961, ƴan zanga-zanga suka kai hari ga hadaddiyar ƙungiyar fararen fata da baƙi 'Yanci Riders waɗanda suka nemi kawo ƙarshen wariyar launin fata . a cikin bas ɗin tsakanin jahohi. ’Yan zanga-zangar sun sare tayar motar bas din, suka yi jifa da duwatsu, suka karya tagogin bas din, sannan suka bi motar bayan ta tashi daga ma’ajiyar. <ref name="NPSRelease">[http://www.annistonal.gov/uploadedFiles/File/final-News-release-Freedom-Riders-National-Monument-event-on-May-13-2.pdf Freedom Riders National Monument Celebration Set for May 13: Interim Visitor Center now open at Anniston City] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016165647/http://www.annistonal.gov/uploadedFiles/File/final-News-release-Freedom-Riders-National-Monument-event-on-May-13-2.pdf |date=2020-10-16 }} (press release), National Park Service.</ref> <ref name="CF">[http://www.conservationfund.org/projects/freedom-riders-national-monument Freedom Riders National Monument], [[The Conservation Fund]] (last accessed April 28, 2017).</ref> A yau bangon ginin da ke kusa da tsohon ma'ajiyar ajiyar yana dauke da bangon da ke da alaƙa da bayanin abin da ya faru. An sanya irin wannan bangon bango kusa da tsohon tashar Trailways inda sauran 'Yan Riders na Freedom suka isa a 1961. Tsohon tashar Greyhound daga baya mallakin birnin Anniston ne kafin bayar da gudummawarsa ga gwamnatin Amurka. Yana ɗaya daga cikin shafuka tara waɗanda ke ɓangare na Anniston Civil Rights and Heritage Trail, <ref name="NPSRelease" /> kuma ana tunawa da shi tare da alamar tarihi, wanda aka gina a cikin shekarata 2016. Hukumar kula da wuraren shakatawa ta kasa, tare da haɗin gwiwar birnin Anniston, sun sanar da shirye-shiryen haɓaka ginin da buɗe shi ga jama'a, amma tun daga watan Mayu shekarata 2017, an rufe shi ga baƙi. === Wurin kona bas. === [[File:Burning_Bus_in_Alabama_-_Joe_Postiglione.jpg|right|thumb| Hoton Joe Postiglione na bas ɗin da ke kona]] Wuri na biyu da aka haɗa cikin sabon abin tunawa na ƙasa shine na bas ɗin da ke cin wuta, wanda ke wajen Anniston kusa da Old Birmingham Highway/ Hanyar Jiha 202, wasu {{Convert|6|mi|km}} nesa da tashar Greyhound. A nan ne motar bas din ta karye saboda tayoyin da ta tashi. ’Yan bangar da suka bi ta daga ma’ajiyar bas din, sun ci gaba da kai farmakin, inda suka jefa “wani dam din daurin wuta a cikin motar bas din da ta fashe bayan dakika kadan” lamarin da ya sa motar ta kone kurmus. <ref name="NPSRelease"/> Mutanen sun far wa fasinjojin ne yayin da suke kokarin guduwa. <ref name="CF"/> Mai daukar hoto mai zaman kansa Joseph "Little Joe" Postiglione ya dauki hoton bas din yayin da ta kone; Hoton da aka samu ya zama alamar motsin kare hakkin jama'a. <ref name="NPSRelease" /> <ref>Joe Postiglione, ''[https://www.icp.org/browse/archive/objects/burning-bus-in-alabama Burning Bus in Alabama] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008233046/https://www.icp.org/browse/archive/objects/burning-bus-in-alabama |date=2021-10-08 }}'' (The LIFE Magazine Collection, 2005). [[International Center of Photography]].</ref> Alamar Tarihi ta Alabama, wacce aka gina a cikin shekarata 2007, a ƙarƙashin kulawar babin Theta Tau na Omega Psi Phi fraternity, alama ce ta wurin kona bas ɗin. <ref name="NPSRelease" /> An ba da sanarwar a cikin shekarata 2010, cewa an ba da gudummawar kadada biyar na ƙasar da ke kewaye da wurin da motar bas ɗin ta ƙone ga gundumar Calhoun don haɓaka wurin shakatawa; Shirye-shiryen farko sun yi kira ga shimfidar hanyar tafiya, tare da kafa allunan fassara a wurin. Abubuwan da za a iya yiwuwa a nan gaba sun haɗa da mutum-mutumi na Hank Thomas, wanda ya tsira daga lamarin, wanda mazaunin Janie Forsythe na kusa ya ba shi ruwa. Tun lokacin da aka nada abin tunawa na kasa, Ma'aikatar Parking ta Kasa, Calhoun County, da Kwamitin Tunawa da 'Yanci na Freedom Riders sun fara aiki tare don samar da wani shiri don fassara shafin; Alabama Power ya ba da kuɗi don ƙoƙarin a shekarata 2015. An kafa wata alamar da ke nuna kasancewar wurin shakatawa a nan gaba a cikin shekarata 2012. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan an sanya shi a wurin an lalata shi, amma an yi gyare-gyare cikin sauri. Gidan da aka kona a yau yana kewaye da gidaje masu zaman kansu. == Tarihin abin tunawa. == Zayyana abin tunawa na kasa ya biyo bayan ziyarar da Sakatariyar Harkokin Cikin Gida Sally Jewell da Daraktan Sabis na Parks Jonathan Jarvis suka kai wurin a watan Oktoba 2016. <ref name="Cunningham">Ben Cunningham, [https://www.annistonstar.com/news/anniston/the-anniston-greyhound-terminal-a-building-s-route-through-time/article_08cfe1ac-9a35-11e6-9de9-e3f95b177f8b.html The Anniston Greyhound terminal: A building's route through time], ''Anniston Star'' (October 24, 2016).</ref> Shugabannin gida a Anniston da Calhoun County, <ref name="NPSRelease"/> waɗanda suka yi fafutuka don ƙirƙirar abin tunawa. <ref name="Cunningham" /> Sauran wadanda suka goyi bayan kafa ta sun hada da Sanata Richard Shelby ; Wakili Mike Rogers, wanda ya gabatar da wani doka don zayyana wuraren tarihi na Freedom Riders National Park a Yuli shekarar 2016; da gwamna Robert J. Bentley . An gudanar da bikin sadaukarwa a ranar 13, ga Mayu, shekarata 2017, a cikin garin Anniston, a ranar da ke gaban bikin cika shekaru 56, da aukuwar lamarin; Wasu masu sauraro sun yi tafiya daga nesa zuwa [[Denmark]] . Tsohon Rider Freedom Hank Thomas, wanda shi ne mutun na karshe da ya tsira daga konawar bas, ya yi jawabi. <ref>Pat Byington, [https://bhamnow.com/index.php/2017/05/14/freedom-riders-2/ Freedom Riders National Monument Dedicated (photos and video)], ''Bham Now'' (May 14, 2017).</ref> <ref>Eddie Burkhalter, [https://www.annistonstar.com/news/anniston/freedom-riders-visitors-from-around-the-world-celebrate-anniston-monument/article_3edb9ff8-3845-11e7-9890-57b6a70ee1da.html Freedom Riders, visitors from around the world celebrate Anniston monument], ''Anniston Star'' (May 14, 2017).</ref> Cibiyar baƙo ta wucin gadi, gami da tashar da baƙi za su iya siyan tambarin fasfo na National Parks, an kafa shi a yankin liyafar Anniston City Hall. A cikin shekarata 2017, Ma'aikatar Kula da Gandun Wuta ta Ƙasa ta nemi taimako daga jama'a game da tsarawa da fassarar Babban Monument na Ƙasa. Jami'an tarayya da na gida sun fara tsara tsare-tsare na yau da kullun na gudanarwa a ƙarshen shekarar 2017. A cikin Maris Na shekarata 2018, Majalisar Birnin Anniston ta ba da izini ga Jami'ar Jihar Jacksonville don gudanar da nazarin tasirin tattalin arziki don abin tunawa. <ref>Daniel Gaddy, [https://www.annistonstar.com/news/anniston/anniston-council-oks-economic-study-for-freedom-riders-monument/article_397cc25a-2ca8-11e8-a489-5b5411c70ee5.html Anniston council OKs economic study for Freedom Riders monument], ''Anniston Star'' (March 20, 2018).</ref> == Duba wasu abubuwan. == * Babban abin tunawa na 'Yancin Bil'adama na Birmingham. * Abin tunawa na Gida na Medgar da Myrlie Evers. * Ƙungiyoyin 'yancin ɗan adam a cikin shahararrun al'adun gargajiya. * Rajista na Kasa na Lissafin Wuraren Tarihi a cikin Calhoun County, Alabama. * Jerin abubuwan tarihi na ƙasa na Amurka. == Manazarta. == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.nps.gov/frri/index.htm Shafin Sabis na Kasa na hukuma] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ew683k2ygu52wvbxpe94wcwy61pez5f 0 30257 906747 876648 2026-08-23T21:55:31Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 906747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Children%27s_work.jpg |thumb|Yara na Aiki ]] [[File:Children_of_Iran_Of_qom_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%85%DB%8C_13.jpg |thumb| Yara daga birnin Qom na kasar Iran]] [[Fayil:Schoolgirls in Bamozai.JPG|thumb|Yanci na yara ilimi don gobensu tai kyau]] '''Haƙƙoƙin yara,''' wani yanki ne na [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|haƙƙin ɗan adam]], tare da kulawa ta musamman ga haƙƙoƙin kariya da kulawa ta musamman da ake ba wa yara ƙanana. (Kada a rude da hakkin Matasa ). Yarjejeniyar kare hakkin yara ta shekarar( 1989) (CRC), ta bayyana yaro a matsayin "duk wani dan Adam da bai kai shekara sha takwas ba, sai dai idan a karkashin dokar da ta shafi yaron, an samu rinjaye a baya." <ref name="CRC">[http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/k2crc.htm Convention on the Rights of the Child], G.A. res. 44/25, annex, 44 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 49) at 167, U.N. Doc. A/44/49 (1989), entered into force Sept. 2 1990.</ref> Haƙƙoƙin yara sun haɗa da haƙƙin haƙƙin haɗin gwiwa tare da iyaye biyu, ainihin ɗan adam da kuma abubuwan buƙatu na kariya ta jiki, abinci, ilimin da ake biyan kuɗin ƙasa na duniya, kula da lafiya, da dokokin laifuka waɗanda suka dace da shekaru da haɓakar ɗan yaro, dai-daitaccen kariyar. 'yancin ɗan adam, Kuma da 'yanci daga nuna bambanci dangane da launin fata, jinsi, yanayin jima'i, asalin jinsi, asalin ƙasa, [[addini]], nakasa, launi, ƙabila, ko wasu halaye. Fassarorin haƙƙoƙin yara sun bambanta daga ba wa yara damar yin aikin kai tsaye zuwa tilasta wa yara su kasance a zahiri, Sannna Kuma hankali da tunani ba tare da cin zarafi ba, kodayake kuma abin da ya ƙunshi “zagi” lamari ne na muhawara. Sauran ma'anar sun haɗa da haƙƙin kulawa da renon yara. <ref>Bandman, B. (1999) ''Children's Right to Freedom, Care, and Enlightenment.'' Routledge. p 67.</ref> Babu wani ma'anar wasu kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su don kwatanta matasa kamar " [[Samartaka|matasa]] ", "matasa", ko " matasa " a cikin dokokin duniya, <ref>[http://www.hrea.org/index.php?base_id=81 "Children and youth"], Human Rights Education Association. Retrieved 2/23/08.</ref> amma ana ɗaukar ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin yara daban da ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin matasa. Fannin kare hakkin yara ya ta'allaka ne a fagen shari'a, [[siyasa]], [[addini]], da kyawawan halaye. == Hujja == [[File:Clock_boy.jpg|thumb| Yaro yana aiki a matsayin "Yaron agogo" a kan titunan Merida, Mexico]] A matsayin yara ƙanana bisa doka, yara ba su da 'yancin kai ko 'yancin yanke shawara da kan su a kowane yanki da aka sani na duniya. Kuma Madadin haka masu kula da su manya, gami da kuma iyaye, ma'aikatan jin daɗin jama'a, malamai, ma'aikatan matasa, da sauransu, an ba su ikon wannan ikon, gwargwadon yanayin. <ref>Lansdown, G. "Children's welfare and children's rights," in Hendrick, H. (2005) ''Child Welfare And Social Policy: An Essential Reader.'' The Policy Press. p. 117</ref> Wasu na ganin cewa wannan yanayin na ba wa yara rashin isasshen iko kan rayuwarsu kuma yana sa su zama masu rauni. <ref>Lansdown, G. (1994). "Children's rights," in B. Mayall (ed.) ''Children's childhood: Observed and experienced.'' London: The Falmer Press. p 33.</ref> Louis Althusser ya yi nisa da siffanta wannan na'ura ta doka, Sannna kamar yadda ta shafi yara, a matsayin "na'urorin gwamnati na danniya". <ref>Jenks, C. (1996) "Conceptual limitations," ''Childhood.'' New York: Routledge. p 43.</ref> Wasu masu sharhi sun gudanar da tsare-tsare irin su manufofin gwamnati don rufe hanyoyin da manya ke cin zarafi da cin zarafin yara, Kuma wanda ke haifar da talaucin yara, rashin samun ilimi, da aikin yara . A kan wannan ra'ayi, ya kuma kamata a dauki yara a matsayin 'yan tsiraru wanda al'umma ke buƙatar sake duba yadda take. Masu bincike sun gano yara suna buƙatar a gane su a matsayin masu shiga cikin al'umma waɗanda ke buƙatar sanin haƙƙinsu da alhakin su a kowane zamani . <ref>Lansdown, G. (1994). "Children's rights," in B. Mayall (ed.) ''Children's childhood: Observed and experienced.'' London: The Falmer Press. p 34.</ref> == Ma'anonin tarihi na haƙƙoƙin yara == [[File:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_045.png|thumb| 'Yar Fir'auna ta ji tausayin jariri Musa a cikin kwandon da yake iyo. (Babanta ne ya umarta a kashe jariran Ibraniyawa. )]] Sir William Blackstone shekarata (1765-1769) ya gane ayyuka uku na iyaye ga yaro: kulawa, kariya, da ilimi. <ref name="Blackstone1-16">Blackstone's ''Commentaries on the Laws of England'', Book One, [http://lonang.com/library/reference/blackstone-commentaries-law-england/bla-116/ Chapter Sixteen]. (1765-1769).</ref> A cikin harshen zamani, yaron yana da hakkin ya karbi waɗannan daga iyaye. Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasashen Duniya ta amince da <nowiki><i id="mwWg">Yarjejeniyar Geneva na 'Yancin Yara</i></nowiki> a shekarata (1924), wanda kuma ya nuna 'yancin yara don karɓar abubuwan da ake bukata don ci gaba na al'ada, hakkin yaron da ke fama da yunwa don ciyarwa, 'yancin yaron mara lafiya ya sami lafiya. DA Kuma kula, da haƙƙin dan baya a kwatowa, hakkin marayu na matsuguni, da hakkin kariya daga amfani. <ref name="childrights1924">[http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/childrights.html Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child of 1924], adopted Sept. 26, 1924, League of Nations O.J. Spec. Supp. 21, at 43 (1924).</ref> [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta shekarar (1948) a cikin Mataki na ashirin da 25(2) ta amince da bukatar uwa da yara zuwa "kariya ta musamman da taimako" da 'yancin dukkan yara na samun "kariyar zamantakewa". Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da ''sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Haƙƙin yara'' a shekarata (1959), wanda ya zayyana ƙa'idojin goma don kare hakkin yara, ciki har da haƙƙoƙin duniya baki ɗaya, Kuma 'yancin samun kariya ta musamman, da yancin kariya daga wariya., da sauran hakkoki. <ref name="childrights1959">[http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/k1drc.htm Declaration of the Rights of the Child], G.A. res. 1386 (XIV), 14 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 16) at 19, U.N. Doc. A/4354 (1959).</ref> Yarjejeniyar fayyace Haƙƙin yara ta ƙara fitowa fili a cikin shekaru hamsin da suka gabata. <ref>Franklin, B. (2001) ''The new handbook of children's rights: comparative policy and practice.'' Routledge. p 19.</ref> Wani bugu da [[Hillary Clinton]] ta buga a shekarata 1973 (sai lauya) ta bayyana cewa yancin yara “laka ne mai bukatar ma’ana”. A cewar wasu masu bincike, har yanzu ba a fayyace ra'ayin 'yancin yara ba, inda a kalla daya ke nuni da cewa babu wata ma'ana ko ka'idar hakkin da yara ke da shi. <ref name="nesl.edu">Mangold, S.V. (2002) [http://www.nesl.edu/lawrev/Vol36/1/Mangold.pdf "Transgressing the Border Between Protection and Empowerment for Domestic Violence Victims and Older Children: Empowerment as Protection in the Foster Care System,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040326060617/http://www.nesl.edu/lawrev/vol36/1/Mangold.pdf |date=2004-03-26 }} New England School of Law. Retrieved 4/3/08.</ref> Ana ayyana dokar haƙƙin yara a matsayin wurin da doka ta haɗu da rayuwar yaro. Wannan ya haɗa da laifuffuka na yara, tsarin da ya dace ga yara masu hannu a cikin tsarin shari'ar laifuka, wakilcin da ya dace, da kuma ingantaccen sabis na gyarawa; kulawa da kariya ga yara a kulawar jihar; tabbatar da ilimi ga duk yara ba tare da la'akari da launin fata, jinsi, yanayin jima'i, asalin jinsi, asalin ƙasa, [[addini]], nakasa, launi, ƙabila, ko wasu halaye ba, da kuma; kiwon lafiya da shawarwari. <ref>Ahearn, D., Holzer, B. with Andrews, L. (2000, 2007) ''[http://hls.harvard.edu/content/uploads/2008/07/guide-children-rights.pdf Children's Rights Law: A Career Guide]''. [[Harvard Law School]]. Retrieved 18 October 2015.</ref> == Rabewa == Yara suna da nau'ikan [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam]] iri biyu a ƙarƙashin dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya . Suna da haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam na gama-gari kamar manya, kodayake wasu haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam, kamar ''haƙƙin aure'', suna nan kwance har sai sun girma, Na biyu kuma, suna da haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam na musamman waɗanda suka wajaba don kare su a lokacin tsirarunsu. <ref name="UNICEF1">UNICEF, [http://www.unicef.org/crc/index_protecting.html Convention on the Rights of the Child] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306162541/https://www.unicef.org/crc/index_protecting.html |date=2019-03-06 }}, 29 November 2005.</ref> haƙƙin ɗan ''adam'', ''’yanci daga wulakanci, rashin tausayi, ko wulaƙanci'', da ''yancin samun kariya ta musamman lokacin ƙuruciya'' . Haƙƙin ɗan adam na musamman na yara sun haɗa da, Kuma a tsakanin sauran haƙƙoƙin, ''yancin rayuwa'', ''yancin suna'', ''yancin bayyana ra'ayinsa a cikin al'amuran da suka shafi yaro'', ''<nowiki/>'yancin yin tunani, lamiri da addini'', ' ''[[Ƴancin Lafiya|yancin kula da lafiya]]'', ' ''yancin samun kariya daga cin zarafi na tattalin arziki da jima'i'', da ' ''yancin ilimi'' . <ref name="CRC"/> Ana fayyace haƙƙoƙin yara ta hanyoyi da yawa, gami da nau'ikan haƙƙoƙin farar hula, siyasa, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu . Sannna Kuma Haƙƙoƙi sun kasance nau'i biyu na gama-gari: masu ba da shawara ga yara a matsayin masu cin gashin kansu a ƙarƙashin doka da kuma masu yin da'awar a kan al'umma don kariya daga cutarwa da ake yi wa yara saboda dogaro da su. Waɗannan an lakafta su a matsayin ''haƙƙin ƙarfafawa'' da kuma ''haƙƙin kariya'' . <ref name="nesl.edu"/> Jagororin ilimi na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na yara sun rarraba haƙƙoƙin da aka zayyana a cikin Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara a matsayin "3 Ps": Samarwa, Kariya, da Shiga. Ana iya fayyace su kamar haka: * '''Samar da:''' Yara suna da [[Yancin Samun Ingataccen Tsarin Rayuwa|Haƙƙin samun isasshen yanayin rayuwa]], kula da lafiya, ilimi da ayyuka, da wasa da nishadi . Waɗannan sun haɗa da daidaitaccen abinci, gado mai dumi don kwana a ciki, da samun damar zuwa makaranta . * '''Kariya:''' Yara suna da Haƙƙin samun kariya daga cin zarafi, sakaci, cin zarafi da wariya. Wannan ya haɗa da haƙƙin wurare masu aminci don yara su yi wasa; ingantacciyar dabi'ar tarbiyyar yara, sannan da kuma yarda da iyawar yara masu tasowa . * '''Shiga:''' Yara suna da 'yancin shiga cikin al'ummomi kuma suna da shirye-shirye da ayyuka don kansu. Wannan ya haɗa da shigar yara cikin ɗakunan karatu da shirye-shiryen al'umma, ayyukan muryar matasa, da haɗa yara a matsayin masu yanke shawara. <ref>(1997) "Children's rights in the Canadian context", ''Interchange. 8''(1–2). Springer.</ref> Hakazalika, Ƙungiyar kare hakkin yara ta kasa da kasa (CRIN) ta kasafta haƙƙoƙin zuwa rukuni biyu: <ref>[http://www.crin.org/resources/infoDetail.asp?ID=13423 "A-Z of Children's Rights"], Children's Rights Information Network. Retrieved 2/23/08.</ref> <ref>Freeman, M. (2000) "The Future of Children's Rights," ''Children & Society. 14''(4) p 277-93.</ref> * Haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziƙi, zamantakewa da al'adu, masu alaƙa da yanayin da ake buƙata don biyan buƙatun ɗan adam kamar abinci, matsuguni, ilimi, kula da lafiya, da samun aikin yi. Sannna Kuma Haƙƙin haƙƙin ilimi, isassun gidaje, abinci, ruwa, mafi girman ma'auni na lafiya, [[Ƴancin yin aiki|haƙƙin yin aiki]] da haƙƙoƙin aiki, da haƙƙin al'adu na tsiraru da ƴan asalin ƙasar. * Haƙƙoƙin muhalli, al'adu da ci gaba, waɗanda wasu lokuta ana kiransu " [[Ƴancin Dan adam zuwa gida uku|haƙƙin ƙarni na uku]] ", gami da 'yancin rayuwa a cikin yanayi mai aminci da lafiya kuma ƙungiyoyin jama'a suna da haƙƙin ci gaban al'adu, siyasa da tattalin arziki. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta kasa da [[Amnesty International|kasa Amnesty International ta]] fito fili ta ba da shawarar kare hakkin yara guda hudu da suka hada da kawo karshen tsare yara kanana ba tare da neman afuwa ba, kawo karshen daukar yara aikin soja da kawo karshen hukuncin kisa ga mutanen kasa da shekara 21, da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da hakkin dan Adam a cikin aji . [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]], kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta kasa da kasa, ta kuma hada da aikin yara, adalcin yara, marayu da yaran da aka yi watsi da su, [['Yan gudun hijira|'yan gudun hijira]], yara kan titi da kuma [[Kafar Azaba|azabtar]] da jiki . Nazarin ilimi gabaɗaya yana mai da hankali kan haƙƙin yara ta hanyar gano haƙƙoƙin mutum ɗaya. Sannan Kuma Hakkoki masu zuwa "ba da damar yara su girma cikin koshin lafiya da 'yanci":  <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D;</sup> <ref>Calkins, C.F. (1972) "Reviewed Work: Children's Rights: Toward the Liberation of the Child by Paul Adams", ''Peabody Journal of Education. 49''(4). p. 327.</ref> * [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'Yancin magana]] * [['Yancin Tunani|'Yancin tunani]] * 'Yanci daga tsoro * [[Ƴancin zaɓi|'Yancin zabi]] da ' yancin yanke shawara * Mallaka akan jikin mutum === Hakkokin jiki === Wani rahoto da kwamitin kula da harkokin jama’a da lafiya da ci gaba mai dorewa na Majalisar Dokokin Tarayyar Turai ya fitar, ya bayyana wurare da dama da kwamitin ya damu da su, da Kuma suka hada da hanyoyin da suka hada da “kaciyar mata, kaciya ga yara maza saboda dalilai na addini. ayyukan likitanci na yara kanana game da yaran da ke tsakanin jima'i da kuma mika wuya ga ko tilasta wa yara yin huda, jarfa ko tiyatar filastik". <ref name="report">Committee on Social Affairs, Health and Sustainable Development. [http://www.assembly.coe.int/CommitteeDocs/2013/Eintegritychildren2013.pdf ''Children's Right to Physical Integrity''], Doc. 13297. Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, 6 September 2013.</ref> Majalisar ta amince da kudurin da ba ya dawwama a cikin shekarata 2013 wanda ya yi kira ga kasashe mambobinta 47 da su dauki matakai da yawa don inganta mutuncin yara. <ref name="resolution">Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. ''[http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewPDF.asp?FileID=20174&lang=en Children's Right to Physical Integrity]'', Resolution 1952., Adopted at Strasbourg, Tuesday, 1 October 2013.</ref> Mataki na sha tara 19 na Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Yara ya umurci bangarori da su "daukar duk matakan da suka dace na majalisa, gudanarwa, zamantakewa da ilimi don kare yaron daga duk wani nau'i na tashin hankali na jiki ko tunani, rauni ko cin zarafi, sakaci ko kulawa, zalunci ko rashin kulawa ko rashin kulawa. amfani". Kwamitin kare hakkin yara ya fassara labarin 19 a matsayin haramta azabtar da jiki, yana yin tsokaci game da "wajibi na dukan Jihohin Jam'iyyar don matsawa da sauri don haramtawa da kawar da duk wani hukunci na jiki." <ref>UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (2006) "General Comment No. 8:" par. 3.</ref> Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kuma fassara sashe na 7 na yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa da ya haramta " zalunci, cin zarafi ko wulakanci ko hukunci" ga yara, gami da azabtar da yara. <ref>UN Human Rights Committee (1992) [http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/gencomm/hrcom20.htm "General Comment No. 20".] HRI/GEN/1/Rev.4.: p. 108</ref> Newell shekarata (1993) ya bayar da hujjar cewa "...matsi don kare mutuncin yara ya kamata ya zama wani bangare na matsin lamba ga duk 'yancin yara." Kwamitin Ilimin Halittu na Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Yara ta Amurka (AAP) (1997), yana ambaton Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara shekarata (1989), ta tabbatar da cewa "kowane yaro ya kamata ya sami damar girma da haɓakawa daga rashin lafiya ko rauni da za a iya hana shi. " === Wasu batutuwa === Sauran batutuwan da kuma suka shafi 'yancin yara sun hada da amfani da yara sojoji da sayar da 'ya'ya, karuwancin yara da hotunan batsa . === Bambanci tsakanin 'yancin yara da 'yancin matasa === "A mafi yawancin hukunce-hukuncen, alal misali, ba a yarda yara su yi zabe, su yi aure, su sayi barasa, yin jima'i, ko kuma su yi aikin da ake biya." <ref>[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rights-children/ "Children's Rights"], ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.'' Retrieved 2/23/08.</ref> A cikin kungiyar kare hakkin matasa, an yi imanin cewa babban bambanci tsakanin 'yancin ''yara da'' 'yancin ''matasa'' shine cewa masu goyon bayan 'yancin yara gabaɗaya suna ba da shawarar kafawa da aiwatar da kariya ga yara da matasa, yayin da 'yancin matasa (ƙananan motsi) gabaɗaya ya ba da shawarar fadadawa. Kuma 'yancin kai ga yara da/ko matasa da na haƙƙoƙin kamar zaɓe . === Ikon iyaye === Ana ba iyaye isassun iko don cika ayyukansu ga yaro. <ref name="Blackstone1-16"/> Iyaye suna shafar rayuwar yara ta wata hanya ta musamman, don haka dole ne a bambanta rawar da suke takawa a cikin hakkin yara ta wata hanya ta musamman. Batutuwa na musamman a cikin dangantakar yara da iyaye sun haɗa da rashin kula da yara, Sannnan cin zarafin yara, [[Ƴancin zaɓi|yancin zaɓi]], [[Kafar Azaba|azabtar]] da jiki da rikon yara . <ref>Brownlie, J. and Anderson, S. (2006) "'Beyond Anti-Smacking': Rethinking parent–child relations," ''Childhood. 13''(4) p 479-498.</ref> An sami ra'ayoyin da aka bayar waɗanda ke ba wa iyaye ayyuka na tushen haƙƙoƙi waɗanda ke warware tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin "ilimin da na kowa" da 'yancin yara. <ref>Brennan, S. and Noggle, R. (1997) "The Moral Status of Children: Children's Rights, Parent's Rights, and Family Justice," ''Social Theory and Practice. 23.''</ref> Batun ya fi dacewa a cikin shari'ar da ta shafi yiwuwar 'yantar da kananan yara, da kuma a lokuta da yara suka kai karar iyayensu. <ref>Kaslow, FW (1990) Children who sue parents: A new form of family homicide? ''Journal of Marital and Family Therapy. 16''(2) p 151–163.</ref> Haƙƙoƙin yaro ga dangantaka da iyayensu biyu ana ƙara saninsa a matsayin muhimmin al'amari don ƙayyadaddun maslahar yaro a cikin [[Saki|kisan aure]] da kuma shari'ar kula da yara . Sannan kuma Wasu gwamnatocin sun kafa dokoki da ke haifar da zato da za a iya warwarewa cewa tarbiyar yara ita ce mafi kyawun amfanin yara. <ref>[http://www.fact.on.ca/ "What is equal shared parenting?"] Fathers Are Capable Too: Parenting Association. Retrieved 2/24/08.</ref> ==== Iyakance ikon iyaye ==== Iyaye ba su da cikakken iko akan 'ya'yansu. Kuma Iyaye suna ƙarƙashin dokokin aikata laifuka kan watsi, cin zarafi, da rashin kula da yara. Dokokin kare hakkin dan Adam na kasa da kasa sun yi tanadin cewa bayyanar addinin mutum na iya iyakancewa don kare lafiyar jama'a, don kare zaman lafiyar jama'a, lafiya ko ɗabi'a, ko don kare haƙƙoƙi da yancin wasu. <ref>''[http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/005.htm European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925202931/http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/en/Treaties/Html/005.htm |date=2015-09-25 }} as amended by Protocols No. 11 and No. 14''. Adopted at Rome, 4 XL 1950.</ref> Kotuna sun sanya wasu iyakoki akan iko da ayyukan iyaye. [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]], a cikin shari'ar ''Prince v.'' ''Massachusetts'', ta yanke hukuncin cewa addinin iyaye ba ya ba da izinin sanya yaro cikin haɗari. <ref>[https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0321_0158_ZO.html Prince v. Massachusetts], 321 U.S. 158 (1944).</ref> The Lords of Appeal a Talakawa ta yi mulki, a game da ''Gillick v West Norfolk da Hukumar Kiwon Lafiya ta Wisbech da kuma wani'', cewa haƙƙin iyaye yana raguwa tare da haɓaka shekaru da ƙwarewar yaron, amma kada ya ɓace gaba ɗaya har sai yaron ya kai ga rinjaye. Kuma Ana samun haƙƙin iyaye daga ayyukan iyaye ga yaro. Idan babu aiki, babu haƙƙin iyaye. <ref name="Adler">Peter W. Adler. [http://rjolpi.richmond.edu/archive/Adler_Formatted.pdf Is circumcision legal?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020075015/http://rjolpi.richmond.edu/archive/Adler_Formatted.pdf |date=2013-10-20 }} 16(3) Richmond J. L. & Pub. Int 439-86 (2013).</ref> Kotun Koli ta Kanada ta yanke hukunci, a cikin shari'ar ''E (Mrs) da Hauwa'u'', cewa iyaye ba za su iya ba da izinin maye gurbin ba don hana haihuwa ba. <ref>[http://scc-csc.lexum.com/decisia-scc-csc/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/170/index.do E. (Mrs.) v. Eve], [1986] 2 S.C.R. 388</ref> Kotun Koli ta Kanada ta yanke hukunci,Sannan a cikin shari'ar ''B. (R.) v.'' ''Ƙungiyar Taimakon Yara na Metropolitan Toronto'' : <ref>[http://scc-csc.lexum.com/decisia-scc-csc/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/1220/index.do B. (R.) v. Children's Aid Society of Metropolitan Toronto]. [1995] 1 S.C.R.</ref><blockquote>Yayin da yara ba za su iya cin gajiyar Yarjejeniya ba, musamman wajen kare hakkinsu na rayuwa da kuma tsaron lafiyar jikinsu, ba za su iya tabbatar da wadannan hakkoki ba, kuma don haka al’ummarmu ta dauka cewa iyaye za su yi amfani da ‘yancin zabar su ta hanyar da ta dace. wanda ba ya cin zarafin ‘ya’yansu.</blockquote>Adler a shekarata (2013) yayi jayayya cewa iyaye ba su da ikon ba da izinin maye gurbin kaciya na yara marasa magani. <ref name="Adler"/> == Motsi == Buga na shekarata 1796 na Thomas Spence 's ''Rights of Infants'' yana cikin farkon furcin Turanci na haƙƙin yara. A cikin karni na 20, masu fafutukar kare hakkin yara sun shirya don yancin yara marasa gida da ilimin jama'a . Littafin ''The Right to Respect'' na Janusz Korczak a shekara ta 1927 ya ƙarfafa wallafe-wallafen da ke kewaye da wannan fanni, kuma a yau ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da dama suna aiki a faɗin duniya don haɓaka yancin yara. Kuma A cikin Burtaniya kafa ƙungiyar masana ilimi, malamai, ma'aikatan adalci na matasa, 'yan siyasa da masu ba da gudummawar al'adu da ake kira Sabon Ideals a Taron Ilimi <ref>[https://www.facebook.com/New-Ideals-in-Education-Conferences-386690128169894/?ref=bookmarks New Ideals in Education Conferences]</ref> (1914-37) ya tsaya ga darajar 'yantar da yaro' kuma ya taimaka wajen ayyana ma'anar. makarantar firamare 'mai kyau' a Ingila har zuwa 80s. <ref>Newman, Michael (2015) Children’s Rights in our Schools – the movement to liberate the child, an introduction to the New Ideals in Education Conferences 1914-1937, [https://www.academia.edu/14081708/Regaining_the_History_of_Childrens_Rights_in_Schools_Through_the_New_Ideals_in_Education_Conferences_1914-37 www.academia.edu]</ref> Taron nasu ya zaburar da kungiyar UNESCO, Sabuwar Fellowship Fellowship. Kamar yadda littafin Neill na shekarata 1915 ''A Dominie's Log'' (1915), littafin diary na wani babban malami ya canza makarantarsa bisa ga 'yanci da farin ciki na yaro, ana iya kallonsa a matsayin samfurin al'adu wanda ke murna da jaruman wannan yunkuri.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2017}} === Adawa === Adawa da yancin yara ya daɗe kafin duk wani yanayi na yau da kullun a cikin al'umma, Kuma tare da rubuce-rubucen maganganu game da haƙƙin yara tun daga karni na 13 zuwa baya. Masu adawa da ’yancin yara sun yi imanin cewa matasa suna buƙatar a kāre su daga duniyar balagaggu, gami da yanke shawara da alhakin wannan duniyar. <ref>DeLamater, J.D. (2003) ''Handbook of Social Psychology.'' Springer. p 150.</ref> A cikin al'ummar da ta fi kowa girma, yarinta yana da kyau a matsayin lokacin rashin laifi, sannna lokaci mara nauyi da rikici, kuma lokacin da wasa ya mamaye shi. <ref>Lansdown, G. (1994). "Children's rights," in B. Mayall (ed.) ''Children's childhood: Observed and experienced.'' London: The Falmer Press. (p 33-34).</ref> Yawancin 'yan adawa sun samo asali ne daga matsalolin da suka shafi ikon mallakar ƙasa, 'yancin jihohi, dangantakar iyaye da yara. An kuma ba da misali da matsalolin kuɗi da kuma "ƙasassun dabi'un gargajiya na adawa da 'yancin yara", haka nan. <ref>Covell, K. and Howe, R.B. (2001) ''The Challenge of Children's Rights for Canada. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p 158.''</ref> Tunanin haƙƙin yara ya ɗan sami kulawa a Amurka. <ref>Mason, M.A. (2005) [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2005/is_4_38/ai_n15681379 "The U.S. and the international children's rights crusade: leader or laggard?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616103637/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2005/is_4_38/ai_n15681379/ |date=2009-06-16 }} ''Journal of Social History.'' Summer.</ref> == Dokokin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya == Ana ganin [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|sanarwar Haƙƙin Dan Adam]] ta Duniya a matsayin tushen duk ƙa'idodin shari'a na duniya don yancin yara a yau. Akwai yarjejeniyoyin yarjejeniya da dokoki da yawa waɗanda ke magance yancin yara a duniya. Sannna kuma Takardun da yawa na yanzu da na tarihi suna shafar waɗannan haƙƙoƙin, gami da Bayanin Haƙƙin Yara, <ref name="childrights1924"/> wanda Eglantyne Jebb ya tsara a cikin shekarar 1923, wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi a shekarata 1924 kuma ta sake tabbatarwa a cikin 1934. [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta yi amfani da sigar da aka fadada dan kadan a cikin shekarar 1946, sannan kuma wani nau'i mai fa'ida da yawa wanda Babban Taro ya karbe a Shekarata 1959. Daga baya ya zama tushen Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara . === Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya Kan 'Yancin Jama'a da Siyasa === Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa (ICCPR) a cikin shekarata 1966. ICCPR yarjejeniya ce ta kasa da kasa da yawa wacce kusan dukkan al'ummomi a Duniya suka amince da su ko kuma suka amince da su. Ana buƙatar al'ummomin da suka zama jam'iyyun Jiha zuwa ga Alkawari su mutunta da aiwatar da haƙƙoƙin da wa'adin ya bayyana. Yarjejeniyar ta fara aiki ne a ranar 23 ga Maris shekarar 1976. Haƙƙoƙin da ICCPR ta tsara na duniya ne, don haka sun shafi kowa ba tare da togiya ba kuma wannan ya haɗa da yara. Ko da yake yara suna da duk wani hakki, kuma wasu haƙƙoƙin kamar haƙƙin yin aure da ’yancin yin zaɓe suna aiki ne kawai bayan yaron ya balaga. Wasu haƙƙoƙin gama gari waɗanda ke aiki ga yara sun haɗa da: * hakkin rayuwa * hakkin tsaron mutum * 'yancin walwala daga azabtarwa * 'yancin samun 'yanci daga zalunci, rashin mutuntaka ko wulakanci ko hukunci * 'yancin rabuwa da manya lokacin da aka tuhume su da laifi, 'yancin yanke hukunci cikin gaggawa, da 'yancin a yi musu magani daidai da shekarun su Mataki na ashirin da hudu ya tsara ’yancin yaro na samun kariya ta musamman saboda tsirarunsa, da hakkin suna, da hakki na dan kasa. === Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin Yara === Yarjejeniyar 'yancin yara [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta shekarata 1989, ko CRC, ita ce kayan aiki na farko na duniya da ke daure bisa doka don haɗa cikakken haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam—yancin ɗan adam, al'adu, tattalin arziki, siyasa da zamantakewa. Kwamitin kare hakkin yara ne ke kula da aiwatar da shi. Gwamnatocin kasa da suka amince da ita sun dukufa wajen kare da tabbatar da hakkin yara, tare da kuma amincewa da daukar alhakin wannan alkawari a gaban kasashen duniya. <ref>[http://www.unicef.org/crc/ Convention on the Rights of the Child], UNICEF. Retrieved 4/3/08.</ref> CRC ita ce yarjejeniya ta haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka fi amincewa da ita tare da amincewa 196; [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ce kadai kasar da ba ta amince da ita ba. CRC ta dogara ne akan ka'idoji guda hudu: ka'idar rashin nuna bambanci; kuma mafi kyawun bukatun yaron; 'yancin rayuwa, rayuwa da ci gaba; da kuma la'akari da ra'ayoyin yaron a cikin yanke shawara da suka shafe su, gwargwadon shekarun su da balaga. <ref>[http://www.unicef.org/crc/ Convention on the Rights of the Child]</ref> CRC, tare da hanyoyin tabbatar da laifuka na kasa da kasa kamar Kotun Hukunta Manyan [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|Laifuka ta Duniya]], Kuma Kotunan Yugoslavia da [[Ruwanda]], da Kotun Musamman na Saliyo, an ce sun kara yawan martabar hakkin yara a duniya. === Sanarwar Vienna da Shirin Aiki === Sanarwar [[Vienna]] da shirin Aiki ta bukaci, a sashe na biyu para 47, dukkan kasashe da su dauki matakan da za su kai iyakar abin da suke da su, tare da goyon bayan hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa, don cimma muradun shirin aiwatar da ayyukan koli na duniya. Sannna Kuma Da kuma yin kira ga Jihohi da su sanya yarjejeniyar kare hakkin yara cikin tsare-tsaren ayyukansu na kasa. Ta hanyar wadannan tsare-tsare na kasa da kasa da kuma kokarin kasa da kasa, ya kamata a ba da fifiko na musamman wajen rage yawan mace-macen jarirai da mata masu juna biyu, da rage matsalar [[rashin abinci mai gina jiki]] da jahilci da samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da ilmin asali. Kuma A duk lokacin da aka bukaci haka, ya kamata a samar da tsare-tsare na ayyukan kasa da kasa don yaki da bala'o'i na gaggawa da ke haifar da bala'o'i da rikice-rikice na makamai da kuma babbar matsalar kananan yara cikin matsanancin talauci. Bugu da kari, sakin layi na 48 ya bukaci dukkan jihohi, tare da goyon bayan hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa, da su magance matsalar kananan yara a cikin mawuyacin hali. Yakamata a magance cin zarafi da cin zarafi ga yara, gami da magance tushensu. Sannna Ana buƙatar ingantattun matakai game da kisan jarirai mata, cutar da yara masu cutarwa, siyar da yara da gabobin jiki, karuwancin yara, batsa na yara, da sauran nau'ikan lalata. <ref>[[Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action]]. Section II, para 46 & 47</ref> Wannan ya rinjayi amincewa da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka akan Shigar Yara a cikin Rikicin Makamai da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka akan Siyar da Yara, Karuwancin Yara da Batsa na Yara . === tilastawa === Akwai ƙungiyoyin tilastawa da dabaru iri-iri don tabbatar da yancin yara. Sun hada da kungiyar kare hakkin yara don taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan yara. Kuma An kafa ta ne don inganta cikakken aiwatarwa da bin yarjejeniyar kare hakkin yara, da kuma tabbatar da cewa an ba da fifiko kan hakkin yara a lokacin babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan yara da tsarin shirye-shiryensa. An ƙirƙiri Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya "tare da begen cewa za ta iya kasancewa mai ma'ana, sahihanci da inganci wajen yin tir da take haƙƙin ɗan adam a duk duniya fiye da hukumar 'yancin ɗan adam da aka sanya siyasa a ciki." Ƙungiya mai zaman kanta don Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin Yara Ƙungiya ce ta ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na duniya da aka kafa tun shekarata 1983 don sauƙaƙe aiwatar da yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'yancin yara. == Dokar kasa == Kasashe da yawa a duniya suna da jami'an kare hakkin yara ko kwamishinonin yara wadanda aikin hukuma, na gwamnati shi ne wakilcin muradun jama'a ta hanyar bincike da kuma magance korafe-korafen da daidaikun jama'a suka bayar game da hakkin yara. Sannan kuma Hakanan ma'aikatan kare hakkin yara na iya aiki ga kamfani, jarida, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta, ko ma ta jama'a. === Dokokin Amurka === Amurka ta sanya hannu amma ba ta amince da CRC ba. Sannan kuma Sakamakon haka, ba a aiwatar da haƙƙin yara bisa tsari ba a Amurka Gabaɗaya ana ba wa yara ainihin haƙƙoƙin da Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ƙunsa, kamar yadda Kwaskwarimar Kwaskwarima ta Goma sha huɗu ga Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka ya tanadar . Matsakaicin Kariya Daidaitacce na wannan gyara shine ya shafi yara, waɗanda aka haifa a cikin aure ko a'a, amma ya ware yaran da ba a haifa ba tukuna. Hukuncin [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Kolin Amurka]] na ''In re Gault'' shekarata (1967) ya ƙarfafa wannan. A cikin wannan shari'ar, dan shekaru 15 Gerald Gault dan jihar Arizona ya shiga hannun 'yan sandan yankin bayan an zarge shi da yin kiran waya na batsa. An tsare shi kuma ya sadaukar da shi zuwa Makarantar Masana'antu ta Jihar Arizona har sai da ya kai shekaru 21 don yin kiran wayar batsa ga wani makwabcin balagagge. A cikin yanke shawara na 8-1, Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa a cikin karar da za ta iya haifar da sadaukar da kai ga wata hukuma, mutanen da ke kasa da shekaru 18 suna da 'yancin sanarwa da ba da shawara, Kuma yin tambayoyi ga shaidu, da kuma kariya daga cin zarafi. Kotun ta gano cewa hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su wajen sauraren karar Gault ba su cika ko daya daga cikin wadannan bukatu ba. <ref>[https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0387_0001_ZS.html ''In re Gault''], 387 U.S. 1 (1967).</ref> [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun kolin Amurka ta]] yanke hukunci a shari'ar ''Tinker v.'' ''Des Moines Independent Community School District shekarata'' (1969) cewa ɗalibai a makaranta suna da haƙƙin Tsarin Mulki. <ref>''[https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0393_0503_ZS.html Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District]'', 393 U.S. 503 (1969).</ref> [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun kolin Amurka]] ta yanke hukunci a shari'ar ''Roper v.'' ''Simmons'' cewa ba za a iya kashe mutane ba saboda laifuffukan da aka aikata a ƙasa da shekara goma sha takwas. Kuma Ta yanke hukuncin cewa irin wannan kisa [[Zalunci da Hukuncin da ba'a saba ba|zalunci ne da ba a saba gani ba]], don haka ya saba wa kwaskwarima na takwas ga kundin tsarin mulkin Amurka . <ref>{{Cite court|litigants=Roper v. Simmons|vol=543|reporter=U. S.|opinion=551|date=2005|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/03-633.ZS.html}}</ref> Akwai wasu damuwa a Amurka game da yancin yara. Cibiyar Lauyoyin karɓowa ta Amurka ta damu da haƙƙoƙin yara zuwa aminci, sannan kuma tallafi da tsayayyen tsarin iyali. Matsayin da suke da shi game da hakkin yara a cikin shari'o'in tallafi ya furta cewa, "'ya'ya suna da sha'awar 'yancin kai bisa tsarin mulki don kare iyalansu da aka kafa, haƙƙoƙin da aƙalla daidai yake da su, kuma mun yi imani fiye da haka, haƙƙin wasu da za su yi da'awar 'mallaka. ' sha'awar yaran nan." Sauran batutuwan da suka taso a fafutukar kare hakkin yara na Amurka sun hada da hakkin yara na gado a auren jinsi da musamman hakki na matasa . === Dokokin Jamus === Wani rahoto da shugabar taron masu zaman kansu na Majalisar Turai, Anelise Oeschger ta gabatar, ya gano cewa yara da iyayensu na fuskantar cin zarafi na take [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|hakkin bil]] adama [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], [[Tarayyar Turai]] da [[UNICEF]] . Musamman damuwa ita ce hukumar Jamus (da Ostiriya), Jugendamt ( Jamus : Ofishin Matasa) wanda sau da yawa rashin adalci ya ba da damar ikon gwamnati ba tare da kulawa ba game da dangantakar iyaye da yara, wanda ya haifar da cutarwa ciki har da [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]], wulakanci, kuma zalunci kuma ya haifar da cutarwa. mutuwar yara. Matsalar tana da sarƙaƙiya ta kusan "iko mara iyaka" na jami'an Jugendamt, ba tare da wasu matakai don bita ko warware maganin da bai dace ba ko cutarwa. Kuma A dokar Jamus, jami'an Jugendamt (JA) suna da kariya daga tuhuma. Ana ganin tsawon lokacin kula da jami'an JA a cikin shari'o'in da ke zuwa kotu na iyali inda za a iya soke shaidar ƙwararru daga ƙananan ilimi ko ƙwararrun jami'an JA; Kuma A cikin fiye da 90% na shari'o'in shawarar jami'in JA na karɓar shawarar kotun dangi. Jami’an sun kuma yi watsi da hukuncin kotunan iyali, kamar lokacin da za a mayar da ‘ya’ya ga iyayensu, ba tare da wani lahani ba. Jamus ba ta amince da shawarar kula da yara masu alaƙa da Kotun Majalisar Turai ta yanke ba wanda ya nemi kariya ko warware yara da take haƙƙin iyaye. <ref>[http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session4/DE/LCR_GER_UPR_S4_2009_LeagueforChildrensRights.pdf League for Children's Rights] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003054725/https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session4/DE/LCR_GER_UPR_S4_2009_LeagueforChildrensRights.pdf |date=2021-10-03 }} Individual UPR Submission: Germany. February 2009. Submitted by Bündnis RECHTE für KINDER e.V. and supported by President of the INGO Conference of the Council of Europe, Annelise Oeschger. Retrieved December 27, 2011.</ref> == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Kungiyar Ayyukan Talauci * ''Jaridar Matasa da Muhalli'' * Ilimin hakkin yara * Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam * FGM, Tilastawa Kaciya, da Da'a na kaciya * Kyautar Zaman Lafiyar Yara ta Duniya * Shirin Ayyukan Kasa na Yara * Tilastawa 'yan mata tsiraru a Pakistan * Ranar Jan Hannu * Save the Children * Ka yi tunanin yara * [[UNICEF]] * Kyautar Yara ta Duniya don Haƙƙin Yaranta * Ka'idojin Jagoranci Tsakanin Hukumomi akan Yara Mara Rakiya da Rabe === Hakkokin yara na duniya === * Hakkokin yara a Chile * Hakkokin yara a Colombia * Hakkokin yara a Japan * Hakkin yara a Mali * Bayanin Haƙƙin Yara * [[Sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kare haƙƙin yara a Iran|Hakkin Yara a Iran]] * Jadawalin yancin matasa a Burtaniya * Jadawalin yancin matasa a Amurka * Zargin maita akan yara a Afirka === Batutuwa === === Kungiyoyin kare hakkin yara === == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Sister project links|Children's rights}} * * [http://www.crin.org/ Cibiyar Sadarwar Haƙƙin Yara] * [http://www.ibcr.org Ofishin kare hakkin yara na kasa da kasa] * [https://www.smilefoundationindia.org/child_rights.html Smile Foundation India] * [http://www.everychild.ca/ "everychild.ca"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226203046/http://everychild.ca/ |date=2018-12-26 }} Yakin wayar da kan jama'a game da hakkin yara na British Columbia, Kanada. Abubuwan albarkatu sun haɗa da hanyoyin haɗi da wallafe-wallafen da suka shafi Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara . === Littafi Mai Tsarki === * [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/sri-lankan-army-warns-children-can-be-targets-412064.html "Sojojin Sri Lanka sun yi gargadin Yara na iya zama Manufa"] . * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081129103910/http://www.reproductiverights.org//pdf/pub_bp_implementingadoles.pdf Aiwatar da Haƙƙin Haihuwar Matasa Ta Hanyar Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yaro"] . Cibiyar Haihuwa. * [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/afghanistan0706 "Darussan cikin Ta'addanci: Hare-hare kan Ilimi a Afghanistan"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212214636/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/afghanistan0706/ |date=2021-12-12 }} . Human Rights Watch. * [http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/06/15/burund13554.htm "Burundi: Tsofaffin Yaran Sojoji Suna Ciki A Gidan Yari"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081018024352/http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2006/06/15/burund13554.htm |date=2008-10-18 }} . Human Rights Watch. * [http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/01/29/saudia12546.htm "Saudiyya: Bi kiran Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don kawo karshen hukuncin kisa ga yara kanana"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204021608/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/01/29/saudia12546.htm |date=2008-02-04 }} . Human Rights Watch. * [http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/10/12/usdom11835.htm "Amurka: An yanke wa Dubban Yara Hukuncin Rayuwa ba tare da Tattaunawa ba"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081105180018/http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2005/10/12/usdom11835.htm |date=2008-11-05 }} . Human Rights Watch. * [http://hrw.org/reports/2006/drc0406 "Menene Gaba: Yara kan titi a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121134615/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/drc0406/ |date=2022-01-21 }} . Human Rights Watch. == Manazarta == [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] atxqj6ugsc2quo6boiiiq16c51n2szk 0 30840 906945 699499 2026-08-24T08:04:29Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 906945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Human Trafficking in Europe.svg|thumb|fataunci Bil Adams a Turai]] '''Fataucin bil adama a Turai''' wani lamari ne da ya shafi yanki ne na faffadan al’adar ciniki a tsakanin ‘yan adam don dalilai daban-daban na cin zarafi. Fataucin bil adama ya wanzu tsawon ƙarni a duk faɗin duniya, kuma ya biyo baya daga aikin bautar da aka yi a baya, <ref>{{cite web|title=How serious is the problem?|url=http://www.unric.org/en/human-trafficking/27448-how-serious-is-the-problem|publisher=Brussels: United Nations Regional Information Centre for Western Europe|accessdate=11 March 2014|archive-date=11 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311165636/http://www.unric.org/en/human-trafficking/27448-how-serious-is-the-problem|url-status=dead}}</ref> wanda ya bambanta da fataucin ɗan adam ta yadda doka ta amince da shi kuma an yarda da shi. Ya zama abin damuwa ga ƙasashe a Turai tun juyin juya halin a shekarar 1989 . Canjin tattalin arzikin kasuwa a wasu ƙasashe ya haifar da dama da kuma asarar tsaro ga 'yan ƙasar. Wahalhalun tattalin arziki da alkawurran wadata sun sa mutane da yawa cikin halin kaka-nika-yi da fataucinsu a cikin ƙasashen su da wuraren da ake zuwa a wasu sassan Turai da duniya. Na musamman ga ƙasashen Balkan wasu yanayi ne da ke tallafawa fataucin, kamar ƙungiyoyin laifuka, da dabarun daukar ma'aikata da ke ci gaba da yin ta. Yayin da za a iya yin wasu bayanai dalla-dalla, kasashen da ke wannan yanki suna fuskantar ƙalubale daban-daban kuma suna kan matakai daban-daban na bin ƙa'idojin fataucin mutane. == Dalilai == An bayyana Rushewar [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka taimaka wajen bayyana karuwar fataucin mutane a Turai. Ya ba da duka jarin ɗan adam da sabbin damar yanki don haɓaka faɗaɗawa. Bayan wannan lokacin, fataucin waɗanda aka kashe, musamman mata, ya kuma faɗaɗa ya haɗa da nau'ikan ma'adinai ma mabambanta, waɗanda aka sami taimako ta hanyar ƙaruwar manyan laifuffuka, cin hanci da rashawa da raguwar iyakoki. Iyakoki mara kyau da kusancin ƙasashe masu arziki sun sanya sauƙi da rahusa jigilar waɗanda abin ya shafa a cikin yankin da kuma ƙasashen waje. <ref name="Klingman" /> Wani abin da ya taimaka wajen haɓaka fataucin shi ne yaƙi da yaƙi a ƙasashen Balkan . Kasancewar yawancin mazan kasashen waje a yankin Balkan bayan yakin Yugoslavia ya kai ga fataucin dubban mata don yin lalata da su. Alakar da ke tsakanin sansanonin soja da aikin jima'i wani sanannen lamari ne kuma sojoji sun taimaka wajen fitar da buƙatar gidajen karuwai a wannan yanki. A wajen al'ummomin Balkan, an kuma danganta halatta neman karuwanci da karuwar fataucin, inda aka gano [[Holand|Netherlands]] a matsayin mai yawan kaso na wadanda aka yi fataucin da ake kai su can.<ref>{{cite web|last=Seo-Young|first=Cho|author2=Dreyer, Axel|author3=Neumayer, Eric|title=Does Legalized Prostitution Increase Human Trafficking?|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/geographyAndEnvironment/whosWho/profiles/neumayer/pdf/Article-for-World-Development-_prostitution_-anonymous-REVISED.pdf#page=75|publisher=Elsevier Ltd.|accessdate=10 March 2014|archive-date=8 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308044024/http://www.lse.ac.uk/geographyAndEnvironment/whosWho/profiles/neumayer/pdf/Article-for-World-Development-_prostitution_-anonymous-REVISED.pdf#page=75|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="EU Statistics">{{cite web|last=Bogers|first=Gert|author2=Karvounaraki, Athina |author3=Clarke, Steve |author4= Tavares, Cynthia |title=Trafficking in Human Beings|url=http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-is-new/news/news/2013/docs/20130415_thb_stats_report_en.pdf#page=31|publisher=Publications Office of the European Union|accessdate=10 March 2014}}</ref> == Yaduwa == Ko da yake ana samun kowane nau'i na fataucin a Turai, fataucin jima'i ya fi samun kulawa kuma an yada yadda ake cin zarafin 'yan mata da mata a wannan yanki a kafafen yada labarai.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Surtees|first=Rebecca|title=Traffickers and Trafficking in Southern and Eastern Europe: Considering the Other Side of Human Trafficking|journal=European Journal of Criminology|year=2008|volume=5|issue=1|pages=39–68|doi=10.1177/1477370807084224}}</ref> Tsakanin shekarar 2003-2004, kashi 85% na wadanda aka taimaka wa wadanda aka yi wa agajin sun kasance wadanda aka yi musu fyaɗe. “Bambancin fataucin bayan Tarayyar Soviet da Gabashin Turai shi ne saurin da ya girma da kuma dunkulewa duniya baki daya. Babu cinikin da aka daɗe a cikin ɗan adam ko kafa hanyoyin sadarwa don sauƙaƙe wannan kasuwancin. Maimakon haka,<ref name="Klingman">{{cite journal|last=Kligman|first=Gail|author2=Limoncelli, Stephanie|title=Trafficking Women after Socialism: To, Through, and From Eastern Europe|journal=Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society|date=Spring 2005|volume=12|issue=1|pages=118–140|doi=10.1093/sp/jxi006}}<!--|accessdate=11 April 2011--></ref><ref name="Shelly">{{cite book|last=Shelley|first=Louise I.|title=Human Trafficking: A Global Perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/humantrafficking00shel|url-access=limited|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-521-13087-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/humantrafficking00shel/page/n189 174]}}</ref> yanayin al'ummomin riƙon kwarya ya haifar da kyakkyawan yanayin da ya dace don kasuwanci a cikin 'yan adam. Yanzu shekaru bayan mika mulki na farko, duk nau’o’in fataucin bil-Adama sun zama ruwan dare a yankin, sakamakon fatara, rashin ingantaccen matakan da za a dauka, da haɗa baki da jami’an gwamnati akai-akai a wannan sana’a, da karuwar sana’o’in muggan laifuka.” <ref name="Shelly" /> === Hanyoyin fataucin mutane === Teburin mai zuwa yayi cikakken bayani akan nau'ikan fataucin na musamman ga wasu wurare a Turai. Waɗannan nau'ikan guda uku, wadanda Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai yaki da muggan kwayoyi da laifuffuka da Farfesa Louise Shelley suka kirkira na da amfani wajen samar da dabarun tabbatar da doka don yakar fataucin mutane. Tun da Turai ta ƙunshi ƙasashe da yawa masu tarihin siyasa daban-daban, nau'ikan nau'ikan uku sun shafi wannan yanki. Akwai kamanceceniya tsakanin waɗannan nau'ikan guda uku kuma idan aka kwatanta da nau'ikan sauran yankuna da ƙasashe, a bayyane yake cewa fataucin ya fi shafar mata, tashin hankali, da alaƙa da sauran nau'ikan laifuka.<ref name=IOM>{{cite web|last=Kelly|first=Liz|title=Data and Research on Human Trafficking: A Global Survey|url=http://lastradainternational.org/lsidocs/282%20IOM%20survey%20trafficking%20(Global).pdf#page=57|work="You Can Find Anything You Want": A Critical Reflection on Research on Trafficking in Persons within and into Europe|publisher=IOM International Organization for Migration|accessdate=25 April 2011}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Turai gabaɗaya ! Bayan-Soviet ! Balkans |- | * Jagora guda daya * Share matsayi * horo na ciki * Kungiyar mai suna * Asalin zamantakewa/kabila * Tashin hankali na hade * Tasiri / iko akan wani yanki na musamman | * Shiga da farko a cikin fataucin mata * Yi amfani da wadanda abin ya shafa kamar na halitta kuma mai iya kashewa * Sayarwa ga abokan ciniki na kusa * Babban tashin hankali da cin zarafin bil'adama * Sau da yawa mata suna "karya" kafin su bar ƙasar asali | * Kusan duk fataucin mata * Middlemen ga Rasha shirya laifuka * Haɗewar haɓakawa azaman ɗaukar nauyin kasuwancin jima'i a cikin ƙasashe masu zuwa * Shiga manyan jami'an tsaro a cikin kasashen gida * Yi amfani da riba don ba da kuɗin wasu ayyukan haram, da saka hannun jari a cikin dukiya da kasuwanci a wani wuri * Babban tashin hankali |} == daukar ma'aikata == Ƙungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka a yankin Balkan da tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet sun sami nasara ta hanyar sassauƙa da sauya hanyoyinsu da hanyoyinsu don dacewa da kasuwannin duniya da ke saurin canzawa. Kwarewar aikin da aka yi a baya da manyan matakan ilimi sun ba masu fataucin damar yin "samar da takardu na yaudara, yin amfani da fasahar sadarwa ta zamani, da yin aiki cikin nasara a kan iyakokin." <ref name="Shelly" /> Haɗin kansu da ikon yin amfani da fasahar zamani ta haifar da ƙalubale ga gwamnatoci da hukumomin tilasta bin doka da ke neman yin bincike da gurfanar da masu fataucinsu. Wani hali na musamman shine ci gaban ilimi na yawancin waɗanda aka yi safarar su. Ko da yake sun ƙware don samun aiki a ƙasashensu na asali, waɗanda abin ya shafa sukan nemi mafi kyawun damammaki ko biyan kuɗi a ƙasashen waje. An yi amfani da dabaru da dama wajen daukar wadanda abin ya shafa masu ilimi da suka hada da hukumomin aure da ayyukan yi, hukumomin tsara kayan aikin jabu, wuraren shirya fina-finai, da yin aiki da karatu a kasashen waje. <ref name="Shelly" /> Domin akwai halaltattun damammaki a waɗannan fagagen, galibi yana da wahala a ware tallace-tallacen na yaudara da sahihan damammaki. Waɗannan tallace-tallacen da aka buga ba a cika tantance su ba. === Fataucin yara === Fataucin yara a yankin Balkan yana yiwuwa ya faru a cikin yara masu ƙasa da goma sha biyu (don bara, sata, da sauran laifuffukan titi) da kuma waɗanda suka girmi 15 (don cin zarafin kasuwanci). <ref name=UNICEF>{{cite web|last=Dottridge|first=Mike|title=Action to Prevent Child Trafficking in South Eastern Europe: A Preliminary Assessment|url=http://www.unicef.org/ceecis/Assessment_report_June_06.pdf|publisher=UNICEF|accessdate=25 April 2011|archive-date=15 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615073741/http://www.unicef.org/ceecis/Assessment_report_June_06.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Haramcin al'adu gabaɗaya yana hana fataucin yara maza don yin lalata da su, duk da haka, an lura da wasu lokuta a tsakanin yaran Romania da ake fataucinsu a ƙasashen waje. Masu fama da fataucin yara su ne naƙasassu da yara na wasu ƙabilu na musamman, irin su Jevgjit da ke Albaniya da kuma ƙabilar [[Mutanen Romani|Romani]] a wasu sassan yankin. Wani rahoton [[UNICEF]] da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2006, ya nuna cewa yaran da suka cika waɗannan sharuɗɗa ba gabaɗaya ba ne waɗanda masu fataucin waje ke fama da su, amma ƴan yankinsu ne, waɗanda ke neman samun kuɗin shiga daga sayar da su a ƙasashen waje. <ref name="UNICEF" /> Wannan rahoton ya kuma bayyana halaye guda biyar na gama-gari na yara da ke cikin haɗarin fataucinsu a yankin Balkan. Waɗannan sun haɗa da: <ref name="UNICEF" /> * yaran da ke fama da tashin hankalin gida * yaran da ba su da tallafin iyali da kariya (misali yaran da ke zaune a cibiyoyi) * yaran da suka daina zuwa makaranta * yaran 'yan tsiraru (misali. Roma) * yaran da aka yi safararsu a baya == Ƙalubale == Duk da cewa yakin da ake yi na yaƙi da fataucin mutane a cikin ‘yan shekarun da suka gabata ya yi tasiri wajen dakile wasu nau’o’in fataucin, tattara bayanai da sarrafa bayanai na ci gaba da zama matsala ga kasashen yankin Balkan (kudu maso gabashin Turai). Tarin bayanai wani muhimmin kayan aiki ne don sa ido kan yanayin ƙasa da yanki kuma ana amfani da bincike akai-akai don tsara manufofin hana fataucin mutane. Yana kuma da mahimmanci a tattara bayanai kan duka waɗanda abin ya shafa da masu fataucin su kuma ana amfani da bayanai kan adadin bincike da gurfanar da su a yayin tantance ayyukan ƙasa.<ref name=ICMPD>{{cite web|title=Handbook on Anti-Trafficking Data Collection in South-Eastern Europe: Developing Regional Criteria|url=http://www.ungift.org/doc/knowledgehub/resource-centre/ICMPD_Handbook_on_Anti-Trafficking_Data_Collection_in_SEE.pdf|publisher=International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD)|accessdate=24 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311172002/http://www.ungift.org/doc/knowledgehub/resource-centre/ICMPD_Handbook_on_Anti-Trafficking_Data_Collection_in_SEE.pdf|archive-date=11 March 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin matsalolin tattara bayanai da aka gano a wannan yanki sune: * ba a fahimci yawan laifukan da aka aikata tare da wadanda aka gano, bincike, da kuma gurfanar da su ba * ana buƙatar haɗin kai ta ƴan wasan kwaikwayo iri-iri kuma ana buƙatar daidaita kididdigar ƙididdiga a cikin ƙungiyoyi da hukumomi * Rashin yarda da juna tsakanin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da gwamnati na iya hana raba bayanai a fili, musamman idan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna ganin cewa musayar bayanan abokan cinikin su zai jefa ko dai wanda aka azabtar ko kuma kungiyar cikin hadari. * za a iya samun shingen harshe, al'adu, da tsakanin mutane waɗanda ke haifar da waɗanda abin ya shafa ga abubuwan da ba a bayyana ba. * Ana binciken wasu abubuwan da suka faru na fataucin kamar fasa-kwauri, karuwanci da sauransu, wanda ke hana kama su a cikin ma'ajin bayanai. * al'amuran da aka bincika kamar yadda fataucin zai iya ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin haka, koda kuwa an sake sanya su azaman ƙarami. Don magance waɗannan batutuwa, Cibiyar Ci Gaban Harkokin Hijira ta Duniya, tare da haɗin gwiwar gwamnatocin ƙasashe da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, sun kuma fara aiwatar da tsari na daidaita tsarin tattara bayanai da bayar da rahoto a duk Turai. == Matsayin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu == ''Dubi Karin Karatu: 'Rahoton Shekara Na Biyu Akan Wadanda Fataucin Aka Yi A Kudu Maso Gabashin Turai' don jerin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke aiki don yaki da fataucin mutane'' Duk da yake akwai abubuwa da yawa da ke iyakance ikon ƙungiyoyin sa-kai don mayar da martani ga fataucin, kamar rashin kuɗi, manyan ayyuka, da rashin tallafin gwamnati, ƙungiyoyin sa-kai suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tallafawa waɗanda abin ya shafa. <ref name="La Strada" /> Galibin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, wadanda suka bullo a shekarun 1990, da farko sun yi gwagwarmayar rike karfinsu wajen yakar masu fataucin mutane. Yayin da nasarorin da suka samu ya bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, ana ganin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da suka shiga tare da ɗaukar matakin inda gwamnatoci suka gaza. Wadanda abin ya shafa sun fi amincewa da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu saboda "yawan masu fataucin suna tsoro da rashin yarda da kungiyoyi na jihohi yayin da suke yawan shiga kasashen da aka nufa ba bisa ka'ida ba, ko kuma an cire musu takardunsu idan sun isa." <ref name="Tzvetkova" /> Tsoron fitar da su gida, tilasta musu ba da shaida, ko kuma ramuwar gayya daga masu fataucinsu su ma suna ba da gudummawa ga rashin son tunkarar hukumomin da suka dace don tallafa musu. Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun tashi don cike wannan gibin da kuma ba da sabis ga waɗanda abin ya shafa. Ayyukan da suke bayarwa sun haɗa da: * shawarwari na shari'a, zamantakewa, da tunani da goyon bayan sake haɗawa * ilimi da wayar da kan jama'a game da illolin fataucin * goyon bayan bayanai da ƙididdiga da bincike * yin fafutukar kare hakkin wadanda aka kashe == Hoton ƙasa == {| class="wikitable" !Kasashe ! Source/Transit/Mashamar Kasa ! Mataki |- | [[Albaniya]] | tushe | 2 |- | [[Bosnia da Herzegovina|Bosnia-Herzegovina]] | tushe, wucewa, makoma | 2 |- | [[Bulgeriya|Bulgaria]] | tushe, wucewa, makoma | 2 |- | [[Kroatiya|Croatia]] | tushe, wucewa, makoma | 1 |- | Kosovo | tushe, wucewa, makoma | 2 |- | [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Macedonia]] | tushe, wucewa, makoma | 1 |- | [[Moldufiniya|Moldova]] | tushe, wucewa, makoma | 2 Wlh |- | [[Montenegro]] | tushe, wucewa, makoma | 2 |- | [[Romainiya|Romania]] | tushe, wucewa, makoma | 2 |- | [[Serbiya|Serbia]] | tushe, wucewa, makoma | 2 |- |} '''TIERS''' ''Ƙasashe na TIER 1'' waɗanda gwamnatocinsu suka cika cikakkiyar ƙa'idodin Dokar Kariyar Fatauci (TVPA) ''Ƙasashe na 2'' waɗanda gwamnatoci ba su cika cika ƙa'idodin TVPA ba, amma suna yin ƙoƙari sosai don tabbatar da kansu ga waɗannan ƙa'idodin. ''KASASHE NA 3'' waɗanda gwamnatocinsu ba su cika cika ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi ba kuma ba sa ƙoƙarin yin hakan. == Don Takaitaccen Bayanin Ƙasa == == Duba kuma == * Fataucin Jima'i a Turai == Manazarta == == Ci gaba da karatu == * * * [[Category:Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam]] [[Category:Haƙƙoƙi]] [[Category:Haƙƙoƙin Mata]] [[Category:Fataucin Mutane]] [[Category:Fataucin Mata]] [[Category:Fataucin Yara]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lqzgeyb36ljp1gk1wtlexdxeox20way 0 32478 906758 541143 2026-08-23T21:59:37Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 906758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:HandKnittedWhiteLaceSock.jpg|thumb| Safa da aka saƙa da hannu]] [[File:Argyle_(PSF).png|thumb| Argyle safa]] [[Fayil:HandKnittedWhiteLaceSock.jpg|thumb|safa]] [[Fayil:Knitted socks by Safa-Samnanger.jpg|thumb|safa]] [[Fayil:Socken farbig.jpeg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Sock puppet and keyboard.jpg|thumb|safa]] [[Fayil:Sock (Miniature) (ST394F) - Costume Accessory-Sock - MoMu Antwerp.jpg|thumb|Safa]] [[Fayil:Sock (ST530AB) - Costume Accessory-Sock - MoMu Antwerp.jpg|thumb|safa]] '''Safa''' wani yanki ne na tufa da ake sawa a ƙafafu kuma galibi ana rufe idon sawu ko wani sashe na maraƙi. Wasu nau'ikan takalmi ko rufaffen takalmi yawanci ana sanya su akan safa. A zamanin da, ana yin safa da fata ko gashin dabba. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 16, an fara samar da safa masu saƙa da injin. Har zuwa shekarun 1800, ana ƙera safa na mutum da na inji, amma fasaha ta ƙarshe ta zama ruwan dare a ƙarni na 19. Kusan duk duníya ana amfani da safa [[Fayil:Sock (ST476AB) - Costume Accessory-Sock - MoMu Antwerp.jpg|thumb|Safa]] == Ayyuka == [[Fayil:Sock (ST476AB) - Costume Accessory-Sock - MoMu Antwerp.jpg|thumb|safa]] Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan safa shine shaƙar gumi. Kamar yadda ƙafar ke cikin mafi yawan masu samar da [[Zufa|gumi]] a cikin jiki, tana iya samar da fiye da {{Convert|0.25|USpt|l}} gumi a kowace rana;<ref><nowiki>https://science.howstuffworks.com/question5.htm</nowiki></ref> Safa na taimakawa wajen shanye wannan gumin da kuma jawo shi zuwa wuraren da iska ke kawar da gumi. A cikin yanayin sanyi, safa da aka yi daga auduga ko ulu na taimakawa wajen ɗumama ƙafafu masu sanyi wanda hakan ke taimakawa rage haɗarin kamuwa da sanyi . An fi sa safa masu bakin ciki a cikin watannin bazara don sanya ƙafafu su yi sanyi. Yawancin safa masu launin haske ana sawa da takalman wasanni da safa masu launin duhu tare da takalman riguna (sau da yawa baƙar fata ko safa na blue). Bugu da ƙari, safa masu launin duhu suna ɗaukar zafi wanda hakan zai taimaka wajen sa ƙafar ta zama ɗumi yayin da safa masu launin haske ke nuna zafi wanda hakan yana taimakawa ƙafafu su yi sanyi. == Etymology == Kalmar ''safa'' ta zamani ta Ingilishi ta samo asali ne daga tsohuwar kalmar Ingilishi ''socc'', ma'ana "Slippa mai haske". Wannan ya fito ne daga kalmar ''soccus'' na [[Harshen Latin|Latin]], kalmar don kwatanta "haske, takalma maras nauyi" wanda ƴan wasan kwaikwayo na Roman ke sawa,<ref><nowiki>https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Soccus.html</nowiki></ref> kuma ya samo asali daga kalmar Helenanci ''sykchos''.<ref><nowiki>https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=sock</nowiki></ref> == Tarihi == [[File:BLW_Pair_of_socks.jpg|left|thumb| Sanannen farkon safa biyu mai tsira, wanda aka ƙirƙira ta naalbinding . Dating daga 300-500, an tono waɗannan daga Oxyrhynchus akan Kogin Nilu a Masar. An tsara yatsan yatsa don amfani da takalma. Ana nunawa a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya na Victoria da Albert, 2085&A-1900.]] [[File:Islamic_sock.jpg|thumb| Safa na auduga na ƙarni na 12, wanda aka samo a [[Misra|Masar]] . Saƙa na wannan safa ya fara aiki a yatsan yatsa sannan ya yi aiki har zuwa ƙafa. An yi diddige a ƙarshe sannan kuma a haɗe zuwa madaukai da aka kafa yayin saka kafa. Wannan aikin ya ba da damar sauya diddige cikin sauƙi lokacin da ya ƙare.]] Safa sun samo asali a cikin ƙarni daga farkon samfura, waɗanda aka yi daga fatun dabbobi da aka tattara kuma an ɗaure su a kusa da idon sawu. Saboda ƙera safa ya kasance yana ɗaukar lokaci a lokacin masana'antu kafin masana'antu, masu arziki ne kawai ke amfani da su. Talakawa sun sa rigar ƙafafu, tufafi masu sauƙi a nannaɗe a ƙafafu. Ana amfani da waɗannan a cikin sojojin Gabashin Turai har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 20. A cewar mawaƙin Hesiod na Girka, a cikin ƙarni na 8 BC, Helenawa na dā sun sa safa da ake kira "piloi", wanda aka yi daga gashin dabbar da aka yi.<ref><nowiki>https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780756640903/page/292</nowiki></ref> [[Romawa na Da|Romawa]] kuma suna naɗe ƙafafunsu da fata ko saƙa. A kusan ƙarni na 2 AD, Romawa sun fara ɗinka yadudduka tare suna yin safa-safa da ake kira "udones". A ƙarni na 5 AD, safa da ake kira " putees " mutane masu tsarki a [[Turai]] suke sawa don nuna alamar tsarki. A lokacin tsakiyar, an tsawaita tsawon wando kuma safa ya zama, zane mai launi wanda ya rufe ƙananan ƙafa. Tun da safa ba ta da bandeji na roba, an sanya garters a saman safa don hana su faɗuwa. Lokacin da breeches ya zama guntu, safa ya fara yin tsayi (kuma mafi tsada). A shekara ta 1000 AD, safa ya zama alamar wadata a tsakanin manyan mutane. Tun daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa gaba, an kira wani zane na ado a kan idon sawu ko gefen safa da agogo.<ref><nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20111116014230/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/clock%5B3%5D</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://www.blacksocks.com/en/historyofsocksen</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20160929210600/https://www.lonelysock.com/SockHistory.html</nowiki></ref> Ƙirƙirar injin ɗin da aka yi a shekara ta 1589 yana nufin cewa ana iya saƙa safa da sauri sau shida fiye da hannu. Duk da haka, injunan saƙawa da masu saƙa hannu sun yi aiki tare da gefe har zuwa 1800. Juyi na gaba a cikin samar da safa shine ƙaddamar da nailan a cikin 1938. Har zuwa lokacin ana yawan yin safa daga siliki, [[auduga]] da ulu . Naylon shine farkon haɗa yadudduka biyu ko fiye a cikin samar da safa, tsarin da ke ci gaba a yau. == Ƙera == Ana iya ƙirƙirar safa daga nau'ikan kayan aiki iri-iri, irin su [[auduga]], ulu, nailan, acrylic, polyester, olefins (irin su polypropylene ).<ref><nowiki>http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020917234421/http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/5000/5544.html</nowiki></ref> Don samun ƙarar matakin laushi sauran kayan da za a iya amfani da su yayin aikin na iya zama siliki, bamboo, lilin, cashmere, ko mohair . <ref name="autogenerated1" /> Bambance-bambancen launi na zaɓin safa na iya zama kowane launi da masu zanen kaya suka yi niyya don yin safa akan halittar sa. Safa 'launi' na iya zuwa cikin launuka masu yawa. Wani lokaci kuma ana sanya zane-zane akan safa don ƙara kamannin su. Safa masu launi na iya zama maɓalli mai mahimmanci na riguna don wasanni, yana ba da damar ƙungiyoyin 'yan wasa su bambanta lokacin da ƙafafunsu kawai ke bayyane. Ana ɗaukar Fort Payne, [[Alabama]] a matsayin "Babban birnin Sock na duniya" saboda kusan rabin safa da aka ƙera a farkon ƙarni na 21st aka yi a nan. Masana'antar sock ta Fort Payne ta ɗauki ma'aikata kusan 7000 aiki a ƙololuwarta a kusan 2000. Fort Payne, yayin da har yanzu ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu samar da safa kawai ke samar da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na safa, saboda ya rasa wannan take ga Datang. Gundumar Datang da ke birnin Zhuji na lardin Zhejiang [[Sin|na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin]], ta zama birni mai suna Sock City . A halin yanzu garin yana samar da safa biliyan 8 a kowace shekara, kashi ɗaya bisa uku na samar da safa a duniya, yadda ya kamata ya samar da safa guda biyu ga kowane mutum a duniya a cikin 2011. == Salo == [[File:Yellow-green_toe_socks.jpg|thumb| Yatsan yatsa]] [[File:Flip-Flops_socks.jpg|thumb| Juyawa-flops safa]] Ana ƙera safa da tsayi iri-iri. Babu nuni, ƙananan yanke, da safa na ƙafar ƙafa ko ƙasa kuma galibi ana sawa a hankali ko don amfanin motsa jiki. Babu nuni da / ko ƙananan safa da aka ƙera don ƙirƙirar kamannin ƙafar ƙafa lokacin da aka sawa da takalma (sock ba a gani). Wani lokaci ana danganta safa mai tsayin guiwa da riguna na yau da kullun ko kuma kasancewar wani ɓangare na uniform, kamar a wasanni (kamar ƙwallon ƙafa da ƙwallon baseball) ko kuma wani ɓangare na tsarin suturar makaranta ko rigar ƙungiyar matasa. Safa-safa ko safa da suka shimfiɗa sama (safa masu girman cinya) wani lokaci ana kiransu da tufafin mata a zamanin gama gari. Yara maza da mata ne suka fi sanya su a cikin ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon 20; ko da yake, shahararsa ya bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. Lokacin da manyan mata ke sawa, safa mai tsayin gwiwa ko cinya na iya zama abin sha'awa da sha'awar jima'i daga wasu mazan. <ref>Boothby, Richard. ''Sex on the Couch: What Freud Still Has To Teach Us About Sex and Gender''. Routledge. 2014. P. 225.</ref> Safa na lilin safa ne waɗanda ake sawa ƙarƙashin wani safa da nufin hana ƙura. Safa na yatsan yatsa ya ƙunshi kowane yatsan yatsa daban-daban kamar yadda yatsa yake a cikin safar hannu, yayin da sauran safa suna da [[ɗaki]] ɗaya don babban yatsan ƙafa kuma ɗaya don sauran, kamar mitten ; musamman abin da Jafananci ke kira tabi yayin da sauran sassan duniya ke kiranta da tabi .  Duk waɗannan biyun suna ba mutum damar saka flops tare da safa. Ƙafafun ƙafa, waɗanda ba yawanci safa ba, za a iya maye gurbinsu da safa a cikin yanayin sanyi kuma suna kama da leggings saboda gaskiyar cewa yawanci kawai suna kiyaye ƙafafunku ɗumi a cikin yanayin sanyi amma ba duka ƙafar ƙafa ba. Safa na kasuwanci ko safa na sutura kalma ce ta safa mai launin duhu (yawanci baƙi ko shuɗi na ruwa) don na yau da kullun da/ko takalma na yau da kullun. Sau da yawa ana kiransa safa da safa na aiki ko safa na yau da kullun don lokuta na yau da kullun, misali bukukuwan aure, jana'izar, bikin kammala digiri, prom, coci, ko aiki. Safa na ma'aikata gajeru ne kuma masu kauri ko siraran safa na yau da kullum. Waɗannan safa galibi suna ribbed a saman idon sawu . <ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/crew%20sock] www.merriam-webster.com</ref> Ana iya amfani da su ta hanyar da za a ɗumi ƙafafu idan an ja su har zuwa sama. <ref>[http://www.thefreedictionary.com/crew+sock] www.thefreedictionary.com</ref>  Farkon sananniyar al'adar ma'aikatan safa  ya kasance a cikin 1948.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2015}} Safa na ma'aikata yawanci unisex ne. Ƙananan safa wani nau'i ne na safa wanda ke kwatanta hanyar da za a yanke a ƙasa da idon sawun . Ana yin ƙananan safa da aka yanke don rufe kwandon ƙafafun mutum. Ko da yake ƙananan safa na unisex ne, amma mata da 'yan mata suna amfani da su. Ƙananan safa da aka yanke yawanci ana sawa da takalma irin su takalman jirgin ruwa, Oxfords, moccasins da loafers .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2015}} Salon safa na d ¯ a na Masar gaura ya ne tsakanin safa na yamma na zamani da tabi na Jafananci, dukansu ya riga ya wuce. Kamar tabi, safa na Masar suna da ɗaki ɗaya don babban yatsan ƙafa, ɗayan kuma ga sauran, suna ba da izinin amfani da takalma; kamar safa na yamma, suna dacewa da ƙafa sosai kuma basa amfani da fasteners kamar tabi. == Girman girma == [[File:Kneehighschooluniformsocks-tokyoarea-jan182020.jpg|thumb| Farin safa mai tsayin guiwa, galibi ana sawa azaman ɓangaren rigar makaranta ko don salo]] Ko da yake gaba ɗaya yana riƙe da tsari na rarraba zuwa ƙananan-matsakaici-manyan girma, da dai sauransu, wane nau'in girman takalmin waɗannan girman safa yayi daidai da ɗauka a cikin kasuwanni daban-daban. Wasu ma'auni masu girma suna daidaitawa ta daidaitattun ƙungiyoyi amma wasu sun taso daga al'ada. Tsawon safa ya bambanta, daga ƙafar ƙafa zuwa matakin cinya. == Wasanni == Yawancin wasanni suna buƙatar wani irin safa, yawanci tsawon gwiwa ko safa na tsakiyar maraƙi don kare ƙafafu daga gogewa yayin shiga ayyukan wasanni. A cikin kwando, ana amfani da safa na bututu, kuma a cikin lacrosse, ana buƙatar safa na tsakiyar maraƙi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2010}} ƙafa, ana amfani da safa na gwiwa. Yawancin su ne don hana ciyawa ƙonewa. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://articles.philly.com/2011-08-29/sports/29941646_1_pants-socks-cuffs |title=Baseball and socks appeal |access-date=2022-06-02 |archive-date=2012-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911102521/http://articles.philly.com/2011-08-29/sports/29941646_1_pants-socks-cuffs |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sauran amfani da kalmar == Layer na fata ko wasu kayan da ke rufe kwandon takalma kuma ana kiransa safa. Lokacin da kawai wani ɓangare na insole ya rufe, yana barin gaban gaba, ana kiran wannan da rabin safa. == Rubutun ƙafa == [[File:FootClothFromFinnishDefenceForces.JPG|thumb| Rubutun kafa da Sojojin Finnish suka yi amfani da su har zuwa 1990s]] Ƙafafun ƙafa, ɗigon tufafin da aka nannaɗe a cikin ƙafafu, an sa su da takalma kafin safa ya zama ko'ina. Sojojin sun kasance suna amfani da su a Gabashin Turai har zuwa farkon ƙarni na 21. == Thermal safa == Don amfani a cikin yanayin sanyi, safa masu zafi sun fi kauri. An saba amfani da su don wasan ski, skating, da sauran wasannin hunturu. Suna samar da ba kawai rufi ba, amma har ma mafi girma padding saboda kauri. Safa masu ciwon sukari wani nau'in safa ne na zafi wanda aka yi daga acrylic, auduga, nailan, da na roba. Ana yin waɗannan don inganta ta'aziyya yayin da a lokaci guda kiyaye ƙafafun sanyi da bushewa. Duk da haka, babu wata kwakkwarar hujja da ke nuna cewa suna taimakawa. == Abubuwan hutu == Hakanan ana amfani da safa azaman abin hutu lokacin [[Kirsimeti]] . Yara suna rataye babban safa na bikin da ake kira safa na Kirsimeti da ƙusa ko ƙugiya a jajibirin Kirsimeti, sannan iyayensu suna cika shi da ƙananan kyaututtuka yayin da masu karɓa ke barci. Bisa ga al'ada, Santa Claus yana kawo waɗannan kyaututtuka ga yara masu kyau, yayin da yara masu lalata a maimakon haka suna karɓar gawayi. === Addini === A cikin Musulmai, safa sun fara tattaunawa game da rikitattun [[alwala]], wankin da ake yi kafin sallah. Wasu limaman [[musulmi]], da suke lura da yuwuwar wahala a tsakanin musulmi a cikin yanayi mara kyau, sun fitar da hukunce-hukuncen musulmi da ke ba musulmi damar shafa ruwa a kan safa ko yayyafa wa safa. <ref>Personal Security: A Guide for International Travelers – Page 25, Tanya Spencer – 2013</ref> Wannan zai ba da damar yin salla a inda babu wurin zama, ko kuma idan akwai layi. Wannan shi ne ra'ayi na musamman na [[Malikiyya]] Ahlus- [[Mabiya Sunnah|Sunnah]] . <ref>Al-Muwatta Of Iman Malik Ibn Ana – Page 14, 2013 Anas</ref> == Duba kuma == * Beoseon (safa na gargajiya na Koriya) * yakin basasa sock * Dumin kafa * Leggings * Bace safa * Puttee * Hannun jari * Tights * Yar tsana * Safa da sandal * Safa mai ƙamshi * Tabi == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Category:Safa]] [[Category:Kayan rufe ƙafa]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6jsgv0erbvjcld501wylqmw4dwb8e6p 0 34907 906642 688852 2026-08-23T18:29:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mike Allen Hammah''' (an haife shi 28 ga Agusta shekara ta 1955) ɗan siyasa ne kuma tsohon Ministan ƙasa da albarkatun ƙasa na Ghana. Ya kasance Ministan Sufuri har zuwa ranar 4 ga Janairu, shekara ta 2011, lokacin da aka tsige shi bayan sauya sheka da [[John Atta Mills|Shugaba Mills]] ya yi a majalisar ministocinsa.<ref name="2011 reshuffle">{{cite news|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=200624|title=Cabinet reshuffle: Zita dropped, Betty for education|access-date=2011-02-08|date=2011-01-04|publisher=Ghana Home Page}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance dan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar mazabar Effutu dake yankin tsakiyar kasar Ghana.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=371:minister-for-transport-&catid=81:ministers&Itemid=228|title=Hon. Mike Allen Hammah Minister for Transport|access-date=2010-06-13|publisher=Ghana government|archive-date=2019-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724015907/http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=371:minister-for-transport-&catid=81:ministers&Itemid=228|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Hammah a ranar 28 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1955.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2016-05-06|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Hammah, Mike Allen|url=http://ghanamps.gov.gh/mps/details.php?id=152|access-date=2020-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506161128/http://ghanamps.gov.gh/mps/details.php?id=152|archive-date=6 May 2016}}</ref> Ya fito ne daga garin Winneba da ke tsakiyar kasar Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Hammah, Mike Allen|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=152|access-date=2020-07-09|website=www.ghanamps.com|archive-date=2020-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114074625/http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=152|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya halarci Makarantar Fasaha ta Gana, Takoradi don karatunsa na yau da kullun da na gaba tsakanin shekara ta 1969 zuwa shekara ta 1976. Har ila yau, ya kammala karatunsa na jami’ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin fasahar gini a shekara ta 1980.<ref name=":0" /> Ya ci gaba da karatunsa a matakin Post-Graduate a Central University College inda ya samu digirinsa na biyu a fannin kasuwanci kudi a shekara ta 2008.<ref name="mobile.ghanaweb.com">{{Cite web|title=Mike Hammah, Minister for Lands and Natural Resources|url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/person.php?ID=1174|access-date=2020-07-09|website=mobile.ghanaweb.com}}</ref> == Aiki == Hammah a sana’a shi ne mai tsare-tsare na ci gaba, mai tsara gine-gine, da kuma mai binciken adadi.<ref name=":0" /> == Aikin siyasa == Hammah memba na National Democratic Congress ne. Ya yi wa’adinsa na farko a majalisa tsakanin shekara ta 1996 zuwa shekara ta 2000 a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Effutu, sannan aka nada shi mataimakin ministan hanyoyi da sufuri a lokacin. Ya kuma taba zama memba na kwamitin majalisar dokoki kan gata. An sake zabe shi a ofis a shekara ta 2001 kuma ya zama Mataimakin babban memba- Kwamitin Hanyoyi da Sufuri da Kwamitin Rike ofishi na Riba. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2009, John Atta Mills ya rantsar da shi a matsayin Ministan Sufuri. An nada shi a matsayin Ministan filaye da albarkatun kasa a wani sake-sake da Shugaba Mills ya yi a ranar 4 ga Janairu shekara ta 2011.<ref name="mobile.ghanaweb.com" /> == Zabe == An fara zaben Hammah a matsayin dan majalisa a kan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress a lokacin babban zaben kasar Ghana na mazabar Efutu a yankin tsakiyar Ghana a shekara ta 1996. Ya samu kuri'u 11,398 daga cikin sahihin kuri'un da aka kada wanda ke wakiltar kashi 42.80% a kan abokin hamayyarsa Joseph Nunoo-Mensah dan jam'iyyar NPP wanda ya samu kuri'u 9,144, Emma H.Tandoh dan jam'iyyar CPP ya samu kuri'u 0, Joseph Nunoo-Mensah dan CPP wanda ya samu kuri'u 0. zabe da Kingsley Arko-Sam dan IND wanda shi ma ya samu kuri'u 0.<ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=Ghana Election 1996 Results - Effutu Constituency|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/1996/central/73/index.php|access-date=2020-10-05|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2024-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409104516/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/1996/central/73/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya sake lashe zabe a shekara ta 2000 da kuri'u 9,716 daga cikin 20,040 masu inganci da aka kada wanda ke wakiltar kashi 48.10 cikin 100 akan abokin hamayyarsa Oheneba A. Akyeampong dan jam'iyyar NPP da Frank Ebo Sam dan IND da Kingsley Arko Sam dan CPP da Ebenezer Newman-Acquah dan PNC. wanda ya samu kuri'u 9,470, kuri'u 399, kuri'u 275 da kuri'u 180 bi da bi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=Ghana Election 2000 Results - Effutu Constituency|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/central/73/index.php|access-date=2020-10-05|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2020-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011102132/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/central/73/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> An zabe shi a matsayin dan majalisa a majalisar dokoki ta 5 a jamhuriya ta 4 ta Ghana mai wakiltar mazabar Effutu bayan ya lashe zaben kasar Ghana a shekara ta 2008 bisa tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Results Parliamentary Elections|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/election2008/election.results.parliamentary.php|access-date=2020-07-09|website=www.ghanaweb.com|archive-date=2020-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024033152/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/election2008/election.results.parliamentary.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> A wannan zaben an zabe shi ne bayan da ya samu kuri'u 15,297 daga cikin jimillar kuri'u 28,055 da aka kada daidai da kashi 54.5% na yawan kuri'u da aka kada.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/ghana/10489.pdf|title=Ghana Elections 2008|publisher=Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung|year=2010|location=Ghana|pages=79}}</ref> An zabe shi a kan Samuel Owusu-Agyei na New Patriotic Party da Henry Kweku Bortsie na Jam'iyyar Convention People's Party. Wadannan sun samu kashi 43.39% da 2.08% bi da bi cikin jimillar kuri'un da aka kada. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Hammah ya yi aure da yara uku.<ref name=":0" /> Shi Kirista ne (Masanin ilimin zamani).<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 1ypo5yyvra0j9p52ry4boy9jyi020uv 0 38914 906609 789708 2026-08-23T15:19:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Masawud Mohammed''' (an haife shi 1 ga watan Afrilun, Shekara ta 1971) ya kasance ɗan siyasan kasar [[Ghana]] ne kuma ɗan majalissa na bakwai na Jamhuriyyar ta huɗu a kasar [[Ghana]] mai wakiltar mazabar Pru ta Yamma a [[yankin Brong-Ahafo|yankin dake Brong-Ahafo]] akan tikitin jam'iyyar Democratic Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon. Masawud Mohammed |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=208 |access-date=3 August 2020 |publisher=Parliament of Ghana |archive-date=2 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302040300/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=208 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Mohammed, Alhaji Masawud |url=https://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5534 |access-date=2020-02-01 |website=GhanaMps. |archive-date=2020-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109132600/http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5534 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Shekarun farko da ilimi == An haifi Mohammed a ranar 1 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1971 a Prang a [[yankin Brong-Ahafo]]. Ya halarci [[Jami'ar Cape Coast]] kuma ya kammala karatun digiri da digiri na biyu a fannin Ilimi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ghana Parliament member Masawud Mohammed (Alhaji) |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/parliamentatian.php?ID=117 |access-date=2020-02-01 |website=GhanaWeb. }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":0"/> == Sana'a == Mohammed ya kasance ɗan majalisa mai wakiltar Pru West Constituency. Kafin wannan aiki ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin malami a [[Kwalejin Ilimi ta Atebubu]] sannan ya zama shugaban gundumar Pru.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":0"/> == Siyasa == Ya fara zama ɗan majalisa a shekarar 2013, mai wakiltar mazaɓar Pru West. A shekarar 2016, ya sake tsayawa takarar kujerar a babban zaɓen shekarar 2016 kuma ya yi nasara. Ya samu kuri'u 10,740 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 49.66% na yawan ƙuri'un da aka kada, don haka ya doke sauran 'yan takarar da suka haɗa da [[Stephen Jalulah|Stephen Pambiin Jalulah]], Eric Kwabena Asamoah da Akurugu Zakarai Atiah. <ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=Ghana Election 2016 Results - Pru West Constituency |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/brongahafo/278/index.php |access-date=2020-02-01 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM |archive-date=2020-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201064835/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/brongahafo/278/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0"/> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Mohammed musulmi ne. Yana da aure da ‘ya’ya huɗu. <ref name=":0"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] d17llk2nl9pshumhq2rpkq5eo7g7owr 0 38958 906584 581059 2026-08-23T13:47:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Martin Kwaku Adjei-Mensah Korsah''' (wanda aka fi sani da "''Nana Sɛmenhyia''" (Mai warware Matsala)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Coverghana.com.gh|date=2021-10-04|title=A glance of Martin Adjei-Mensah Korsah's achievements in a short period of tenure as MP|url=https://coverghana.com.gh/a-glance-of-martin-adjei-mensah-korsahs-achievements-in-a-short-period-of-tenure-as-mp-techiman-south-constituency/|access-date=2022-08-09|website=Coverghana.com.gh|language=en-US}}</ref> ɗan siyasan Ghana ne kuma memba na Majalisar Takwas na Jamhuriyyar Hudu ta Ghana mai wakiltar mazabar Techiman ta Kudu a yankin Bono Gabas akan tikitin New Patriotic Party.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=200|access-date=2022-08-09|website=www.parliament.gh|archive-date=2023-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328052405/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=200|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Adjei-Mensah, Korsah Martin|url=https://ghanamps.com/mp/martin-kwaku-adjei-mensah-korsah/|access-date=2022-08-09|website=Ghana MPS|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-07-19|title=NPP's new executives can lead the party to 'break the eight' - Adjei-Mensah Korsah - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/npps-new-crop-of-executives-can-lead-the-party-to-break-the-eight-adjei-mensah-korsah/|access-date=2022-08-09|website=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> A halin yanzu shi ne mataimakin ministan kananan hukumomi da raba gari da raya karkara.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Online|first=Peace FM|title=40 New Ministers Sworn In|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/202106/447465.php|access-date=2022-08-09|website=Peacefmonline.com - Ghana news|archive-date=2022-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809213307/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/202106/447465.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New minister of state, deputy ministers sworn into office|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/president-swears-in-minister-of-state-deputy-ministers.html|access-date=2022-08-09|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Korsah a ranar 12 ga Afrilu 1978 kuma ya fito ne daga Techiman a yankin Bono Gabas. Ya kammala karatunsa na SSSCE a shekarar 1998 inda ya karanta Government, History and Christian Religious Studies (C.R.S) . Ya kuma sami digirinsa na farko a fannin kimiyyar siyasa a shekarar 2005 daga Jami'ar Ghana.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Martin Adjei-Mensah Korsah, Biography|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Martin-Adjei-Mensah-Korsah-6283|access-date=2022-08-09|website=www.ghanaweb.com|archive-date=2023-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609072008/https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Martin-Adjei-Mensah-Korsah-6283|url-status=dead}}</ref> Daga nan ya samu digirinsa na biyu a fannin siyasa da huldar kasa da kasa a shekarar 2007.<ref name=":0" /> == Aiki == Korsah ya kasance kodinetan makarantar farko na GES. Ya kuma kasance shugaban majalisar Techiman Municipal.<ref name=":1" /> Ya kuma kasance Daraktan Zabe da Bincike na New Patriotic Party.<ref name=":0" /> === Aikin siyasa === Korsah dan jam’iyyar NPP ne kuma a halin yanzu dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Techiman ta kudu a yankin Bono ta gabas. A babban zaben Ghana na 2020, ya lashe kujerar majalisar dokoki da kuri'u 49,682 wanda ya samu kashi 50.24% na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada yayin da dan takarar majalisar dokokin kasar ta NDC Christopher Beyere Baasongti ya samu kuri'u 49,205 wanda ya samu kashi 49.76% na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Techiman South Summary - 2020 Elections|url=https://www.modernghana.com/ghanahome/ghanavotes/2020/result_constituency.asp?constituency_id=1580|access-date=2022-08-09|website=www.modernghana.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-30|title=BONO EAST REGION|url=https://elections.gna.org.gh/bono-east-region/|access-date=2022-08-09|website=Ghana News Agency|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129054946/https://elections.gna.org.gh/bono-east-region/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An nada shi mataimakin ministan kananan hukumomi da raba gari da raya karkara.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kpakpo|first=Jackson Odom|date=2021-06-11|title=Adjei-Mensah Korsah, Three Others To Be Vetted Today|url=https://wontumionline.com/adjei-mensah-korsah-three-others-to-be-vetted-today/|access-date=2022-08-09|website=Wontumi Online|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=See the deputy minister nominees by President Akufo-Addo|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/president-names-deputy-ministers-designate.html|access-date=2022-08-09|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> ==== Kwamitoci ==== Korsah memba ne na kwamitin majalisar kuma mamba ne a kwamitin harkokin kasashen waje.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/committees?com=24|access-date=2022-08-30|website=www.parliament.gh}}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ghana|first=ICT Dept. Office of Parliament|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/committees?com=16|access-date=2022-08-30|website=www.parliament.gh}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Korsah Kirista ne.<ref name=":0" /> == Tallafawa == A watan Fabrairun 2022, Korsah ya gabatar da busar da injinan dinki ga masu gyaran gashi da masu sana'a sama da 500 a Abanim, Ahenfi da kuma Dwomor duk a mazabar Techiman ta Kudu. Ya kuma bayar da buhunan siminti da tufafi da rufin rufi da kuma kudi ga al’ummar Musulmi mazauna Hansuwa da layin Hausa da layin Mamprusi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-22|title=Techiman South constituents receive massive support from MP|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Techiman-South-constituents-receive-massive-support-from-MP-1475198|access-date=2022-08-09|website=GhanaWeb|language=en|archive-date=2023-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331034441/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Techiman-South-constituents-receive-massive-support-from-MP-1475198|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Haihuwan 1978]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] fwbfapatg0186al7qx74wjz6t9znx5e 0 39167 906604 458098 2026-08-23T14:37:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mary Salifu Boforo''' (An haife ta 25 ga Fabrairu 1951) tsohuwar ‘yar majalisar dokokin Ghana ce, mai wakiltar mazabar Savelugu, a yankin Arewacin Ghana. Ta taba zama ‘yar majalisa daga 1996 zuwa 2017, amma ta sha kaye a zaben fidda gwani na takara a zaben 2016. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Mary Salifu Boforo a ranar 25 ga Fabrairun 1951 a Savelugu, a yankin Arewacin Ghana. Kafin ta zama ‘yar majalisa, ta mallaki gidan burodi da sana’ar noma; kuma ta yi aiki a harkar banki. Ta sami horon sana'a a Cibiyar Koyar da Sana'o'i ta ƙasa a 1972.<ref name="ghanamps">{{Cite web|url=http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=118|title=Boforo, Mary Salifu (Hajia)|website=Ghana MPs.gov.gh|accessdate=1 November 2016|archive-date=3 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403152758/http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=118|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ghanamps2">{{Cite web|url=http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=118|title=Boforo, Mary Salifu (Hajia)|website=Ghana MPs.gov.gh|accessdate=1 November 2016|archive-date=3 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403152758/http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=118|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwar Siyasa == Tun daga watan Janairun 1997, ta kasance ‘yar majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Savelugu. A cikin 2014, ta zama Mataimakin Shugaban Masu rinjaye na Farko. A halin yanzu ita ce ‘yar majalisar da ta fi dadewa, amma a shekarar 2016 a lokacin da take kokarin tantance mata a mazabarta a karo na shida, ta sha kaye a zaben fidda gwani a hannun Alhassan Abdulai Red. Hakan na nufin za ta bar majalisar ne a shekarar 2017. Ta yi tsokaci bayan kada kuri’ar cewa hakan na iya yin tasiri wajen danne ra’ayoyin mata a yankin Arewa.<ref name="ghanamps3">{{Cite web|url=http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=118|title=Boforo, Mary Salifu (Hajia)|website=Ghana MPs.gov.gh|accessdate=1 November 2016|archive-date=3 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403152758/http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=118|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="chron2">{{Cite news|url=http://thechronicle.com.gh/oldest-serving-woman-mp-fails-the-test/|title=Oldest Serving Woman MP Fails The Test|newspaper=The Chronicle|first=Edmond|last=Gyebi|date=23 November 2015|accessdate=1 November 2016|archive-date=30 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130091104/http://thechronicle.com.gh/oldest-serving-woman-mp-fails-the-test/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Boforo ta kasance mai bayar da shawara, mai karfi don karfafa al'amuran mata da yara yayinda ta yi aiki a kungiyar cigaban al'ummomin Ghana a matsayin jagorar mai ba da shawara kuma shugabar kungiyar mata 'yan majalisar dokokin Ghana. Ta shahara a Ghana bayan da ta buga wani rahoto a majalisar dokokin kasar wanda ya bayyana cewa "Yakin neman daidaito tsakanin maza da mata ya wuce shari'ar da aka yi don tabbatar da adalci a cikin al'umma amma a maimakon haka wani muhimmin hakkin Dan Adam wanda dole ne a same shi." Duk da cewa ta rasa kujerarta, ta bayar da shawarar bayar da gudummawar da mata za su taka wajen jagorancin Afirka ta Yamma, ta kuma ce abin da ta samu a yankinta, shaida ce da ke nuna mata za su iya inganta ababen more rayuwa don ci gaban al’umma.<ref name="chron3">{{Cite news|url=http://thechronicle.com.gh/oldest-serving-woman-mp-fails-the-test/|title=Oldest Serving Woman MP Fails The Test|newspaper=The Chronicle|first=Edmond|last=Gyebi|date=23 November 2015|accessdate=1 November 2016|archive-date=30 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130091104/http://thechronicle.com.gh/oldest-serving-woman-mp-fails-the-test/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Zaben 1996 == An fara zaben Boforo a matsayin majalisar dokoki ne a ranar 7 ga watan Janairun 1997 bayan da aka bayyana cewa ta yi nasara a babban zaben Ghana na shekarar 1996. Ta doke Alhassan Abudulai Abubakari na "New Patriotic Party" da Bawa Muhammed Baba na jam'iyyar "Convention People's Party" ta hanyar samun kashi 50.90% na adadin kuri'u da aka kada wanda ya yi daidai da kuri'u 14,971 yayinda takwarorinta suka samu kashi 19.00% da kashi 7.20% wanda ya yi daidai da 5,585. kuri'u da kuri'u 2,108 bi da bi. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Tana da aure da ‘ya’ya hudu. Boforo musulmi ne mai aiki da shi[.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/parliamentatian.php?ID=46|title=Ghana Parliament member Mary Salifu Boforo (Hajia)|publisher=GhanaWeb|accessdate=11 September 2016|archive-date=19 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919143016/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/parliamentatian.php?ID=46|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="chron4">{{Cite news|url=http://thechronicle.com.gh/oldest-serving-woman-mp-fails-the-test/|title=Oldest Serving Woman MP Fails The Test|newspaper=The Chronicle|first=Edmond|last=Gyebi|date=23 November 2015|accessdate=1 November 2016|archive-date=30 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130091104/http://thechronicle.com.gh/oldest-serving-woman-mp-fails-the-test/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1951]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] tgpz3gdc5mh6po9454nff7v84c9tsjw 0 42673 906889 837043 2026-08-24T06:06:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|Party of the Masses for Labour}} '''Party of the Masses for Labour((PML)''' ( {{Lang-fr|Parti des Masses pour le Travail}}, PMT-Albarka) jam'iyyar siyasa ce a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]]. == Tarihi == An kafa PML a ranar 8 ga Yuni 1992. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://anlcti.org/index.php?mact=Uploads,cntnt01,getfile,1&cntnt01upload_id=10&cntnt01returnid=19&page=19 Recherche sur l'existence d'un cadre legal pour l'exercice des activités des partis politiques dans la transparence: Le financement des partis politiques: Analyse critique de l'ordonnance n° 99-59 du 20 decembre 1999 portant charte des partis politiques] Transparency International</ref> A zaɓen 'yan majalisa na 1993 ta samu kashi 1.2% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa, inda ta kasa samun kujera a majalisar dokokin ƙasar. Haka kuma ta kasa samun kujeru a zaɓen 1995, amma ta samu kujeru biyu a zaɓen 1996 da manyan jam'iyyun adawa suka ƙauracewa zaɓen. <ref name="AED">[http://africanelections.tripod.com/ne.html Elections in Niger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309131323/http://africanelections.tripod.com/ne.html |date=2012-03-09 }} African Elections Database</ref> Jam'iyyar ta samu ƙuri'u 34 kacal a zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki na 1999, wanda ya sa ta rasa kujeru biyu. <ref>[http://www.globalelectionsdatabase.com/index.php/tables/index/niger/national-lower-house Niger - National Lower House Elections (1999)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127210046/http://www.globalelectionsdatabase.com/index.php/tables/index/niger/national-lower-house |date=2020-01-27 }} Global Elections Database</ref> A zaɓukan 2004 ta fafata da yankuna uku tare da ƙawance da Nigerien Alliance for Democracy and Progress, amma ta kasa samun kujera. <ref>[http://www.electionpassport.com/files/NE/NE.xlsx Niger] Election Passport</ref> Ta sake samun wakilcin majalisar ne a lokacin da ta samu kujeru guda a zaɓen 2009, wanda manyan 'yan adawa suka ƙauracewa zaɓen. <ref name="AED"/> Duk da haka, ba ta shiga zaɓen 2011 ba kuma Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta bayyana cewa ba ta cancanci shiga zaɓen 2016 ba. <ref>[http://cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_02_16_cc_me.pdf Arrête no 002/CC/ME] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208194918/http://www.cour-constitutionnelle-niger.org/documents/arrets/matiere_electorale/2016/arret_n_02_16_cc_me.pdf |date=2017-12-08 }} Constitutional Court</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} erk4qbkd163417tw0msfc99x1qeumnq 0 44811 906955 851311 2026-08-24T08:08:09Z Young ibskeed 46263 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|1 */ 906955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Kareena Kapoor Khan graces News24’s Jashn-E-Youngistan Awards 2018 (07).jpg|thumb|Kareena Kapoor yar wasan Film din indiya]] [[Fayil:Kareena Kapoor in 2018.jpg|thumb|Kareena Kapoor]] [[Fayil:Kareena Kapoor cropped.jpg|thumb|Kareena Kapoor]] [[Fayil:Kareena Kapoor in 2024.jpg|thumb|Kareena Kapoor]] [[Fayil:Kareena Kapoor Khan snapped at the PUMA store in Bandra.jpg|thumb|Kareena Kapoor]] [[Fayil:Globus Announces Kareena Kapoor As Brand Ambassador.jpg|thumb|Kareena Kapoor fitacciyar jaruma sannan kuma 'yar wasan barkwanci]] '''Kareena Kapoor khan''' (lafazi: [kəˈriːna kəˈpuːr xɑːn]; née Kapoor; an haife ta 21 Satumba 1980) yar wasan Indiya ce. Fitacciyar jarumar fina-finan Hindi tun daga shekarar 2000, an santa da rawar da ta taka a nau'ikan fina-finai da dama. Tun daga wasannin barkwanci zuwa wasan kwaikwayo.Kareena Kapoor ita ce wacce tafi samun lambobin yabo da dama, ciki har da lambar yabo ta Filmfare Awards guda shida, kuma har zuwa shekara ta 2024, tana daya daga cikin jaruman fina-finan Hindi da suka fi samun albashi<ref>"Exclusive: Jaw-Dropping star fees of Bollywood's leading ladies revealed - Deepika Padukone, Alia Bhatt and Kareena Kapoor are the highest paid actresses". ''Bollywood Hungama''. 23 July 2024. Archived from the original on 23 July 2024. Retrieved 23 July 2024</ref>. An haife ta a gidan Kapoor, diyar jarumai Babita da Randhir Kapoor ce, kuma kanwar jaruma Karisma Kapoor. Bayan ta fara wasan kwaikwayo a shekara ta 2000 a 'yan gudun hijira, Kapoor ya kafa kanta a shekara mai zuwa tare da ayyuka da yawa, ciki har da wasan kwaikwayo mafi girma Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham .... matsayin. Wasan kwaikwayon da bai dace ba a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jima'i a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na 2004 Chameli ya nuna sauyi a cikin aikinta. Ta sami karɓuwa mai mahimmanci don hotonta na wanda aka azabtar da shi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na 2004 Dev da kuma wani hali da ya danganci Desdemona a cikin fim ɗin laifi na 2006 Omkara. Ayyukan da ta yi a matsayin mace mai ƙwazo a cikin wasan barkwanci na soyayya Jab We Met (2007) ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Filmfare Award for Best Actress. Karin yabo ya zo don wasan kwaikwayo na ban mamaki a Kurbaan (2009), Talaash: Amsa Lies Inin, Heroine (duka 2012), Udta Punjab (2016) da Laal Singh Chaddha (2022). Fitowarta mafi girma da aka samu sun haɗa da wasan kwaikwayo-wasan kwaikwayo 3 Idiots (2009) da Bajrangi Bhaijaan (2015), fim ɗin Action Bodyguard (2011) da Singham Returns (2014), da kuma wasan barkwanci Golmaal 3 (2010) da Good Newwz (2019) . Ta kuma yi tauraro a cikin fina-finan barkwanci na mata Veere Di Wedding (2018) da Crew (2024). Kapoor Khan ta auri jarumi Saif Ali Khan, wanda take da ‘ya’ya biyu tare. Rayuwar ta a waje ita ce batun yaduwa a Indiya. An san ta da yin magana da faɗa kuma an santa da salon salonta. Bayan wasan kwaikwayo na fim, Kapoor yana shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na mataki, yana shirya wasan kwaikwayo na rediyo kuma ya ba da gudummawa a matsayin marubucin marubucin tarihin tarihin rayuwa guda biyu da littattafai guda biyu na jagororin abinci. Ta fara aikinta na sutura da kayan kwalliya na mata, kuma ta yi aiki da UNICEF tun 2014 don ba da shawara kan ilimin 'ya'ya mata da haɓaka ilimi mai inganci a Indiya<ref>Kapoor, Kareena (Actress) (10 September 2008). People take advantage of me: Kareena. Mumbai, India: Metacafe. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2010</ref>. == Farkon Rayuwar ta == An haife ta a ranar 21 ga Satumba 1980 a Bombay (yanzu Mumbai),<ref>Saini, Minakshi (18 September 2012). "Happy Birthday! How Kareena Kapoor made it big". ''Hindustan Times''. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2012.</ref> Kapoor (wadda galibi ana kiranta da 'Bebo') <ref>Verma, Sukanya (30 October 2002). "She is just a little girl trying to find her way". ''Rediff.com''. Archived from the original on 7 April 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2008</ref> ƙanwar Randhir Kapoor ce da Babita (née Shivdasani); <ref>"Star of The Week-Kareena Kapoor". ''Rediff.com''. 30 October 2002. Archived from the original on 30 June 2009. Retrieved 24 July 2008</ref> ƙanwarta Karisma kuma yar wasan kwaikwayo ce. Kapoor jika ce ga jarumi kuma mai shirya fina-finai Raj Kapoor, jikanyar jarumi Hari Shivdasani ta wajen uwa, kuma jikar mai shirya fina-finai Prithviraj Kapoor. Jaruman Rishi Kapoor da Neetu Kapoor kawun Kapoor ne, kuma yayarsu, sannan kuma dansu, Ranbir Kapoor, shi ma jarumi ne. A cewar Kapoor, sunanta "Kareena" ta samo asali ne daga littafin Anna Karenina, wanda mahaifiyarta ta karanta a lokacin da take dauke da juna biyu.<ref>"What's a book got to do with Kareena?". ''Bollywood Hungama''. 29 December 2004. Archived from the original on 29 June 2009. Retrieved 27 January 2007.</ref> Kapoor ‘yar asalin Punjabi ce a bangaren mahaifinta,<ref>Dhawan, M. L. (8 January 2006). "Punjabi colours of Bollywood". ''The Tribune''. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2010</ref> kuma a bangaren mahaifiyarta ita ‘yar kasar Sindhi ce kuma zuriyar Burtaniya ce<ref>Upala KBR (23 December 2008). "Saif to join girlfriend Kareena and her family for midnight mass". ''Mid-Day''. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2015</ref>. Da take bayyana kanta a matsayin shagwababbiya wadda bata jin magana, bayyanar da ta yi a fina-finai tun tana ƙarama ya sa ta fara sha'awar yin wasan kwaikwayo; Duk da asalin danginta, mahaifinta bai yarda da shigar mata a fim ba saboda ya yi imanin cewa hakan ya ci karo da al’adar mata na haihuwa da kuma nauyin da ke kan mata a cikin iyali.<ref>Chatterjee, Saibal; Deenvi, Gulzar; Nihalani, Govind (2003). Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema. Popular Prakashan. <nowiki>ISBN 978-81-7991-066-5</nowiki>.</ref>Wannan ya haifar da rikici tsakanin iyayenta kuma suka zauna dabam kafin su sasanta a watan Oktobar 2007.<ref>Lalwani, Vickey (10 October 2007). "Randhir-Babita back together!". ''The Times of India''. Archived from the original on 17 September 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2007.</ref>Mahaifiyarta ce ta rene ta, wadda ta yi ayyuka da yawa don tallafa wa ’ya’yanta mata har sai da Karisma ta fara fitowa a matsayin ‘yar wasan kwaikwayo a 1991.<ref name=":0">Thakraney, Anil (16 December 2007). "Bebo, Full-On". ''Mumbai Mirror''. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 27 December 2007.</ref> Duk da cewa mahaifinta ba ya halarta a yawancin kuruciyarta, Kapoor ta bayyana cewa ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwarta.<ref name=":0" /> Kapoor ta halarci makarantar Jamnabai Narsee a Mumbai, sai kuma makarantar ’yan mata ta Welham a Dehradun.<ref name=":1">Verma, Sukanya (18 May 2000). "I do not intend doing the David Dhawan kind of films". ''Rediff.com''. Archived from the original on 3 November 2006. Retrieved 21 October 2006</ref> Ta halarci makarantar da farko don gamsar da mahaifiyarta, kodayake daga baya ta yarda da son wannan ƙwarewar.<ref name=":2">Kapoor, Kareena (Actress) (10 September 2008). ''People take advantage of me: Kareena''. Mumbai, India: Metacafe. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2010.</ref> A cewar Kapoor, ba ta karkata ga masana ilimi duk da cewa ta sami maki mai kyau a duk azuzuwan ta in ban da lissafi.<ref name=":2" /> Bayan kammala karatunta a Welham, ta koma Mumbai kuma ta yi karatun kasuwanci na tsawon shekaru biyu a Kwalejin Mithibai.<ref name=":1" /> Daga nan Kapoor ta yi rajista don wani kwas na bazara na watanni uku a microcomputer a Harvard Summer School a Amurka.<ref name=":1" /> Daga baya ta sami sha'awar shari'a, kuma ta shiga Kwalejin Shari'a ta Gwamnati, Mumbai; a cikin wannan lokacin, ta sami sha'awar karatu mai ɗorewa<ref name=":1" />. Sai dai bayan ta kammala shekararta ta farko, ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da sha'awarta ta yin wasan kwaikwayo, duk da cewa daga baya ta yi nadamar rashin kammala karatun ta.<ref>Bhakoo, Shivani (17 December 2016). "I regret skipping education: Kareena Kapoor Khan". ''Deccan Chronicle''. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020.</ref> Ta fara horo a wata cibiya mai aiki da ke Mumbai wanda Kishore Namit Kapoor, memba ne na Cibiyar Fina-Finai da Talabijin ta Indiya ke jagoranta.<ref>Bhakoo, Shivani (11 August 2006). "Trainer of Saif, Hrithik in city". ''The Tribune''. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2006.</ref> == Rayuwa da Aiki == Yayin da take atisaye a cibiyar, an jefa ta a matsayin jagora a fim din Rakesh Roshan na ''Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai'' (2000), tare da Hrithik Roshan. Kwanaki da yawa da yin fim, ta yi watsi da shirin tunda an fi ba da fifiko ga ɗan darakta fiye da ita. Ta fara halarta daga baya a wannan shekarar tare da Abhishek Bachchan a cikin JP Dutta's Refuge. An kafa Kapoor a lokacin Yaƙin Indo-Pakistan na 1971, an gabatar da Kapoor a matsayin Naaz, 'yar Bangladesh, wacce halayen Bachchan ke soyayya da ita. Dutta ya jefa ta saboda haɗin samartaka da rashin laifi da ya samu a cikinta, kuma Kapoor ta ɗauki haɗin gwiwar su a matsayin ƙwarewar koyo wanda ya taimaka mata da kanta da kuma ƙwarewar ta.<ref>Mathur, Yashika (1 July 2017). "17 years of Refugee: JP Dutta reveals he used to stop Abhishek, Kareena from over eating". ''Hindustan Times''. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020</ref> Taran Adarsh ​​ta Bollywood Hungama ta lura da "sauƙin da take nuna mafi wahalar al'amuran",<ref>Adarsh, Taran (30 June 2000). "Movie Review: Refugee". ''Bollywood Hungama''. Archived from the original on 9 August 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2007</ref> kuma [[Indiya|India]] Today ta ruwaito cewa ta kasance cikin sabon nau'in 'yan wasan fina-finai na Hindi waɗanda suka rabu da halayen<ref>Chopra, Anupama (18 September 2000). "Sassy Sirens". ''India Today''. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2014</ref> 'Yar gudun hijira ta kasance matsakaiciyar nasara a akwatin ofishin a Indiya kuma aikin Kapoor ya ba ta kyautar Filmfare Award don Mafi kyawun halartan mata.<ref name=":3">"Kareena Kapoor: Box Office Details and Filmography". Box Office India. Archived from the original on 5 February 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2014</ref> Kapoor ta kasance tare da Tusshar Kapoor a cikin akwatin akwatin Satish Kaushik wanda ya buga ''Mujhe Kucch Kehna Hai'' (2001).<ref name=":3" />Wani bita a cikin ''The Hindu'' ya lura cewa bisa la'akari da fina-finanta na farko guda biyu, "tabbas ita ce 'yar wasan kwaikwayo da za ta fi daukar ido."<ref>Kamath, Sudhish (30 May 2001). "Stars and Starlets on the block". ''The Hindu''. Archived from the original on 26 February 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</ref>. Daga baya ta yi tauraruwa a cikin ''flop Yaadein na Subhash Ghai,'' sai kuma Abbas–Mustan mai matsakaicin nasara mai ban mamaki Ajnabee.<ref name=":3" /> Daga baya waccan shekarar, ta bayyana a zamanin Santosh Sivan almara Aśoka, wani ɗan tarihin almara na rayuwar Sarkin Indiya Ashoka. Ta kasance tare da Shah Rukh Khan, Kapoor ta sami kanta cikin ƙalubalen wasa mai rikitarwa na halinta Kaurwaki wanda Ashoka ke soyayya da ita.<ref>Khosla, Mukesh (2 June 2002). "Asoka revisited". ''Sunday Tribune''. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2014</ref> An nuna Aśoka a Venice da 2001 [[Toronto]] International Film Festivals, <ref>Chhabra, Aseem (24 October 2001). "Hype 'n' Hoopla". ''Rediff.com''. Archived from the original on 30 June 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2008.</ref> kuma ya sami kyakkyawan bita a duniya amma ya kasa yin kyau a Indiya, wanda masu suka suka danganta ga yadda aka kwatanta Ashoka.<ref>Geetanath, V (23 May 2002). "Keep date with Asoka". ''The Hindu''. Archived from the original on 26 February 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2014.</ref> Jeff Vice na The Deseret News ya yaba da kasancewar ta fuskar allo.<ref>Vice, Jeff (13 September 2002). "Film review: Asoka". ''The Deseret News''. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.</ref> A Filmfare Awards karo na 47, an zabi Aśoka don samun lambobin yabo guda biyar ciki har da fitacciyar jarumar fim ga Kapoor.<ref>"Kareena Kapoor: Awards & Nominations". ''Bollywood Hungama''. Archived from the original on 6 August 2010. Retrieved 23 July 2010</ref> Wani ci gaba a cikin rayuwar Kareena Kapoor ya zo ne a lokacin da Karan Johar ya jefa ta a matsayin ''Pooja'' ("Poo", yarinya mai kyau, kyakkyawa) a cikin 2001 melodrama ''Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham''....<ref>Tuteja, Joginder (31 August 2010). "Exploring 10 years journey of Kareena Kapoor — Part I". ''Bollywood Hungama''. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2013.</ref> Ta sami ɗan kamanni tsakaninta da halinta na "saman-sama", kuma ta tsara halayen Poo akan na Johar.<ref>"20 Years Of Kareena Kapoor Khan – The Actress On Her Top 5 Roles". Film Companion. 22 February 2020. Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.</ref> Yin fim ɗin, ya samar da babban kasafin kuɗi mai ɗimbin yawa.<ref>Masand, Rajeev (19 July 2007). "'I don't want to model my career on anyone'". ''News18''. Archived from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2013</ref> ''Kabhi'' ''Khushi Kabhie Gham''... ya kasance sanannen fim da ya fito sosai, wanda ya kare a matsayin fim na biyu mafi girma a Indiya a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Kapoor da ya fi samun kudi har zuwa wannan lokacin.<ref>"Box Office 2001". Box Office India. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2008.</ref> Ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin Bollywood a kowane lokaci a kasuwannin ketare, yana samun sama da ₹1 biliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 12) a duk duniya.<ref>Top Lifetime Grossers Worldwide (IND Rs)". Box Office India. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 16 September 2010.</ref> Taran Adarsh ​​ta bayyana Kapoor a matsayin "daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka fi daukar hankali a fim din", <ref>Adarsh, Taran (11 December 2001). "Movie Review: Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham". ''Bollywood Hungama''. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2007</ref> kuma ta sami nadin Filmfare na biyu don rawar-ta ta farko a matsayin Jaruma Mafi Taimakawa - da kuma nadi a Kwalejin Indiya ta Duniya (IIFA) da kuma Kyautar allon karramawa.<ref>"Kareena Kapoor: Awards & Nominations". ''Bollywood Hungama''. Archived from the original on 6 August 2010. Retrieved 23 July 2010.</ref> {{stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} d606imeexvelm74i93q4m90my1ci664 906958 906955 2026-08-24T08:14:22Z Young ibskeed 46263 /* */ 906958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Kareena Kapoor Khan graces News24’s Jashn-E-Youngistan Awards 2018 (07).jpg|thumb|Kareena Kapoor yar wasan Film din indiya]] [[Fayil:Kareena Kapoor in 2018.jpg|thumb|Kareena Kapoor]] [[Fayil:Kareena Kapoor cropped.jpg|thumb|Kareena Kapoor]] [[Fayil:Kareena Kapoor in 2024.jpg|thumb|Kareena Kapoor]] [[Fayil:Kareena Kapoor Khan snapped at the PUMA store in Bandra.jpg|thumb|Kareena Kapoor]] [[Fayil:Globus Announces Kareena Kapoor As Brand Ambassador.jpg|thumb|Kareena Kapoor fitacciyar jaruma sannan kuma 'yar wasan barkwanci]] '''Kareena Kapoor khan''' (lafazi: [kəˈriːna kəˈpuːr xɑːn]; née Kapoor; an haife ta 21 Satumba 1980) yar wasan Indiya ce. Fitacciyar jarumar fina-finan Hindi tun daga shekarar 2000, an santa da rawar da ta taka a nau'ikan fina-finai da dama. Tun daga wasannin barkwanci zuwa wasan kwaikwayo.Kareena Kapoor ita ce wacce tafi samun lambobin yabo da dama, ciki har da lambar yabo ta Filmfare Awards guda shida, kuma har zuwa shekara ta 2024, tana daya daga cikin jaruman fina-finan Hindi da suka fi samun albashi<ref>"Exclusive: Jaw-Dropping star fees of Bollywood's leading ladies revealed - Deepika Padukone, Alia Bhatt and Kareena Kapoor are the highest paid actresses". ''Bollywood Hungama''. 23 July 2024. Archived from the original on 23 July 2024. Retrieved 23 July 2024</ref>. An haife ta a gidan Kapoor, diyar jarumai Babita da Randhir Kapoor ce, kuma kanwar jaruma Karisma Kapoor. Bayan ta fara wasan kwaikwayo a shekara ta 2000 a 'yan gudun hijira, Kapoor ta kafa kanta a shekara mai zuwa tare da ayyuka da yawa, ciki har da wasan kwaikwayo mafi girma Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham .... matsayin. Wasan kwaikwayon da bai dace ba a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jima'i a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na 2004 Chameli ya nuna sauyi a cikin aikinta. Ta sami karɓuwa mai mahimmanci don hotonta na wanda aka azabtar da shi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na 2004 Dev da kuma wani hali da ya danganci Desdemona a cikin fim ɗin laifi na 2006 Omkara. Ayyukan da ta yi a matsayin mace mai ƙwazo a cikin wasan barkwanci na soyayya Jab We Met (2007) ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Filmfare Award for Best Actress. Karin yabo ya zo don wasan kwaikwayo na ban mamaki a Kurbaan (2009), Talaash: Amsa Lies Inin, Heroine (duka 2012), Udta Punjab (2016) da Laal Singh Chaddha (2022). Fitowarta mafi girma da aka samu sun haɗa da wasan kwaikwayo-wasan kwaikwayo 3 Idiots (2009) da Bajrangi Bhaijaan (2015), fim ɗin Action Bodyguard (2011) da Singham Returns (2014), da kuma wasan barkwanci Golmaal 3 (2010) da Good Newwz (2019) . Ta kuma yi tauraro a cikin fina-finan barkwanci na mata Veere Di Wedding (2018) da Crew (2024). Kapoor Khan ta auri jarumi Saif Ali Khan, wanda take da ‘ya’ya biyu tare. Rayuwar ta a waje ita ce batun yaduwa a Indiya. An san ta da yin magana da faɗa kuma an santa da salon salonta. Bayan wasan kwaikwayo na fim, Kapoor tana shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na mataki, tana shirya wasan kwaikwayo na rediyo kuma ta ba da gudummawa a matsayin marubucin tarihin rayuwa guda biyu da littattafai guda biyu na jagororin abinci. Ta fara aikinta na sutura da kayan kwalliya na mata, kuma ta yi aiki da UNICEF tun 2014 don ba da shawara kan ilimin 'ya'ya mata da haɓaka ilimi mai inganci a Indiya<ref>Kapoor, Kareena (Actress) (10 September 2008). People take advantage of me: Kareena. Mumbai, India: Metacafe. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2010</ref>. == Farkon Rayuwar ta == An haife ta a ranar 21 ga Satumba 1980 a Bombay (yanzu Mumbai),<ref>Saini, Minakshi (18 September 2012). "Happy Birthday! How Kareena Kapoor made it big". ''Hindustan Times''. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2012.</ref> Kapoor (wadda galibi ana kiranta da 'Bebo') <ref>Verma, Sukanya (30 October 2002). "She is just a little girl trying to find her way". ''Rediff.com''. Archived from the original on 7 April 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2008</ref> ƙanwar Randhir Kapoor ce da Babita (née Shivdasani); <ref>"Star of The Week-Kareena Kapoor". ''Rediff.com''. 30 October 2002. Archived from the original on 30 June 2009. Retrieved 24 July 2008</ref> ƙanwarta Karisma kuma yar wasan kwaikwayo ce. Kapoor jika ce ga jarumi kuma mai shirya fina-finai Raj Kapoor, jikanyar jarumi Hari Shivdasani ta wajen uwa, kuma jikar mai shirya fina-finai Prithviraj Kapoor. Jaruman Rishi Kapoor da Neetu Kapoor kawun Kapoor ne, kuma yayarsu, sannan kuma dansu, Ranbir Kapoor, shi ma jarumi ne. A cewar Kapoor, sunanta "Kareena" ta samo asali ne daga littafin Anna Karenina, wanda mahaifiyarta ta karanta a lokacin da take dauke da juna biyu.<ref>"What's a book got to do with Kareena?". ''Bollywood Hungama''. 29 December 2004. Archived from the original on 29 June 2009. Retrieved 27 January 2007.</ref> Kapoor ‘yar asalin Punjabi ce a bangaren mahaifinta,<ref>Dhawan, M. L. (8 January 2006). "Punjabi colours of Bollywood". ''The Tribune''. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2010</ref> kuma a bangaren mahaifiyarta ita ‘yar kasar Sindhi ce kuma zuriyar Burtaniya ce<ref>Upala KBR (23 December 2008). "Saif to join girlfriend Kareena and her family for midnight mass". ''Mid-Day''. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2015</ref>. Da take bayyana kanta a matsayin shagwababbiya wadda bata jin magana, bayyanar da ta yi a fina-finai tun tana ƙarama ya sa ta fara sha'awar yin wasan kwaikwayo; Duk da asalin danginta, mahaifinta bai yarda da shigar mata a fim ba saboda ya yi imanin cewa hakan ya ci karo da al’adar mata na haihuwa da kuma nauyin da ke kan mata a cikin iyali.<ref>Chatterjee, Saibal; Deenvi, Gulzar; Nihalani, Govind (2003). Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema. Popular Prakashan. <nowiki>ISBN 978-81-7991-066-5</nowiki>.</ref>Wannan ya haifar da rikici tsakanin iyayenta kuma suka zauna dabam kafin su sasanta a watan Oktobar 2007.<ref>Lalwani, Vickey (10 October 2007). "Randhir-Babita back together!". ''The Times of India''. Archived from the original on 17 September 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2007.</ref>Mahaifiyarta ce ta rene ta, wadda ta yi ayyuka da yawa don tallafa wa ’ya’yanta mata har sai da Karisma ta fara fitowa a matsayin ‘yar wasan kwaikwayo a 1991.<ref name=":0">Thakraney, Anil (16 December 2007). "Bebo, Full-On". ''Mumbai Mirror''. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 27 December 2007.</ref> Duk da cewa mahaifinta ba ya halarta a yawancin kuruciyarta, Kapoor ta bayyana cewa ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwarta.<ref name=":0" /> Kapoor ta halarci makarantar Jamnabai Narsee a Mumbai, sai kuma makarantar ’yan mata ta Welham a Dehradun.<ref name=":1">Verma, Sukanya (18 May 2000). "I do not intend doing the David Dhawan kind of films". ''Rediff.com''. Archived from the original on 3 November 2006. Retrieved 21 October 2006</ref> Ta halarci makarantar da farko don gamsar da mahaifiyarta, kodayake daga baya ta yarda da son wannan ƙwarewar.<ref name=":2">Kapoor, Kareena (Actress) (10 September 2008). ''People take advantage of me: Kareena''. Mumbai, India: Metacafe. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2010.</ref> A cewar Kapoor, ba ta karkata ga masana ilimi duk da cewa ta sami maki mai kyau a duk azuzuwan ta in ban da lissafi.<ref name=":2" /> Bayan kammala karatunta a Welham, ta koma Mumbai kuma ta yi karatun kasuwanci na tsawon shekaru biyu a Kwalejin Mithibai.<ref name=":1" /> Daga nan Kapoor ta yi rajista don wani kwas na bazara na watanni uku a microcomputer a Harvard Summer School a Amurka.<ref name=":1" /> Daga baya ta sami sha'awar shari'a, kuma ta shiga Kwalejin Shari'a ta Gwamnati, Mumbai; a cikin wannan lokacin, ta sami sha'awar karatu mai ɗorewa<ref name=":1" />. Sai dai bayan ta kammala shekararta ta farko, ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da sha'awarta ta yin wasan kwaikwayo, duk da cewa daga baya ta yi nadamar rashin kammala karatun ta.<ref>Bhakoo, Shivani (17 December 2016). "I regret skipping education: Kareena Kapoor Khan". ''Deccan Chronicle''. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020.</ref> Ta fara horo a wata cibiya mai aiki da ke Mumbai wanda Kishore Namit Kapoor, memba ne na Cibiyar Fina-Finai da Talabijin ta Indiya ke jagoranta.<ref>Bhakoo, Shivani (11 August 2006). "Trainer of Saif, Hrithik in city". ''The Tribune''. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2006.</ref> == Rayuwa da Aiki == Yayin da take atisaye a cibiyar, an jefa ta a matsayin jagora a fim din Rakesh Roshan na ''Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai'' (2000), tare da Hrithik Roshan. Kwanaki da yawa da yin fim, ta yi watsi da shirin tunda an fi ba da fifiko ga ɗan darakta fiye da ita. Ta fara halarta daga baya a wannan shekarar tare da Abhishek Bachchan a cikin JP Dutta's Refuge. An kafa Kapoor a lokacin Yaƙin Indo-Pakistan na 1971, an gabatar da Kapoor a matsayin Naaz, 'yar Bangladesh, wacce halayen Bachchan ke soyayya da ita. Dutta ya jefa ta saboda haɗin samartaka da rashin laifi da ya samu a cikinta, kuma Kapoor ta ɗauki haɗin gwiwar su a matsayin ƙwarewar koyo wanda ya taimaka mata da kanta da kuma ƙwarewar ta.<ref>Mathur, Yashika (1 July 2017). "17 years of Refugee: JP Dutta reveals he used to stop Abhishek, Kareena from over eating". ''Hindustan Times''. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020</ref> Taran Adarsh ​​ta Bollywood Hungama ta lura da "sauƙin da take nuna mafi wahalar al'amuran",<ref>Adarsh, Taran (30 June 2000). "Movie Review: Refugee". ''Bollywood Hungama''. Archived from the original on 9 August 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2007</ref> kuma [[Indiya|India]] Today ta ruwaito cewa ta kasance cikin sabon nau'in 'yan wasan fina-finai na Hindi waɗanda suka rabu da halayen<ref>Chopra, Anupama (18 September 2000). "Sassy Sirens". ''India Today''. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2014</ref> 'Yar gudun hijira ta kasance matsakaiciyar nasara a akwatin ofishin a Indiya kuma aikin Kapoor ya ba ta kyautar Filmfare Award don Mafi kyawun halartan mata.<ref name=":3">"Kareena Kapoor: Box Office Details and Filmography". Box Office India. Archived from the original on 5 February 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2014</ref> Kapoor ta kasance tare da Tusshar Kapoor a cikin akwatin akwatin Satish Kaushik wanda ya buga ''Mujhe Kucch Kehna Hai'' (2001).<ref name=":3" />Wani bita a cikin ''The Hindu'' ya lura cewa bisa la'akari da fina-finanta na farko guda biyu, "tabbas ita ce 'yar wasan kwaikwayo da za ta fi daukar ido."<ref>Kamath, Sudhish (30 May 2001). "Stars and Starlets on the block". ''The Hindu''. Archived from the original on 26 February 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2009.</ref>. Daga baya ta yi tauraruwa a cikin ''flop Yaadein na Subhash Ghai,'' sai kuma Abbas–Mustan mai matsakaicin nasara mai ban mamaki Ajnabee.<ref name=":3" /> Daga baya waccan shekarar, ta bayyana a zamanin Santosh Sivan almara Aśoka, wani ɗan tarihin almara na rayuwar Sarkin Indiya Ashoka. Ta kasance tare da Shah Rukh Khan, Kapoor ta sami kanta cikin ƙalubalen wasa mai rikitarwa na halinta Kaurwaki wanda Ashoka ke soyayya da ita.<ref>Khosla, Mukesh (2 June 2002). "Asoka revisited". ''Sunday Tribune''. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2014</ref> An nuna Aśoka a Venice da 2001 [[Toronto]] International Film Festivals, <ref>Chhabra, Aseem (24 October 2001). "Hype 'n' Hoopla". ''Rediff.com''. Archived from the original on 30 June 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2008.</ref> kuma ya sami kyakkyawan bita a duniya amma ya kasa yin kyau a Indiya, wanda masu suka suka danganta ga yadda aka kwatanta Ashoka.<ref>Geetanath, V (23 May 2002). "Keep date with Asoka". ''The Hindu''. Archived from the original on 26 February 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2014.</ref> Jeff Vice na The Deseret News ya yaba da kasancewar ta fuskar allo.<ref>Vice, Jeff (13 September 2002). "Film review: Asoka". ''The Deseret News''. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.</ref> A Filmfare Awards karo na 47, an zabi Aśoka don samun lambobin yabo guda biyar ciki har da fitacciyar jarumar fim ga Kapoor.<ref>"Kareena Kapoor: Awards & Nominations". ''Bollywood Hungama''. Archived from the original on 6 August 2010. Retrieved 23 July 2010</ref> Wani ci gaba a cikin rayuwar Kareena Kapoor ya zo ne a lokacin da Karan Johar ya jefa ta a matsayin ''Pooja'' ("Poo", yarinya mai kyau, kyakkyawa) a cikin 2001 melodrama ''Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham''....<ref>Tuteja, Joginder (31 August 2010). "Exploring 10 years journey of Kareena Kapoor — Part I". ''Bollywood Hungama''. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2013.</ref> Ta sami ɗan kamanni tsakaninta da halinta na "saman-sama", kuma ta tsara halayen Poo akan na Johar.<ref>"20 Years Of Kareena Kapoor Khan – The Actress On Her Top 5 Roles". Film Companion. 22 February 2020. Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.</ref> Yin fim ɗin, ya samar da babban kasafin kuɗi mai ɗimbin yawa.<ref>Masand, Rajeev (19 July 2007). "'I don't want to model my career on anyone'". ''News18''. Archived from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2013</ref> ''Kabhi'' ''Khushi Kabhie Gham''... ya kasance sanannen fim da ya fito sosai, wanda ya kare a matsayin fim na biyu mafi girma a Indiya a wannan shekara da kuma fim din Kapoor da ya fi samun kudi har zuwa wannan lokacin.<ref>"Box Office 2001". Box Office India. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2008.</ref> Ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin Bollywood a kowane lokaci a kasuwannin ketare, yana samun sama da ₹1 biliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 12) a duk duniya.<ref>Top Lifetime Grossers Worldwide (IND Rs)". Box Office India. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 16 September 2010.</ref> Taran Adarsh ​​ta bayyana Kapoor a matsayin "daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka fi daukar hankali a fim din", <ref>Adarsh, Taran (11 December 2001). "Movie Review: Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham". ''Bollywood Hungama''. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2007</ref> kuma ta sami nadin Filmfare na biyu don rawar-ta ta farko a matsayin Jaruma Mafi Taimakawa - da kuma nadi a Kwalejin Indiya ta Duniya (IIFA) da kuma Kyautar allon karramawa.<ref>"Kareena Kapoor: Awards & Nominations". ''Bollywood Hungama''. Archived from the original on 6 August 2010. Retrieved 23 July 2010.</ref> {{stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} exfodsm2r95p05p7zflxcsc26l41r3u 0 51775 906862 723088 2026-08-24T05:04:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Orji Uzor Kalu''' (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilu shekarar ta 1960) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne kuma ɗan kasuwa wanda shine Sanata mai wakiltar Abia ta Arewa Sanata, kuma yana aiki a matsayin Babban Mai Shari'a na Majalisar Dattawa.<ref>{{cite news|date=15 January 2022|title=How I became billionaire – Orji Uzor Kalu|work=[[Premium Times]]|last=Ukpong|first=Cletus|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/505865-how-i-became-billionaire-orji-uzor-kalu.html|access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref> Ya yi Gwamnan Jihar [[Abia]] daga ranar 29 ga watan Mayu na shekarar 1999 zuwa 29 ga Mayu shekarar 2007. Kalu shi ne shugaban SLOK Holding da jaridun ''Daily Sun'' da ''New Telegraph'' a [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/orji-uzor-kalu/|title=Orji Uzor Kalu|magazine=Forbes|access-date=10 February 2020}}</ref> Kafin zaɓensa, ya taɓa riƙe muƙamin shugaban hukumar ruwa ta Jihar [[Borno]] da kuma shugaban bankin Cooperative and Commerce Limited. Kalu ya kasance mamba a Ƙarƙashin jam’iyyar PDP da Progressive Peoples Alliance (PPA) da kuma shugaban kwamitin amintattu na PPA. Ya kasance ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar a zaɓen watan Afrilu na 2007. <ref name=bio>{{cite web|url=http://orjikalu.com/|title=Governor Orji Uzor Kalu|access-date=23 September 2024|website=Orjikalu.com}}</ref> A halin yanzu dai mamba ne a [[All Progressives Congress|jam’iyyar]] APC mai mulki bayan ya bayyana murabus dinsa a hukumance a matsayin shugaban PPA BOT. Orji Uzor Kalu ya tsaya takara a zaɓen Najeriya na shekarar ta 2019 don wakiltar al'ummar Abia ta Arewa a majalisar dattawa, inda ya tsaya a ƙarƙashin tutar jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress]] . Ya doke Sanata mai ci [[Mao Ohuabunwa]] da kuri’u sama da dubu goma 10,000.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/02/orji-kalu-wins-abia-north-seat-onyejiocha-wins-reps/|last=Okoli|first=Anayo|title=Orji Kalu wins Abia North seat, Onyejiocha wins Reps|date=24 February 2019|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=12 January 2022|title=2023: Orji Uzor Kalu wants Presidency zoned to South-East|url=https://guardian.ng/news/2023-orji-uzor-kalu-wants-presidency-zoned-to-south-east/|access-date=21 February 2022|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> == Fage == An haifi Orji Kalu ga dangin Mista Johnson Uzor Nesiegbe Kalu da Mrs Eunice Kalu.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ynaija.com/politico/i-was-also-the-first-to-give-obasanjo-n100m-to-campaign-during-the-1999-election-orji-uzor-kalu/|work=YNaija 2015|title="I was also the first to give Obasanjo N100m to campaign during the 1999 election" – Orji Uzor Kalu|date=19 May 2013|access-date=30 May 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706074523/http://ynaija.com/politico/i-was-also-the-first-to-give-obasanjo-n100m-to-campaign-during-the-1999-election-orji-uzor-kalu/|archive-date=6 July 2013}}</ref> Dala 35 kacal da sunan sa da ya aro daga mahaifiyarsa, Kalu ya fara cinikin dabino, inda ya fara sayan man daga yankunan gabacin [[Najeriya]], sannan ya sayar da shi a yankunan arewacin kasar. Daga nan sai ya fara saye da sake sayar da kayan ɗaki a sikeli maaii yawa. A ƙarshe Orji Kalu ya kafa SLOK Holding, kamfani wanda zai kunshi kamfanoni da dama da suka samu nasara, waɗanda suka haɗa da Ojialex Furniture kamfanin finiture SLOK Nigeria Limited, SLOK United Kingdom Limited, Adamawa Publishers Limited, SLOK Vegetable Oil, Aba, SLOK Paper Factory, Aba, SLOK United States Incorporated, SLOK [[Ghana]], [[Togo]], [[Cotonou]], [[Gini|Guinea]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Laberiya]], [[Botswana]], SLOK Korea, Supreme Oil Limited, SLOK Airlines, Sun Publishing Limited, da First International Bank Limited. Orji Kalu ya zama ɗan Najeriya mafi karancin shekaru da ya samu lambar yabo ta kasa daga shugaban kasa [[Ibrahim Babangida]], yana da shekaru 26 a duniya a shekarar ta1986. An zabe shi a matsayin gwarzon masana'antu na ƙungiyar 'yan kasuwa ta Najeriya, kuma ya ba shi lambar yabo ta jin kai na [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|jami'ar Najeriya, ƙungiyar agaji ta Nsukka]], lambar yabo ta ƙungiyar sa kai ta duniya, lambar yabo ta kasa, lambar yabo ta musamman ta [[Tarayyar Turai|EU]] . a Brussels, da kuma lambar yabo ta daga [[Bankin Duniya]] Leon Sullivan . == Ilimi == Orji Kalu Ya halarci Christ the King School Aba da Government College Umuahia . Bayan ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Barewa|Barewa College]], Zaria, ya shiga [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]] inda ya karanta kimiyyar siyasa. A lokacin da yake jami'a, Orji Kalu ya zama dan gwagwarmayar dalibai, kuma ya halarci tarzomar "Ali Must Go" a kan ministan ilimi. Shigarsa ya haifar da dakatar da shi. Yayin da 'yan uwansa dalibai daga baya suka kai karar hukumar makarantar, Orji Kalu ya bar makaranta don gina nasa kasuwanci. Orji Kalu ya yi digiri a Jami’ar Jihar [[Abia]], da takardar shaidar gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci daga Jami’ar Harvard da kuma digiri na girmamawa daga jami’o’in jihar [[Jami'ar Maiduguri|Maiduguri]] da [[Jihar Abia]] . == Asalin kamfani da siyasa == Orji Kalu ya shugabanci First International Bank Limited yana da shekaru 33. Ya kuma kula da huldar kasuwancin Najeriya da kamfanin SinoPacific Shipbuilding na kasar Sin, wato China a lokacin da yake rike da mukamin shugaban SLOK Holding. A ranar 11 ga watan Yuli, Shekarar ta 2007, [[Hukumar Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa|Hukumar Yaki da yi wa Tattalin Arzikin Kasa]] Ta’annati da Yiwa Tattalin Arzikin Kasa Ta’annati Ta Kama Kalu bisa zargin almundahana a lokacin da yake gwamnan [[jihar Abia]]. Daga baya an bayar da belinsa, kuma ya zargi gwamnatin Obasanjo da tsananta masa a lokacin da yake mulki da kuma bayansa, zargin da tsohon Jakadan Amurka a Najeriya John Campbell ya ambata a cikin littafinsa mai suna "Nigeria: Dancing on the Brink." Orji Kalu ya kasance mai goyon bayan shugaban ƙasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]], "aboki kuma uba, wanda ya cancanci duk goyon baya don ganin Ƙasar [[Najeriya]] ta inganta." == Jaridu == Orji Kalu shine shugaban jaridar ''Daily Sun'', jaridar Daily Nigerian da aka kafa kuma aka buga a Ikeja, [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]], Nigeria. Jaridar ta kasance tana rarraba kwafin 130,000 na yau da kullun kamar na Shekarar ta 2011, da 135,000 don taken ƙarshen mako, tare da matsakaicin tallace-tallace 80%. Jaridar ''Daily Sun'' ita ce ta fi kowace jarida siyar a Najeriya https://www.newspapers-list.com/nigeria/the-sun-nigeria.php {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307222008/https://www.newspapers-list.com/nigeria/the-sun-nigeria.php |date=2023-03-07 }} . An kafa jaridar ''Daily Sun'' a ranar 29 ga watan Maris shekarar ta 2001, kuma ta fara samarwa a matsayin Jarida ta mako-mako a ranar 18 ga watan Janairu shekarar ta 2003, kuma a matsayin jaridar yau da kullun a ranar 16 ga watan Yuni shekarar ta 2003. Jaridar tana kama da tsari da <nowiki><i id="mwbw">The Sun</i></nowiki> a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] . Orji Kalu kuma shine shugaban kamfanin ''New Telegraph'', tare da rarraba kwafin 100,000 kowace rana. Jaridar ta kai hari ga masu karatu na cikin gida da na waje a cikin manyan cibiyoyin birane a duk faɗin ƙasar kuma tana ba da cikakken labarin batutuwan siyasa, zamantakewa, zamantakewa da al'adu. == Njiko Igbo Movement == Orji Kalu yana da hannu tare da Njiko Igbo Movement, wanda manufarta ita ce ta taimaka wajen tabbatar da kujerar shugaban kasa ga dan [[Nijeriya]] ɗan asalin [[Igbo]]; dan kabilar Ibo ya rike mukamin shugaban kasa na tsawon watanni shida kacal tun bayan samun ‘yancin kai. Wannan yunƙuri yana da rassa da ƙungiyoyin tallafi a duk faɗin ƙasashen waje. Orji Kalu ya ƙaddamar da ƙungiyar ne tare da tsohon dan majalisar dattawan Najeriya [[Emmanuel Onwe]], mai kare hakkin dan adam Human Rights kuma lauya Ne tun da farko a ƙasar Burtaniya. == Hukunci == A ranar Alhamis, 5 ga watan Disamba na shekarar ta 2019, babbar kotun tarayya da ke Legas ta yanke wa Kalu hukuncin zaman gidan yari na shekaru 12 a kan N7.65.&nbsp;biliyan zamba. An same shi da laifin damfarar gwamnatin [[jihar Abia]] inda ya yi gwamna na tsawon shekaru 8 yana amfani da kamfanin sa na Slok Nijeriya Limited. Kwanaki bayan da kotu ta bayar da umarnin kwace kamfanin, hukumar da ke yaki da cin hanci da rashawa ta [[Najeriya]], Hukumar Yaƙi da yi wa Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasa Ta’annati, EFCC ta fara aikin rusa kamfanin Slok Nigeria Limited ciki har da The Sun Publishing Ltd wanda ba ya cikin tuhume-tuhumen. Don haka, Kamfanin The Sun Publishing Ltd ya garzaya wata babbar kotu da ke Legas domin ta yi masa fassarar hukuncin da aka yanke wa Orji Kalu da Slok Nigeria Limited da laifin neman kotu ta tilasta wa EFCC ta nisanta daga kamfanin The Sun Publishing Ltd tun da ba ta cikin shari’ar kotu. An tsare shi a gidan yarin Ikoyi da ke Legas. A watan Disamba ne Kalu ya shigar da ƙara a wata babbar kotu a Legas kafin a yanke hukuncin ɗaukaka ƙara kan hukuncin da aka yanke masa. A ranar 23 ga Disamba shekarar ta 2019 kotu ta yi watsi da bukatar belinsa saboda rashin cancanta. A ranar Juma’a 8 ga watan Mayun shekarar ta 2020 ne kotun kolin Najeriya ta yanke hukuncin cewa an gudanar da shari’arsa ba bisa ka’ida ba kuma ta sake shi daga gidan yari yayin da ta bayar da umarnin sake shari’ar. A safiyar Juma’a ne kotun kolin ta ɗauki hukuncin da aka yanke wa Mista Orji Kalu bai dace ba, ta kuma ba da umarnin a sake ci gaba da shari’ar, kamar yadda kafafen yada labarai da dama suka fito daga aga kotun. Wani kwamitin mutane bakwai na kotun ƙolin, a wani hukunci na bai daya da mai shari’a Ejembi Eko, ya yanke, ya bayyana cewa hukuncin ba shi da tushe balle makama, kamar yadda [[Gidan Telebijin Channels|gidan talabijin na Channels]] ta ruwaito a ranar Juma’a. A cewar rahoton, Mai shari’a Eko ya bayyana cewa mai shari’a Mohammed Idris, wanda ya samu Mista Kalu da laifi, ya riga ya zama mai shari’a na kotun ɗaukaka ƙara, a lokacin da ya yanke hukunci tare da yankewa Mista orjii Orji kaku Kalu da wanda ake tuhuma a matsayin alkali mai shari’a. Ya ci gaba da cewa mai shari’a na kotun daukaka kara ba zai iya aiki a matsayin alkali na babbar kotun tarayya ba, don haka ya umurci babban alkalin kotun tarayya da ya sake dage shari’ar. An saki Kalu daga hannun [[Nigerian Correctional Service|Hukumar Kula da Gyaran Najeriya]] Kuje a ranar Laraba ranar 3 ga Watan Yuni 2shekarar 2020. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Orji Kalu ya auri Madam Ifeoma Ada Menakaya a watan Disambar na shekarar ta 1989, kuma sun yi aure a mahaifarsa ta Igbere, jihar Abia. Yana da ‘ya’ya huɗu: Neya Uzor Kalu, Michael Uzor Kalu, Olivia Uzor Kalu da Nicole Uzor Kalu. == Tsarin lokaci == * 1999: An zaɓe shi a matsayin Gwamnan Jihar Abia a Jam’iyyar PDP. * 20shekarar03: An sake zabe shi a matsayin Gwamna. <ref name="travails" /> * 2006: Ya bar jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party (PDP) ya kuma kafa jam’iyyar Progressive People’s Alliance (PPA). <ref name="travails" /> * 2007: Ya yi takarar kujerar shugaban kasa a dandalin PPA. <ref name="travails" /> * 20shekarar07: An fara shari’ar cin hanci da rashawa kuma Hukumar Yaki da yi wa Tattalin Arziki Tu’annati (EFFC) ta kama shi a shekarar 2007. <ref name="travails" /> * 2011: Ya tsaya takarar Sanatan Abia ta Arewa a dandalin PPA. <ref name="travails" /> * 2012: Ya koma jam’iyyar PDP. <ref name="travails" /> * A shekarar2015: Daga baya ya koma jam’iyyar Progressive People’s Alliance (PPA) don tsayawa takarar Sanata. <ref name="travails" /> * 2016: Kotun koli ta ce ya kamata a gurfanar da shi a gaban kuliya, shekara tara kenan bayan yakar sa da EFCC. <ref name="travails" /> * 2016: Ya koma jam’iyyar siyasa ta All Progressives Congress (APC). <ref name="travails" /> * 2018: Sarkin Daura ya ba shi lakabi: Danbaiwan-Hausa (Gifted Son of Hausa Kingdom) a mahaifar shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari. <ref name="travails" /> * 2019: Ya tsaya takarar Sanatan jihar Abia kuma ya yi nasara. <ref name="travails" /> * A shekarar2019: An yanke masa hukunci kuma an daure shi na tsawon shekaru 12 saboda cin hanci da rashawa a watan Disamba 2019. <ref name="travails" /> * 2020: Kotun koli ta yanke hukunci a ranar Juma'a, 8 ga Mayu cewa an sake shi daga kurkuku. Kotun kolin kasar ta ba da umarnin sake shari'a. <ref name="travails" /> == Duba kuma == * Jerin Gwamnonin Jihar Abia == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} <references /> https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/391951-breaking-orji-kalu-released-from-prison.html == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.orjikalu.com/ Gidan yanar gizon yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa] * [https://www.nassnig.org/mps/senators Jerin sunayen Sanatocin Najeriya da aka zaba a 2019] {{Abia State National Assembly delegation}}{{Nigerian Senators of the 9th National Assembly}}{{AbiaStateGovernors}}{{Nigerian state governors 1999-2003 term}}{{Nigerian state governors 2003-2007 term}}{{2007 presidential election candidates, Nigeria}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1960]] bhbymqgcxjh1twqn6v2q3zb67qykh24 3 52717 906921 417121 2026-08-24T07:46:18Z 기나ㅏㄴ 17571 기나ㅏㄴ moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Jvlioart]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Sencientista]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Jvlioart|Jvlioart]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Sencientista|Sencientista]]" 275950 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Juliocesarprava! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Juliocesarprava|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 10 ga Yuli, 2023 (UTC) gsk0t6tuxekt9y4unkrqqxzgsnbgkoz 0 54069 906891 892562 2026-08-24T06:08:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pascal Amanfo''' Listenⓘ is a Nigerian [[Darakta|film director]], based primarily in the [[Sinima na Ghana|Ghana film industry]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-24 |title=Jeffrey Nortey Is A "Star"—Pascal Amanfo |url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/43364/jeffrey-nortey-is-a-starpascal-amanfo.html |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Amanfo ɗan asalin Awo Omamma ne a ƙaramar hukumar [[Oru ta Gabas|Oru ta gabas]] ta [[Imo|jihar Imo]], kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. Mahaifiyarsa ta fito ne daga ƙabilar [[Mutanen Esan|Esan]] ta [[Edo|jihar Edo]], yankin kudu maso kudu na Najeriya. <ref name="enco">{{Cite web |date=November 2015 |title=Why I reconciled with my wife after 8 months separation'- PASCAL AMANFO |url=http://encomium.ng/why-i-reconciled-with-my-wife-after-8-months-separation-pascal-amanfo/ |website=Enconium Magazine}}</ref> == Sana'a == A wata hira da aka yi da shi a shirin The Delay Show Ghana ''(2014),'' Amanfo ya bayyana jarumin da ya lashe kyautar [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|AMAA]], [[Adjetey Anang]] a matsayin "mafarkin kowane darakta", musamman saboda iyawarsa da kuma jajircewarsa ga aikin wasan kwaikwayo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maryan |first=Oteng |date=April 2014 |title=Pascal Amanfo Says Adjetey Anang Is Every Director's Dream Actor |url=http://www.ghanafilmindustry.com/pascal-amanfo-says-adjetey-anang-every-directors-dream-actor/ |website=Ghana Film Industry |access-date=2026-03-26 |archive-date=2023-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721120949/https://www.ghanafilmindustry.com/pascal-amanfo-says-adjetey-anang-every-directors-dream-actor/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2014, Pulse ta sanya shi a cikin manyan daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chidumga |first=Izuzu |date=May 2014 |title=Top Nollywood Movie Directors |url=http://www.pulse.ng/movies/legends-forever-top-nollywood-movie-directors-id2880002.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822221555/http://www.pulse.ng/movies/legends-forever-top-nollywood-movie-directors-id2880002.html |archive-date=2017-08-22 |access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref> A wata hira da ta yi da [[Vanguard (Nijeriya)|Vanguard (Nigeria)]] a shekarar 2014, jarumar [[Nollywood]], Sharon Francis ta bayyana Amanfo a matsayin mai ba da shawara, wanda ya cancanci yabo saboda koyarwarsa a kokarinta na zama fitaccen jarumi. Babbar jarumar 'yar Ghana, [[Yvonne Nelson|Yvonne Nelson,]] tana kuma magana kan gano ta da Amanfo ya kuma yi, ta bayyana cewa shi "daya ne daga cikin manyan daraktoci a Ghana" kuma yana da hanyar da zai sa yanayi mai wahala ya zama kamar ba shi da wahala ga ma'aikatan jirgin yayin da yake kan aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Benjamin |first=Njoku |date=2013 |title=Nigeria: I Wasn't Used and Dumped - Yvonne Nelson |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201307221050.html |access-date=2017-07-07 |website=allAfrica.com}}</ref> A shekarar 2011, Amanfo ya ba da umarni a shirin Single Six, wanda [[Yvonne Okoro]] da [[John Dumelo]] suka fito a ciki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mzbel's' Single Six movie premieres July 29 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/music/15660/3/mzbels-single-six-movie-premieres-july-29.html}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, Amanfo ya haifar da ruɗani a fina-finai a Najeriya da Ghana, lokacin da fim dinsa na Boko Haram ya fara. Daga baya hukumomin Ghana sun takaita fim ɗin kuma ya yi kasa a Najeriya duk da cewa an canza taken zuwa Nation under Siege. Amanfo ya fitar da wani tirela na Purple Rose (2014) wanda [[Nse Ikpe-Etim|Nse Ikpe Etim]] ya fito a ciki. Fim ɗin ya kuma yi magana ne game da rayuwar wani ɗan jarida mai son bincike. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nse Ikpe-Etim & Eddie Watson star in Pascal Amanfo's 'Purple Rose' {{!}} Watch the Trailer |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/02/nse-ikpe-etim-eddie-watson-star-in-pascal-amanfos-purple-rose-watch-the-trailer/}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, BellaNaija ta bayyana fim ɗin Amanfo mai suna If Tomorrow never Comes a matsayin wani ƙoƙari mai kyau idan aka kwatanta da fim ɗin da ya gabata. Ya yaba da fim ɗin sinima, tasirin gani da sauti da aka yi amfani da shi a fim ɗin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sodas and Popcorn |date=2015 |title=Sodas & Popcorn Movie Review: If Tomorrow Never Comes |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/07/sodas-popcorn-movie-review-if-tomorrow-never-comes/ |website=bellanaija}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Amanfo Kirista ne mai ibada. A shekarar 2015, ya kuma bayyana cewa zai mai da hankali kan rayuwa mai faranta wa Allah rai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=August 2015 |title=Pascal Amanfo runs to Christ: Dedicates life to him |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Pascal-Amanfo-runs-to-Christ-Dedicates-life-to-him-377740 |website=Ghana Web}}</ref> == Fim ɗin fim == * Birnin Sin (2019) * ''Gadon Wardi (2011)'' * ''Abubuwan da suka faru a Buɗe (2010)'' * ''Gudun Iyali'' * ''Stalemate'' (a matsayin furodusa) * ''Aurena na Ƙarshe'' (2009) * ''Ma'aikaciyar Kamfani'' (2008) * ''[[Single and Married|Marasa Aure da Ma'aurata]]'' (2012) * ''Wanna Be'' (2012) * ''Yadi a Kabari'' (2011) * ''Gidan Zinare (fim) (2013)'' * ''[[Nation Under Siege|Ƙasa a Ƙarƙashin Maƙiya]]'' (2013) * ''Wasiku Zuwa Ga Mahaifiyata'' * ''Sirrin Jima'i'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2017 |title=Pascal Amanfo releases "The mystery of sex" short film |url=https://www.newsghana.com.gh/pascal-amanfo-releases-the-mystery-of-sex-short-film/ |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Ghana}}</ref> * ''Furen Shuɗi'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nse Ikpe-Etim & Eddie Watson star in Pascal Amanfo's "Purple Rose" {{!}} Watch the Trailer - BellaNaija |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/02/nse-ikpe-etim-eddie-watson-star-in-pascal-amanfos-purple-rose-watch-the-trailer/ |access-date=2018-04-19 |website=www.bellanaija.com |language=en-US}}</ref> (2014) * ''Idan Gobe Ba Ta Zo Ba'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sodas & Popcorn Movie Review: If Tomorrow Never Comes - BellaNaija |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/07/sodas-popcorn-movie-review-if-tomorrow-never-comes/ |access-date=2018-04-19 |website=www.bellanaija.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Triniti (2010)'' * ''Boko Haram'' * ''Siyayya ga Miji'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chidunga |first=Izuzu |title=Watch movie review by Adenike Adebayo |url=http://www.pulse.ng/movies/husband-shopping-watch-movie-review-by-adenike-adebayo-id3471278.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619032125/http://www.pulse.ng/movies/husband-shopping-watch-movie-review-by-adenike-adebayo-id3471278.html |archive-date=2017-06-19 |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Pulse Ghana}}</ref> (2014) * ''Idan Kai Ne Nawa'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chidumga |first=Izuzu |title=Movie set to hit Ghana cinemas |url=http://www.pulse.ng/movies/if-you-were-mine-movie-set-to-hit-ghana-cinemas-id3472467.html |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Pulse Nigeria |archive-date=2016-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111193400/http://pulse.ng/movies/if-you-were-mine-movie-set-to-hit-ghana-cinemas-id3472467.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> (2014) * ''Stalmate'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2015 |title=Jackie Appiah, Van Vicker on set of Pascal Amanfo's new movie |url=http://www.pulse.com.gh/movies/stalemate-jackie-appiah-van-vicker-on-set-of-pascal-amanfos-new-movie-id3830879.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113093329/http://pulse.com.gh/movies/stalemate-jackie-appiah-van-vicker-on-set-of-pascal-amanfos-new-movie-id3830879.html |archive-date=2017-01-13 |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=Pulse}}</ref> * ''Guda Shida'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=July 2011 |title=Mzbel's' Single Six movie premieres July 29 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/music/15660/3/mzbels-single-six-movie-premieres-july-29.html |access-date=2017-07-06 |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> (2011) * ''[[40 Looks Good on You|40 Sun Yi Kyau a Gare Ka]]'' (2019) == Accolades == === Kyaututtukan Fina-finai na Ghana === * Kyautar Fina-Finan Ghana ta 2011 - Mafi Kyawun Darakta ( ''Ged of Roses'' ) - zaɓe <ref>{{Cite web |title=2011 Ghana Movie Awards winners list |url=http://omgghana.com/winners-of-the-2011-ghana-movie-awards/ |access-date=30 June 2014 |publisher=omgghana.com |archive-date=25 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125114739/https://www.hugedomains.com/domain_profile.cfm?d=omgghana&e=com |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ties That Bind sweeps Ghana Movie Awards |url=http://www.modernghana.com/music/16943/3/ties-that-bind-sweeps-ghana-movie-awards.html |access-date=30 June 2014 |publisher=modernghana.com}}</ref> * Kyautar Fina-finai ta Ghana ta 2012 - Mafi kyawun Darakta ( ''Marasa Aure da Ma'aurata'' ) - ya lashe <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana Movie Awards 2012 Nominees |url=http://www.informafrica.com/entertainment-africa/ghana-movie-awards-2012-nominees-announced/ |access-date=30 June 2014 |publisher=informafrica.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=2012 Ghana Movie Awards |url=http://ireporterstv.co/ghana-movie-awards-list-of-nominees/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714182929/http://ireporterstv.co/ghana-movie-awards-list-of-nominees/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=30 June 2014}}</ref> * Kyautar Fina-Finan Ghana ta 2013 - Mafi Kyawun Rubutu ( ''Gidan Zinare'' ) - zaɓe <ref>{{Cite web |title=Desmond Elliot nominated for 2013 Ghana Movie Awards |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2013/12/nominees-for-2013-ghana-movie-awardssmond-elliot-nominated-for-2013-ghana-movie-awards/ |access-date=1 July 2014 |publisher=360nobs.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=2013 Ghana Movie Awards Nominees |url=http://showbiz.peacefmonline.com/pages/movies/201312/182025.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714220646/http://showbiz.peacefmonline.com/pages/movies/201312/182025.php |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=1 July 2014 |publisher=showbiz.peacefmonline.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pick your Best Dressed at 2013 Ghana Movie Awards |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2013/12/31/pick-the-best-dressed-at-the-2013-ghana-movie-awards-in-accra-red-carpet-shots-of-yvonne-nelson-majid-michel-john-dumelo-monalisa-chinda-juliet-ibrahim-more-stars/ |access-date=1 July 2014 |publisher=bellanaija.com}}</ref> * Kyautar Fina-Finan Ghana ta 2013 - Mafi Kyawun Tsarin Shirya Fina-Finan ( ''Gidan Zinare'' ) - zaɓe * Kyautar Fina-finai ta Ghana ta 2014 - Mafi Kyawun Darakta ( ''Marar Aure, Mai Rikici'' ) - zaɓi * Kyautar Fina-Finan Ghana ta 2014 - Mafi Kyawun Rubutu ( ''Marar Aure, Mai Rikici da Rikici'' ) - zaɓe * Kyautar Fina-finan Ghana ta 2014 - Mafi kyawun Tsarin Shirya Fina-finai ( ''Mara aure, Mai aure da kuma Mai rikitarwa'' ) - zaɓi * [[2015 Ghana Movie Awards|Kyautar Fina-Finan Ghana ta 2015]] - Mafi Kyawun Darakta ( ''Idan Gobe Ba Ta Zo Ba'' ) - zaɓe * [[2015 Ghana Movie Awards|Kyautar Fina-Finan Ghana ta 2015]] - Mafi Kyawun Wasan Kwaikwayo ko Na Asali ( ''Idan Gobe Ba Ta Zo Ba'' ) - zaɓe === Kyaututtukan Fina-finai na Golden Icons Academy === * Kyautar Fina-Finan Golden Icons Academy ta 2012 - Mafi kyawun Wasan kwaikwayo na Asali ( ''Six Guda'' ) - zaɓi * Kyautar Fina-finai ta Golden Icons Academy ta 2012 - Mafi Kyawun Darakta (Zaɓin Masu Kallo) - zaɓe * Kyautar Fina-finai ta Golden Icons Academy ta 2013 - Mafi Kyawun Darakta ( ''House of Gold'' ) - zaɓe === Kyaututtukan Zaɓin Masu Kallon Afirka Magic === * [[2014 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓaɓɓun Masu Kallon Afirka ta 2014]] - Mafi Kyawun Marubuci ( ''Marasa Aure da Ma'aurata'' ) - zaɓe == Career == Babbar 'yar wasan Ghana, [[Yvonne Nelson]] tana magana game da cewa Amanfo ya gano shi, ya bayyana cewa shi "daya daga cikin manyan daraktoci a Ghana" kuma yana da hanyar yin yanayi mai wahala ya zama kamar ba tare da ƙoƙari ba ga membobin ma'aikata yayin da suke kan saiti.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Benjamin |first=Njoku |date=2013 |title=Nigeria: I Wasn't Used and Dumped - Yvonne Nelson |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201307221050.html |access-date=2017-07-07 |website=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-07-20 |title=I wasn't used and dumped - Yvonne Nelson - Vanguard News |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/07/i-wasnt-used-and-dumped-yvonne-nelson/ |access-date=2018-04-19 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref>. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Benjamin |first=Njoku |date=2013 |title=Nigeria: I Wasn't Used and Dumped - Yvonne Nelson |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201307221050.html |access-date=2017-07-07 |website=allAfrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-07-20 |title=I wasn't used and dumped - Yvonne Nelson - Vanguard News |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/07/i-wasnt-used-and-dumped-yvonne-nelson/ |access-date=2018-04-19 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'Yan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya|Jerin masu shirya fina-finan Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya|Jerin Daraktocin Fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb name|2479375}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 64ghejzl0gudfxyz9x43wtrmjnlri80 0 54423 906776 517560 2026-08-23T22:45:59Z Baffa ali 47435 906776 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Entrance of Owode Market in Offa, Ilorin.jpg|thumb|kasuwar owoede]] [[Fayil:Owode Garage Offa.jpg|thumb|owode kauye]] [[Fayil:A dusty road in Owode Yewa.jpg|thumb|Wani Tito mai kura a owede]] '''Owode''' wani kauye ne dake karamar hukumar Emure dake jihar [[Ekiti]], a [[Najeriya]]. <ref>"Polling Unit Locator Tool". Abuja, Nigeria: Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). December 28, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2019.</ref> Kasuwar tana aiki ne a matsayin babbar hanyar ci gaban tattalin arziki ga Offa da al'ummomin da ke kewaye da ita [1] gami da ƙauyukan da ke kusa da Ijagbo, Erin-ile, Ojoku, [2] Ikotun, Igosun, Ilemona, Irra, Inisha. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == n2h6cu1c3z9fmy7y3o8bknnedcrdk87 0 54701 906960 655537 2026-08-24T08:23:22Z Baffa ali 47435 906960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Richard Branson March 2015 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Branson]] [[Fayil:Adam Knight and Richard Branson Tennis on Necker Island.jpg|thumb|Richard Branson a tsakiya ]] '''Sir Richard Charles Nicholas Branson,''' sanannen dan kasuwar ƙasar birtaniya ne. Sir Richard Charles Nicholas Branson (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Yuli a shekarar 1950) ɗan kasuwan Ingilishi ne wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Virgin a cikin a shekarar 1970, kuma har zuwa shekarar 2016 yana sarrafa kamfanoni 5 da suka saura sau ɗaya fiye da 400.<ref>"London's 1000 most influential people 2010: Tycoons & Retailers". Evening Standard. 26 November 2010. Archived from the original on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2011.</ref> Branson ya bayyana burinsa na zama dan kasuwa tun yana matashi. Aikinsa na farko na kasuwanci, yana dan shekara 16, wata mujalla ce mai suna Student. A cikin shekara ta 1970, ya kafa kasuwancin rikodin oda. Ya buɗe jerin shagunan rikodin, Virgin Records-daga baya aka sani da Virgin Megastores-a cikin shekarar 1972. Alamar Virgin ta Branson ta girma cikin sauri a cikin shekarar 1980s, yayin da ya fara kamfanin jirgin sama na Virgin Atlantic kuma ya faɗaɗa alamar kiɗan Virgin Records. A cikin shekarar 1997, Branson ya kafa kungiyar Virgin Rail Group don yin tayin neman ikon mallakar layin dogo na fasinja a lokacin da aka keɓance na jirgin ƙasa na Biritaniya. Alamar Virgin Trains ta yi amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da sunan InterCity West Coast daga shekarar 1997 zuwa shekarar 2019, da InterCity CrossCountry ikon amfani da ikon amfani da sunan kamfani daga shekarar 1997 zuwa shekarar 2007, da ikon amfani da sunan InterCity East Coast daga shekarar 2015 zuwa shekarar 2018. A cikin shekarar 2004, ya kafa kamfanin jirgin sama na Virgin Galactic, wanda ya dogara da Mota. Tashar sararin samaniya a California, wanda aka sani don SpaceShipTwo jirgin sama na karkashin kasa da aka kera don yawon bude ido a sararin samaniya A cikin Maris ɗin shekarar 2000, an yi wa Branson sarauta a Fadar Buckingham don "sabis na kasuwanci".<ref>"Virgin tycoon is knighted". BBC News. 3 January 2016. Archived from the original on 9 January 2003. Retrieved 15 January 2011.  </ref> Saboda aikin da ya ke yi na sayar da kayayyaki, da kide-kide, da sufuri, da ɗanɗanonsa na kasada, da ayyukan jin kai, ya zama fitaccen mutum a duniya.<ref>Barling, Julian. The Sage Handbook of Organizational Behavior: Volume Two: Macro Approaches. Sage. p. 383. </ref><ref>"Thirty of the very best of British". The Daily Telegraph. 13 November 2016. Archived from the original on 9 April 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2007, an sanya shi a cikin Time 100 Mafi Tasirin Mutane a Duniya. A cikin watan Yuni a shekarar 2023, Forbes ya jera ƙimancin ƙimar Branson akan dalar Amurka biliyan 3.<ref>"Richard Branson". Forbes. Archived from the original on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2021.</ref> A ranar 11 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2021, Branson ya yi tafiya a matsayin fasinja a kan Virgin Galactic Unity 22 a gefen sararin samaniya, wani jirgin gwaji na yanki don kamfanin jirgin sama na Virgin Galactic.<ref>Chang, Kenneth (11 July 2021). "Branson Completes Virgin Galactic Flight, Aiming to Open Up Space Tourism". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 12 July 2021.</ref><ref>Chow, Denise (20 July 2021). "Amazon's Jeff Bezos makes history with all-civilian suborbital flight". NBC News. Retrieved 21 July 2021.  </ref> Aikin ya dauki kusan awa daya, inda ya kai kololuwar tsayin mil 53.5 (kilomita 86.1). Yana da shekaru 70, Branson ya zama mutum na uku mafi tsufa da ya tashi zuwa sararin samaniya.<ref>Kurkowski, Seth (11 July 2021). "Live Blog: Virgin Galactic to launch Richard Branson and Unity22 crew to space". Space Explored. Retrieved 19 July 2021.</ref> == Rayuwar farko == Richard Charles Nicholas Branson an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Yuli shekarar 1950<ref>"Branson, Sir Richard (Charles Nicholas)". Who's Who. Vol. 2014 (online Oxford University Press ed.). A & C Black. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)</ref><ref>"Famous birthdays for July 18: Vin Diesel, Kristen Bell". United Press International. 18 July 2019. Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2019.</ref> a Blackheath, Royal Borough na Greenwich, London, ɗan Edward James Branson ( daga shekarar 1918 – zuwa shekarar 2011), barrister, da matarsa ​​​​Ette Huntley Branson (née Flindt). ; daga shekarar 1924– har zuwa shekara ta 2021), tsohon dan wasan ballet kuma uwar gida. Yana da kanne mata biyu, Lindy da Vanessa.<ref>Businessman Richard Branson in 1950 (age 69)  "Edward Branson". The Daily Telegraph. London. 8 May 2011. Archived from the original on 8 April 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018. – "Births", The Times, 12 July 1950, p. 1</ref> Kakansa, Sir George Arthur Harwin Branson, ya kasance alƙali na Babban Kotun Shari'a kuma ɗan Majalisa mai zaman kansa.<ref>"Forthcoming Marriages", The Times, 22 June 1949, p. 7.</ref> Kakan kakan Branson, John Edward Branson, ya bar Ingila zuwa Indiya a shekarar 1793; Mahaifin John Edward, Harry Wilkins Branson, daga baya ya shiga dansa a Madras. Tun daga shekarar 1793, tsararraki huɗu na dangin Branson sun zauna a Indiya, galibi a Cuddalore, a Tamil Nadu na zamani. A kan nunin Neman Tushenku, an nuna Branson yana da DNA na 3.9% na Kudancin Asiya (Indiya), mai yiwuwa ta hanyar auratayya. Daga baya, ya bayyana cewa daya daga cikin kakanin kakansa ita ce Indiyawa mai suna Ariya.<ref>"Billionaire Richard Branson Reveals India Connection In Insta Post". NDTV.com. 12 December 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2020.  </ref> Branson ya sami ilimi a Makarantar Scaitcliffe, makarantar share fage a Surrey, kafin ya je makarantar Cliff View House a ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin Sussex.<ref name=":0">Richard Branson. "At school I was dyslexic and a dunce.", The Times, London, 11 September 1998, p. 19  "Famous Dyslexics: Richard Branson (entrepreneur)". Defeat Dyslexia. 9 July 2015.</ref> Ya halarci makarantar Stowe, makaranta mai zaman kanta a Buckinghamshire har zuwa shekara goma sha shida <ref name=":0" />. Branson yana da dyslexia, kuma yana da ƙarancin aikin ilimi; a ranarsa ta ƙarshe a makaranta, shugabansa, Robert Drayson, ya gaya masa cewa zai ƙare a kurkuku ko kuma ya zama miloniya.<ref name=":0" /> Branson ya kuma yi magana a fili game da ciwon ADHD.<ref>"Learn About the Stories of 8 of the World's Most Successful People with ADHD". University of the People. 22 January 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2022.</ref> Iyayen Branson sun kasance masu goyon bayan ƙoƙarinsa tun yana ƙarami.<ref>Shavinina, Larisa V. (December 2006). "Micro-social factors in the development of entrepreneurial giftedness: the case of Richard Branson". High Ability Studies. 17 (2): 225–235. doi:10.1080/13598130601121482. ISSN 1359-8139. S2CID 145055396.</ref> Mahaifiyarsa yar kasuwa ce; daya daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu shine ginawa da sayar da akwatunan katako da kwandon shara.<ref>Branson, Richard (2014). The Virgin Way: Everything I know about leadership. New York: Portfolio/Penguin.  "Famous faces who took rent-free route". The Guardian. 21 July 1999. Archived from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018.</ref> A Landan, ya fara tsugunne daga shekarar 1967 zuwa shekara ta 1968.<ref>"Famous faces who took rent-free route". The Guardian. 21 July 1999. Archived from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018.</ref> Branson bai yarda da Allah ba.<ref>"Top 10 Most Famous Atheists in the World". 3 May 2016.</ref> Ya ce a cikin wata hira da ya yi da Piers Morgan na CNN a shekarar 2011 cewa ya yi imani da juyin halitta da kuma muhimmancin kokarin jin kai amma ba a cikin samuwar Allah ba. "Zan so in yi imani," in ji shi. "Yana da ban sha'awa sosai a yi imani"<ref>"Famous atheists and their beliefs". CNN. 26 May 2013.</ref>. == Farkon sana'ar kasuwanci == Bayan yunƙurin girma da sayar da bishiyar Kirsimeti da budgerigars, Branson ya ƙaddamar da wata mujalla mai suna Student a shekarar 1966 tare da Nik Powell. Fitowar ɗalibi ta farko ta bayyana a cikin watan Janairu a shekarar 1968, kuma shekara guda bayan haka, an ƙiyasta ƙimar Branson akan £50,000. Ofishin kasuwancin yana cikin crypt of St. John's Church, kusa da Bayswater Road, a Landan.<ref>"How an Anglican Church Bootstrapped Virgin Records". www.garlandpollard.com. Retrieved 13 August 2021.</ref> Ko da yake ba a fara samun nasara kamar yadda yake fata ba, daga baya mujallar ta zama muhimmin sashi na kasuwancin rikodin wasiku da Branson ya fara daga majami'ar da ya yi amfani da shi na Student. Branson ya yi amfani da mujallar don tallata shahararrun albam, yana yin tallace-tallacen rikodin sa.<ref>Russell, Mallory (21 April 2012). "Richard Branson's Fails: 14 Virgin Companies That Went Bust". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2014.  </ref> Ya yi hira da fitattun mutane na ƙarshen 1960s don mujallar ciki har da Mick Jagger da R. D. Laing.<ref name=":1">Branson, Richard (2011). Losing My Virginity. Ebury Publishing. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1446483343</nowiki>.</ref> Branson ya karɓi cikakken jagorancin ɗalibi bayan ya yi nasarar yi wa Powell ƙarya cewa ma'aikatan mujallar sun yi adawa da shirin Powell na juya mujallar zuwa haɗin gwiwa.<ref>Johnson, Kieron. "Richard Branson: Your business will fail unless you know your customers and 'experience their pain'". Business Insider.  </ref> Kasuwancin sa ya sayar da bayanan ƙasa da kantunan "High Street", musamman sarƙar WHSmith. Branson ya taba cewa, “Babu ma’ana a fara sana’ar ku sai dai idan kun yi ta ne saboda bacin rai.” A lokacin, ana sayar da kayayyaki da yawa a karkashin yarjejeniyoyin tallace-tallace masu takaitawa wadanda suka takaita rangwame, duk da kokarin da aka yi a shekarun 1958 da1960s don iyakance kiyaye farashin dillali.<ref>Richard Branson – Losing my Virginity</ref> A ƙarshe Branson ya fara shagon rikodin a Oxford Street a London. A cikin shekara ta 1971, an yi masa tambayoyi dangane da siyar da bayanan da aka ayyana hannun jari. Ba a taba gabatar da lamarin gaban kotu ba saboda Branson ya amince ya biya duk wani harajin sayan da ba a biya ba na kashi 33% da kuma tarar Fam 70,000. Iyayensa sun sake ba da jinginar gidan iyali don taimakawa wajen biyan kuɗin.<ref name=":1" /> {{Stub}}{{Stub}}{{Stub}}{{Stub}}{{Stub}}{{Stub}}{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1950]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] he90j61429xtmccbgtprj6js6ddaix6 906965 906960 2026-08-24T08:26:17Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Farkon sana'ar kasuwanci */ 906965 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Richard Branson March 2015 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Branson]] [[Fayil:Adam Knight and Richard Branson Tennis on Necker Island.jpg|thumb|Richard Branson a tsakiya ]] '''Sir Richard Charles Nicholas Branson,''' sanannen dan kasuwar ƙasar birtaniya ne. Sir Richard Charles Nicholas Branson (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Yuli a shekarar 1950) ɗan kasuwan Ingilishi ne wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Virgin a cikin a shekarar 1970, kuma har zuwa shekarar 2016 yana sarrafa kamfanoni 5 da suka saura sau ɗaya fiye da 400.<ref>"London's 1000 most influential people 2010: Tycoons & Retailers". Evening Standard. 26 November 2010. Archived from the original on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2011.</ref> Branson ya bayyana burinsa na zama dan kasuwa tun yana matashi. Aikinsa na farko na kasuwanci, yana dan shekara 16, wata mujalla ce mai suna Student. A cikin shekara ta 1970, ya kafa kasuwancin rikodin oda. Ya buɗe jerin shagunan rikodin, Virgin Records-daga baya aka sani da Virgin Megastores-a cikin shekarar 1972. Alamar Virgin ta Branson ta girma cikin sauri a cikin shekarar 1980s, yayin da ya fara kamfanin jirgin sama na Virgin Atlantic kuma ya faɗaɗa alamar kiɗan Virgin Records. A cikin shekarar 1997, Branson ya kafa kungiyar Virgin Rail Group don yin tayin neman ikon mallakar layin dogo na fasinja a lokacin da aka keɓance na jirgin ƙasa na Biritaniya. Alamar Virgin Trains ta yi amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da sunan InterCity West Coast daga shekarar 1997 zuwa shekarar 2019, da InterCity CrossCountry ikon amfani da ikon amfani da sunan kamfani daga shekarar 1997 zuwa shekarar 2007, da ikon amfani da sunan InterCity East Coast daga shekarar 2015 zuwa shekarar 2018. A cikin shekarar 2004, ya kafa kamfanin jirgin sama na Virgin Galactic, wanda ya dogara da Mota. Tashar sararin samaniya a California, wanda aka sani don SpaceShipTwo jirgin sama na karkashin kasa da aka kera don yawon bude ido a sararin samaniya A cikin Maris ɗin shekarar 2000, an yi wa Branson sarauta a Fadar Buckingham don "sabis na kasuwanci".<ref>"Virgin tycoon is knighted". BBC News. 3 January 2016. Archived from the original on 9 January 2003. Retrieved 15 January 2011.  </ref> Saboda aikin da ya ke yi na sayar da kayayyaki, da kide-kide, da sufuri, da ɗanɗanonsa na kasada, da ayyukan jin kai, ya zama fitaccen mutum a duniya.<ref>Barling, Julian. The Sage Handbook of Organizational Behavior: Volume Two: Macro Approaches. Sage. p. 383. </ref><ref>"Thirty of the very best of British". The Daily Telegraph. 13 November 2016. Archived from the original on 9 April 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2007, an sanya shi a cikin Time 100 Mafi Tasirin Mutane a Duniya. A cikin watan Yuni a shekarar 2023, Forbes ya jera ƙimancin ƙimar Branson akan dalar Amurka biliyan 3.<ref>"Richard Branson". Forbes. Archived from the original on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2021.</ref> A ranar 11 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2021, Branson ya yi tafiya a matsayin fasinja a kan Virgin Galactic Unity 22 a gefen sararin samaniya, wani jirgin gwaji na yanki don kamfanin jirgin sama na Virgin Galactic.<ref>Chang, Kenneth (11 July 2021). "Branson Completes Virgin Galactic Flight, Aiming to Open Up Space Tourism". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 12 July 2021.</ref><ref>Chow, Denise (20 July 2021). "Amazon's Jeff Bezos makes history with all-civilian suborbital flight". NBC News. Retrieved 21 July 2021.  </ref> Aikin ya dauki kusan awa daya, inda ya kai kololuwar tsayin mil 53.5 (kilomita 86.1). Yana da shekaru 70, Branson ya zama mutum na uku mafi tsufa da ya tashi zuwa sararin samaniya.<ref>Kurkowski, Seth (11 July 2021). "Live Blog: Virgin Galactic to launch Richard Branson and Unity22 crew to space". Space Explored. Retrieved 19 July 2021.</ref> == Rayuwar farko == Richard Charles Nicholas Branson an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Yuli shekarar 1950<ref>"Branson, Sir Richard (Charles Nicholas)". Who's Who. Vol. 2014 (online Oxford University Press ed.). A & C Black. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)</ref><ref>"Famous birthdays for July 18: Vin Diesel, Kristen Bell". United Press International. 18 July 2019. Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2019.</ref> a Blackheath, Royal Borough na Greenwich, London, ɗan Edward James Branson ( daga shekarar 1918 – zuwa shekarar 2011), barrister, da matarsa ​​​​Ette Huntley Branson (née Flindt). ; daga shekarar 1924– har zuwa shekara ta 2021), tsohon dan wasan ballet kuma uwar gida. Yana da kanne mata biyu, Lindy da Vanessa.<ref>Businessman Richard Branson in 1950 (age 69)  "Edward Branson". The Daily Telegraph. London. 8 May 2011. Archived from the original on 8 April 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018. – "Births", The Times, 12 July 1950, p. 1</ref> Kakansa, Sir George Arthur Harwin Branson, ya kasance alƙali na Babban Kotun Shari'a kuma ɗan Majalisa mai zaman kansa.<ref>"Forthcoming Marriages", The Times, 22 June 1949, p. 7.</ref> Kakan kakan Branson, John Edward Branson, ya bar Ingila zuwa Indiya a shekarar 1793; Mahaifin John Edward, Harry Wilkins Branson, daga baya ya shiga dansa a Madras. Tun daga shekarar 1793, tsararraki huɗu na dangin Branson sun zauna a Indiya, galibi a Cuddalore, a Tamil Nadu na zamani. A kan nunin Neman Tushenku, an nuna Branson yana da DNA na 3.9% na Kudancin Asiya (Indiya), mai yiwuwa ta hanyar auratayya. Daga baya, ya bayyana cewa daya daga cikin kakanin kakansa ita ce Indiyawa mai suna Ariya.<ref>"Billionaire Richard Branson Reveals India Connection In Insta Post". NDTV.com. 12 December 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2020.  </ref> Branson ya sami ilimi a Makarantar Scaitcliffe, makarantar share fage a Surrey, kafin ya je makarantar Cliff View House a ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin Sussex.<ref name=":0">Richard Branson. "At school I was dyslexic and a dunce.", The Times, London, 11 September 1998, p. 19  "Famous Dyslexics: Richard Branson (entrepreneur)". Defeat Dyslexia. 9 July 2015.</ref> Ya halarci makarantar Stowe, makaranta mai zaman kanta a Buckinghamshire har zuwa shekara goma sha shida <ref name=":0" />. Branson yana da dyslexia, kuma yana da ƙarancin aikin ilimi; a ranarsa ta ƙarshe a makaranta, shugabansa, Robert Drayson, ya gaya masa cewa zai ƙare a kurkuku ko kuma ya zama miloniya.<ref name=":0" /> Branson ya kuma yi magana a fili game da ciwon ADHD.<ref>"Learn About the Stories of 8 of the World's Most Successful People with ADHD". University of the People. 22 January 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2022.</ref> Iyayen Branson sun kasance masu goyon bayan ƙoƙarinsa tun yana ƙarami.<ref>Shavinina, Larisa V. (December 2006). "Micro-social factors in the development of entrepreneurial giftedness: the case of Richard Branson". High Ability Studies. 17 (2): 225–235. doi:10.1080/13598130601121482. ISSN 1359-8139. S2CID 145055396.</ref> Mahaifiyarsa yar kasuwa ce; daya daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu shine ginawa da sayar da akwatunan katako da kwandon shara.<ref>Branson, Richard (2014). The Virgin Way: Everything I know about leadership. New York: Portfolio/Penguin.  "Famous faces who took rent-free route". The Guardian. 21 July 1999. Archived from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018.</ref> A Landan, ya fara tsugunne daga shekarar 1967 zuwa shekara ta 1968.<ref>"Famous faces who took rent-free route". The Guardian. 21 July 1999. Archived from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018.</ref> Branson bai yarda da Allah ba.<ref>"Top 10 Most Famous Atheists in the World". 3 May 2016.</ref> Ya ce a cikin wata hira da ya yi da Piers Morgan na CNN a shekarar 2011 cewa ya yi imani da juyin halitta da kuma muhimmancin kokarin jin kai amma ba a cikin samuwar Allah ba. "Zan so in yi imani," in ji shi. "Yana da ban sha'awa sosai a yi imani"<ref>"Famous atheists and their beliefs". CNN. 26 May 2013.</ref>. == Farkon sana'ar kasuwanci == Bayan yunƙurin girma da sayar da bishiyar Kirsimeti da budgerigars, Branson ya ƙaddamar da wata mujalla mai suna Student a shekarar 1966 tare da Nik Powell. Fitowar ɗalibi ta farko ta bayyana a cikin watan Janairu a shekarar 1968, kuma shekara guda bayan haka, an ƙiyasta ƙimar Branson akan £50,000. Ofishin kasuwancin yana cikin crypt of St. John's Church, kusa da Bayswater Road, a Landan.<ref>"How an Anglican Church Bootstrapped Virgin Records". www.garlandpollard.com. Retrieved 13 August 2021.</ref> Ko da yake ba a fara samun nasara kamar yadda yake fata ba, daga baya mujallar ta zama muhimmin sashi na kasuwancin rikodin wasiku da Branson ya fara daga majami'ar da ya yi amfani da shi na Student. Branson ya yi amfani da mujallar don tallata shahararrun albam, yana yin tallace-tallacen rikodin sa.<ref>Russell, Mallory (21 April 2012). "Richard Branson's Fails: 14 Virgin Companies That Went Bust". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2014.  </ref> Ya yi hira da fitattun mutane na ƙarshen 1960s don mujallar ciki har da Mick Jagger da R. D. Laing.<ref name=":1">Branson, Richard (2011). Losing My Virginity. Ebury Publishing. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1446483343</nowiki>.</ref> Branson ya karɓi cikakken jagorancin ɗalibi bayan ya yi nasarar yi wa Powell ƙarya cewa ma'aikatan mujallar sun yi adawa da shirin Powell na juya mujallar zuwa haɗin gwiwa.<ref>Johnson, Kieron. "Richard Branson: Your business will fail unless you know your customers and 'experience their pain'". Business Insider.  </ref> Kasuwancin sa ya sayar da bayanan ƙasa da kantunan "High Street", musamman sarƙar WHSmith. Branson ya taba cewa, “Babu ma’ana a fara sana’ar ku sai dai idan kun yi ta ne saboda bacin rai.” A lokacin, ana sayar da kayayyaki da yawa a karkashin yarjejeniyoyin tallace-tallace masu takaitawa wadanda suka takaita rangwame, duk da kokarin da aka yi a shekarun 1958 da1960s don iyakance kiyaye farashin dillali.<ref>Richard Branson – Losing my Virginity</ref> A ƙarshe Branson ya fara shagon rikodin a Oxford Street a London. A cikin shekara ta 1971, an yi masa tambayoyi dangane da siyar da bayanan da aka ayyana hannun jari. Ba a taba gabatar da lamarin gaban kotu ba saboda Branson ya amince ya biya duk wani harajin sayan da ba a biya ba na kashi 33% da kuma tarar Fam 70,000. Iyayensa sun sake ba da jinginar gidan iyali don taimakawa wajen biyan kuɗin.<ref name=":1" /> A cikin 1972, ta amfani da kuɗin da aka samu daga kantin sayar da rikodin sa, Branson ya ƙaddamar da lakabin rikodin Virgin Records tare da Powell. Sunan "Virgin" ya ba da shawarar ne daga ɗayan ma'aikatan Branson na farko saboda dukansu sababbi ne ga kasuwanci.[1] Branson ya sayi wani yanki na ƙasa a arewacin Oxford inda ya shigar da ɗakin rikodin zama, The Manor Studio . [2] Ya ba da hayar lokacin studio ga masu zane-zane, ciki har da mai kida da yawa Mike Oldfield, wanda kundi na farko, Tubular Bells (1973), shine saki na farko ga Virgin Records kuma ya zama mafi kyawun kantin sayar da zane.[3] {{Stub}}{{Stub}}{{Stub}}{{Stub}}{{Stub}}{{Stub}}{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1950]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 7v8iuee4ejjex9htldiasy3sao6hydn 906966 906965 2026-08-24T08:30:08Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Farkon sana'ar kasuwanci */ 906966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Richard Branson March 2015 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Branson]] [[Fayil:Adam Knight and Richard Branson Tennis on Necker Island.jpg|thumb|Richard Branson a tsakiya ]] '''Sir Richard Charles Nicholas Branson,''' sanannen dan kasuwar ƙasar birtaniya ne. Sir Richard Charles Nicholas Branson (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Yuli a shekarar 1950) ɗan kasuwan Ingilishi ne wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Virgin a cikin a shekarar 1970, kuma har zuwa shekarar 2016 yana sarrafa kamfanoni 5 da suka saura sau ɗaya fiye da 400.<ref>"London's 1000 most influential people 2010: Tycoons & Retailers". Evening Standard. 26 November 2010. Archived from the original on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2011.</ref> Branson ya bayyana burinsa na zama dan kasuwa tun yana matashi. Aikinsa na farko na kasuwanci, yana dan shekara 16, wata mujalla ce mai suna Student. A cikin shekara ta 1970, ya kafa kasuwancin rikodin oda. Ya buɗe jerin shagunan rikodin, Virgin Records-daga baya aka sani da Virgin Megastores-a cikin shekarar 1972. Alamar Virgin ta Branson ta girma cikin sauri a cikin shekarar 1980s, yayin da ya fara kamfanin jirgin sama na Virgin Atlantic kuma ya faɗaɗa alamar kiɗan Virgin Records. A cikin shekarar 1997, Branson ya kafa kungiyar Virgin Rail Group don yin tayin neman ikon mallakar layin dogo na fasinja a lokacin da aka keɓance na jirgin ƙasa na Biritaniya. Alamar Virgin Trains ta yi amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da sunan InterCity West Coast daga shekarar 1997 zuwa shekarar 2019, da InterCity CrossCountry ikon amfani da ikon amfani da sunan kamfani daga shekarar 1997 zuwa shekarar 2007, da ikon amfani da sunan InterCity East Coast daga shekarar 2015 zuwa shekarar 2018. A cikin shekarar 2004, ya kafa kamfanin jirgin sama na Virgin Galactic, wanda ya dogara da Mota. Tashar sararin samaniya a California, wanda aka sani don SpaceShipTwo jirgin sama na karkashin kasa da aka kera don yawon bude ido a sararin samaniya A cikin Maris ɗin shekarar 2000, an yi wa Branson sarauta a Fadar Buckingham don "sabis na kasuwanci".<ref>"Virgin tycoon is knighted". BBC News. 3 January 2016. Archived from the original on 9 January 2003. Retrieved 15 January 2011.  </ref> Saboda aikin da ya ke yi na sayar da kayayyaki, da kide-kide, da sufuri, da ɗanɗanonsa na kasada, da ayyukan jin kai, ya zama fitaccen mutum a duniya.<ref>Barling, Julian. The Sage Handbook of Organizational Behavior: Volume Two: Macro Approaches. Sage. p. 383. </ref><ref>"Thirty of the very best of British". The Daily Telegraph. 13 November 2016. Archived from the original on 9 April 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2007, an sanya shi a cikin Time 100 Mafi Tasirin Mutane a Duniya. A cikin watan Yuni a shekarar 2023, Forbes ya jera ƙimancin ƙimar Branson akan dalar Amurka biliyan 3.<ref>"Richard Branson". Forbes. Archived from the original on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2021.</ref> A ranar 11 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2021, Branson ya yi tafiya a matsayin fasinja a kan Virgin Galactic Unity 22 a gefen sararin samaniya, wani jirgin gwaji na yanki don kamfanin jirgin sama na Virgin Galactic.<ref>Chang, Kenneth (11 July 2021). "Branson Completes Virgin Galactic Flight, Aiming to Open Up Space Tourism". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 12 July 2021.</ref><ref>Chow, Denise (20 July 2021). "Amazon's Jeff Bezos makes history with all-civilian suborbital flight". NBC News. Retrieved 21 July 2021.  </ref> Aikin ya dauki kusan awa daya, inda ya kai kololuwar tsayin mil 53.5 (kilomita 86.1). Yana da shekaru 70, Branson ya zama mutum na uku mafi tsufa da ya tashi zuwa sararin samaniya.<ref>Kurkowski, Seth (11 July 2021). "Live Blog: Virgin Galactic to launch Richard Branson and Unity22 crew to space". Space Explored. Retrieved 19 July 2021.</ref> == Rayuwar farko == Richard Charles Nicholas Branson an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Yuli shekarar 1950<ref>"Branson, Sir Richard (Charles Nicholas)". Who's Who. Vol. 2014 (online Oxford University Press ed.). A & C Black. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)</ref><ref>"Famous birthdays for July 18: Vin Diesel, Kristen Bell". United Press International. 18 July 2019. Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2019.</ref> a Blackheath, Royal Borough na Greenwich, London, ɗan Edward James Branson ( daga shekarar 1918 – zuwa shekarar 2011), barrister, da matarsa ​​​​Ette Huntley Branson (née Flindt). ; daga shekarar 1924– har zuwa shekara ta 2021), tsohon dan wasan ballet kuma uwar gida. Yana da kanne mata biyu, Lindy da Vanessa.<ref>Businessman Richard Branson in 1950 (age 69)  "Edward Branson". The Daily Telegraph. London. 8 May 2011. Archived from the original on 8 April 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018. – "Births", The Times, 12 July 1950, p. 1</ref> Kakansa, Sir George Arthur Harwin Branson, ya kasance alƙali na Babban Kotun Shari'a kuma ɗan Majalisa mai zaman kansa.<ref>"Forthcoming Marriages", The Times, 22 June 1949, p. 7.</ref> Kakan kakan Branson, John Edward Branson, ya bar Ingila zuwa Indiya a shekarar 1793; Mahaifin John Edward, Harry Wilkins Branson, daga baya ya shiga dansa a Madras. Tun daga shekarar 1793, tsararraki huɗu na dangin Branson sun zauna a Indiya, galibi a Cuddalore, a Tamil Nadu na zamani. A kan nunin Neman Tushenku, an nuna Branson yana da DNA na 3.9% na Kudancin Asiya (Indiya), mai yiwuwa ta hanyar auratayya. Daga baya, ya bayyana cewa daya daga cikin kakanin kakansa ita ce Indiyawa mai suna Ariya.<ref>"Billionaire Richard Branson Reveals India Connection In Insta Post". NDTV.com. 12 December 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2020.  </ref> Branson ya sami ilimi a Makarantar Scaitcliffe, makarantar share fage a Surrey, kafin ya je makarantar Cliff View House a ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin Sussex.<ref name=":0">Richard Branson. "At school I was dyslexic and a dunce.", The Times, London, 11 September 1998, p. 19  "Famous Dyslexics: Richard Branson (entrepreneur)". Defeat Dyslexia. 9 July 2015.</ref> Ya halarci makarantar Stowe, makaranta mai zaman kanta a Buckinghamshire har zuwa shekara goma sha shida <ref name=":0" />. Branson yana da dyslexia, kuma yana da ƙarancin aikin ilimi; a ranarsa ta ƙarshe a makaranta, shugabansa, Robert Drayson, ya gaya masa cewa zai ƙare a kurkuku ko kuma ya zama miloniya.<ref name=":0" /> Branson ya kuma yi magana a fili game da ciwon ADHD.<ref>"Learn About the Stories of 8 of the World's Most Successful People with ADHD". University of the People. 22 January 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2022.</ref> Iyayen Branson sun kasance masu goyon bayan ƙoƙarinsa tun yana ƙarami.<ref>Shavinina, Larisa V. (December 2006). "Micro-social factors in the development of entrepreneurial giftedness: the case of Richard Branson". High Ability Studies. 17 (2): 225–235. doi:10.1080/13598130601121482. ISSN 1359-8139. S2CID 145055396.</ref> Mahaifiyarsa yar kasuwa ce; daya daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu shine ginawa da sayar da akwatunan katako da kwandon shara.<ref>Branson, Richard (2014). The Virgin Way: Everything I know about leadership. New York: Portfolio/Penguin.  "Famous faces who took rent-free route". The Guardian. 21 July 1999. Archived from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018.</ref> A Landan, ya fara tsugunne daga shekarar 1967 zuwa shekara ta 1968.<ref>"Famous faces who took rent-free route". The Guardian. 21 July 1999. Archived from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018.</ref> Branson bai yarda da Allah ba.<ref>"Top 10 Most Famous Atheists in the World". 3 May 2016.</ref> Ya ce a cikin wata hira da ya yi da Piers Morgan na CNN a shekarar 2011 cewa ya yi imani da juyin halitta da kuma muhimmancin kokarin jin kai amma ba a cikin samuwar Allah ba. "Zan so in yi imani," in ji shi. "Yana da ban sha'awa sosai a yi imani"<ref>"Famous atheists and their beliefs". CNN. 26 May 2013.</ref>. == Farkon sana'ar kasuwanci == Bayan yunƙurin girma da sayar da bishiyar Kirsimeti da budgerigars, Branson ya ƙaddamar da wata mujalla mai suna Student a shekarar 1966 tare da Nik Powell. Fitowar ɗalibi ta farko ta bayyana a cikin watan Janairu a shekarar 1968, kuma shekara guda bayan haka, an ƙiyasta ƙimar Branson akan £50,000. Ofishin kasuwancin yana cikin crypt of St. John's Church, kusa da Bayswater Road, a Landan.<ref>"How an Anglican Church Bootstrapped Virgin Records". www.garlandpollard.com. Retrieved 13 August 2021.</ref> Ko da yake ba a fara samun nasara kamar yadda yake fata ba, daga baya mujallar ta zama muhimmin sashi na kasuwancin rikodin wasiku da Branson ya fara daga majami'ar da ya yi amfani da shi na Student. Branson ya yi amfani da mujallar don tallata shahararrun albam, yana yin tallace-tallacen rikodin sa.<ref>Russell, Mallory (21 April 2012). "Richard Branson's Fails: 14 Virgin Companies That Went Bust". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2014.  </ref> Ya yi hira da fitattun mutane na ƙarshen 1960s don mujallar ciki har da Mick Jagger da R. D. Laing.<ref name=":1">Branson, Richard (2011). Losing My Virginity. Ebury Publishing. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1446483343</nowiki>.</ref> Branson ya karɓi cikakken jagorancin ɗalibi bayan ya yi nasarar yi wa Powell ƙarya cewa ma'aikatan mujallar sun yi adawa da shirin Powell na juya mujallar zuwa haɗin gwiwa.<ref>Johnson, Kieron. "Richard Branson: Your business will fail unless you know your customers and 'experience their pain'". Business Insider.  </ref> Kasuwancin sa ya sayar da bayanan ƙasa da kantunan "High Street", musamman sarƙar WHSmith. Branson ya taba cewa, “Babu ma’ana a fara sana’ar ku sai dai idan kun yi ta ne saboda bacin rai.” A lokacin, ana sayar da kayayyaki da yawa a karkashin yarjejeniyoyin tallace-tallace masu takaitawa wadanda suka takaita rangwame, duk da kokarin da aka yi a shekarun 1958 da1960s don iyakance kiyaye farashin dillali.<ref>Richard Branson – Losing my Virginity</ref> A ƙarshe Branson ya fara shagon rikodin a Oxford Street a London. A cikin shekara ta 1971, an yi masa tambayoyi dangane da siyar da bayanan da aka ayyana hannun jari. Ba a taba gabatar da lamarin gaban kotu ba saboda Branson ya amince ya biya duk wani harajin sayan da ba a biya ba na kashi 33% da kuma tarar Fam 70,000. Iyayensa sun sake ba da jinginar gidan iyali don taimakawa wajen biyan kuɗin.<ref name=":1" /> A cikin 1972, ta amfani da kuɗin da aka samu daga kantin sayar da rikodin sa, Branson ya ƙaddamar da lakabin rikodin Virgin Records tare da Powell. Sunan "Virgin" ya ba da shawarar ne daga ɗayan ma'aikatan Branson na farko saboda dukansu sababbi ne ga kasuwanci.[1] Branson ya sayi wani yanki na ƙasa a arewacin Oxford inda ya shigar da ɗakin rikodin zama, The Manor Studio . [2] Ya ba da hayar lokacin studio ga masu zane-zane, ciki har da mai kida da yawa Mike Oldfield, wanda kundi na farko, Tubular Bells (1973), shine saki na farko ga Virgin Records kuma ya zama mafi kyawun kantin sayar da zane.[3] Budurwa ta sanya hannu kan ƙungiyoyi masu rikitarwa kamar su Sex Pistols, waɗanda wasu kamfanoni ba sa son sanya hannu. Virgin Records za ta ci gaba da sanya hannu kan wasu masu fasaha ciki har da Rolling Stones, Peter Gabriel, XTC, Japan, UB40, Steve Winwood da Paula Abdul, kuma su zama babbar lakabin rikodin mai zaman kanta a duniya.[1] Har ila yau, ya sami yabo don fallasa jama'a ga irin wannan sanannen kiɗa na avant-garde kamar na ƙungiyar Jamusanci Faust da Can. Virgin Records kuma ta gabatar da Kungiyar Al'adu ga duniyar kiɗa. {{Stub}}{{Stub}}{{Stub}}{{Stub}}{{Stub}}{{Stub}}{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1950]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] gi0bkdt0kd9baim7d3eltscpgl7m0jk 0 54964 906652 546460 2026-08-23T18:52:53Z Zahrah0 14848 906652 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hussaina Abdullahi''' jaruma ce a masana'antar fim ta [[Hausa]] wato [[Kannywood|kanniwud]] ta Dan jima a masana'antar tare da yar uwarta Mai suna hassana, tayi fina finai da dama a masana'antar tare da yar uwarta.<ref>https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/daily-trust-saturday/20160123/281702613727649</ref> == Tarihi == Hussaina Abdullahi Haifaffiyar [[Jihar Kano]] ce a Unguwa uku Karamar hukumar [[Tarauni]] an haife ta a ranar 20 ga watan fabrairu shekara ta alif 1995 ita da yar uwarta, ta girma da yar uwarta a cikin garin Kano anan sukai karatu a gaban iyayensu, daga baya suka shigo masana'antar fim ta Hausa wato kanniwud. == Karatu == Hussaina tayi karatun firamare a makarantar unguwa uku special primary school, daga Nan tayi karatun sakandiri a makarantar government girls secondary school Johanna, Bayan ta gama ta shiga kwaleji ta hygiene ta Kano inda tayi difloma ta gama a shekarar 2014.<ref>https://hausa.legit.ng/1145901-kannywood-yadda-wasu-tagwaye-ke-sharar-fage-a-shirin-fim.html</ref>daga nan ta shigo Masana'antar fim ta Hausa kanniwud. == Masana,antar Fim == Hussaina ta shiga masana'antar Kannywood tare da yar uwarta a shekarar 2013 ta hanyar abokin ta wanda darakta ne a masana'antar, ta fara da zuwa kallon yadda ake fim ne daga Nan suka fara fitowa a fim.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/fa5d58a509c261d8fcc10e9e38aa96ce |access-date=2023-07-30 |archive-date=2023-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730155954/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/fa5d58a509c261d8fcc10e9e38aa96ce |url-status=dead }}</ref> ta fito a fina finai da dama kuma tafi fito wa tare da yar uwarta. == Aure == Jarumar ba tayi aure ba<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-wont-wait-for-my-twins-if-i-get-suitor-hassana-musa-abdullahi/</ref> a halin yanzu bakuma ta taba yin aure ba . == Fina Finan Ta == * Mairon kauye * Juyin Mulki * rikita rikita * Duk mace mace ce * fitsarin fako * Ibro Dan karota * Hanyar Kano == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar kano]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1995]] 4enulyfxt90d5uxq84xazbnvml9woui 0 55138 906660 585584 2026-08-23T19:05:13Z Zahrah0 14848 906660 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zakiyya Ibrahim''' jaruma ce a masana'antar fim ta Hausa [[Kannywood]], ta jima tana fim daga baya ta koma harkan Wakoki ta zama mawakiya. Sannan Kuma furodusa ce.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.muryaryanci.com/babu-inda-nace-ina-neman-mijin-aure-jaruma-zakiyya-abdullahi/?amp=1 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731224304/https://www.muryaryanci.com/babu-inda-nace-ina-neman-mijin-aure-jaruma-zakiyya-abdullahi/?amp=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> a masana'antar. == Tarihi == Cikakken sunan ta shine Zakiyya Ibrahim jarum ce kuma mawakiya. Ta fara ne da zama jaruma kafin daga baya ta fada fagen mawaka.Hajiya zakiyya Ibrahim tana Wakokin siyasa Dana <ref>https://fimmagazine.com/ina-samun-alheri-tun-da-na-riki%C9%97e-daga-jaruma-zuwa-mawa%C6%99iya-zakiyya-ibrahim/</ref>yabon Manzan Allah har ma Dana soyayyah. Ta fara Waka kamar yadda ta Dade a matsayin jaruma Kuma furodusa tun a shekarar 2008 a masana'antar. Tana zaune a cikin birnin Kano<ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=rHRTzuYhL5w</ref>A halin yanzun Bata da aure. == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan kwaikwayo]] <references /> [[Category:Mawaka]] [[Category:Mata]] 4e2ftpq0mstcknvs77b6x6ciq5cymxj 0 55188 906787 292449 2026-08-23T23:24:08Z Baffa ali 47435 906787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Erfurt''' (lafazin lafazin Jamus: [ˈɛʁfʊʁt] ) babban birni ne kuma birni mafi girma na jihar Thuringia ta Tsakiyar [[Jamus]]. Yana cikin babban kwarin kogin Gera, a kudancin yankin Thuringian Basin, arewacin dajin Thuringian, kuma a tsakiyar layin manyan biranen Thuringian shida (Thüringer Städtekette), wanda ya tashi daga Eisenach a yamma. , ta hanyar Gotha, Erfurt, Weimar da Jena, zuwa Gera a gabas, kusa da cibiyar yanki na Jamus. Erfurt kilomita 100 (62 mi) kudu maso yamma na Leipzig, kilomita 250 (mita 155) arewa maso gabas na Frankfurt, kilomita 300 (mita 186) kudu maso yamma na Berlin da kilomita 400 (249 mi) arewacin [[Munich]]<ref>Mangold, Max (2005). "Erfurt". Das Aussprachewörterbuch. Mannheim, Leipzig, Wien, Zürich: Duden Verlag. p. 311. ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7. Retrieved 22 June 2011.</ref>. Tsohon garin Erfurt yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun cibiyoyin birni na zamanin da a Jamus. Abubuwan jan hankali na yawon bude ido sun hada da gadar Merchants (Krämerbrücke), Tsohon majami'a (Alte Synagoge), mafi tsufa a Turai, Cathedral Hill (Domberg) tare da gungu na Cathedral Erfurt (Erfurter Dom) da Cocin St Severus (Severikirche) da Petersberg Citadel (Zitadelle Petersberg), ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma kuma mafi kyawun katangar gari a tsakiyar Turai.[5] Tattalin arzikin birnin ya dogara ne a kan noma, noma da kuma microelectronics. Wurin da yake tsakiya ya sanya ta zama cibiyar dabaru ga Jamus da tsakiyar Turai. Erfurt ta shirya bikin baje kolin kasuwanci mafi girma na biyu a gabashin Jamus (bayan Leipzig), da tashar talabijin ta jama'a ta KiKa <ref>[https://www.erfurt-tourismus.de/sehens-wissenswertes/sehenswertes/zitadelle-petersberg Zitadelle Petersberg - Im neuen Glanz erleben], Erfurt Tourismus & Marketing GmbH (in German). Retrieved 31 October 2016</ref>. A yammacin Erfurt a Frienstedt, babban ƙauyen Jamusanci, wanda aka samo a lokacin gina babbar hanya, inda aka sami kalmar Jamusanci mafi tsufa da aka taɓa ganowa a Tsakiyar Jamus an rubuta ta a rubutun runic a kan gogewa daga shaft na hadaya. Daga Zamanin Romawa, an gano tsabar kudi 200 da suka samo asali daga ƙarni na uku, tare da raguwar yumbu na Roman 150 da fiye da 200 fibulae. An kuma gano kaburbura 11 na ƙungiyar Haßleben-Leuna.[1] {{stub}} ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Erfurt cathedral and severi church-2.jpg|Erfurt_cathedral_and_severi_church-2 File:Church complex in Erfurt.jpg|Church_complex_in_Erfurt File:19870529105NR Erfurt Katholisches Priesterseminar.jpg|19870529105NR_Erfurt_Katholisches_Priesterseminar File:19850704690NR Erfurt Allerheiligenkirche Marktstraße.jpg|19850704690NR_Erfurt_Allerheiligenkirche_Marktstraße File:19870529100NR Erfurt Katholisches Priesterseminar.jpg|19870529100NR_Erfurt_Katholisches_Priesterseminar File:Erfurt am 25.1.2018 35.jpg|Erfurt_am_25.1.2018_35 File:19870529110NR Erfurt Katholisches Priesterseminar.jpg|19870529110NR_Erfurt_Katholisches_Priesterseminar File:Erfurt am 25.1.2018 40.jpg|Erfurt_am_25.1.2018_40 File:19850704665NR Erfurt Ägidienkirche am Wenigermarkt.jpg|19850704665NR_Erfurt_Ägidienkirche_am_Wenigermarkt File:Erfurt am 25.1.2018 26.jpg|Erfurt_am_25.1.2018_26 </gallery> ==Manazarta== 3y2v8g972a2ahsmt207bcvq3amzb92r 0 58478 906608 312907 2026-08-23T15:16:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Masarautar Ilorin''' jiha ce ta gargajiya da ke birnin [[Ilorin]] a [[Ȯra Kwara|jihar Kwara]], Najeriya. [[Yarbanci|Mutanen ƙabilar Yarbawa]] ne suka fi yawan mazaunanta, duk da cewa Masarautar ƙasa ce da ta hade saboda tasirin wasu ƙabilun da ke cikin birnin. == Tarihi == Waɗanda suka fara zama a Ilorin su ne Baruba waɗanda suka zauna a can tsawon shekaru kuma suka ɗauki yankin nasu ne; sun tafi ba tare da sanin dalili ba. Sai kuma Ojo Isekuse, wani Basaraken Yarabawa, wanda ya zauna kusa da dutsen da ake kaifi (wasa wuƙaƙe d.ss) inda mafarauta suka taru suna wasa da kayansu. An samar wa Ilorin suna ne daga dutsen kaifi da har yanzu dutsen yake a wurin. Ana zargin Ojo Isekuse ya fita ne bayan ya yi lalata da ‘yarsa, kuma wani dangi mai suna Asaju ya sauka a kusa da dutsen da ake kaifin. Bayan Asaju ne mutane da dama suka zauna a ƙauyuka masu zaman kansu daban-daban da ke kewayen yankin da ake kira Ilorin a yau. A farkon ƙarni na 19, Ilorin na da yawan jama'a da suka haɗa da: [[Fulani]], [[Hausawa]] da [[Yarbawa]]. Afonja, wani sarkin yakin Oyo, wanda ya gudu don gujewa yaƙin kunar-bakin-wake da Alaafin Oyo na lokacin ya yi ya samu hanyar zuwa Ilorin. Wani malamin addinin Islama, Salih Janta, wanda aka fi sani da [[Shehu Alimi]] saboda ilimin addinin Islama, shi ma ya samu hanyarsa ta zuwa Ilorin daga Oyo saboda muzgunawa ƙungiyar Ogboni. Ya koma Ilorin daga Oyo tare da wasu Musulman Yarbawa. A cikin kusan 1810, Shehu Alimi da Afonja suka ƙulla kawance don fatattakar sojojin Oyo masu zalunci. Oyo ya yi niyyar hukunta ƴan tawayen Afonja da kuma kawar da malamin addinin musuluncin da ke samun magoya baya ƴan ƙabilar Yarbawa. Shehu Alimi ya nemi taimako daga Sheik Usman Dan fodio, wanda ya aika da rundunar Jama’a zuwa Ilorin domin taimakon abokinsa. A rikicin na farko, sojojin Ilorin sun yi nasarar fatattakar sojojin Oyo. Sai dai Alaafin ya yanke shawarar mayar da martani da wata babbar runduna da nufin murƙushe tawayen Afonja da kawar da Shehu Alimi. A wani mataki na riga-kafi, sojojin Ilorin sun kai hari tare da ƙona [[Masarautar Oyo|Oyo-Ile]], babban birnin tsohuwar Daular Oyo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=John O. Hunwick |first=Razaq Abubakre |url=http://archive.org/details/arabic-literature-of-africa-the-writings-of-central-sudanic-africa |title=Arabic Literature of Africa: The writings of Central Sudanic Africa. Vol. 2 |date=1995 |pages=440}}</ref> Ilorin ta zama babbar rundunar siyasa da soja bayan faduwar tsohuwar Oyo. Ba tare da wani shugaba ba, Afonja da Alimi sun ba da jagoranci ga mutanen da ke zaune a yankin. Afonja da Shehu Alimi, sun samu kyakykyawar alaƙa da takai har zuwa rasuwar Alimi a lokacin da ya tsufa. Bayan rasuwar Shehu Alimi, an yi takun-saƙa na neman sarautar Ilorin, matashin garin mai cigaba da bunƙasa. Alfas sun so kafa daular Musulunci bisa ilimi, yayin da Afonja ke shirin kafa mulkinsa, amma Abdulsalam dan Shehu Alimi ya fito da taimakon Jama’a, kasancewar shi ne babban soja a Ilorin. An kashe Afonja ne a lokacin mulkin Abdulsalam, a lokacin da aka yi artabu tsakanin sojojin Yarbawa da Jama’a, wanda ya haifar da matsi na Afonja. An hana yin masallatai a Ilorin saboda wannan lamari. Ilorin ta zama masarautar [[Daular Sokoto|Khalifancin Sakkwato]] a ƙarƙashin [[Gwandu]].<ref name="lovejoy">{{cite book |page=55ff |title=Slavery on the frontiers of Islam |author=Paul E. Lovejoy |publisher=Markus Wiener Publishers |year=2004 |isbn=1-55876-329-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T4w3xWn1yGAC&q=ilorin+emirate&pg=PA55 |access-date=2010-09-30}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> === Bautar bayi da zamantakewa === Na wani lokaci, Ilorin ta kasance babbar cibiyar cinikin bayi, wanda [[Richard Henry Stone]] ya bayyana a matsayin "kasuwar bayi mafi girma a wannan yanki na Afirka".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stone |first=Richard Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XMFWrpV2W7EC&pg=PA71&lpg=PA71&dq=%22The+Yorubans+who+lived+in+the+town+as+subjects+of+the+Emir+were+mostly+Pagans+and+had+little+social+intercourse+with+their+haughty+masters,+and+they+were+secretly+cherishing+at+that+time+a+burning+desire+to+free+themselves+from+the+Foolah+yoke.%22&source=bl&ots=7eIelrgqHq&sig=ACfU3U3H9TkE9mnCaKEPwqEDLzqElGDduw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjR2viR4fOAAxWqEVkFHYf_CaIQ6AF6BAgPEAM#v=onepage&q=%22The%20Yorubans%20who%20lived%20in%20the%20town%20as%20subjects%20of%20the%20Emir%20were%20mostly%20Pagans%20and%20had%20little%20social%20intercourse%20with%20their%20haughty%20masters,%20and%20they%20were%20secretly%20cherishing%20at%20that%20time%20a%20burning%20desire%20to%20free%20themselves%20from%20the%20Foolah%20yoke.%22&f=false |title=In Africa's Forest and Jungle: Six Years Among the Yorubas |date=2010 |publisher=University of Alabama Press |isbn=978-0-8173-5567-8 |language=en}}</ref> Yawancin Yarabawa a Ilorin har yanzu arna ne, wanda ya kai ga mafi yawan su, sun zama talakawan Sarki, wanda ba shi da wani tashin hankali na zamantakewa, wanda ya fi son 'yantar da kansu a asirce, daga iyayensu [[Fulani|na Fula]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stone |first=R. H. (Richard Henry) |url=http://archive.org/details/inafricsforestju00ston |title=In Afric's forest and jungle, or, Six years among the Yorubans |date=1900 |publisher=Edinburgh ; London : Oliphant Anderson |others=Smithsonian Libraries}}</ref> A da, an fi tura bayi zuwa arewa ta [[Sahara|hamadar sahara]], amma yanzu ana tura su kudu ta ƙasashen Yarbawa zuwa bakin teku don samar da bukatu daga [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], Indiyawan Yamma, da [[Brazil]]. Hakan ya yi sanadiyar yaƙin basasa, inda ya bar [[Yarbawa]] da yawa a cikin ƙangin bautar bayi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stone |first=R. H. (Richard Henry) |url=http://archive.org/details/inafricsforestju00ston |title=In Afric's forest and jungle, or, Six years among the Yorubans |date=1900 |publisher=Edinburgh ; London : Oliphant Anderson |others=Smithsonian Libraries}}</ref> ==== Tarihi ==== Ilorin ta ci gaba da faɗaɗa kudu da tsayin daka, a cikin shekarun 1830 [[Yarbawa|Yarabawa]] sun yi yaƙi da Masarautar da ta ƙunshi [[Fulani]], [[Musulmi|Musulmin]] Yarabawa, da [[Hausawa]] a [[yakin Ogbomosho]], wanda ya kasance babbar nasara a masarautar Ilorin. An duba faɗaɗa yankin kudu na Ilorin a cikin 1830s ta hanyar karuwar ikon [[Ibadan]], jihar Oyo. Sojojin dawakan Ilorin ba su da wani tasiri a cikin dajin da ke kudu, kuma a shekarun 1850 Ibadan na samun damar samun bindigogi daga hannun Turawa ƴan kasuwa a bakin teku.<ref name="lovejoy" /> Ilorin, a matsayin wani ɓangare na [[Daular Sokoto|Khalifancin Sokoto]], ta ci gaba da yin mu'amala da sauran jihohin Yarbawa yayin da take a tsakiyar tsakanin [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|arewacin]] Najeriya da kudancin Najeriya. Waɗannan hulɗar sun ƙunshi ɓangarori daban-daban, waɗanda suka haɗa da rikice-rikice akai-akai da kuma ci gaba da musayar ra'ayi ta fuskar kasuwanci da al'adu. Dabarun masarautun tsakanin arewa da kudu ya baiwa Ilorin wani muhimmin matsayi, wanda ya ci gaba da wanzuwa har bayan Halifanci a duka lokacin mulkin mallaka da bayan mulkin mallakan.<ref name=":0" /> An kawo Ilorin ƙarƙashin yankin Arewa ta hanyar diflomasiyya da amfani da karfi kaɗan, duba da yanayin siyasar jihar a lokacin. == Masu mulki == Sarakunan Masarautar Ilorin:<ref name=wstates>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_native.html |title=Traditional States of Nigeria |work=WorldStatesmen.org |access-date=2010-09-30}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;" ! style="width:10em;" |Fara mulki ! style="width:10em;" |Gama mukki ! Mai mulki |- | 1824 | 1842 | style="text-align:left;padding-left:1em;" | Abdusalami dan Salih Alimi |- | 1842 | 1860 | style="text-align:left;padding-left:1em;" | Shita dan Salih Alimi |- | 1860 | 1868 | style="text-align:left;padding-left:1em;" | Zubayro dan Abdusalami |- | 1868 | 1891 | style="text-align:left;padding-left:1em;" | Shita Aliyu dan Shittu |- | 1891 | 1896 | style="text-align:left;padding-left:1em;" | Moma dan Zubairu |- | 1896 | 14 ga Janairu, 1914 | style="text-align:left;padding-left:1em;" | Sulaimanu dan Aliyu |- | 1915 | Nuwamba 1919 | style="text-align:left;padding-left:1em;" | Shuaibu Bawa dan Zubayru |- | Fabrairu 17, 1920 | Yuni 1959 | style="text-align:left;padding-left:1em;" | [[Abdulkadir Dan Bawa|Abdulkadir dan Shuaibu Bawa]] |- | 30 ga Yuni 1959 | 1992 | style="text-align:left;padding-left:1em;" | Zulkarnayni Gambari dan Muhammadu Laofe Dan Bawa "Aiyelabowo V" |- | 1992 | Agusta 1995<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://royalnews.com.ng/tribute-her-royal-majesty-aishat-nma-sulu-gambari-finally-takes-a-bow/|title=Tribute: Her Royal Majesty, Aishat Nma Sulu-Gambari finally takes a bow|last=editor|date=2019-06-04|website=Royal News|access-date=2019-06-13|archive-date=2025-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250807153824/https://royalnews.com.ng/tribute-her-royal-majesty-aishat-nma-sulu-gambari-finally-takes-a-bow/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:left;padding-left:1em;" | Mallam Aliyu dan Abdulkadir |- | 1995 | Har zuwa yau (sarki mai ci) | style="text-align:left;padding-left:1em;" | [[Ibrahim Sulu-Gambari]] |} == Sarakuna da manyan sarakunan Ilorin == Saboda tarihin Ilorin na musamman, na farko a matsayin [[Yarbawa]] daga cikin [[Masarautar Oyo|Daular Oyo]], sannan kuma a matsayinta na [[fulani]] na [[Daular Sokoto|Halifancin Sokoto]], tana da al'adar yin sarauta wadda ta kasance gauraye ne na al'adun da aka samo daga tushen biyu (daular Oyo da Halifancin Sokoto). Duk lokacin da sarautar Masarautar (wadda ke hannun Fulani zuriyar Shehu Alimi) ta kasance babu kowa, wakilin kowace kwata a masarautar wato; Balogun Gambari (Hausa), Balogun Ajikobi (Yarabawa), Balogun Fulani (Fulani) da Balogun Alanamu (Yoruba) - tare da shugaban gidan sarautar Afonja, Mogaji Aare, da kuma babban hakiminsa mai suna Baba. Isale na Ilorin - taru domin zaɓar sabon sarki, tare da naɗa sabon sarki, bisa amincewar [[Gwamna|gwamnan]] [[Ȯra Kwara|jihar Kwara]]. Sannan an ba wa Balogun mafi dadewa a sarautar Balogun huɗu, sarautar Balogun Agba, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama na biyu a kan Sarkin Ilorin. Dukkan Balogun na da gundumomi da suke gudanarwa a madadin sarki. Akwai kuma sarakunan gargajiya da kowannensu ake kiransa Daudu (ko ''Hakimin Lardi'' ). Suna aiki ne a matsayin hakimai masu wakiltar sarki a garuruwan dake faɗin masarautar Ilorin kamar su Afon, Bode Saadu, Ipaye da Malete, da dai sauransu. == Muƙamai masu daraja a masarautar == Masarautar dai ta shaidi irin karramawa ga fitattun ‘ya’yan Masarautar da Sarki na yanzu ya yi. Wadannan sunaye ne da aka ba su;<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thecable.ng/saliu-mustapha-the-making-of-the-new-turaki-of-ilorin | title=Saliu Mustapha: The making of the new Turaki of Ilorin | date=2 August 2021 }}</ref> * Wazirin, Masarautar Ilorin * Turaki, Masarautar Ilorin * Zanan na Masarautar Ilorin * Dan Iyan, Masarautar Ilorin * Grand Mufti na Masarautar Ilorin * Madawakin, Masarautar Ilorin * Malami Ubandoman, Masarautar Ilorin * Tafidan, Masarautar Ilorin * Shettiman, Masarautar Ilorin * Mutawalin, Masarautar Ilorin == Manazarta== {{Reflist}} b279ngzvzcw3kbjn8972pg63mr7vs03 0 58889 906930 891827 2026-08-24T07:58:45Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 906930 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Stamp of Afghanistan - 1884 - Colnect 425225 - Cut Square 28 mm year 1298.jpeg|thumb|hton tambari mai lambobkn sauki]]   Wannan jerin taƙaitattu '''ne da ke da alaƙa da sanadin canjin yanayi''', daidaitawa da [[Rage canjin yanayi|ragewa.]]<ref>https://amp-dw-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/amp.dw.com/ha/2010-zuwa-2019-shekarun-zafi-a-duniya/a-51513996?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17538603113033&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Famp.dw.com%2Fha%2F2010-zuwa-2019-shekarun-zafi-a-duniya%2Fa-51513996%23amp_tf%3DFrom%2520%25251%2524s%26aoh%3D17538603113033%26referrer%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.google.com</ref> == A == * ADP - Ƙungiyar Ayyuka ta Ad Hoc akan Dandalin [[Durban]] don Ƙarfafa Ayyuka * AGN - [https://africangroupofnegotiators.org/ Rukunin Masu Tattaunawa na Afirka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611160216/https://africangroupofnegotiators.org/ |date=2023-06-11 }} * APA - Ƙungiyar Ayyuka ta Ad Hoc akan Yarjejeniyar Paris <ref>Climate Dictionary, [https://www.climatedictionary.com/apa-ad-hoc-working-group-on-the-paris-agreement/ Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320180606/https://www.climatedictionary.com/apa-ad-hoc-working-group-on-the-paris-agreement/ |date=2023-03-20 }}</ref> * APP - Haɗin kai na Asiya-Pacific akan Ci gaban Tsabta da Yanayi * AR4 - Rahoton Kima na Hudu na IPCC (2007) * AR5 - Rahoton Kima na Biyar na IPCC (2014) * AR5 SYR - Rahoton Haɗin Kan AR5<ref>IPCC, [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/ AR5 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2014]</ref> * AR6 - Rahoton Kima na Shida na IPCC (an buga shi a ranar 9 ga Agusta 2021) * AWG-KP - Ƙungiya mai aiki na Ad Hoc akan ƙarin ƙaddamarwa don Ƙungiyoyin Annex I a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Kyoto * AWG-LCA - Ƙungiyar Aiki na Ad Hoc akan Ayyukan Haɗin kai na Dogon lokaci * AYCC - Ƙungiyar Matasan Yanayi na Australiya == B == * BAP - Shirin Ayyukan Bali == Nassoshi. == * C&C - Contraction & Convergence, a global CO<nowiki><sub id="mwKw">2</sub></nowiki> emissions management model promoted by the Global Commons Institute * CAIT - The World Resources Institute's Climate Data Explorer archive * CAPP - Climate Action Pacific Partnership ** CAPP II - Climate Action Pacific Partnership (CAPP) Conference II – 2018. ** CAPP III - Third meeting of the Climate Action Pacific Partnership Conference (29-30 April 2019). * CCA - Climate Change Agreement (UK) * CCAFS - Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security Research Program. * CCAF - Climate Change Action Fund (Australia) * CCC - Committee on Climate Change (UK) * CCCEP - Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy * CCCR - Canada's Changing Climate Report * CCCS - Centre for Climate Change Studies, University of Dar es Salaam * CCF - The Scottish Government's [https://www.keepscotlandbeautiful.org/sustainability-climate-change/climate-challenge-fund/ Climate Challenge Fund] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130012356/https://www.keepscotlandbeautiful.org/sustainability-climate-change/climate-challenge-fund |date=2020-11-30 }} * CCIA - [https://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/en/climate-projections/about/in-ccia/ Climate Change in Australia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303180614/https://climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/en/climate-projections/about/in-ccia/ |date=2021-03-03 }} * CC:iNet - Climate Change Information Network * CCL - Climate Change Levy (UK) * CCl₂F₂ - Dichlorodifluoromethane (greenhouse gas) * CCLS - [https://climateseries.com/ Cambridge Climate Lecture Series] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611160216/https://climateseries.com/ |date=2023-06-11 }} * CCRA - Climate Change Risk Assessment {{Efn|Under the 2008 Climate Change Act the UK Government must publish a UK-wide Climate Change Risk Assessment (CCRA) every five years.<ref>Climate Change Committee (2017), [https://www.theccc.org.uk/uk-climate-change-risk-assessment-2017/introduction-to-the-ccra/ Introduction to the CCRA], accessed 11 November 2022</ref>}} * CCS - Carbon Capture and Storage * CCUS - Carbon capture, utilization, and sequestration * CDM - Clean Development Mechanism * CDP - Organisation formerly known as the Carbon Disclosure Project * CDR - Carbon dioxide removal * CER - Certified Emission Reduction * CFC - Chlorofluorocarbon * CFRF - [https://www.fca.org.uk/transparency/climate-financial-risk-forum Climate Financial Risk Forum] (UK) * CF₄ - Carbon tetrafluoride or tetrafluoromethane (greenhouse gas) * CGE - Consultative Group of Experts * CHClF₂ - Chlorodifluoromethane (greenhouse gas) * CH₄ - Methane * CINC - Interdepartmental Committee of Climate Negotiators * CLP - Carbon Literacy Project * CMA - Meeting of the Parties to the [[Yarjejeniyar Paris|Paris Agreement]] ** CMA1 - [[Taron Sauyin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2016|First meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement]] (7-18 November 2016) *** CMA1.2 - The second part of the first session of the Conference of the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (6-17 November 2017) *** CMA1.3 - The third part of the first session of the Conference of the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (2-14 December 2018) ** CMA2 - [[Taron Sauyin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2019|Second meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement]] (2–13 December 2019) ** CMA3 - Third meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (postponed to 1–12 December 2021) * CMIP - Coupled Model Intercomparison Project ** CMIP5 - Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 5 * CMP - Conference of the Parties Serving as the Meeting of Parties to the Kyoto Protocol ** CMP9 - 9th meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (11-23 November 2013) ** CMP10 - 10th meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (1-12 December 2014) ** CMP11 - 11th meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (30 November-12 December 2015) ** CMP12 - [[Taron Sauyin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2016|12th meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol]] (7-18 November 2016) ** CMP13 - 13th meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (6-17 November 2017) ** CMP14 - 14th meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (2-15 December 2018) ** CMP15 - [[Taron Sauyin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2019|15th meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol]] (2–13 December 2019) ** CMP16 - 16th meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (postponed to 1–12 December 2021) * CNZ - Carbon Net Zero * CO₂ - Carbon dioxide * CO₂-e - [[Matsakaicin dumamar yanayi|Carbon dioxide equivalent]], also CO₂-eq * CoM - Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy (Europe) * COP - Conference of the Parties [to the UNFCCC] ** COP1 - First UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (28 March to 7 April 1995) ** COP2 - Second UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (8-18 July 1996) ** COP3 - Third UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (1-10 December 1997) ** COP4 - Fourth UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (2-14 November 1998) ** COP5 - Fifth UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (25 October to 5 November 1999) ** COP6 - Sixth UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (13–25 November 2000) ** COP6-bis - Resumed Session of COP6 (16-27 July 2001) ** COP7 - [[Taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2001|Seventh UNFCCC Conference of the Parties]] (29 October - 10 November 2001) ** COP8 - Eighth UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (23 October - 1 November 2002) ** COP9 - Ninth UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (1-12 December 2003) ** COP10 - Tenth UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (6-14 December 2004) ** COP11 - Eleventh UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (28 November - 9 December 2005) ** COP12 - Twelfth UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (6-17 November 2006) ** COP13 - 13th UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (3-15 December 2007) ** COP14 - 14th UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (1-12 December 2008) ** COP15 - 15th UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (7-18 December 2009) ** COP16 - 16th UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (29 November - 10 December 2010) ** COP17 - 17th UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (28 November - 11 December 2011) ** COP18 - 18th UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (26 November - 6 December 2012) ** COP19 - 19th UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (11-23 November 2013) ** COP20 - 20th UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (1-12 December 2014) ** COP21 - 21st UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (30 November-12 December 2015) ** [[Taron Sauyin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2016|COP22]] - [[Taron Sauyin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2016|22nd UNFCCC Conference of the Parties]] (7-18 November 2016) ** COP23 - 23rd UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (6-17 November 2017) ** COP24 - 24th UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (2-15 December 2018) ** [[Taron Sauyin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2019|COP25]] - [[Taron Sauyin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2019|25th UNFCCC Conference of the Parties]] (2-13 December 2019) ** COP26 - 26th UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (1-12 November 2021) ** COP27 - 27th UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (6-18 November 2022) ** COP28 - 28th UNFCCC Conference of the Parties, scheduled for November 2023 in the United Arab Emirates <ref>[[Time Out Dubai]], [https://www.timeoutdubai.com/news/cop-28-uae-to-take-place-at-expo-city-dubai COP 28 climate change event to take place at Expo City Dubai], published 23 June 2022, accessed 29 October 2022</ref> ** COP29 - 29th UNFCCC Conference of the Parties, 2024, proposed venue is Australia <ref>The Australia Institute, [https://australiainstitute.org.au/report/cop29-in-australia/ COP29 in Australia], published 6 May 2022, accessed 29 October 2022</ref> ** COP30 - anticipated 2025 UNFCCC Conference of the Parties,<ref name="etc">UN Climate Change Conference UK 2021, [https://ukcop26.org/focus-of-energy-transition-council-etc/ Focus of Energy Transition Council (ETC)], published 4 November 2021, accessed 29 October 2022</ref> to take place in [[Belém]], [[Brazil]].<ref>Reuters, [https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazil-says-un-confirmed-amazonian-city-belem-cop30-host-2023-05-26/ Brazil says UN confirmed Amazonian city of Belem as COP30 host], published 26 May 2023, accessed 8 August 2023</ref> * CORSIA - Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation * CPA - Carbon Pricing Act (Singapore) * CPRS - Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (Australia) * CRC - CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme, formerly Carbon Reduction Commitment (UK) * CREWS - Climate Risk and Early Warning Systems <ref>[[Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)|Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs]] (France), [https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/french-foreign-policy/climate-and-environment/crews-climate-risk-and-early-warning-systems/ Climate Risk and Early Warning Systems], accessed 9 August 2020</ref> * CRU - Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia * CRU TS - Climatic Research Unit Time Series datasets <ref>University of East Anglia, [https://crudata.uea.ac.uk/cru/data/hrg/ High-resolution gridded datasets (and derived products)], accessed 20 May 2020</ref> * CSA - [https://csa.guide/ Climate-Smart Agriculture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722102601/https://csa.guide/ |date=2023-07-22 }} * CVF - Climate Vulnerable Forum == D == * DECC - Sashen Makamashi da Canjin Yanayi (Birtaniya), yanzu Sashen Kasuwanci, Makamashi da Dabarun Masana'antu == E == * ECI - Cibiyar Canjin Muhalli a [[Jami'ar Oxford]] * ETC - Majalisar Canjin Makamashi <ref name="etc"/> * ETS - Tsarin Kasuwancin Fitarwa * ETSWAP - Tsarin Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Kayan Aiki Aiki Aiki wanda Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Burtaniya ke gudanarwa. == F == * FAR - Rahoton Ƙimar Farko na IPCC (1990) * F-gas - Fluorinated gas * FICER - [https://keith.seas.harvard.edu/FICER Asusun don Ƙirƙirar Yanayi da Binciken Makamashi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611160219/https://keith.seas.harvard.edu/FICER |date=2023-06-11 }} * FOLU - gandun daji da sauran amfanin ƙasa * FFF - Juma'a don Gaba == G == * GCF - Asusun Yanayi na Green * GCoM - Yarjejeniyar Duniya na Magajin Gari don Yanayi da Makamashi <ref name="GCoM">European Commission, [https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/energy-efficiency/urban-areas/covenant-mayors Covenant of Mayors], EU Science Hub, published 8 July 2019, accessed 10 October 2020</ref> * GHG - Gas na Gas * GtC - Gigaton na carbon * GWP - [[Matsakaicin dumamar yanayi|yuwuwar dumamar yanayi]] == H == * HadCM3 - Samfurin Haɗaɗɗen Cibiyar Hadley, sigar 3 * HadGEM - Samfurin Muhalli na Duniya na Cibiyar Hadley ** HadGEM1 - * HCFC - Hydrochlorofluorocarbon * HFC - Hydrofluorocarbon == I == * ICLEI - Majalisar Duniya don Ƙaddamar da Muhalli na gida * IKI - Ƙaddamar yanayi na Ƙasashen Duniya ( German </link> ), <ref>Bundesumweltministerium, [https://www.bmuv.de/pressemitteilung/internationales-foerderprogramm-fuer-ngos-iki-medium-grants-startet-vierten-ideenwettbewerb-fuer-projekte-in-entwicklungslaendern Internationales Förderprogramm für NGOs: IKI Medium Grants startet vierten Ideenwettbewerb für Projekte in Entwicklungsländern], published 6 April 2023, accessed 10 August 2023</ref> wani shiri na Gwamnatin Tarayyar Jamus <ref>United Nations, [https://forest-finance.un.org/content/international-climate-initiative International Climate Initiative]{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, published 10 March 2021, accessed 10 August 2023</ref> * IPCC - [[Kungiyar gwamnatoci a kan Canjin Yanayi|Kwamitin Tsakanin gwamnatoci kan Canjin Yanayi]] ** IPCC-50 - Taron IPCC na 50 (2019) * [https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/ IPCC-NGGIP] - Shirye-shiryen Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Gas Gas na IPCC * [https://www.iso.org/files/live/sites/isoorg/files/store/en/PUB100271.pdf TS EN ISO 1406x Series] - Matsayin ISO don rage canjin yanayi * [https://www.iso.org/standard/68507.html TS EN ISO 14090: 2019] Matsayin TS ISO don daidaitawa ga canjin yanayi - Ka'idoji, buƙatu da jagororin * [https://www.iso.org/standard/68508.html TS EN ISO 14091] Daidaitawa ga canjin yanayi - Sharuɗɗa game da rauni, tasiri da ƙimar haɗari * [https://www.iso.org/standard/68509.html TS EN ISO 14092] Daidaitawa ga canjin yanayi - Bukatu da jagora kan shirye-shiryen daidaitawa ga ƙananan hukumomi da al'ummomi == J == * JI - Yin Haɗin gwiwa * KLD - Ma'aikatar Yanayi da Muhalli ( ''Klima- og miljødepartementet'' ), Norway <ref>[https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dep/kld/id668/ Klima- og miljødepartementet]</ref> == L == * LCDI - Ƙananan Ci gaban Carbon Indonesiya <ref>Pangestu, M., [https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2018/09/24/insight-new-development-pathway-for-indonesia.html Insight: New development pathway for Indonesia], [[Jakarta Post]], 24 September 2018, accessed 23 July 2020</ref> * LDCF - Asusun Ƙasashe Mafi Ƙarfafa <ref name="LDCF">United Nations, [https://www.un.org/ldcportal/least-developed-countries-fund-ldcf/ Least Developed Countries Fund], LDC Portal, accessed 22 July 2020</ref> * LECBP - Shirye-shiryen Gina Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfafawa <ref>UNDP (2011), [https://www.adaptation-undp.org/partners/low-emission-capacity-building-programme-lecbp Low Emission Capacity Building Programme]</ref> * LEDS - Dabarun Ci Gaban Ƙarƙashin Ƙarfafawa * LSCE - Laboratoire des sciences du climat et de l'environnement, Gif-sur-Yvette, Faransa * LULUCF - Amfani da ƙasa, canjin amfanin ƙasa, da gandun daji == M == * MCC - Cibiyar Nazarin Mercator akan Kasuwancin Duniya da Canjin Yanayi, Berlin * MPGCA - [[Taron Sauyin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2016|Haɗin gwiwar Marrakech don Ayyukan Yanayi na Duniya]] * MoCC - Ma'aikatar Sauyin Yanayi (Pakistan) * MoEFCC - Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Daji da Sauyin yanayi (Indiya) * MOP1 - Taro na farko na Ƙungiyoyin Yarjejeniyar Kyoto (28 Nuwamba - 9 Disamba 2005) * MOP2 - Taro na 2 na Ƙungiyoyin Yarjejeniyar Kyoto (6-17 Nuwamba 2006) * MOP3 - Taro na 3 na Ƙungiyoyin Yarjejeniyar Kyoto (3-15 Disamba 2007) * MOP4 - Taro na 4 na Ƙungiyoyin Yarjejeniyar Kyoto (1-12 Disamba 2008) * MOP5 - Taro na 5 na Ƙungiyoyin Yarjejeniyar Kyoto (7-18 Disamba 2009) * MWE/CCD - [http://ccd.go.ug/ Sashen Canjin Yanayi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612200142/https://ccd.go.ug/ |date=2023-06-12 }} na Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Muhalli ([[Uganda]]) == N == * NAMA - Ayyukan Rage Dace Na Ƙasa * NAPA - Shirye-shiryen Daidaitawa na Kasa na Ayyuka * NAZCA - Yankin Yan wasan kwaikwayo na Jiha don Ayyukan Yanayi * NC - Sadarwa ta kasa (a karkashin [[yarjejeniyar Paris]] ) <ref name="NC">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, [https://unfccc.int/non-annex-I-NCs National Communication submissions from Non-Annex I Parties], accessed 8 November 2020</ref> * NDC - Gudunmawar Ƙirarriya ta Ƙasa * NECIA - Ƙimar Tasirin Tasirin Yanayi (Amurka) <ref>[[Union of Concerned Scientists]], [https://climateshift.com/downloads/northeast/executive-summary-necia.pdf Confronting Climate Change in the U.S. Northeast: Executive Summary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611160216/https://climateshift.com/downloads/northeast/executive-summary-necia.pdf|date=2023-06-11}}</ref> * N ₂ O - Nitrous Oxide * NRSP - Portal ƙaddamar da rahotanni na ƙasa <ref name="NC" /> == O == * _O3 - Ozone == P == * PATPA - [https://www.transparency-partnership.net/ Haɗin gwiwa kan Bayyanawa a cikin Yarjejeniyar Paris] * P-CAN - Cibiyoyin Ayyukan Yanayi na Yanayi, haɗin gwiwar Burtaniya tsakanin masu binciken jami'a da jama'a, masu zaman kansu da na uku a magance canjin yanayi, da nufin hanzarta da ci gaba da sauyawa zuwa ƙananan carbon, al'umma mai tsayayya da yanayi ta hanyar kirkirar kwamitocin yanayi na gida.<ref>[[Queen's University Belfast]], [https://daro.qub.ac.uk/P-CAN-climate-change-John-Barry Queen's Academic joins £3.5M Research Network to support UK transition to a low-carbon economy], published 1 February 2019, accessed 11 May 2020</ref> * PCD - Petersberg Tattaunawar Yanayi ** PCD X - Petersberg Tattaunawar Yanayi 10 (13-14 Mayu 2019)<ref>Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und nukleare Sicherheit, [https://www.bmu.de/fileadmin/Daten_BMU/Download_PDF/Europa___International/petersberger_klimadialog_x_agenda.pdf Petersberg Climate Dialogue X: Agenda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513082430/https://www.bmu.de/fileadmin/Daten_BMU/Download_PDF/Europa___International/petersberger_klimadialog_x_agenda.pdf |date=2019-05-13 }}</ref> ** PCD XI - Petersberg Tattaunawar Yanayi (27-28 Afrilu 2020) * PFC - Perfluorocarbon * PIK - Cibiyar Nazarin Tasirin Yanayi ta Potsdam (Jamusanci: ) == S == * SAR - Rahoton Kima na Biyu na IPCC (1995) * SB <ref name="SB52">United Nations Climate Change Secretariat, [https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/message_to_parties_and_observers_postponement_of_sbs52.pdf Information regarding SB 52], issued 22 June 2020, accessed 20 July 2020</ref> * SB 56 - Taron Canjin Yanayi na Bonn, zama na 56 na ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyi, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 6 zuwa 16 <ref>[https://unfccc.int/SB56 About the Bonn Climate Change Conference], accessed 10 June 2022</ref> Yuni 2022 * SBI - Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru don Aiwatarwa ** SBI 46 - Taro na shida da shida na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru don Aiwatar da (8-18 Mayu 2017) ** SBI 47 - Zaman Arba'in da Bakwai na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru don Aiwatarwa (6-15 Nuwamba 2017) ** SBI 52 - Zama na hamsin da biyu na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru don Aiwatarwa (an jinkirta zuwa 2021) <ref name="SB52" /> * SBSTA - Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru don Shawarar Kimiyya da Fasaha * SBTi - [https://sciencebasedtargets.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/SBTi-criteria.pdf Ƙirƙirar Maƙasudin Ƙirar Kimiyya] {{Efn|A target is "science-based" if it is in line with the scale of reductions needed to keep the global temperature increase below 2°C above pre-industrial temperatures.<ref>Rickard, G., [https://www.carbontrust.com/news-and-events/insights/what-exactly-is-a-science-based-target What exactly is a science-based target?], Carbon Trust, published 17 September 2019, accessed 4 August 2021</ref>}} * SCCF - Asusun Canjin Yanayi na Musamman * SDA - [https://sciencebasedtargets.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/A-Quick-Guide-to-the-Sectoral-Decarbonization-Approach.pdf Hannun Ƙarfafawa na Sashe] * SDGs - Manufofin Ci gaba Mai Dorewa * SECR - Tsarin Rahoton Makamashi da Ingantaccen Carbon (Birtaniya) * SF ₆ - Sulfur hexafluoride * SRCCL - Rahoton Musamman akan Canjin Yanayi da Ƙasar IPCC * SRES - Rahoto na Musamman akan Yanayin Fitowa na IPCC * SR15 - Rahoton Musamman na IPCC akan Dumamar Duniya na 1.5 °C * SSP - Tafarkin Tattalin Arziki na Rarraba == T == * TACC - Hanyar yanki don Canjin Yanayi * TAR - Rahoton Kima na Uku na IPCC (2001) * TCCC - Taron Canjin Yanayi na Tarawa * TCFD - Rundunar Task Force akan Bayyanar Kuɗi masu alaƙa da yanayi <ref>[https://www.fsb-tcfd.org/ Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures]</ref> * tCO2 - Tonnes na carbon dioxide daidai * TD - Tattaunawar Talanoa * TFI - Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories <ref>IPCC, [https://www.ipcc.ch/working-group/tfi/ Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories], accessed 16 May 2020</ref> == U == * UKCIP - Ƙungiyoyin ladabtarwa da yawa waɗanda aka fi sani da Shirin Tasirin Yanayi na Burtaniya, wanda ke tushen Cibiyar Canjin Muhalli a [[Jami'ar Oxford]] * UKCP - Hasashen Yanayi na Burtaniya <ref>[[Met Office]], [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/approach/collaboration/ukcp/index UK Climate Projections (UKCP)]</ref> ** UKCP09 - Hasashen Yanayi na Burtaniya 2009 ** UKCP18 - Hasashen Yanayi na Burtaniya 2018 <ref>Met Office, [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/approach/collaboration/ukcp/about About UKCP18], accessed 29 May 2020</ref> * UKHACC - [http://www.ukhealthalliance.org/ Ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Burtaniya akan Canjin Yanayi] * UN CC: Koyi - [https://unccelearn.org/ Haɗin gwiwar Koyo Canjin Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya] * UNEP - Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya * UNFCCC - Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sauyin yanayi * USCAP - Haɗin gwiwar Ayyukan Yanayi na Amurka == W == * WCI - Ƙaddamar da Yanayin Yamma * WCRP - Shirin Binciken Yanayi na Duniya * WGI - [https://www.ipcc.ch/working-group/wg1/ Rukunin Aiki na I na IPCC], wanda ke kimanta kimiyyar jiki na canjin yanayi * WGII - [https://www.ipcc.ch/working-group/wg2/ Rukunin Aiki na II na IPCC], wanda ke kimanta raunin tsarin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da na yanayi ga canjin yanayi. * WGIII - [https://www.ipcc.ch/working-group/wg3/ Rukunin Aiki na III na IPCC], wanda "ya mayar da hankali kan rage sauyin yanayi, tantance hanyoyin da za a rage fitar da iskar gas, da kuma kawar da iskar gas daga sararin samaniya". * WIM - Tsarin Warsaw na Duniya don Asara da Lalacewa mai alaƙa da Tasirin Canjin Yanayi <ref>United Nations, [https://unfccc.int/topics/adaptation-and-resilience/workstreams/loss-and-damage/warsaw-international-mechanism Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage associated with Climate Change Impacts (WIM)], accessed 21 November 2022</ref> * WMO - Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya * WRI - Cibiyar Albarkatun Duniya * 4CMR - Tsohuwar [https://www.4cmr.group.cam.ac.uk/ Cibiyar Cambridge don Binciken Rage Canjin Yanayi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102194752/https://www.4cmr.group.cam.ac.uk/ |date=2021-11-02 }} == Abin lura == {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == b3g8yn0n2corayje68w9ukohmtnzmby 0 60411 906742 452417 2026-08-23T21:53:34Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 906742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Kyoto_Protocol_parties.svg|thumb|400x400px|Shiga cikin Yarjejeniyar Kyoto]] Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2013, akwai bangarori 192 da ke cikin '''yarjejeniyar Kyoto''' ga Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan sauyin yanayi, wanda ke da nufin yaki da [[Canjin yanayi|dumamar yanayi]]. Wannan jimillar ya haɗada jihohi 191 (ƙasashe membobin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]] 189 da tsibirin Cook da Niue) da ƙungiyar ƙasa ɗaya ([[Tarayyar Turai]]). Kanada tayi watsi da ƙa'idar ta aiki 15 Disamba 2012 kuma ta daina kasancewa memba daga wannan ranar. Tare da wa'adin yarjejeniyar 2008-2012 ya ƙare, an amince da gyaran [[Doha]] ga yarjejeniyar Kyoto, wanda ke kafa sabbin alkawurra na lokacin 2013-2020. Ya zuwa Oktoba 2020, jihohi 147 sun karɓi wannan gyara. == Jam'iyyu == Sa hannu na zaɓi ne, yana nuna niyyar amincewa da yarjejeniya. Tabbatarwa yana nufin cewa ƙasa tana da alaƙa da tanade-tanaden yarjejeniyar bisa doka. Ga jam'iyyun Annex I (misali jihar da ta ci gaba ko kuma wacce ke da 'tattalin arziki a cikin mika mulki') wannan yana nufin cewa ta amince da rage fitar da hayaki bisa ka'ida. Iceland ita ce jiha ta 55 da ta amince da ita, inda ta cika sharadi na farko don fara aiki. Tare da amincewa da Rasha an gamsu da "kashi 55 na kashi 1990 na hayakin carbon dioxide na jam'iyyun da ke cikin Annex I" kuma yarjejeniyar ta fara aiki a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2005. Ya zuwa Oktoba na 2020, jihohi 147 sun yarda da gyaran Doha. Zai fara aiki daga ranar 31 ga Disamba 2020. == Tsoffin jam'iyyun == {| class="wikitable" !'''Ƙasa''' ! '''Annex''' ! '''% don tabbatarwa''' ! '''fitar da hayaki<br /><br /><br /><br />'''<nowiki></br></nowiki> '''iyaka<br /><br /><br /><br />'''<nowiki></br></nowiki> '''(2012)''' ! '''fitar da hayaki<br /><br /><br /><br />'''<nowiki></br></nowiki> '''iyaka<br /><br /><br /><br />'''<nowiki></br></nowiki> '''(2020)''' ! '''Sa hannu''' ! '''Amincewa / Karɓa''' ! '''Amincewar gyara''' ! '''Bayanan kula''' |- |{{Flagu|Canada}}</img>{{Flagu|Canada}} | I, II | 3.3% | -6% | babu [lower-alpha 24] | Afrilu 29, 1998 | 17 Disamba 2002 | | An janye 15 Disamba 2011, tasiri 15 Disamba 2012. (Duba Kanada da Kyoto Protocol ) |} == Sa hannu == {| class="wikitable" !'''Ƙasa''' ! '''Annex''' ! '''% don tabbatarwa''' ! '''fitar da hayaki<br /><br /><br /><br />'''<nowiki></br></nowiki> '''iyaka<br /><br /><br /><br />'''<nowiki></br></nowiki> '''(2012)''' ! '''fitar da hayaki<br /><br /><br /><br />'''<nowiki></br></nowiki> '''iyaka<br /><br /><br /><br />'''<nowiki></br></nowiki> '''(2020)''' ! '''Sa hannu''' ! '''Bayanan kula''' |- |{{Flagu|United States}}</img>{{Flagu|United States}} | I, II | 36.1% | -7% | babu {{Efn|Canada and the United States were listed in Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol with emission limits for the first commitment period, but as they were not parties to the Kyoto Protocol at the time of adoption of the Doha Amendment they were removed from Annex B.<ref name=DA/>}} | 12 ga Nuwamba, 1998 | |} == Ba masu rattaba hannu ko jam’iyyu ba == Ya zuwa shekarar 2022 akwai ƙasashe memba na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, ko masu sa ido hudu waɗanda ba sa cikin yarjejeniyar, dukkansu mambobi ne na UNFCCC: [[Andorra]],Holy See,Palestine, Sudan ta Kudu. == Bayanan kula == {{Notelist|30em}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} o0396jynejkpfrdot4rivmr6d6ulxpm 0 60501 906773 319200 2026-08-23T22:32:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906773 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mustafa Nukić''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1990) shi ne [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ta ƙasar Sloveniya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba ga Olimpija Ljubljana . A cikin aikin tafiya, ya buga wasanni sama da 130 na PrvaLiga na Sloveniya don Celje, Triglav Kranj, Koper, Bravo da Olimpija Ljubljana. Ya ba da gudummawar kwallaye 17 yayin da Bravo ya ci gasar Slovenia ta biyu a shekarar 2018–19 . == Sana'a == An haife shi a Vlasenica (yanzu a cikin Republika Srpska, [[Bosnia da Herzegovina]] ), Nukić da mahaifiyarsa sun yi hijira zuwa [[Ljubljana]], [[Sloveniya|Slovenia]] lokacin yana da watanni 18 da haihuwa saboda barkewar yakin Bosnia . Ya taso ne a masaukin ‘yan gudun hijira a Vič, inda mahaifinsa ya hada shi ya zauna har aji shida a makarantar firamare. An hana shi zuwa kindergarten, bai sadu da ƴan ƙasar Slovenia ba har sai da ya fara makarantar firamare. Ya kasance mai sha'awar ƙuruciya kuma ɗan wasan matasa na Olimmpija Ljubljana . Hmmm Nukić ya ciyar da farkon aikinsa tare da ƙungiyoyi da yawa a cikin Slovenia PrvaLiga da Slovenia Second League, ciki har da Koper, ƙungiyar da ya kira mafi kyawun tsari a Slovenia, amma kuma mafi munin kwarewa na aikinsa saboda rashin jituwa tare da manajan Rodolfo Vanoli . Ya shafe shekaru uku yana karatun fannin tattalin arziki a jami'a, yayin da yake aiki da kamfanin samar da ofis, Extra Lux. <ref name="rok" /> Yana da kwarewar ƙwallon ƙafa ta waje kawai na aikinsa a cikin shekarar 2015 a Annabichler SV a cikin yankin Austriya ( matakin na uku ), ƙwarewar da ya ƙi saboda nisan tuƙi. <ref name="rok" /> Nukić ya canza shi a cikin watan Yuli shekarar 2018 daga Ilirija 1911 zuwa Bravo . A cikin 2018-19, ya zira kwallaye 17 yayin da kungiyarsa ta lashe gasar League ta biyu, amma a yakin neman zabe ya zira kwallaye uku kawai a wasanni 34 yayin da ya kara taimakawa shida. A cikin shekarar 2020–21, shi ne babban mai ba da taimako na gasar tare da goma sha ɗaya, tare da zira kwallaye bakwai. A ranar 25 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2021, yana da shekaru 30, ya koma Olimpija kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu. A ranar 22 ga watan Yuli ne ya fara buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar a gasar kofin nahiyar Turai, inda ya zura kwallo daya tilo a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na Europa League zagaye na biyu a gida da Birkirkara ta Malta. ƘungiyarSlovenia ta suna shi a cikin Mafi XI na kakar wasa . == Girmamawa == '''Bravo''' * Gasar Sloveniya ta biyu : 2018–19 '''Olimpija Ljubljana''' * Sloveniya PrvaLiga : 2022-23 * Kofin Sloveniya : 2022-23 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Mustafa Nukić at WorldFootball.net * [https://www.nzs.si/tekmovanja/default.asp?action=igralecstat&id_igralca=70094 NZS profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928053332/https://www.nzs.si/tekmovanja/default.asp?action=igralecstat&id_igralca=70094 |date=2023-09-28 }} {{In lang|sl}} {{NK Olimpija Ljubljana squad}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1990]] 7i9s09xgqxykcmeypzzsa354b7joo1q 0 63573 906659 903237 2026-08-23T19:02:13Z Zahrah0 14848 906659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox|2}} '''Yusri bin Che Lah''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta alif 1976), shi ne kocin ƙwallon ƙafa na Malaysia kuma tsohon [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]], wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya. A halin yanzu shi ne kocin wucin gadi na kulob ɗin Malaysia Super League Perak == Ayyuka == === Yin wasa === An haife shi a Kangar, Perlis, Yusri ya taka leda kuma ya zama kyaftin a ƙungiyar Perlis ta garinsu a gasar Malaysia Super League.  Ya kasance tare da Selangor, MPPJ <ref>{{cite web|url=http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2005&dt=1119&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Sukan&pg=su_01.htm|title=Harga pindah Yusri RM1 - Syarat Perlis kepada MPPJ|work=Utusan Malaysia|date=19 November 2005|access-date=10 December 2017|archive-date=10 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210073108/http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2005&dt=1119&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Sukan&pg=su_01.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> da Perak kafin ya yi ritaya lokacin da ya taka leda a tsohon kulob ɗin sa, Perlis.  Ya wakilci Malaysia daga shekarar 1999 har zuwa shekara ta 2001. Ya buga wasansa na farko a duniya tare da manyan tawagar Malaysia a gasar cin kofin Dunhill na shekarar 1999, kodayake ba wasan FIFA 'A' na ƙasa da ƙasa ba ne.  A shekara ta 2000, ya zura ƙwalylaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Myanmar da ci 6-0 a wasan sada zumunci, wanda shi ne kaɗai ƙwallayen da ya ci a duniya.  Fitowarsa na ƙarshe shi ne a gasar Merdeka na shekarar 2001. ===Horarwa=== Yusri ya fara aikin horar da shi a matsayin kocin ƙungiyar Perlis U21 a shekarar 2014. A shekara ta 2015, an naɗa Yusri a ƙungiyar farko ta Malaysia FAM League Perlis .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sinarharian.com.my/sukan/yusri-che-lah-letak-jawatan-1.440553|title=Yusri Che Lah letak jawatan|work=Sinar Harian|date=15 October 2015|access-date=10 December 2017}}</ref>A cikin shekarar 2016, ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da Felcra . A ranar 1 ga watan Yulin 2017, an dakatar da kwangilarsa tare da Felcra.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hmetro.com.my/arena/2017/07/241397/felcra-fc-pecat-yusri|title=FELCRA FC pecat Yusri|work=Harian Metro|date=1 July 2017|access-date=10 December 2017}}</ref> A cikin watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017, Yusri ya shiga ƙungiyar Kelantan ta Malaysia Super League a matsayin mataimakin kocin a ƙarƙashin Sathit Bensoh na 2018 Malaysia Super League.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.utusan.com.my/sukan/bola-sepak/yusri-che-lah-hampir-pasti-sertai-kelantan-1.559358|title=Yusri Che Lah hampir pasti sertai Kelantan|work=Utusan Malaysia|date=24 November 2017|access-date=10 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/sports/article/kafa-appoints-sathit-bensoh-kelantan-head-coach|title=Kafa appoints Sathit Bensoh Kelantan head coach|publisher=Malay Mail Online|date=7 December 2017|access-date=10 December 2017}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2018, Yusri ya riƙe matsayin koci a matsayin mai kulawa sau biyu: na farko lokacin da Bensoh ya yi murabus a watan Fabrairu <ref>{{cite web|title=Temp coach till appointment of new coach|date=11 September 2022 |url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/sports/article/kafa-to-announce-new-head-coach-soon}}</ref> kuma lokacin da ya maye gurbinsa [[Fajr Ibrahim]] ya yi murabba'i a cikin watan Yuni.<ref>{{cite web|title=Yusri Replaces Fajr As Kelantan Coach|author=Bernama|publisher=Malaysian Digest|url=http://malaysiandigest.com/sports/741072-yusri-replaces-fajr-as-kelantan-coach.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702011031/http://malaysiandigest.com/sports/741072-yusri-replaces-fajr-as-kelantan-coach.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=2 July 2018|date=5 June 2018|access-date=6 June 2018|language=en}}</ref>Duk da ƙoƙarin da ya yi, ya kasa kauce wa koma bayan Kelantan zuwa Malaysia Premier League a wannan shekarar, bayan ya gama kasa na teburin. Kelantan ya amince da Yusri da baki don tsawaita kwantiraginsa na shekara guda a ranar 20 ga watan Nuwamba, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nst.com.my/sports/football/2018/11/433019/kafa-keep-faith-yusri|title=KAFA keep faith with Yusri &#124; New Straits Times|date=20 November 2018}}</ref> amma bayan Kelantan ya kasa samar da Yusris da kwangilar hukuma, ya sanya hannu ga Kuala Lumpur FA a ranar 5 ga watan Disamba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/sport/football/2018/12/06/yusri-agrees-to-leave-kelantan-to-take-over-as-kl-coach/|title = Yusri agrees to leave Kelantan to take over as KL coach}}</ref>A ranar 11 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2019, ya yi murabus saboda mummunan sakamako.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nst.com.my/sports/football/2019/03/468192/kl-coach-sacks-himself-poor-results|title = KL coach 'sacks' himself for poor results &#124; New Straits Times|date = 11 March 2019}}</ref>A ranar 15 ga watan Afrilun 2019, an naɗa Yusri a matsayin kocin Kelantan FA .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxsports.com.my/liga-premier-2019/74330/yusri-che-lah-kembali-bantu-kelantan/|title=Fox Sports}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bayan kammala shida a cikin 2020 Malaysia Premier League saboda ƙuntatawa na COVID-19, Kelantan ya sanar da cewa ba za a sabunta kwangilar Yusri ba bayan wannan kakar.<ref>{{cite web |author1=[[Bernama]] |title=Kelantan FC tidak sambung kontrak Yusri |url=https://www.hmetro.com.my/arena/bola-sepak/2020/11/643307/kelantan-fc-tidak-sambung-kontrak-yusri |website=hmetro.com.my |publisher=Harian Metro |access-date=21 January 2023 |language=ms |date=18 November 2020}}</ref> Daga nan aka naɗa Yusri a matsayin babban kocin ƙungiyar FAM-NSC Project, ƙungiyar da ta ƙunshi ƴan wasan U-23 na kasa waɗanda ke taka leda a Gasar Firimiya ta Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hashim |first1=Firdaus |title=FAM pertahan pelantikan Yusri |url=https://www.hmetro.com.my/arena/bola-sepak/2020/12/653813/fam-pertahan-pelantikan-yusri |website=hmetro.com.my |publisher=Harian Metro |access-date=21 January 2023 |language=ms |date=16 December 2020}}</ref> Yusri ya yi murabus a ƙarshen kakar shekarar 2021 ta Malaysia Premier League, tare da ƙungiyar ta kammala ta ƙarshe a gasar.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Farah Azharie |title=Yusri steps down as FAM-NSC coach |url=https://www.nst.com.my/sports/football/2021/12/753314/yusri-steps-down-fam-nsc-coach |website=nst.com.my |publisher=New Straits Times |access-date=21 January 2023 |date=11 December 2021}}</ref> Bayan yin murabus ɗin Yusri daga ƙungiyar FAM-MSN Project, Perak FC ta naɗa shi sabon kocin su na kakar shekarar 2022 ta Malaysia Premier League.<ref>{{cite web |title=Perak will only shop for players later |url=https://www.nst.com.my/sports/football/2022/02/775087/perak-will-only-shop-players-later |website=nst.com.my |publisher=New Straits Times |access-date=21 January 2023 |date=27 February 2022}}</ref> Tare sabon gudanarwar tawagar da matsalolin kuɗi, wanda ya ga tawagar tana da maki da ƙungiyar ta cire don albashin da ba a biya ba ga 'yan wasa da ma'aikatan tawagar, wanda aka haramta shi da canja wurin' yan wasa, da kuma canjin mallakar tawagar,<ref>{{cite web |author1=Farah Azharie |title=Perak troubles taking a toll on coach Yusri |url=https://www.nst.com.my/sports/football/2022/03/783495/perak-troubles-taking-toll-coach-yusri |website=nst.com.my |publisher=New Straits Times |access-date=21 January 2023 |date=27 March 2022}}</ref> Yusri ya jagoranci Perak ya tafi ɗaya kawai fiye da shekarar da ta gabata, ya kammala na biyu a kan tsohon tawagarsa FAM-MSN Project. ƙarshen kakar, an sake sanya Yusri zuwa kocin tawagar U-23 ta Perak a cikin girgizar ma'aikatan kocin tawayen, wanda ya ga Lim Teong Kim ya maye gurbin Yusri a matsayin babban kocin tawajin Perak.<ref>{{cite web |author1=TIMESPORT |title=Teong Kim to coach Perak FC |url=https://www.nst.com.my/sports/football/2022/09/831088/teong-kim-coach-perak-fc |website=nst.com.my |publisher=New Straits Times |access-date=21 January 2023 |date=13 September 2022}}</ref> Daga nan ne Perak ya naɗa Yusri don maye gurbin Lim Teong Kim, wanda aka dakatar da kwangilarsa, a matsayin kocin wucin gadi na Perak na sauran kakar da ta fara daga ranar 25 ga watan Mayu. == Daraja == === Mai kunnawa === '''Selangor''' * Malaysia Firimiya 1: 2000 <ref>[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/malay00.html Malaysia First Level ("Premier One") 2000 - RSSSF]</ref> * Kofin Malaysia <ref>[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/malay01.html Malaysia 2001 - RSSSF]</ref>: 2001 [1] * <ref>[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/malay02.html Malaysia 2002 - RSSSF]</ref>Kofin Malaysia: 2002 [1] * <ref>[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/malay02.html Malaysia 2002 - RSSSF]</ref> Charity Shield: 2002 [1] '''Perak''' * Malaysia Firimiya 1: 2003 <ref>[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/malay03.html Malaysia 2003 - RSSSF]</ref> '''Perlis''' * Kofin Malaysia: 2004 <ref>[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/malay04.html Malaysia 2004 - RSSSF]</ref> * <ref>[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/malay05.html Malaysia 2005 - RSSSF]</ref> Super League: 2005 [1] === Manajan === '''Perlis''' * Wanda ya zo na biyu a gasar FAM ta Malaysia: 2015 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Yusri Che Laha National-Football-Teams.com [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1974]] sti9bumweahm24swemfpemddn6raqd1 0 64646 906775 512457 2026-08-23T22:39:15Z Baffa ali 47435 906775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Guga Wiki 2.45.jpg|thumb|Gustavo Hamer]] [[Fayil:Gustavo hamer-1519829026.jpeg|thumb|Gustavo Hamer]] '''Gustavo Martin Emilio Hamer''' (an haife shi 24 ga Yuni 1997) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na ƙungiyar Premier League Sheffield United. An haife shi a Brazil, ya wakilci Netherlands a matakin matasa.Bayan ya koma Netherlands tun yana yaro, Hamer ya fara aikinsa a Feyenoord inda ya ci gaba ta hanyar tsarin matasa. Ya buga wasanni biyu a tawagar farko kafin a ba da rancensa ga FC Dordrecht a kakar 2017-18. {{stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 1997]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 0t5zuhu8686j2favlx09id314012mro 0 65034 906782 891138 2026-08-23T23:06:36Z Baffa ali 47435 906782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Igor Paixão''' (an haifeshi ranar 28 ga Yuni, 2000) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Barazil wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba ko na hagu don ƙungiyar Eredivisie Yana daya daga cikin yan wasan kwallon kafa na kasar barazil Wanda yake taka leda a kasar .{{stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 2000]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] s1sr6q64m9k35we1alnvnocqmrv2w9e 906783 906782 2026-08-23T23:09:25Z Baffa ali 47435 906783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Igor Paixão''' (an haifeshi ranar 28 ga Yuni, 2000) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Barazil wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba ko na hagu don ƙungiyar Eredivisie Yana daya daga cikin yan wasan kwallon kafa na kasar barazil Wanda yake taka leda a kasar Paixão ta kammala karatu daga makarantar kimiyya ta Coritiba a shekarar 2019. Bayan ya koma Londrina, ya zama babban dan wasa na Coritiba kafin ya koma kasashen waje zuwa Feyenoord a 2022. A Feyenoord, ya lashe Eredivisie, Kofin KNVB da Johan Cruyff Shield kuma an ba shi suna Dan wasan kwallon kafa na Dutch na Shekara. Paixão ta wakilci Brazil a matakin kasa da shekaru 23{{stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 2000]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] mko7k74i20s30dcum0gh5okk6xr6bdx 0 65132 906969 438057 2026-08-24T08:35:24Z Baffa ali 47435 906969 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sandro Mike Lauper''' (an haife shi 25 ga Oktobar shekarar 1996) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Switzerland wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na ƙungiyar Young Boys Swiss Super LeagueA ranar 1 ga Yulin 2018, Lauper ya shiga Young Boys kan kwangilar shekaru hudu. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1996]] na6mmbiq7p848wierp50vg3vhgzjx7f 906970 906969 2026-08-24T08:39:08Z Baffa ali 47435 906970 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sandro Mike Lauper''' (an haife shi 25 ga Oktobar shekarar 1996) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Switzerland wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na ƙungiyar Young Boys Swiss Super LeagueA ranar 1 ga Yulin 2018, Lauper ya shiga Young Boys kan kwangilar shekaru hudu. {{Stub}} Swiss Super League: 2018-19, 2019-20, 2020-21, 2022-232022–23 Kofin Switzerland: 2019-20, 2022 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1996]] 5gyxof2n20rqqfyshsj1gej1zelsalp 906971 906970 2026-08-24T08:39:49Z Baffa ali 47435 906971 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sandro Mike Lauper''' (an haife shi 25 ga Oktobar shekarar 1996) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Switzerland wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na ƙungiyar Young Boys Swiss Super LeagueA ranar 1 ga Yulin 2018, Lauper ya shiga Young Boys kan kwangilar shekaru hudu. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1996]] 0otkqek4j8e86tuswf37b7n4bh4gn7j 0 65437 906816 836970 2026-08-24T04:01:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ogobara Doumbo''' (1 Janairu 1956 - 9 Yuni 2018) wani mai binciken likitancin ne na ƙasar Mali a Jami'ar Mali. An san shi a matsayin jagoran duniya a binciken cutar zazzabin cizon sauro. Shi ne wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Chevalier de l' [[:fr:Ordre National du Mali|Ordre National du Mali]], Legion d'honneur da kuma bincike kan zazzabin cizon sauro a Afirka. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Doumbo ya taso ne a ƙauyen Dogon.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Science|first=American Association for the Advancement of|date=2011-06-24|title=News this Week|url=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/332/6037/news-summaries|journal=Science|volume=332|issue=6037|pages=1058|issn=0036-8075}}</ref> Mahaifinsa da kakansa sun kasance masu maganin gargajiya na Afirka.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Pincock|first=Stephen|date=November 2008|title=Ogobara Doumbo: building capacity for malaria research in Africa|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(08)61640-2/abstract|journal=The Lancet|language=English|volume=372|issue=9649|pages=1537|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61640-2|pmid=18984177|s2cid=205952786|issn=0140-6736}}</ref> Ya fara hawan mota yana matashi, yana tafiyar 1,000&nbsp;km domin cin jarabawar sa na shedar kammala sakandire a Bandiagara. Ya samu isasshen maki a makaranta har ya kai ga samun gurbin karo karatu a makarantar likitanci da harhaɗa magunguna ta [[Bamako]], sannan ya kammala digirin digirgir a fannin likitanci a jami'ar Mali.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.afribonemali.net/spip.php?article11665|title=Afribone.com :: Academie Française de medecine:Deux professeurs maliens honorés|website=www.afribonemali.net|access-date=2018-06-10|archive-date=2018-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612144236/http://www.afribonemali.net/spip.php?article11665|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya yi aiki a matsayin likitan daji a Sélingué, wanda ya ƙware a aikin tiyata. Da yawa daga cikin mazauna yankin sun ki yarda da magungunan Yammacin Turai, kuma tare da yin aikin tiyatar tiyata Doumbo dole ne ya tabbatar da cewa hanyoyin Yammacin Turai na iya ceton rayuka. Ya ci gaba da samun digiri na biyu a fannin parasitology da immunology a Jami'ar Montpellier. Philippe Ranque da Bernard Duflo ne suka ba shi shawara, waɗanda suka taimaka masa ya koma Mali a lokacin hutun karatu. Ya kammala karatunsa na digiri na biyu a fannin likitanci a Jami'ar Aix-Marseille da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin nazarin halittu daga Jami'ar Johns Hopkins. == Bincike da aiki == A cikin shekarar 1992 Doumbo ya kirkiro Cibiyar Bincike da Koyarwa kan Cutar Malaria [[Bamako|ta Bamako]] tare da abokin aikinsa Yeya Toure.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/04/23/au-mali-plus-aucun-enfant-ne-meurt-du-paludisme-dans-les-villages-ou-nous-intervenons_5289487_3212.html|title=Au Mali, " plus aucun enfant ne meurt du paludisme dans les villages où nous intervenons "|website=Le Monde.fr|date=23 April 2018 |language=fr|access-date=2018-06-10}}</ref> Cibiyar ta samu goyon bayan gwamnatin Mali, da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na ƙasa, da gidauniyar Rockefeller da kuma [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|hukumar lafiya ta duniya]]. Yin aiki tare da Abdoulaye Djimde Doumbo ya tsara taswirar zazzabin cizon sauro da juriya na chloroquine a duk faɗin Mali tare da tabbatar da matakan shawo kan gwamnati bisa hujja. Harold E. Varmus ya ziyarce shi a shekarar 1996, kuma ya yi tafiya tare da shi zuwa ƙauyuka masu nisa. Ya goyi bayan Djimde a fannin kimiyya, ya tallafa masa don samun digiri na uku a Jami'ar Maryland, Baltimore County. Djimde ya ci gaba da jagorantar shirin yaki da muggan kwayoyi na cibiyar, kuma shi ne mutum na farko a yammacin Afirka da ya samu kyautar Howard Hughes. Cibiyar tana aiki tare da tsarin kiwon lafiya a ƙauyuka, shigar da sassan bincike da horar da ma'aikatan jinya da ungozoma. Tana da ƙungiyoyin bincike da yawa waɗanda masu bincike na Mali ke jagoranta, sama da masu bincike na dindindin 200 da ɗaliban karatun digiri 60.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://marcad-africa.org/index.php/the-marcad-program/african-patners/318-malaria-research-and-training-centre|title=Malaria Research and Training Centre|website=marcad-africa.org|access-date=2018-06-10|archive-date=2018-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142954/http://marcad-africa.org/index.php/the-marcad-program/african-patners/318-malaria-research-and-training-centre|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya kafa wani shiri na ba da tallafi, wanda ya jawo hankulan kuɗaɗe masu yawa kuma ya tallafa wa tsararraki masu bincike na Afirka. Kokarin da suka yi ya nuna bukatar a riƙa tura kayan aikin yaki da cutar zazzabin cizon sauro a ƙasa, wanda ya shafi shawarwarin [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]]. Tsakanin shekarun 1996 da 2001 ya jagoranci Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiya ta Tropical Medical Center, wanda ya kasance haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Jami'ar Mali da Jami'ar Tulane. Doumbo ya yi aiki a matsayin Farfesa a Cibiyar Nazarin Cututtuka ta Parasitic a Jami'ar Mali. Doumbo shi ne babban mai bincike don gwajin magunguna da yawa na maganin zazzabin cizon sauro.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.musohealth.org/musos-board-of-directors-welcomes-dr-ogobara-doumbo/|title=Muso's Board of Directors Welcomes Dr. Ogobara Doumbo {{!}} Muso|website=www.musohealth.org|date=11 August 2016 |access-date=2018-06-10}}</ref> Ya kasance a kwamitin ba da shawara kan kiwon lafiya na cutar zazzabin cizon sauro da kuma hukumar gudanarwar lafiya ta Muso.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=40487029&privcapId=40485923&previousCapId=109689304&previousTitle=The%20Chernin%20Group,%20LLC|title=Ogobara Doumbo: Executive Profile & Biography – Bloomberg|website=www.bloomberg.com|access-date=2018-06-10}}</ref> Ya kasance memba na Sashin SESSTIM a Jami'ar IRD/Aix Marseille.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ird.fr/toute-l-actualite/actualites-institutionnelles/deces-du-professeur-ogobara-doumbo-une-perte-inestimable-pour-la-science-africaine-et-pour-l-ird|title=Hommage au Professeur Ogobara Doumbo – IRD|website=www.ird.fr|access-date=2018-06-11|archive-date=2018-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141124/https://www.ird.fr/toute-l-actualite/actualites-institutionnelles/deces-du-professeur-ogobara-doumbo-une-perte-inestimable-pour-la-science-africaine-et-pour-l-ird|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Girmamawa da kyaututtuka == Doumbo ya kasance wanda ya samu lambobin yabo da dama inda ya nuna irin gudunmawar da ya bayar ga cutar zazzabin cizon sauro da cututtuka masu zafi. 1999 - Legion d'honneur 2000 – l' [[:fr:Ordre National du Mali|Ordre National du Mali]] 2007 – Prix Christophe Mérieux de l'Institut de France<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fondation-merieux.org/christophe-merieux-prize/prix-christophe-merieux-2007/|title=Prix Christophe Mérieux 2007 – Fondation Mérieux|website=www.fondation-merieux.org|date=17 September 2013|language=fr|access-date=2018-06-10}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> 2008 - Princess Asturias Awards 2008 - Kyautar Alpha Omega Alpha<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yase-conference.eu/index.php/en/11-pages-en/127-ogobara-doumbo-en|title=Ogobara Doumbo – EN|last=Allemand|first=Luc|website=YASE Conference|access-date=2018-06-10|archive-date=2018-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142728/http://www.yase-conference.eu/index.php/en/11-pages-en/127-ogobara-doumbo-en|url-status=dead}}</ref> 2008 - An Zaɓe shi zuwa Académie Nationale de Médecine 2013 - Kyautar Bincike ta Duniya ta Inserm<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://histoire.inserm.fr/de-l-inh-a-l-inserm/les-prix-inserm/prix-20132/ogobara-doumbo-prix-international-2013|title=Ogobara Doumbo, Prix International 2013 / Histoire de l'Inserm|last=histoire|website=histoire.inserm.fr|language=fr-FR|access-date=2018-06-10|archive-date=2018-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140701/http://histoire.inserm.fr/de-l-inh-a-l-inserm/les-prix-inserm/prix-20132/ogobara-doumbo-prix-international-2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> 2016- International Fellow of American Society of Tropical Medicine<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.astmh.org/awards-fellowships-medals/awards-and-honors/honorary-members|title=ASTMH – Honorary Members|website=www.astmh.org|access-date=2018-06-10|archive-date=2018-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162047/http://www.astmh.org/awards-fellowships-medals/awards-and-honors/honorary-members|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Mutuwan 2018]] 3h2wwm52dcett2fyvn36h0cv5grpyum 0 65683 906657 814493 2026-08-23T18:58:28Z Zahrah0 14848 906657 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Khalida Zahir (Arabic;an haife ta a ranar 18 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1927 zuwa ranar 9 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2015), wanda aka rubuta a matsayin Khalda Zahir, likita ce ta Sudan kuma Mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata. An fi tunawa da ita a matsayin daya daga cikin mata biyu na farko da suka zama likitoci a mulkin mallaka na Sudan, tare da abokin karatunta Zarouhi Sarkissian, da kuma kafa Kungiyar Mata ta Sudan. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Zahir, ɗan fari ga iyayenta, a Almorada, [[Omdurman]] ga mahaifiyata Fatima Ajab Arbab da mahaifinta Zahir Surour Assadati (wanda aka rubuta shi da Elsadati). <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Zahir |first=Caron |last2=Zahir |first2=Amir |date=1997 |title=Khalda Zahir of Almorada Village |url=https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/ssa171.html#ssa171.html |journal=Sudan Studies Association Newsletter |volume=17 |issue=1 |via=[[University of Pennsylvania]]}}</ref> Daga iyayenta da auren mahaifinta na biyu, Zahir daga baya ta haifi 'yan'uwa goma sha takwas. <ref name=":1" /> Assadati, memba ne na Rundunar Tsaron Sudan, ya shiga cikin gwagwarmayar farko da aka shirya don adawa da mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya a shekarar 1924. <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Abdul Jalil}}</ref> Uwa daya ce ta rene shi, domin mahaifinsa ya mutu a yakin Omdurman a ranar da aka haifi Assadati. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Zahir |first=Caron |last2=Zahir |first2=Amir |date=1997 |title=Khalda Zahir of Almorada Village |url=https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/ssa171.html#ssa171.html |journal=Sudan Studies Association Newsletter |volume=17 |issue=1 |via=[[University of Pennsylvania]]}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZahirZahir1997">Zahir, Caron; Zahir, Amir (1997). [https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/ssa171.html#ssa171.html "Khalda Zahir of Almorada Village"]. ''Sudan Studies Association Newsletter''. '''17''' (1) &#x2013; via [[University of Pennsylvania]].</cite></ref> Bayan ya girma da girmama mata saboda tarbiyyarsa, Assadati ya yi aiki don tabbatar da cewa 'yarsa ta sami irin damar da 'ya'yansa maza suka samu, ciki har da samun ilimin sakandare; halinsa ba sabon abu ba ne a tsakanin mazan Sudan a lokacin. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":0" /> Zahir attended Unity High School in [[Khartoum]], where she was a contemporary of Zarouhi Sarkissian. Unity High School primarily educated the children of foreigners, and Zahir's attendance at the institution was met with disapproval by the family's neighbours.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Zahir |first=Caron |last2=Zahir |first2=Amir |date=1997 |title=Khalda Zahir of Almorada Village |url=https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/ssa171.html#ssa171.html |journal=Sudan Studies Association Newsletter |volume=17 |issue=1 |via=[[University of Pennsylvania]]}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZahirZahir1997">Zahir, Caron; Zahir, Amir (1997). [https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/ssa171.html#ssa171.html "Khalda Zahir of Almorada Village"]. ''Sudan Studies Association Newsletter''. '''17''' (1) &#x2013; via [[University of Pennsylvania]].</cite></ref> Some acquaintances of the family wrote letters to Zahir's father, urging him to encourage her to end her education and become a teacher, as she was already too "outspoken."<ref name=":1" /> The pressure did not sway Assadati.<ref name=":1" /> == Ilimin likitanci == [[Fayil:Khalida_Zahir_and_Zarouhi_Sarkissian_-_Graduating_Class_-_1952.png|thumb|An kammala karatun Makarantar Likitanci ta Kitchener, 1952. Zaune: Khalida Zahir (na biyu daga hagu) da Zarouhi Sarkissian (na biyu daga dama).]] Ta hanyar ƙoƙarin malaman ci gaba a Makarantar Sakandare ta Unity, alƙawarin ilimi na Zahir ya kai ga hankalin dangin Stewart Symes, gwamnan mulkin mallaka na Sudan. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Zahir |first=Caron |last2=Zahir |first2=Amir |date=1997 |title=Khalda Zahir of Almorada Village |url=https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/ssa171.html#ssa171.html |journal=Sudan Studies Association Newsletter |volume=17 |issue=1 |via=[[University of Pennsylvania]]}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZahirZahir1997">Zahir, Caron; Zahir, Amir (1997). [https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/ssa171.html#ssa171.html "Khalda Zahir of Almorada Village"]. ''Sudan Studies Association Newsletter''. '''17''' (1) &#x2013; via [[University of Pennsylvania]].</cite></ref> Bayan iyalan Symes sun yi kira ga a shigar da Zahir Makarantar Magunguna ta Kitchener (wanda yanzu ita ce [[Jami'ar Khartoum]] ), Zahir ya yi rajista tare da Sarkissian a 1946. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gillam |first=Sarah |date=20 October 2017 |title=The Kitchener School of Medicine: 20th-century medical education in Sudan {{!}} RCP Museum |url=https://history.rcp.ac.uk/blog/kitchener-school-medicine-20th-century-medical-education-sudan |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=history.rcp.ac.uk}}</ref> Sun kammala karatunsu tare a 1952, suna da matsayi na zama likitoci mata na farko a Sudan. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Rahim Adam |first=Khalifa Abdel |date=2013 |title=Pioneers of paediatrics: Professor Salah Abdelrahman Ali Taha, MD (U of K), DCH, PRCP (London), FRCP (Edin) |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4949966/ |journal=Sudanese Journal of Paediatrics |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=56–62 |issn=0256-4408 |pmc=4949966 |pmid=27493360}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Salah |first=Fatima |date=23 October 2025 |title=An exile that turns into a homeland |url=https://www.sslh.online/en/posts/on-the-bank-of-the-nile-an-exile-that-turns-into-a-homeland |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=www.sslh.online |language=en-GB}}</ref> Zahir ya kammala karatun digiri na biyu a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] da [[Slofakiya|Slovakia]], wanda ya ƙware a fannin ilimin yara . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kushsudan |title=Khalda Zahir |url=https://kushsudan.org/kushites/khalda-zahir/ |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=kushsudan.org |language=en-US}}</ref> === Fafutukar ɗalibai === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan sun yi rajista, Sarkissian da Zahir suka fara shiga harkokin siyasa na ɗalibai . [1] [2] [3] Sun shiga zanga-zangar farko ta jami'a don goyon bayan 'yancin kai na Sudan daga mulkin ƙasashen waje. [4] [2] [3] Duk da cewa suna da sha'awar manufofin mata, [5] Zahir ita ce ta fi kowa himma a cikin su biyun a fannin siyasa, ta fara da shiga ƙungiyar ɗaliban makarantar. [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] A shekararta ta farko a Makarantar Kitchener, Zahir da abokiyar karatunta [[Fatima Talib]] sun kafa Ƙungiyar Al'adu ta Matasan Mata. <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Al Amin |first=Nafisa Ahmed |last2=Magied |first2=Ahmed Abdel |date=1 June 2001 |title=A history of Sudanese women organizations and the strive for liberation and empowerment |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/A+history+of+Sudanese+women+organizations+and+the+strive+for...-a084344532 |journal=Ahfad Journal |volume=18 |issue=1 |via=The Free Library}}</ref> Domin hukumomin mulkin mallaka su ba da damar gudanar da ayyukansu, ƙungiyar ta gabatar da kanta a matsayin ƙungiyar zamantakewa da al'adu wadda ke haɓaka ayyukan sha'awar mata kamar yin sutura . <ref name=":6" /> Manufofin ƙungiyar sun haɗa da shirya laccoci kan 'yancin mata, samar da azuzuwan karatu da rubutu ga mata, da kuma kafa makarantar renon yara wadda daga baya ta zama makarantar firamare a 1970. <ref name=":6" /> Haka kuma a shekarar 1946, Zahir ta halarci wani zanga-zangar jama'a kan mulkin Birtaniya. <ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Elamin |first=Nisrin |last2=Ismail |first2=Tahani |date=4 May 2019 |title=The many mothers of Sudan's revolution |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/5/4/the-many-mothers-of-sudans-revolution |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> An kama ta, don haka ta zama mace ta farko a tarihin Sudan ta zamani da aka kama bisa dalilai na siyasa. <ref name="Sudanow_women_role_indep2" /> <ref name=":9" /> <ref name=":10" /> A wasu labaran, hukumomin mulkin mallaka sun yi [[Fuskar da aka yi wa bulala|mata bulala]] a lokacin wannan lamarin; <ref name=":10" /> <ref name="Sudanow_women_role_indep2" /> a wasu kuma, an sake ta daga tsare bayan 'yan awanni. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Zahir |first=Caron |last2=Zahir |first2=Amir |date=1997 |title=Khalda Zahir of Almorada Village |url=https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/ssa171.html#ssa171.html |journal=Sudan Studies Association Newsletter |volume=17 |issue=1 |via=[[University of Pennsylvania]]}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZahirZahir1997">Zahir, Caron; Zahir, Amir (1997). [https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/ssa171.html#ssa171.html "Khalda Zahir of Almorada Village"]. ''Sudan Studies Association Newsletter''. '''17''' (1) &#x2013; via [[University of Pennsylvania]].</cite></ref> Bayan fara shiga cikin ayyukan Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sudan a ƙarshen shekarun 1940, Zahir ta zama mace ta farko 'yar Sudan da ta shiga jam'iyyar siyasa a 1949. <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Abdul Jalil}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKurita2023">Kurita, Yoshiko (2023). "Re-examining the "Sources of the Sudanese Revolution"". In Vezzadini, Elena; Seri-Hersch, Iris; Revilla, Lucie; Poussier, Anaël; Abdul Jalil, Mahassin (eds.). ''Ordinary Sudan, 1504-2019''. Africa in Global History. Boston: De Gruyter. pp.&nbsp;44, <span class="nowrap">62–</span>63, <span class="nowrap">154–</span>155. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-11-071950-5|<bdi>978-3-11-071950-5</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Zahir |first=Caron |last2=Zahir |first2=Amir |date=1997 |title=Khalda Zahir of Almorada Village |url=https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/ssa171.html#ssa171.html |journal=Sudan Studies Association Newsletter |volume=17 |issue=1 |via=[[University of Pennsylvania]]}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZahirZahir1997">Zahir, Caron; Zahir, Amir (1997). [https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/ssa171.html#ssa171.html "Khalda Zahir of Almorada Village"]. ''Sudan Studies Association Newsletter''. '''17''' (1) &#x2013; via [[University of Pennsylvania]].</cite></ref> <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Al Amin |first=Nafisa Ahmed |last2=Magied |first2=Ahmed Abdel |date=1 June 2001 |title=A history of Sudanese women organizations and the strive for liberation and empowerment |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/A+history+of+Sudanese+women+organizations+and+the+strive+for...-a084344532 |journal=Ahfad Journal |volume=18 |issue=1 |via=The Free Library}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAl_AminMagied2001">Al Amin, Nafisa Ahmed; Magied, Ahmed Abdel (1 June 2001). [https://www.thefreelibrary.com/A+history+of+Sudanese+women+organizations+and+the+strive+for...-a084344532 "A history of Sudanese women organizations and the strive for liberation and empowerment"]. ''Ahfad Journal''. '''18''' (1) &#x2013; via The Free Library.</cite></ref> A shekarar 1952, Zahir, Fatima Talib, da [[Fatima Ahmed Ibrahim]] sun kafa [[Kungiyar matan sudan|Ƙungiyar Mata ta Sudan]] don haɓaka haƙƙin mata na yin aiki da [[Zaɓen Mata|kaɗa ƙuri'a]] . <ref name=":6" /> Ibrahim, wacce ta zama 'yar majalisa mace ta farko a Sudan a 1965, ta ɗauki Zahir a matsayin mai ba da shawara. <ref name=":0" /> == Aiki da siyasa daga baya == [[Fayil:Khalida_Zahir.jpg|thumb|Zahir ya ɗauki hotonsa a rayuwa ta gaba.]] Bayan ta cancanci zama likita, Zahir ta yi aiki a asibitoci a Omdurman da Khartoum. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Zahir |first=Caron |last2=Zahir |first2=Amir |date=1997 |title=Khalda Zahir of Almorada Village |url=https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/ssa171.html#ssa171.html |journal=Sudan Studies Association Newsletter |volume=17 |issue=1 |via=[[University of Pennsylvania]]}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZahirZahir1997">Zahir, Caron; Zahir, Amir (1997). [https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/ssa171.html#ssa171.html "Khalda Zahir of Almorada Village"]. ''Sudan Studies Association Newsletter''. '''17''' (1) &#x2013; via [[University of Pennsylvania]].</cite></ref> Ta koma [[Bahr el Ghazal (Yankin Sudan ta Kudu)|Bahr el Ghazal]] a shekarar 1952 tare da mijinta, inda ta fara aiki a matsayin mai duba lafiyar lardin kuma ya ɗauki matsayin [[Malami|malamin]] makarantar sakandare. <ref name=":1" /> Zahir ta kuma gudanar da asibitinta na kanta, inda ta kula da marasa lafiya masu ƙarancin kuɗi kyauta kuma ta kai wa yara allurar rigakafin shan inna a shekarun 1960. Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar kula da lafiyar yara a Ma'aikatar Lafiya daga tsakiyar shekarun 1970 har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1986. <ref name=":0" /> === Ayyuka tare da Ƙungiyar Mata ta Sudan === Ƙungiyar Mata ta Sudan (SWU), wadda Zahir memba ne na waɗanda suka kafa ta, ta yi nasarar cimma [[Daidaiton Albashi Don Aikin Dai-Dai|daidaiton albashi ga mata]] a Sudan a shekarar 1953. <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Abusharaf |first=Rogaia |date=1 February 2023 |title=Sudanese women advancing justice and equality since the 1920s |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/sudanese-women-advancing-justice-and-equality-since-the-1920s/ |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Mata ta SWU ta kuma yi nasarar kawar da 'dokokin biyayya' waɗanda suka tilasta wa mata komawa ga abokan hulɗar da ke cin zarafi. <ref name=":13" /> Duk da cewa Zahir ya damu da al'adar yi wa mata kaciya (FGM) a ƙasar, makarantun kwana na mata da SWU ta buɗe a shekarun 1950 da gangan ba su mai da hankali kan shawo kan ɗalibai su kawo ƙarshen wannan al'ada ba. Zahir ya yi imanin cewa, da azuzuwan SWU "sun mai da hankali kan kawar da kaciya mata... mutane [da] sun yi shakkar dalilan [SWU]," saboda kasancewar al'adar da ta yi tushe a cikinta. <ref name=":13" /> Madadin haka, Zahir ya ɗauki Kaciya a matsayin "alama, ba dalilin biyayya ga mata ba," kuma ya yi imanin cewa wannan al'ada za ta ƙare yayin da aka sami ƙarin ci gaba wajen inganta "talauci, rashin karatu, da cin zarafin" mata. <ref name=":13" /> SWU ta kuma fara buga wata [[mujalla]] a shekarar 1955 wadda ta fallasa masu karatu ga muhawara game da Kaciya da sauran al'adun gargajiya: ''Sawt al-Mara'' ("Muryar Mata"). <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Abusharaf |first=Rogaia |date=1 February 2023 |title=Sudanese women advancing justice and equality since the 1920s |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/sudanese-women-advancing-justice-and-equality-since-the-1920s/ |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAbusharaf2023">Abusharaf, Rogaia (1 February 2023). [https://www.brookings.edu/articles/sudanese-women-advancing-justice-and-equality-since-the-1920s/ "Sudanese women advancing justice and equality since the 1920s"]. ''Brookings''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-03-12</span></span>.</cite></ref> === Juyin juya halin Oktoba === A watan Oktoban 1964, ƙarar adawa da gwamnatin mulkin soja ta shugaban ƙasar Sudan Ibrahim Abboud ta kai ga kisan gillar da 'yan sanda suka yi wa wani ɗalibi a lokacin zanga-zanga a Jami'ar Khartoum. <ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Global Nonviolent Action Database |title=Sudanese bring down dictator Abbud (October Revolution), 1964 |url=https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/sudanese-bring-down-dictator-abbud-october-revolution-1964 |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu |publisher=[[Swarthmore College]]}}</ref> An gudanar da zanga-zangar gama gari a duk faɗin Sudan, ciki har da zanga-zangar da aka yi a ranar 28 ga wata, wadda ta sa masu zanga-zangar lumana suka yi tattaki zuwa fadar shugaban ƙasa. <ref name=":15" /> Zahir ne ya jagoranci zanga-zangar, wadda ta ƙunshi 'yan ƙasa masu ilimi da ƙwararru, suna riƙe da hannu tare da [[alkali]] Abd al-Majid Imam don nuna yanayin zaman lafiya na zanga-zangar ga masu gadin fadar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berridge |first=Willow |date=2025-09-22 |title=Al-Quwwat al-Musallaha : the political and social impacts of a military newspaper |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23337486.2025.2557041 |journal=Critical Military Studies |language=en |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1080/23337486.2025.2557041 |issn=2333-7486}}</ref> Duk da haka, masu gadin sun buɗe wuta kan zanga-zangar, inda suka kashe mutane da kuma raunata mahalarta. <ref name=":16" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Suleiman |first=Mahmoud A. |date=2016-10-21 |title=52nd Anniversary of the glorious October 21, 1964 Sudanese revolution |url=https://sudantribune.com/article/58846 |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> === Ganewa === A shekara ta 2001, Jami'ar Khartoum ta ba Zahir digirin girmamawa na digirin digirgir don girmama nasarorin da ta samu a fannin likitanci da siyasa. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya yi rajista a Makarantar Likitanci ta Kitchener a shekarar 1946, Zahir ta saba da wani abokin ɗan'uwanta, Osman Mohamed Mahgoub. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Zahir |first=Caron |last2=Zahir |first2=Amir |date=1997 |title=Khalda Zahir of Almorada Village |url=https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/ssa171.html#ssa171.html |journal=Sudan Studies Association Newsletter |volume=17 |issue=1 |via=[[University of Pennsylvania]]}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZahirZahir1997">Zahir, Caron; Zahir, Amir (1997). [https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/ssa171.html#ssa171.html "Khalda Zahir of Almorada Village"]. ''Sudan Studies Association Newsletter''. '''17''' (1) &#x2013; via [[University of Pennsylvania]].</cite></ref> Ta hanyar Mahgoub da da'irar zamantakewarsa ne Zahir ya shiga cikin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sudan. <ref name=":1" /> Mahgoub ya gabatar da shawara a shekarar 1952, wanda Zahir ya yarda da shi, duk da rikicin ƙabilanci tsakanin iyalansu: Zahir ya fito ne daga zuriyar [[Mutanen Fur|Fur]], yayin da iyalan Mahgoub suka fito daga ƙabilar Shaigiya . <ref name=":1" /> Iyayen Zahir sun ƙarfafa auren [[Auren soyayya|soyayyarsu]], kuma ya daɗe har mutuwarsa. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|editor-first2=Abdul Jalil}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKurita2023">Kurita, Yoshiko (2023). "Re-examining the "Sources of the Sudanese Revolution"". In Vezzadini, Elena; Seri-Hersch, Iris; Revilla, Lucie; Poussier, Anaël; Abdul Jalil, Mahassin (eds.). ''Ordinary Sudan, 1504-2019''. Africa in Global History. Boston: De Gruyter. pp.&nbsp;44, <span class="nowrap">62–</span>63, <span class="nowrap">154–</span>155. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-11-071950-5|<bdi>978-3-11-071950-5</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Tare suka haifi 'ya'ya mata biyu, Suad da Maryam, da kuma 'ya'ya maza biyu, Ahmed da Khalid. == Mutuwa == Zahir ya mutu a ranar 9 ga Yuni, 2015. == A cikin kafofin watsa labarai == Labarin Zahir ya fito fili a cikin shirin fim mai suna ''Heroic Bodies'' (2022). == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1927]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 22l40u3r8mok539m7yg4d8foy0f5xhx 0 66160 906769 479259 2026-08-23T22:09:25Z Baffa ali 47435 906769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Italy in European Union.svg|thumb|Dan ƙasar Italiya ne]] '''Caterina Scarpellini''' (29 [[Oktoba]] 1808-28 [[Nuwamba]] 1873), wata ƙwararriyar masaniyae taurari ƴar [[Italiya|ƙasar Italiya]] wacce ta gano wani tauraro mai wutsiya kuma a matsayinta na masanin yanayi ta kafa tasha a Roma a cikin 1850s. {{Stub}} An haifi Scarpellini a Foligno a Perugia a ranar 29 ga Oktoba 1808. [1] Iyalinta sun kasance sanannun a garin, kuma kawunta da mahaifinta shine Abbé Feliciano Scarpellini (1762-1840), masanin taurari. Paparoma Pius VI ne ya nada Feliciano a matsayin Shugaban Kimiyya Mai Tsarki a Kwalejin Roman ta Campidoglio a cikin 1816. Ya kuma kasance darektan Roman Campidoglio Observatory . [1] Scarpellini ta koma Roma tana da shekaru 18, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki ga kawunta. Ta kasance memba mai dacewa na Accademia dei Georgofili a Florence . [2] 304wge55ua9c28wnpetglf16coz09z6 0 66525 906908 552540 2026-08-24T07:23:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Kilometre Zero of Peninsular Malaysia.jpg|thumb|Ciin garin malaysia]] [[Fayil:LANDSAT semenanjung malaysia - 2.jpg|thumb|Peninsula]] [[Fayil:LANDSAT semenanjung malaysia - 2.jpg|thumb|Peninsular Malaysia]] '''Peninsular Malaysia''' (Malay: Semenanjung Malayshiya; Jawi: سمننجوڠ مليسيا; [[Sinanci]]: 马来西亚半岛; Tamil: தீபகற்ப மலேசியா), wanda aka fi sani da Malaya ta Yamma ko kuma Malaysia (Malay: Tananan); Malesiya Peninsula, yanki ne na Malaysia da ke mamaye rabin kudancin tsibirin Malay a kudu maso gabashin Asiya da tsibiran da ke kusa. Fadinsa ya kai kusan kilomita 132,490 (51,150 sq mi), wanda kusan kashi 40% na yawan fadin kasar; sauran kashi 60% kuma suna Gabashin Malaysia ne a tsibirin Borneo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.countryweekly.com/reviews/girl-jennifer-nettles |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-01-06 |archive-date=2013-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014125307/http://www.countryweekly.com/reviews/girl-jennifer-nettles |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Nazari == 9vc1ph8igrv7groz9javdpnhr6v0ml3 0 66896 906790 510563 2026-08-23T23:32:11Z Baffa ali 47435 906790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''CBS Records International''' ita ce reshen duniya na Columbia Records Unit of Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc. (CBS) da aka kafa a 1961 kuma aka ƙaddamar a cikin 1962.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=-kMOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA51</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=aJTugyGjLOQC&dq=%22harvey+schein%22%2B+%22cbs+records%22&pg=PT254</ref>A baya, Columbia Records ta ba da lasisi ga wasu kamfanonin rikodin don ƙerawa da rarraba rikodin Columbia a waje da Arewacin Amurka, kamar Philips Records da reshen Fontana (yanzu wani ɓangare na Universal Music Group) a Turai. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} l ddouvqg74j7gkb6z3avz1asimix8ri5 906792 906790 2026-08-23T23:33:35Z Baffa ali 47435 906792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''CBS Records International''' ita ce reshen duniya na Columbia Records Unit of Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc. (CBS) da aka kafa a 1961 kuma aka ƙaddamar a cikin 1962.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=-kMOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA51</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=aJTugyGjLOQC&dq=%22harvey+schein%22%2B+%22cbs+records%22&pg=PT254</ref>A baya, Columbia Records ta ba da lasisi ga wasu kamfanonin rikodin don ƙerawa da rarraba rikodin Columbia a waje da Arewacin Amurka, kamar Philips Records da reshen Fontana (yanzu wani ɓangare na Universal Music Group) a Turai.A cikin 1960, CBS ta sami mai rarraba ta Australiya tun 1956, [1] Kamfanin Rubuce-rubucen Australiya, [2] kuma tare da shi lakabinsa na Coronet Records. [3] An ci gaba da bayar da kayan Columbia na Amurka a kan lakabin CBS Coronet Records a Ostiraliya. An ƙaddamar da lakabin CBS a Ostiraliya a 1963. Har ila yau, a cikin 1960, CBS ta fara tattaunawa tare da mai rarraba Turai Philips Records tare da burin kafa lakabin CBS Records a Turai. Samun Philips na Mercury Records ya shirya hanya don kafa lakabin CBS a 1961 tare da Philips yana rarraba rukunin farko na rikodin CBS a Turai a 1962. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} l 9bfyltgudoy90xsbzevs3qux02ordlb 0 70635 906846 550903 2026-08-24T04:54:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906846 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} '''''One Night in Vegas''''' fim din wasan barkwanci ne na Najeriya a shekarar 2013 wanda John Uche ya ba da umarni.  Tauraro tauraro Jimmy Jean-Louis, John Dumelo, Yvonne Nelson, Sarodj Bertin, Van Vicker, Michael Blackson da Koby Maxwell.  Fim din ya mayar da hankali ne kan wasu ma'aurata 'yan Ghana da suka yi ƙoƙarin inganta dangantakarsu ta hanyar tafiya Las Vegas.  Ƙungiyar guda ɗaya ce ta kirkiro fim ɗin wanda ya gabatar da Paparazzi Eye a cikin Dark a cikin 2011.  An tsara shi tare da ƙaramin kasafin adadi na adadi shida kuma an yi fim ɗin a cikin kwanaki 19, an san fim ɗin a kasuwar Nollywood ta Amurka yayin da fim ɗin ke shirin ɗaga martabar fina-finan Afirka ta hanyar amfani da hanyar yamma. don samar da inganci da ma'auni.  Musamman yin amfani da ƙwarewar ɗan Fim ɗin Ba'amurke (Tim "Black Magic Tim" Wilson) don yin aiki a matsayin Cinematographer da Edita. Fitar da fim ɗin a hukumance a Ghana yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan fitowar jama'a a tarihin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Silverbird a Accra Mall. din buga a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Birnin New York, <ref>{{cite web|last=Awake Etv|title=Koby Maxwell interview on Awake etv ghana|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SRHFMKHxfQY|accessdate=22 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Yvonne Nelson's Outfit at One Night in Vegas Ghana Premiere|url=http://www.that1960chick.com/2013/12/27/yvonne-nelson-rocks-red-peplum-dress-christain-louboutins-to-one-night-in-vegas-premiere-are-you-feelin-her-look/|publisher=That1960chick|accessdate=2 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=One Night In Vegas Premiere's Xmas|url=http://swagofafrica.com/one-night-in-vegas-premieres-at-silverbird-ghana-from-20th-december/|publisher=Swag of Africa|accessdate=2 January 2014|archive-date=1 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701035533/https://www.hugedomains.com/domain_profile.cfm?d=swagofafrica&e=com|url-status=dead}}</ref> Laburaren Majalisa a Washington DC, Bikin Fim na Pan African, Dublin Ireland, Haiti, Najeriya a ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2014, [4] Maryland, Virginia, California, United Kingdom, Afirka ta Kudu, da Saliyo. Wannan fim din rubuta ne daga marubucin fim / ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood da Atlanta, ɗan asalin GA B.J. Winfrey, wanda, ban da fitowa a kan "Army Wives", "Sabotage" tare da [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], da Tyler Perry's "The Haves and the Have Nots", kuma ya sami shahara a cikin 2014 don kasancewa Ba'amurke na farko da ya lashe kyautar masu sukar fina-finai ta Najeriya da Afirka (NAFCA) don gajeren fim ɗin "Five". == Labarin fim == James Foster, wani mutum a kan hanyar da ke kan kansa da aurensa. Fitowa a saman bayan babban shari'a tare da ƙungiyar 'yan fashi; James ya kasance mai natsuwa na tsawon watanni 18. yanke shawarar tafiya zuwa Vegas tare da matarsa Genie zai zama hanya mai kyau don sake farfado da dangantakarsu da kuma damar yin amfani da abokinsa mai tsaron jikinsa, Nick, 'yan kwanaki a matsayin hutu "na gode" don tsaron su a cikin shari'ar.<ref>{{cite web|title=One Night in Vegas Plot|url=http://www.jamati.com/online/film/one-night-in-vegas-movie-premieres-in-washington-dc/|accessdate=10 December 2013|archive-date=13 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213121627/http://www.jamati.com/online/film/one-night-in-vegas-movie-premieres-in-washington-dc/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nollywood Critics Review|url=http://www.nollywoodcritics.com/Archives_Display.aspx?Videoid=487|accessdate=10 December 2013|archive-date=20 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520213548/http://nollywoodcritics.com/Archives_Display.aspx?Videoid=487|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Yvonne Nelson's 'One Night In Vegas' Starring Jimmy Jean-Louis|url=http://omgghana.com/watch-yvonne-nelsons-one-night-in-vegas-starring-akon-more/|publisher=OMG Ghana|accessdate=3 January 2014|archive-date=3 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103090400/http://omgghana.com/watch-yvonne-nelsons-one-night-in-vegas-starring-akon-more/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mahaifiyar Genie, Barbara, tana da shakku ko tafiyar za ta taimaka wa Genie ta ƙarfafa dangantakarta da James ko warware matsalolin da ke tsakanin su. Wani lokaci rauni akasin ƙarfi ne, amma wani lokacin rauni na iya zama hanyar zuwa ƙarfi. Wani lokaci jaraba akasin natsuwa ne, amma wani lokacin jaraba na iya zama hanyar zuwa natsuwa. Wani lokaci abin ke faruwa a Vegas yana zaune a Vegas, amma wani lokacin ba haka ba. == Ƴan wasa == * Jimmy Jean-Louis a matsayin Nick * John Dumelo a matsayin James * [[Yvonne Nelson]] a matsayin Genie * Sarodj Bertin a matsayin Ashely * Michael Blackson a matsayin Mista Roland * Van Vicker a matsayin Tony * Koby Maxwell a matsayin Pat * [[Sahndra Fon Dufe]] a matsayin mai laushi == Godiya gaisuwa == === Nominations === * 2013 NAFC Awards: Fim mafi kyau a cikin Diaspora * NAFC Awards: Fim mafi kyau [1] * 2013 NAFC Awards: Mafi kyawun Sauti * 2013 NAFC Awards: Darakta mafi kyau a cikin Diaspora<ref>{{cite web|title=One Night In Vegas' Not Released, 13 NAFCA Nominations|url=http://pulse.ng/movies/miraculous-one-night-in-vegas-not-released-13-nafca-nominations-id2513938.html|accessdate=10 December 2013|archive-date=31 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831092113/http://pulse.ng/movies/miraculous-one-night-in-vegas-not-released-13-nafca-nominations-id2513938.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 2013 NAFC Awards: Mafi kyawun Cinematography a cikin Diaspora * 2013 NAFC Awards: Mafi kyawun Cinematography * 2013 NAFC Awards: Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Tallafawa * 2013 NAFC Awards: Mafi kyawun Fim * 2013 NAFC Awards: Mafi kyawun Fim a cikin Diaspora * 2013 NAFC Awards: Mafi kyawun Gyara * 2013 NAFC Awards: Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Jagora * 2013 NAFC Awards: Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a Matsayin Jagora * 2013 NAFC Awards: Mafi kyawun Tasirin Bayani * Ghana Movie Awards: Mafi kyawun Editing / Sound [1] * 2013 Ghana Movie Awards: Mafi Kyawun Kiɗa * 2013 Ghana Movie Awards: Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Tallafawa * 2013 Ghana Movie Awards: Hoton Mafi Kyawu === Kyaututtuka === * 2013 NAFCA: Mafi kyawun Cinematography * NAFCA: Fim mafi kyau a Diaspora [1] * NAFCA: Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Tallafawa [1] == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin fina-finan Najeriya na 2013|Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya na 2013]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|http://www.onenightinvegasthemovie.com}} * {{IMDb title|3330194}} [[Category:Fim]] 6nofqkcunzeykr2o66g37uia92rvwqx 0 72671 906631 386921 2026-08-23T17:40:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906631 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Michael Matthews''' marubuci ne na Afirka ta Kudu, furodusa kuma [[Darakta|darektan]]. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://humansoffilmamsterdam.com/2018/08/09/film-review-five-fingers-for-marseilles-2017-director-michael-matthews/ |title=Film Review: Five Fingers for Marseilles (2017); Director: Michael Matthews |access-date=2019-11-30 |archive-date=2021-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506183119/https://humansoffilmamsterdam.com/2018/08/09/film-review-five-fingers-for-marseilles-2017-director-michael-matthews/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> cikin 2017, ya ba da umarnin Five Fingers for Marseilles, fim din da ya lashe kyautar fim mafi kyau a 14th Africa Movie Academy Awards .<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-45931117 |title=AMAA 2018: Nigeria feem, 'Isoken' shine wella for Rwanda |website=BBC}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Matthews a [[Durban]] . Ya yi karatun fim a harabar CityVarsity Cape Town .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/482/215235.html|title=Q&A with SA director Michael Matthews on Oscar-nominated film Love and Monsters|website=Biz Community|first=Daniel|last=Derckson|date=28 April 2021|accessdate=2 November 2021}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Matthews shi darektan Five Fingers for Marseilles, fim din da ake kira fim na farko na yammacin Afirka ta Kudu. A 14th Africa Movie Academy Awards, Five Fingers for Marseilles sun sami gabatarwa 10, gami da kyaututtuka don fim mafi kyau, fim mafi kyau na farko da darektan ya yi da kuma fim mafi kyau. kuma zabi fim dind<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaescapist.com/2018/01/interview-michael-matthews-sean-drummond/ |title=Interview: "Five Fingers for Marseilles" Director Michael Matthews and Writer Sean Drummond |last=Harding |first=Oscar |website=Cinema Escapist |access-date=2019-11-30}}</ref> don Kyautattun Ayyuka a Gudanarwa - Fim mai ban sha'awa a 2017 South African Film and Television Awards. [1] Don rawar ya taka wajen samar da Apocalypse Now, wani ɗan gajeren fim wanda ya dogara da littafin mai suna, Matthews ya lashe mafi kyawun ɗan gajeren fina-finai a 12th South African Film and Television Awards . [1] watan Oktoba 2021, Matthews ya shiga matsayin darektan fim din Disney mai zuwa Merlin . [1] dauki Matthews a matsayin darektan Nautilus, jerin shirye-shiryen Disney+ masu zuwa, a watan Nuwamba 2021.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Kroll|first=Justin|date=November 11, 2021|title=Shazad Latif Tapped To Play Captain Nemo In Disney+ Series 'Nautilus', Michael Matthews On Board To Direct|url=https://deadline.com/2021/11/shazad-latif-captain-nemo-disney-nautilus-michael-matthews-1234872277/|access-date=November 20, 2021|website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == '''Gajeren fina-finai''' == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] b2o1sfpcj6mmqzeyplbwnw5nq9l1y3y 0 73532 906806 643681 2026-08-24T02:00:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Nisa Daga Gida''''' jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin ne na matasa na matasa na 2022 wanda [[Netflix]] ya samar kuma ya ninka matsayin farkon jerin matasa na matasa [[Netflix|na Netflix]] na Najeriya. Jerin da Dami Elebe ya rubuta kuma ya samar da ayyukan Inkblot wanda aka fara akan [[Netflix]] akan 16 Disamba 2022. <ref name=":0" /> Shirin mai kashi biyar ya hada da Mike Afolarin, [[Richard Mofe-Damijo]], [[Bimbo Akintola]], [[Carol King]], [[Adesua Etomi]], [[Funke Akindele]], [[Bolanle Ninalowo]], Genoveva Umeh, Natse Jemide da sauran su.+(('''''Far From Home''''' is a 2022 young adult television series produced by Netflix also doubles as the first Netflix Nigerian young adult TV series.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=Udodiong|first=Inemesit|date=2022-12-09|title=Watch the official teaser for Netflix's 'Far From Home'|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/watch-the-official-teaser-for-netflixs-far-from-home/s9xvszg|access-date=2022-12-17|website=Pulse Nigeria|language=en|archive-date=2022-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217010216/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/watch-the-official-teaser-for-netflixs-far-from-home/s9xvszg|url-status=dead}}</ref> The series written by Dami Elebe and produced by Inkblot productions premiered on Netflix on 16 December 2022.<ref name=":02"/> The five-part series stars Mike Afolarin, Richard Mofe-Damijo, Bimbo Akintola, Carol King, Adesua Etomi, Funke Akindele, Bolanle Ninalowo, Genoveva Umeh, Natse Jemide and a host of others. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Okwuego|first=Oluchi|date=2022-12-10|title=Netflix releases Nigeria young adult series 'Far from Home'|url=https://von.gov.ng/netflix-releases-nigeria-young-adult-series-far-from-home/|access-date=2022-12-17|website=Voice of Nigeria|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Acho|first=Affa|date=2022-11-13|title=Netflix Announces Launch Date For New Nigerian Series, Far From Home|url=https://leadership.ng/netflix-announces-launch-date-for-new-nigerian-series-far-from-home/|access-date=2022-12-17|language=en-US}}</ref> ()) == Takaitaccen bayani == Ishaya Bello (Mike Afolarin), matashi ne mai hazaka amma talaka da ke fafutukar ganin ya cimma burinsa na zama mawaki. Sa'a ta haskaka masa lokacin da ya yi tuntuɓe kan damar da ba kasafai ake samunsa ba don samun tallafin karatu ga ƙwararrun Kwalejin Wilmer, kodayake yana sha'awar yin amfani da tallafin guraben karatu ne kawai don tallafawa tafiyarsa zuwa [[Landan]] inda aka ba shi horo tare da fitaccen ɗan wasa Essien (Deyemi). Okanlawon). Bayan da mahaifiyarsa Patricia ( [[Funke Akindele]] ) ta kashe kudin da ta samu wajen kashe mijinta Ishaya Senior (Paul Adams) da ke fama da rashin lafiya ba tare da izinin dansu ba, wanda hakan ya sa aka biya shi burinsa, Ishaya ya yi sata a gidan rawa na dare inda yake aiki a matsayin mai hidima. Don gudun kada shugaban kungiyar Oga Rambo ( [[Bolanle Ninalowo]] ) ya kashe shi, ya yi tayin dillalan MDMA ga daliban Wilmer, duk da cewa an kusan kashe shi saboda amfani da kayan gwamnati na biyu na shugaban kasa na Rambo (Bucci Franklin). Yayin da ake yin kama da ɗalibi, haramtacciyar dabarar Ishaya tana haifar da ƙarin hargitsi a cikin Wilmer, a gida, da kuma cikin manyan ma'aikata. Bayan da ‘yan kungiyar Rambo suka yi garkuwa da ‘yar uwarsa, sun yi irin wannan mataki tare da abokin makarantar Ishaya, Frank (Emeka Nwagbaraocha), wanda hakan ya sa shi cikin rudani. Daga nan sai Rambo ya kai hari makarantar Wilmer Academy, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin matsala ga Ishaya da danginsa. == Simintin gyaran kafa == * Mike Afolarin as '''[https://culturays.com/moviewikiafrica/wiki/ishaya-bello/ Ishaya Bello]{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}''' * [[Elma Mbadiwe]] a matsayin '''Carmen Wilmer-Willoughby''' * Genoveva Umeh a matsayin '''Zina''' * [[Bolanle Ninalowo]] a matsayin '''Oga Rambo''' * Bucci Franklin a matsayin '''Gwamnati''' * Natse Jemide as '''Reggie''' * [[Richard Mofe-Damijo]] as '''Feyi Wilmer-Willoughby''' * [[Bimbo Akintola]] as '''Mabel Wilmer-Willoughby''' * [[Funke Akindele]] as '''Patricia Bello''' * Paul Adams as '''Ishaya Bello Snr''' * [[Olumide Oworu]] as '''Atlas''' * [[Adesua Etomi]] as '''Mrs Irurhe''' * Tomi Ojo as '''Rahila''' * [[Linda Ejiofor]] a matsayin '''Mrs Abubakar''' * [[Carol King]] a matsayin '''Babban Gemade''' * Gbubemi Ejeye as '''Adufe''' * Richard Tanksley a matsayin '''Mista Boyle''' * [[Deyemi Okanlawon]] as '''Essien''' * Ruby Okezie as Nnenna == Shirye-shirye == {{Episode table|background=#C8A2C8|overall=|title=|director=|writer=|airdate=|released=y|episodes={{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 1 |Title = Welcome to Wilmer |DirectedBy = Catherine Stewart |WrittenBy = [[Dami Elebe]] |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|12|16|df=y}} |ShortSummary = Ishaya Bello comes from a poor family who are struggling to make ends meet, Ishaya Bello is a talented artist who really aims to become very successful at it, he got a life-changing opportunity to join the elite school on a scholarship he would have to cheat his way through to get, Ishaya fancies his chances and made the decision to steal from a dangerous group to enable him get the scholarship form to get into the elite Wilmer college, Ishaya soon puts himself and his impoverished family in crises. |LineColor = C8A2C8 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 2 |Title = No Way Out |DirectedBy = Catherine Stewart |WrittenBy = [[Dami Elebe]] & Chiemeka Osuagwu |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|12|16|df=y}} |ShortSummary = Following the debt Ishaya now owes Oga Rambo and Government from the money he stole to purchase the scholarship form, Oga Rambo and Government takes Ishaya's sister with them pending the time Ishaya is able to pay the money, Ishaya offers to sell ectasy at Wilmer Academy to enable him pay his debt and free his sister, Ishaya soon began to mingle with the cool rich kids in the school and he soon finds himself in a party that presented him with the opportunity to sell the ectasy. |LineColor = C8A2C8 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 3 |Title = The Dr. High Effect |DirectedBy = [[Kayode Kasum]] |WrittenBy = [[Jola Ayeye]] & Nkiru Njoku |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|12|16|df=y}} |ShortSummary = Following the illicit party that was held, a video of Carmen Wilmer goes viral and she has to face the consequences of her actions in school, Ishaya Bello soon starts his business fully disguising as Dr. High by secretly selling ectasy to students at Wilmer Academy. |LineColor = C8A2C8 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 4 |Title = A Founder's Day Affair |DirectedBy = [[Kayode Kasum]] |WrittenBy = [[Jola Ayeye]] & Nkiru Njoku |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|12|16|df=y}} |ShortSummary = Following a fire outbreak at the school, the school sought to heighten security at the school by starting a 'stop and search' activity in the school, this however didn't sit well with the students who caused chaos and protest in the school to protest the activity. The Founder's day came, and Ishaya Bello's hero and mentor, Essien came to the school and Ishaya was happy to meet his hero but he didn't get the kind of reception he wanted. Ishaya's Ex girlfriend, Adufe soon makes a costly mistake that made her and Ishaya plan to kidnap Ishaya's best friend, Frank in order to get money to solve the problem. |LineColor = C8A2C8 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 5 |Title = Revelations are Forever |DirectedBy = [[Kayode Kasum]] |WrittenBy = [[Jola Ayeye]] & Nkiru Njoku |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|12|16|df=y}} |ShortSummary = Following the success of the kidnap, Oga Rambo wants them to start kidnapping business officially and Adufe inspired that their next target be Carmen Wilmer (whom Ishaya is now getting close to), in a bid to stop them, Ishaya reports the whole matter to the school authority who then visits rush to arrest Oga Rambo and his accomplice, unfortunately for them, they only arrested Government leaving Oga Rambo, Adufe and Baido escaping, Rambo then attacks Wilmer Academy in a bid to get Carmen Wilmer and Ishaya Bello. |LineColor = C8A2C8 }}}} == Production da saki == Nisa Daga Gida wanda Inkblot Productions ya samar shine Babban Matasa Na Farko na Najeriya (YA) Netflix Original jerin kuma ya ninka azaman nau'in matashi na farko da ke fitowa daga Yammacin Afirka. Fim ɗin farko da aka gudanar a Legas a ranar 14 ga Disamba 2022 kuma ya ƙunshi manyan mutane da suka halarta. == Nassoshi == 2lpmc97godb6rsv94e4n92ivja8v22f 0 74307 906644 400192 2026-08-23T18:35:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mike Ndlangamandla''' (an haife shi 8 ga Yuli 1990), ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Afirka ta Kudu kuma abin koyi wanda ke cikin jerin talabijin ''Muvhango'' da ''Durban Gen.''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-15 |title=Mike Ndlangamandla Biography |url=https://zimscandals.co.zw/index.php/2021/07/15/mike-ndlangamandla-biography-age-career/ |access-date=2021-11-13 |website=Celebrity |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113161607/https://zimscandals.co.zw/index.php/2021/07/15/mike-ndlangamandla-biography-age-career/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Ndlangamandla ranar 8 ga Yuli 1990 a Piet Retief, lardin Mpumalanga, Afirka ta Kudu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-15 |title=Mike Ndlangamandla Biography |url=https://zimscandals.co.zw/index.php/2021/07/15/mike-ndlangamandla-biography-age-career/ |access-date=2021-11-13 |website=Celebrity |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113161607/https://zimscandals.co.zw/index.php/2021/07/15/mike-ndlangamandla-biography-age-career/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sana'a == Kafin shiga wasan kwaikwayo, ya shiga hukumar wasan kwaikwayo. A halin yanzu, ya karanci wasan kwaikwayo a makarantar DNA a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Johannesburg<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-10 |title=Dr Lindelani from Durban Gen, real life facts |url=https://www.safrolebs.com/blog/celebs/biographies/mike-ndlangamandla-biography/ |access-date=2021-11-13 |website=Southern African Celebrities |language=en |archive-date=2021-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113161609/https://www.safrolebs.com/blog/celebs/biographies/mike-ndlangamandla-biography/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2018, ya taka rawar goyon baya na "Fasto Max" akan jerin wasan kwaikwayo na SABC 2 Venda Muvhango . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-29 |title=Salaries: This is how much Durban Gen actor Dr Zulu ‘Mike Ndlangamandla’ earns |url=https://savannanews.com/salaries-this-is-how-much-durban-gen-actor-dr-zulu-mike-ndlangamandla-earns/ |access-date=2021-11-13 |website=Savanna News |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113161607/https://savannanews.com/salaries-this-is-how-much-durban-gen-actor-dr-zulu-mike-ndlangamandla-earns/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sannan a cikin 2019, ya fito a cikin etv sci-fi telenovela Isipho kuma ya taka rawar "Teboho". A cikin 2020, ya shiga tare da wasan kwaikwayo na yau da kullun na e.tv. likita telenovela Durban Gen. A cikin silsilar, ya taka rawar jagoranci na "Dr.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-09 |title=Mike Ndlangamandla Bio |url=https://savannanews.com/mike-ndlangamandla-biography-age-children-tv-roles-pictures-net-worth-durban-gen/ |access-date=2021-11-13 |website=Savanna News |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113154534/https://savannanews.com/mike-ndlangamandla-biography-age-children-tv-roles-pictures-net-worth-durban-gen/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Fim ! Matsayi ! Salon ! Ref. |- | 2019 | ''Isipho: Kyauta'' | Teboho | Jerin talabijan | |- | 2020-2023 | ''Durban Gen'' | Dr. Lindelani Zulu | Jerin talabijan | |} == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1990]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gkw5gcf88n1suwlqzwk6d0bo4afs6xr 0 74553 906810 836964 2026-08-24T02:50:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Noxolo Mathula''' (an Haife ta a ranar 31 ga watan Disamba 1990), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta [[Afirka ta Kudu]], abar koyi, kuma mawaƙiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-18 |title=5 Minutes With Uzalo Actress, Noxolo Mathula On Youth Day |url=https://newsofafrica.org/5-minutes-with-uzalo-actress-noxolo-mathula-on-youth-day.html |access-date=2021-11-12 |website=News of Africa - Online Entertainment - Gossip - Celebrity Newspaper - Breaking News |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112033232/https://newsofafrica.org/5-minutes-with-uzalo-actress-noxolo-mathula-on-youth-day.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-20 |title=Noxolo Mathula 'Lily' From Uzalo Buys Herself A House |url=https://iharare.com/noxolo-mathula-lily-from-uzalo-buys-herself-a-r1-8-house/ |access-date=2021-11-12 |website=iHarare News |language=en-GB}}</ref> An fi saninta da rawar da ta taka a jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin, kamar ''eHostela'' da ''Uzalo''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-06 |title=Noxolo Mathula Biography |url=https://savannanews.com/noxolo-mathula-biography-age-net-worth-cars-career-awards-uzalo/ |access-date=2021-11-12 |website=Savanna News |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112033229/https://savannanews.com/noxolo-mathula-biography-age-net-worth-cars-career-awards-uzalo/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Mathula a ranar 31 ga watan Disamba 1990 kuma ta girma a [[Durban]], Kwa-Mashu, Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-10 |title=Lilly from Uzalo is former President Jacob Zuma’s child |url=https://savannanews.com/noxolo-mathula-lilly-from-uzalo-is-former-president-jacob-zumas-child/ |access-date=2021-11-12 |website=Savanna News |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112033227/https://savannanews.com/noxolo-mathula-lilly-from-uzalo-is-former-president-jacob-zumas-child/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana kyautata zaton ɗiyar tsohon shugaban ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu [[Jacob Zuma]] ce, mai ‘ya’ya kusan 22. Daga baya ta koma Umhlanga Rocks tare da dangi. Ta kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Parkhill a Durban sannan ta yi digiri a shekarar 2008. A shekarar 2015, ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin fina-finai da wasannin kwaikwayo kai tsaye daga AFDA Durban.<ref name="Facts">{{Cite web |date=2019-10-03 |title=10 Interesting Facts About Noxolo Mathula (Lilly-Uzalo) |url=https://youthvillage.co.za/2019/10/10-interesting-facts-about-noxolo-mathula-lilly-uzalo/ |access-date=2021-11-12 |website=Youth Village |language=en-US}}</ref> 'Yar uwarta Ntombizenhlanhla Amanda Zuma. == Sana'a == A cikin shekarar 2018, ta shiga ƙwararriyar wasan kwaikwayo tare da rawar cameo a cikin nunin Mzansi Bioskop kamar ''Abasebenzi 1 & 2'' da ''Abo Chommee''. A halin yanzu, ta bayyana a cikin serial ''Ibutho'' kuma. A cikin shekarar 2019, ta shiga tare da ƴan wasan kwaikwayo na Mzansi Magic drama serial ''eHostela'', kuma ta taka rawa a "Fikephethwe".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nkosi |first=Mapule |date=2020-10-28 |title=Uzalo's Noxolo Mathula Reveals Side Hustle |url=https://www.showbizscope.co.za/uzalos-noxolo-mathula-reveals-side-hustle/ |access-date=2021-11-12 |website=Showbiz Scope |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112033233/https://www.showbizscope.co.za/uzalos-noxolo-mathula-reveals-side-hustle/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Matsayinta ya zama sananne a tsakanin jama'a, inda ta ci gaba da taka rawa a cikin yanayi biyu. Daga baya a cikin shekarar, ta sami lambar yabo na mafi kyawun Jaruma mai tallafawa a Kyautar Fim na Simon Sabela 2019 don wannan rawa da ta taka. Daga nan sai ta shiga da Serial ''Ifalakhe'' kuma ta taka rawar goyon bayan "Phikiwe".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-02 |title=It’s just really hard not being able to hug - Uzalo actress Noxolo Mathula aka Lily misses hugging |url=https://news365.co.za/able-to-hug/ |access-date=2021-11-12 |website=News365.co.za |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="biography" /> A cikin shekarar 2020, ta fito a cikin SABC 1 soap opera ''Uzalo'', inda ta taka rawa a matsayin "Lilly".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hlongwane |first=Skhumba |date=2020-07-02 |title=Coronavirus hits Uzalo actress Noxolo Mathula (Lily) hard: I can't kiss or hug anymore - Celeb Gossip News |url=https://www.celebgossip.co.za/entertainment-news/23850-coronavirus-hits-uzalo-actress-noxolo-mathula-lily-hard-i-cant-kiss-or-hug-anymore.html |access-date=2021-11-12 |website=www.celebgossip.co.za |language=en-US}}</ref> Koyaya, a ƙarshen 2020, ta zama 'yar wasan Soapie na yau da kullun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzalo’s Noxolo Mathula on hate, a bigger role and dealing with fame |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2018-11-13-uzalos-noxolo-mathula-on-hate-a-bigger-role-and-dealing-with-fame/ |access-date=2021-11-12 |website=TimesLIVE |language=en-ZA}}</ref> A matsayinta na mawakiya, Noxolo ta haɗu tare da Clash of the Choir, kuma ta wakilci ƙungiyar KZN tare da maigidanta Busiswa. == Filmography == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Fim ! Matsayi ! Salon ! Ref. |- | 2018 | ''Ibutho'' | qananan rawar | jerin talabijan | |- | 2019 | ''EHostela'' | Fikephethwe / Fik | jerin talabijan | |- | 2019 | ''Ifalahe'' | Phikiwe | jerin talabijan | |- | 2020 | ''Uzalo'' | Lillian dongwe | jerin talabijan | |} == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1993]] 6jii5cn3ig1jji1jt8rughgxut6x2kg 0 74696 906808 889644 2026-08-24T02:15:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906808 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nombulelo Mhlongo''' (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga Mayu 1992) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nombulelo Mhlongo: Dreaming Out Loud #UzaloTakeOver – Moziak |url=https://moziak.africa/nombulelo-mhlongo-dreaming-out-loud-uzalotakeover/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |language=en-GB |archive-date=2021-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104084011/https://moziak.africa/nombulelo-mhlongo-dreaming-out-loud-uzalotakeover/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ta Afirka ta Kudu, mawaƙiya na gargajiya, malami, kuma marubuci. An fi saninta da rawar a cikin jerin talabijin kamar ''Durban Gen'' da ''Uzalo'' .<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-11 |title=Uzalo Nomcebo Actress Real Age Leaves Fans Shocked |url=https://iharare.com/uzalo-nomcebo-actress-real-age/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=iHarare News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DURBAN Gen actress grateful for her role |url=https://www.dailysun.co.za/Celebs/durban-gen-actress-grateful-for-her-role-20210906 |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=DailySun}}</ref> Baya ga haka, ita ma ’yar wasa ce kuma ’yar kasuwa. Ita kuma 'yar Afirka ta Kudu Tick tocker.<ref>{{Cite web |last=styleyou |date=2021-11-03 |title=From Uzalo to Durban Gen, Meet the talented Nombulelo Mhlongo. |url=https://styleyou7.com/from-uzalo-to-durban-gen-meet-the-talented-nombulelo-mhlongo/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=style you 7 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104084010/https://styleyou7.com/from-uzalo-to-durban-gen-meet-the-talented-nombulelo-mhlongo/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> She is also a south African Tick tocker. == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Nombulelo Mhlongo a ranar 9 ga Mayu 1992 a Pongola, KwaZulu-Natal, Afirka ta Kudu. Ta kammala digiri a fannin zane-zane daga Kwalejin wasan kwaikwayo ta [[Amurka]] .<ref name="Biography">{{Cite web |date=2020-08-10 |title=Nombulelo Mhlongo Biography |url=https://savannanews.com/nombulelo-mhlongo-biography-age-daughter-boyfriend-uzalo-net-worth/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Savanna News |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104084011/https://savannanews.com/nombulelo-mhlongo-biography-age-daughter-boyfriend-uzalo-net-worth/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sana'a == Ta fara wasan kwaikwayo tare da yin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo. A halin yanzu, ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo ''Babu Komai Sai Gaskiya'' wanda John Kani ya shirya tare da rawar "Mandisa". Babban rawarta ta farko a talabijin ta fito ne ta hanyar wasan opera na sabulu ''Skeem Saam'' inda ta taka rawar "Cassandra Masemola". Bayan wannan rawar, ta huta daga aikin talabijin. Sannan ta shiga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kasuwa kuma ta dauki nauyin wasan kwaikwayo. A lokacin rayuwarsa, ta tsunduma cikin aikin "Pan African Arts Space", kuma ta koyar da rubuce-rubuce, karatu, kiɗa da wasan kwaikwayo ga matasa. Sannan ta shiga tare da Stained Glass Productions don serials da yawa. A cikin 2018, ta yi aiki a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin Ifalakhe . A cikin 2019, ta shiga cikin simintin gyare-gyare na SABC1 sabulun opera Uzalo tare da rawar "Nomncebo". A cikin 2020, ta shiga tare da wasan likitancin e.tv telenovela Durban Gen a cikin babban wasan kwaikwayo kuma ta taka rawar "Nurse Sne Mtshali". <ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sc |first1=Pretty Nozuko Ncayiyane AKA Phindile from |last2=celebrities |first2=al's full biography-Southern African |date=2021-06-17 |title=Nombulelo Mhlongo known as Sne on Durban Gen, Biography. |url=https://www.safrolebs.com/blog/celebs/biographies/nombulelo-muhlongo-known-as-sne-on-durban-gen-biography/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Southern African celebrities |language=en |archive-date=2021-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104084011/https://www.safrolebs.com/blog/celebs/biographies/nombulelo-muhlongo-known-as-sne-on-durban-gen-biography/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Durban Gen scales greater heights in viewership |url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/entertainment/2020-11-26-durban-gen-scales-greater-heights-in-viewership/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=SowetanLIVE |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Doctor Who?? |url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/tv-plus-south-africa/20201203/282282437857434 |access-date=2021-11-04 |via=PressReader}}</ref> A cikin 2021, an zaɓi ta don Kyautar Jaruma Mafi Alƙawari a Kyautar Kyautar Matan Afirka na Scream African Women Awards. == Fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Fim ! Matsayi ! Salon ! Ref. |- | | ''Suke Sam'' | Cassandra Masemola | jerin talabijan | |- | | ''Ifalahe'' | | jerin talabijan | |- | 2019 | ''Uzalo'' | Nomncebo | jerin talabijan | |- | 2020 | ''Durban Gen'' | Nurse Sne Mtshali | jerin talabijan | |} == Manazarta == [[Category:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ffitc574c2xxfkb5z3l105gjo4bf5rj 0 75630 906815 513090 2026-08-24T03:23:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906815 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Nwankwo Simy (2019).jpg|thumb|Nwankwo Tochukwu]] '''Nwankwo Tochukwu''' (an haife shi a ranar ashirin da bakwai 27 ga watan Afrilun shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da shida 1986 a Port Harcourt) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ne na Najeriya a halin yanzu tare da Ventura County Fusion . <ref>[http://www.completesportsnigeria.com/2010/10/juth-sign-35-for-20102011/ JUTH SIGN 35 FOR 2010/2011]{{Dead link|date=February 2024}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Tochukwu Nwankwo ɗan wasan tsakiya ne mai ƙirƙirar wanda ya girma a garin Jos, Najeriya . Wasu daga cikin takwarorinsa a lokacin aikin matasa sun kasance ƴan wasa kamar [[John Obi Mikel|Mikel John Obi]] da Victor Obinna, wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar ƙwararrun ƴan wasan matasa waɗanda suka fito daga Jos a lokacin daga shekarar alif dubu biyu da biyar 2005 zuwa shekara ta dubu biyu da bakwai 2007. Ya fara aikinsa tare da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta asibitin koyar da jami'ar Jos, wanda aka fi sani da JUTH F.C.. A Najeriya an san shi da kwararren mai zaman kansa, ya zira kwallaye biyar 5 a cikin kakar wasa daya daga masu zaman kansu. Daga nan sai ya koma FC Koper na Slovenia a watan Janairun shekara ta alif dubu biyu da takwas 2008. <ref>[http://24novice.aplikacije.net/2008/12/17/novice/amusan-in-tochukwu-nic-vec-kanarcka/ 24novice news]{{Dead link|date=April 2020}}</ref> Ya taka leda a gasar cin kofin UEFA ta shekarar alif dubu biyu da takwas 2008 zuwa shekarar alif dubu biyu da tara 2009 a FC Koper kuma ya koma Najeriya a watan Janairun shekara ta alif dubu biyu da tara 2009 zuwa ƙungiyar matasa ta JUTH F.C..<ref>[http://www.npl.com.ng/index.php?option=com_joomsport&task=player&id=452&sid=1&Itemid=1 Tochukwu Nwankwo - NPL.com.ng]{{Dead link|date=April 2020}}</ref> Yayinda yake fara aikinsa a matsayin dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, iyalinsa sun koma Amurka. A watan Disamba na shekara ta shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma 2010, a ƙarshen kwangilarsa tare da JUTH, ya koma Amurka. Bayan shekara guda, ya sake fara aikinsa tare da Ventura County Fusion, <ref>[http://www.vcstar.com/news/2012/jun/07/schmid-knew-wynalda-was-special-from-start Tochkwu Nwankwo Scores from Distance]</ref> wata kungiya a cikin Premier Development League. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Haɗin waje == * [http://www.fckoper.si/index.php/index.php?page=igralec&item=129&tree_root=10&target=clan&id=582 Bayani] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719104459/http://www.fckoper.si/index.php/index.php?page=igralec&item=129&tree_root=10&target=clan&id=582 |date=2011-07-19 }} martaba a shafin yanar gizon Koper * [http://www.prvaliga.si/klubi/mostvo/igralec.asp?idi=81817&id= Bayanan martaba, hoto da ƙididdiga daga Slovenia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515220313/http://www.prvaliga.si/klubi/mostvo/igralec.asp?idi=81817&id= |date=2012-05-15 }} a PrvaLiga.si [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1988]] 1hcdwochofy0yhref9sbhzodm5v43u5 0 77219 906801 872811 2026-08-24T01:01:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906801 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Women%27s_Semi-final_Hockey5s_ARG-RSA_YOG18_13-10-2018_(011)_(cropped).jpg |thumb| Maboloke Nepo Serage]] [[Fayil:Women's Semi-final Hockey5s ARG-RSA YOG18 13-10-2018 (011).jpg|thumb|hotonnta da kungiya]] '''Maboloke Nepo Serage''' (An haife ta a ranar 14 ga [[Afrilu]] 2000) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Team Details – South Africa |url=https://tms.fih.ch/competitions/1388/reports/teams |access-date=27 June 2022 |website=tms.fih.ch |publisher=[[International Hockey Federation]]}}</ref> 'yar wasan hockey ce ta [[Afirka ta Kudu|Afirka ta Kudu a]] tawagar [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == [[File:Women%27s_Semi-final_Hockey5s_ARG-RSA_YOG18_13-10-2018_(014).jpg |left|thumb|Maboloke tare da abokan wasa, a filin wasa]] === Kasa da shekaru 18 === Ta shiga [[Gasar Olympic|gasar Olympics]] ta matasa ta bazara ta 2018. === Ƙungiyar ƙasa === Nepo ta shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta [[FIH Hockey]] ta mata ta 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lemke |first=Gary |date=2022-05-10 |title=Experience and youth in SA squad for Hockey World Cup |url=https://www.teamsa.co.za/experience-and-youth-in-sa-squad-for-hockey-world-cup/ |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=TeamSA |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510114350/https://www.teamsa.co.za/experience-and-youth-in-sa-squad-for-hockey-world-cup/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SA Hockey Women named for FIH Hockey World Cup - South African Hockey Association |url=https://www.sahockey.co.za/sa-teams/sa-women/842-sa-hockey-women-named-for-fih-hockey-world-cup |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=www.sahockey.co.za |archive-date=2022-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527161005/https://www.sahockey.co.za/sa-teams/sa-women/842-sa-hockey-women-named-for-fih-hockey-world-cup |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-13 |title=FIH Hockey World Cup - Nepo Serage makes her debut |url=https://schoolsthatrock.co.za/fih-hockey-world-cup-nepo-serage-makes-her-debut/ |access-date=2022-07-07 |website=Schools That Rock |language=en-ZA |archive-date=2022-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707051547/https://schoolsthatrock.co.za/fih-hockey-world-cup-nepo-serage-makes-her-debut/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Witness |date=2022-05-12 |title=SA women's hockey team to earn respect in Spain |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/witness/sport/general/sa-womens-hockey-team-to-earn-respect-in-spain-20220511/ |access-date=2022-07-07 |website=Witness |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ta halarci [[Hoërskool Witteberg]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=OFM |title=Serage excited and nervous over maiden national call-up |url=https://www.ofm.co.za/article/other-news/315424/serage-excited-and-nervous-over-maiden-national-call-up |access-date=2022-07-07 |website=OFM}}</ref> A shekara ta 2022, ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Cape Town tare da digiri na farko na kimiyya a fannin physiotherapy.<ref>[http://www.students.uct.ac.za/sites/default/files/image_tool/images/434/current/graduation/2022/03_Faculty-of-Health-Sciences_Graduation-Programme_March2022.pdf Faculty of Health Sciences] University of Cape Down. March 2022</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hockey star set for Youth Olympics |url=http://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2018-09-27-hockey-star-set-for-youth-olympics |access-date=2022-07-07 |website=www.news.uct.ac.za |language=en}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 2000]] eqmh7v8i86mik99s3kf66gr4a4n14n4 0 77336 906653 874078 2026-08-23T18:54:26Z Zahrah0 14848 906653 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hassan Saada''' (An haife shi a ranar biyu 2 ga watan [[Janairu]] shekara ta alif ɗari tara da casa'in da huɗu 1994) ɗan dambe ne na [[Moroko|Morocco]] . Sadda ya samu lambar tagulla a gasar cin kofin [[Afirka|Afrika]] a shekarar 2015. An shirya ya fafata a gasar tseren nauyi mai nauyi ta maza a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2016, amma an kama Saada kwana guda gabanin bikin bude gasar bisa zargin yin lalata da su . <ref name="Bio">{{Cite web |title=Hassan Saada |url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/hassan-saada |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826112906/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/hassan-saada |archive-date=26 August 2016 |access-date=27 September 2016 |website=Rio2016.com |publisher=[[Organizing Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games Rio 2016]]}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.news.com.au/sport/olympics/moroccan-boxer-hassan-saada-arrested-on-suspicion-of-sexual-assault-in-olympic-village/news-story/57d83a3ec9f42b6f279e35065f2f7d6a "Moroccan boxer Hassan Saada arrested on suspicion of sexual assault in Olympic village"], news.com.au</ref> Wasu mata biyu 'yan kasar Brazil da suka yi aiki a kauyen Olympics a Barra da Tijuca a matsayin masu jiran gado sun yi masa zarge-zargen cin zarafi da yunkurin fyade . <ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/boxing/rio-2016-boxer-rape-arrested-hassan-saada-olympics-moroccan-latest-a7174191.html "Rio 2016: Moroccan boxer Hassan Saada arrested over rape claim one day before Olympic fight"], The Independent</ref> Sadda ya kasance a tsare a Brazil tsawon watanni 10 har sai da kotun kolin Brazil ta ba da izinin habeas corpus. <ref>[http://larrybrownsports.com/olympics/five-biggest-controversies-summer-games-rio/318178 Five biggest controversies from the 2016 Summer Olympics], Larry Brown Sports</ref> <ref>[http://www.jota.info/justica/ministro-stj-manda-soltar-boxeador-marroquino-investigado-por-estupro-10082016], jota info</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1994]] [[Category:Webarchive template wayback links]] mu96gi1qapsp2namnrxrphxdss96bvs 0 77344 906811 415560 2026-08-24T02:59:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906811 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ntsopa Mokoena''' (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2004) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Team Details – South Africa |url=https://tms.fih.ch/competitions/1438/reports/teams |access-date=26 December 2022 |website=tms.fih.ch |publisher=[[International Hockey Federation]]}}</ref> ɗan wasan hockey ne daga Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai gaba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SA Women |url=https://sahockey.co.za/sa-teams/sa-women |access-date=26 December 2022 |website=SA Hockey |publisher=[[South African Hockey Association]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Ntsopa Mokoena kuma ta girma a birnin Free State na Baitalami . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mokoena scores a hat-trick against Italy |url=https://www.ofm.co.za/article/other-news/320564/mokoena-scores-a-hat-trick-against-italy |access-date=26 December 2022 |website=ofm.co.za |publisher=[[OFM (South Africa)|OFM]]}}</ref><ref name="STR">{{Cite web |title=SA Vrouehokkiespan – Ntsopa Mokoena van BVHS in span |url=https://schoolsthatrock.co.za/sa-vrouehokkiespan-ntsopa-mokoena-van-bvhs-in-span/ |access-date=26 December 2022 |website=schoolsthatrock.co.za |publisher=[[Schools That Rock]] |language=af-ZA |archive-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226072809/https://schoolsthatrock.co.za/sa-vrouehokkiespan-ntsopa-mokoena-van-bvhs-in-span/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kasance tsohuwar ɗaliba ce ta Bethlehem Voortrekker Hoërskool . <ref name="STR"/> == Ayyuka == === Babban ƙungiyar ƙasa === Mokoena ta karbi kiranta na farko zuwa tawagar kasa yayin yawon shakatawa zuwa [[Ispaniya|Spain]] a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SOUTH AFRICAN WOMEN’S HOCKEY SQUADS HAVE BEEN SELECTED |url=https://www.sasportspress.co.za/press-release/south-african-womens-hockey-squads-have-been-selected |access-date=26 December 2022 |website=sasportspress.co.za |publisher=[[SA Sports Press]]}}</ref> Ta fara bugawa a lokacin jerin gwaje-gwaje da Italiya, kuma ta biyo bayan wannan tare da bayyanar a gasar cin Kofin Kasashen FIH ta farko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MOKOENA Ntsopa |url=https://tms.fih.ch/people/29051 |access-date=26 December 2022 |website=tms.fih.ch |publisher=[[International Hockey Federation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FIH Nations Cup {{!}} SA Hockey Women’s Nations Cup Squad announced - South African Hockey Association |url=https://www.sahockey.co.za/sa-teams/sa-women/924-fih-nations-cup-sa-hockey-women-s-nations-cup-squad-announced |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=SA Hockey |archive-date=2022-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227072055/https://www.sahockey.co.za/sa-teams/sa-women/924-fih-nations-cup-sa-hockey-women-s-nations-cup-squad-announced |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Kasa da shekara 21 === Mokoena ta fara bugawa Afirka ta Kudu U-21 a 2023 a gasar cin kofin Junior Africa a Ismailiya . ==== Manufofin kasa da kasa ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%" width="97%" ! data-sort-type="number" style="font-size:95%;" |Manufar<br /> ! align="center" |Ranar !Wurin da yake ! width="150" |Abokin hamayya ! data-sort-type="number" style="font-size:95%" |Sakamakon ! data-sort-type="number" style="font-size:95%" |Sakamakon !Gasar !{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- |1 | rowspan="3" |7 ga Disamba 2022 | rowspan="4" |Filin wasa na Betero, [[Valencia]], Spain | rowspan="3" |{{Fhw|ITA}} | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="3;" align="center" |5–0 | rowspan="3" |Wasan gwaji | rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Africa 5–0 Italy |url=https://tms.fih.ch/matches/17666 |access-date=26 December 2022 |website=tms.fih.ch |publisher=[[International Hockey Federation]]}}</ref> |- |2 | align="center" |3–0 |- |3 | align="center" |5–0 |- |4 |12 Disamba 2022 |{{Fhw|CHI}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–2 |Kofin Kasashen FIH na 2022 |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chile 2–1 South Africa |url=https://tms.fih.ch/matches/17051 |access-date=26 December 2022 |website=tms.fih.ch |publisher=[[International Hockey Federation]]}}</ref> |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] i1seyf0y3879zy7xmjz1736cgv4zlso 0 80336 906607 689619 2026-08-23T15:09:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906607 wikitext text/x-wiki Magic ko '''sihiri''' galibi yana nufin:masana antu * Magic (mafi na halitta), imani da ayyukan da aka yi amfani da su don rinjayar halittu masu ban mamaki da karfi Magick (tare da -ck) na iya komawa musamman ga sihiri na bikin ** Magick (tare da ''-ck'') na iya nufin musamman sihiri na bikin * Magic (rashin fahimta), wanda aka fi sani da sihiri na mataki, fasahar bayyanawa don yin ayyukan allahntaka * Tunanin sihiri, imani cewa abubuwan da ba su da alaƙa da juna suna da alaƙa, musamman sakamakon tasirin allahntaka Magic ko '''sihiri''' na iya nufin:Sihiri<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://med.iiab.me/kiwix/wikipedia_ha_all_maxi_2019-12/A/Tattalin_arziki |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-04 |archive-date=2025-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211093534/http://med.iiab.me/kiwix/wikipedia_ha_all_maxi_2019-12/A/Tattalin_arziki |url-status=dead }}</ref>   == Fasaha da nishaɗi == === Fim da talabijin === * Magic (fim na 1917) , wasan kwaikwayo na Hungary * Magic (fim na 1978) , fim mai ban tsoro na Amurka * Magic, fim din Taiwan na 1983 wanda Wen Chao-yu ya fito da shi * Magic (channel na talabijin) , tashar talabijin ta kiɗa ta Burtaniya === Littattafai === * Magic a cikin fiction, nau'in fiction wanda ke amfani da abubuwan da suka fi na halitta a matsayin taken * Magic: Fantastic Comedy, wasan kwaikwayo na 1913 na G. K. Chesterton * Magic (ƙananan tarihin tarin), tarin gajeren labari na 1996 na Isaac Asimov * Magic (littafi) , wani littafi na 1976 na William Goldman * The Magic Comic, wani wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya na 1939-1941 * Magick (Littafi na 4) , littafin 1913 na Aleister Crowley * ''Magyk'', wani littafi na 2005 na Angie Sage * The Magic (littafi) , littafin taimakon kai na 2012 na Rhonda Byrne * Magic (mujallar Amurka) , mujallar 1991-2016 don masu sihiri * Magic (mujallar kiɗa) , 1995-2016 mujallar kiɗan gargajiya ta Faransa * ''Magic, Inc.'', wani labari ne na kimiyya na 1940 na Robert A. Heinlein === Waƙoƙi === ==== Masu wasan kwaikwayo ==== * Magic (rapper) (1975-2013), wanda aka fi sani da Mr. Magic (sunan gaskiya Awood Johnson), rapper na Amurka * Mai sihiri! , ƙungiyar reggae-pop ta Kanada * The Magic Drum and Bugle Corps, ƙungiyar kiɗa ==== Albums ==== * Magic (Amii Stewart album), 1992 album by Amii Stewart * Magic (Axel Rudi Pell album) , 1997 album by Axel Rudi Pall * Magic (B'z album) , 2009 album by Japanese rock duo B'z * Magic (Album din Ben Rector), 2018 * Magic (Bruce Springsteen album) , 2007 album by Bruce Springsteen * Magic (Djumbo album) , 2008 album by Djumbo * Magic (Dreams Come True album) , 1993 album by Dreams Come True * Magic (Exo-CBX album), 2018 ta ƙungiyar Japan Exo-CBX * Magic (Four Tops album), 1985 album by the Four Tops * Magic (Gillan album) , 1982 album by British rock band Gillan * Magic (The Jets album), 1987 album by The Jets * Magic (Jolin Tsai album) , 2003 album by Jolin Tsai * Magic (Jorma Kaukonen album) , 1985 album by Jorma Kaukonen * Magic (Kiri Te Kanawa album) , 2005 album by Kiri Te Kanawa * Magic (Smash Mouth album) , 2012 album by American rock band Smash Mouth * Magic (T-Connection album) , 1977 album by funk band T-Connección * Magic (T-Square album) , 1981 album by Japanese Jazz fusion band T-Squore * Magic (album na Tom Browne) , album na 1981 na Tom Brown * Magic (Twins album), 2004 CD da ƙungiyar kiɗa Twins ta fitar * Magic, ta hanyar Mafarki Come True, 1993 album ta Mafarki Sun zo Gaskiya * Magic, na Paul Mauriat, 1982 album na Paul Mauriit * Magic (EP) , EP na 2009 ta The Sound of Arrows * The Magic (album) , 2016 album by Deerhoof * Magick (album) , 2004 album by John Zorn ==== Waƙoƙi ==== * "Magic" (waƙar B.o.B) , waƙar da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na hip hop na Amurka B.o, daga kundin B.o'B na 2010 Presents: The Adventures of Bobby Ray''B.o.B Gabatarwa: Labaran Bobby Ray'' * "Magic" (Waƙar Cars) , waƙar da ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Amurka The Cars album na 1984, Heartbeat City''Birnin Zuciya'' * "Magic" (Coldplay song), waƙar da ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Burtaniya Coldplay ta yi daga kundin 2014, Ghost Stories''Labaran Ghost'' * [[Magic (Disco Montego song)|Disco Montego song)">"Magic" (Disco Montego song)]] , song by dance duo Disco Montego daga 2002 album Disco Montev * "Magic" (Waƙar Dragon) , waƙar da ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta New Zealand-Australia Dragon ta yi daga kundin 1984 Body and the Beat''Jiki da Bugawa'' * "Magic" (waƙar Kylie Minogue) , 2020 guda ta mawaƙan Australiya Kylie Minogo, daga kundin ''Disko'' * "Magic" (''Ladyhawke'' song), song by New Zealand recording artist Ladyhawke daga 2008 album Ladyhawke * "Magic" (Mystery Skulls song), waƙar da mawaƙin Amurka Luis Dubuc ya yi daga kundin 2014 Forever''Har abada'' * "Magic" (waƙar Nick Drake) , waƙar Nick Drake daga kundin 2004 da aka yi wa Love Magic''An yi ta don Ƙaunar Magic'' * "Magic" (waƙar O'G3NE) , 2014 guda ta ƙungiyar Dutch O'G4NE * "Magic" (waƙar Olivia Newton-John) , waƙar 1980 ta Olivia Newton- John, daga sauti zuwa fim din ''Xanadu'' * "Magic" (Waƙar Pilot), waƙar da ƙungiyar pop rock ta Scotland Pilot daga kundin 1974, Daga Album of the Same Name, daga baya Selena Gomez ta rufe * "Magic" (waƙar Robin Thicke) , waƙar 2008 ta mawaƙin R&B na Amurka Robin Thicke * "Magic" (Waƙar Sean Smith) , 2017 guda ta Sean Smith * "Magic" (Waƙar Sound of Arrows), waƙar da duo na Sweden suka yi The Sound of Arrow daga kundin Voyage na 2011''Tafiye-tafiye'' * "Magic (What She Do) ", 1985 guda ta ƙungiyar New Zealand DD Smash * "Magick" (Waƙar Klaxons) , waƙar ƙungiyar Klaxons ta London daga kundin 2007 Myths of the Near Future''Labaran Nan Gaba'' * "Magic", na Axel Rudi Pell a kan kundin Magic''Masana'antu'' * "Magic", na Ben Folds a kan kundin The Unauthorized Biography of Reinhold Messner''Tarihin Reinhold Messner da ba a ba da izini ba'' * "Magic", na Bruce Springsteen a kan kundin Magic''Masana'antu'' * "Magic", na Colbie Caillat a kan kundin ''Coco'' * "Magic", na Count Basie a kan kundin Afrilu a Paris''Afrilu a birnin Paris'' * "Magic", ta nan gaba a kan kundin ''Pluto'' * "Magic", na Gabrielle Aplin a cikin kundin Dear Happy''Ƙaunar Farin Ciki'' * "Magic", na The Guess Who a cikin kundin ''Yanzu da Ba Sa'an nan'' * "Magic", na Jolin Tsai a kan kundin Magic''Masana'antu'' * "Magic", na [[Justin Timberlake]] * "Magic", ta Linda Lindas a kan kundin Growing Up''Girma'' * "Magic", na Michel Legrand a kan kundin Magic''Masana'antu'' * "Magic", na Mick Smiley a kan sauti na Ghostbusters * "Magic", ta Mrs. Green Apple daga ''Antenna'' * "Magic", na Kelly Clarkson daga Chemistry''Sanyen sunadarai'' * "Magic", ta hanyar One Direction a kan kundin Take Me Home''Ka kai ni gida'' * "Magic", na Paul McCartney a kan kundin Driving Rain''Ruwan sama'' * "Magic", ta The Pussycat Dolls a kan kundin Doll Domination''Mulkin Doll'' * "Magic", ta Rainbow a kan kundin Difficult to Cure''Yana da wuya a warke'' * "Magic", na Raveena a kan kundin Asha's Awakening''Farkawar Asha'' * "Magic", na Rina Aiuchi * "Magic", na Ryan Adams a kan kundin ''Cardinology'' * "Magic", na Sasha tare da Sam Mollison a cikin kundin The Qat Collection''Tarin Qat'' * "Magic", ta hanyar Asirin a kan kundin Asirin Lokaci''Lokaci na Asirin'' * "Magic", ta Smash Mouth a kan kundin Magic''Masana'antu'' * "Magic", ta Status Quo a kan kundin Ain't Complaining''Ba Ku Yi gunaguni'' * "Magic", na ''Stephanie'' Mills a kan kundin Stephanie * "Magic", ta Gobe X Tare a kan kundin The Chaos Chapter: Freeze''Babi na Chaos: daskare'' * "Magic!", na Zior Park a kan kundin Where Does Sasquatch Live? ''Sashe na 1'' === Sauran amfani a cikin fasaha da nishaɗi === * <nowiki><i id="mwAS4">Magik</i></nowiki> (Illyana Rasputina) , jarumi ne na almara wanda ya bayyana a cikin wallafe-wallafen Marvel Comics * Magic (kalmar wasan) , halayyar da ke cikin rawar da ake takawa da wasannin bidiyo * Magic (nunawar kasuwanci), wasan kwaikwayo na tufafi na shekara-shekara * Magic: Gathering, wasan katin ciniki == Kasuwanci da kungiyoyi == === Kungiyoyin wasanni === * Egoli Magic, ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta Afirka ta Kudu * Orlando Magic, ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta ƙasa * Waikato Bay of Plenty Magic, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta New Zealand === Sauran kungiyoyi === * Bayanan Yanayi na Multi-Agency don Karkara, sabis na taswirar Burtaniya * Magic, Inc. (kamfanin kayan sihiri) , mai wallafa littafin sihiri da mai siyar da kayayyaki * Magic, Inc. (tankirin tunani), wani tanki mai tunani na ilimi * Magix, reshe na BELLEVUE Investments GmbH & Co. KGaA ƙungiyar saka hannun jari * Cibiyar Nazarin Duniya da Creativity ta Malaysia, ƙungiyar da ke Cyberjaya, Malaysia == Tashoshin rediyo == An tsara su a cikin haruffa ta hanyar haruffa: === Kanada === * CIMJ-FM (Majic 106.1), Guelph, Kanada * CJMJ-FM (Magic 100.3), Ottawa, Ontario, Kanada * CJMK-FM (Magic 98.3), Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Kanada * CJUK-FM (Magic 99.9), Thunder Bay, Ontario, Kanada === Amurka === * KKMG (98.9 Magic FM), Colorado Springs, Colorado * KKMJ-FM (Majic 95.5), Austin, Texas * KMAJ-FM (Majic 107.7), Carbondale, Kansas * KMGA (99.5 Magic FM), Albuquerque, New Mexico * KMGL (Magic 104.1), Birnin Oklahoma, Oklahoma * KNEV (Magic 95.5), Reno, Nevada * KBOI-FM (Magic 93.1), Boise, Idaho, tsohon KZMG * KYMG (Magic 98.9), Anchorage, Alaska * WAJI (Majic 95.1), Fort Wayne, Indiana * WDYK (Magic 100.5), Cumberland, Maryland * WLMG (Magic 101.9), New Orleans, Louisiana * WLTB (Magic 101.7), Binghamton, New York * WLXN (Majic 99.9), Lexington, Arewacin Carolina * WMAG (Magic 99.5), Greensboro, North Carolina, tsohon alama * WMGC-FM (Magic 105.1), Detroit, Michigan, tsohon alama * WMGF (Magic 107.7), Orlando, Florida * WMGN (Magic 98.1), Madison, Wisconsin * WMGQ (Magic 98.3), New Brunswick, New Jersey * WMGS (Magic 93), Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania * WMJI (Majic 105.7), Cleveland, Ohio * WMJJ (Magic 96.5), Birmingham, Alabama * WMJM (Magic 101.3), Louisville, Kentucky * WMJX (Magic 106.7), Boston, Massachusetts * WMXJ (Magic 102.7), Miami, Florida, wanda aka fi sani da Majic 102.7 * WROW (Magic 590), Albany, New York * WSPA-FM (Magic 98.9), Spartanburg, South Carolina * WTHZ (Majic 94.1), Lexington, North Carolina, tsohon alama === A wasu wurare === * Magic Nationwide, cibiyar rediyo a cikin Philippines DWTM (Magic 89.9), Manila DYBN (Magic 92.3), Cebu DYBE-FM (Magic 106.3), Bacolod DXKB (Magic 79.3), Cagayan de Oro DXKM (Magic 206.3), Janar Santos ** DWTM (Magic 89.9), Manila ** DYBN (Magic 92.3), Cebu ** DYBE-FM (Magic 106.3), Bacolod ** DXKB (Magic 89.3), Cagayan de Oro ** DXKM (Magic 106.3), Janar Santos * Magic 1278 (3EE), Melbourne, Ostiraliya * Magic FM Aba, Najeriya * Magic Malta, mai watsa shirye-shiryen jama'a na gwamnatin Malta * Magic (station rediyo na Burtaniya), tashar rediyo da ke Landan kuma ana watsawa a duk faɗin Burtaniya * Magic (Turanci tsohon gidan rediyo), tsohon gidan rediyon a Ingila * Magic (cibiyar rediyo ta New Zealand) , cibiyar rediyo a New Zealand == Fasahar == === Kwamfuta === * Magic (shirye-shiryen) , lambar mai rikitarwa a bayan mai sauƙi mai sauƙi * Magic (software) , kayan aiki na layout * ImageMagick, software na sarrafa hoto * Magic Software Enterprises, kamfanin software * MagiC, tsarin aiki na Atari ST * Gibson MaGIC, yarjejeniyar sauti ta hanyar sadarwa * Multi Autonomous Ground-robotic International Challenge, gasar robotics * MAGIC, harshen shirye-shirye na Meditech === Sauran fasahohi === * HTC Magic, wayar hannu * R.550 Magic, makami mai linzami * Magnesium injection cycle, wani engine design * Magic (cryptography) , aikin bincike na yakin duniya na biyu * MAGIC (na'urar daukar hoto) , Roque de los Muchachos Observatory, La Palma, Canary Islands * MAJC, ƙirar microprocessor == Sufuri == === Jirgin sama === * Airwave Magic, Tsarin jirgin sama na Austrian * DTA Magic, fuka-fuki mai haske na Faransa * Eurodisplay SR-01 Magic, jirgin sama mai sauƙi na Czech * Ibis GS-700 Magic, ƙirar jirgin sama ta Colombia * Ibis GS-710 Magic, ƙirar jirgin sama ta Colombia * Ibis GS-730 Super Magic, ƙirar jirgin sama ta Colombia * Ibis GS-750 Grand Magic, ƙirar jirgin sama ta Colombia * Sunair Magic, ƙirar ƙirar ƙarancin ƙarancin Jamus === Jirgin Ruwa === * HMS Magic, jiragen ruwa da yawa na Royal Navy * Carnival Magic, jirgin ruwa mai aiki 2011-yanzu * Disney Magic, jirgin ruwa mai aiki 1998-yanzu * Magic (log canoe), jirgin ruwa mai tsere na Chesapeake Bay == Sauran amfani == * Magic (Middle-earth), sihiri kamar yadda ya bayyana a cikin JR Tolkien's fictional realm of Eä * Magic Johnson (an haife shi a shekara ta 1959), ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Amurka kuma ɗan kasuwa == Dubi kuma == * Magica (rashin fahimta) * Mai sihiri * Mai sihiri (disambiguation) * Magik (disambiguation) * Masana'antu * Majic (disambiguation) * Majik (disambiguation) * Yana da sihiri (disambiguation) * All pages with titles beginning with Magic * All pages with titles containing Magic * Rashin fahimta {{Disambig|callsign|ship}} 84oweanc47iuloied3bd2fdwqad9680 0 80780 906774 527211 2026-08-23T22:33:08Z Baffa ali 47435 906774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} [[Fayil:Wassabi IMG 1262 (2596797917).jpg|thumb]] '''Layi wassabi''' wanda aka fi sani da the sage name Layi Wasabi, dan wasan barkwanci ne kuma dan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya.ɗan wasan kwaikwayon kuma mai kirkirar abun ciki na dijital wanda aka sani da abubuwan da ya yi a kotun satirical da kuma isar da shi.[1][2] ==Manazarta== <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Africa_Magic_Viewers%27_Choice_Awards</ref> kbk3duauq9ohbipxx87hlxu4gouep0n 0 81114 906753 594921 2026-08-23T21:57:24Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 906753 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:SanisetteWiki2009.jpg|right|thumb|256x256px|Sanisette a kan Boulevard Sébastopol a Paris]] eToilets na iya zama bandakunan biyan kuɗi na tsabar kuɗi, ko samun damar shiga cikin yardar kaina tare da shigarwa da fita da hannu. Kwamitin tsaro na corridor yana aiki azaman allo don gujewa damun jama'a ko mai amfani da bayan gida. Dukkanin naúrar an yi ta ne da bakin karfe. Kamar sauran masu dogaro da kai, wuraren bayan gida na jama'a na lantarki, eToilets suna da na'urori masu auna firikwensin don fara ayyukan atomatik gami da sharewar dandali da gogewar dandali, bayan ƙayyadadden adadin amfani. Ana nuna fitilun nuni a wajen naúrar wanda ke taimaka wa mai amfani don gano ko wurin yana shagaltar da shi (hasken ja) ko ba a ciki (hasken kore) da kuma ko wurin ba ya aiki, misali idan ruwan ya yi ƙasa. == Bayyanai == Sanisette yana ƙunshe da bayan gida a bayan wata kofa da ke buɗewa lokacin da aka danna maɓalli ko kuma, a halin da ake ciki na bandaki da ake biya, ana saka tsabar kuɗi a cikin na'urar sarrafawa a wajen bayan gida. An samar da kwandon wanka (salo ya bambanta da samfurin Sanisette). Lokacin da mai amfani ya shiga bayan gida, ƙofar tana rufe don ba da keɓantawa. Bayan mai amfani ya gama amfani da bayan gida, suna fita kuma ƙofar ta sake rufe. Daga nan sai a fara zagayowar wanka a cikin bayan gida, sannan a goge kayan bayan gida da kanta kuma ana kashe su ta atomatik. Bayan kamar dakika sittin, bayan gida ya sake shirya don amfani. Akwai samfura na musamman don masu amfani da naƙasassu, kodayake nau'ikan Sanisettes na baya-bayanan an ƙirƙira su ne don ɗaukar duka masu amfani da motar asibiti da masu amfani da kujerun guragu. An tsara wasu Sanisettes don hawa ruwa a cikin bango (wani lokaci ana ganin su a tashoshin Métro na [[Faris|Paris]]), ko cikin ginshiƙan Morris na ado na waje. Yawancin Sanisettes sun haɗa da alamun samuwarsu: shirye, shagaltar da su, hawan keke (tsaftacewa kai), ko rashin aiki. Ana iya saita Sanisettes don buƙatar tsabar kudi ko don aiki kyauta a latsa maɓallin. Yawancin lokaci ana saita Sanisettes don buɗe kofa bayan lokacin da aka saita (yawanci mintuna 15) don hana ɓarna. Ba za a iya buɗe kofa daga waje ba sai an sami Sanisette kuma an saka tsabar kudi (ko a danna maɓallin da ya dace). Hannun da ke cikin ƙofar Sanisette yana ba da damar buɗe shi daga ciki a kowane lokaci (a cikin sigar kwanan nan, ƙofar tana buɗewa yayin danna maɓalli, amma har yanzu akwai abin riƙe da gaggawa). == Fa'idodi da rashin fa'idodi == Sanisettes maye gurbin urinal na titi (musamman a cikin Paris). Tsarin su na unisex yana ba su damar amfani da su duka maza da mata, don duka [[fitsari]] da kuma bayan gida. Tsarin tsaftace kansu yana kiyaye su da tsabta kuma yana taimakawa wajen rage wari. Wasu samfura suna ba da kiɗan da aka yi rikodi don mai amfani. Ƙofar kulle tana ba da sirri mafi girma fiye da tsofaffin wurare Sanisettes yana ɗauke da gargaɗin cewa ba za a bar yara ƙanana su yi amfani da bayan gida su kaɗai ba saboda na'urar firikwensin nauyi bazai iya gano ƙaramin yaro ba, yana barin tsarin tsaftacewa ya gudana tare da yaro a ciki. Sanisettes na yau da kullun sun yi ƙanƙanta ga masu amfani da keken guragu, don haka an tsara Sanisettes masu dacewa da keken hannu na musamman. A wasu yankuna na Faransa, ana amfani da Sanisettes ba daidai ba don sayar da miyagun ƙwayoyi, amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, da aikin jima'i.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2022}} == A cikin faransa == [[Fayil:Sanisette,_avenue_du_Général-Leclerc.jpg|thumb|Kafin 2009 Sanisette a kan Avenue du Général-Leclerc a Paris]] Birnin Paris na hayar Sanisettes daga wani ɗan kwangila akan kusan Yuro 1,200 a kowane wata. Akwai kimanin 420 Sanisettes a cikin birnin, kuma ana amfani da su kusan sau miliyan uku a shekara. Birnin yana biyan wasu Yuro miliyan 6 a kowace shekara ga kamfanin JCDecaux don aiki da kula da Sanisettes.. Asalinsu duk Sanisettes a cikin Paris gidajen bayan gida ne na biyan kuɗi, farashinsu akan kashi 40 cikin ɗari (a cikin 2002). A cikin 2003, an mayar da Sanisettes goma sha biyu zuwa aiki kyauta, musamman kusa da wuraren da marasa gida ke taruwa. A cikin 2004, an yi irin wannan tuba akan Sanisettes 110 a cikin wuraren shakatawa da lambuna na birni. A ƙarshe, birnin Paris ya yanke shawarar canza duk Sanisettes zuwa aiki kyauta daga tsakiyar Fabrairu 2006 (cikakkiyar juzu'in ya ƙare ta 2014). A shekara ta 2009, birnin Paris ya inganta dukkan Sanisettes zuwa sabon sigar tare da sabbin fasalulluka da canje-canje da yawa (wanda aka nuna a cikin wannan labarin). Sanisettes sun maye gurbin vespasiennes (urinals) kuma aka sani da pissoirs, wanda akwai fiye da 1,200 a Paris a baya a cikin 1930s. The kawai tsira vespasienne a Paris ne a kan Boulevard Arago, kusa da intersection da Rue de la Santé. Har yanzu ana amfani da shi akai-akai. == Dubi kuma == * [[Banɗaki mai Na'ura|Wutar lantarki]] * Gidan tsaftacewa == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Commonscat|Sanisette}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t6onvpidgkvdv96ojhxx635x3fz1n01 0 81244 906762 900885 2026-08-23T22:00:56Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 906762 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:RCN Corporation logo.svg|thumb|Rcn corporation]]   [[Fayil:Sony Playstation 2 SCPH-5001 V9 - Caixa Original (traseira) Original box (back side) (18857543853).jpg|thumb]] An fara samun talabijin na USB a Amurka a shekarar 1948. <ref name="NCTAhistory">{{Cite web |title=History of Cable Television |url=http://www.ncta.com/About/About/HistoryofCableTelevision.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100905133543/http://www.ncta.com/About/About/HistoryofCableTelevision.aspx |archive-date=2010-09-05 |access-date=8 December 2012 |publisher=National Cable & Telecommunications Association}}</ref> A shekara ta 1989, gidaje miliyan 53 na Amurka sun sami biyan kuɗi na talabijin na USB, tare da kashi 60 cikin 100 na dukkan gidajen Amurka suna yin hakan a shekarar 1992. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=History of Cable - CCTA |url=https://calcable.org/learn/history-of-cable/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919050329/https://calcable.org/learn/history-of-cable/ |archive-date=September 19, 2020 |access-date=May 19, 2021 |publisher=California Cable & Telecommunications Association}}</ref><ref name="Encyclopedia.com">{{Cite web |title=The Rise of Cable Television |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/rise-cable-television |access-date=June 14, 2021 |website=[[Encyclopedia.com]]}}</ref> Yawancin masu kallon kebul a Amurka suna zaune a cikin unguwanni kuma suna da matsakaicin aji; talabijin na kebul ba ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan [[Countryside|karkara]], birane, da yankunan karye. <ref name="MarketCharts">{{Cite web |title=SNL Kagan U.S. Cable TV Summary Data |url=http://www.marketingcharts.com/television/snl-kagan-cable-subscription-data-contradicts-fcc-chairman-kevin-martin-2634/snl-kagan-cable-summary-data-2006jpg/ |access-date=8 December 2012 |publisher=Marketing Charts}}</ref> Dangane da rahotanni da Hukumar Sadarwa ta Tarayya ta fitar, biyan kuɗi na talabijin na gargajiya a Amurka ya kai kololuwa a shekara ta 2000, a jimlar biyan kuɗi miliyan 68.5. <ref name="8thCompetition">{{Cite web |date=14 Jan 2002 |title=8th Annual Video Competition Report |url=http://www.fcc.gov/reports/8th-annual-video-competition-report |access-date=29 Mar 2015 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission |page=87}}</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin, biyan kuɗi na kebul sun kasance a hankali, sun sauka zuwa masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 54.4 a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013.<ref name="16thCompetition">{{Cite web |date=31 Mar 2015 |title=16th Report On Video Competition |url=http://www.fcc.gov/document/fcc-adopts-16th-video-competition-report |access-date=26 Apr 2015 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission}}</ref> Wasu Masu ba da sabis na tarho sun fara bayar da talabijin, sun kai ga masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 11.3 tun daga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013.<ref name="16thCompetition" /> == Tarihi == === Tsarin farko === An yi iƙirarin cewa an kirkiro tsarin talabijin na farko a Amurka a 1948 a Mahanoy City, Pennsylvania ta hanyar John Walson don samar da siginar talabijin ga mutanen da karɓar su ba ta da kyau saboda tsaunuka masu tsawo da gine-gine da ke toshe siginar TV. Birnin Mahanoy ya dace da ayyukan CATV, tunda ana iya karɓar siginar talabijin ta hanyar antennas na saman dutse kuma ana sake watsa su ta hanyar "twin-lead" ko "ladder-lead"" kebul zuwa ga al'ummar kwarin da ke ƙasa (inda karɓar watsa shirye-shirye ya kasance matalauta sosai). An yi tambaya game da ikirarin "na farko" na Walson kuma ba za a iya tabbatar da ranar farawa da ya yi ikirarin ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parsons |first=Patrick R. |date=1996 |title=Two tales of a city: John Walson Sr., Mahanoy city, and the "founding"; of cable TV |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-broadcasting-electronic-media_summer-1996_40_3/page/354 |journal=Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=354–365 |doi=10.1080/08838159609364358 |quote=The claim, however, has always been clouded by questions and a lack of documentation. This paper reports the results of an investigation of the Walson story. It concludes that, as bright and promising as the Walson tale may be, it probably is not true. At the very least, the preponderance of evidence suggests that Walson got his start in the community antenna television business in late 1950, about the same time as many others around the country}}</ref> Majalisa ta Amurka da Ƙungiyar Talabijin ta Kasa sun amince da Walson kamar yadda ya kirkiro talabijin na USB a cikin bazara na 1948. <ref name="Morning Call" /> An haɓaka tsarin CATV a ƙarshen shekarun 1940 ta hanyar James F. Reynolds a garinsu na Maple Dale, Pennsylvania, wanda ya girma ya haɗa da Sandy Lake, Stoneboro, Polk, Cochranton, da Meadville. Kodayake Gabashin Pennsylvania, musamman yankunan Schuylkill da Carbon a yankin kwal na anthracite, suna da yawancin tsarin CATV na farko, akwai wasu 'yan kasuwa na CATV da suka warwatse a duk faɗin Amurka. Ɗaya daga cikinsu shine James Y. [[Al-Uzza|Davidson]] na Tuckerman, [[Arkansas (jiha)|Arkansas]] . Davidson shine manajan gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gida kuma yana gudanar da kasuwancin gyaran rediyo a gefe. A shekara ta 1949, ya kafa tsarin kebul don kawo siginar sabon tashar Memphis, [[Tennessee]] ga al'ummarsa, wanda ke da nisa sosai don karɓar siginar tare da antennas kawai.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2014}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Leroy E. "Ed" Parsons ya gina tsarin talabijin na farko a Amurka wanda ya yi amfani da kebul na coaxial, amplifiers, da kuma antenna na al'umma don isar da siginar talabijin zuwa yankin da in ba haka ba ba ba zai iya karɓar siginar talabin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin ba. A cikin 1948, Parsons ya mallaki tashar rediyo a Astoria, [[Oregon]] . Shekara guda da ta gabata shi da matarsa sun fara kallon talabijin a taron masu watsa shirye-shirye. A cikin bazara na 1948, Parsons ya koyi cewa gidan rediyo na KRSC (yanzu KKNW) a [[Seattle]] - kilomita 125 daga nesa - zai kaddamar da gidan talabijin da ya fadi. Ya gano cewa tare da babban eriya zai iya karɓar siginar KRSC a kan rufin Otal din Astoria kuma daga can ya gudu kebul na coaxial a fadin titin zuwa gidansa. Lokacin da tashar (yanzu KING-TV) ta fara watsawa a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1948, Parsons shine kadai a garin da zai iya ganin talabijin. A cewar Bob Sullivan na MSNBC, Parsons ya caji $ 125 sau ɗaya da kuma $ 3 a wata.<ref name="SullivanB">Sullivan, Bob. "[http://www.nbcnews.com/id/22399227 Cable TV: King of misleading come-ons]." ''[[NBC News]].'' January 28, 2008. Retrieved on January 29, 2008. Web page excerpted from GOTCHA CAPITALISM by Bob Sullivan. Copyright (c) 2007 by BobSullivan. Reprinted by arrangement with The Random House Publishing Group.</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1968, an amince da Parsons a matsayin mahaifin gidan talabijin na al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leroy E. "Ed" Parsons Collection |url=https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fo/wg0ooaznc9tt3xlkw6bls/AO6SBSxbIdljzaUxIRg34kM/Ed%20Parsons%20CC32%20finding%20aid.pdf?rlkey=1h96p72nednaqzrbsf5wp7uex&e=1&dl=0 |access-date=June 13, 2024 |publisher=The Cable Center}}</ref> === Tsarin kasuwanci na farko === In 1950, Robert Tarlton developed the first commercial cable television system in the United States. Tarlton organized a group of fellow television set retailers in Lansford, Pennsylvania, a town in the same region as Mahanoy City, to offer television signals from [[Philadelphia|Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] broadcast stations to homes in Lansford for a fee. The system was featured in stories in ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]'', ''Newsweek'' and ''The Wall Street Journal''.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2014}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The publicity of this successful early system set off a wave of cable system construction throughout the United States, and Tarlton himself became a highly sought-after consultant.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2014}} [[Fayil:Push_button_cable_box.jpg|right|thumb|Farkon akwatin mai canzawa na ''Jerrold'' daga ƙarshen 1970s.]] Tarlton ya yi amfani da kayan aikin da sabon kamfani, Jerrold Electronics ya ƙera. Bayan ganin nasarar tsarin Tarlton a cikin 1950, shugaban Jerrold (kuma gwamnan Pennsylvania na gaba) Milton Shapp ya sake tsara kamfaninsa don gina kayan aiki don masana'antar kebul mai girma yanzu. A cikin 1952, Tarlton ya tafi aiki ga Jerrold, yana taimakawa wajen gina mafi yawan manyan tsarin da wannan kamfanin ya gina a cikin shekarun 1950. Tarlton kuma yana da alhakin horar da yawancin manyan masu aiki na tsarin kebul a cikin shekarun 1950. A shekara ta 2003, an shigar da Tarlton a cikin Cable Television Hall of Fame saboda aikinsa na gina kamfanin talabijin na farko da aka yada a Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hall of Fame Honoree 2003 {{!}} Robert Tarlton |url=https://syndeoinstitute.org/honorees/past-honorees/2003-honorees/robert-tarlton/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312213250/http://cablecenter.org/cable-hall-of-fame-main/main-items2/past-honorees.html |archive-date=2014-03-12 |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=Syndeo Institute at The Cable Center}}</ref> === Girman farko === Haɓakar talabijin na watsa shirye-shirye kyauta a cikin shekarun 1950 ya yi barazana sosai ga masana'antar nishaɗi da aka kafa ta hanyar ba da madadin al'ada na biyan kuɗi akai-akai don ganin fina-finai. An tattauna yiwuwar juya masu kallon talabijin kyauta zuwa masu kallon talabajin da aka biya tun da wuri. Misali, bayan talabijin na Amurka miliyan 25 da suka saurara wani nau'in kiɗa na <nowiki><i id="mwZA">Cinderella</i></nowiki> a cikin 1957, masu gudanarwa sun lissafa cewa da cibiyar sadarwa ta sami 25¢ ga kowane talabijin da aka saurara wasan kwaikwayon, da ya sami fiye da dala miliyan 6 ba tare da farashin rarrabawa ba. Koyaya, saboda matsaloli da yawa na shari'a, ka'idoji da fasaha, an yi amfani da talabijin na USB a Amurka a cikin shekaru 24 na farko kusan kawai don watsa tashoshin talabijin masu kasuwanci na ƙasa zuwa yankuna masu nisa da marasa isa. Har ila yau, ya zama sananne a wasu yankuna inda tsaunuka suka haifar da karɓar mara kyau a cikin iska. Shirye-shiryen asali akan kebul ya zo ne a cikin 1972 tare da deregulation na masana'antar.<ref name="NCTAhistory"/> A lokacin da Hukumar Sadarwa ta Tarayya (FCC) ta daskarewa a kan lasisin talabijin daga 1948 zuwa 1952, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Massey |first=Kimberly |title=Freeze of 1948 |url=http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/F/htmlF/freezeof1/freezeof1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323004716/http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/F/htmlF/freezeof1/freezeof1.htm |archive-date=2009-03-23 |access-date=2008-01-25 |website=Museum of Broadcast Television}}</ref> bukatar talabijin ta karu. Tun da ba a bayar da sabbin lasisin tashar talabijin ba, hanya daya tilo da aka cika bukatar, har ma a cikin al'ummomin da ke da tashoshin watsa shirye-shirye guda ɗaya ko fiye, ita ce ta Community Antenna Television (CATV) , kamar yadda aka sani da kebul na farko (wanda ake kira saboda rabawa na zahiri na babban eriya mai karɓa ta dukan al'umma). == Tsarin mulki == === Tarihin siyasa ===   A ranar 1 ga watan Agusta, 1949, T.J. Slowie, sakataren Hukumar Sadarwa ta Tarayya, ya aika da wasika ga Parsons yana neman ya "ba da cikakken bayani ga Hukumar game da yanayin tsarin da ka iya haɓaka kuma yana iya aiki. " Wannan shine farkon sanannen shigar FCC a cikin CATV.[to] Wani lauyan FCC, E. Stratford Smith, ya yanke shawarar cewa Hukumar za ta iya yin amfani da ikon mai ɗaukar kaya a kan CATV. FCC ba ta yi aiki a kan wannan ra'ayi ba, kuma Smith daga baya ya canza tunaninsa bayan ya yi aiki a masana'antar kebul na ɗan lokaci. Bugu da ƙari, shawarar Smith ta rinjayi abubuwan da ya samu na ba da shaida sau da yawa a cikin sauraron kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai na Amurka. Sanata, kuma kwamishinan FCC na gaba, Kenneth A. Cox ya halarci kuma ya shiga cikin waɗannan sauraron. Ya shirya rahoto ga Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai kan Kasuwanci da Kasuwanci na Kasashen Waje game da CATV da tallafawa manufofin FCC na tashar talabijin a kowane al'umma. A cikin 1959 da 1961, an gabatar da takardun kudi a Majalisa ta Amurka wanda zai ƙayyade rawar da FCC ke takawa a cikin manufofin CATV. Babban mai tsara wasu daga cikin waɗannan takardun kudi shine lauya Yolanda G. Barco . Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata masu gudanarwa na farko a cikin kebul, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "babban lauya don abubuwan da ke cikin talabijin na kebul a lokacin shekarun da masana'antar ta fara".<ref>"Cable Pioneer Yolanda Barco Dies at 74." Multichannel News, 6/12/2000, p. 16</ref> Kudin 1959, wanda ya sanya shi a bene na Majalisar Dattijai, zai iyakance ikon FCC ga tsarin CATV a cikin layi (ko kewayon watsa shirye-shirye) na tashar guda ɗaya; duk da haka, an kayar da lissafin. Kudin 1961 da FCC ta gabatar zai ba Hukumar iko akan CATV a matsayin CATV, kuma ba a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto ko mai watsa shirye-shirye ba. Hukumar za ta iya karɓar dokoki da ka'idoji "a cikin sha'awar jama'a" don gudanar da CATV a kowane yanki da CATV da watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin suka rufe. Ba a taɓa ɗaukar mataki a kan wannan lissafin ba. Mafi mahimmanci fiye da matakin Majalisa wajen tantance manufofin Hukumar Sadarwa ta Tarayya CATV sune shari'o'in kotu da sauraron FCC. A cikin Frontier Broadcasting Co. v. Collier, masu watsa shirye-shirye sun yi ƙoƙari su tilasta wa FCC yin amfani da ikon ɗaukar kaya na yau da kullun a kan tsarin CATV 288 a cikin jihohi 36. Masu watsa shirye-shiryen sun ci gaba da cewa CATV ya saba wa Rahoton FCC na shida da Umurni, wanda ya ba da shawarar akalla tashar talabijin guda ɗaya a kowane al'umma. A shekara ta 1958, FCC ta yanke shawarar cewa CATV ba mai ɗaukar kaya ba ne na yau da kullun tunda mai biyan kuɗi bai ƙayyade shirye-shiryen ba. Carter Mountain Transmission Corp., mai ɗaukar hoto na yau da kullun wanda ya riga ya watsa siginar talabijin ta hanyar microwave zuwa tsarin CATV a cikin garuruwan [[Wyoming]] da yawa, yana so ya ƙara siginar ta biyu ga garuruwa biyu kuma ya ƙara sigina biyu ga garin da ba a taɓa amfani da shi ba. Wata tashar talabijin a wani gari ta yi adawa da wannan kuma ta yi zanga-zanga ga FCC a kan lalacewar tattalin arziki. Wani mai jarrabawa ya goyi bayan Carter Mountain, amma Hukumar ta goyi bayan gidan talabijin. An kai karar daukaka kara, kuma Hukumar Sadarwa ta Tarayya ta ci nasara. "Gaskiyar cewa babu mai watsa shirye-shirye da ya fice daga iska saboda gasar CATV a lokacin da gwamnati ta koma fadada ikonta (ko kuma ba ta da wani tun lokacin) bai tsaya ga fadada ikon sarrafawa ba. cewa wasu tasirin tattalin arziki sun isa kawai a matsayin tushen damuwa da gwamnati". FCC ta sake soke mai jarrabawar sauraro don goyon bayan masu watsa shirye-shirye a cikin "San Diego Case". Tsarin CATV a San Diego, California yana so ya shigo da tashoshin daga [[Los Angeles]], wasu daga cikinsu za a iya gani a San Diego; tashoshin talabijin a San Diego ba sa son a shigo da siginar. Tashoshin talabijin sun ci nasara, ba tare da barin sigina a kan layin kebul na gaba a San Diego da kewayenta ba. Tunanin FCC shine kare tashoshin UHF na yanzu da na gaba a San Diego. (Daya daga cikin masu gabatarwa na talabijin na USB shine KSA-TV) A cikin Rahoton Farko da Umurni na Hukumar Sadarwa ta Tarayya akan CATV, FCC ta ba kanta ikon tsara CATV. An tsara wannan rahoto da oda don kare tashoshin talabijin a cikin ƙananan garuruwa. Ya yi wannan ta hanyar sanya dokoki biyu, wanda ya ɗan canza nau'i: ɗayan yana buƙatar tsarin CATV ya ɗauki duk tashoshin gida wanda tsarin CATV yake a cikin A- (mafi kyawun karɓar) na tashar. Na biyu ya haramta shigo da shirye-shirye daga tashar da ba ta cikin gida ba wacce ke kwaikwayon shirye-shiryen a tashar cikin gida idan aka nuna kwafin ko dai kwanaki 15 kafin ko bayan watsa shirye-shiryenta na cikin gida. Wannan rahoto na 1965 ya yi la'akari da haka: 1) CATV ya kamata ya ɗauki tashoshin cikin gida saboda kari na CATV, ba maye gurbin ba, tashoshin gida; kuma, rashin jigilar tashoshin na cikin gida yana ba da fa'ida tun lokacin da mutane ba za su canza daga kebul zuwa eriya don ganin tashar cikin gida ba; 2) rashin jigilar kaya "yaɓin da ya saba da sha'awar jama'a"; kuma, 3) Sauƙin CATV na shirye-shiryen gida ta hanyar sigina mai nisa ba daidai ba ne tunda masu watsa shirye-shirye da CATV ba su yi gasa don shirye-shiryenta a kan daidaitattun ma'a daidai ba; FCC da aka ba. Rahoton na biyu da oda na 1966 sun yi wasu ƙananan canje-canje a cikin Rahoton farko da oda kuma sun kara da babban tsari. An tsara wannan don kare tashoshin UHF a cikin manyan birane. Sabuwar dokar ta hana shigo da sigina masu nisa zuwa manyan kasuwannin 100, don haka CATV a wannan lokacin ya zama mai fa'ida ne kawai a biranen da ba su da karɓa. A shekara ta 1968, Kotun Koli ta tabbatar da haƙƙin FCC na yin dokoki da ka'idoji game da CATV. A cikin yanke shawara game da Amurka v. Southwestern Cable, "San Diego Case", ya ce "ikon Hukumar a kan 'dukkanin sadarwa ta jihohi ... sadarwa ta waya ko rediyo' ya ba da izinin tsara tsarin CATV". === Jirgin ruwa === An fara samun talabijin na USB a Amurka a shekarar 1948. <ref name="NCTAhistory" /> A shekara ta 1989, gidaje miliyan 53 na Amurka sun sami biyan kuɗi na talabijin na USB, tare da kashi 60 cikin 100 na dukkan gidajen Amurka suna yin hakan a shekarar 1992. <ref name=":1" /><ref name="Encyclopedia.com" /> Yawancin masu kallon kebul a Amurka suna zaune a cikin unguwanni kuma suna da matsakaicin aji; talabijin na kebul ba ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan [[Countryside|karkara]], birane, da yankunan karye. <ref name="MarketCharts" /> === Talabijin na jama'a ===   An fara samun talabijin na USB a Amurka a shekarar 1948. <ref name="NCTAhistory" /> A shekara ta 1989, gidaje miliyan 53 na Amurka sun sami biyan kuɗi na talabijin na USB, tare da kashi 60 cikin 100 na dukkan gidajen Amurka suna yin hakan a shekarar 1992. <ref name=":1" /><ref name="Encyclopedia.com" /> Yawancin masu kallon kebul a Amurka suna zaune a cikin unguwanni kuma suna da matsakaicin aji; talabijin na kebul ba ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan [[Countryside|karkara]], birane, da yankunan karye. <ref name="MarketCharts" /> A farkon shekarun 1980s, ana kirkirar shirye-shiryen gida daban-daban tare da abubuwan da ke cikin gida a duk faɗin Amurka a yawancin manyan Kasuwancin talabijin. Kafin a sami damar talabijin na jama'a, ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin farko na Time Inc. ya kasance a [[Columbus|Columbus, Ohio]], inda Richard Sillman ya zama darektan talabijin mafi ƙanƙanta a ƙasar yana da shekaru == Shirye-shiryen == === Kayan waya na asali === Shirye-shiryen talabijin na USB galibi ana raba su tsakanin talabijin mai mahimmanci da na musamman. Cibiyoyin sadarwar kebul na asali galibi sune waɗanda ke da jigilar kaya a kan mafi ƙasƙanci na masu samar da talabijin da yawa. A zamanin talabijin na analog, ana watsa waɗannan tashoshin ba tare da wani ɓoyewa ko wasu hanyoyin ɓoyewa ba. Wadannan cibiyoyin sadarwa na iya bambanta a cikin tsari, daga waɗanda ke da niyya ga masu sauraro na al'ada, zuwa cibiyoyin sadarwar musamman waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan takamaiman nau'o'i, yawan jama'a, ko niches. Cibiyoyin sadarwar kebul na asali sun dogara da haɗuwa da kuɗin jigilar kowane mai biyan kuɗi wanda mai ba da sabis ya biya, da kuma kudaden shiga daga tallace-tallace da aka sayar akan sabis ɗin, a matsayin tushen kudaden shiga. Ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin sadarwa na farko na "babban kebul" shine TBS - wanda aka kafa shi da farko a matsayin tashar tauraron dan adam na Tashar talabijin mai zaman kanta (WPCH-TV ta yanzu) a [[Atlanta]], Jojiya. TBS za ta zama farkon farawa ga wasu manyan kamfanonin kebul na asali ta mai shi, Ted Turner, gami da [[CNN]] - Tashar labarai ta farko ta awanni 24. Wani cibiyar sadarwa ta farko ita ce CBN Satellite Service, sabis na Talabijin na Kirista wanda mai wa'azin talabijin Pat Robertson ya ƙaddamar a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1977 a matsayin ma'aikatar talabijin ta Cibiyar watsa shirye-shiryen Kirista, wanda aka isar da shi ta hanyar tauraron dan adam a matsayin hanyar da ta fi dacewa don rarraba shirye-shirye. Shekaru da yawa, Sabis ɗin Satellite na CBN (daga baya aka sake masa suna CBN Cable Network a 1984) ya haɗu da shirye-shiryen addini tare da sakewa na jerin shirye-shirye na talabijin na gargajiya don cika jadawalin sa'o'i 24. Cibiyar sadarwa ta canza sunanta zuwa The CBN Family Channel a cikin 1988 (an sake duba shi zuwa The Family Channel a 1990 da zarar CBN ta juya shi zuwa wani kamfani mai zaman kansa, International Family Entertainment). Daga baya aka sake masa suna Fox Family a cikin 1998 bayan an samo shi ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Fox Entertainment Group da Saban Entertainment, sannan [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] Family bayan sayarwa ta 2001 ga Iyalin ABC The Walt Disney Company, kuma a ƙarshe zuwa sunansa na yanzu, Freeform a cikin 2016. <ref>Mullen, Megan. The Rise of Cable Programming in the United States: Revolution or Evolution? Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2003.</ref> === Kayan waya mai daraja ===   Asalin kebul na farko ya kasance a wurare biyu: tsarin talabijin na farko na shekarun 1950 da 1960 da ƙananan ƙoƙarin masu amfani da kebul na farkon (CATV) don ƙara ƙarin tashoshi ga tsarin su waɗanda ba a samo su daga siginar iska ba. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kebul mai daraja yana nufin cibiyoyin sadarwa - kamar Home Box Office (HBO), Cinemax, Showtime, The Movie Channel, Flix, Starz, MoviePlex, da Epix - wanda ke motsawa ko ɓoye siginarsu don kawai waɗanda ke biyan ƙarin kuɗin kowane wata ga tsarin kebul ɗin su iya duba su bisa doka (ta hanyar amfani da akwatin mai canzawa). Saboda shirye-shiryen su kyauta ne na kasuwanci (sai dai ga gabatarwa tsakanin shirye-shirye don abubuwan da ke cikin cibiyoyin sadarwa), waɗannan cibiyoyin sadarwar suna da umarni mafi girma daga tsarin kebul. Ayyukan Premium suna da hankali don bayar da sabis ɗin da ba a ɓoye shi ba ga wasu masu ba da kebul masu halarta a lokacin ɗan gajeren lokaci kyauta don ba da damar waɗanda ba su karɓi sabis na kyauta don gwada shirye-shiryen sa, a ƙoƙarin masu biyan kuɗi ga mai ba da gudummawa don yin la'akari da samun biyan kuɗi ga sabis ɗin da aka bayar don ci gaba da kallon shi bayan lokacin preview. HBO ita ce cibiyar sadarwa ta farko ta gaskiya (ko "kabil-kabil") da kuma cibiyar sadarwa na farko da aka nufa don rarraba kebul a kan yanki ko ƙasa; duk da haka, akwai sanannun masu gabatarwa ga kebul mai daraja a cikin masana'antar talabijin mai biyan kuɗi waɗanda ke aiki a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960 (tare da wasu tsarin da ke ci gaba har zuwa 1980), da wasu yunkurin masu watsa shirye-shiryen kyauta a cikin shekarun 1970 da 1980 waɗanda suka ninka yayin da tushen masu biyan kuɗi suka ƙi a cikin waɗannan masu kallo suka fara zuwa karɓar abubuwan da kebul masu aiki a cikin wannan lokacin. A lokacin da yake jariri, bayan ƙaddamar da shi a kan tsarin Wilkes-Barre na Service Electric Cable, [[Pennsylvania]], a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1972, HBO ta kasance tana ba da shirye-shiryen biyan kuɗi ga tsarin CATV a Pennsylvania da New York, ta amfani da fasahar microwave don watsa shirye-shiryenta ga masu samar da kebul da MMDS. A shekara ta 1975, HBO ta zama cibiyar sadarwar kebul ta farko da za a isar da ita a duk fadin kasar ta hanyar watsawar tauraron dan adam. Kodayake irin wannan jujjuyawar ba ta da yawa, wasu tashoshin kebul na yau da kullun sun samo asali ne a matsayin sabis na musamman, gami da Disney Channel (daga 1983 zuwa 1997), AMC (daga 1984 zuwa 1988), da Bravo (daga 1982 zuwa 1994); wasu daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan sun sauya zuwa samfurin tallace-tallace bayan sun sauya ga tsarin da ba a ɓoye ba. Sauran ayyuka masu daraja (kamar su farkon kokarin HBO na Take 2 da Festival, Home Theater Network da Spotlight) sun kasance na 'yan shekaru, kawai don kasawa saboda rashin iya yin gasa da ayyukan da aka kafa waɗanda ke da rarraba mafi girma da kuma yawan masu Bikin kuɗi. Tun da yake ba a watsa tashoshin talabijin na USB a kan bakan jama'a ba, ba sa ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin FCC akan kayan lalata. Cibiyoyin sadarwar Premium gabaɗaya suna ba da cikakken hoto na laifuka, jima'i da tashin hankali; wasu ayyuka masu daraja - kamar Cinemax da The Movie Channel (waɗanda suka ɗauki irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen a matsayin wani ɓangare na jadawalin dare na ƙarshe) da kuma Playboy TV, ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan kebul na farko da suka dace da manya - har ma sun ba da batsa mai laushi a matsayin wani bangare na shirye-shiryenta. Duk da yake babu ka'idojin FCC da ke amfani da abun ciki a kan hanyoyin sadarwar kebul na asali, mutane da yawa suna sarrafa abubuwan da ke cikin shirye-shiryen su saboda ƙaddamar da yawan jama'a, ko kuma saboda tsammanin mai kallo da mai tallatawa, musamman game da harshe mara kyau da tsirara. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, duk da haka, wasu cibiyoyin sadarwa sun zama masu sauƙin kai ga abubuwan da aka watsa a lokacin da aka fara watsawa da kuma dare. Bugu da kari, wasu tashoshin, irin su FX, sun sanya kansu tare da jagorancin shirye-shirye na asali wanda ya fi kama da sabis na farko, tare da mai da hankali kan ƙarin "matasa" da jerin abubuwan da mahalicci ke jagoranta don taimakawa jawo hankalin yabo mai mahimmanci da mahimman masu kallo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Holloway |first=Daniel |date=2019-06-11 |title=How FX Chief John Landgraf Built One of TV's Hottest Brands |url=https://variety.com/2019/tv/features/john-landgraf-fx-disney-merger-1203238667/ |access-date=2019-10-05 |website=Variety |language=en}}</ref> Turner Classic Movies ya watsa shirye-shiryen da ba a yanke su ba kuma ba tare da tallace-tallace ba na fina-finai na wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda suka nuna tsirara, abubuwan jima'i, tashin hankali da lalata, kamar yadda SundanceTV da IFC da ke tallafawa yanzu, wanda tsohon ya fara ne a matsayin sabis na kyauta, ya rabu da Showtime. Tashoshin asali marasa cinikayya sun saba da kimanta gabatarwar fina-finai ta amfani da Jagororin Iyaye na TV, maimakon tsarin kimantawa na Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA). === A cikin katin waya ===   Tun daga farkon karni na 21, wasu sun ba da shawarar dokokin da za su buƙaci masu samar da kebul su ba masu biyan su nasu "à la carte" zaɓin tashoshi.<ref>Fabrikant, Geraldine. [https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/31/business/media-need-espn-but-not-mtv-some-push-for-that-option.html MEDIA; Need ESPN but Not MTV? Some Push for That Option]. ''[[The New York Times]]'': May 31, 2004.</ref> Ba kamar daidaitattun kunshin biyan kuɗi da ake bayarwa a halin yanzu ba, samfurin à la carte yana buƙatar abokin ciniki ya yi rajista ga kowane tashar ɗai-ɗai. Ba a bayyana yadda wannan zai iya shafar farashin biyan kuɗi a kan duka ba, amma zai ba da damar iyaye su tantance halaye na kallon ɗansu ta hanyar cire duk wani tashar da suka ɗauka ba daidai ba ne daga biyan kuɗin su. Bayar da irin wannan biyan kuɗi na mutum zai kasance mai rikitarwa kuma yana da aiki mai yawa ta amfani da kebul na analog, amma yaduwar karɓar kebul na dijital da fasahar IPTV yanzu sun sa ya fi dacewa. Fasahar analog ta ba da damar masu samar da kebul don bayar da daidaitattun kunshin biyan kuɗi ta amfani da matattarar matattarar ƙasa da matattara. Filin low-pass yana barin sakonni mafi ƙanƙanta yayin cire sakonni mafi girma. Yin amfani da irin wannan tacewa, mai ba da kebul ya ba da biyan kuɗi na "tushen tattalin arziki" (tushen gida kawai; waɗannan suna bayyana a siginar mafi ƙanƙanta, wanda aka nuna ta lambobin tashar mafi ƙanchanta) da biyan kuɗi "na asali" (tashunan gida tare da ƙananan tashoshin ƙasa tare da mita kawai sama da tashoshin gida). An yi amfani da matattarar Notch don tacewa daga tashoshi daga siginar kebul na analog (alal misali, ana iya "notched" tashoshi 45-50 kuma mai biyan kuɗi har yanzu yana karɓar tashoshi ƙasa da 45 da sama da 50). Wannan ya ba da damar masu samar da kebul su buɗe daidaitattun tashoshin tashoshin ga mai biyan kuɗi, amma tacewa ba hanya ce mai yiwuwa don ba kowane mai biyan kuɗi zaɓin kansa na tashoshin ba. Don bayar da sabis na "à la carte" ta amfani da siginar analog, mai ba da kebul zai iya yin amfani da kowane tashar kuma ya aika da mai fasaha zuwa gidan kowane mai biyan kuɗi don cire zaɓin tashoshin su a kan akwatin saiti. Kowane canji abokin ciniki na kebul na analog da aka yi a cikin biyan kuɗi zai buƙaci ƙarin ziyarar gida don sake tsara akwatin saiti. Bayar da abokin ciniki zaɓin tashoshin su a la carte ya zama mafi tsada tare da zuwan kebul na dijital, saboda ana iya tsara akwatin mai canzawa na dijital daga nesa. IPTV (watau, isar da tashoshin TV a kan intanet ko cibiyar sadarwa ta IP) har ma da karancin aiki, isar tashoshin ga mabukaci ta atomatik. A halin yanzu, tsarin isar da kebul na dijital da tauraron dan adam tare da biyan kuɗi na daidaitawa suna ba da dama ga cibiyoyin sadarwar da ke ba da sabis da masu sauraro marasa rinjaye don isa ga miliyoyin gidaje, kuma mai yiwuwa, miliyoyin masu kallo. Tun da yake à la carte na iya tilasta wa kowane tashar sayar da shi, irin waɗannan cibiyoyin sadarwar suna damuwa cewa za su iya fuskantar raguwar kudaden biyan kuɗi da kudaden talla, kuma ana iya fitar da su daga kasuwanci. Yawancin masu samar da kebul / tauraron dan adam saboda haka ba sa son gabatar da tsarin kasuwanci na à la carte. Suna tsoron zai rage zaɓin kallon abun ciki gaba ɗaya, yana sa sabis ɗin su ya zama da ƙarancin sha'awa ga abokan ciniki. Wasu sun yi imanin cewa zabin à la carte na iya kara yawan tallace-tallace ta hanyar ba da damar masu biyan kuɗi da ba su da tsada a cikin kasuwar kebul. Wasu masu samar da kebul / tauraron dan adam na iya so su sayar da tashoshi a la carte, amma kwangilar su tare da masu shirye-shiryen sau da yawa suna buƙatar tsarin daidaitawa. == Cable na dijital ==   Farawa a ƙarshen shekarun 1990s, ci gaba a cikin sarrafa siginar dijital (da farko Motorola's DigiCipher 2 video compression technology a Arewacin Amurka) ya haifar da fadada aiwatar da ayyukan kebul na dijital. Talabijin na kebul na dijital yana ba da ƙarin tashoshin talabijin da yawa a kan wannan bandwidth, ta hanyar canza tashoshin kebul zuwa siginar dijital sannan a matsa siginar. A halin yanzu, yawancin tsarin suna ba da tsarin kebul na analog / dijital. Wannan yana nufin suna ba da wasu tashoshin analog ta hanyar sabis na kebul na asali tare da ƙarin tashoshin da aka samar ta hanyar sabis ɗin kebul na dijital. Ana gabatar da tashoshin kebul na dijital kamar yadda suke iya ba da hoto mai inganci fiye da takwarorinsu na analog. Wannan sau da yawa gaskiya ne, tare da ingantaccen ci gaba a cikin ƙudurin chroma (layi 120 don NTSC da 270 don dijital). Koyaya, matsa lamba ta dijital tana da halin sauƙaƙe ingancin hoton talabijin, musamman na tashoshin da suka fi matsawa sosai. Pixelation da sauran kayan tarihi galibi suna bayyane. === Akwatin saiti ===   An fara samun talabijin na USB a Amurka a shekarar 1948. <ref name="NCTAhistory" /> A shekara ta 1989, gidaje miliyan 53 na Amurka sun sami biyan kuɗi na talabijin na USB, tare da kashi 60 cikin 100 na dukkan gidajen Amurka suna yin hakan a shekarar 1992. <ref name=":1" /><ref name="Encyclopedia.com" /> Yawancin masu kallon kebul a Amurka suna zaune a cikin unguwanni kuma suna da matsakaicin aji; talabijin na kebul ba ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan [[Countryside|karkara]], birane, da yankunan karye. <ref name="MarketCharts"/> == Kudin talabijin na USB da shirye-shiryen shirye-shirye ==   Tsarin talabijin na USB yana tilasta kuɗin kowane wata dangane da adadin da ingancin tashoshin da aka bayar. Ana ba masu biyan kuɗi na talabijin na USB kunshe-kunshe daban-daban na tashoshi wanda mutum zai iya biyan kuɗi. Kudin kowane kunshin ya dogara da nau'in tashoshin da aka bayar (na asali vs. premium) da kuma yawan. Wadannan kudaden sun rufe kudaden da aka biya ga tashoshin kebul na kowane don haƙƙin ɗaukar shirye-shiryen su, da kuma farashin aiki da kiyaye tsarin talabijin na kebul don sakonninsu su iya kaiwa gidajen masu biyan kuɗi. Ƙarin kuɗin talabijin na USB da haraji galibi ana amfani da su ta hanyar gwamnatocin gida, jihohi, da tarayya. Yawancin tsarin kebul sun raba jerin tashar su ("ƙasa") zuwa kunshin tashar uku ko hudu. Dokar dole ne a ɗauka ta buƙaci duk tsarin talabijin na kebul su ɗauki duk tashoshin watsa shirye-shiryen kasuwanci na cikin gida masu ƙarfi a cikin Kasuwar talabijin da aka tsara a kan layin su, sai dai idan waɗancan tashoshin sun zaɓi kiran izinin sake watsawa da neman diyya, a wannan yanayin mai ba da kebul zai iya ƙin ɗaukar tashar (musamman idan mai ba da sabis ɗin yana jin cewa yawan ɗaukar matsakaicin farashin wani matakin zai haifar da karuwar mai biyan kuɗi zuwa matakan da zai iya haifar da yiwuwar barin sabis ɗin). Hakanan ana buƙatar tsarin talabijin na USB don bayar da kunshin biyan kuɗi wanda ke ba da waɗannan tashoshin watsa shirye-shirye a ƙarancin kuɗi fiye da daidaitattun biyan kuɗi. Kayan shirye-shiryen asali da tsarin talabijin na kebul ke bayarwa yawanci ana kiransa "babban kebul" kuma yana ba da damar yin amfani da tashoshin talabijin masu yawa, da kuma cibiyoyin talabijin (misali, [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]], [[CBS]], [[NBC]], [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]], The CW, MyNetworkTV, [[Telemundo]], Univision, UniMás, PBS), tashoshin jama'a, ilimi, da gwamnati, tashoshin sabis na kyauta ko masu arha kamar C-SPAN da yawa da aka sadaukar da su ga masu cinikin gida. Wasu masu samarwa na iya samar da ƙananan cibiyoyin sadarwar kebul na ƙasa a cikin layin su na asali. Yawancin tsarin suna bambance-bambance tsakanin kebul na asali, wanda ke da mazauna, tashoshin cin kasuwa na gida da tashoshin talabijin na gida, da fadada asali (ko "ma'auni"), wanda ke ɗauke da mafi yawan sanannun hanyoyin sadarwar kebul na ƙasa. Yawancin layin kebul na asali suna da kusan tashoshi 20 gabaɗaya, yayin da fadada tushen yana da damar tashar kusan tashoshi 70. A karkashin ka'idojin Amurka, farashin kebul na asali na iya sarrafawa ta hukumomi a matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar su. Standard, ko fadada asali, kebul ba ya ƙarƙashin kulawar farashi. Baya ga kunshe-kunshe na asali, duk tsarin suna ba da kunshe-kan tashar tashar da ke ba da ko dai cibiyar sadarwa guda ɗaya (alal misali, HBO) ko cibiyoyin sadarwa masu yawa don farashi ɗaya (alaltar, HBO da Showtime tare). A ƙarshe, yawancin tsarin kebul suna ba da tashoshin biyan kuɗi inda masu amfani zasu iya kallon fina-finai, abubuwan da suka faru, wasanni da sauran shirye-shirye don ƙarin kuɗi don kallo ɗaya a lokacin da aka tsara (wannan shine babban wurin da batsa ke watsawa akan kebul na Amurka). Wasu tsarin kebul sun fara bayar da shirye-shiryen buƙata, inda kwastomomi zasu iya zaɓar shirye-shirye daga jerin abubuwan da suka haɗa da fitowar fina-finai na baya-bayan nan, kide-kide, wasanni, shirye-shiryin talabijin na farko da na musamman kuma fara shirin a duk lokacin da suke so, kamar suna kallon DVD ko tef na VHS (ko da yake wasu ayyukan buƙata, yawanci waɗanda cibiyoyin watsa shirye-shiryenta, suna ƙuntata ikon ci gaba da sauri ta hanyar shirin). Wasu daga cikin hadayu suna da farashi mai kama da hayar fim a kantin sayar da bidiyo yayin da wasu ke da kyauta. Abubuwan da ake buƙata a hankali suna maye gurbin biyan kuɗi na gargajiya don abubuwan da aka riga aka rubuta; biyan kuɗi ya kasance sananne ga abubuwan da suka faru na wasanni na gwagwarmaya (boxing, mixed martial arts da gwagwarmayar ƙwararru). Yawancin tsarin kebul suna aiki a matsayin masu mallakar gaske a Amurka. Duk da yake a halin yanzu dokar tarayya ta haramta franchises na musamman, kuma 'yan kalilan ne suka kasance na musamman, sau da yawa kamfani daya ne kawai ke ba da sabis na kebul a cikin al'umma.<ref>Goodale, James C., and Frieden, Rob. ''All About Cable and Broadband''. Law Journal Press, 2010, sec. 4.02[1], p. 4-7 & note 9, and sec. 4.02[4], pp. 4-28 and 4-29. The federal prohibition is found at 47 U.S.C. sec. 541(a)(1).</ref> Masu ginin da yawa a Amurka, ban da kamfanonin tarho tare da kayan aikin da ke akwai, a al'adance suna da matsala mai tsanani a cikin lambobin shiga kuɗi da kasuwa. Masu ginin sun sami nasara a kasuwar MDU, inda aka kafa dangantaka tare da masu gidaje, wani lokacin tare da kwangila da yarjejeniyar keɓancewa ga gine-gine, wani lokacin ga fushin masu haya. Haɓakar tsarin watsa shirye-shiryen tauraron dan adam kai tsaye wanda ke ba da irin wannan shirye-shirye ta amfani da ƙananan masu karɓar tauraron dan Adam, da kuma Verizon FiOS da sauran kamfanoni na baya-bayan nan ta masu ɗaukar musayar gida kamar U-verse, sun kuma ba da gasa ga tsarin talabijin na kebul. === Kudin biyan kuɗi ===   Yawancin tashoshin kebul suna cajin masu samar da kebul "farashin biyan kuɗi," don ɗaukar abubuwan da suke ciki. Kudin da mai ba da sabis na kebul dole ne ya biya ga tashar talabijin ta kebul na iya bambanta dangane da ko tashar ta asali ce ko mafi girma da kuma shahararren wannan tashar. Saboda ba a buƙatar masu ba da sabis na kebul su ɗauki duk tashoshin kebul, suna iya tattauna kuɗin da za su biya don ɗaukar tashar. Yawanci, tashoshin kebul da suka fi shahara suna da umarni mafi girma. Misali, ESPN yawanci yana cajin $ 10 a kowane wata don cibiyoyin sadarwar sa ($ 7 don babban tashar kadai), wanda ya fi girma daga kowane tashar kebul na Amurka, wanda ba a kwatanta da tashoshin manyan, kuma yana tashi da sauri. Sauran tashoshin kebul da ake kallo da yawa sun sami damar yin umarni da kudaden sama da 50 cents ga kowane mai biyan kuɗi a kowane wata; tashoshin na iya bambanta sosai a cikin kudade dangane da idan an haɗa su a cikin yarjejeniyar kunshin tare da wasu tashoshi. == Kididdiga ==   [[Fayil:Cable_TV_Subscribers.webp|right|thumb|300x300px|Masu biyan kuɗi na Cable TV]] {| class="wikitable" |+Jimlar masu biyan kuɗi na USB ta Amurka ta shekara !Shekara !Masu biyan kuɗi na Cable TV !Masu biyan kuɗi na kamfanin tarho TV |- |Janairu 1970 |4,500,000<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Cable Television--Systems and Subscribers statistics - USA Census numbers |url=https://allcountries.org/uscensus/925_cable_television_systems_and_subscribers.html |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=allcountries.org |language=en}}</ref> | |- |Janairu 1975 |9,800,000<ref name=":0" /> | |- |Janairu 1980 |16,000,000<ref name=":0" /> | |- |Janairu 1984 |30,000,000<ref name=":0" /> | |- |Janairu 1985 |32,000,000<ref name=":0" /> | |- |Janairu 1986 |37,500,000<ref name=":0" /> | |- |Janairu 1987 |41,100,000<ref name=":0" /> | |- |Janairu 1988 |44,000,000<ref name=":0" /> | |- |Janairu 1989 |47,500,000<ref name=":0" /> | |- |Janairu 1990 |50,000,000<ref name=":0" /> | |- |Disamba 1990 |51,700,000<ref name="4thCompetition">{{Cite web |date=13 Jan 1998 |title=4th Annual Video Competition Report |url=http://www.fcc.gov/reports/4th-annual-video-competition-report |access-date=29 Mar 2015 |publisher=United States Federal Communications Commission |page=142}}</ref> | |- |Disamba 1991 |53,400,000<ref name="4thCompetition" /> | |- |Disamba 1992 |55,200,000<ref name="4thCompetition" /> | |- |Disamba 1993 |57,200,000<ref name="4thCompetition" /> | |- |Disamba 1994 |59,700,000<ref name="4thCompetition" /> | |- |Disamba 1995 |62,100,000<ref name="4thCompetition" /> | |- |Disamba 1996 |63,500,000<ref name="8thCompetition"/> | |- |Disamba 1997 |64,900,000<ref name="8thCompetition" /> | |- |Disamba 1998 |66,100,000<ref name="8thCompetition" /> | |- |Disamba 1999 |67,300,000<ref name="8thCompetition" /> | |- |Disamba 2000 |68,500,000<ref name="8thCompetition" /> | |- |Yunin 2001 |66,732,000<ref name="11thCompetition">{{Cite web |date=4 Feb 2005 |title=11th Annual Video Competition Report |url=http://www.fcc.gov/reports/11th-annual-video-competition-report |access-date=29 Mar 2015 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission |page=115}}</ref> | |- |[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] |66,472,000<ref name="11thCompetition" /> | |- |Yunin 2003 |66,050,000<ref name="11thCompetition" /> | |- |Yunin 2004 |66,100,000<ref name="11thCompetition" /> | |- |Yunin 2005 |65,400,000<ref name="13thCompetition">{{Cite web |date=16 Jan 2009 |title=13th Annual Video Competition Report |url=http://www.fcc.gov/reports/13th-annual-video-competition-report |access-date=29 Mar 2015 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission |page=143}}</ref> | |- |[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] |65,300,000<ref name="13thCompetition" /> | |- |Disamba 2006 |65,400,000<ref name="14thCompetition">{{Cite web |date=20 Jul 2012 |title=FCC Releases 14th Video Competition Report. |url=http://www.fcc.gov/document/fcc-releases-14th-video-competition-report |access-date=29 Mar 2015 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission |page=60}}</ref> |300,000<ref name="14thCompetition" /> |- |Disamba 2007 |64,900,000<ref name="14thCompetition" /> |1,300,000<ref name="14thCompetition" /> |- |Disamba 2008 |63,700,000<ref name="14thCompetition" /> |3,100,000<ref name="14thCompetition" /> |- |Disamba, 2009 |62,100,000<ref name="14thCompetition" /> |5,100,000<ref name="14thCompetition" /> |- |Disamba, 2010 |59,800,000<ref name="15thCompetition">{{Cite web |date=22 Jul 2013 |title=15th Report On Video Competition |url=http://www.fcc.gov/document/fcc-adopts-15th-report-video-competition-0 |access-date=29 Mar 2015 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission |page=61}}</ref> |6,900,000<ref name="15thCompetition" /> |- |Disamba, 2011 |58,000,000<ref name="15thCompetition" /> |8,500,000<ref name="15thCompetition" /> |- |Disamba 2012 |56,400,000<ref name="16thCompetition"/> |9,900,000<ref name="16thCompetition" /> |- |Disamba 2013 |54,400,000<ref name="16thCompetition" /> |11,300,000<ref name="16thCompetition" /> |- |Disamba 2014 |53,700,000<ref name="17thCompetition">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2016 |title=17th Report On Video Competition |url=https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-16-510A1_Rcd.pdf |access-date=25 October 2016 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission |archive-date=26 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026075525/https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-16-510A1_Rcd.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |13,200,000<ref name="17thCompetition" /> |- |Disamba 2015 |63,223,000<ref name="18thCompetition">{{Cite web |date=17 January 2017 |title=18th Report On Video Competition |url=https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-17-71A1.pdf |access-date=7 March 2017 |publisher=Federal Communications Commission }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |13,041,000<ref name="18thCompetition" /> |- |Disamba 2016 |52,800,000<ref name="FCC-18-181A1">{{Cite web |title=Status of Competition in the Marketplace for Delivery of Video Programming |url=https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/FCC-18-181A1.pdf |access-date=2024-05-13 |language=en}}</ref> |11,500,000<ref name="FCC-18-181A1" /> | |- |Disamba 2017 |51,900,000<ref name="FCC-18-181A1"/> |10,600,000<ref name="FCC-18-181A1" /> | |- |Disamba 2018 |93,400,000<ref name="ibisworld.com">{{Cite web |title=IBISWorld - Industry Market Research, Reports, and Statistics |url=https://www.ibisworld.com/default.aspx |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=www.ibisworld.com |language=en}}</ref> | |- |Disamba 2019 |88,600,000<ref name="ibisworld.com" /> | |- |Disamba 2020 |83,800,000<ref name="ibisworld.com" /> | |- |Disamba 2021 |80,000,000<ref name="ibisworld.com" /> | |- |Disamba 2022 |76,000,000<ref name="ibisworld.com" /> | |} == Dubi kuma ==   * Babban cibiyoyin talabijin guda uku * Sadarwa a Amurka * Tashar talabijin ta huɗu * Babban ma'anar talabijin a Amurka * Jerin tashoshin talabijin a Amurka * Jerin cibiyoyin talabijin na USB da tauraron dan adam na Amurka * Jerin hanyoyin sadarwar talabijin na Amurka * Jerin kasuwannin talabijin na Amurka * Multichannel talabijin a Amurka * Talabijin na tauraron dan adam a Amurka * Talabijin a Amurka * Labaran talabijin a Amurka * Labaran USB na Amurka * Kyaftin watsa shirye-shiryen Midnight == Bayani == {{Reflist|30em}} * Caruso, Thomas P da Mark R Harsch . [https://web.archive.org/web/20150403000933/https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/80441/12429351.pdf?sequence=1 "Hadin gwiwar hadin gwiwa a cikin masana'antun Cable da Videotex"]. Jagorancin Jagora a cikin Gudanarwa, Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Sloan, Cibiyar Fasaha ta [[Massachusetts]] (MIT), Yuni 1984. * Eisenmann, Thomas R., "Cable TV: Daga Antennas na Al'umma zuwa Birane masu Wutar Lantarki", Harvard Business School Weekly Newsletter, Yuli 10, 2000 * Lockman, Brian da Dan Sarvey . ''Masu gabatarwa na Telebijin na Cable''. [Hasiya] * Moss, Mitchell L.; Payne, Frances, "Can Cable Keep Its Promise?", New York Affairs, Volume 6, Number 4. Jami'ar New York. 1981 * [Hasiya] ''Rise of Cable Programming in the United States: Juyin Juya Halin?'' Austin, TX: Jami'ar [[Texas]] Press, 2003. * [Hasiya] ''Talabijin a cikin Multichannel Age: Takaitaccen Tarihin Talabijin''. [Hasiya] * Parsons, Patrick R. ''Blue Skies: Tarihin Talabijin na Cable'' . Philadelphia: Haikali na UP, 2008. * Parsons, Patrick R da Robert M. Frieden . ''Masana'antar Talabijin da Satellite''. [Hotuna a shafi na 9] * Smith, Ralph Lee, "The Wired Nation", mujallar The Nation, Mayu 18, 1970 * Smith, Ralph Lee, ''The Wired Nation; Cable TV: babbar hanyar sadarwa ta lantarki''. [Hasiya]   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-06-090243-4|0-06-090243-4]] * Southwick, Thomas P. Sigina mai nisa: Yadda Cable TV ya canza Duniya ta Sadarwa. Overland Park, KS: Primedia Intertec, 1998. == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.fcc.gov/mb/facts/csgen.html Janar Cable Television Industry da Dokar Bayanan Gaskiya ta FCC] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100920181035/http://www.ncta.com/Stats/TopMSOs.aspx Top 25 MSO] {{Television in the United States}}{{CATV USA}} [[Rukuni:WAYA]] [[Rukuni:IGIYAR JUNA TALABIJIN]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5l7em977l0yuqeq22l7bv58ih5hpuoa 0 81734 906594 492266 2026-08-23T14:22:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Mary J. Moore at Mulkey Pioneer Cemetery (36272691421).jpg|thumb|Kabarin marry j]] '''Mary J. Small''' (1850 &#x2013; 1945) ta kasance mai daraja a Cocin Methodist Episcopal Zion Church (AME Sion Church), kuma ita ce mace ta farko da ta kai matsayin dattijo . <ref name=":0">Jackson, Marianne (Spring 2005). "Sisters in the Spirit: Black Women Preachers Hearing the Call" (PDF). ''Kent State University Writing Review''.</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Mary J. Small a ranar 20 ga Oktoba, 1850, a Murphy's Boro, Tennessee, ga mahaifiyar Agnes Blair. <ref name=":0">Jackson, Marianne (Spring 2005). "Sisters in the Spirit: Black Women Preachers Hearing the Call" (PDF). ''Kent State University Writing Review''.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=11 Sep 1945, Page 23 - The Pittsburgh Press at Newspapers.com |url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/147846917/?terms=mary+j+small |access-date=2020-04-17 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> Ba a san shekarun kuruciyarta ko mahaifinta ba. <ref name=":0" /> A cikin shekarar 1873, ta auri Reverend John Small, wani sanannen bishop a cikin AME Sion Church. <ref name=":0" /> [[Fayil:Portrait_of_Mary_J._Small_(cropped).jpg|thumb| Reverend Mary J. Small ana hoton, mace ta farko da aka naɗa dattijo a cikin Cocin AME Sion.]] == Aikin kiwo == Da farko Small yana adawa da mata masu wa'azi. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=27 Oct 1898, Page 1 - The York Daily at Newspapers.com |url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/76253315/?terms=mary+j+small |access-date=2020-04-17 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> Ta ƙi yin wa’azi har ranar 21 ga Janairun shekarar 1892, lokacin da Dokta John E. Price ya ba ta lasisin yin wa’azi. <ref name=":1" /> A ranar 19 ga Mayu, 1985, Bishop A. Walters ya naɗa Small a matsayin diacon . <ref name=":1" /> Ko da yake ta kasance mai ƙwazo a cikin ƙungiyoyin bishara, babu wata shaida da ta nuna Mary J. Small ta yi limamin coci. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Who was Mary J. Small? - The Handy African American History Answer Book |url=https://www.papertrell.com/apps/preview/The-Handy-African-American-History-Answer-Book/Handy%20Answer%20book/Who-was-Mary-J-Small/001137028/content/SC/52cb011182fad14abfa5c2e0_default.html |access-date=2020-04-17 |website=www.papertrell.com |archive-date=2019-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216063000/https://www.papertrell.com/apps/preview/The-Handy-African-American-History-Answer-Book/Handy%20Answer%20book/Who-was-Mary-J-Small/001137028/content/SC/52cb011182fad14abfa5c2e0_default.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Koyaya, Small ta ba da gudummawa da yawa ga al'ummar cocinta. A cikin dukan aikinta, Small ya yi aiki a cocin AME Sihiyona, yana aiki a kan kwamitocin Ma'auni da Gidan Mata da Harkokin Waje. Ta kasance shugabar ƙungiyar mata ta cocin AME Sion. <ref>{{Cite web |title=1 Aug 1907, 2 - The York Dispatch at Newspapers.com |url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/614463378/?terms=mary+j+small |access-date=2020-04-17 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> Small ya yi aiki tare da mijinta a cikin AME Sion Church, ciki har da matsayin mishan a [[Afirka]], har mutuwarsa a 1905. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2 Nov 1940, Page 15 - The Pittsburgh Courier at Newspapers.com |url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/40849020/?terms=mary+j+small |access-date=2020-04-17 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> A Amurka, sun gudanar da aikin Ikklesiya tare a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], [[North Carolina]], [[Connecticut]], da sauran jihohi. <ref name=":2"/> Hakanan ita ce mace ta farko da aka naɗa dattijo, tsari mafi girma na lokacin, lokacin da aka amince da naɗin ta a ranar 23 ga Mayu, 1898, a haɗin gwiwar [[Philadelphia]] da Baltimore na Cocin. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=24 May 1898, 7 - The Baltimore Sun at Newspapers.com |url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/371752948/?terms=mary+j+small |access-date=2020-04-17 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> An nada ta ne bayan ta ci jarrabawa, kuma ko da yake ministoci da dama sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da neman a saurare ta, amma an zaɓe ta a matsayin dattijo da kuri’u 24 zuwa 13. <ref name=":3" /> . Cocin AME Sihiyona ita ce ta fara buɗe wa mata wannan babban matsayi. <ref name=":0">Jackson, Marianne (Spring 2005). "Sisters in the Spirit: Black Women Preachers Hearing the Call" (PDF). ''Kent State University Writing Review''.</ref> A matsayinsa na dattijo, Small yana da haƙƙoƙi iri ɗaya na minista, gami da iko akan maza na cocin. <ref name=":3" /> Tasirin zamantakewa kuma yana da girma, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin Mary J. Small Social Club. Ƙungiyar mata ce da ke haɗuwa a kowane wata, kuma ta haɗa da ayyuka kamar kiɗa da karatu..<ref>{{Cite web |title=23 Nov 1935, Page 8 - The Pittsburgh Courier at Newspapers.com |url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/40231912/?terms=mary+j+small |access-date=2020-04-17 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Ta mutu a ranar 11 ga Satumban shekarar 1945, tana da shekaru 94, a McKeesport, Pennsylvania . <ref name=":2"/> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=12 Sep 1945, Page 25 - The Gazette and Daily at Newspapers.com |url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/66350926/?terms=mary+j+small |access-date=2020-04-17 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> An gudanar da jana'izar a ƙaramar cocin AME Sion, kuma an binne ta a makabartar Lebanon a York . <ref>{{Cite web |title=15 Sep 1945, 14 - The York Dispatch at Newspapers.com |url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/615054268/?terms=mary+j+small |access-date=2020-04-17 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":4" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} aaheo7j3uqwxdbb4zfe1yvffiyoz9eg 0 85440 906618 733757 2026-08-23T16:28:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906618 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maurice Fadida''' ɗan fim ne na Amurka wanda aka fi saninshic da fina-finai masu tasowa kamar The Trial of the Chicago 7 (wanda ya lashe Kyautar Golden Globe), <ref name="ref4">{{Cite web |last=Donnelly |first=Matt |date=October 30, 2020 |title=Cross Creek, Maurice Fadida's Kodiak Pictures to Co-Finance Film Slate Including 'Trial of the Chicago 7' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/cross-creek-kodiak-pictures-slate-deal-chicago-7-1234819661/ |publisher=Variety}}</ref> about="#mwt18" class="mw-ref reference" data-cx="{}" "mw:Extension/ref">[./Maurice_Fadida#cite_note-ref5-2 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>] ''John Henry'' (wanda ya kai lamba ɗaya a kan Netflix), <ref name="ref6">{{Cite web |last=Gonzalez |first=Umberto |date=September 13, 2020 |title=‘The Whole World is Watching’ in First Teaser for Aaron Sorkin’s ‘The Trial of the Chicago 7’ (Video) |url=https://www.thewrap.com/aaron-sorkin-the-trial-of-the-chicago-7-video/ |access-date=February 9, 2024 |publisher=The Wrap}}</ref> da Bloodshot, <ref name="ref7">{{Cite web |last=Anderton |first=Ethan |date=February 25, 2021 |title=VOTD: Go Inside the Making of Aaron Sorkin's 'The Trial of the Chicago 7' with a Nearly 30-Minute Featurette |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/making-of-the-trial-of-the-chicago-7/ |website=/Film}}</ref> <ref name="ref3">{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2020 |title=Producer Maurice Fadida finds success as an indie filmmaker |url=https://www.swaggermagazine.com/entertainment/producer-maurice-fadida-finds-success-as-an-indie-filmmaker/ |publisher=Swagger}}</ref> kuma kafa Kodiak Pictures .<ref name="ref8">{{Cite web |last=Donnelly |first=Matt |date=May 15, 2020 |title=‘John Henry’ Producers on Their Netflix Ratings Smash, Dwayne Johnson Controversy and Potential Sequel |url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/john-henry-netflix-terry-crews-sequel-1234608019/ |access-date=February 9, 2024 |publisher=Variety}}</ref><ref name="ref2">{{Cite web |title=2019 Speaker Bios D-F |url=https://americanfilmmarket.com/2019-speaker-bios-d-f/ |publisher=American Film Market |access-date=2024-09-29 |archive-date=2024-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422214824/https://americanfilmmarket.com/2019-speaker-bios-d-f/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == A cikin 2015, Fadida ta samar da jerin asali na Amazon Prime Borderline . <ref name="ref9">{{Cite web |last=Haas |first=Lupe R |date=October 20, 2015 |title=Interview with Creators Behind Amazon Prime's Original Series, 'Borderline' |url=https://cinemovie.tv/Latino-News/interview-with-creators-behind-amazon-prime-s-original-series-borderline |access-date=February 9, 2024 |publisher=Cinemovie.tv |archive-date=September 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925073246/https://cinemovie.tv/Latino-News/interview-with-creators-behind-amazon-prime-s-original-series-borderline |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="ref10">{{Cite web |last=Figueroa |first=Jesus |title=Official Trailer for 'BORDERLINE' Premieres September 22 |url=https://www.thisfunktional.com/2015/08/official-trailer-for-borderline.html |website=ThisFunktional}}</ref> Bayan kafa Kodiak Pictures, a cikin 2017, Fadida ita ce tazamo babban furodusa na wasan kwaikwayo na The Clapper, tare da Ed Helms da Amanda Seyfried, wanda ya ci gaba da farawa a bikin fina-finai na Tribeca . <ref name="ref11">{{Cite web |date=November 4, 2019 |title=Maurice Fadida |url=https://variety.com/exec/maurice-fadida/ |access-date=February 9, 2024 |publisher=Variety}}</ref><ref name="ref12">{{Cite web |title=The Clapper &#124; 2017 Tribeca Festival |url=https://tribecafilm.com/films/clapper-2017 |publisher=Tribeca |access-date=2024-09-29 |archive-date=2024-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114181104/https://www.tribecafilm.com/films/clapper-2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga baya, a cikin 2018, aka samar da kamfaninThe Vanishing, wani labari mai ban tsoro tare da Gerard Butler da Peter Mullan, wanda daga baya aka zaba shi don Kyautar BAFTA saboda aikinsa.<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref4"/><ref name="ref11"/><ref name="ref29">{{Cite web |last=Siegel |first=Tatiana |date=May 10, 2018 |title=Cannes: Saban Films Nabs Gerard Butler Thriller 'Keepers' (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/cannes-saban-films-nabs-gerard-butler-thriller-keepers-1110625/ |access-date=February 9, 2024 |publisher=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref><ref name="ref37">{{Cite web |title=Scotland - Actor - Film in 2019 |url=https://awards.bafta.org/award/2019/scotland/actor-film |access-date=February 9, 2024 |publisher=BAFTA}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan wannan, ya ci gaba da haɗin gwiwa tare da kamfanin rarraba na Will da Jada Pinkett Smith Telepool don samar da jerin fina-finai na jinsi.<ref name="ref19">{{Cite web |last=Donnelly |first=Matt |date=October 10, 2018 |title=Will Smith’s Telepool, Kodiak Pictures Invest in Genre Slate at Eric B. Fleischman’s Defiant |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/will-smith-telepool-horror-film-slate-1202975418/ |access-date=February 9, 2024 |publisher=Variety}}</ref><ref name="ref22">{{Cite web |last=Roxborough |first=Scott |date=October 11, 2018 |title=Will Smith and Marc Forster’s Telepool Backs Defiant Studios Horror Film Slate |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/will-smith-marc-forsters-telepool-backs-horror-film-slate-1151483/ |access-date=February 9, 2024 |publisher=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> A cikin 2019, Fadida ta kuma sanya hannu don samar da wani labari mai ban tsoro wanda ake sa ran actress Bella Thorne za ta jagoranta.<ref name="ref30">{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=November 4, 2019 |title=Bella Thorne To Make Feature Directorial Debut With Secret Thriller Project |url=https://deadline.com/2019/11/bella-thorne-to-make-feature-directorial-debut-secret-thriller-1202777311/ |access-date=February 9, 2024 |publisher=Deadline}}</ref> Hoto nafarko da aka fara a film din shine na John herry Wanda yazamo na farko a cikin jerin fina-finai goma na Netflix da aka saki a shekarar 2020 A watan Oktoba 2020, Fadida ya shiga yarjejeniya tare da Cross Creek Media, ta hanyar da ya yi aiki a matsayin babban furodusa a kan The Trial of the Chicago 7, <ref name="ref4"/> wanda ya ci gaba da lashe lambar yabo ta Golden Globe <ref name="ref27">{{Cite web |date=September 23, 2020 |title='The Trial of the Chicago 7' Trailer: The Whole World is Watching |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/new-the-trial-of-the-chicago-7-trailer/ |website=/Film}}</ref> don mafi kyawun rubutun asali kuma a zabi shi don lambar yabo ta Kwalejin shida.<ref name="ref16">{{Cite web |last=Del Rosario |first=Alexandra |date=February 28, 2021 |title=Aaron Sorkin Channels Abbie Hoffman To Condemn U.S. Capitol Riot Upon Best Screenplay Win At Golden Globes |url=https://deadline.com/2021/02/golden-globes-aaron-sorkin-the-trial-of-the-chicago-7-capitol-riot-netflix-1234703109/ |access-date=February 9, 2024 |publisher=Deadline}}</ref><ref name="ref18">{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Hilary |date=April 25, 2021 |title=Oscars Snubs: Chadwick Boseman, Viola Davis and ‘Trial of the Chicago 7’ Shut Out |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/chadwick-boseman-viola-davis-trial-chicago-7-snubbed-oscars-2021-4173292/ |access-date=February 9, 2024 |publisher=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2021, Fadida ya yi aiki tare da kamfanin Isra'ila Meitav Dash don tallafawa samar da fina-finai da shirye-shiryen talabijin.<ref name="ref23">{{Cite web |last=Wiseman |first=Andreas |date=February 25, 2021 |title=Kodiak Pictures Partners With Israeli Firms Meitav Dash & New Legend Entertainment On Debt Financing Film & TV Fund |url=https://deadline.com/2021/02/kodiak-pictures-meitav-dash-new-legend-entertainment-israel-film-tv-fund-1234700875/ |access-date=February 9, 2024 |publisher=Deadline}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba, fina-finai masu ban tsoro na Offseason da Witch Hunt, waɗanda ya samar tare da Defiant Studios, dukansu an fara su ne a bikin fina-fakka na SXSW . <ref name="ref21">{{Cite web |last=Ramos |first=Dino-Ray |date=February 10, 2021 |title=SXSW Film Festival Unveils Full Lineup; Charli XCX Quarantine Feature To Close Fest; Tom Petty Docu Set As Centerpiece |url=https://deadline.com/2021/02/sxsw-film-festival-2021-lineup-charli-xcx-alone-together-tom-petty-somewhere-you-feel-free-1234690904/ |access-date=February 9, 2024 |publisher=Deadline}}</ref> <ref name="ref28">{{Cite web |last=Mancuso |first=Vinnie |date=February 10, 2021 |title=SXSW 2021 Lineup Includes Demi Lovato, Tom Petty, and Charli XCX Documentaries |url=https://collider.com/sxsw-2021-lineup/ |access-date=February 9, 2024 |publisher=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ==Manazarta== djw5b5wbsrro4ucphjavy7zb3bn5k8w 0 86282 906993 797582 2026-08-24T11:03:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rakataura''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Hape''' <ref name="Gazetteer">{{Cite web |title=Karangahape Peninsula |url=https://gazetteer.linz.govt.nz/place/54915 |access-date=7 September 2021 |website=New Zealand Gazetteer |publisher=Land Information New Zealand}}</ref> ko '''Rakatāura''', sanannen mai ba da hanya ne na kasar Polynesia kuma kakan yawancin Māori iwi. An kuma haife shi a Hawaiki, Rakataura shine babban tohunga (firist / navigator) wanda ya jagoranci jirgin ruwa na <nowiki><i id="mwFA">Tainui</i></nowiki> zuwa New Zealand. Rakataura tana da alaƙa da labarun da suka shafi Manukau Harbour, Te Tō Waka (Ōtāhuhu Portage) da Waikato . Sunayen wurare da yawa a cikin [[Auckland]]_region" id="mwGQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Auckland region">Tāmaki Makaurau (Auckland na zamani) da yankin Waikato suna nufin Rakataura, ko kuma an bayyana su a cikin al'adun baki kamar yadda Rakataura ya kira su. == Tarihin baki == An haifi Rakataura a Hawaiki, kuma shi ne mafi tsufa a cikin manyan layin hapū.<ref name="MakaurauMarae">{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=Maurice |title=The History of Our Marae |url=https://makauraumarae.co.nz/about/our-history/ |access-date=1 September 2021 |publisher=Makaurau Marae}}</ref> Ya sami sunan Hape, saboda ƙafafunsa masu juyawa na ciki.<ref name="MakaurauMarae" /> Rakataura shine babban tohunga (firist / navigator) na <nowiki><i id="mwJQ">Tainui</i></nowiki> migratory waka, kuma a wasu hadisai, an gano shi a matsayin mai ginin jirgin. A cikin al'adar baki ta Waiohua, Rakataura / Hape yana tafiya da sauri zuwa New Zealand, a gaban ma'aikatan ''Tainui''. A cikin wannan sigar, an zaɓi Rakataura don wakiltar hapū a kan jirgin ruwa na ''Tainui'', duk da haka wannan bai shahara ba saboda naƙasassu, kuma matasa da waɗanda ke da jiki da tunani ne kawai zasu iya tafiya. Rakataura ya yi addu'a ga Tangaroa don a dawo da ƙafafunsa, duk da haka maimakon ya warkar da jikinsa, Tangaroa ya aika Kawea Kawea Ki te Whenua a Kupe, taniwha (mutumin da ya fi na halitta) a cikin siffar stingray don jigilar shi. Rakataura ya isa Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Manukau, yana jiran Ihumātao don ma'aikatan ''Tainui'' su isa. Bayan kwanaki, ma'aikatan sun isa, ba daga bakin tashar jiragen ruwa ba, maimakon daga gabas (sun haye Te Tō Waka a Ōtāhuhu a kan Isthmus na Auckland). Rakataura ya yi kira daga tudun, saboda haka sunan Karangahape ("Kiran Hape"). <ref name="MakaurauMarae"/> Wata al'ada mai ban mamaki ta haɗa da Rakataura ta doke ma'aikatan ''Tainui'' don isa Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Kawhia ta hanyar tsalle a ƙarƙashin kasa tsakanin yankin Māhia da Kawhia.<ref name="Taonui">{{Cite web |last=Taonui |first=Rāwiri |date=24 September 2007 |title=Ngā waewae tapu – Māori exploration |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/nga-waewae-tapu-maori-exploration/page-4 |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |publisher=[[Ministry for Culture and Heritage]]}}</ref> A cikin al'adar baki ta Te Kawerau ā Maki, Rakataura ya yi tafiya zuwa Waitākere Ranges, yana ba da sunaye ga wuraren da ya ziyarta. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan sunayen sun hada da Hikurangi, sunan da ya ba wani wuri kusa da Piha wanda ya yi nuni da wani wuri a cikin ƙasarsa kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin sunayen gargajiya na West Auckland da Waitākere Ranges, <ref name="Murdoch1992" /> da kuma One Rangatira, sunan gargajiya na Muriwai Beach, sunan da ke tunawa da ziyararsa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Muriwai Beach |url=https://gazetteer.linz.govt.nz/place/32036 |access-date=10 May 2022 |website=New Zealand Gazetteer |publisher=Land Information New Zealand}}</ref> Sauran hadisai sun haɗa Rakataura zuwa Ōtāhuhu Portage tsakanin Kogin Tāmaki da Manukau Harbour . A wasu hadisai, shi ne tohunga wanda ke kirkirar tashar, <ref name="NWOHighCourt">{{Cite web |last=[[High Court of New Zealand]] |date=9 February 2021 |title=In the High Court of New Zealand: Auckland Registry CIV-2015-404-002033 Between Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei Trust and Attorney-General and Marutūāhu Rōpū Limited Partnership |url=https://ngatiwhatuaorakei.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/High-Court-Trial-transcripts.pdf |access-date=1 March 2022 |via=[[Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei]] |archive-date=15 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215161901/https://ngatiwhatuaorakei.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/High-Court-Trial-transcripts.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> yayin da a wasu yana ƙoƙari ya hana ma'aikatan ''Tainui'' daga amfani da shi kuma su zauna zuwa yamma. A cikin waɗannan hadisai, Rakataura ya yi jayayya da Hoturoa, kyaftin din ''Tainui'', saboda ya ki barin Rakataura ta auri 'yarsa Kahukeke. Maimakon tsallaka tashar, Hoturoa da ma'aikatan ''Tainui'' sun tashi a duk yankin Northland zuwa Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Manukau. Rakataura da 'yar'uwarsa Hiaroa sun kunna wuta kuma sun rera waƙoƙi don hana manyan ma'aikatan ''Tainui'' su zauna a kusa da tashar jiragen ruwa ko yankin Waikato. Rakataura ya yi tafiya a kudu zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Whāingaroa (Raglan Harbour), ya kafa ''tūāhupapa'' (bagade mai tsarki) a kan dutsen Karioi, kuma ya ci gaba da raira waƙa don hana ma'aikatan ''Tainui'' gano wuraren da ya samu.<ref name="OralTainui">{{Cite web |last=Ellison |first=Sean |last2=Greensill |first2=Angeline |last3=Hamilton |first3=Michael (Malibu) |last4=Te Kanawa |first4=Marleina |last5=Rickard |first5=James |date=August 2012 |title=Oral and Traditional Historical Report |url=https://forms.justice.govt.nz/search/Documents/WT/wt_DOC_42317979/Wai%20898,%20A099.pdf |access-date=17 March 2022 |publisher=[[Ministry of Justice (New Zealand)|Ministry of Justice]]}}</ref> Rakataura ya yi tafiya zuwa kudu zuwa Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Kawhia, inda ya sadu da ma'aikatan ''Tainui'', ya sulhunta (ko a nan ko kudu a Whareorino), kuma ya auri Kahukeke (ɗan Hoturoa), daga baya ya dawo ya zauna a Karioi. <ref name="Jones" /><ref name="OralTainui" /> An yaba wa Rakataura da bincika cikin gandun daji na yankin Waikato tare da matarsa, suna kiran wurare bayan mambobin ma'aikatan ''Tainui'', don kafa haƙƙin ƙasa.<ref name="OralTainui"/> Ya sanya duwatsun mauri daga Hawaiki tare da tafiya, a matsayin hanyar jan hankalin tsuntsaye zuwa wuraren da ya ziyarta.<ref name="PestManagement">{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Waikato Regional Pest Management Plan 2017/18: Appendix 1: Statutory Acknowledgements |url=https://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/assets/WRC/Council/Policy-and-Plans/RPS-Regional-Policy-Statement/RPSv2018-Appendices.pdf |access-date=17 March 2022 |publisher=[[Waikato Regional Council]] |archive-date=4 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304141309/https://waikatoregion.govt.nz/assets/WRC/Council/Policy-and-Plans/RPS-Regional-Policy-Statement/RPSv2018-Appendices.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A lokacin tafiyarsu, Kahukeke ta yi rashin lafiya a Wharepūhunga, inda Rakataura ta gina mata gida don hutawa da warkewa.<ref name="PestManagement" /> Kahukeke ya yi rashin lafiya a karo na biyu a Pureora, duk da haka bai tsira ba.<ref name="PestManagement" /> Bayan ta mutu, Rakataura ya sanya wa matarsa suna Kakepuku bayan siffar matarsa lokacin da take da ciki, da kuma yankin da ya zauna, Te Aroha, bayan ƙaunar da ya ji ga matarsa.<ref name="Cowan" /> A can, ya sake yin aure, ga wata mace mai suna Hinemarino.<ref name="Taonui"/> Wasu hadisai sun bayyana Rakataura kamar yadda ya zauna a Rarotonga / Mount Smart a Tāmaki Makaurau tare da matarsa, kafin ya yi tafiya zuwa Waikato daga baya a rayuwa.. == Kyauta == Rakataura / Hape shine sunan Karangahape Peninsula da Karangahape Road a Auckland, <ref name="Gazetteer"/> kuma wasu daga cikin sunayen yaren Māori na Ōwairaka / Mount Albert, Te Ahi-kā-a-Rakataura ("The Continuing Fires of Rakataura") <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ōwairaka / Te Ahi-kā-a-Rakataura MOUNT ALBERT |url=https://www.maunga.nz/maunga/owairaka-te-ahi-ka-a-rakataura/ |access-date=17 March 2022 |publisher=Tūpuna Maunga Authority}}</ref> da Te Wai o Raka ("The Waters of Raka"). <ref name="NWOHighCourt"/> Te Motu a Hiaroa (Puketutu Island), ɗaya daga cikin mazaunan dindindin na farko na mutanen Tainui, an sanya masa suna ne bayan 'yar'uwar Rakataura Hiaroa . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hutt |first=Kendall |date=5 May 2019 |title=Volcanic island's cones to be rebuilt with millions of tonnes of human waste |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/112351994/focus-landscape-of-quarried-volcanic-island-in-manukau-harbour-being-restored-with-treated-human-waste |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]}}</ref> An ambaci Rakataura a cikin al'adun baki a matsayin adadi wanda ya ba da sunayen yankuna da yawa na Waikato, gami da Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Whāingaroa), Karioi, Maungatautari, Whakamaru, Pureora da Te Aroha.<ref name="OralTainui"/><ref name="PestManagement"/> Sunan da aka sanya wa Dutsen Maunganui a farkon ƙarni na 20 shine Rakataura, mai suna bayan tohunga ta Bay of Plenty mazaunin J. C. Adams, duk da haka wannan sunan bai taɓa shiga cikin amfani ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rorke |first=Jinty |title=Western Bay of Plenty Street Names |url=http://econtent.tauranga.govt.nz/data/libraries/files/local_hist/western_bay_street_names.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203011732/http://econtent.tauranga.govt.nz/data/libraries/files/local_hist/western_bay_street_names.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2014 |access-date=2 November 2012 |publisher=Tauranga City Libraries |page=18}}</ref> Rakataura an dauke shi daya daga cikin kakannin Tainui (ciki har da Ngāti Maniapoto da Ngāti Raukawa), tarihin Auckland iwi Ngā Oho, <ref name="PestManagement"/> Te Kawerau ā Maki, <ref name="AucklandCouncilTeTatua">{{Cite web |last=Pishief |first=Dr Elizabeth |last2=Adam |first2=John |date=2015 |title=Te Tātua a Riukiuta Three Kings Heritage Study |url=https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/about-auckland-council/how-auckland-council-works/local-boards/all-local-boards/puketapapa-local-board/docsheritagestudies/three-kings-heritage-study.pdf |access-date=28 June 2021 |publisher=[[Auckland Council]] |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628101132/https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/about-auckland-council/how-auckland-council-works/local-boards/all-local-boards/puketapapa-local-board/docsheritagestudies/three-kings-heritage-study.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> da kabilun Waiohua.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taua-Gordon |first=Robin |date=July 2017 |title=Cultural Impact Assessment for Warkworth North Structure Plan |url=https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/UnitaryPlanDocuments/pc25-appendix-7-1-kawerau-a-maki-cia.pdf |access-date=17 March 2022 |publisher=Te Kawerau a Maki Settlement Trust and Tribal Authority |via=[[Auckland Council]] }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="MakaurauMarae"/> == Dubi kuma == * <nowiki><i id="mwtA">Tainui</i></nowiki> (canoe) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 7uouub4sip1his2ij2ds6hiolzybmuw 0 88868 906649 604885 2026-08-23T18:48:49Z Zahrah0 14848 906649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}  '''Gimbiya Lalla Hasna ta Maroko''' (Larabci الأميرة لالة حسناء, an haife ta a ranar 19 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta alif 1967) ita ce 'yar autar Sarki Hassan II da matarsa, [[Lalla Latifa Amahzoune|Gimbiya Lalla Latifa]]. Ita kanwa ce ga sarki na yanzu, Mohammed VI . == Tarihin rayuwa ==   An haifi Lalla Hasna a Fadar Masarautar [[Rabat]]. Ta yi karatu a wannan birni, a Kwalejin Masarauta inda ta sami difloma ta makarantar sakandare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Alumni of the Royal College (Rabat) - FamousFix List |url=https://www.famousfix.com/list/alumni-of-the-royal-college-rabat |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=FamousFix.com}}</ref> Tun tana yarinya, Gimbiya Hasna tana da sha'awar ayyukan zamantakewa da al'adu, tare da bada muhimmanci ga al'amurran muhalli a [[Maroko]]. A shekarar 1999 ta ƙaddamar da kamfen na ƙasa don kare muhalli kuma ta ba da kyauta ga bakin teku mafi tsafta a [[Maroko]]. Don tallafawa aikinta, an ƙirƙiri Gidauniyar Mohammed VI don kare muhalli a shekara ta 2001 kuma Gimbiya Hasna ce ke jagoranta. Tana jagorantar kwamitin gudanarwa na gidauniya kuma tana biyan kuɗi a kai a kai don ziyara don wayar da kan jama'a game da batutuwan muhalli. A shekara ta 2002, Gimbiya Lalla Hasna ta ƙirƙiri kyautar matasa 'yan jarida don muhalli sannan kuma a shekara ta 2003, ta samar da kyautar ɗaukar hoto da ake bayarwa a kowace shekara a ranar muhalli ta [[duniya]]. Ita ce Shugabar girmamawa ta ƙungiyar Hassanate don Ci gaban Jama'a.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-09-22 |title=Morocco: HRH Princess Lalla Hasnaa Persides Over Inauguration of Renovated Internal Medicine Service At Ibn Sina Hospital |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201209220001.html |access-date=2018-02-24 |work=Maghreb Arabe Presse (Rabat)}}</ref> Gimbiya Lalla Hasna da Dokta Khalil Benharbit (an haife su a shekara ta 1959), MD, ya kasance likitan zuciya, ya aure ta a Fez a ranar 8 da 9 ga Satumban 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2017 |title=Mariage de la Princesse Lalla Hasna du Maroc, ici avec son pere le... |url=https://www.gettyimages.ae/detail/news-photo/mariage-de-la-princesse-lalla-hasna-du-maroc-ici-avec-son-news-photo/857810242 |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=Getty Images |language=en-gb |quote=Marriage of Princess Lalla Hasna of Morocco, here with her father King Hassan II on September 8, 1994 in Fez, Morocco}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2013 |title=The Princess Lalla Hasna Marreis Khalid Benharbit In The Royal Palace... |url=https://www.gettyimages.ae/detail/news-photo/the-princess-lalla-hasna-marreis-khalid-benharbit-in-the-news-photo/160742468 |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=Getty Images |language=en-gb |quote=Fez- September 9, 1994- At the Royal Palace, the wedding of Princess LALLA HASNA with Khalid BENHARBIT}}</ref> Suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu: * ''Lalla'' Oumaima Benharbit (an haife ta 15 Disamba 1995). * ''Lalla'' Oulaya Benharbit (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 1997). == Kasuwanci == Lalla Hasna ita ce mamallakar wani [[kamfani]] wanda ya kawo mata kudi ta siya gidan dala miliyan 11 kusa da Fadar Kensington a tsakiyar London. A cewar Gidan Jaridar Pandora Papers, Hasnaa ta yi amfani da riban masarautar Maroko ne a yayin sayen gidan. A cikin takardun yarjejeniyar ta bayyana cewa sana'arta "gimbiya" ce. Tambayoyin da aka aika zuwa fadar bayan Le Desk sun shahara amma har yanzu ba'a basu amsa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Welle (www.dw.com) |first=Deutsche |title=Pandora Papers: Geheime Steueroasen von Politikern und Prominenten enttarnt {{!}} DW {{!}} 03.10.2021 |url=https://www.dw.com/de/pandora-papers-geheime-steueroasen-von-politikern-und-prominenten-enttarnt/a-59389325 |access-date=2021-12-25 |website=DW.COM |language=de-DE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-03 |title=Maroc : Lalla Hasnaa citée dans Pandora Papers ! |url=https://moroccomail.fr/2021/10/03/maroc-lalla-hasnaa-citee-dans-pandora-papers/ |access-date=2021-12-25 |language=fr-BE}}</ref> == Daraja == === Darajar ƙasa === * Babban Cordon na Tsarin Dokar Masarauta .  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2020}} === Darajojin kasashen waje === * {{Flag|Spain}}: Dame Grand Cross of the [[Order of Isabella the Catholic|Royal Order of Isabella the Catholic]] (22 September 1989) * {{Flag|Belgium}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Leopold II]] (5 October 2004){{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2020}} * {{Flag|Mexico}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Aztec Eagle]] (11 February 2005){{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2020}} === Sauran girmamawa === * Kyautar Kasa da Kasa ta Zaman Lafiya ta GOI ([[Tokyo]], 23 Nuwamba 2018).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2018/11/258952/moroccoslalla-hasna-japanese-honorary-doctorate/amp/ |title=Morocco World News |access-date=2024-12-10 |archive-date=2019-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223080116/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2018/11/258952/moroccoslalla-hasna-japanese-honorary-doctorate/amp/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Dokta na girmamawa a Ci Gaban Zamantakewa daga Jami'ar Ritsumeikan ([[Kyoto]], 27 Nuwamba 2018).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2018/11/258952/moroccoslalla-hasna-japanese-honorary-doctorate/amp/ |title=Morocco World News |access-date=2024-12-10 |archive-date=2019-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223080116/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2018/11/258952/moroccoslalla-hasna-japanese-honorary-doctorate/amp/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tsofaffi ==   == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Mohammed VI|state=collapsed}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] o3myglngc3kilkmzpux40gt3qtkr3e7 0 89563 906772 896911 2026-08-23T22:28:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906772 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{databox}} '''Musa Sadr al-Din al-Sadr''' ( Arabic </link> ) ( Persian </link> ) {{Lrm}} An haife shi ranar 4 ga watan Yuni shekarar 1928 - ya bace 31 ga Agusta shekarar 1978) malamin Shi'a ne na Lebanon-Iran, [[ɗan siyasa]] kuma mai juyin juya hali A Lebanon, ya kuma kafa tare da farfado da ƙungiyoyin Shi'a da yawa na Labanon, gami da makarantu, ƙungiyoyin agaji, da ƙungiyar Amal . An haife shi a unguwar Chaharmardan a [[Qom|birnin Qom]] na [[Iran|ƙasar Iran]], ya yi karatun boko da na boko a [[Iran|kasar Iran]] . Shi Ɗan gidan Al-Sadr ne daga Jabal Amel a kasar Labanon, reshen [[Al-Musawi|gidan Musawi]] wanda ya samo asali daga [[Musa al-Qazim|Musa Ibn Jaafar]], Imamin Shi'a na bakwai, kuma daga karshe na [[Annabi|Annabin Musulunci]] [[Muhammad]] ta hanyar 'yarsa Fatima. Saboda haka, Musa al-Sadr sau da yawa ana sanyawa da lakabi na girmamawa ''[[Sayyid]]'' . Ya bar birnin Kum zuwa [[Najaf]] domin karantar ilimin tauhidi sannan ya dawo Iran bayan juyin mulkin kasar Iraki a shekara ta 1958 . Bayan wasu shekaru, al-Sadr ya tafi Taya, Lebanon a matsayin manzon Ayatullah Borujerdi da Hakim . Daga Taya, ya buga littafin, ''Maktabi Islam'' . Fouad Ajami ya kira shi "mai girma a cikin tunanin siyasar Shi'a na yau da kullun". Ya baiwa 'yan Shi'a na Lebanon "hankalin al'umma". <ref name="abaw">{{Cite journal |last=Samii |first=Abbas William |year=1997 |title=The Shah's Lebanon policy: the role of SAVAK |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-eastern-studies_1997-01_33_1/page/66 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=66–91 |doi=10.1080/00263209708701142}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1978, Sadr da wasu sahabbai biyu, Sheikh Mohamad Yaacub da [[:fr:Abbas Bader el-Dine|Abaass Bader el Dine]], sun tafi kasar Libya don ganawa da jami'an gwamnati bisa gayyatar [[Muammar Gaddafi]] . An dai ga mutanen uku ne a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta. Ba a sake jin duriyarsu ba. Akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa game da yanayin bacewar al-Sadr, babu wanda ya tabbata. Har yanzu dai ba a san inda yake ba. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == === Tarihin iyali === Musa al-Sadr ya fito ne daga dogayen layukan malamai suna gano zuriyarsu zuwa ga Jabal Amel .  <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2020)">shafi<span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>ake bukata<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Kakansa S. Salih b. An haifi Muhammad Sharafeddin, babban malami a Shhour, wani ƙauye kusa da Tyre, Lebanon . Bayan wani yanayi mai ban tsoro da ya faru dangane da boren adawa da [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottoman]], ya kuma tafi Najaf.  <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2020)">shafi<span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>da ake bukata<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> an Sharafeddin, Sadreddin, ya bar Najaf zuwa [[Isfahan]], wadda a lokacin ita ce cibiyar koyar da addini mafi muhimmanci a Iran. Ya koma Najaf jim kadan kafin rasuwarsa a shekara ta 1847. Karamin 'ya'yansa biyar, Ismail ( ''as-Sadr'' ), an haife shi ne a Isfahan, a [[Iran|kasar Iran]] ta Qajar, kuma a ƙarshe ya zama babban [[Ijitihadi|mujtahidi]] . An haifi ɗa na biyu na Ismail, wanda kuma ake kira Sadreddin, a Iraqi Ottoman kuma ya yanke shawarar zama na dindindin a Iran. Ya zama mahaifin Musa al-Sadr. Yayin da yake zaune a Iran, Sadreddin ya auri 'yar Ayatollah Hussein Tabatabaei Qomi, shugaban addini na ƙasar Iran. Za ta zama mahaifiyar Musa Sadr. {{Page needed|date=August 2020}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2020)">shafi<span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>ake bukata<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Rayuwar farko === An haifi Musa al-Sadr a unguwar Cheharmardan da ke [[Qom|birnin Qom]] na kasar Iran a ranar 4 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1928. <ref name="abaw"/> Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Hayat da ke Kum inda ya halarci darussan hauza ba bisa ka'ida ba; Ya fara karatun boko na hukuma a shekarar 1941. Malamansa sun ɗauke shi a matsayin "mai gaggawar koyo kuma mai ilimi sosai ga ƙuruciyarsa". Bayan wani lokaci ya fara koyar da wasu dalibai darussa "ƙananan matakin". Wannan ya zo daidai da <nowiki>''</nowiki>yantar da siyasar Iran<nowiki>''</nowiki>, yanayin siyasar zamaninsa ya kasance na duniya, ta yadda akasarin malaman addini "suka ji a siyasance da zamantakewa".  <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2020)">shafi<span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>ake bukata<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Don samun wani tasiri a cikin "rayuwar kasa" ya kammala da cewa dole ne ya saba da "kimiyya na zamani da duniyar zamani". A sakamakon haka, ya fara “cikakken ilimin boko” tare da karatunsa na hauza. Ya koma [[Tehran]] inda ya kammala digiri na uku a [[Fiƙihu|fannin fikihu]] ( ''fiqhu'' ) da ilimin siyasa a jami'ar Tehran sannan ya koyi turanci da faransanci.  <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2020)">shafi<span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki>''&#x5D; ''<nowiki><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2020)">nan</span></nowiki>''</sup> sai ya dawo birnin Kum domin karantar ilimin tauhidi da falsafar Musulunci karkashin [[Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai|Allamah Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai]] . <ref name="abaw"/> == A Iraki == Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa a shekara ta 1953, ya bar birnin Kum zuwa Najaf inda ya yi karatun tauhidi karkashin Ayatullah Muhsin al-Hakim da Abul Qasim Khui . <ref name="abaw"/> A can yana da malamai kamar: Ayatullah Hakim, Shaykh Morteza al Yasin, Ayatullah Abulqasim Khu'i, Shaykh Hossein Hilli, Shaykh Sadra Badkubahi, da sauransu, wadanda wasunsu suka zama ''Marja'' bayan rasuwar Ayatullah Borujerdi . Musa Sadr ya zama ''[[Ijitihadi|mujtahidi]]'' a Najaf. A 1955 ya tafi Lebanon inda ya gana da Abd al-Hossein Sharafeddin . Ya taba haduwa da shi a shekarar 1936 lokacin da danginsa suka karbi bakuncin Abd al-Husayn a Iran. A wannan shekarar ya bar Iran ya koma Najaf, kuma a cikin kaka na 1956 ya auri diyar Ayatullah Azizollah Khalili.  <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2020)">shafi<span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>ake bukata<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Komawa Iran == Bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi a Iraki a shekara ta 1958 tare da hambarar da masarautun kasar Iraki, al-Sadr ya koma Iran. A nan ne ya karbi bukatar Ali Davani, wanda Ayatullah Shariatmadari ya aiko, kuma ya zama editan ''Darsha'i az maktab-e Islam'', wanda aka fi sani da ''Maktab-e Eslam'', wata mujalla da Hawza ta Kum ta buga kuma ta amince da shi. Ayatullah Broujerdi. Ya fara bayar da gudunmawa ne da batu na uku, inda ya mai da hankali kan tattalin arzikin Musulunci, “maudu’in labari a lokacin”.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2018}}</link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">An</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D; &#x5B;</sup> a wannan filin a matsayin littafi. Ba da daɗewa ba ya zama babban editan jaridar "de facto-in-chief". Ya bar mujallar a watan Disamba 1959 tare da wasu daga cikin wadanda suka kafa ta. {{Page needed|date=August 2020}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2020)">shafi<span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>ake bukata<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Musa al-Sadr ya kuma taka rawa wajen tsara wani sabon shiri na ''Hauza'' mai suna "Shirin Farko na gyara Hauza" ( Persian </link> ), wanda daga nan aka janye, tare da haɗin gwiwar Mohammad Beheshti . A cikin 1959, Sadr ya kafa makarantar sakandare mai zaman kansa wanda ya ba da madadin tsarin ilimin jihar don "iyaye masu lura". {{Page needed|date=August 2020}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2020)">shafi<span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>ake bukata<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Tashi zuwa Lebanon == [[Fayil:Musa_Al-Sadr_and_AbdulNaser.jpg|right|thumb| Musa Sadr tare da [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] a cikin 1960s]] Musa al-Sadr ya ki amincewa da bukatar Ayatullah Broujerdi na zuwa [[Italiya]] a matsayin wakilinsa, maimakon haka ya bar birnin Qum zuwa Najaf. A nan ne Ayatullah Muhsin al-Hakim ya bukace shi da ya amsa gayyatar   daga danginsu Sayed Jafar Sharafeddin ya zama babban jigo na Shi'a a birnin Taya mai tashar jiragen ruwa ta Kudancin Lebanon, wanda ya gaji mahaifin Jafar Abdul Hussein Sharif Al Din, wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1957. Ya bar Najaf zuwa Taya a karshen shekara ta 1959, <ref name="abaw"/> a matsayinsa na "ma'aiki" na Ayatullah Broujerdi da Ayatullah Hakim. A bisa bukatar wasu malamai daga baya ya yi tafiye-tafiye da dama zuwa kasar Iran inda ya gabatar da laccoci da dama kamar su "Musulunci Addinin Rayuwa" da "Duniya Ta Shirya Karbar Kiran Musulunci". Na karshen ya hada da gabatar da abubuwan da ya faru a Labanon tare da jaddada bukatar yin aiki "don ci gaban musulmi."   A shekara ta 1967 Imam Sadr ya yi tattaki zuwa [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] domin sanin al'ummar kasar Labanon tare da duba al'amuransu da kuma kokarin danganta su da kasarsu ta haihuwa. Ya kuma gana da shugaban Ivory Coast [[Félix Houphouët-Boigny]] da shugaban Senegal Léopold Sédar Senghor tare da ba da taimako na alama ga marayu a [[Senegal]] . Senghor ya yaba da wannan karimcin na Imam, inda ya yi nuni da cewa yana bibiyar ayyukansa da matukar sha'awa, wanda ya yi tasiri matuka wajen yada soyayya da imani a tsakanin 'yan kasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=مركز الإمام موسى الصدر للأبحاث والدراسات :: محطات مضيئة » سيرة الإمام |url=http://www.imamsadr.net/Home/contents1.php?id=2 |access-date=2019-12-03 |website=www.imamsadr.net}}</ref> Al-Sadr, wanda aka fi sani da ''Imam Musa'', cikin sauri ya zama daya daga cikin fitattun masu fafutukar kare al'ummar Shi'a na kasar Labanon, kungiyar da ke fama da matsalar tattalin arziki da siyasa. "[Al-Sadr] ya yi aiki ba tare da gajiyawa ba don inganta yawan al'ummarsa - don ba su murya, don kare su daga bala'in yaki da rikicin kabilanci," in ji Vali Nasr . Sadr ya burge mutanen Lebanon “ta hanyar ba da taimako mai amfani,” ba tare da la’akari da mazhabarsu ba. <ref name="abaw"/> An gan shi a matsayin mai matsakaici, yana buƙatar Kiristocin Maronite su bar wasu ikonsu, amma suna bin ecumenism da zaman lafiya tsakanin ƙungiyoyi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Islam Times – Imam Musa Al Sadr – his life and disappearance |url=http://islamtimes.org/en/doc/article/389866/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605125454/http://islamtimes.org/en/doc/article/389866/ |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=26 May 2016 |website=Islam Times}}</ref> A shekara ta 1969 ne aka nada Imam Musa a matsayin shugaban majalisar koli ta addinin musulunci ta kasar Lebanon (SISC), ( Arabic .</link> ) wata kungiya da ke nufin baiwa Shi'a karin magana a gwamnati. A cikin shekaru hudu masu zuwa, al-Sadr ya shagaltu da jagorancin [[Alawites|Alawīs]] na Sham a wani yunƙuri na haɗa ikonsu na siyasa da na [[Ƴan Sha Biyu|Shi'a 'yan-sha-biyu]] . Ko da yake akwai jayayya, amincewa da 'Alawī a matsayin 'yan Shi'a ya zo ne a cikin Yuli 1973 lokacin da shi da shugabannin addini 'Alawī suka yi nasarar nada 'Alawī a matsayin mufti na hukuma ga al'ummar Sha-biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2010 |title=Syria's Alawis and Shiism – Martin Kramer on the Middle East |url=http://www.martinkramer.org/sandbox/reader/archives/syria-alawis-and-shiism/}}</ref> <ref name="talhamy9">{{Cite journal |last=Talhamy |first=Yvette |date=Autumn 2009 |title=The Syrian Muslim Brothers and the Syrian-Iranian Relationship |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/mej/summary/v063/63.4.talhamy.html |journal=The Middle East Journal |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=561–580 |doi=10.3751/63.4.12 |s2cid=144219075 |access-date=29 July 2013}}</ref> [[Fayil:Imam_Musa_Sadr_on_a_hunger_strike_in_Safa_Beirut_Mosque_().jpg|left|thumb| Musa Sadr ya yajin cin abinci na kwanaki uku a masallacin Safa da ke birnin Beirut domin nuna adawa da yakin basasar Lebanon.]] Ya farfado da sadaka ta ''Jami'at al-Birr wal-Ihsan'', wadda S. Salih b. Muhammad Sharafeddin kuma ya tara kudi ga The Social Institute (al-Mu'assasa al-Ijtima'iyya), gidan marayu a Taya. A cikin 1963, Sadr ya kafa makarantar dinki da reno mai suna The Girls' Home (Bayt al-Fatat). A shekarar ne ya kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Addinin Musulunci (Ma'had al-Dirasat al-Islamiyya). A cikin 1964, Sadr ya fara Cibiyar Fasaha ta Burj al-Shimali, wanda masu taimakon Shi'a ne suka ba da kuɗin tallafin, lamunin banki, da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Lebanon. <ref name="abaw"/> A cikin 1974, ya kafa, tare da Hussein el-Husseini, Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru ( Arabic </link> ) don matsawa 'yan Shi'a inganta tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Sun kafa makarantu da dakunan shan magani da dama a ko'ina cikin kudancin Lebanon, wanda yawancinsu har yanzu suna aiki a yau. Sadr ya yi yunkurin hana saukowa cikin tashin hankali wanda a karshe ya kai ga yakin basasar Lebanon ta hanyar fara azumi a wani masallaci a Beirut. A can ne 'yan kasar Labanon suka ziyarce shi daga kowane bangare - Musulmi da Kirista. [[Yasser Arafat]] da ministan harkokin wajen Syria [[Abdul Halim Khaddam|Abd al-Halim Khaddam]], suma sun ziyarce shi. Kafa majalisar ministocin hadin kan kasa ya biyo bayan taron kuma yunkurin al-Sadr na samar da zaman lafiya nasara ce ta wucin gadi. <ref name="abaw" /> A lokacin yakin, ya daidaita kansa tare da Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Lebanon <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff writers |title=The Imam Musa Sadr |url=http://almashriq.hiof.no/lebanon/300/320/324/324.2/musa-sadr/ |access-date=27 June 2016 |website=almashriq.hiof.no |publisher=Al Mashriq}}</ref> da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru da kuma haɗin gwiwar Mostafa Chamran  <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2020)">shafi<span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>ake bukata<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> ya samar da wani reshe mai dauke da makamai wanda aka fi sani da ''Afwāj al-Muqāwamat al-Lubnāniyyah'' ( Arabic </link> ), wanda aka fi sani da Amal ( Arabic </link> ma'ana "bege" <ref name="John" /> ), <ref name="abaw"/> wanda ya tara matasa da tsararraki masu ilimi na iyalan Husaini da Musawi.  <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2020)">shafi<span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>da ake bukata<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Shi'a su ne kawai babbar al'umma ba tare da wata kungiyar 'yan bindiga a kasar 'yan bindiga ba; Al-Sadr ne ya kirkiro Amal don kare hakki da muradun Shi'a.   To sai dai kuma a shekara ta 1976 ya janye goyon bayan da Syria ta yi wa Falasdinawa da mayakan sa-kai. Ya kuma ba da hadin kai sosai tare da Mostafa Chamran, Sadegh Ghotbzadeh, da sauran masu fafutukar Islama na Iran a lokacin yakin basasa. <ref name="ostovar">{{Cite web |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon P. |date=2009 |title=Guardians of the Islamic Revolution Ideology, Politics, and the Development of Military Power in Iran (1979–2009) |url=http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/64683/afshon_1.pdf;jsessionid=DF7BFA33BF18FF73E9117CB0504F14E1?sequence=1 |access-date=26 July 2013 |publisher=University of Michigan |format=PhD Thesis}}</ref> Sadr da Chamran sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a juyin juya halin Musulunci na Iran. Sun shiga zanga-zangar adawa da Shah daga Iran. A cewar mataimakin Amal Ali Kharis, Musa Sadr da Chamran sun kasance kashin bayan juyin juya halin Iran da kuma yadda mutum ba zai iya magana kan juyin juya halin Iran ba tare da ambaton wadannan mutane biyu ba. {{Page needed|date=August 2020}} Bugu da kari, Sadr ya taka rawa wajen bunkasa alaka tsakanin Hafez Assad, shugaban kasar Syria a lokacin, da kuma masu adawa da [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]], Shah na Iran. <ref name="tablet">{{Cite web |last=Badran |first=Tony |date=22 June 2010 |title=Syriana |url=http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/36751/syriana |access-date=4 August 2013 |website=Tablet}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == {{Multiple image|caption_align=<!-- left/right/center -->|total_width=}} Musa Sadr ya ci gaba da kulla alaka mai karfi ta iyali tare da shugabannin siyasa a Iran, Lebanon da Iraki. Yana da alaƙa da fitattun mutane Iraniyawa wato Sadeq Tabatabaei (ɗan ɗan'uwansa), <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ataie |first=Mohammad |date=2013 |title=Revolutionary Iran's 1979 Endeavor in Lebanon |url=http://www.mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/revolutionary-irans-1979-endeavor-lebanon?print |access-date=2 June 2016 |publisher=Middle East Policy Council |quote=Another pro-Amal figure in the provisional government was Musa Sadr's nephew, Sadeq Tabatabai (...)}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Imam Grandson, Iranian President Condole Tabatabai's Passing Away |url=http://en.imam-khomeini.ir/en/n11192/News/Imam_Grandson_Iranian_President_Condole_Tabatabai%E2%80%99s_Passing_Away |access-date=2 June 2016 |website=en.imam-khomeini.ir |quote=Late Seyed Sadegh Tabatabai was brother in law of Hajjat al-Islam Seyyed Ahmad Khomeini, son of the founder of the Islamic Republic and nephew of Imam Musa Sadr. |archive-date=10 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610234910/http://en.imam-khomeini.ir/en/n11192/News/Imam_Grandson_Iranian_President_Condole_Tabatabai%E2%80%99s_Passing_Away |url-status=dead }}</ref> da kuma [[Mohammad Khatami]] (matar sa ƙanwar Musa Sadr ce), da kuma Ayatullah Khumaini dan Ahmad Khomeini (matar sa daya ce daga cikin yayan Musa Sadr). <ref name="Edinburgh University Press" /> An auri ɗan Sadr da jikanyar Khumaini. <ref name="asharq8" /> 'Yar'uwarsa, Rabab al-Sadr, 'yar gwagwarmayar zamantakewa ce wadda ke yin aikin agaji, kuma mai zane-zane da aka horar da shi a Italiya wanda ya sami digiri na uku a falsafar, [[Søren Kierkegaard]] ya rinjayi yanayinta. ' === Charisma === Musa Sadr Fouad Ajami ya kira Musa Sadr a matsayin "babban jigo a tunanin siyasar Shi'a na zamani." A cewarsa, hatta jami'an diflomasiyyar Amurka sun yi wa Musa Sadr zagon kasa bayan sun gana da shi. Ya goyi bayan da’awarsa ta wajen yin ishara ga kebul da George M. Godley, jakadan Amurka a Lebanon ya aika gida: “Ba shi da mahawara daya daga cikin manyan mutane, idan ba mafi kyawu da na hadu da su a Lebanon ba. . . . kwarjini a bayyane take kuma gaskiyarsa a fili tana da ban tsoro". <ref name="The Atlantic">{{Cite journal |last=Ignatius |first=David |date=June 1986 |title=The vanished Imam: Musa al Sadr and the Shia of Lebanon |url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A4259316/GPS?sid=wikipedia |journal=The Atlantic |pages=77 |access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref> A Lebanon, ya sami karbuwa sosai "saboda kyakkyawar dangantakarsa da matasa." <ref name="abaw"/> Yana tsaye a {{Convert|6|ft|6|in|m}}, masani Fouad Ajami ya bayyana kwarjinin Sadr da maganadisu kamar haka:<blockquote>Kasar Lebanon ta dade tana zama kasa mai kyau game da kamanni, aura, al haiba na jagora. Musamman ‘yan Shi’a sun yi nuni da cewa mutanen banza ne. A cikin al’adar Shi’a, imamai ba wai kawai mazaje ne ma’asumai ba (an ce imami ma’asumi ne, ba ya kuskure) a’a, sun kasance ma’abota kamala ta zahiri. Makaho ko gurgu da ba a yarda da shi a matsayin Imami ba. Musa al Sadr, kyakykyawan mutumi mai kyan gani, ya kasance mai gaskiya ga tunanin mutanensa na yadda mutum mai tsoron Allah da rarrabuwar kawuna da girman haihuwa ya kamata ya kasance. Bugu da ƙari, ya kasance mai zance mai ban sha'awa a cikin al'adun da ke ɗaukaka magana da kuma waɗanda ke iya bayyana a cikin harshen Larabci na gargajiya abin da ke cikin zukatan wasu. </blockquote>kuma<blockquote>Sayyid Musa ya zura ido yana kallon hadisai da wani abin tsoro ga mazaje na kiran malamai da na asali. Ya shakuwa da mata, suna yaba kamanninsa da kyawunsa kuma sun ji dadin cewa ba sai sun yi fira daga falo da taro ba a lokacin da ya zo, kamar yadda suka yi da malamai masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. Kamar yadda ya dace da mutumin da yake da rigar addini, ya daina musafaha da mata, mataimakansa da abokansa sun riga sun gargaɗi matan Kirista da za su sadu da shi cewa kada su yi ƙoƙari su gaisa. Amma ko wannan haramcin an keta shi a yanzu da su. Wata mata da ta yarda cewa an kusantar da shi, yana kusa da shi, ta taba miko masa hannu, sai ya dauko a tsakanin hannayensa biyu, ya ce bai kamata ba, kuma yana yin abin da ya kamata. ' ba zai yi ba, cewa ba zai sake yin hakan ba. </blockquote> == Bacewa == A ranar 25 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1978, Sadr da wasu sahabbai biyu, Sheikh Muhammad Yaacub da dan jarida Abbas Badreddine ( [[:fr:Abbas Bader el-Dine|fr]] ), sun tafi kasar Libya domin ganawa da jami'an gwamnati bisa gayyatar [[Muammar Gaddafi]] . An dai ga mutanen uku ne a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta. <ref name="yal3sep" /> Ba a sake jin duriyarsu ba. <ref name="yal3sep" /> An yi imani da cewa, aƙalla ta hanyar Musulman Shi'a na Lebanon, cewa Gaddafi ya ba da umarnin kashe Sadr, <ref name="The Atlantic"/> amma akwai dalilai daban-daban. Libya ta sha musanta alhakinta, tana mai cewa Sadr da abokansa sun bar Libya zuwa Italiya. Sai dai magoya bayan limamin da ya bace sun yi nuni da cewa an gano kayan Sadr a wani otel [[Tripoli|na birnin Tripoli]] kuma babu wata shaida da ke nuni da zuwansa [[Rum|Roma]] . <ref name="Norton, Augustus R 2007" /> Kamfanonin jiragen sama ba su iya tabbatar da cewa Sadr ya taba tashi zuwa Italiya daga Libya. <ref name="Norton, Augustus R 2007" /> A cewar dan jarida mai kawo rigima Amir Taheri, Gaddafi ya bada umarnin kashe Sadr ta hanyar bazata. Kamar yadda yake ba da labarin a cikin littafinsa mai suna ''Holy Terror: The inside story of Islamic Terrorism'', "Ya girgiza hannu cikin fushi, Gaddafi ya furta kalmar larabci ' ''Khalas!'' ". Taheri ya ci gaba da da’awar cewa a cikin wannan yanayi da Gaddafi yana nufin “Ina tare da shi!”, amma Kyaftin Saad ya fassara wannan da “Kawar da shi!”. A cewar Taheri, Kyaftin Saad zai tuka Sadr da abokansa zuwa tashar harbin Janzur mai tazarar kilomita tara daga yammacin Tripoli ya kashe su. Da jin labarin Gaddafi ya yi "mamaki da fushi". Daga nan ne babban hafsan tsaron Gaddafi Janar Mustafa Kharoubi ya umarci wasu jami’ansa guda uku da su yi ado da kayan mullah su dauki jirgin Alitalia mai lamba 881 na ranar 31 ga watan Agusta zuwa Rome, ta hanyar amfani da fasfo na Sadr da abokansa biyu. Dan Sadr ya yi ikirarin cewa yana nan a asirce a gidan yari a Libya amma bai bayar da hujja ba. Kakakin majalisar dokokin kasar Labanon Nabih Berri ya yi ikirarin cewa gwamnatin Libya musamman shugaban kasar Libya ne ke da alhakin bacewar Imam Musa Sadr, kamar yadda ''[[Asharq Al-Awsat|jaridar Asharq Al-Awsat]]'' ta birnin Landan, jaridar Pan-Arab ta Saudiyya ta ruwaito a ranar 27 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2006. A cewar Janar Mansour Qadar shugaban tsaron Siriya [[Rifat al-Assad]] ya shaidawa jakadan Iran a Siriya cewa Gaddafi ya shirya kashe Sadr. A ranar 27 ga watan Agustan 2008 gwamnatin Lebanon ta tuhumi Gaddafi bisa bacewar Sadr. Bayan faduwar gwamnatin Gaddafi, Lebanon da Iran sun yi kira ga 'yan tawayen Libya da su binciki makomar Musa Sadr. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Saeed Kamali Dehghan |date=24 August 2011 |title=Lebanon and Iran urge Libyan rebels to probe 33-year-old mystery |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/24/libya-missing-cleric |website=the Guardian}}</ref> Mai sharhi kan harkokin siyasa Roula Talj ta ce dan Gaddafi, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, ya shaida mata cewa Sadr da mataimakansa, Mohammed Yaqoub da Abbas Badreddin ( [[:fr:Abbas Bader el-Dine|fr]] ), ba su taba barin Libya ba.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2021}}</link>A cewar wakilin Majalisar rikon kwarya ta Libya <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">birnin</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> [[Kairo|,]] Gaddafi ya kashe Sadr bayan tattaunawa game da akidar Shi'a. Sadr ya zarge shi da rashin sanin koyarwar Musulunci da kuma rassan Musulunci na Shi'a da [[Mabiya Sunnah|Sunna]] . A cewar wasu majiyoyi, Gaddafi ya sa aka kashe Sadr da abokansa bisa bukatar shugaban [[Falasdinawa]] [[Yasser Arafat]] . A lokacin 'yan Shi'a da Palasdinawa sun shiga cikin fadace-fadacen da aka yi da makami a Kudancin Lebanon . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fouad Ajami |date=17 May 2011 |title=Fouad Ajami: Gadhafi and the Vanished Imam – WSJ |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703421204576327043387056276 |website=WSJ}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2011 |title=Is the Missing Shi'ite Cleric Imam Musa Sadr Alive in Libya? – TIME |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2053630,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228055005/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2053630,00.html |archive-date=28 February 2011 |website=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> Wasu majiyoyin kuma sun yi zargin cewa Gaddafi ya kawar da Sadr ne bisa bukatar [[Khomeini|Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini]], wanda ya dauki Sadr a matsayin wanda zai iya hamayya da shi. Daga baya Gaddafi ya goyi bayan Khumaini a yakin Iran da Iraki . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=L. A. Times |date=1985-06-27 |title=Iraq Breaks Ties With Libya Over Support for Iran |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-06-27-mn-10776-story.html |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> A cewar wani tsohon jami’in leken asirin kasar Libya, an yi wa Sadr dukan tsiya ne saboda ya jajirce wajen kalubalantar Gaddafi a gidansa a kan al’amuran tauhidi. A wata hira da tashar talabijin ta Al Aan TV, Ahmed Ramadan, wani jigo a gwamnatin Gaddafi, kuma wanda ya shaida ganawar da aka yi tsakanin Sadr da Gaddafi, ya yi ikirarin cewa ganawar ta dauki tsawon sa'o'i biyu da rabi kuma ta kare da Gaddafi yana cewa "ku dauke shi". Ramadan ya kuma bayyana sunayen jami'ai uku da ya yi imanin cewa su ne suka haddasa mutuwar Sadr. A cikin 2011, Abdel Monem al-Houni ya yi ikirarin cewa an aika gawar Sadr zuwa Sabha a cikin jirgin saman Gaddafi na sirri kuma aka binne shi a can. Dan uwan Houni, Najieddine Yazigi ne ya yi jigilar jirgin, wanda daga baya aka kashe shi domin a boye sirrin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-03-02 |title=Libya revolt may solve mystery of cleric’s fate |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/369808 |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2021, Muqtada al-Sadr, dan uwan Musa Sadr kuma shugaban kungiyar Sadrist a Iraki, ya sanar da cewa an kafa wani kwamiti da zai binciki makomar Musa Sadr. == Gado == [[Fayil:Banner-MusaAlSadr-40yearsDisappearanceCommemoration-Tyre-NabihBerri-Amal_RomanDeckert06092018.jpg|thumb| Tuta a Taya, bikin cika shekaru 40 da bacewar Sadr]] Har yanzu dai al'ummar Shi'a na Lebanon suna kallon Imam Musa Sadr a matsayin wani muhimmin jagora na siyasa da ruhi. Matsayinsa ya karu ne bayan bacewarsa a watan Agusta 1978, kuma a yau magoya bayan Amal da [[Hezbollah|Hizbullah]] suna girmama gadonsa. A wurin mutane da yawa ya zama shahidi kuma “limamin bace”. Wani abin girmamawa ga ci gaba da shahararsa shi ne yadda ya shahara a sassan Lebanon don kwaikwayon lafazin Farisa. Jam'iyyar Amal ta kasance muhimmiyar kungiyar Shi'a a Lebanon kuma tana kallon Sadr a matsayin wanda ya kafa ta. {{Cquote|His great political influence and fame was enough for people to not consider his philosophical attitude, although he was a well-trained follower of long living intellectual tradition of Islamic Philosophy.}} == Ayyuka == Sadr ya rubuta dogon gabatarwa ga Henry Corbin ''na Tarihin Falsafar Musulunci'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title="Shia Muslims in Lebanon", 1st Work Published in Iran on Imam Musa Sadr |url=http://iqna.ir/en/news/2093699/%E2%80%9Cshia-muslims-in-lebanon%E2%80%9D-1st-work-published-in-iran-on-imam-musa-sadr- |access-date=2024-12-24 |archive-date=2018-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022172626/http://iqna.ir/en/news/2093699/%E2%80%9Cshia-muslims-in-lebanon%E2%80%9D-1st-work-published-in-iran-on-imam-musa-sadr- |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Hadin kan Mazhabobin Musulunci A cewar Imam Musa Sadr'' ya hada da tarihin rayuwa da kuma fassarar Turanci na daya daga cikin littafansa, ''Imam Musa Sadr: surush-e wahdat, Majma' Jahani-ye Taqrib-e Madhahib-e Islami, 2004.'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Unity of the Islamic Schools of Thought According to Imam Musa Sadr |url=https://www.al-islam.org/printpdf/book/export/html/46094 |access-date=2019-12-03}}</ref> == Cibiyoyi == * Imam Moussa Al Sadr Center for Research & Studies - Beirut, Lebanon <ref>{{Cite web |title=مركز الإمام موسى الصدر للأبحاث والدراسات |url=http://www.imamsadr.net/Home/index.php |access-date=2019-12-03 |website=www.imamsadr.net |archive-date=2021-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108213117/http://www.imamsadr.net/Home/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Sadr Foundation - Tyre, Lebanon <ref>{{Cite web |title=Imam Sadr Foundation - Lebanon |url=https://www.imamsadrfoundation.org:443/ |access-date=2019-11-29 |website=www.imamsadrfoundation.org |language=en-US}}</ref> * Sadr Foundation - Dearborn, Michigan, Amurka <ref>{{Cite web |title=SadrFoundation.US |url=http://www.sadrfoundation.us/ |access-date=2019-11-29 |website=www.sadrfoundation.us}}</ref>  == manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1928]] [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0gh17gnvxnpvduh4aw6ww6bk3tno62c 0 90559 906935 585139 2026-08-24T08:00:28Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 906935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sharifai Haq Amjadi''' (20 Afrilu 1921-11 Mayu 2000) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na Indiya, muhaddith, mufassir, mai sharhi na Bukhari, mai muhawara, lauya, malami, marubuci, mai bincike, kuma magajin ruhaniya na Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri, tsohon Babban Mufti na Indiya.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Razvi |first=Abde Mustafa Sabir Ismaeeli Qadri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f9eREAAAQBAJ&dq=%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C&pg=PA9 |title=Shabe Meraj Nalain Arsh Par (Urdu) |publisher=Abde Mustafa Official |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Qadri |first=M. Zahid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jS0jBQAAQBAJ&dq=%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C&pg=PA4 |title=Muharram Magazine: 4 Magazine |publisher=Urdu-Books |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Qadri) |first=Abde Mustafa (Muhammad Sabir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lqabEAAAQBAJ&dq=%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C&pg=PA8 |title=Raza Ya Riza (Urdu) |date=2022-11-12 |publisher=Abde Mustafa Official |language=ur}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife shi a Indiya kuma ya sami karatunsa a fannin [[Fiƙihu|Shari'ar Musulunci]] da tauhidin. Ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin malamai kuma ya zama masani a fannin kimiyyar Islama daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hajar) |first=Farhan Khan Qadri (Ibne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DzKUEAAAQBAJ&dq=%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C&pg=PA352 |title=Rash'haate Ibne Hajar |date=2022-10-12 |publisher=Sabiya Virtual Publication |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Suyooti |first=Imam Jalaluddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9rSSEAAAQBAJ&dq=%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C&pg=PA39 |title=Shane Siddique -e- Akbar Bazubane Mahboobe Rabbe Akbar |date=2022-10-06 |publisher=Abde Mustafa Official |language=ur}}</ref> == Rayuwa == An san shi da sharhinsa game da Sahih [[Muhammad Al-Bukhari|al-Bukhari]] . Maganarsa ta ba da fahimta mai mahimmanci, bayani, da mahallin ga labaran [[Hadisi]] da aka samu a Sahih al-Bukhari . Ya yi Hajj na farko a 1985, [[Umrah]] na farko a 1996, Hajj na biyu a 1997, kuma Umrah na biyu a 1998.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mughal |first=Ahmad Raza |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B6-YEAAAQBAJ&dq=%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C&pg=PT160 |title=Mere Qalamdaan Se (Jild 1) |date=2022-10-31 |publisher=Sabiya Virtual Publication |language=ur}}</ref> == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == Ya wallafa littattafai da litattafai da yawa, ciki har da: <ref>{{Cite web |last=afkareraza |date=2020-09-23 |title=حضور شارحِ بخاری مفتی شریف الحق امجدی علیہ الرحمہ کا اجمالی تعارف ⋆ از آصف جمیل امجدی |url=https://afkareraza.com/?p=8031 |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=افکار رضا |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812120546/https://afkareraza.com/?p=8031 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Nuzhat al-Qari Sharah Sahih al-Bukhari'' * ''Maqalat-e-Sharah Bukhari'' * ''Fatawa-e-Sharah Bukhari'' * ''Masla Takfir aur Imam Ahmad Raza'' * ''Ashraf al-Siyar'' * ''Ashk Rawan'' * ''Musulunci aur Chand ka Safar'' * ''Tahqiqaat'' * ''Fitnon ki Sarzameen Kaun, Najd da Iraki?'' * ''Sunni-Deobandi Ikhtilaf ka Musannifana Jaiza'' * ''Isbat-e-Isal-e-Sawab'' * ''Mufti-e-Azam Hind Apne Fazl-o-Kamal ke Aine Mein'' * ''Shahadat-e-Hussain ka Zimmedar Kaun?'' * ''Masail-e-Hajj aur Ziyarat'' * ''Al-Siraj al-Kamil'' * ''Firqaon ki Tafseel.''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Qadri |first=Sayyid Mufti Khadim Husain Shah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0WOpEAAAQBAJ&dq=%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C&pg=PA29 |title=Fatawa Khadimiya (Jild 1) |date=2023-01-25 |publisher=Abde Mustafa Official |language=ur}}</ref> == Malamai == * Daga cikin sanannun malamansa akwai: * Mufti Amjad Ali Azmi * Mufti Mohammad Mustafa Raza Khan * Shah Abdul Aziz Muradabadi * Allama Sardar Ahmad Qadri * Sanaullah Amjadi Azmi * Allama Ghulam Jilani Meerathi * Maulana Mohammad Suleman Bhagalpuri * Qari Usman Azmi<ref>{{Cite book |last=Misbahi |first=Muhammad Faheem Jilani Ahsan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LuOUEAAAQBAJ&dq=%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C&pg=PA100 |title=Tajalliyaate Ahsan (Jild 1) - Urdu |date=2022-10-14 |publisher=Abde Mustafa Official |language=ur}}</ref> == Koyarwar Ruhaniya == Ya jaddada bin [[Sunnah]] (al'adun annabin Musulunci Muhammad) kuma ya inganta daidaitattun fahimtar Musulunci. Ya ƙarfafa masu bi su nemi ilimi, suyi tausayi, da kuma kula da halin kirki.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hussein |first=Syed Muzammal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yBxpBQAAQBAJ&dq=%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C&pg=PA551 |title=Saudi Commentary: of Holy Koran in One Look |publisher=Urdu-Books |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Adrawi |first=Muhammad Saleem Ansari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nau0EAAAQBAJ&dq=%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C&pg=PA134 |title=Maqalaate Adrawi |date=2023-03-20 |publisher=Abde Mustafa Official |language=ur}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Ya mutu a ranar 11 ga Mayu 2000, An binne shi a Madinatul Ulama, Ghosi, [[Uttar Pradesh]], Indiya.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Attari |first=Allama Muhammad Owais Razvi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LBi1EAAAQBAJ&dq=%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C&pg=PA88 |title=Masailus Siyaam (Rozo Ke Masail) |date=2023-03-22 |publisher=Abde Mustafa Official |language=ur}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2000]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1921]] n7zp6qqm0poutt4t0iscd4hzxqoyrom 0 90656 906823 586849 2026-08-24T04:33:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906823 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Oluchukwu Ukie Ezeali''' ɗan siyasan [[Najeriya]] ne. A yanzu haka ya zama ɗan majalisar jiha mai wakiltar mazaɓar [[Afikpo|Afikpo ta]] arewa maso gabas a majalisar dokokin [[jihar Ebonyi]]. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/news/local/ebonyi-lawmaker-partner-nwifuru-to-end-10-yr-power-blackout-in-constituency-2024092616005201566 |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=www.pulse.ng}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=News Agency of |date=2024-08-14 |title=Lawmaker to restore electricity in Ebonyi community after 10-year outage |url=https://gazettengr.com/lawmaker-to-restore-electricity-in-ebonyi-community-after-10-year-outage/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=Peoples Gazette Nigeria |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250106132236/https://gazettengr.com/lawmaker-to-restore-electricity-in-ebonyi-community-after-10-year-outage/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=III |first=Admin |date=2023-12-24 |title=Ebonyi lawmaker shares N5m, bags of rice to constituents |url=https://blueprint.ng/ebonyi-lawmaker-shares-n5m-bags-of-rice-to-constituents/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=Blueprint Newspapers Limited |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] ojuacxfxn9hoq1njy1llzfd8rmxmbh3 0 93185 906751 892715 2026-08-23T21:56:40Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 906751 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Márcia de Campos Pereira''' 'yar gwagwarmayar [[Brazil]] ce wacce tun daga shekarun 1970s ta yi gwagwarmaya don inganta haƙƙin dimokuradiyya na' yan ƙasa, musamman na mata. Musamman, ta taimaka wajen shirya kungiyar Democrat ta Brazil, gami da reshen mata, kuma ta shiga kungiyoyin Brazil da kungiyoyin mata daban-daban. A shekara ta 2008, ta zama memba na Majalisar Dokokin Mata ta Kasa (National Council of Women's Rights). A taron Beirut na shekara ta 2007, Ƙungiyar Demokradiyya ta Duniya ta Mata (WIDF) ta zabi Campos a matsayin shugabanta. An sake zabar ta a matsayin shugabar WIDF a taron Caracas na 2007 a 2007 kuma a taron 2012 a Brasilia.<ref name="cn">{{Cite web |title=Breve apresentação das mulheres indicadas para vaga de Conselheira de Notório Conhecimento no CNDM |url=https://www.gov.br/mdh/pt-br/navegue-por-temas/politicas-para-mulheres/arquivo/assuntos/conselho/atas-das-reunioes/anexos-reunioes/breve-apresentacao-indicadas-notorio-conhecimento |access-date=14 November 2023 |publisher=Conselho Nacional dos Directos do Mulher |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2010 |title=Condição feminina é tema de encontro pré-Fórum Social do Mercosul |url=https://mobilizadores.org.br/noticias/condicao-feminina-e-tema-de-encontro-pre-forum-social-do-mercosul/ |access-date=14 November 2023 |publisher=rede mobilizadores |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2004 |editor-last=Frossard, Heloisa |title=I Conferência Nacional de Políticas para as Mulheres: ANAIS |url=https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/anais1cnpm.pdf |access-date=14 November 2023 |publisher=Presidência da República |language=pt |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114170044/https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/anais1cnpm.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == Ana tunawa da Campos saboda kokarin da aka yi na tallafawa dimokuradiyya na Brazil. Yayinda take daliba, ta shiga cikin ayyukan dimokuradiyya don inganta yanayin ilimi, mata, matasa da ma'aikata. A cikin shekarun 1970s, ta yi tafiya a duk faɗin ƙasar, tana tallafawa ƙungiyoyin mata da ƙoƙarin su a cikin ƙungiyoyin kwadago. Ta kuma kasance mai shiga tsakani a cikin Ƙungiyar Amnesty ta Mata (Movimento Feminino pela Anistia). [1] A shekara ta 1980, ta ƙaura daga [[Rio de Janeiro]] zuwa [[São Paulo]] inda ta kafa kuma ta jagoranci Tarayyar Mata ta São Paulo (Federação das Mulheres Paulistas, FMP). A shekara ta 1981, ta ci gaba da kafa Confederation of Brazilian Women (Confederação das Mulheres do Brasil, CMB) wanda aka tsara don inganta rayuwar mata da yanayin aiki a jihohi daban-daban. Daga shekara ta 1988, ta goyi bayan kokarin bunkasa gidaje ga uwaye marasa aure a birane da yawa. Ta zama memba na jam'iyyar siyasa ta Brazilian Democratic Movement (Movimento Democrático Brasileiro, MDB) da ƙungiyar mata amma daga baya, a cikin 2011, ta shiga sabuwar Jam'iyyar Free Fatherland Party (Partido Pátria Livre, PPL). Daga shekara ta 2008, ta yi aiki a Majalisar Dokokin Mata ta Kasa (National Council of Women's Rights).<ref name="cn"/> A shekara ta 2002, a taron Beirut na Ƙungiyar Demokradiyyar Mata ta Duniya an zabe ta shugabar kungiyar. An sake zabar ta a matsayin shugabar a taron WIDF na 2007 a Caracas kuma ta sake tsayawa a taron 2012 a Brasilia . Campos kuma yana wakiltar WIDF a Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . <ref name="cn"/> A matsayinta na mukaddashin sakataren kasa na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Brazil, Campos ya kasance babban mai gabatar da "Mulheres Juntas Pelo Brasil" (Mata Tare Don Brazil), yana kira ga mata a duk faɗin ƙasar da su fito a kan tituna a ranar 13 ga Agusta 2022 don yaki da yunwa, talauci, da rashin daidaito tsakanin maza da mata. A lokacin da kasar ke fuskantar matsalar tattalin arziki, ta yi kira ga wani mataki, ta bayyana cewa: "Abin da ke da matukar muhimmanci kuma ya kawo mu tare, abin da ke fitar da zukatanmu a kan tituna a ranar 13, shine bin, fadadawa da zama wani ɓangare na tafiyar jama'a yanzu a cikin cikakken ci gaba a kasarmu. Abin da muke so ga iyalanmu da mutane mata ne na Brazil su gina kasar. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Luz, Barbara |date=5 August 2022 |title="Mulheres Juntas Pelo Brasil" vão às ruas em todo país, dia 13 de agosto |url=https://vermelho.org.br/2022/08/05/mulheres-juntas-pelo-brasil-vao-as-ruas-em-todo-pais-dia-13-de-agosto/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |publisher=Vermelho |language=pt}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] espapo5qcpunx80q0jxv3dbeclo308i 0 94283 906573 591401 2026-08-23T13:14:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906573 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} '''Mark Durie''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1958) yankin Anglican na kasar Australiya kuma masanin ilimin harshe da tauhidi. Shi ne darektan da ya kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Ruhaniya, Fellow a Taron Gabas ta Tsakiya, kuma babban jami'in bincike na Cibiyar Arthur Jeffery don Nazarin Islama a Makarantar tauhidin Melbourne . == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Durie a [[Sabuwar Gini|Papua]] ga iyayen mishan, kuma ya girma a [[Kanberra|Canberra]] . <ref name="mst">{{Cite web |title=Revd Dr Mark Durie |url=https://www.mst.edu.au/faculty/mark-durie/ |access-date=18 November 2022 |publisher=Melbourne School of Theology |archive-date=27 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027121126/https://www.mst.edu.au/faculty/mark-durie/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mark Durie ya sami Ph.D. daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia a shekarar 1984. <ref name="mst" /><ref>Mark Durie, "A grammar of Acehnese", PhD diss., Australian National University, 1984. The catalogue record can be viewed [https://archive.today/20140126153920/http://library.anu.edu.au/search~S1?/YMark+Durie&l=&searchscope=1&b=&p=&Da=&Db=&SORT=D/YMark+Durie&l=&searchscope=1&b=&p=&Da=&Db=&SORT=D&SUBKEY=Mark+Durie/1,8,8,B/frameset&FF=YMark+Durie&l=&searchscope=1&b=&p=&Da=&Db=&SORT=D&3,3, here]. Subsequently the dissertation was revised and published in book form: Durie, Mark. ''A Grammar of Acehnese on the Basis of a Dialect of North Aceh''. Erhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, no. 112. Dordrecht, Holland; Cinnaminson, NJ: Foris, 1985. See {{Cite web |title=Aceh Books (KITLV) &#124; Digital Collections |url=http://acehbooks.org/pdf/ACEH_03107.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724221059/http://acehbooks.org/pdf/ACEH_03107.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2011 |access-date=2013-06-05}}</ref> Daga baya ya gudanar da alƙawari a Jami'ar Leiden, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts, Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, Jami'an Stanford da Jami'ar Californie, Santa Cruz . <ref name="mst" /> <ref name="humanities">{{Cite web |title=Durie, Mark, FAHA |url=https://humanities.org.au/fellows/fellow/?contact_id=2970 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222213542/https://humanities.org.au/fellows/fellow/?contact_id=2970 |archive-date=22 December 2021 |access-date=23 December 2021 |publisher=Australian Academy of the Humanities}}</ref> Daga 1987 zuwa 1997 ya rike mukamai na postdoctoral fellow, malami, babban malami, mai karatu da kuma mataimakin farfesa a Jami'ar Melbourne. An zabe shi a Kwalejin Nazarin Dan Adam ta Australiya a shekarar 1992. <ref name="humanities" /> An nada shi a matsayin mai hidima na Anglican kuma firist a 1999, ya yi aiki a kan ma'aikatan St Mark's Camberwell, St Hilary's Kew, St Mary's Caulfield, St Clement's Elsternwick da St Catharine's South Caulfield . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Revd Dr Mark John Durie |url=https://www.anglicandirectoryaustralia.com.au/clergy/durie-the-revd-dr-mark-john-705/ |access-date=23 December 2021 |publisher=The Anglican Church of Australia Directory}}</ref> Yana da BTh (Hons), da DipTh daga Kwalejin tauhidin Australiya kuma a cikin 2016 ya kammala Th.A cikin wannan talifin,D. tare da Kwalejin tauhidin Australiya da Makarantar tauhidin Melbourne. Durie ya wallafa labarai da littattafai kan [[Aceh]]_language" id="mwSA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Acehnese language">Harshen Acehnese na Aceh, [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], ilimin harshe, asalin [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]] da alaƙar addinai. Littafinsa na 1985 A grammar of Acehnese: on the basis of a dialect of North Aceh an bayyana shi a matsayin "bayani na zamani da ake buƙata cikin gaggawa na wani muhimmin harshe", <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alieva |first=Natalia F. |year=1988 |title=Mark Durie, A Grammar of Acehnese on the Basis of a Dialect of North Aceh |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/arch_0044-8613_1988_num_35_1_2434 |journal=Archipel |volume=35 |pages=213–215}}</ref> kuma Durie daga baya an bayyana shi da kansa a matsayin "mafi ƙwarewa a rubuce-rubucen Acehnese a Turanci". An kuma bayyana Durie a matsayin "wani ƙwararren masani game da batutuwan da suka shafi Kristanci da Islama".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Silinsky |first=Mark |year=2012 |title=The Third Choice: Islam, Dhimmitude, and Freedom |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/074134e00116793ded223b898ac8f6ae/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=60417 |journal=Middle East Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=94}}</ref> Littafinsa na 2010 The Third Choice: Islam, Dhimmitude and Freedom yana da gabatarwa ta Bat Ye'or, kuma an bayyana Durie a matsayin mai goyon bayan ra'ayin duniya na Ye'or.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2013 |title=Dhimmitude Unveiled |url=https://www.newenglishreview.org/articles/dhimmitude-unveiled/ |website=New English Review}}</ref> Littafinsa na 2013 Liberty to the Captives: Freedom from Islam and Dhimmitude through the Cross an ce ya samar da "kayan aiki ga Kiristoci (musamman waɗanda ke zaune a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Islama) don karɓar fahimtar Littafi Mai-Tsarki game da gicciye don ya 'yantar da su daga tasirin Islama", yayin da littafinsa na 2018 The Qur'an and its Biblical Reflexes: Investigations into the Genesis of a Religion an bayyana shi a matsayin "aiki na asali sosai da kuma gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga fagen Nazarin Alkur'ani. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jun |first=Byeong |year=2011 |title=Liberty to the captives-Freedom from Islam and dhimmitude through the cross, Mark Durie: book review |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC39040 |journal=International Journal for Religious Freedom |volume=4 |pages=157–158}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marshall |first=David |year=2020 |title=Review of Mark DURIE, The Qur'an and Its Biblical Reflexes: Investigations in the Genesis of a Religion |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jiqsa-2020-06s104/html |journal=Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association |volume=6 |pages=25–47 |doi=10.1515/jiqsa-2020-06s104}}</ref> Ya ba da sharhi a kan Sky News Australia . == Ayyuka == === Littattafai === *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *    == manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]] 8ml4oqwmcgfb4qny9rr1fvw56f51mqk 0 94699 906799 689962 2026-08-24T00:33:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Nazarin Zamantakewa jerin shirye-shiryen na [[Amurka da yarjejeniyar Paris|Ba'amurke]] ne wanda Lauren Greenfield ya ƙirƙira, jagoranci, kuma ya samar.  Yana biye da matasa a tsawon lokacin karatun shekara a Los Angeles, suna nazarin yadda tsarar ta girma akan layi. An fara shi ne a Bikin Fim na Telluride na 51 a ranar 30 ga watan Agusta, 2024, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Clayton |date=August 29, 2024 |title=Telluride Festival Lineup Includes ''Nickel Boys'', ''The Piano Lesson'' and ''Saturday Night'' With Tributes for Jacques Audiard and Saoirse Ronan |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/awards/telluride-festival-lineup-2024-saoirse-ronan-1236118451 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829151353/https://variety.com/2024/film/awards/telluride-festival-lineup-2024-saoirse-ronan-1236118451/ |archive-date=August 29, 2024 |access-date=September 4, 2024 |website=Variety}}</ref> kuma an fara shi ne ranar 27 ga watan Satumba, 2024, a kan FX. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Justin |date=July 10, 2024 |title=TCA news: FX sets "Social Studies," latest 'New York Times Presents' doc for fall |url=https://realscreen.com/2024/07/10/fx-sets-social-studies-latest-new-york-times-presents-doc-for-fall/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710193251/https://realscreen.com/2024/07/10/fx-sets-social-studies-latest-new-york-times-presents-doc-for-fall/ |archive-date=July 10, 2024 |access-date=July 21, 2024 |website=Real Screen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2024 |title=FX Sets Premiere Dates for New and Returning Series |url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2024/07/10/fx-sets-premiere-dates-for-new-and-returning-series-934313/20240710fx01/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904182919/http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2024/07/10/fx-sets-premiere-dates-for-new-and-returning-series-934313/20240710fx01/ |archive-date=September 4, 2024 |access-date=July 21, 2024 |website=[[The Futon Critic]]}}</ref> == gabatarwa == A cikin shekara ta makaranta, jerin suna bincika ɗaliban Generation Z a Los Angeles waɗanda ke hulɗa da zalunci, wariyar launin fata, ƙa'idodin kyau, da jima'i, musamman ta hanyar amfani da [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]].<ref name="tny">{{Cite web |last=Fry |first=Naomi |date=November 9, 2024 |title=Into the Phones of Teens |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/critics-notebook/into-the-phones-of-teens |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114125344/https://www.newyorker.com/culture/critics-notebook/into-the-phones-of-teens |archive-date=November 14, 2024 |access-date=November 28, 2024 |publisher=[[The New Yorker]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Social Studies |url=https://www.fxnetworks.com/shows/social-studies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005195512/https://www.fxnetworks.com/shows/social-studies |archive-date=October 5, 2024 |access-date=July 21, 2024 |website=[[FX (TV channel)|FX]]}}</ref>{{Episode table|total_width=|background=#000000|overall=|title=|titleR=|director=|airdate=|airdateR=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/social-studies/listings/|title=Social Studies|website=[[The Futon Critic]]|access-date=September 26, 2024|archive-date=October 5, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005195612/http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/social-studies/listings/|url-status=live}}</ref>|viewers=|country=U.S.|episodes={{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 1 |Title = Social Studies |DirectedBy = [[Lauren Greenfield]] |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|9|27}} |Viewers = |ShortSummary = |LineColor = 000000 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 2 |Title = Social Divisions |DirectedBy = Lauren Greenfield |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|9|27}} |Viewers = |ShortSummary = |LineColor = 000000 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 3 |Title = Peer/Algorithm Pressure |DirectedBy = Lauren Greenfield |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|4}} |Viewers = 0.086<ref>{{cite web|url=https://programminginsider.com/friday-ratings-fox-and-abc-share-broadcast-prime-time-victory/|title=Friday Ratings: Fox and ABC Share Broadcast Prime Time Victory|website=Programming Insider|first=Douglas|last=Pucci|date=October 7, 2024|access-date=October 13, 2024|archive-date=October 8, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008000726/https://programminginsider.com/friday-ratings-fox-and-abc-share-broadcast-prime-time-victory/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |ShortSummary = |LineColor = 000000 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 4 |Title = Sex Ed |DirectedBy = Lauren Greenfield |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|11}} |Viewers = |ShortSummary = |LineColor = 000000 }} {{Episode list |EpisodeNumber = 5 |Title = Deletions and Culminations |DirectedBy = Lauren Greenfield |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|18}} |Viewers = |ShortSummary = |LineColor = 000000 }}}} == Fitarwa == === Ci gaba === Greenfield ta fara haɓaka ne a jerin shirye-shirye a yayin bala'in COVID-19 lokacin da ta lura da ɗanta matashi yana da wahalar sadarwa tare da wasu yara da kansu..<ref name="tny"/> === Fim === An fara samar da jerin ne tun daga watan Agusta 2021, a makarantu daban-daban a ko'ina cikin [[Los Angeles]] ciki har da Archer School for Girls, Venice Skills Center, Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles High School, Hamilton High School, tare da sa'o'i 1,200 na fim sama da kwanaki 150, gami da rikodin allo na wayoyin dalibai. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Villarreal |first=Yvonne |date=August 30, 2024 |title=If you're a parent, Lauren Greenfield's new doc about teens and social media 'is a horror movie' |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2024-08-30/social-studies-lauren-greenfield-teens-social-media |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005195500/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2024-08-30/social-studies-lauren-greenfield-teens-social-media |archive-date=October 5, 2024 |access-date=September 4, 2024 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=LaPorte |first=Nicole |date=September 27, 2024 |title=How Dangerous is Social Media to Teens? A New Documentary Asks Some L.A. Kids to Explain |url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/leisure/arts-and-culture/a62387317/social-studies-documentary-lauren-greenfield-interview-2024/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927175023/https://www.townandcountrymag.com/leisure/arts-and-culture/a62387317/social-studies-documentary-lauren-greenfield-interview-2024/ |archive-date=September 27, 2024 |access-date=September 27, 2024 |website=[[Town & Country (magazine)|Town & Country]]}}</ref><ref name="tny"/> Greenfield yana da sha'awar ganin tasirin kafofin sada zumunta yayin da aka sake buɗe makarantu bayan annobar COVID-19. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Social Studies |url=https://instituteartist.com/Social-Studies-Lauren-Greenfield |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005195601/https://instituteartist.com/Social-Studies-Lauren-Greenfield |archive-date=October 5, 2024 |access-date=September 27, 2024 |website=Institute Artist}}</ref> === Karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci === A na Rotten Tomatoes, 100% na sake dubawa 9 masu sukar suna da kyau, tare da matsakaicin matsayi na 9/10.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Social Studies |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/social_studies_2024/s01#critics-reviews |access-date=October 4, 2024 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> A kan Metacritic, yana da matsakaicin matsakaicin maki na 81 daga cikin 100 bisa ga sake dubawa 6, yana nuna "girmamawa ta duniya". Aramide Tinubu na Variety ya rubuta cewa: "Sakamako ne kuma mai wahala, takardun shaida suna gabatar da lokacin yau yayin da suke barin matasa suyi magana da kansu. " <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tinubu |first=Aramide |date=September 27, 2024 |title=FX's 'Social Studies' Is a Devastating Exploration of Teenhood in the Age of Social Media: TV Review |url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/reviews/social-studies-review-fx-1236156217/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927143528/https://variety.com/2024/tv/reviews/social-studies-review-fx-1236156217/ |archive-date=September 27, 2024 |access-date=September 27, 2024 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> Richard Roeper na ''Chicago Sun-Times'' ya yaba da jerin rubuce-rubuce: "Sakamakon shine lokacin nan take wanda zai iya barin ka girgiza a wasu lokuta, yayin da wasu lokutan suna da gaske masu ban sha'awa da motsawa. A kan daidaituwa, duk abin da yake ya fi damuwa da tsoro" Joel Keller na Decider ya ba da shawarar kallon jerin rubucewar gaba da yawa ya nunawa fiye da Green-rubucen: "Yar nan".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roeper |first=Richard |date=September 27, 2024 |title='Social Studies': Teens open up their phones for doc that's often alarming |url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/movies-and-tv/2024/09/27/social-studies-review-hulu-fx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005195606/https://chicago.suntimes.com/movies-and-tv/2024/09/27/social-studies-review-hulu-fx |archive-date=October 5, 2024 |access-date=September 27, 2024 |website=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Keller |first=Joel |date=September 27, 2024 |title=Stream It Or Skip It: 'Social Studies' On FX, A Docuseries About How L.A.-Area High Schoolers Use And Deal With Social Media In A Post-Pandemic World |url=https://decider.com/2024/09/27/social-studies-fx-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927192226/https://decider.com/2024/09/27/social-studies-fx-review/ |archive-date=September 27, 2024 |access-date=September 27, 2024 |website=Decider}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width: 100%;" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Kyautar ! scope="col" |Sashe ! scope="col" |Mai karɓa ! scope="col" |Sakamakon ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Ref. |- | rowspan="2" |{{Center|2025}} |Kyautar Ruhun Mai Zaman Kanta ta 40 |Mafi Kyawun Sabon Rubuce-rubuce ko Shirye-shiryen Bayani |Lauren Greenfield, Wallis Annenberg, Regina K. Scully, Andrea van Beuren, Frank Evers, da Caryn Capotosto| {{Nom}} | rowspan="1" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Hilary |date=December 4, 2024 |title=Spirit Awards: ‘Anora,’ ‘I Saw the TV Glow’ Top Nominations With Six Each |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/independent-spirit-awards-2024-nominations-list-nominees-1236076983/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> |- |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fim]] jycamx0yl9n4intph47k1p2ii98wzxs 0 96249 906992 601369 2026-08-24T10:32:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906992 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Alhassan Dubie Halutie''' ɗan siyasan Ghana ne kuma ma'aikacin jinya. Ita ce ‘yar majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Sissala- Gabas a [[yankin Upper West]] na Ghana. <ref name="detail">{{Cite web |title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Alhasan Dubie, Halutie Rafatu (Hajia) |url=http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=60 |access-date=7 July 2020 |website=ghanamps.com |archive-date=24 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124093648/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=60 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Halutie a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 1947 a Kong a [[yankin Upper West]] na Ghana kuma ya fito daga Tumu.&nbsp;a [[yankin Upper West]] . Ta halarci Makarantar horar da aikin jinya ta Bolgatanga daga 1964 zuwa 1967 kuma ta ci gaba a Makarantar Koyon Ungozoma ta Koforidua daga 1968 zuwa 1969. <ref name="detail"/> Ita ma makarantar horas da karkara ta Kintampo ta shiga makarantar horas da tsarin iyali a [[Tamale, Ghana|garin Tamale]] . Ta gudanar da kwas a kan kula da kula da harkokin mata a [[Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Gudanar da Jama'a ta Ghana|Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration]] (GIMPA) da Community Interactive and Country Planning a [[Tamale, Ghana|Tamale]] a shekara ta 2000. <ref name="detail"/> == Sana'a == Ita ma'aikaciyar jinya ce ta sana'a. Ta kasance Babbar Mataimakiyar Likitan Asibitin Tumu a 1997 da Babban Mataimakiyar Likitan Asibitin Tumu daga 1996 zuwa 2007. <ref name="detail"/> == Rayuwar Siyasa == Halutie a cikin 1994 an nada shi Memba na Majalisar Sissala.&nbsp;Daga baya ta zama Memba na Shugabanci tsakanin 2000 zuwa 2001. <ref name="detail"/> Ta kasance 'yar takarar majalisar wakilai ta kasa (NDC) a mazabar Sissala ta Gabas a lokacin zaben 2004. A shekarar 2006, ta zama mataimakiyar shugabar mata ta yankin NDC ta farko a shiyyar Upper West, kuma ta zama ‘yar majalisa (NDC) mai wakiltar mazabar Sissala ta Gabas.<ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=Parliament – Sissala East Constituency Election 2008 Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/parliament/upperwest/182/index.php|access-date=7 July 2020|website=Ghana Elections – Peace FM|archive-date=23 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323103913/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/parliament/upperwest/182/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ita musulma ce kuma tana da aure da ‘ya’ya biyar. <ref name="detail"/> == Nassoshi == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Mata ƴan majalisar dokokin Ghana]] s5creih87e0t0cayk3kx51tywh8gq9s 0 96699 906981 716135 2026-08-24T09:19:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Polyxeni Loizias ( Girkanci: Πολυξένη Λοϊζιάς) ( Limassol, 1855-1942), malami ne na [[Cyprus]], marubuci kuma ƴan mata. [1] Ta kasance majagaba a harkar mata da mata a Cyprus. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haife ta a Limassol a shekara ta 1855. Ta fara karatu a Makarantar 'Yan mata ta Limassol, sannan a Smyrna a makarantar Agia Fotini a karkashin wani malamin Cyprus, Sappho Leontias kuma ta kammala karatunta a 1878 a Constantinople a Palladion kuma a karkashin Sappho Leontias. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Polignosi |title=Λοϊζιάς Πολυξένη |url=http://www.polignosi.com/cgibin/hweb?-A=6922&-V=limmata |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=www.polignosi.com}}</ref> == Sana'a == A cikin shekara ta 1878 bayan canja wurin Cyprus daga Ottoman zuwa Birtaniya, Loizias ya koma Limassol kuma an yi aiki a matsayin shugaban makarantar Limassol School for Girls (Παρθεναγωγείο), wanda aka kafa a 1859 a matsayin makarantar farko don neman ilimi a Cyprus. A wannan lokacin, yawancin mata ba su iya karatu ba kuma har zuwa 1895 ne Birtaniya ta gabatar da tsarin makarantun gwamnati, kuma yawancin iyalan Cyprus da ke waje da manyan manyan aji sun dade suna adawa da ilimi ga 'yan mata. Ta koyar a makarantar tsawon shekaru 35, har zuwa 1913. Ita ce malami na farko a Cyprus don gabatar da ilimin motsa jiki a cikin cariculum. Ta faɗaɗa damar ilimi ga mata a Cyprus: a matsayin marubuciya, ta shiga cikin muhawarar jama'a don neman ilimi da rayuwar ƙwararrun mata; kuma a matsayinta na shugabar makarantar, ta cika wadannan gyare-gyare ta hanyar tura dalibai karatu a jami'o'i a kasar Girka lokacin da aka ba mata damar yin karatu a matakin jami'a, babu jami'o'i a Cyprus a lokacin, da kuma fara darussan ilmantarwa ga manyan malamai mata a makarantarta. Ta shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin mata da dama da ƙungiyoyin agaji kuma ta kasance ƙwararren marubuci. Ita ce marubuciyar mace ta farko da ta rayu kuma ta yi rubutu a Cyprus, macen Cyprus ta farko marubuciya ita ce malaminta Sappho Leontias da ke zaune a wajen Cyprus. == Gado == Jami'ar fasaha ta Cyprus ta sanya wa daya daga cikin gine-ginenta sunan ta da Eleni Autonomou, wata malama majagaba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=ΚΥΠΡΟΥ |first=ΤΕΧΝΟΛΟΓΙΚΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ |title=Κτηριακή Υποδομή - Χάρτης κτηρίων ΤΠΚ - ΤΕΧΝΟΛΟΓΙΚΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΚΥΠΡΟΥ |url=https://www.cut.ac.cy/university/administration/administrative-services/ems/activities/cut-buildings/ |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=www.cut.ac.cy |language=el}}</ref> A cikin 2015 an yi mata bikin tunawa da tambari daga ofishin Cyprus. == Labarai == * ''Babban Shafi'', 1890. * ''Ἡ Δούλη Κύπρος'', Λεμεσός, 1890. * ''ριδες'', Αθήνα, 1901. * [https://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/metadata/0/2/d/metadata-3e744fcb504a480e9d3e5b0181ab95fa_1272963783.tkl ''Ἡ ψυχή τῆς Κύπρου'' ( ''ἔπος'' ''ἤ'' ''ἐγκόλπιον τῶν'' ''Ἑλληνίδων'' 9, 19, 9, 8] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709121734/https://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/metadata/0/2/d/metadata-3e744fcb504a480e9d3e5b0181ab95fa_1272963783.tkl |date=2023-07-09 }} . * ''[http://www.cyprusdigitallibrary.org.cy/files/original/f36fb5602b6582438ffc973d0c402616.pdf Κυπριακή Κυψέλη]'', περιοδική έκδοση 1912-1920, Λεμεσός, 1921. * ''[https://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/metadata/d/3/a/metadata-f715b6ab0c9d687fa5fc60fed52cc5a2_1245400938.tkl Κυπριακόν Λεύκωμα] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126040800/https://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/metadata/d/3/a/metadata-f715b6ab0c9d687fa5fc60fed52cc5a2_1245400938.tkl |date=2025-01-26 }}'', Λεμεσός, 1924. * ''Μαθητικός Κόσμος'', Λεμεσός, 1925. == Duba kuma == * Sunan mahaifi Papadopulou == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1855]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 53m8vjnyipk3zxjkfxf2978a0iw8qrm 0 96867 906757 730010 2026-08-23T21:59:17Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 906757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Bruce_Crandall's_UH-1D.jpg|thumb|298x298px|Sojojin Amurka sun sauka daga jirgi mai saukar ungulu a Yaƙin Ia Drang a Vietnam a watan Nuwamba 1965]]   Kasancewar kasar [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a cikin Yaƙin Vietnam ya fara ne a cikin shekarun 1950 kuma ya karu sosai a 1965 har zuwa lokacin da ya janye a 1973. Kasancewar sojojin Amurka a Vietnam ya kai kololuwa a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1969, tare da ma'aikatan soja 543,000 da aka ajiye a kasar. A ƙarshen shigar sodojin Amurka, an kashe fiye da Amurkawa miliyan 3.1 a Vietnam, <ref name="Oldmeadow_2004_260269">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Oldmeadow|2004}}.</ref> <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=OurMilitary.com |url=https://www.ourmilitary.com/how-many-vietnam-veterans-are-still-alive/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527052137/https://www.ourmilitary.com/how-many-vietnam-veterans-are-still-alive/ |archive-date=May 27, 2020 |website=www.ourmilitary.com}}</ref> kuma an kashe 58,279. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2020 Name Additions and Status Changes on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial |url=https://www.vvmf.org/News/2020-Name-Additions-and-Status-Changes-on-the-Vietnam-Veterans-Memorial/ |website=Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund}}</ref> Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] ya ƙare a 1945, Shugaba [[Harry S. Truman]] ya ayyana koyarwarsa na "tsayawa" [[Kwaminisanci]] a 1947 a farkon [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cold]] . Harkokin Amurka a Vietnam ya fara ne a shekarar 1950, tare da Truman ya aika da masu ba da shawara na soja don taimakawa Faransa a kan 'yan tawaye na Viet Minh a Yaƙin Indochina na farko . Faransanci sun janye a shekara ta 1954, inda suka bar Arewacin Vietnam a cikin iko da rabin arewacin kasar. Shugaba Dwight D. Eisenhower ya ba da umarnin ayyukan CIA na sirri a Kudancin Vietnam. An dakatar da adawa da mulkin Ngo Dinh Diem a Kudancin Vietnam tare da taimakon Amurka, amma daga 1957 masu tayar da kayar baya da aka sani da Viet Cong sun kaddamar da yakin da aka yi wa jihar. Arewacin Vietnam ya goyi bayan Viet Cong, wanda ya fara yaƙi da Sojojin Kudancin Vietnam. Shugaba [[John F. Kennedy]], wanda ya yi rajista ga "ka'idar mulkin mallaka" cewa kwaminisanci zai bazu zuwa wasu ƙasashe idan Vietnam ta fadi, ya faɗaɗa taimakon Amurka ga Kudancin Vietnam, ya ƙara yawan masu ba da shawara daga 900 zuwa 16,300, amma wannan ya kasa samar da sakamako. A cikin 1963, An kori Diem kuma an kashe shi a juyin mulkin soja da Amurka ta amince da shi. Arewacin Vietnam ya fara aikawa da rundunonin sojojinsa, dauke da makamai na Soviet da na kasar Sin, don taimakawa Viet Cong. Bayan abin da ya faru a Tekun Tonkin a shekarar 1964, Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson ya ba da umarnin hare-haren sama a kan Arewacin Vietnam, kuma Majalisa ta zartar da ƙudurin Gulf of Tonkin, wanda ya ba da izinin shiga tsakani na soja don kare Kudancin Vietnam. Daga farkon 1965, shigar Amurka a Vietnam ta karu da sauri, ta kaddamar da Operation Rolling Thunder a kan manufofi a Arewa kuma ta ba da umarnin Marines 3,500 zuwa yankin. Ya bayyana a fili cewa hare-haren sama kadai ba za su ci yaƙin ba, don haka ana ƙara yawan sojojin ƙasa a kai a kai. Janar William Westmoreland, wanda ya umarci sojojin Amurka, ya zaɓi yaƙi na raguwa. Hamayya da yaƙin a Amurka ya kasance mai yawa, kuma an ƙarfafa shi yayin da labarai suka ruwaito game da amfani da napalm, yawan mutuwar da ke tsakanin sojoji da fararen hula, tasirin maganin sinadarai na Orange, da Laifukan yaki na Amurka kamar kisan kiyashi na My Lai . A shekara ta 1968, Arewacin Vietnam da Viet Cong sun kaddamar da Tet Offensive, bayan haka Westmoreland ya kiyasta cewa ana buƙatar ƙarin sojojin Amurka 200,000 don nasara. Johnson ya ki amincewa da bukatarsa, ya sanar da cewa ba zai nemi wani wa'adi a ofis ba, kuma ya ba da umarnin kawo karshen Rolling Thunder. Wanda ya gaji Johnson, Richard Nixon, ya karɓi manufofin "Vietnamization", horar da sojojin Kudancin Vietnam don su iya kare ƙasar kuma su fara janyewar sojojin Amurka. A shekara ta 1972, akwai sojojin Amurka 69,000 kawai a Vietnam, kuma a cikin 1973 an sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya ta [[Faris|Paris]], ta cire dakarun karshe. A shekara ta 1975, Kudancin ya fadi ga mamayewa daga Arewa, kuma Vietnam ta sake haɗuwa a shekara ta 1976. Kudin yaƙi da yaƙi ga Amurka ya kasance mai yawa. Baya ga sojoji 58,279 da aka kashe, kashe kusan dala biliyan 168 ya iyakance shirin Johnson's Great Society na sake fasalin cikin gida kuma ya haifar da babban rashi na kasafin kudin tarayya. Wasu masana tarihi sun zargi rashin nasarar soja a kan dabarun da ba su da kyau, yayin da wasu ke jayayya cewa Amurka ba ta da kayan aiki don yaƙi da abokin gaba mai ƙuduri. Rashin cin nasarar yaƙin ya kawar da tatsuniyoyin rashin cin nasara na sojojin Amurka kuma ya raba al'ummar tsakanin waɗanda suka goyi bayan kuma suka yi adawa da yaƙin. Ya zuwa 2019, an kiyasta cewa kimanin tsoffin sojoji 610,000 na Vietnam har yanzu suna da rai, yana mai da su rukuni na biyu mafi girma na tsoffin sojozi bayan wadanda ke yakin ta'addanci.<ref name="auto"/> An nuna yakin a cikin dubban fina-finai, littattafai, da wasannin bidiyo da suka shafi rikici.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2017-08-13 |title=The Political Effects of the Vietnam War on 1960's Pop Culture - PHDessay.com |url=https://phdessay.com/political-effects-vietnam-war-1960s-pop-culture/ |access-date= |website=Free Essays - PhDessay.com |language=en |archive-date=2025-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320165006/https://phdessay.com/political-effects-vietnam-war-1960s-pop-culture/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An yi la'akari da cewa matsakaicin ma'aikacin Amurka yana da shekaru 19, kamar yadda aka tabbatar da shi ta hanyar ambaton da ba a saba gani ba a cikin waƙar pop ("19" na Paul Hardcastle); Lt. Col. Dave Grossman ya ambaci adadi. na Kungiyar Binciken Kisan kai a cikin littafinsa na 1995 On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society (shafi na 265). &nbsp;Koyaya, shafin yanar gizon Vietnam Helicopter Flight Crew Network yana jayayya da shi, wanda ke da'awar matsakaicin shekarun ma'aikatan MOS 11B ya kasance 22. Wannan ya kwatanta da shekaru 26 ga waɗanda suka shiga yakin duniya na biyu. Sojoji sun yi aiki na shekara guda. Matsakaicin shekarun sojojin Amurka da suka mutu a Vietnam ya kai shekaru 22.8.<ref>{{Cite web |title=lindasog.com |url=http://ww12.lindasog.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827153000/http://ww12.lindasog.com/ |archive-date=August 27, 2021 |website=ww12.lindasog.com}}</ref> Sojojin Amurka za su gudanar da ayyukan kan sojojin PAVN, suna tura su zuwa cikin ƙauyuka daga wuraren da ke bakin teku masu yawa. A cikin ƙauyuka Amurka za ta iya amfani da fifiko a cikin ƙarfin wuta da motsi don zubar da jini ga abokan gaba a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe. Tsabtace VC da kuma zaman lafiya na ƙauyuka zai zama alhakin sojojin Kudancin Vietnam. Amincewa da wannan dabarar, duk da haka, ya kawo Westmoreland cikin rikici kai tsaye tare da kwamandan Marine Corps, Janar Lewis W. Walt, wanda ya riga ya amince da tsaron ƙauyuka a matsayin mabuɗin nasara. Nan da nan Walt ya fara kokarin zaman lafiya a yankin da yake da shi, amma Westmoreland bai yi farin ciki ba, yana gaskanta cewa ana amfani da Marines kuma yana yaƙi da abokin gaba mara kyau. A ƙarshe, MACV ya ci nasara kuma binciken Westmoreland da kuma lalata ra'ayi, wanda aka tsara akan raguwar sojojin abokan gaba, ya ci nasara a ranar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-29 |title=What was the Vietnam War (1955-1975)? - Boot Camp & Military Fitness Institute |url=https://bootcampmilitaryfitnessinstitute.com/2021/03/29/what-was-the-vietnam-war-1955-1975/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=bootcampmilitaryfitnessinstitute.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fydci903r79f0opfhxs6su6xb6idc9h 0 97723 906972 727181 2026-08-24T08:41:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Phyllis Mander-Jones'''<ref>https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/jones-phyllis-mander-12705</ref> MBE (2 ga watan Janairun 1896 - 19 ga watan Fabrairun 1984) ta kasance mai kula da ɗakin karatu da kuma mai adana bayanai wanda ya taimaka wajen kafa sana'ar adana bayanai a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]].<ref>name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Berzins |first=Baiba |title=Phyllis Mander Jones (1896-1984) |url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/jones-phyllis-mander-12705 |access-date=3 September 2016 |website=Australian Dictionary of Biography |publisher=Australian National University, National Centre of Biography |archive-date=9 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509113410/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/jones-phyllis-mander-12705 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref> name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Meyering |first=Isobelle Barrett |title=Phyllis Mander Jones (1896-1984) |url=http://www.womenaustralia.info/biogs/AWE4350b.htm |access-date=3 September 2016 |website=The Australian Women's Register |publisher=University of Melbourne with The National Foundation for Women (NFAW)}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Phyllis Mander-Jones a Homebush, [[Sydney]], Ostiraliya, ɗan fari na likita George Mander Jones da matarsa Margaret Fleming (née Arnott). <ref>name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Berzins |first=Baiba |title=Phyllis Mander Jones (1896-1984) |url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/jones-phyllis-mander-12705 |access-date=3 September 2016 |website=Australian Dictionary of Biography |publisher=Australian National University, National Centre of Biography |archive-date=9 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509113410/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/jones-phyllis-mander-12705 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Iyaye biyu suna da alaƙa ta kasuwanci: George shi ne jikan mai siyarwa David Jones, yayin da Margaret 'yar babban mai kera kek na Australia, William Arnott . Matashin dangin Mander-Jones suna da matsayi biyu a Ingila tsakanin 1899 da 1906, kafin su zauna a unguwar Sydney ta Wahroonga . Ita da 'yar'uwarta Mildred sun yi karatu a makarantar 'yan mata mai zaman kanta ta Abbotsleigh, yayin da' yan uwanta uku: Evan, Burnett da Geoffrey suka tafi Shore School.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mander-Jones |first=Lois |date=May 1986 |title=A world to be spanned and enjoyed |journal=Archives and Manuscripts |publisher=Library Association of Australia |publication-place=Canberra |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=11–13}}</ref> A lokacin da Phyllis ta shiga Jami'ar Sydney. Tana zaune a Kwalejin Mata ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a cikin harsuna a 1917, an ba ta girmamawa a Jamusanci da Faransanci.<ref>name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Berzins |first=Baiba |title=Phyllis Mander Jones (1896-1984) |url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/jones-phyllis-mander-12705 |access-date=3 September 2016 |website=Australian Dictionary of Biography |publisher=Australian National University, National Centre of Biography |archive-date=9 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509113410/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/jones-phyllis-mander-12705 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref> name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Meyering |first=Isobelle Barrett |title=Phyllis Mander Jones (1896-1984) |url=http://www.womenaustralia.info/biogs/AWE4350b.htm |access-date=3 September 2016 |website=The Australian Women's Register |publisher=University of Melbourne with The National Foundation for Women (NFAW)}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunta an ba ta matsayin koyarwa a Abbotsleigh amma a maimakon haka ta zaɓi koyarwa mai zaman kanta. == Ayyuka == === Mai kula da Laburaren === [[Fayil:Australian_Institute_of_Librarians'_inaugural_meeting_at_Canberra,_August_20,_1937_944014.jpg|thumb|Cibiyar Nazarin Laburaren Australiya ta fara taron a Canberra a 1937]] An nada Mander-Jones a cikin ma'aikatan Laburaren Jama'a na NSW (Librari na Jihar NSW) a cikin 1925. <ref>name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Berzins |first=Baiba |title=Phyllis Mander Jones (1896-1984) |url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/jones-phyllis-mander-12705 |access-date=3 September 2016 |website=Australian Dictionary of Biography |publisher=Australian National University, National Centre of Biography |archive-date=9 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509113410/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/jones-phyllis-mander-12705 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>name=":4">{{Cite web |date=1971 |title=Who's Who in Australia |url=http://library.sl.nsw.gov.au/record=b1153830~S1 |access-date=4 September 2016 |website=State Library of New South Wales Catalogue |publisher=The Herald and Weekly Times Limited (Melbourne, Victoria) |page=534 |archive-date=19 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819001329/http://library.sl.nsw.gov.au/record=b1153830~S1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=1990 |title=Biographical dictionary of Australian librarians |url=http://library.sl.nsw.gov.au/record=b1380330~S2 |access-date=4 September 2016 |website=State Library of New South Wales Catalogue |publisher=Academia Press (Melbourne) |page=138}}</ref> Ta fara ne a matsayin mataimakiyar ɗakin karatu kuma ta yi aiki a cikin rukunin kungiyar ta zama ƙwararren mai kula da ɗakin karatu a 1933 kuma an nada ta zuwa matsayin Bibliographer a 1941.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> Ayyukanta na wallafe-wallafen sun haɗa da lacca a kan wallafe-wallo-wallafe na tarihi a makarantun ɗakin karatu na farkon shekarun 1940. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Arnott |first=Jean F. |date=May 1986 |title=A good friend, a fine librarian |journal=Archives and Manuscripts |publisher=Library Association of Australia |publication-place=Canberra |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=17–18}}</ref> 1942 ta ga nadin ta a ɗakin karatu na Mitchell . Daidai da aikin yaƙi an sake tura ƙarfinta, Ma'aikatar Sojoji ta yi amfani da ita a cikin tantancewa. Kwarewarta a cikin harsuna dukiya ce kuma an yi amfani da ita tsakanin 1942 da 1945.<ref>name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Berzins |first=Baiba |title=Phyllis Mander Jones (1896-1984) |url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/jones-phyllis-mander-12705 |access-date=3 September 2016 |website=Australian Dictionary of Biography |publisher=Australian National University, National Centre of Biography |archive-date=9 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509113410/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/jones-phyllis-mander-12705 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref> name=":5">{{Cite web |date=1990 |title=Biographical dictionary of Australian librarians |url=http://library.sl.nsw.gov.au/record=b1380330~S2 |access-date=4 September 2016 |website=State Library of New South Wales Catalogue |publisher=Academia Press (Melbourne) |page=138}}</ref> An kuma kira ƙwarewarta ta wallafe-wallafen a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Mitchell Librarian, [[Ida Leeson]], don Sashen Allied Geographic . <ref> name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Arnott |first=Jean F. |date=May 1986 |title=A good friend, a fine librarian |journal=Archives and Manuscripts |publisher=Library Association of Australia |publication-place=Canberra |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=17–18}}</ref> ==== Mitchell Library 1946-1957 ==== An nada Mander-Jones a matsayin mai kula da ɗakin karatu na Mitchell a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1946 kuma ya fara aikin sabunta ɗakin karatu bayan shekarun yaƙi masu wahala. Ta hanyar yin amfani da kwarewarta a cikin wallafe-wallafen ta kafa ka'idoji a cikin tarin rikodin, ta kirkiro kayan taimako don taimakawa masu bincike, da kuma ba da kulawa ga sarrafa kayan asali: rubuce-rubuce, hotuna da taswira.<ref>name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Berzins |first=Baiba |title=Phyllis Mander Jones (1896-1984) |url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/jones-phyllis-mander-12705 |access-date=3 September 2016 |website=Australian Dictionary of Biography |publisher=Australian National University, National Centre of Biography |archive-date=9 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509113410/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/jones-phyllis-mander-12705 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta san bukatar ci gaba da gina tarin Laburaren da kuma inganta albarkatun ta masu mahimmanci. Don wannan dalili ta sami mahimman kayan asali kamar bayanan Kotun Koli ta New South Wales da tarin takardun Macarthur na biyu. Ta yada muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin ɗakin karatu ta hanyar wallafe-wallafen bugawa da kuma yin jawabi ga tarurruka, dandalin jama'a da kungiyoyin al'umma.<ref name=":0"/> Wataƙila babbar ƙalubalinta ita ce gudanar da ɗakin karatu wanda kuma ke aiki a matsayin Tarihin Jiha. Tun daga farkonsa, ɗakin karatu na Mitchell ya yi aiki a matsayin ajiyar rikodin gwamnati (ba a buƙatar takardun da ake buƙata a cikin gudanarwar sassan gwamnati da ake canja su zuwa gare ta). Laburaren ba shi da albarkatun da ake buƙata don sarrafawa ko adana kayan kuma a watan Nuwamba 1953 Tarihin Jiha ya zama sashen daban na Laburaren. Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin abin da zai zama Ofishin Tarihi na NSW . <ref> name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Arnott |first=Jean F. |date=May 1986 |title=A good friend, a fine librarian |journal=Archives and Manuscripts |publisher=Library Association of Australia |publication-place=Canberra |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=17–18}}</ref> Aikin karshe na Mander-Jones a matsayin Mitchell Librarian ya kasance a London, yana aiki tare da bayanan London Missionary Society da sauran takardu. An kafa ta a can daga 6 ga Nuwamba 1956 zuwa 18 ga Maris 1958, ta yi murabus daga matsayinta na Mitchell Librarian sannan aka nada ta Jami'in Hulɗa na Laburaren Jiha a London.<ref>name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Berzins |first=Baiba |title=Phyllis Mander Jones (1896-1984) |url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/jones-phyllis-mander-12705 |access-date=3 September 2016 |website=Australian Dictionary of Biography |publisher=Australian National University, National Centre of Biography |archive-date=9 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509113410/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/jones-phyllis-mander-12705 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Mai adana bayanai === Mander-Jones ya taimaka wajen kafa harsashin sana'ar adana bayanai a Ostiraliya ta kafa sashen adana bayanai na Ƙungiyar Laburaren Ostiraliya wanda a 1975 ya zama Ƙungiyar Masu adana bayanai ta Australiya. <ref name=":0"/> Ta kasance tare da shirya fitowar farko ta mujallar Archives and Manuscripts a shekarar 1955, wanda ke ci gaba har zuwa yau.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archives and Manuscripts |url=http://library.sl.nsw.gov.au/record=b1150483~S1 |access-date=4 September 2016 |website=State Library of New South Wales Catalogue |publisher=Archives Section, Library Association of Australia (Canberra) |archive-date=17 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917115456/http://library.sl.nsw.gov.au/record=b1150483~S1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta halarci taron farko na Majalisar Kasa da Kasa kan Tarihi a 1948 kuma a shekara mai zuwa ta ba da rahoton game da tarihin NSW ga taron Commonwealth da hukumomin Jiha.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Timeline of the International Council of Archives |url=http://www.ica.org/en/timeline-international-council-archives |access-date=4 September 2016 |website=International Council on Archives (ICA) |archive-date=14 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514114904/http://www.ica.org/en/timeline-international-council-archives |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Shirin Kwafi na hadin gwiwa na Australiya === Bayan nadin da aka yi mata a [[Landan]] a matsayin Jami'in Hulɗa na Laburaren Jiha (1958-1960) wanda ke zaune a Ofishin Wakilin Janar na NSW ta fara babban aikin aikinta: Australian Joint Copying Project (AJCP).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Berzins |first=Baiba |title=Phyllis Mander Jones (1896-1984) |url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/jones-phyllis-mander-12705 |access-date=3 September 2016 |website=Australian Dictionary of Biography |publisher=Australian National University, National Centre of Biography |archive-date=9 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509113410/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/jones-phyllis-mander-12705 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=1971 |title=Who's Who in Australia |url=http://library.sl.nsw.gov.au/record=b1153830~S1 |access-date=4 September 2016 |website=State Library of New South Wales Catalogue |publisher=The Herald and Weekly Times Limited (Melbourne, Victoria) |page=534 |archive-date=19 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819001329/http://library.sl.nsw.gov.au/record=b1153830~S1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Da take ɗaukar matsayin jami'in AJCP na Laburaren Jama'a na NSW da Laburaren Kasa na Ostiraliya daga Yuli 1960, Mander-Jones ya ci gaba da aikin aikin da aka fara a 1945 don kwafin bayanan sha'awar Australiya da Pacific da aka gudanar a wuraren adanawa a Ingila. Sa'an nan, a shekara ta 1964, an nada ta don jagorantar aikin a karkashin hadin gwiwar Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia da National Library of Australia . Wannan ya haifar da buga babban aikin rayuwarta: Manuscripts in the British Isles Relating to Australia, [[Sabuwar Zelandiya|New Zealand]], and the Pacific (1972).<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Meyering |first=Isobelle Barrett |title=Phyllis Mander Jones (1896-1984) |url=http://www.womenaustralia.info/biogs/AWE4350b.htm |access-date=3 September 2016 |website=The Australian Women's Register |publisher=University of Melbourne with The National Foundation for Women (NFAW)}}</ref> == Kyauta == A shekara ta 1996, Australian Society of Archivists ta gabatar da kyaututtuka da yawa don girmama ta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mander-Jones Award |url=https://www.archivists.org.au/learning-publications/mander-jones-awards-publications |website=Australian Society of Archivists |access-date=2025-03-26 |archive-date=2024-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308023712/https://www.archivists.org.au/learning-publications/mander-jones-awards-publications |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana gabatar da kyaututtuka a kowace shekara a taron kasa na Society. == Daraja da kyaututtuka == * 1971 (1971): Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in recognition of her contribution to Australian history * 1963 (1963): Fellow of the Library Association of Australia * 1976 (1976): Australian Society of Archivists honorary member * 1981 (1981): Henry Charles Lennox Anderson Award (Library Association of Australia for outstanding service to the library and information profession) == Rayuwa ta baya == A lokacin da ta yi ritaya, Mander-Jones ta koma Ostiraliya kuma ta bi sha'awarta a cikin wallafe-wallafen, ta ba da gudummawa musamman ga J.C. Beaglehole's's The Life of Captain Cook (1974) da kuma binciken tarihin iyali na kakanninta na Arnott.<ref name=":0"/> Ta shafe shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwarta a Kudancin Australia kuma ta mutu a Prospect, Adelaide a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu 1984. <ref name=":0"/> == Dubi kuma == * Shirin Kwafi na hadin gwiwa na Australiya * [[Ida Leeson]] * [[Jean Arnot|Jean Fleming Arnot]] * Ofishin Rubutun Pacific * Laburaren Jihar New South Wales == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1896]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] k8nfoii4e70qqizlvqt246ls13p29re 0 97913 907000 609399 2026-08-24T11:33:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 907000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Randi Marie Blehr''' (née Nilsen; 12 Fabrairu 1851 &#x2013; 13 Yuni 1928) yar ƙasar Norway ce ƴan mata, ɗan siyasa mai sassaucin ra'ayi, ɗan takara, mai fafutukar zaman lafiya kuma mai fafutukar yancin mata. Ta yi aure da Firayim Minista na Norway Otto Blehr, don haka ana kiranta da "Madam Prime Minister" ( Norwegian ) a lokacin rayuwarta. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin ƙungiyar yancin mata na Norwegian daga shekarun 1880 kuma ta kafa Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Mata ta Norwegian, tana aiki a matsayin Shugaba daga 1895 zuwa 1899 kuma daga 1903 zuwa 1922. Ta kuma ƙaddamar da kafa Ƙungiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Mata ta Norway wacce ta girma ta zama ƙungiyar jin kai mai mambobi 250,000. Ta kasance mai fafutukar neman 'yancin kai daga kasar Norway daga Sweden kuma ta dauki nauyin wakilcin Norway a lokacin da mijinta ke rike da mukamin Firayim Minista. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Randi Marie Blehr (1851-1928) |url=https://kvinnemuseet.no/en/randi_marie_blehr |access-date=February 1, 2018 |publisher=Kvinnemuseet}}</ref> == Tarihi == Blehr an haife ta Randi Nilsen a shekara ta 1851 a [[Bergen]] ga dillalin jirgin ruwa, Andreas Rasmussen Nilsen 1822-98) da Margrethe Andrea Tornøe (1827-1909); ita ce babba cikin yara goma sha ɗaya. Ba ta sami ilimi na yau da kullun ba amma ta bi zane-zane tun tana ƙarama, gami da zane, wasan kwaikwayo da kiɗa. Lokacin da take 'yar shekara 17, ta shiga ''Vestmannalaget'', kungiyar harshe mafi tsufa a Norway. Ta shiga cikin kafa Den Nationale Scene, gidan wasan kwaikwayo mafi tsufa kuma mafi girma a Bergen, a 1876, kuma a wannan shekarar ta auri Otto Blehr, lauya kuma ɗan siyasa na Jam'iyyar Liberal Party wanda daga baya zai zama Firayim Minista na Norway; ɗansu Eivind Blehr ne . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Randi Blehr |url=https://lokalhistoriewiki.no/wiki/Randi_Blehr |access-date=February 1, 2018 |publisher=lokalhistoriewiki.no}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Blehr ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar mata ta Norway a cikin shekarun 1880. Ta shiga Skuld, ƙungiyar tattaunawa don ɗaliban mata, a cikin 1883, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Ƙungiyar Norwegian don 'Yancin Mata (''Kvindesagsforening'') a cikin 1884. Daga baya ta zama shugabar kungiyar sama da lokutan biyu: 1895 zuwa 1899, kuma daga 1903 zuwa 1922. A matsayinta na shugabar kungiyar kare hakkin mata, Blehr ta yi gwagwarmaya don inganta yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ga matan gida, ma'aikata da mata masu matsakaicin matsakaicin matsayi. Ta yi kira ga majalisa da ta tsara ilimin sana'a ga mata ta hanyar kirkirar darussan horo ga ma'aikatan gida, masu sutura, masu dafa abinci da matan gida. A karkashin jagorancin Blehr, kungiyar ta kuma ba da shawarar daidaito da kuma yaran da aka haifa ba tare da aure ba don a amince da iyayensu bisa doka.<ref name="stem">{{Cite web |last=Skaarer |first=Åse Camilla |last2=Kåss |first2=Ingrid Wreden |title=Randi Marie Blehr (1851&ndash;1928) |url=http://www.stemmerett.no/tema/personene/randi_blehr.html |access-date=7 September 2014 |publisher=stemmerett.no}}</ref> A shekara ta 1885, tun lokacin da Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Mata ta yanke shawarar kada ta haɗa da zaɓen mata a kan ajanda, Blehr ta kafa Kungiyar Mata (''Kvinnestemmerettsforeningen'') a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Gina Krog. Bayan shekara guda, ta kuma taimaka wajen kafa kungiyar kiwon lafiya ta mata ta Norway (''Norske Kvinners Sanitetsforening''). <ref name="stem"/> A shekara ta 1903 an zabe ta shugabar kungiyar zaman lafiya ta mata ta Norway (''Norske Kvinners Fredsforbund''). A lokacin da aikin siyasa na mijinta ya buƙaci su bar gidansu a [[Oslo]] kuma su zauna a Sweden, ta ɗauki nauyin wakilci a matsayin matar Firayim Minista da kuma mai masaukin baki a gidan gwamnatin Norway a [[Stockholm]].<ref name="nbl" /> Blehr ta sami lambar yabo ta Sarki a cikin Zinariya (''Kongens fortjenstmedalje'') a ranar haihuwarta ta 70 a 1921. Ta mutu a shekara ta 1928 kuma an binne ta a Kabari na Mai Cetonmu a Oslo . <ref name="stem"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kongens fortjenstmedalje |url=https://lokalhistoriewiki.no/wiki/Kongens_fortjenstmedalje |access-date=February 1, 2018 |publisher=lokalhistoriewiki.no |archive-date=March 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304172331/https://lokalhistoriewiki.no/wiki/Kongens_fortjenstmedalje |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwar 1851]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwar 1928]] p90h417giilev8vpbumct6buli6vq01 0 97935 906595 878431 2026-08-23T14:24:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mary Busingye Karoro Okurut''' (an Haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Disamba 1954 kuma ya mutu a ranar 11 ga Agusta, 2025), wacce aka fi sani da '''Mary Karoro Okurut''', malama ce 'yar [[Uganda]], marubuciya kuma 'yar siyasa. Ita ce tsohuwar ministar gwamnatin ƙasar mai kula da ayyuka na gaba daya a ofishin Firayim Minista, a majalisar ministocin Uganda. An naɗa ta a wannan matsayi a ranar 6 ga watan Yuni 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Uganda State House |date=6 June 2016 |title=Museveni's new cabinet list At 6 June 2016 |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%2527s+cabinet.pdf |access-date=6 June 2016 |archive-date=7 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121926/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%27s+cabinet.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kafin haka, daga ranar 1 ga watan Maris 2015 zuwa 6 ga watan Yuni 2016, ta yi aiki a matsayin ministar tsaro ta ƙasa. An naɗa ta a wannan matsayi a ranar 1 ga watan Maris 2015, ta maye gurbin Wilson Muruli Mukasa, wanda aka naɗa shi [[Jinsi|ministan jinsi da al'amuran zamantakewa]].<ref name="Shuffle">{{Cite web |last=Uganda State House |date=1 March 2015 |title=Full Cabinet List As At 1 March 2015 |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/2639388/data/956667/-/oq6gpdz/-/cabinet.pdf |access-date=1 March 2015 |archive-date=9 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709092825/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/2639388/data/956667/-/oq6gpdz/-/cabinet.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tsakanin shekarun 2012 zuwa 2015, ta yi aiki a matsayin ministar jinsi da al'amuran zamantakewa a majalisar ministocin Uganda. An naɗa ta a wannan matsayi a shekarar 2012. Ta maye gurbin [[Syda Bbumba|Syda Bumba]], wanda ya yi murabus daga majalisar ministoci. Mary Karoro Okurut ita ma ta zama ‘yar majalisa mai wakiltar mazaɓar mata ta Bushenyi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Uganda |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=415 |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=www.parliament.go.ug}}</ref> A zaɓen shekarar 2020 na jam'iyyar NRM mai adawa da tutar jam'iyyar NRM, Karooro ta sha kaye a hannun Annet Katusiime Mugisha wacce aka zaɓa a matsayin wakiliyar mata 'yar majalisa ta gundumar Bushenyi a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da na 'yan majalisar dokokin Uganda na shekarar 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=NELSON MANDELA {{!}} PML Daily |date=2020-09-04 |title=CONFIRMED! Minister Karooro concedes defeat after being uprooted by Annet Mugisha |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/politics/2020/09/confirmed-minister-karooro-concedes-defeat-after-being-uprooted-by-annet-mugisha.html |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=PML Daily |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Long-serving ministers lose NRM primary polls |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/long-serving-ministers-lose-nrm-primary-polls-1933424 |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Big winners, losers in NRM primaries |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/big-winners-losers-in-nrm-primaries-1933360 |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-04 |title=BUSHENYI: Minister Karooro Defeated by Katusiime in NRM Primaries |url=https://chimpreports.com/bushenyi-minister-karooro-defeated-by-katusiime-in-nrm-primaries/ |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-05 |title=Ministers lose miserably as voters seek new blood in NRM primaries |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2020/09/05/ministers-lose-miserably-as-voters-seek-new-blood-in-nrm-primaries/ |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=Nile Post |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi da ilimi == An haife ta a gundumar Bushenyi a ranar 8 ga watan Disamba 1954. Ta halarci ''makarantar firamare ta Bweranyangi'' da Bweranyangi Girls' Senior Secondary School don karatun firamare da sakandare, a cikin tsari. A cikin shekarar 1972, tana da shekaru 18, ta shiga [[Kwalejin Triniti Nabbingo|Kwalejin Trinity Nabbingo]] don yin karatun sakandarenta. A cikin shekarar 1974, ta shiga [[Jami'ar Makerere]], ta kammala karatun digiri a shekarar 1977 tare da digiri na farko a fannin adabi (BA.Lit). Bayan shekaru uku, a cikin shekarar 1981, ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu a fannin adabi (MA.Lit), ita ma daga Jami'ar Makerere. A shekarar 1982, ta kara da Diploma a fannin Ilimi (Dip.Ed), daga wannan jami'a. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary Karooro Okurut: Woman Representative Bushenyi District |url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=301&const=Woman+Representative&dist_id=53&distname=Bushenyi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223024240/http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=301&const=Woman+Representative&dist_id=53&distname=Bushenyi |archive-date=23 February 2014 |access-date=10 April 2014 |publisher=Parliament of Uganda}}</ref> == Tarihin aiki == Mary Karooro Okurut ta fara karatu a Makerere, a sashen adabi a shekarar 1981, da zarar ta kammala digiri na biyu. Ta ci gaba da rike matsayinta na Lecturer, har zuwa shekara ta 1993. Tana riƙe aikin a matsayin sakatariyar yaɗa labarai ga mataimakin shugaban ƙasar Uganda daga shekarun 1994 zuwa 1996. Tsakanin shekarun 1996 zuwa 1999 ta yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishiniya, a Hukumar Kula da Ilimi a Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Uganda. Daga shekarun 1999 zuwa 2004, ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatariyar yaɗa labarai na shugaban ƙasar Uganda. A shekara ta 2004 ta shiga siyasar Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary Karooro Okurut: Work History 1981 to 2004 |url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?%20p=f&n=t&details=t&j=301&const=Woman+Representative&dist_id=53&distname=Bushenyi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413131935/http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?%20p=f&n=t&details=t&j=301&const=Woman+Representative&dist_id=53&distname=Bushenyi |archive-date=13 April 2014 |access-date=10 April 2014 |publisher=Parliament of Uganda}}</ref> Ta kasance mace 'yar majalisa mai wakiltar gundumar Bushenyi a majalisar dokoki ta 10 ta Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon. Mary Karooro Okurut – Kampala Geopolitics Conference |url=https://kampalageopolitics.com/speaker/hon-mary-karooro-okurut/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525075033/https://kampalageopolitics.com/speaker/hon-mary-karooro-okurut/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Aikin adabi == Kafin aikinta na siyasa, Okurut ta yiwu an fi saninta da gudummawar da ta bayar ga adabin Uganda duka a matsayin marubuciya kuma a matsayinta na wacce ta kafa kungiyar Marubuta Mata ta Uganda ([[Jiki|FEMRITE]]), <ref>{{Cite web |title=History of FEMRITE |url=http://www.femriteug.org/?view=21 |access-date=10 August 2014 |publisher=Uganda Women Writers' Association}}</ref> kungiyar da tun daga lokacin ta sami kulawar duniya kuma har ya zuwa yau ta samar da ɗaya daga cikin wanda ya lashe kyautar Caine, Arach Monica de Nyeko, wanda labarinsa "Jambula Tree" ya lashe a shekarar 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FEMRITE Achievements and Milestones |url=http://www.femriteug.org/?view=7 |access-date=10 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Women Writers' Association}}</ref> Littattafan adabin Karooro Okurut sun haɗa da waɗannan litattafai: (a) “The Invisible Weevil” (1998) (  ) da (b) "Matar Hukuma" (  ). Ta kuma gyara "Muryar Mace" (1998) (  ), tarin gajerun labarai na marubutan mata na Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Books Authored or Edited by Mary Karooro Okurut |url=http://www.africanbookscollective.com/authors-editors/mary-karooro-okurut |access-date=10 April 2014 |publisher=African Books Collective}}</ref> ta rubuta la'anar secradecow. == Sana'ar siyasa == A shekarar 2004, Mary Karooro Okurut ta tsaya takarar mazaɓar mata ta gundumar Bushenyi akan tikitin jam’iyyar siyasa ta National Resistance Movement. Ta yi nasara kuma ta wakilci wannan mazaɓar a majalisar dokokin Uganda har zuwa yau. Ta riƙe mukamin ministar yaɗa labarai da bada jagoranci na ƙasa daga watan Mayun 2011 har zuwa watan Mayun 2013, inda aka mayar da ita kan muƙaminta na yanzu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary B. Karooro Okurut |url=http://www.prauganda.com/about-us/prau-patrons/112-mary-b-karooro-okurut.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224120024/http://www.prauganda.com/about-us/prau-patrons/112-mary-b-karooro-okurut.html |archive-date=24 February 2014 |access-date=10 April 2014 |publisher=Public Relations Association of Uganda (PRAU)}}</ref> A wani sauyi na majalisar ministoci da aka yi a ranar 1 ga watan Maris 2015, an naɗa ta ministar tsaro. <ref name="Shuffle"/> Tun daga watan Afrilu 2020, karoro okurut ita ce ministar ayyuka na gabaɗaya a ofishin [[Firai Minista|Firayim Minista]] <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Office of the prime minister General duties |url=https://opm.go.ug/general-duties/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2020-04-04 |website=Office of the prime minister}}</ref> == Bayanan sirri == Mary K. Okurut ta auri Hon. Stanislaus Okurut har zuwa rasuwarsa a safiyar ranar 5 ga watan Afrilu 2014; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Minister Karooro Okurut's husband mourned |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1339430 |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> tare suna da yara takwas – maza biyar mata uku. Ita 'yar addinin [[Protestan bangaskiya|Furotesta]] ce.<ref>{{cite news|last=Musisi|first=Frederic|title=Former Transport minister, Stanislaus Okurut Is Dead|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Former-Transport-minister--Stanislaus-Okurut-is-dead/-/688334/2271980/-/hxnhd0z/-/index.html|date=5 April 2014|newspaper=Daily Monitor|accessdate=10 April 2014|archive-date=8 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408142941/http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Former-Transport-minister--Stanislaus-Okurut-is-dead/-/688334/2271980/-/hxnhd0z/-/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Karugaba|first=Mary|title=MPs Pay Tribute to Stanislaus Okurut|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/654362-mps-pay-tribute-to-stanislaus-okurut.html|newspaper=New Vision|date=9 April 2014|accessdate=10 April 2014}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Majalisar ministocin Uganda * Majalisar Uganda * Gundumar Bushenyi * [[Jiki|FEMRITE]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] d3kcj67m3c675hvct06s5sz0k35osxg 0 98169 906574 816026 2026-08-23T13:16:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mark Klett''' (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1952) ɗan asalin Amurka ne [[mai daukar hoto]]. An haɗa aikinsa a cikin tarin Smithsonian American Art Museum, da Museum of Fine Arts Houston da Museum of Modern Art, New York.<ref name="SAAM">{{Cite web |title=Mark Klett {{!}} Smithsonian American Art Museum |url=https://americanart.si.edu/artist/mark-klett-2658 |website=americanart.si.edu}}</ref><ref name="MFAH">{{Cite web |title=Mark Klett: The Hangar that held the bomber Enola Gay |url=https://emuseum.mfah.org/objects/140185/the-hangar-that-held-the-bomber-enola-gay |website=mfah.org}}</ref><ref name="moma">{{Cite web |title=Mark Klett |url=https://www.moma.org/artists/3144 |access-date=2021-09-26 |website=The Museum of Modern Art}}</ref> == Rayuwa == An haifi Klett a Albany, New York . <ref>{{Cite web |title=kopeikingallery.com |url=https://www.kopeikingallery.com/artists/mark-klett/bio |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=www.kopeikingallery.com}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar St. Lawrence tare da BS a [[Ilmin duwatsu|Geology]] a shekarar 1974, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai daukar hoto tare da Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa ta Amurka . A cikin 1977, ya kammala shirin MFA a Binciken Nazarin Kayayyakin gani a Rochester, New York yana karatu tare da Nathan Lyons . <ref name="ICP">{{Cite web |date=31 January 2018 |title=Mark Klett |url=https://www.icp.org/browse/archive/constituents/mark-klett?all/all/all/all/0 |website=International Center of Photography |language=en |access-date=3 April 2025 |archive-date=6 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106060748/https://www.icp.org/browse/archive/constituents/mark-klett?all/all/all/all/0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shi Farfesa ne na Regents kuma yana koyar da ɗaukar hoto a Jami'ar Jihar Arizona. == Aiki == .<ref name="ASUART">{{Cite web |title=Mark Klett: Ideas About Time {{!}} ASU Art Museum |url=https://asuartmuseum.asu.edu/exhibitions/traveling/mark-klett-ideas-about-time |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825051550/https://asuartmuseum.asu.edu/exhibitions/traveling/mark-klett-ideas-about-time |archive-date=2021-08-25 |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=asuartmuseum.asu.edu}}</ref>Ayyukan daukar hoto na Klett suna mai da hankali kan yanayin yamma da hulɗar mutum da shi.<ref name="PHMAG">{{Cite web |date=2 December 2020 |title=Photographer Mark Klett captures the impact of time and people on the Western landscape |url=https://www.phgmag.com/photographer-mark-klett-captures-the-impact-of-time-and-people-on-the-western-landscape/ |website=Phoenix Home & Garden}}</ref> Musamman, hotunansa suna amsawa ga hotuna na tarihi kuma ayyukansa suna bincika alaƙar tsakanin lokaci, canji da fahimta An kuma san shi musamman don ayyukan sake ɗaukar hoto, kwanan nan tare da mai haɗin gwiwa Byron Wolfe, wanda ya haɗa da shimfidar wurare na yamma, Yosemite, Grand Canyon, da Glenn Canyon. <ref name="ReconsView">{{Cite web |title=Book Reviews: Reconstructing the View |url=https://blog.photoeye.com/2012/12/book-reviews-reconstructing-view.html |website=blog.photoeye.com/}}</ref> <ref name="VIEWSACROSSTIME">{{Cite journal |last=Klett |first=Mark |last2=Rothman |first2=Aaron |date=11 July 2011 |title=Views Across Time |url=https://placesjournal.org/article/views-across-time/?cn-reloaded=1 |journal=Places Journal |issue=2011 |doi=10.22269/110711 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Labarai == * ''Second View: The Rephotographic Survey Project.'' With Ellen Manchester and JoAnn Verburg, University of New Mexico Press, 1984. * ''Traces of Eden: Travels in the Desert Southwest.'' David R. Godine, 1986. * ''Headlands: the Marin Coast at the Golden Gate.'' With Miles De Coster, Mike Mandel,Paul Metcalf, and Larry Sultan, University of New Mexico Press, 1989. * ''One City/Two Visions.'' Bedford Arts Publishers, San Francisco, CA, 1990. * ''Photographing Oklahoma. 1889-1991.'' Oklahoma City Art Museum, 1991. * ''Revealing Territory.'' University of New Mexico Press, 1992. * ''Capitol View: A New Panorama of Washington DC.'' With Merry Foresta, Smithsonian Institution and Book Studios, 1994. * ''Desert Legends: Restoring the Sonoran Borderlands.'' With Gary Paul Nabhan, Henry Holt, 1994. * ''The Black Rock Desert.'' With Bill Fox, University of Arizona Press, 2002. {{ISBN|0816521727}}. * ''Third Views, Second Sights, A Rephotographic Survey of the American West.'' Museum of New Mexico Press, 2004. With Byron Wolfe. {{ISBN|0-89013-432-4}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-89013-432-4|0-89013-432-4]]. * ''Yosemite in Time: Ice Ages, Tree Clocks, Ghost Rivers.'' With Rebecca Solnit and Byron Wolfe, Trinity University Press, 2005. {{ISBN|1-59534-042-4}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-59534-042-4|1-59534-042-4]]. * ''After the Ruins: Rephotographing the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake and Fire.'' University of California Press, 2005. {{ISBN|0-520-24556-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-520-24556-3|0-520-24556-3]]. * ''Mark Klett: Saguaros by Gregory McNamee and Mark Klett.'' Radius Books, 2007. {{ISBN|1-934435-00-7}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-934435-00-7|1-934435-00-7]]. * ''The Half Life of History'', with William Fox. Radius Books, 2011. {{ISBN|978-1934435397}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1934435397|978-1934435397]] * ''Reconstructing the View, the Grand Canyon Photographs of Mark Klett and Byron Wolfe'', with Byron Wolfe, Rebecca A. Senf, Stephen J. Pyne. University of California Press, 2012. {{ISBN|978-0520273900}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0520273900|978-0520273900]] * ''Camino del Diablo'', Radius Books, 2017. With Raphael Pumpelly {{ISBN|978-1942185017}} * ''Drowned River: The Death and Rebirth of Glen Canyon on the Colorado'', with Rebecca Solnit and Byron Wolfe. Radius Books, 2018. {{ISBN|978-1942185253}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1942185253|978-1942185253]] * ''Seeing Time: Forty Years of Photographs'', Anne Wilkes Tucker, Keith E. Davis, Rebecca A. Senf. University of Texas Press, 2020. {{ISBN|978-1477320235}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1477320235|978-1477320235]] == Kyauta == * 1979: Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2016}} * 1982: Kyauta ta Ƙasa don Fellowship na Fasaha{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2016}} * 1984: Kyauta ta Ƙasa don Fellowship na Fasaha{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2016}} * 1993: Mai ɗaukar hoto na Shekara daga Abokan Hoto{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2016}} * Japan/U. S. Ƙwararriyar Mawaƙin Ƙirƙira{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2016}} * 2001: Farfesa Regents, Jami'ar Jihar Arizona <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2017 |title=View ASU faculty members who won the Regents Professor award |url=https://provost.asu.edu/regents |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005000505/https://provost.asu.edu/regents |archive-date=5 October 2013 |access-date=4 October 2013}}</ref> * 2004: Guggenheim Fellowship <ref name="GF">{{Cite web |title=John Simon Guggenheim Foundation {{!}} Mark Klett |url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/mark-klett/ |website=gf.org |access-date=2025-04-03 |archive-date=2022-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209085642/https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/mark-klett/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tari == Ana gudanar da aikin Klett a cikin tarin dindindin masu zuwa: * Gidan kayan tarihi na Fine Arts Houston <ref name="MFAH"/> * Gidan kayan tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani, New York: 33 kwafi (tun daga 26 Satumba 2021) <ref name="moma"/> * Smithsonian American Art Museum <ref name="SAAM"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Official website|www.markklettphotography.com}} * [https://www.klettandwolfe.com The collaborative works of Mark Klett and Byron Wolfe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320093936/https://www.klettandwolfe.com/ |date=2025-03-20 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110809175243/http://ccp.uair.arizona.edu/item/36301 Collection of Mark Klett photos at the Center for Creative Photography, University of Arizona.] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] n2siokkb2xi398u7bb49lvv4ifn0heo 0 98561 906953 902187 2026-08-24T08:06:36Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 906953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Betty Hahn''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1940) yar wasan daukar hoto ce ta Ba'amurke wacce aka sani da yin aiki a madadin da matakan daukar hoto na farko. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Griffiths |first=Alan |title=Luminous-Lint – Photographer – Betty Hahn |url=http://www.luminous-lint.com/app/photographer/Betty__Hahn/ABCDEF/ |access-date=2017-03-28 |website=www.luminous-lint.com |language=en}}</ref> Ta kammala duka BFA (1963) da MFA (1966) a Jami'ar [[Indiana]] Bloomington . Da farko, Hahn ya yi aiki a cikin wasu hanyoyin fasaha masu girma biyu kafin ya mai da hankali kan ɗaukar hoto a makarantar digiri. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=exhibit-E.com |title=Joseph Bellows Gallery – Betty Hahn – Biography |url=http://www.josephbellows.com/artists/betty-hahn/bio/ |access-date=2017-03-28 |website=www.josephbellows.com}}</ref> An san ta da kyau saboda gwajin da ta yi da hanyoyin ɗaukar hoto na gwaji waɗanda suka haɗa nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Seasonal Rainbow Transition |url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1029734 |access-date=2017-03-28 |website=National Museum of American History}}</ref> Ta hanyar wuce gona da iri na ɗaukar hoto, Hahn ya kalubalanci mai kallo ba kawai don tantance abubuwan da ke cikin hoton ba, har ma don yin la'akari da abin hoton da kansa. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Betty Hahn a ranar 11 ga Oktoban shekarar 1940, a Chicago, Illinois inda ita ma ta girma. <ref name=":1"/> Tana da shekara goma, wata inna ce ta ba Hahn kyamararta ta farko. Daga baya Hahn ya tafi kammala karatunsa daga Scecina Memorial Catholic High School. Ba da daɗewa ba, ta shiga Jami'ar Indiana tare da cikakken guraben karatu inda ta ci gaba da karatunta a Fine Arts, ta karɓi BFA dinta (1963) da MFA (1966). <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=IFPDA – Artist |url=http://www.ifpda.org/artist/968 |access-date=2017-03-28 |website=www.ifpda.org |archive-date=2017-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329050907/http://www.ifpda.org/artist/968 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A tsawon shekarunta na digiri na farko, ta mai da hankali kan zane da zane; duk da haka, yayin da ta shiga karatun digiri, ta yi aikin ɗaukar hoto. A cikin wannan muhimmin lokaci na ci gaba, Hahn ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin ɗaya daga cikin sanannun malaman daukar hoto na lokacin, Henry Holmes Smith, wanda ya karfafa aikin Hahn a madadin hanyoyin. <ref name=":2" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Betty Hahn |url=http://www.fractionmagazine.com/betty-hahn |access-date=2017-03-28 |website=Fraction Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Da zarar ta sauke karatu, Hahn ta koma Rochester inda ta koyar a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Rochester har zuwa shekarar 1975. Daga nan Hahn ta koma Albuquerque inda ta kasance farfesa a Jami'ar [[New Mexico]] har sai da ta yi ritaya a 1997. <ref name=":0"/> == Aiki == Hahn an fi saninta da bincikenta na madadin hanyoyin daukar hoto, ta yin amfani da duka tsofaffin hanyoyin haɓaka duhu kamar gum-bichromate da cyanotypes, tare da sauran hanyoyin fasaha, gami da zanen hannu har ma da sakawa . An lura da ita a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin masu ɗaukar hoto na farko da suka samu nasarar haɗa irin wannan nau'ikan hanyoyin fasaha. <ref name=":2"/> <ref name=":1"/> Hahn tana ƙarfafa mai kallo don yin zurfafa tunani ta hanyar ba kawai amfani da tsarin jiki daban-daban a cikin aikinta ba, har ma ta hanyar yawan ma'anoni a cikin hotunanta. A mafi yawan ayyukanta, Hahn ta haɗu da ban dariya da ban dariya yayin da take bincika ma'anar da aka samar ta hanyar haɗin kai. Wasu daga cikin kwafinta sun haɗa da ramukan sprocket na 35mm mara kyau, wanda ke nuni da asalin fim ɗin 35mm: amma ta hanyar canza launin hannu tare da fenti mai haske, ta jawo hankali ga cakudar fasaha tare da matsakaicin masana'antu. Da zarar ta fara gwaji tare da tsarin gum-bichromate, Hahn ta fara dinka a cikin hotunanta. Buga akan zane da sauran yadudduka ya ba ta damar amfani da zaren don haskaka wasu sassan hoton. A cikin haɗa hotunanta tare da al'ada na al'ada, Hahn ta yi nasarar haɗa abubuwa na yau da kullun da na ra'ayi. Ba wai kawai ta yi magana da ayyuka na yau da kullum na rayuwar yau da kullum ba, har ma game da al'ada da al'ada. A cikin haskaka talakawa a cikin aikinta, Hahn tana ɗaukaka da kuma farfado da abin da ya ɓace a cikin ayyukan yau da kullun. Tufafin ya yi nuni da kasancewar mace, kamar yadda Hahn ya jadada batun mata na rashin sanin sana'ar hannun mata. Ƙaƙwalwarta sau da yawa yana jaddada furanni tare da girmansa uku, yana ƙara ra'ayin mace; Daga baya ta bi wannan a matsayin alama kuma ta sanya shi a cikin wasu jerin ta da yawa. == Art da Feminism == A cikin aikinta, Hahn tana isar da saƙo mai ƙarfi game da mata da kayan ado . A bayyane yake a lokaci guda cewa aikin mata aikin allura ne, kuma ana yawan rage darajar aikinsu a matsayin sana'a duk lokacin da ya bambanta da aikin maza. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Markowitz |first=Sally J. |date=1994-01-01 |title=The Distinction between Art and Craft |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-aesthetic-education_spring-1994_28_1/page/55 |journal=Journal of Aesthetic Education |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=55–70 |doi=10.2307/3333159 |jstor=3333159}}</ref> A lokacin da maza suka lulluɓe mata a cikin fasahar gargajiya, kamar zane-zane da sassaka, sau da yawa mata sun koma wasu hanyoyin sadarwa kamar kayan masaku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pathmakers: Women in Art, Craft, and Design, Midcentury and Today {{!}} National Museum of Women in the Arts |url=https://nmwa.org/press-room/press-releases/pathmakers-women-art-craft-and-design-midcentury-and-today |access-date=2017-04-25 |website=nmwa.org |language=en}}</ref> An yi nuni da cewa aikin mata, musamman na sana’a, ba shi da wani fa’ida sosai a fannin fasaha, tunda ana ganin sana’a ce. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brooklyn Museum: Women's Work |url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/dinner_party/womens_work/ |access-date=2017-04-25 |website=www.brooklynmuseum.org }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tun da yake “fasaha da sana’a” galibi ba a haɗa su tare, a bayyane yake suna cikin rukuni ɗaya; duk da haka, akwai bambanci bayyananne. Shekaru 300, ana koya wa mata aikin allura ta hanyar al'ada da al'ada, kuma ba da gangan ba, inganta biyayya da halayen gida. Sakamakon haka, maimakon ɗaukar dinki a matsayin fasaha, mutane da yawa suna kallonsa a matsayin fasaha marar tunani, rashin asali. <ref name=":5"/> Akasin haka, ya fi a bayyane cewa hannun mace ya wuce abin da ba shi da hankali da daidaitawa, yana da hankali, tunani, haƙuri, juriya, da ƙarfi. Ta hanyar haɗa sutura da sutura, Betty Hahn ta tura masu sauraro su amince da aikin mata ba a matsayin sana'a ko al'ada ba, amma a matsayin ƙwararru, ƙirƙira kuma na musamman. == nune-nunen == Sashen Tarihin Hoto a Cibiyar Smithsonian ya baje kolin ayyukan Hahn a cikin wani rukuni na nuni a cikin shekarun 1960 a matsayin wani ɓangare na ci gaba na nunin ayyukan mata masu ɗaukar hoto. Bayan haka an nuna aikinta a nune-nunen jigogi da yawa a Smithsonian .<ref name=":4"/> Nunin solo na farko na Hahn wanda ke nuna aikinta shine a cikin shekarar 1973 a Witkin Gallery a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]]. Bayan haka, ta sami tallafi da yawa daga National Endowment for Arts a shekarar 1974, 1978, da 1983 don ci gaba da aikinta na daukar hoto.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Betty Hahn – Bio |url=http://www.bettyhahn.com/page15302.htm |access-date=2017-03-28 |website=www.bettyhahn.com |archive-date=2017-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622010539/http://www.bettyhahn.com/page15302.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> An baje kolin fasahar Hahn a duk faɗin ƙasar kuma an nuna su a duk duniya a cikin gidajen tarihi waɗanda ke nuna matakan tarihi a Baltimore, [[Maryland]] (1972) da nunin hoto na yanayi a Osaka, [[Japan]] (1990). An nuna aikinta a Albuquerque Museum of Art and Art History (2017), Phoenix Art Museum (2015), da George Eastman House (2012, 2016). Ana gudanar da aikin Hahn a cikin masu tarawa masu zaman kansu, ɗakunan ajiya, da kuma a cikin ɗakunan kayan tarihi na dindindin, ciki har da San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Cibiyar Hotunan Ƙirƙirar Ƙirƙirar Hotuna da Gidan Gida <ref>{{Cite web |title=Betty Hahn (American, 1940) |url=https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/BettyHahn/948773524C29D209/Biography |access-date=2017-03-28 |website=www.mutualart.com |language=en}}</ref> === nune-nunen === * 1996 – George Eastman House International Museum of Photography and film, Rochester, New York * 1997 – A History of Women Photographers, Akron Art Museum * 1997 – Eye of the Beholder, Photographs of the Avon Collection, International Center of Photography, Midtown, New York City * 1998 – Passing Shots: A Travel Series, University of New Mexico Art Museum, Albuquerque, New Mexico * 1998 – The City Series, Taos, Albuquerque, Santa Fe, Cedar Rapids Museum of Art, Cedar Rapids, Iowa * 1999 – Photography Or Maybe Not, a Betty Hahn traveling retrospective, Mikhailovsky Palace, St. Petersburg, Russia * 2000 – 20/20 Twentieth Century Photographic Acquisitions by 20 leading patrons, Museum of New Mexico, Museum of Fine Arts * 2000 – Photography Or Maybe Not, a Betty Hahn traveling retrospective, Santa Fe de Granada, Spain * 2001 – In the Eyes of the Beholder: Ten Photographers View Albuquerque, The University of New Mexico Hospital, Albuquerque, New Mexico * 2002 – Sun Works Contemporary Alternative Photography, The Art Institute of Boston * 2002 – Flowers from the Permanent Collection, The Albuquerque Museum, Albuquerque, New Mexico * 2004 – 30th Anniversary Permanent Collection Exhibition, New Mexico State, University Art Gallery, Las Cruces, New Mexico * 2005 – New Mexico State University Art Gallery, Las Cruces, New Mexico * 2005 – Ace in the Hole, the legacy of Peter Walch, University Art Museum, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico * 2006 – The collectible moment, Norton Simon museum, Pasadena, California * 2006 – The Social Lens, University of Virginia Art Museum, Charlottesville, Virginia * 2007 – Seeing Ourselves: Masterpieces of American Photography, A Traveling * 2007 – Exhibition, George Eastman House, Rochester, New York * 2008 – Flower Power: a Subversive Botanical, New Mexico Museum of Art, Santa Fe, New Mexico * 2008 – Bernalillo County Arts Board Gallery, One Civic Plaza Northwest, Albuquerque, New Mexico * 2008 – Giving Shelter 516 Arts Albuquerque, New Mexico (A Sister Exhibition to the Cradle Project) * 2008 – Betty Hahn, Joyce Neimanas, and Judith Golden, Harwood Art Center Albuquerque, New Mexico * 2009 – Through the Lens: Creating Santa Fe, Palace of the Governors, The New Mexico History Museum, Santa Fe, New Mexico * 2009 – Altered Land: Photography in the 1970s, Sheldon Museum of Art, University of [[Nebraska]], Lincoln, Nebraska * 2010 – Sole Mates Cowboy Boots & Art, New Mexico Museum of Art * 2010 – Rock Scissors Paper, Anderson Contemporary Arts, Albuquerque, New Mexico * 2010 – Recollection 2010, Works from the Colorado Photographic Arts Center, The Central Library, Vida Ellison Gallery, Denver, Colorado * 2012 – 60 From the 60's (an exhibit of influential photos from the 1960s) George Eastman House, Rochester, New York * 2012 – Albuquerque Now-Fall and Albuquerque Now-Winter, The Albuquerque Museum of Art and History, Albuquerque, New Mexico * 2013 – It's About Time: 14,000 Years of Art in New Mexico, The New Mexico Museum of Art, Albuquerque, New Mexico * 2014 – Alternative Lineage – Honoring Betty Hahn; 5 Decades of Mentoring * 2014 – Alternative Photographic Processes, Center for Photographic Art Carmel, California * 2014 – Alternative Lineage, Northlight Gallery, [[Arizona]] State University, Tempe, Arizona * 2014 – Transformational Imagemaking, Handmade Photography Since 1960 * 2014 – An Exhibition Curated by Robert Hirsch, CEPA Gallery, Buffalo, New York * 2014 – Museum Project, dnj Gallery, Santa Monica, California * 2014 – American Heritage Center and Art Museum, University of [[Wyoming]], Laramie, Wyoming * 2014 – Hubbard Museum of the American West, Ruidoso, New Mexico * 2015 - One-Of-A-Kind, unique photographic objects from the Center of Creative Photography, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona * 2015 – Unconfined – Empowering Women Through Art, African American Performing Arts Center, New Mexico Expo, Albuquerque, New Mexico * 2015 – Visualizing Albuquerque: Art of Central New Mexico, Albuquerque Museum, Albuquerque, New Mexico * 2015 – Healing ... For the Time Being, A mixed media exhibition in conjunction with On the Map: Albuquerque Art and Design, Jonathan Abrams Maryland * 2015 – The AIPAD Photography Show, Represented by Joseph Bellows Gallery, New York, New York * 2016 – Transformational Imagemaking, traveling exhibition March-16- April 16; Muhlenberg College, Allentown, Pennsylvania * 2016 – Fall-Rochester Institute of Technology, Bevier Gallery, Rochester, New York * 2016 – 60 from the 60's: Selections from the George Eastman Museum, At the Hyde Collection, Glens Falls, New York * 2016 – Transcendent Photography Betty Hahn and Patrick Nagatani Albuquerque/Bernalillo County Government Center, One Civic Plaza, Albuquerque, New Mexico * 2016 – Look Inside: New Photographic Acquisitions, University of [[Texas]] Ransom Center, Austin, Texas * 2016 – Light Works: A Century of Great Photography, Muscarelle Museum of Art, The College of William and Mary, Williamsport, Virginia * 2016 – After Modernism, Beyond the Medium, Museum of New Mexico Museum of Fine Arts, Santa Fe, New Mexico * 2016 – A History of Photography, The George Eastman Museum, History of Photography Gallery, Rochester, New York == Kyauta == * Kyautar Ƙasa ta Ƙungiyar Masu Hoton Fasaha, $25,000 * Kyautar Ƙasa ta Ƙungiyar Masu Hoton Fasaha, $10,000 * Majalisar Jihar New York don Fasaha $5,000 * Garner, Gretchen. ''Shaida mai ɓacewa: canji a cikin ɗaukar hoto na Amurka na ƙarni na ashirin'' . JHU Press, 2003. * Harrison, Joan. "Launi a cikin tsari na danko-bichromate: Ƙwararren sirri na musamman." ''Tarihin Hotuna'' 17.4 (1993): shafi na 369-376. == Manazarta == <references /> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://learninglab.si.edu/collections/photographer-hahn-betty-nmahphc/TMf1fb5W6xauKCUg Betty Hahn tarin] a gidan tarihi na Smithsonian National Museum of American History [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] c4bfawa7caoc8dzl0hxsqpunq458k0q 0 98969 906765 612664 2026-08-23T22:02:09Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 906765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ana ajiye '''agogon taurarin Besançon''' a cikin Cathedral na Besançon. Auguste-Lucie Vérité na Beauvais ya tsara kuma ya gina agogon taurarin Besancon na yanzu, tsakanin 1858 zuwa 1863. Ya maye gurbin agogon farko da Bernardin ya gina a shekarun 1850 wanda bai gamsu ba. Agogon Besançon ya bambanta da na [[Strasbourg]], [[Lyon]], da Beauvais. Ana nufin agogon don bayyana ra'ayin tauhidi cewa kowace daƙiƙa na ranar tashin Kristi yana canza wanzuwar mutum da na duniya. == Agogon Bernardin == Wani mai yin agogo da ake kira Bernardin ya yi agogon taurari na farko da aka girka a Besançon tsakanin 1851 zuwa 1857. Bernadin mai yiwuwa Constant Flavien Bernardin ne, wanda aka haife shi a ranar 15 ga Janairun 1819, mai yiwuwa a Fougerolles, wanda wataƙila ya fito daga Fougerolles kuma ya zauna a Saint-Loup-sur-Semouse. (Ba za a rikita wannan Bernardin ba tare da Br Bernardin Morin wanda a lokaci guda ya gina agogon taurari na Ploërmel).<ref>Rapport du jury central sur les produits de l'agriculture et de l'industrie exposés en 1849, 1850, page 502 (on the clock exhibited in 1849)</ref> Bernardin ya nuna agogon taurari a cikin 1849 yayin da yake zaune a Fougerolles<ref>Rapport du jury central sur les produits de l'agriculture et de l'industrie exposés en 1849, page 502</ref> An nuna agogon da ya yi don Besançon a birnin [[Faris|Paris]] a 1855, inda Vérité ma yake baje kolin kuma tabbas zai iya gani. An kwatanta wannan agogon a cikin labarin 1958 na René Baillaud.<ref>René Baillaud: "Histoire de l'horloge astronomique de la Cathédrale Saint-Jean de Besançon", Académie des sciences, belles-lettres et arts de Besançon, procès-verbaux et mémoires, volume 172, 1958, pages 350-367</ref> == Agogon Vérité == A shekara ta 1857 agogon Bernardin ya daina aiki, kuma Cardinal Mathieu, Archbishop na Besançon, ya ba da izinin maye gurbin Vérité, wanda ya gina ta a cikin bitarsa ​​a Beauvais. An shigar da agogon a cikin 1860 amma an ci gaba da aiki har zuwa 1863. Nan da nan bayan ya gama hukumar Besançon, Vérité ya gina agogo mafi girma, kuma daban, don Cathedral Beauvais.<ref>Notice descriptive de l'horloge astronomique de l'église cathédrale de Besançon, Besançon, 1861, 36 pages</ref> Agogon Bernardin na iya samar da madaidaicin tashi ga Vérité lokacin zayyana nasa, amma baya ga kwarjini gabaɗaya babu wani takamaiman abu da alama an kwafi daga farkon. A cikin 1900 agogon ya daina aiki; Florian Goudey ya gyara shi gaba daya.<ref>Alfred Ungerer: Les horloges astronomiques et monumentales les plus remarquables de l'antiquité jusqu'à nos jours, Strasbourg, 1931, pages 62–64 (doesn't mention Bernardin's clock)</ref> A cikin 1966, agogon ya sake tsayawa a kan mutuwar Paul Brandibas, wanda ya kasance mai kula da shi sama da shekaru talatin. Kamfanin Ungerer na Strasbourg ya gyara shi kuma ya mayar da shi zuwa cikakken tsarin aiki.<ref>P. Brandibas-Goudey: L'Horloge astronomique de Saint-Jean Besançon, 1937, 31 pages</ref> == Manazarta == adkk1dknli7wogay2ycv53t6urrdqii 0 99654 906744 618739 2026-08-23T21:54:25Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 906744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Cibiyar Chartered Institute of Bankers of Nigeria ('''CIBN''') ƙungiya ce ta kwararru ga masu banki a [[Najeriya]]. An kafa CIBN a cikin Shekarar 1976 a matsayin Cibiyar Bankin Najeriya.An hayar shi a cikin Shekarar 1990, kuma yanzu Dokar CIBN 5 ta Shekarar 2007 ce ta rufe shi.Cibiyar tana da izinin tsara aikin banki, saita ƙa'idoji ga masu banki, da kuma kula da ɗabi'ar ƙwararru ta hanyar takunkumi ga membobin.Membobin kamfanoni sun haɗa da [[Babban Bankin Najeriya]], Kamfanin Inshora na Kasuwanci na Najeriya da duk Bankunan Kuɗin Kasuwanci, Bankunan Ci Gaban, Bankunan Kasuwanci da Bankunan Ragewa a Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Introduction |url=http://www.cibng.org/frontmore.asp |access-date=2010-03-03 |publisher=Chartered Institute of Bankers of Nigeria |archive-date=2008-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915145736/http://cibng.org/frontmore.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Cibiyar Bankin Najeriya a Shekarar 1963 a matsayin Cibiyar Legas, Cibiyar Bankuna, London. An kafa shi a cikin Shekarar 1976 a matsayin Cibiyar Bankin Najeriya, kamfani mai iyaka ta Guarantee. Cibiyar ta sami matsayi na Yarjejeniya kuma ta zama Cibiyar Yarjejeniya ta Bankuna ta Najeriya ta hanyar Dokar 12 ta Shekarar 1990 wacce aka soke kuma aka sake sanya ta a matsayin Dokar CIBN No 5 ta Shekarar 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Our History |url=https://www.cibng.org/cb_about.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103074321/http://www.cibng.org/cb_about.asp |archive-date=2012-11-03 |access-date=2019-05-07 |website=www.cibng.org}}</ref> Muhimman kwanakin a tarihin CIBN sun haɗa da: <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=CIBN Past Presidents |url=https://www.cibng.org/cb_ppresidents.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103074504/http://www.cibng.org/cb_ppresidents.asp |archive-date=2012-11-03 |access-date=2019-05-08 |website=www.cibng.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=CIBN Lagos Branch |url=https://www.cibng.org/cb_lagosbranch.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117135019/http://cibng.org/cb_lagosbranch.asp |archive-date=2013-01-17 |access-date=2019-05-08 |website=www.cibng.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Past Registrars |url=https://www.cibng.org/cb_pastregistrar.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103074459/http://www.cibng.org/cb_pastregistrar.asp |archive-date=2012-11-03 |access-date=2019-05-08 |website=www.cibng.org}}</ref> * '''Nuwamba 28, 1963:''' Masu banki 124 sun taru a Randle Hall, [[Surulere (Lagos)|Surulere]], Legas, kuma sun zartar da ƙuduri don kafa Cibiyar Kula da Bankuna ta Legas, London. * '''1963:''' Mista D.A. Macleod shi ne Shugaban farko na Cibiyar Legas ta Cibiyar Bankuna, London. * '''1965:''' Cif Collins K. N. Obih, FCIB ya zama Shugaban Najeriya na farko na Cibiyar Legas ta Cibiyar Bankuna, London. * '''1967:''' Mista G. H. Griffin, FCIB shine shugaban kasashen waje na karshe na Cibiyar Legas ta Cibiyar Bankuna, London. * '''1971:''' Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello ta zama cibiyar ilimi ta farko da aka kafa don fara shirye-shiryen ilimin banki wanda ya haifar da kyautar difloma a Banking, wanda ya zama gabatarwa ga AIB (Yanzu ACIB). * '''1972:''' Jami'ar Legas ta biyo baya tare da shirin digiri a fannin kudi. * '''Agusta 18, 1973:''' An kafa Cibiyar Bankin Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Legal Status |url=http://www.cibng.org/frontmore.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915145736/http://cibng.org/frontmore.asp |archive-date=2008-09-15 |access-date=2019-05-08 |website=www.cibng.org}}</ref> * '''1973:''' Cif F.A Ijewere, FCIB shi ne Shugaban Cibiyar Bankin Najeriya. Ya rike mukamin Shugaban Cibiyar Legas, Cibiyar Bankuna, London, a lokaci guda. An kafa ɗakin karatu na NIB. Alhaji G. G. Olorun-rinu shine Sakataren Gudanarwa na farko. * '''1974:''' Alhaji A. O. G. Otti, FCIB shine Shugaban karshe na Cibiyar Legas, Cibiyar Bankuna, London. * '''Disamba 15, 1976:''' An kafa Cibiyar Bankin Najeriya a matsayin kamfani mai iyakance ta garanti. * '''1977:''' Cibiyar ta zama mai aiki da cin gashin kanta daga Cibiyar Bankuna, London. Ya gudanar da jarrabawar farko a Cibiyar Legas, Cibiyar Bankuna, London. Cibiyar Bankin Najeriya ta karɓi gudanar da jarrabawar AIB a Najeriya daga Cibiyar Bankuna ta London. * '''1978:''' Wani Kwamitin Syllabus na Kwamitin Ilimi ya tsara Syllabus ta farko don jarrabawar ACIB a Najeriya. An gudanar da jarrabawar farko (Sashe na 1) na Cibiyar Bankin Najeriya. * '''1979:''' Cibiyar ta yi aiki a cikin Kwamitoci na Musamman ciki har da Kwamitin Kudi na Gwamnati wanda Majalisar Dokokin Jamhuriyar ta 2 ta kaddamar. * '''1980:''' An gabatar da Syllabus na jarrabawar ACIB Sashe na II. * '''1982:''' Alhaji S.A.O Sule, FCIB, ya kasance Shugaban Cibiyar. * '''1983:''' An kafa Kungiyar Mata Masu Bankin Kwararru (APWB). Cif Mrs. M. O. Sokenu, ta zama Shugaban APWB na farko. * '''1984:''' Cibiyar ta fara gudanar da jarrabawar ACIB Sashe na II. * '''Nuwamba 6, 1987:''' Janar Ibrahim B. Babangida, Shugaban / Babban Kwamandan Sojojin Tarayyar Najeriya, ya ba da izinin Bankers House, a PC 19, Adeola Hopewell, Victoria Island, Legas. * '''1988:''' Ƙarfin Ma'aikatan Cibiyar ya tashi zuwa 159 daga ma'aikata 4 a 1973 * '''1990:''' Cibiyar ta fara Shirin Ci gaban Shekaru 10. An kafa Ofishin Yankin Arewa a Kaduna. Daga baya aka sake komawa ofishin zuwa Abuja a shekara ta 2001. * '''Mayu 18, 1990:''' Dokar Gwamnatin Tarayya No. 12 na 1990 ta ba Cibiyar 'Yanayin Yarjejeniya'. * '''1992:''' Cif (Dr.) F.A.Z. Adekanye, Shugaban & Shugaban Majalisar, an zabe shi Shugaban farko na Ƙungiyar Cibiyoyin Bankin Yammacin Afirka (ABIWA). * '''1993:''' An kafa Ofishin Yankin Gabas tare da ofis a Aba, [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]]. Daga baya aka koma ofishin zuwa [[Owerri]], Jihar Imo a shekarar 2013. * '''1998:''' Ya gudanar da jarrabawar takardar shaidar masu ba da kuɗi na farko. Ya gudanar da jarrabawar farko a fannin Jarida ta Kudi tare da Cibiyar Jarida ta Najeriya. * '''Oktoba 2001:''' Cibiyar ta gudanar da Taron Kasa na 1 kan Bankin da Allied Matters for Allies tare da hadin gwiwar Cibiyar Shari'a ta Kasa. * '''Nuwamba 2004:''' Cibiyar ta gabatar da Babban Mambobin girmamawa (HCIB). * '''Afrilu, 2006:''' Cibiyar ta gudanar da takardar shaidar farko a jarrabawar banki. * '''2006:''' Misis Juliet A. Madubueze, FCIB, OON ita ce shugabar mata ta farko a Cibiyar. * '''Afrilu 11, 2007:''' Cibiyar Yarjejeniyar Bankuna ta Najeriya ta sami sabon Dokar No. 5 na 2007 wanda Cif Olusegun Aremu Obasanjo, GCFR, Shugaban / Babban Kwamandan Sojojin Tarayyar Najeriya ya sanya hannu a cikin doka. * '''Oktoba 2007:''' Cibiyar ta gudanar da Taron Bankin da Kudi na farko. * '''Oktoba 30, 2007:''' An kaddamar da Kungiyar Shugabannin da suka gabata. * Yuni 26, 2008: An kaddamar da Kwamitin Shugabannin Bankuna. * '''2008:''' Cibiyar ta fara rajistar Bankunan Microfinance a Najeriya a matsayin membobin kamfanoni. * '''Janairu 13, 2009:''' Mista Jacobs M. Ajekigbe, OFR, FCIB, GMD / CE, Bankin Farko na Najeriya Plc, ya gabatar da jawabin CIBN na farko. * '''Fabrairu 2009:''' Cibiyar ta shirya taron koli na farko don Daraktocin Bankunan Microfinance. == Littattafai == == Dubi kuma == * [[Bankunan Najeriya|Jerin bankunan a Najeriya]] * Cibiyar Masu Bayar da Bayani na Najeriya * Ƙungiyar Masu Lissafi na Kasa na Najeriya (ANAN) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Bankuna]] [[Rukuni:Bankunan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Asusun Kudi]] [[Rukuni:Kudi]] 9d3cifhfn6szl2ss87pfrmee1o7c5o7 0 100215 906664 617654 2026-08-23T19:09:59Z Zahrah0 14848 906664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ramakant Yadav''' <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=531|title=Ramakant Yadav|work=Indian Government Archive|access-date=13 November 2018|archive-date=13 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113210351/https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=531|url-status=dead}}</ref> (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Yulin shekara ta alif 1957) ɗan siyasan Indiya ne na Jam'iyyar Samajwadi kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Uttar Pradesh wanda ke wakiltar Phoolpur Pawai kuma tsohon memba na Lok Sabha wanda ke wakilcin Azamgarh . == Harkokin siyasa == Ramakant Yadav ya sauya daga Jam'iyyar Samajwadi zuwa Jam'iyyar Bahujan Samaj a zaben majalisar dokoki na shekara ta 2004,<ref name="elect">{{cite web|title=Azamgarh(Uttar Pradesh) Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 with Sitting M P and Party Name|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/parliamentary-constituencies/azamgarh.html|website=elections.in|publisher=elections.in|access-date=19 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="OIH">{{cite news|title=यूपी विधानसभा चुनाव 2017: आखिर रमाकांत यादव ने राजनाथ सिंह से क्यों लिया पंगा?|url=http://hindi.oneindia.com/news/features/rajnath-singh-are-anti-backward-former-azamgarh-mp-ramakant-yadav-why-380310.html|access-date=19 March 2017|work=hindi.oneindia.com|agency=One India Hindi|publisher=One India Hindi|language=hi}}</ref> kafin a karshe ya shiga Jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata a shekara ta 2008.<ref name="Patrika1">{{cite news|title=Ex MP Ramakant yadav will stop Mulayam Singh Yadav in UP Election 2017|url=http://www.patrika.com/news/azamgarh/difficult-way-for-mulayam-singh-yadav-in-azamgarh-1300378/|access-date=19 March 2017|work=patrika.com|agency=Patrika|publisher=Patrik|date=2016-05-18|language=en}}</ref> Babban jami'in Jam'iyyar Samajwadi Mulayam Singh Yadav ya yi yaƙi da Ramakant Yadav a matsayin memba na zaben majalisa kuma ya sami nasarar cin nasara da ƙananan gefe. Yana da ɗan'uwa mai suna Umakant Yadav, tsohon dan majalisa na BSP. Ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yansa maza [[Uttar Pradesh]] politician)">Arun Kumar Yadav tsohon BJP MLA ne daga Phoolpur Pawai a gundumar Azamgarh ta Uttar Pradesh . A shekarar 2019 ya yi takara daga Mazabar Bhadohi Lok Sabha Loksabha a kan tikitin Jam'iyyar Congress amma ya fuskanci cin nasara mai banƙyama. Ya samu kuri'u 25,000 kawai. A cikin zaben majalisar dokokin 2022 ya kayar da abokin hamayyarsa Ramsoorat Rajbhar da kuri'u 25,000 kuma ya yi aiki don lashe kujeru 10 na Azamgarh. == Matsayi da ya riƙe == {| class="wikitable" |1985–95 |memba, Majalisar Dokokin Uttar Pradesh (kalmomi huɗu) |- |1996 |An zabe shi zuwa Lok Sabha ta 11 |- |1999 |An sake zabarsa zuwa Lok Sabha ta 13 (2nd term) |- |1999–2004 |memba, Kwamitin Kasuwanci |- |2000–2004 |memba, Kwamitin Ba da Shawara, Ma'aikatar Jirgin ƙasa |- |2004 |An sake zabarsa zuwa Lok Sabha ta 14 (3rd term) |- |2004–2008 |memba, Kwamitin Abinci, Harkokin Abokan Ciniki da Rarraba Jama'a |- |2008 |Ya daina zama memba w.e.f. 28.1.2008 |- |2009 |An sake zabarsa zuwa Lok Sabha ta 15 (4th term) |- |31 ga watan Agusta 2009 |memba, Kwamitin Abinci, Harkokin Abokan Ciniki da Rarraba Jama'a |- |5 ga Oktoba 2019 |Ya shiga Jam'iyyar Samajwadi. |- |2022 |memba, Majalisar Dokokin Uttar Pradesh (lokaci na biyar) |} == Haɗin waje == * [http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampdetail.php?mpcode=531 Bayanan tarihin hukuma a shafin yanar gizon Majalisar Dokokin Indiya] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] ejbdjyxh65hn9bjytqllbgke2c52lss 0 100549 906746 863041 2026-08-23T21:55:07Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 906746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The Movement for Black Lives ('''M4BL''') haɗin gwiwa ne na kungiyoyi sama da 50 da ke wakiltar buƙatun [[Bakar fata|Al'ummomin baƙar fata]] a duk faɗin Amurka.<ref name="Newkirk">{{Cite web |last=Newkirk |first=Vann R. II |date=August 3, 2016 |title=The Permanence of Black Lives Matter |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/08/movement-black-lives-platform/494309/ |website=The Atlantic}}</ref> Membobin sun haɗa da Black Lives Matter Network, Taron Ƙasa na Black Lawyers, da Cibiyar Ella Baker da 'Yancin Ɗan Adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us – The Movement for Black Lives |url=https://policy.m4bl.org/about/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502120213/https://policy.m4bl.org/about/ |archive-date=May 2, 2019 |access-date=August 4, 2016 |website=Movement for Black Lives |publisher=policy.m4bl.org}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyi kamar su Color of Change, Race Forward, Brooklyn Movement Center, PolicyLink, Million Women March Cleveland, da ONE DC sun goyi bayan su, kuma haɗin gwiwar tana karɓar sadarwa da goyon baya daga wata kungiya mai suna Blackbird. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arnold |first=Eric K. |date=2017 |title=The BLM Effect: Hashtags, History and Race |journal=Race, Poverty & the Environment |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=8–15 |issn=1532-2874 |jstor=44687751}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga watan Yuli, 2015 ƙungiyar ta fara taro a Jami'ar Jihar Cleveland inda tsakanin a shekarun 1,500 zuwa 2,000 masu fafutuka suka taru don shiga cikin tattaunawa da zanga-zanga. Da farko taron ya yi yunƙurin "dabarun hanyoyin da ƙungiyar Movement for Black Lives za ta yi wa jami'an tsaro alhakin ayyukansu a matakin ƙasa".<ref name="about2017">{{Cite news|title=About Us – The Movement for Black Lives|language=en-US|work=The Movement for Black Lives|url=https://policy.m4bl.org/about/|url-status=dead|access-date=March 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502120213/https://policy.m4bl.org/about/|archive-date=May 2, 2019}}</ref><ref name="cleveland2015">{{Cite news|last=Morice|first=Jane|date=July 25, 2015|title=Thousands of 'freedom fighters' in Cleveland for first national Black Lives Matter conference|language=en-US|work=cleveland.com|url=https://www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2015/07/thousands_of_freedom_fighters.html|access-date=March 7, 2017}}</ref><ref name="bernard2017">{{Cite news|last=Bernard|first=Tanya Lucia|date=August 7, 2015|title=The Movement for Black Lives Convening: An Offering of Love|language=en-US|work=The Root|url=http://www.theroot.com/the-movement-for-black-lives-convening-an-offering-of-1790860722|access-date=March 7, 2017}}</ref> Duk da haka, taron ya haifar da samar da wani motsi mai mahimmanci na zamantakewa. A ƙarshen taron kwanaki uku, a ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, kungiyar Movement for Black Lives ta kaddamar da "tsari na kiran kungiyoyin ƙananan hukumomi da na ƙasa don samar da haɗin kai". <ref name="about2017" /> Tsawon shekaru na wannan shekara ya haifar da kafa dandalin ƙungiya wanda ke bayyana manufofi, buƙatu, da manufofin da Movement for Black Lives ke goyon bayan su don cimma "'yantar da" al'ummomin baƙaƙen fata a faɗin Amurka. <ref name="about2017" /> Bayan kisan gillar da aka yi wa George Floyd, M4BL ta fitar da Dokar BREATHE, wacce ta yi kira da a aiwatar da sauye-sauyen majalisa game da aikin 'yan sanda. Kudirin dokar ya haɗa da kiraye-kirayen janyewa daga aikin ‘yan sanda da sake saka jari kai tsaye zuwa albarkatun al’umma da kuma wasu hanyoyin ba da agajin gaggawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Byrd |first=Jessica |date=July 14, 2020 |title=The Genius of Resilience: Toward a New, Black National Convention |url=https://www.theroot.com/the-genius-of-resilience-toward-a-new-black-national-1844367817 |access-date=2020-07-18 |website=The Root |language=en-us}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2020, Movement for Black Lives ta fitar da buƙatun manufofi don mayar da martani ga [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|cutar ta COVID-19]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Breanna |date=March 31, 2020 |title=Movement For Black Lives Releases Policy Demands In Response To COVID-19 |url=https://www.essence.com/news/movement-for-black-lives-policy-demands-coronavirus-m4bl/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404025705/https://www.essence.com/news/movement-for-black-lives-policy-demands-coronavirus-m4bl/ |archive-date=April 4, 2020 |access-date=April 24, 2020 |website=Essence |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ƙungiya == Deva Woodly, Farfesa a fannin Siyasa a jami’ar The New School, ta bayyana The Movement for Black Lives a lokacin zanga-zangar George Floyd a matsayin “ƙungiya-madaidaiciya da ta haɗa da tarin ƙungiyoyin gwagwarmaya a faɗin ƙasar,” wadda ta baiwa mutane damar “hade hanyoyin dake nuna matsalolin da ake fama da su a yanzu da kuma tushen matsalolin.”<ref>{{Cite web|last=Woodly|first=Deva|title=An American Reckoning|url=https://publicseminar.org/essays/an-american-reckoning/|access-date=2020-07-02|website=Public Seminar|date=June 4, 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Tsarin yanke shawara === M4BL tana aiki ne ta hanyar tsarin "hub-and-spoke" mara cibiyar iko, inda kowace reshe ta gari (kamar BYP100) ke da ’yancin kansu yayin da suke haɗin kai da rukuni-rukunin aiki na ƙasa guda shida. Takardun cikin gida sun nuna cewa kashi 73% na yanke shawarar kuɗi ana yin su ne ta wurin majalisun yankuna da ’yan gwagwarmaya na ƙasa suka kafa.<ref>{{Cite news |title=m4bl.org |url=https://m4bl.org/organizational-structure }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Wannan tsari ya fuskanci suka a lokacin sauyin shugabanci na shekarar 2022, inda wasu membobi suka zargi rassan da suka fi arziƙi da rinjaye a yanke shawara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=www.washingtonpost.com |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2022/08/14/blm-internal-tensions/}}</ref> === Manufa da bayanai === {{Progressivism}}Manufar ƙungiyar, da aka fitar a watan Agustan 2016, mai taken *A Vision for Black Lives: Policy Demands for Black Power, Freedom and Justice*, ta ƙunshi buƙatu guda shida:<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lee|first=Trymaine|date=August 1, 2016|title=Black Lives Matter Releases Policy Agenda|language=en-US|work=NBC News|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/black-lives-matter-releases-policy-agenda-n620966|access-date=2020-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Platform – The Movement for Black Lives|url=https://policy.m4bl.org/platform/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828130258/https://policy.m4bl.org/platform/|archive-date=August 28, 2016|access-date=September 15, 2016|website=policy.m4bl.org}}</ref> # A dakatar da yaƙi da bakar fata. # Diyya saboda bautar da aka yi a Amurka da kuma munanan abubuwan da suka biyo baya. # A daina zuba jari a cibiyoyin da ke daure da cutar da bakar fata; a mayar da hankali wajen jari ga ilimi, lafiya da tsaron rayuwar bakar fata. # Adalcin tattalin arziki ga kowa da kowa da sake gina tsarin tattalin arziki domin al’ummomi su mallaki dukiya tare, ba kawai su samu damar shiga ba. # Sarrafa dokoki, cibiyoyi da manufofi da suka fi shafar rayuwarmu ta hanyar haɗin kan al’umma. # Ƙarfi a siyasa da ikon yanke hukunci na bakar fata a dukkan fannoni na rayuwa. M4BL na ganin cewa biyar diyya wani abu ne mai yiwuwa kuma yana da tushe, duba da diyya da aka biya wa manoman bakar fata a shekarar 2012.<ref name="Repar">{{Cite web | publisher=Movement For Black Lives | author=National African American Reparations Commission | author-link=National African American Reparations Commission | pages=1–12 | title=HR 40 Primer : Seize The Time! | url=https://m4bl.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/NCOBRA-HR40-Primer.pdf | number=#HR 40 | access-date=2025-06-26 | archive-date=2025-07-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250706201635/https://m4bl.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/NCOBRA-HR40-Primer.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2023-2024, ƙungiyar ta fitar da bayani cewa “muna buƙatar dakatar da harin gaggawa da kuma kawo ƙarshen mamayar yankin Falasɗinu da Amurka ke mara wa baya,” tare da alƙawarin “ƙi yayyafa wa kisan ƙare dangi da ake yi a Gaza.”<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m4bl.org/statements/movement-for-black-lives-statement-on-us-backed-occupation-of-palestine/ | title=Movement for Black Lives Calls for an Immediate End to the U.S.-Backed Occupation of Palestine }}</ref> === Kuɗi da tallafin cibiyoyi === Bayan da ƙungiyar ta fitar da manufofinta a 2016, ƙungiyoyi 50 sun bayyana goyon bayansu. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukanta shi ne kafa Asusun Gwagwarmayar Bakar Fata (BLMF) ta hannun ƙungiyar bada tallafi ta Borealis Philanthropy. Wannan asusu an kafa shi don tallafa wa M4BL, kuma yana da burin haɗa gudummawar dala miliyan 100 ga ƙungiyar, tare da taimaka mata wajen haɓaka ƙarfinta na cikin gida.<ref>{{Cite web|last=McGirt|first=Ellen|date=August 8, 2016|title=raceAhead: Why Ford Foundation Is Underwriting Black Lives Matter|url=https://fortune.com/2016/08/08/raceahead-why-ford-foundation-is-underwriting-black-lives-matter/|access-date=2020-07-31|website=Fortune magazine|language=en}}</ref> == Manyan abubuwa == === Zanga-zangar Jami’ar Cleveland State === A ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2015, mutane daga sassa daban-daban na ƙasar Amurka suka taru a Jami’ar Cleveland State domin nuna damuwa kan cin zarafin da ’yan sanda ke yi wa al’ummar bakar fata. Musamman, rasuwar mutanen da suka haɗa da Michael Brown, Eric Garner, da Tamir Rice ne suka ƙarfafa buƙatar wannan taro a tsakanin al’ummar bakar fata. A lokacin taron wanda ya ɗauki kwanaki uku (24–26 ga Yuli), masu fafutuka sun halarci muhawarori, kallon fina-finai gajeru, da kuma bitoci da aka shirya domin inganta ƙwarewar masu neman mafita kan matsalolin da ke addabar bakar fata. Taron na Jami’ar Cleveland State ana ɗaukar sa a matsayin babban taron farko na ƙungiyar Movement for Black Lives, inda mutane fiye da 1,500 suka halarta. Daga bisani, masu fafutuka daga wannan taron suka ɗauki matakin kafa ƙungiyar Movement for Black Lives ta hukuma tare da tsara manufofin da za su zama jagora ga masu fafutuka daga sassa daban-daban na ƙasar domin kawo ƙarshen cin zarafin ’yan sanda da nuna wariya ga bakar fata a Amurka.<ref name="cleveland2015" /><ref name="bernard2017" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Walker|first=Carol Carter|date=August 31, 2015|title=The Movement For Black Lives Convening In Cleveland—A Transformative Experience|url=https://sidewithlove.org/ourstories/a-transformative-experience|access-date=March 15, 2017|website=Standing on the Side of Love|archive-date=December 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211131738/https://sidewithlove.org/ourstories/a-transformative-experience|url-status=dead}}</ref> Taron ya samu ƙarin kulawar kafafen yaɗa labarai na ƙasa baki ɗaya, a ranar ƙarshe na taron, lokacin da wani jami’in Cleveland Regional Transit Authority (RTA) ya fesa barkonon tsohuwa ga taron gungun masu zanga-zanga da yawancinsu bakar fata da ke da nisan kadan daga Jami’ar Cleveland State. Gungun sun taru ne sakamakon cafke wani yaro bakar fata da wani jami’in RTA ya yi saboda ya sha giya. A cewar hukumomi, matashin ya kasa kula da kansa saboda yawan shan giya, kuma hakan ya sa suka ga ya dace a tsare shi. Yayin da ake tsare yaron, mutane suka kewaye motar ’yan sanda domin nuna adawa, kuma domin warware hanyar motar, jami’in ’yan sandan sufuri ya fesa barkonon tsohuwa ga masu zanga-zanga. Wannan lamari ya jawo suka daga kungiyoyi masu kare haƙƙin bil’adama irin su ACLU na [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]], inda suka ce amfani da barkonon tsohuwa wajen tarwatsa mutane yana da matsala.<ref>{{Cite news|date=July 30, 2015|title=ACLU Questions RTA Police Pepper Spray Incident at Close of Movement for Black Lives Convening|work=Targeted News Service|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1700329726/|access-date=March 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Yang|first=Jessica|date=July 30, 2015|title=RTA Officer Pepper Sprays Movement for Black Lives Gathering at CSU|work=University Wire; Carlsbad|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1770432115/|access-date=March 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Larimer|first=Sarah|date=July 27, 2015|title=Cleveland Authorities Investigating Officer Who Pepper-Sprayed 'Black Lives' Activists|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1702098777/|access-date=March 15, 2017}}</ref> === Nuna goyon bayan wasanni na ƙwararru === ’Yan wasa daga fannoni daban-daban na wasanni na ƙwararru a Amurka sun nuna goyon bayansu ga wannan motsi ta hanyar gudanar da zanga-zanga. A shekarar 2016, ɗan wasan ƙwallon kafa Colin Kaepernick ya zaɓi durƙusawa yayin da ake rera taken ƙasa a wani wasan NFL. A lokacin hirar bayan wasa, Kaepernick ya bayyana da cewa, “Ba zan tsaya domin nuna alfahari da tutar ƙasa da ke zaluntar bakar fata da sauran masu launin fata ba.”<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 27, 2016|title=Colin Kaepernick explains why he sat during national anthem|language=en|work=NFL|url=https://www.nfl.com/news/colin-kaepernick-explains-why-he-sat-during-national-anthem-0ap3000000691077|access-date=March 15, 2017}}</ref> Kaepernick da wasu ’yan wasa sun fuskanci suka mai tsanani saboda wannan ɗabi’a a lokacin kakar wasan 2016, har da fuskantar suka daga Alkalin Kotun Ƙoli Ruth Bader Ginsburg, wacce ta ce, “Shin zan kama su saboda hakan? A’a… amma hakan ba da hankali ba ne kuma rashin girmamawa ne.”<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bieler|first=Des|date=October 12, 2016|title=Colin Kaepernick responds to Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg's criticism of anthem protests|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2016/10/12/colin-kaepernick-responds-to-justice-ruth-bader-ginsburgs-criticism-of-anthem-protests/|access-date=March 16, 2017|newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref> Duk da cewa wannan mataki ya jawo ra’ayoyi masu ɗimbin yawa, amma ya sanya batun rayuwar bakar fata a gaba da gaba cikin tattaunawar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sandritter|first=Mark|date=September 11, 2016|title=All the athletes who joined Kaepernick's national anthem protest|url=https://www.sbnation.com/2016/9/11/12869726/colin-kaepernick-national-anthem-protest-seahawks-brandon-marshall-nfl|access-date=March 16, 2017|website=SBNation|publisher=Vox Media}}</ref> ’Yan wasa daga sauran wasannin ƙwararru kamar NBA suma sun shiga cikin nuna goyon baya ga motsin. A 2016, LeBron James, Chris Paul, Dwyane Wade, da Carmelo Anthony sun hau mataki a bikin ESPY domin bayar da “kiran aiki” dangane da harbe-harben da aka yi wa Philando Castile da Alton Sterling, da kuma mutuwar ’yan sanda biyar da aka kashe a Dallas. Wadannan taurarin NBA sun yi amfani da damar wajen ƙarfafa hadin kai a tsakanin masu ra’ayoyi daban-daban. Dwyane Wade ya ce, “Dakata da nuna wariya bisa launin fata… amma kuma ramuwar gayya ma ta daina. Ya isa haka.” Sun ƙara da kiran Amurkawa da su “ƙi duk wani tashin hankali,” su maida hankali kan sake gina al’ummomin da ke daure da juna.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bieler|first=Des|date=July 13, 2016|title=NBA superstars issue 'call to action' for fellow athletes in appearance at ESPYs|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2016/07/13/nba-superstars-issue-call-to-action-for-fellow-athletes-in-appearance-at-espys/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Huddleston|first=Tom|date=July 14, 2016|title=LeBron James and Fellow NBA Stars Call for Nonviolence at ESPYs|work=Fortune|url=https://fortune.com/2016/07/14/epsys-gun-violence-lebron-james/|access-date=March 16, 2017}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|last1=Ockerman|first1=Emma|last2=Chan|first2=Rosalie|date=July 7, 2016|title=Thousands of New Yorkers Protest Police Shootings of Black Men|magazine=Time|url=https://time.com/4397693/minnesota-shooting-police-new-york-protests/|access-date=March 16, 2017|archive-date=March 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316113430/http://time.com/4397693/minnesota-shooting-police-new-york-protests/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Yajin Aiki don Rayuwar Bakar Fata === A ranar 20 ga Yuli, 2020, ƙungiyar Movement for Black Lives tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi fiye da 60 ciki har da wasu ɗaruruwan ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago, sun shirya yajin aikin Strike for Black Lives. A matsayin wani ɓangare na zanga-zangar George Floyd da kuma motsin Black Lives Matter gaba ɗaya, yajin aikin ya ƙunshi ficewar ma’aikata a fadin ƙasar don neman adalci na kabilanci da tattalin arziki.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Billings|first=Kevin|date=July 20, 2020|title=Thousands Of Workers To Participate In 'Strike For Black Lives' Protests|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/thousands-workers-participate-strike-black-lives-protests-3014077|access-date=July 23, 2020|website=International Business Times|publisher=IBT Media}}</ref> == Karɓuwa == Ƙungiyoyi kamar National Council of Asian Pacific Americans, ACLU na Arewacin [[California]], da National Council of Jewish Women sun nuna goyon bayansu ga Gwagwarmayar Rayukan Baƙaƙe (Movement for Black Lives) ta hanyar fitar da bayani a fili bayan wallafa manufofinta da ya jawo cece-kuce. Kiran da Gwagwarmayar Rayukan Baƙaƙe ta yi na gyaran tsarin shari’a da kawo ƙarshen cin zarafin ‘yan sanda ya samu karɓuwa daga ƙungiyoyin rajin kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam. A cikin wata sanarwa, National Council of Jewish Women ta bayyana da cewa, "NCJW tana tabbatar da cewa rayukan baƙaƙe na da muhimmanci, ciki har da Yahudawa masu launin fata, waɗanda sune muhimmin ɓangare na al’ummominmu na Yahudawa da NCJW. Muna gane cewa al’ummomin baƙaƙe da na Yahudawa suna da alaƙa mai ƙarfi, kuma gwagwarmayarmu don adalci na zamantakewa tana haɗe da juna." <ref name="proquest2016">{{Cite news|date=August 8, 2016|title=NCJW Responds to Movement for Black Lives Platform|work=Targeted News Service|id={{ProQuest|1810281606}}}}</ref>{{pb}} Gwagwarmayar Rayukan Baƙaƙe ta samu ƙarin goyon baya daga Democracy for America bayan fitar da kundin manufofinta. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan manufofin wannan gwagwarmaya shine haɓaka tsarin dimokuraɗiyya wanda zai fi wakiltar al’ummomin baƙaƙe a Amurka. Ƙungiyoyi da dama na siyasa sun nuna haɗin kai da M4BL domin, a cewar Democracy for America, ana ganin ta a matsayin "mabuɗin tattaunawa mai ma’ana da ta ƙunshe da sakamako waɗanda shugabannin yanzu da masu zuwa na jam’iyyar Democrat za su yi da al’ummomin da suke wakilta." <ref name="gale2016">"Democracy for America Endorses Movement for Black Lives Policy Platform; For Editor Vail (speech)." ''Targeted News Service'', 7 Dec. 2016. ''Infotrac Newsstand'', http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=STND&sw=w&u=lom_umichanna&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA472997999&sid=summon&asid=c843213d4a832dfeadc34b9f83316ea6{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Accessed 7 Mar. 2017.</ref> Bugu da ƙari, manufofin wannan gwagwarmaya na haɓaka sauyi a fannoni na tattalin arziki, siyasa da zamantakewa sun bayar da wata "ƙa’ida mai ƙarfi" ga ‘yan majalisa masu zuwa don su fahimci matsalolin da ke addabar al’ummomin baƙaƙe da kuma nemo mafita.{{pb}} A shekarar 2016, Ford Foundation ta haɗu da Borealis Philanthropy, wata ƙungiyar tallafi, domin kafa wata asusu mai suna "Black-Led Movement Fund" da nufin "samar da dala miliyan 100 domin tallafawa Gwagwarmayar Rayukan Baƙaƙe." <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2016/08/08/funding-black-lives-matter-ford/|title=Who Is Funding Black Lives Matter: Ford Foundation|last=McGirt|first=Ellen|website=Fortune|access-date=2017-06-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fordfoundation.org/ideas/equals-change-blog/posts/why-black-lives-matter-to-philanthropy/|title=Why black lives matter to philanthropy|website=Ford Foundation|date=July 19, 2016 |access-date=2017-06-24}}</ref> Ko da yake Ford Foundation ta dakatar da wannan jarin gaba ɗaya daga baya, har yanzu tana bai wa ƙungiyoyi kuɗaɗe masu yawa don goyon bayan adalci na launin fata. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Grants All|url=https://www.fordfoundation.org/work/our-grants/grants-database/grants-all?page=2|access-date=2021-07-18|website=Ford Foundation|language=en}}</ref> BLMF ta raba tallafi kaɗan-kaɗan ga ƙungiyoyi da dama a cikin wannan gwagwarmaya. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://borealisphilanthropy.org/grantmaking/black-led-movement-fund/grantees/|title=Grantees|work=Borealis Philanthropy|access-date=2017-06-24|language=en-US|archive-date=November 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122005538/https://borealisphilanthropy.org/grantmaking/black-led-movement-fund/grantees/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Zuwa ƙarshen shekarar 2020, Borealis Philanthropy ta raba dala miliyan 5.4 ga ƙungiyoyin tushe domin tallafawa M4BL. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-10|title=The Black-led Movement Fund Moves $5.4 Million to Grassroots Organizations in Fall 2020 - Borealis Philanthropy|url=https://borealisphilanthropy.org/blmf-moves-over-5million-fall-2020/|access-date=2021-07-18|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718175132/https://borealisphilanthropy.org/blmf-moves-over-5million-fall-2020/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Akwai matsanancin rashin jin daɗi daga ƙungiyoyin Yahudawa dangane da kundin manufofin Gwagwarmayar Rayukan Baƙaƙe na shekarar 2016, <ref>{{Cite news|title=Jewish groups condemn Black Lives Matter platform for accusing 'apartheid' Israel of 'genocide'|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/jewish-allies-condemn-black-lives-matters-apartheid-platform-1.5421194|access-date=2020-06-14|newspaper=Haaretz|language=en|archive-date=2020-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614002821/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/jewish-allies-condemn-black-lives-matters-apartheid-platform-1.5421194|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-05|title=Why the Black Lives Matter Platform's False Accusation of Israeli 'Genocide' Was So Damaging|url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/from-left-to-right-jewish-groups-condemn-repellent-black-lives-matter-claim-of-israeli-genocide|access-date=2020-06-14|website=Tablet Magazine|language=en}}</ref> inda M4BL ta bayyana cewa "[Amurka] tana amfani da haɗin guiwa da Isra'ila don halatta kuma ci gaba da yaƙin da take da 'yan ta'adda a duniya, kuma tana da hannu cikin kisan ƙare dangi da ake yi wa al’ummar Palasɗinu", da cewa "Isra’ila ƙasa ce ta wariyar launin fata", da cewa "[Amurka] ta bayar da kuɗaɗen gina katangar wariya." <ref>{{cite web |title=Invest–Divest |work=The Movement for Black Lives |url=https://policy.m4bl.org/invest-divest/ |publisher=Movement for Black Lives |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212055703/https://policy.m4bl.org/invest-divest/ |archive-date=12 February 2020}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=June 2020}} A watan Agusta na 2020, Gwagwarmayar Rayukan Baƙaƙe tare da fiye da ƙungiyoyi 100 na hagu, ciki har da Council on American-Islamic Relations, Jewish Voice for Peace da Jews for Racial and Economic Justice, sun sanya hannu a wata wasiƙar bude wadda ke kira da a katse hulɗa da Anti-Defamation League (ADL) saboda goyon bayanta ga Isra’ila. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-13|title=Left-wing activists call for boycott of Anti-Defamation League|url=https://forward.com/fast-forward/452610/left-wing-activists-call-for-boycott-of-anti-defamation-league/|access-date=2020-08-24|website=Forward.com\language=en}}; [https://droptheadl.org/ Open letter to progressives: The ADL is not an ally.] ''droptheadl.org'', August 2020.</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} dtodqe2x0gi519d7jnhn3mxre0oq3qi 0 100679 906663 835104 2026-08-23T19:07:39Z Zahrah0 14848 906663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Indrajit Saroj''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Janairun shekara ta alif 1963) babban ɗan siyasa ne kuma Babban Sakatare na Jam'iyyar Samajwadi . <ref>{{Cite web |title=UP News: अखिलेश यादव की नई टीम घोषित, शिवपाल, स्वामी प्रसाद, आजम खां सहित 14 लोग बनाए गए राष्ट्रीय महासचिव |url=https://www.amarujala.com/lucknow/sp-s-national-executive-declared-shivpal-and-swami-prasad-national-general-secretaries-2023-01-29 |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> A halin yanzu memba ne na Majalisar Dokokin Uttar Pradesh daga mazabar Manjhanpur . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-11 |title=Manjhanpur Vidhan sabha seat: मंझनपुर में इंद्रजीत सरोज ने लहराया समाजवादी पार्टी का परचम, दर्ज की बंपर जीत |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-2022/up-assembly-election-2022-manjhanpur-vidhan-sabha-seat-uttar-pradesh-vidhan-sabha-chunav-manjhanpur-election-result-1095863.html |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref> == Rayuwar siyasa == An haifi Indrajit Saroj a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1963 a Nagreha Khurd Paschim Sharira na Allahabad yanzu Kaushambi . Mahaifinsa Maideen manomi ne. Da tasirin ra'ayoyin [[B. R. Ambedkar|Babasaheb Ambedkar]] daga rayuwarsa ta dalibi, Indrajit Saroj ya ci gaba da shiga cikin ayyukan siyasa da ƙungiyoyi, ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Allahabad a shekarar 1985, bayan haka ya shiga cikin babban rafi na siyasa kuma Jam'iyyar Bahujan Samaj da Manyavar Kanshi Ram ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi. An zabe shi MLA a karo na farko daga Manjhanpur a zaben majalisar dokoki na shekarar alif 1996. Ya kasance ministan majalisar ministocin Uttar Pradesh sau da yawa. Ya kasance MLA sau hudu daga Manjhanpur Vidhansabha har zuwa yanzu kuma kodayake ya rasa zaben ga Lal Bahadur na BJP a zaben majalisa na shekarar 2017. Bayan bambance-bambance da Mayawati, ya bar Jam'iyyar Bahujan Samaj a shekarar 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |title=मायावती को झटकाः इंद्रजीत सरोज ने 250 समर्थकों समेत बसपा छोड़ी |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-indrajit-saroj-left-the-bsp-with-their-250-upporters-16479355.html |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> kuma ya shiga Jam'iyyar Samajwadi, <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2017 |title=यूपी : बसपा नेता इंद्रजीत सरोज सपा में शामिल, अखिलेश बोले- पार्टी को अपना घर समझिए, यहां है लोकतंत्र |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/up/lucknow/1058435 |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref> a halin yanzu shi ne Mataimakin Shugaban Jam'iyyar adawa a Majalisar Dokokin Uttar Pradesh <ref>{{Cite web |last=मिश्रा |first=अविनीश |date=2023-02-01 |title=स्वामी, राजभर और सरोज... 'कौशांबी मॉडल' से बीजेपी को फिर मात देंगे अखिलेश? |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/akhilesh-yadav-stake-6-defector-makes-general-secretary-samajwadi-party-abpp-2323106 |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref> kuma Babban Sakataren Jam'iyyarSamajwadi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-15 |title=जानें कौन हैं 25 साल के पुष्पेंद्र सरोज जिन पर सपा ने कौशांबी से लगाया दांव? |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/allahabad-up-lok-sabha-election-2024-samajwadi-party-candidate-pushpendra-saroj-from-kaushmabi-seat-8238676.html |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Indrajit Saroj ya auri Pushpa Devi . Suna da 'ya'ya mata uku da ɗa. Ɗansu Pushpendra Saroj shine mafi ƙanƙanta a Majalisar Dokokin Indiya a cikin Lok Sabha ta 18, wanda ya sami ilimi a lissafi da gudanarwa a Jami'ar Sarauniya Mary ta London . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=25 की उम्र...जानें कौन हैं पुष्पेंद्र सरोज जो लंदन से सीधे यूपी के रणक्षेत्र में कूदे |url=https://www.indiatv.in/uttar-pradesh/lok-sabha-elections-2024-pushpendra-saroj-kaushambi-samajwadi-party-candidate-2024-04-17-1038941}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 3775yzuuhbcucj85r1vuzge7tr2htgn 0 102295 906936 637719 2026-08-24T08:00:46Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 906936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ƙungiyar Ceto ta Musulunci''' ( Arabic الجبهة الإسلامية للإنقاذ ; French , '''FIS''' ) jam'iyyar siyasa ce mai kishin Islama a [[Aljeriya]] . Jam’iyyar tana da manyan shugabanni guda biyu da ke wakiltar tushenta guda biyu na goyon bayanta; Abbassi Madani ya yi kira ga ’yan kasuwa masu tsoron Allah, kuma Ali Belhadj ya yi kira ga fusatattun matasa na Algeria marasa aikin yi. An sanya shi a hukumance a matsayin jam'iyyar siyasa a watan Satumbar 1989, kasa da shekara guda bayan haka FIS ta sami fiye da rabin kuri'un da 'yan Aljeriya suka jefa a Zaben [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] na 1990. Lokacin da ya bayyana cewa yana cin nasara a babban zabe a watan Janairun 1992, juyin mulkin soja ya rushe jam'iyyar, ya kwantar da dubban jami'anta a cikin [[Sahara]]. An dakatar da shi a hukumance watanni biyu bayan haka. Rundunarsa mai dauke da makamai, Sojojin Ceto na Musulunci (AIS), sun yi yaƙi a [[Yaƙin Basasar Aljeriya|Yaƙin basasar Aljeriya]] da Gwamnatin Aljeriya daga Yuli 1994 har zuwa rushewarta a watan Janairun 2000. == Manufofin == Wadanda suka kafa FIS da shugabannin ba su yarda da dukkan batutuwa ba, amma sun amince da babban manufar kafa kasar Islama da ke karkashin dokar [[Shari'a]]. FIS da sauri ta tara dandamali a cikin 1989, Projet de Programme du Front Islamique du Salut, wanda aka soki shi sosai kamar yadda ba shi da tabbas. Nasarar zaben da ta samu a shekarar 1990, wanda ya ba ta iko da kananan hukumomi da yawa, ya haifar da sanya [[Hijab|mayafi]] a kan ma'aikatan birni mata, matsawa shagunan giya, shagunan bidiyo da sauran cibiyoyin da aka ɗauka ba Musulunci ba ne don rufewa, da rarrabe wuraren wanka ta hanyar jinsi. Cire harshen Faransanci da al'adu wani muhimmin batu ne ga mutane da yawa a cikin FIS kamar abokin jagora Ali Benhadj, wanda a cikin 1990 ya bayyana niyyarsa "don hana Faransa daga Aljeriya ta hanyar ilimi da akida, kuma a yi, sau ɗaya kuma don duka, tare da waɗanda Faransa ta kula da madarar da ta guba". Masu fafutuka masu ibada sun cire farantin tauraron dan adam na gidajen da ke karɓar watsa shirye-shiryen tauraron dan Adam na Larabawa da ke karbar Saudiyya. A fannin ilimi, jam'iyyar ta himmatu ga ci gaba da Arabization na tsarin ilimi ta hanyar sauya harshen koyarwa a wasu cibiyoyi, kamar makarantun likita da fasaha, daga Faransanci zuwa Larabci. Yawancin masu karatun digiri na baya-bayan nan, ƙarni na farko bayan 'yancin kai da suka fi karatu a Larabci, sun ji daɗin wannan ma'auni, saboda sun sami ci gaba da amfani da Faransanci a ilimi mafi girma da rayuwar jama'a mai banƙyama da rashin amfani. Bayan kuri'un farko na Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, FIS ta fitar da takarda ta biyu. A fannin tattalin arziki, ya soki tattalin arzikin Aljeriya da aka tsara sosai, yana mai da hankali kan bukatar kare kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da karfafa gasa - samun goyon baya daga 'yan kasuwa da kananan' yan kasuwa - kuma ya bukaci kafa bankin Islama. &nbsp;&nbsp;Koyaya, shugabannin Abbassi Madani da Abdelkader Hachani dukansu sun yi maganganun adawa da buɗe ƙasar ga gasa daga kasuwancin ƙasashen waje. A cikin zamantakewa, ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a ba mata ƙarfafawa ta kuɗi don zama a gida maimakon yin aiki a waje, don haka gabatar da rarrabewar jima'i (Ali Belhadj ya kira shi lalata ga maza da mata suyi aiki a cikin ofishin ɗaya) tare da manufar da ake tsammani na kara yawan ayyukan da maza ke akwai a lokacin rashin aikin yi. A siyasance, saɓani tsakanin kalmomin Madani da Belhadj ya kasance mai ban sha'awa: Madani ya yi Allah wadai da tashin hankali "daga duk inda ya fito", kuma ya bayyana jajircewarsa ga dimokuradiyya da ƙudurin "girmama 'yan tsiraru, koda kuwa an kunshi kuri'a ɗaya". Belhadj ya ce, "Babu dimokuradiyya a cikin Islama" da kuma "Idan mutane suka jefa kuri'a a kan Dokar Allah... wannan ba komai bane face saɓo. Ulama za su ba da umarnin mutuwar masu laifi waɗanda suka maye gurbin ikonsu ga na Allah". A wata hira da Daniel Pipes da Patrick Clawson, Anwar Haddam ya ki amincewa da wannan ra'ayi game da Belhadj, yana cewa, "An yi masa kuskuren. An zarge shi da abubuwa saboda fushi. Ya rubuta littafi inda ya bayyana kansa a fili don goyon bayan dimokuradiyya. A ciki, ya rubuta a shafi na 91 cewa "Yammacin ya ci gaba ta hanyar kayar da zalunci da kiyaye 'yanci; wannan shine asirin ci gaban Yammacin duniya."Belhadj yana nufin sau da yawa ga duniyar Yamma da kuma waɗannan dabi'un da mutane ke ƙoƙarin ƙin yarda da mu a cikin iyakokinmu. " == Tarihi == === Tarihi === Yanayin zamantakewa wanda ya haifar da kafawa da shahara na FIS sun haɗa da fashewar yawan jama'a a cikin shekarun 1960 da 70 wanda ya fi karfin tattalin arzikin da ya tsaya don samar da ayyuka, gidaje, abinci da ababen more rayuwa na birane ga yawan matasa a cikin birane; [Lura 1] faduwar farashin mai, wanda sayar da shi ya samar da 95% na fitar da Aljeriya da 60% na kasafin kudin; wata jam'iyya guda daya da aka fi dogara da kwaminisanci a cikin manyan matakan soja na 'yanci' yancin kai a cikin shekarun nan' yancin Turai; ya faru a cikin manyan matasan da kuma sanannun nan 'yanci na' yancin duniya na' yanci na' Ƙungiyoyin Salafist na farko a Aljeriya sun haɗa da [[Ƴan'uwa Musulmai|Ƙungiyar Musulmi]] Ulemas da Abdel Hamid Ben Badis ya kafa a 1931, wanda kamar Muslim Brotherhood ya yi imanin cewa addini ya kamata ya zama "cikakken mayar da hankali ga rayuwar sirri da al'umma", ya yi wa'azi game da "cambi" na mashahuriyar Islama da al'adun Faransa ko secularism a Aljariya, amma bai shiga siyasa ko inganta jihar Islama ba. Bayan samun 'yancin kai gwamnatin [[Houari Boumédiène|Houari Boumediene]] ta fara kamfen na Arabisation da Islama a kan harshen Faransanci wanda har yanzu yana da rinjaye a ilimi mafi girma da kuma sana'o'i. Ya dauki Masarawa don su Arabiya da kuma cire tsarin makarantar, gami da adadi mai yawa na membobin Muslim Brotherhood. Yawancin ƙarni na "malaman da ke magana da harshen Larabci" waɗanda 'yan uwan suka horar sun karɓi imanin malaman su kuma sun ci gaba da zama tushen "masu ilimin Islama" waɗanda suka zama FIS (Ali Belhadj shine babban misali). A cikin shekarun 1980s gwamnati ta shigo da sanannun malaman Islama guda biyu, Mohammed al-Ghazali da [[Yusuf Alkaradawi|Yusuf al-Qaradawi]], don "ƙarfafa bangaren addini" na jam'iyyar National Liberation Front (FLN) mai mulki "ka'idar kishin kasa". Koyaya, malamai biyu sun kasance "masu tafiya" na Muslim Brotherhood, magoya bayan Saudi Arabia da sauran masarautun Gulf, kuma sun goyi bayan "farkawar Islama" a Aljeriya, suna ba da "hidimar baki" kawai ga gwamnati. Wani mai bin addinin Islama, [[Mustafa Bouyali]], "mai wa'azi mai basira" kuma tsohon soja na gwagwarmayar samun 'yancin kai na Aljeriya, ya yi kira ga amfani da ''[[Shari'a]]'' da ƙirƙirar jihar Islama ta hanyar ''[[jihadi]]''. Bayan tsanantawa daga jami'an tsaro ya kafa Mouvement Islamique Arme (MIA), "ƙungiya mai sauƙi na ƙananan kungiyoyi", tare da kansa a matsayin amir a shekarar 1982. Kungiyarsa ta gudanar da jerin "harin kai tsaye" a kan gwamnatin kuma ta sami damar yin yaƙi a karkashin kasa na tsawon shekaru biyar kafin a kashe Bouyali a watan Fabrairun 1987. Har ila yau, a cikin shekarun 1980s, daruruwan matasa sun bar Aljeriya zuwa sansanonin Peshawar don yin yaƙi da jihadi a Afghanistan. Kamar yadda Aljeriya ta kasance abokiyar kusa da abokin gaba na jihadi da Tarayyar Soviet, waɗannan jihadi sun kasance suna la'akari da jihadi na Afghanistan a matsayin "farko" ga jihadi a kan FLN na Aljeriya. Bayan gwamnatin Marxist a Afghanistan ta fadi, da yawa daga cikin jihadi na Salafist sun koma Aljeriya kuma sun goyi bayan FIS kuma daga baya GIA.<ref name="GKJTPI2002:164" /> Har ila yau, ƙarawa ga ƙarfin salafist "farfadowar Islama" da Islama ta siyasa a Aljeriya shine rauni (ko rashin wanzuwar) na kowane madadin a cikin hanyar shahararrun 'yan uwantaka Musulmi waɗanda gwamnatin FLN ta rushe su don ramawa saboda rashin goyon baya kuma gwamnatin FLN ce ta kwace ƙasarsu kuma ta sake rarraba su bayan samun' yancin kai A lokacin da kuma bayan Rikicin Oktoba na 1988, 'yan Islama sun "tsaya kan gina gadoji ga matasa matalauta na birane". Rikicin ya "ƙasa" bayan ganawa tsakanin Shugaba Chadli da Musulmai Ali Belhadj da membobin Muslim Brotherhood . === Kafuwa === A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 1988, an yi wa Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Aljeriya gyara domin ba da damar jam’iyyun da ba na mulkin kasar ba, kamar Jam’iyyar National Liberation Front (FLN), su samu rajista da aiki a hukumance. Daga baya aka kafa FIS a birnin [[Aljir|Algiers]] a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 1989, karkashin jagorancin wani dattijo sheikh mai suna Abbassi Madani,<ref>{{cite book|author=Augustus Richard Norton|title=Civil society in the Middle East. 2 (2001)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k61qG1OlLl4C&pg=PA83|access-date=13 September 2014|year=2001|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-10469-0|page=83|archive-date=21 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521151515/https://books.google.com/books?id=k61qG1OlLl4C&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> tare da wani matashin limamin masallaci mai jawo hankali, Ali Belhadj. Ra’ayoyin jam’iyyar sun ratsa fadin ra’ayoyin masu kishin addinin Islama, kodayake ba duka ba,<ref name=GKJTPI2002:166-7/> wanda shugabannin biyu ke wakilta. Abbassi Madani, farfesa a Jami’ar Algiers kuma tsohon dan gwagwarmayar ‘yancin kai, ya wakilci ra’ayin addini na matsakaicin ra’ayi tare da danganta jam’iyyar da yakin neman ‘yancin Aljeriya, wanda FLN ke amfani da shi a matsayin sahihancin mulkinta. Burinsa shi ne “musuluntar da tsarin mulki ba tare da canza ginshikan al’umma ba.”<ref name=GKJTPI2002:166-7/> Jam’iyyar ta samu rajista a hukumance a ranar 16 ga Satumba, 1989.<ref name=GKJTPI2002:169>Kepel, ''Jihad'', 2002: shafi na 169</ref> Ali Belhadj, malamin makarantar sakandare ne, ya fi jan hankali matasa da wadanda ba su da manyan ilimi. Shi ƙwararren mai jawabi ne wanda ke iya tayar da hankali ko kwantar da hankalin dubban matasa ''hittiestes'' da ke sauraron sa. Amma jawaban sa masu tsanani sun tayar da hankalin wadanda ba ‘yan Islama ba da kuma mata masu fafutuka. Ana ganin yana wakiltar ra’ayin [[Salafiyya]]. Yayin da Madani ke goyon bayan dimokuradiyya da jam’iyyu da dama, Belhadj ya soki hakan yana ganin yana barazana ga shari’a. Goyon bayansu ga kasuwanci na ‘yanci da kuma kin amincewa da masu mulki ya ja hankalin ‘yan kasuwa na matsakaicin matsayi da ke jin an barsu a baya a harkar tattalin arziki. Kamar yadda aka gani a wasu kasashen Musulmi da suka bai wa ‘yan adawa dama da gudanar da zabe na gaskiya a karon farko, FIS ta ci gajiyar kasancewarta jam’iyyar addini. Ba kamar jam’iyyun sekula ba, tana da “ingantaccen tsarin masu wa’azi a cikin masallatai.”<ref name=GKJTPI2002:166-7/> Tushen magoya bayanta ya karu cikin sauri ta hanyar masu wa’azi da ke yada manufofin jam’iyyar a cikin masallatai masu goyon baya. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] j45fs141fmmk24vmcxcx1gw9gv7b3cc 0 103551 906949 896222 2026-08-24T08:05:40Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 906949 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kimberly Alexis Bledel''' (an haife ta ranar 16 ga Satumba, 1981) 'yar Amurka ce da ta shahara a harkar fim da kuma samar da hotuna (modeling). Ta fi shahara ne saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin Rory Gilmore a cikin shahararren shirin [[talabijin]] na Gilmore Girls (2000–2007), da kuma matsayin Emily Malek a cikin jerin The Handmaid’s Tale (2017–2021). Ta kuma bayyana a cikin Mad Men a shekarar 2012, sannan ta sake fitowa a matsayin Rory Gilmore a cikin Gilmore Girls: A Year in the Life (Netflix, 2016). == Fina-finai== Bledel ta fara fitowa a fim ne a cikin fim ɗin Tuck Everlasting (2002), inda ta taka rawar Winnie Foster. Daga nan ta ci gaba da fitowa a cikin fina-finai kamar: Sin City (2005), Post Grad (2009), The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants (2005), da ci gaba da shi a 2008 a matsayin Lena Kaligaris. == Lambobin Girmamawa da Karramawa == A saboda rawar da ta taka a Gilmore Girls, an ba ta dama ta lashe ko samun lambar yabo a Satellite Awards, Teen Choice Awards, da kuma Young Artist Awards. A cikin The Handmaid’s Tale, an ba ta nadin lambar Emmy guda hudu, kuma ta lashe Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series. Ta kuma samu nadin Screen Actors Guild Awards sau uku saboda gwaninta a cikin ƙungiyar ‘yan wasa mafi fice a jerin fina-finan drama. == Rayuwa da Iyali == An haifi Bledel a Houston, [[Texas]], ga iyayenta Nanette (Dozier), wadda ta kasance ma’aikaciyar jirgin sama da kuma mai sarrafa kyaututtuka, da Martín Bledel. Tana da ƙani guda, Eric. Mahaifinta ya fito ne daga [[Argentina]]. Mahaifiyarta an haife ta a Phoenix, [[Arizona]], amma danginsu sun koma Mexico lokacin tana da shekara 8. Kakanta na mahaifi, Enrique Einar Bledel Huus, an haife shi ne a [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina, kuma asalinsa yana da jini Danish da Jamusanci. Shi ne mataimakin shugaban kamfanin Coca-Cola Latin America. Kaka ta bangaren mahaifiya kuma Jean Campbell ta fito daga New York, asalin kakanninta sun hada da Scottish, Irish da English. Zhang ta bayyana cewa iyayenta sun zaɓi su reni ’ya’yansu bisa tsarin da aka rainesu a ciki, wato al’adar Latin America. Saboda haka, ta tashi cikin gidaje masu amfani da harshen Spanish, kuma ba ta koya Turanci ba sai da ta fara zuwa makaranta. == Karatu da Fara Harkokin Nishaɗi == Ta halarci makarantun Baptist da Lutheran, sannan ta kammala karatunta a makarantar Catholic St. Agnes Academy a Houston a 1999. Mahaifiyarta ta shawarce ta da ta shiga [[wasan kwaikwayo]] na gari domin ta rage kunya.vA ƙuruciyarta, ta fito a cikin wasannin Our Town da The Wizard of Oz. Ta fara aikin modeling bayan an gano ta a wani kasuwar cin kaya. Ta halarci jami’ar NYU, amma ta fice bayan an ɗauke ta a cikin shirin Gilmore Girls tana da shekara 18. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1981]] py5a7p8w1nu90l8o3757pw9kxzlqhhm 0 103718 906612 899295 2026-08-23T15:31:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906612 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography|name=Masta Kacher|image=|image_size=|caption=|fullname=Mastanabal Kacher|birth_date={{birth date and age|1995|11|8|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Azazga]], Algeria|height=1.79 m|position=[[Midfielder]]|currentclub=|clubnumber=|youthyears1=2012–2015|youthclubs1=[[Montreal Impact Academy|Montreal Impact]]|years1=2015–2016|clubs1=[[FC Montreal]]|caps1=36|goals1=4|years2=2017–2018|clubs2=[[Colorado Springs Switchbacks FC|Colorado Springs Switchbacks]]|caps2=32|goals2=8|years3=2018–2019|clubs3=[[Real Monarchs]]|caps3=37|goals3=4|years4=2019|clubs4=[[Saint Louis FC]]|caps4=13|goals4=1|years5=2020–2021|clubs5=[[Valour FC]]|caps5=17|goals5=1|years6=2022|clubs6=[[FC Edmonton]]|caps6=23|goals6=1|nationalyears1=|nationalteam1=|nationalcaps1=|nationalgoals1=|medaltemplates=|club-update=October 8, 2022|nationalteam-update=}} '''Mastanabal "Masta" Kacher''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1995) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Aljeriya . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Kacher a garin Azazga, Aljeriya, kafin ya yi hijira zuwa Kanada tare da iyalinsa yana da shekaru shida.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Walid Z. and Karim Djebri |date=October 5, 2012 |title=Découverte : M. Kacher et E. Houache, un "duo d'Impact" |url=http://www.dzfoot.com/2012/10/05/decouverte-m-kacher-et-e-houache-un-duo-dimpact-1615.php |access-date=April 1, 2015 |publisher=DZFoot |language=French |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402144620/http://www.dzfoot.com/2012/10/05/decouverte-m-kacher-et-e-houache-un-duo-dimpact-1615.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> === FC Montreal === Kacher ya kasance memba na makarantar Montreal Impact tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a shekara ta 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 23, 2016 |title=Mastanabal Kacher - Star kabyle du FC Montréal |url=https://kabyle.com/breves/mastanabal-kacher-etape-etape-impact-montreal-25646 |website=Kayble.com }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, an ba da sanarwar cewa Kacher zai buga wa FC Montreal, kungiyar ajiyar USL ta Montreal Impact a kakar wasa ta farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2015 |title=FC Montreal roster unveiled |url=http://www.impactmontreal.com/en/news/2015/03/fc-montreal-roster-unveiled |access-date=1 April 2015 |website=ImpactMontreal.com |publisher=Press Release Montreal Impact}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa kulob din wasa na farko a wasan da ya ci Toronto FC II 2-0.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2015 |title=FC Montreal loses 2-0 against Toronto FC II |url=http://www.impactmontreal.com/en/news/2015/03/fc-montreal-loses-2-0-against-toronto-fc-ii |access-date=1 April 2015 |website=ImpactMontreal.com |publisher=Montreal Impact}}</ref> Kacher zai shafe shekaru biyu tare da FC Montreal kafin kulob din ya daina aiki bayan kakar 2016, wani yanke shawara wanda zai kasance mai sukar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nicolas Landry |date=July 13, 2017 |title=Dissolution du FC Montréal : la tempête passée, la plaie semble refermée |url=https://www.rds.ca/soccer/impact/la-tempete-passee-la-plaie-semble-refermee-1.4572393 |website=RDS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pascal Milano |date=January 26, 2017 |title=Disparition du FC Montréal: "On nous a pris à la légère" |url=http://www.lapresse.ca/sports/soccer/201701/26/01-5063293-disparition-du-fc-montreal-on-nous-a-pris-a-la-legere.php |website=La Presse}}</ref> === Colorado Springs Switchbacks === A ranar 17 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2017, an ba da sanarwar cewa Kacher ya shiga Colorado Springs Switchbacks FC na United Soccer League . Kacher zai fara kowane wasa na Switchbacks a kakar 2017, inda ya zira kwallaye 8. An sanar da shi a ranar 16 ga watan Janairu cewa Switchbacks sun dawo da Kacher don kakar 2018, amma kasa da wata daya daga baya a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairu an saki Kacher ba zato ba tsammani daga kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SwitchbacksFC |date=16 Jan 2018 |title=Experience THRILLS at Weidner Field in 2018...pic.twitter.com/vop2sRdoNy |url=https://twitter.com/SwitchbacksFC/status/953416593492525056 |access-date=2018-02-12 |website=@SwitchbacksFC |language=en}}</ref> Kacher shine kawai dan wasan USL wanda ya fara dukkan wasanni 32 a lokacin kakar 2017. === Sarakuna na Gaskiya === A wannan rana aka saki Kacher, ya sanya hannu tare da Real Monarchs, kungiyar ajiyar United Soccer League ta Real Salt Lake . <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 12, 2017 |title=Real Monarchs SLC sign Masta Kacher |url=https://www.rsl.com/post/2018/02/12/real-monarchs-slc-sign-masta-kacher |website=Real Monarchs}}</ref> A wasan sa na biyu tare da Real Monarchs, Kacher ya zira kwallaye a cikin nasarar 3-1 na Seattle Sounders FC 2.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taran Meyer |date=April 16, 2018 |title=Game at a Glance: Monarchs 3-1 Sounders 2 |url=https://www.rsl.com/post/2018/04/16/game-glance-monarchs-3-1-sounders-2 |website=Real Monarchs}}</ref> Ya buga wasanni 24 a 2018, inda ya zira kwallaye uku.<ref name="SW">{{Cite web |title=M. Kacher |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/mastanabal-kacher/400875/ |access-date=11 March 2020 |publisher=Soccerway}}</ref> A kakar wasa mai zuwa, ya buga wasanni goma sha huɗu, inda ya zira kwallaye guda.<ref name="SW" /> === Saint Louis FC === A ranar 16 ga watan Yulin 2019, Kacher ya koma Saint Louis FC a tsakiyar kakar wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2019 |title=Saint Louis Acquires Kacher from Monarchs |url=https://www.uslchampionship.com/news_article/show/1035225 |access-date=11 March 2020 |publisher=United Soccer League}}</ref> Tare da Saint Louis, ya buga wasanni goma sha biyar a wannan kakar.<ref name="SW"/> === Valour FC === A ranar 3 ga Afrilu 2020, Kacher ya sanya hannu tare da kungiyar Valour FC ta Premier League ta Kanada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2020 |title=Valour FC sign Stefan Cebara and Masta Kacher |url=https://valourfc.canpl.ca/article/valour-fc-sign-stefan-cebara-and-masta-kacher |access-date=3 April 2020 |publisher=Valour FC |archive-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118230901/https://valourfc.canpl.ca/article/valour-fc-sign-stefan-cebara-and-masta-kacher |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya fara bugawa Valour wasa a ranar 16 ga watan Agusta a kan Cavalry FC.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2020 |title=Canadian Premier League |url=https://canpl.ca/matchcentre/7t877d5i442n1ar3pg35nz02c/highlights |access-date=June 30, 2025 |archive-date=August 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808154835/https://canpl.ca/matchcentre/7t877d5i442n1ar3pg35nz02c/highlights |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Janairun 2022 ya bar kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacques |first=John |date=January 28, 2022 |title=Valour FC Announces Player Departures |url=https://northerntribune.ca/valour-fc-player-release-2022/ |website=Northern Tribune}}</ref> === FC Edmonton === A ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 2022, Kacher ya sanya hannu tare da FC Edmonton.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2022 |title=FC Edmonton signs forward Masta Kacher |url=https://fcedmonton.canpl.ca/article/fc-edmonton-signs-forward-masta-kacher |access-date=17 February 2022 |publisher=[[FC Edmonton]] |archive-date=17 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217180909/https://fcedmonton.canpl.ca/article/fc-edmonton-signs-forward-masta-kacher |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * {{Soccerway|mastanabal-kacher/400875}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110632/http://ussda.demosphere.com/teams/47158256/47189140-47158344/51646574.html USSF Ci gaban Kwalejin] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]] 0om9je3ohsy98hz723uwet6i9jnfa1c 0 105199 906998 905930 2026-08-24T11:25:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ana yin bikin '''Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam''' ('''HRD''') a kowace shekara a duniya a ranar 10 ga Disamba a kowace shekara. An kuma zaɓi ranar ne don girmama amincewar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] da kuma sanar da ita, a ranar 10 ga Disamban shekarar 1948, na Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), furcin farko na duniya na haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin farko na sabuwar Majalisar Dinkinobho. An kafa ranar kare hakkin dan adam a taron 317 na Babban Taron a ranar 4 ga watan Disamba 1950, lokacin da Babban Taron ya ayyana ƙuduri 423 (V), yana gayyatar dukkan kasashe membobin da duk wata ƙungiya mai sha'awar su yi bikin ranar kamar yadda suka ga ya dace.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office of the High Commission for Human Rights |year=2009 |title=The History of Human Rights Day |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/AboutUs/Pages/HumanRightsDay.aspx |access-date=29 October 2009}}</ref> Ranar galibi ana nuna ta ta hanyar manyan tarurruka da tarurruka na siyasa da kuma abubuwan al'adu da nune-nunen da ke hulɗa da batutuwan haƙƙin ɗan adam. Bayan haka, al'ada ce a ranar 10 ga watan Disamba cewa ana ba da kyautar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta shekaru biyar a fagen ƴancin Ɗan Adam da Kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya. Yawancin kungiyoyin gwamnati da waɗanda ba na gwamnati ba da ke aiki a fagen kare haƙƙin ɗan adam suma suna tsara abubuwan da suka faru na musamman don tunawa da ranar, kamar yadda yawancin kungiyoyin farar hula da na zamantakewa ke yi. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Turkish_journalists_protesting_imprisonment_of_their_colleagues_in_2016.jpg|thumb|'Yan jaridar Turkiyya suna nuna rashin amincewa da ɗaurin abokan aikinsu, 10 Disamba 2016]] Ranar [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|'Yancin Dan Adam]] ita ce ranar da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da sanarwar' yancin dan Adam ta Duniya a shekarar 1948. An kuma fara ranar ƴancin ɗan adam ne daga 1950, bayan Majalisar ta zartar da kudurin 423 (V) wanda ke gayyatar dukkan jihohi da kungiyoyi masu sha'awar su karɓi 10 ga Disamba na kowace shekara a matsayin Ranar' yancin dan adam.[1] Za'a iya nuna shahararren ranar ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa hatimi na tunawa da Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam da Hukumar Wasiku ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayar a shekarar 1952, ta sami kusan umarni 200,000. [[Fayil:USSR_stamp_1963_CPA_2963.jpg|right|thumb|206x206px|Stamp din gidan waya na 1963 daga [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], don tunawa da cika shekaru 15 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights[[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya]]]] Lokacin da Babban Taron ya amince da Sanarwar, tare da jihohi 48 da suka fi so da kuma takwas da suka guje wa, an ayyana shi a matsayin "ma'auni na cin nasara ga dukkan mutane da dukkan kasashe", wanda mutane da al'ummomi ya kamata su "yi ƙoƙari ta hanyar matakan ci gaba, na kasa da kasa, don tabbatar da amincewarsu ta duniya da tasiri da kiyayewa". Masu ba da shawara da masu sukar sun karɓi matakin a matsayin "ya fi bayyanawa fiye da majalisa, ya fi nunawa fiye da ɗaurewa". Kodayake Sanarwar tare da fa'idodi masu yawa na [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|siyasa, farar hula]], tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu ba takarda ce mai ɗaurewa ba, ta yi wahayi zuwa ga kayan aikin kare hakkin dan adam sama da 60 waɗanda tare suka zama ma'auni na kasa da kasa na kare hakkin dan Adam. A yau yardar dukkan kasashe mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da ka'idojin 'Yancin Dan Adam da aka kafa a cikin sanarwar ta sa ya fi karfi kuma ya jaddada muhimmancin' Yancin Dan Adam a rayuwarmu ta yau da kullun. Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam, a matsayin babban jami'in kare hakkin dan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Ofishinsa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita kokarin kiyaye ranar kare hakkin dan Adam a kowace shekara: {{Blockquote|Today, poverty prevails as the gravest human rights challenge in the world. Combating poverty, deprivation and exclusion is not a matter of charity, and it does not depend on how rich a country is. By tackling poverty as a matter of human rights obligation, the world will have a better chance of abolishing this scourge in our lifetime... [[poverty reduction|Poverty eradication]] is an achievable goal.|[[UN High Commissioner for Human Rights]] [[Louise Arbour]], 10 December 2006}} Bikin cika shekaru 60 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights ya faru ne a ranar 10 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2008, kuma Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kaddamar da kamfen na tsawon shekara wanda ya kai ga wannan ranar tunawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008 |title=The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: 1948–2008 |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/humanrightsday/udhr60/ |access-date=9 December 2015 |website=United Nations}}</ref> Saboda UDHR tana riƙe da rikodin duniya a matsayin takardar da aka fi fassara (sai dai Littafi Mai-Tsarki), kungiyoyi a duniya sun yi amfani da shekara don mayar da hankali kan taimaka wa mutane a ko'ina su koyi game da hakkinsu. A ranar 9 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2001, Shugaba [[George W. Bush]] ya yi shelar Shugaban kasa cewa mako na 'yancin dan adam ya fara ne a ranar 9 ga Disamba. Ya kuma yi wannan shelar a ranar 10 ga Disamba 2008. == Bukukuwan da suka gabata == [[Fayil:Faroe_stamp_332_human_rights.jpg|right|thumb|191x191px|Stamp din gidan waya na 1998 daga Tsibirin Faroe]] {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Ayyuka |- |1979 |Shih Ming-teh ya shirya kamfen na kare hakkin dan adam a [[Kaohsiung]], [[Taiwan]] . Wannan ya haifar da Abin da ya faru a Kaohsiung wanda aka nuna ta hanyar kamawa sau uku da kuma yin shari'a na abokan adawar siyasa na jam'iyyar Kuomintang mai mulki da kuma ɗaurin su. |- |1983 |Shugaba Raúl Alfonsin, na [[Argentina]], ya yanke shawarar ɗaukar mulki a ranar 10 ga Disamba 1983, ya kawo ƙarshen mulkin kama-karya na soja wanda ya mallaki ƙasar tun 1976. Zaben wannan rana don rantsar da shi yana da alaƙa da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka aikata a lokacin mulkin kama-karya. Tun daga wannan lokacin, duk rantsar da shugaban kasa sun faru ne a ranar 10 ga Disamba. |- |2004 | * International PEN ta sanar da ƙaddamar da sabon kamfen don tabbatar da sakin "masu adawa da yanar gizo" daga kurkuku a [[Sin|PR China]], [[Maldives]] da [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A global campaign against Internet censorship and the long-term imprisonment of journalists in Asia |url=http://www.pen.org/freedom/asia2004.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209141501/http://www.pen.org/freedom/asia2004.html |archive-date=9 December 2006 |access-date=15 December 2006 |publisher=PEN American Center}}</ref> * Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Amurka, Wakilin Musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Masu Kare Hakkin Dan Adam da Hukumar [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] kan' Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a sun ba da sanarwa ta hadin gwiwa inda suka yaba wa [[Tarayyar Turai]] saboda karɓar jagororin kare masu kare hakkin dan adam kuma suka bukaci sauran yankuna na duniya da su dauki irin wannan matakai a wannan hanyar. * Ƙungiyar Amurka don Ci gaban Kimiyya ta shirya taron tattaunawa a Birnin New York kan 'yancin ilimi a [[Iraƙi|Iraki]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2006 |title=Satellite Imagery for Conflict Prevention and Human Rights: An Event in Honor of Human Rights Day 2006 |url=http://shr.aaas.org/hrday/ |access-date=15 December 2006 |publisher=The American Association for the Advancement of Science, Science and Human Rights Program}} </ref> * Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta amince da ita ta International Humanist and Ethical Union ([[Humanists International|IHEU]]) a matsayin ranar bikin Humanist. |- |2006 |A cikin wani abu mai ban sha'awa, tsohon mai mulkin kama-karya na Chile Augusto Pinochet, wanda aka sani da take hakkin dan adam da aka aikata a lokacin mulkinsa na mulkin kama-mamaki, ya mutu daga ciwon zuciya a ranar 10 ga Disamba 2006, yana da shekaru 91. |- |2008 | * Masu gwagwarmayar kare hakkin bil'adama a jihar California ta Amurka sun bukaci mutane da su goyi bayan daidaito ta hanyar "kira a cikin 'gay' don aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Calling in 'Gay' to Work Is Latest Form of Protest" ABC News |url=http://www.abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=6420501 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629044532/http://www.abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=6420501 |archive-date=29 June 2011 |access-date=9 December 2008 |website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> Wannan ya kasance ne don mayar da martani ga sabunta haramcin auren gay lokacin da Shirin 8 ya wuce a farkon shekarar. * An tsare mutane da yawa a kasar Sin bayan kimanin mutane 300 sun sanya hannu kan wata takarda ta kan layi mai taken Charter 08 don gwamnati ta inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam a kasar. A Beijing, an rushe wani karamin zanga-zangar da ta faru a waje da ma'aikatar harkokin waje. * UNYA Australia ta yi bikin Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam tare da kamfen ɗin write4rights, tana neman matasa su ba da gudummawa game da' yancin ɗan adam ta wayar tarho ko a shafin yanar gizon don nunawa a manyan biranen Jihar Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Write4Rights |url=http://www.unya.asn.au/write4rights.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209011530/http://unya.asn.au/write4rights.php |archive-date=9 February 2009 |access-date=9 December 2008}}</ref> * [[Amnesty International]] ta shirya babban taron a [[Faris|Paris]], [[Faransa]], don tunawa da cika shekaru 60 na ƙudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. * An gudanar da bukukuwan a [[Phnom Penh]] da kewayen Kambodiya, gami da tafiya da mutane 5000, da kuma wasu mutane 1000 da suka saki balloons, wanda kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suka shirya. * Sauran bukukuwan da abubuwan da suka faru sun faru a [[Rasha]] da [[Indiya]]. |- |2009 |10 Disamba 2009 da aka yi alama a matsayin bikin cika shekaru 61 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Tom Malinowski daga Human Rights Watch a Washington, DC, ya yi sharhi cewa an sami ci gaba a cikin haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin shekaru 40 da suka gabata: "Ina tsammanin akwai ƙarin wayar da kan jama'a a duniya cewa mutane suna da haƙƙoƙi na asali kuma waɗannan haƙƙoƙin an tsara su cikin doka a cikin gida da na duniya".<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2009 |title=International Human Rights Day Marks Progress and Setbacks |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/international-human-rights-day-marks-progress-and-setbacks-78959132/416327.html |website=VOA}}</ref> |- |2011 |Bayan shekara guda na [[zanga-zanga]] a kasashe da yawa, daga Tunisiya zuwa Alkahira zuwa motsi na Occupy, taken 2011 ya amince da muhimmancin [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]] da fasaha wajen taimakawa masu kare hakkin dan adam a sababbin hanyoyi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Day 2011 |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/newsevents/day2011/pages/hrd2011.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205213415/http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Day2011/Pages/HRD2011.aspx |archive-date=5 December 2011 |access-date=6 December 2011}} "Human Rights Day 2011"</ref> |- |2012 |Haɗuwa da haƙƙin shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a shine taken Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 2012. An mayar da hankali a shekarar 2012 ga dukkan mutane su ji muryoyin su kuma a haɗa su cikin yanke shawara na siyasa. An ga taken "My Voice Counts" a cikin yunkurin mamayewa a duniya don nuna rashin daidaito na tattalin arziki, siyasa da zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations |title=Human Rights Day, 10 December |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/humanrightsday/2012/index.shtml |access-date=25 March 2015 |publisher=United Nations Department of Public Information}}</ref> |- |2013 |Yin bikin shekaru ashirin da ku yi aiki don haƙƙoƙinku shine taken bikin Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam na 2013. Shekaru ashirin da suka gabata an kafa matsayin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam wanda ya ba da ikon hukuma, murya mai zaman kanta don yin magana a duk duniya don' yancin dan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) |title=HUMAN RIGHTS DAY 2013 |url=http://at20.ohchr.org/human-right-day.html |access-date=28 March 2015 |website=United Nations Human Rights}}</ref> |- |2014 |Kowace rana ita ce Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam ita ce taken shekara ta 2014. [http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/HRDay2014/Pages/HRD2014.aspx 'Yancin Dan Adam 365] suna murna da Universal Declaration on Human Rights wanda ya bayyana cewa kowa, a ko'ina, a kowane lokaci yana da' yancin 'yancin ɗan adam. 'Yancin Dan Adam na kowa ne daidai kuma "yana ɗaure mu tare a matsayin al'umma ta duniya tare da manufofi da dabi'u iri ɗaya".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) |title=Human Rights Day 2014 #Rights 365 |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/HRDay2014/Pages/HRD2014.aspx |access-date=29 March 2015 |website=United Nations Human Rights |publisher=OHCHR}}</ref> |- |2015 |Taken shekarar 2015 shine "Hakkinmu, 'Yanci, Kullum. " |- |2016 |Taken shekara ta 2016 shine "Ka tsaya don haƙƙin wani a yau!" |- |2017 |Taken shekarar 2017 shine "Bari mu tsaya don daidaito, adalci da mutuncin ɗan adam" |- |2018<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rupali Pruthi |date=10 December 2018 |title=Human Rights Day 2018 observed around the world |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/human-rights-day-2018-observed-across-the-world-1544440729-1 |access-date=27 December 2023 |website=Jagran Prakashan Ltd |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204034713/https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/human-rights-day-2018-observed-across-the-world-1544440729-1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |Taken shekarar 2018 shine "tsayawa don haƙƙin ɗan adam" |- |2019 |Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta shirya wani taro a Hong Kong a ranar Lahadi, 8 ga Disamba don yin bikin Ranar Kare Hakkin dan Adam kwana biyu. Mai shirya ya kiyasta kimanin mutane 800,000 ne suka shiga, yayin da 'yan sanda ke da kimanin mutane 183,000. Wannan tafiya ta fara ne daga Victoria Park a Causeway Bay kuma ita ce mafi girma a irin ta tun lokacin da aka yi tafiya a tsakiyar watan Agusta a matsayin wani ɓangare na zanga-zangar Hong Kong ta 2019-20 a shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2019 |title=Hong Kong protesters keep up pressure with mass march |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/12/08/asia/hong-kong-protest-march-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=8 December 2019 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> 'Yan ƙasa suna kira ga buƙatun su guda biyar, gami da bincike mai zaman kansa game da zargin rashin adalci na' yan sanda a lokacin zanga-zangar Hong Kong ta 2019-20 da ta faru a cikin birni a cikin watanni 6 da suka gabata, da kuma Zaɓin duniya. |- |2020<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-09 |title=Human Rights Day 2020: Theme, History, Quotes, Observed, Celebration |url=https://news.jagatgururampalji.org/human-rights-day-2020/ |access-date=2020-12-12 |website=S A NEWS |language=en-US}}</ref> |Taken shekarar 2020 shine "Ku gano mafi kyau - Tsaya don 'Yancin Dan Adam". |- |2021 |Gl |- |2022 |Taken 2022 shine "Dignity, Freedom and Justice for All". |- |2023 |Taken 2023 shine "Yanci, Daidaitawa da Adalci ga Dukan". |- |2024 |Taken shekara ta 2024 shine "Hakkinmu, Makomarmu, Daidai Yanzu". |} == Bambancin kwanan wata == A [[Afirka ta Kudu]], ana yin bikin Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam a ranar 21 ga Maris, don tunawa da Kisan kiyashi na Sharpeville wanda ya faru a ranar 21 de Maris 1960. Wannan kisan kiyashi ya faru ne sakamakon zanga-zangar adawa da mulkin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Day |url=http://www.sahrc.org.za/why_celebrate_human_rights_day.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923065834/http://www.sahrc.org.za/why_celebrate_human_rights_day.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=23 September 2006 |access-date=15 December 2006 |publisher=South African Human Rights Commission}}</ref> An ayyana [https://www.gov.za/human-rights-day Ranar 'Y]ANC Dan Adam ta Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin hutu na kasa lokacin da aka zabi ANC a matsayin gwamnati tare da [[Nelson Mandela]] a matsayin shugaban farko da aka zaba ta hanyar dimokuradiyya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Day – 21 March – South Africa |url=http://www.mypublicholidays.co.za/holidays/human-rights-day |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107013727/http://www.mypublicholidays.co.za/holidays/human-rights-day |archive-date=7 November 2015 |access-date=19 February 2016 |website=My Public Holidays}}</ref> Matsayin majalisa a wannan rana shine ya ba da iko ga mutane don a san tsarin dimokuradiyya ga dukkan 'yan Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Day |url=http://www.parliament.gov.za/live/content.php?Item_ID=1481 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213103336/https://www.parliament.gov.za/project-event-details/2 |archive-date=13 February 2020 |access-date=19 February 2016 |website=Parliament of the Republic of South Africa}}</ref> Ana yin bikin ne a ranar 11 ga watan Disamba a [[Kiribati]] . == Dubi kuma == * Hasken Dan Adam * Bikin Duniya * Ranar Kasa da Kasa don Taimako ga Wadanda aka azabtar * Bikin Fim na Duniya na Stalker kan 'Yancin Dan Adam * Ranar Taimako ta Duniya * Ranar Dan Adam ta Duniya * [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] psj9mh72yoomknjvpbtc6ze1w46m1v8 0 107037 906755 894689 2026-08-23T21:58:28Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 906755 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, jamhuriyar tarayya da jamhuriyar dimokaradiyyar Jamus sun zama wajibi su biya diyya ga gwamnatocin kasashen kawance, a cewar taron Potsdam. An wajabta wa sauran ƙasashen Axis biyan diyya na yaƙi bisa ga yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta [[Faris|Paris]], 1947. Ba a saka Ostiriya cikin ɗayan waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin ba. == Biyan kuɗi == A cewar Taron Yalta, ba za a biya bashin ga ƙasashen Allied da kuɗi ba (ko da yake ba a bi wannan doka a cikin yarjejeniyoyi na baya ba). Maimakon haka, yawancin darajar da aka canja sun kunshi kadarorin masana'antu na Jamus da kuma tilasta aiki ga Allies.<ref>Pavel Polian-Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR Central European University Press 2003 {{ISBN|963-9241-68-7}} P.244-249</ref> An kara bayyana bukatun Allied a lokacin taron Potsdam. Za a biya diyya kai tsaye ga masu cin nasara guda huɗu (Faransa, Ingila, Amurka, da Tarayyar Soviet); ga ƙasashen da ke cikin tasirin Soviet, Tarayyar Soviétique za ta ƙayyade rarraba ta. Don daidaita rarraba biyan kuɗi tsakanin ikon masu nasara, an kafa Majalisar Kula da Allied. A ƙarshe, Allies sun amince da biyan kuɗin Jamus a cikin siffofi masu zuwa: * Rushe masana'antar Jamus * Canja wurin duk kayan aikin masana'antu, injina da kayan aikin injin zuwa ga Allies * Canja wurin duk motocin titin jirgin ƙasa, locomotives da jiragen ruwa zuwa Allies * Kwace duk wani jarin Jamus da aka yi a ketare * Duk zinariya, azurfa da platinum a cikin bullion ko tsabar kudin da kowane mutum/ma'aikata ke riƙe a Jamus * Duk kudin waje * Duk takardun haƙƙin mallaka da bayanan bincike masu dacewa da aikace-aikacen soja da matakai * Bukatar samar da masana'antu na Jamus a halin yanzu da hakar albarkatu * Aikin tilastawa da jama'ar Jamus ke bayarwa Don sa ido a kan hakar da rarraba kudaden Jamusawa a yankin da suke kula da su, Ƙungiyoyin Yammacin Turai sun kafa Hukumar Kula da Haɗin Kai (IARA). Za a raba rabon diyya daga Jamus ta wani kaso da aka riga aka ƙayyade wanda masu nasara suka amince da shi. Matsalolin Jamusanci za a kasasu kashi biyu: A (dukkan nau'ikan ramawar Jamus ban da waɗanda ke cikin rukuni na B) da B (kayan masana'antu da babban kamfani, jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci, da jigilar ruwa na cikin ƙasa).<ref name="iaratreaty">{{Cite web |title=Agreement on reparation from Germany, on the establishment of an Inter-Allied Reparation Agency and on the restitution of monetary gold. |url=https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20555/volume-555-I-8105-English.pdf |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=treaties.un.org |publisher=[[Treaty series#United Nations|United Nations Treaty Series]]}}</ref> Kasashe masu zuwa sun sami fansa a matsayin wani ɓangare na ayyukan IARA: {| class="wikitable" |+Rarrabawar gyaran Jamus ta Yammacin Turai<ref name="iaratreaty"/><ref name="usarchive">{{Cite web |date=15 August 2016 |title=State Department and Foreign Affairs Records - RG 84: U.S. Delegation to the Inter-Allied Reparations Agency (IARA) |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/holocaust/finding-aid/civilian/rg-84-iara.html |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=archives.gov |publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration]]}}</ref> !Kasar !% na Category A gyare-gyare !% na biyan kuɗi na rukuni na B |- |{{Flagu|Albania}} |0.05 |0.35 |- |{{Flagu|Australia}} |0.70 |0.95 |- |{{Flagu|Belgium}} |2.70 |4.50 |- |{{Flagu|Czechoslovakia}} |3.00 |4.30 |- |{{Flagu|Canada}} |3.50 |1.50 |- |{{Flagu|Denmark}} |0.25 |0.35 |- |Misira{{Flagicon|Kingdom of Egypt}} |0.05 |0.20 |- |{{Flagu|France}} |16.00 |22.80 |- |{{Flagu|Greece}} |2.70 |3.35 |- |Indiya{{Flagicon|British Raj}} |2.00 |2.90 |- |{{Flagu|Luxembourg}} |0.15 |0.40 |- |{{Flagu|Norway}} |1.30 |1.90 |- |{{Flagu|New Zealand}} |0.40 |0.60 |- |{{Flagu|Netherlands}} |3.90 |5.60 |- |{{Flagu|Union of South Africa}} |0.70 |0.10 |- |{{Flagu|United Kingdom}} |28.00 |27.80 |- |{{Flagu|United States of America}} |28.00 |11.80 |- |{{Flagu|Yugoslavia}} |6.60 |9.60 |} Za a cire daga ayyukan IARA ta hanyar buƙata daga Tarayyar Soviet. Abokan hulɗa sun amince a matsayin wani ɓangare na Yarjejeniyar Potsdam, cewa Tarayyar Soviet ta tattara kuma ta rarraba rabon [[Poland]] na biyan kuɗi. Bugu da ƙari, Tarayyar Soviet za ta cire rabonta na biyan kuɗi galibi daga yankin da ke cikin yankin zama. Gwamnatin Poland ta wucin gadi ta kammala Yarjejeniyar Maido da Poland da Soviet a ranar 16 ga watan Agusta 1945. Yarjejeniyar ta ware rabon Poland na kayan aikin Jamus, kayayyaki da albarkatun kasa. Bugu da ƙari Poland ta sami kashi 15% na jiragen ruwa na Jamus da Tarayyar Soviet ta samu. Kwamitin hadin gwiwa na Poland da Soviet ne ke kula da isar da shi har zuwa 1953.{{Flagu|Poland}} === Canje-canje na yanki === [[Fayil:Curzon_line_en.svg|thumb|A lokacin Taron Tehran a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1943, Big Three sun amince da ka'idar yin amfani da Curzon Line lokacin da suke ƙayyade iyakar gabashin Poland, yayin da a mayar da Poland ta cancanci iyakar yamma tare da Oder.]] Tarayyar Soviet ta mamaye yankunan Jamus gabas da Oder-Neisse, wanda ya kai ga korar Jamusawa miliyan 12 (daga Gabashin Prussia, Pomerania da Silesia). An shigar da waɗannan yankuna cikin Poland na gurguzu da Tarayyar Soviet bi da bi kuma aka sake tsugunar da mutanen waɗannan ƙasashe, yayin da ake jiran taron sulhu na ƙarshe da Jamus. Tun da ba a taɓa yin taron zaman lafiya ba, Jamus ta yi watsi da yankunan yadda ya kamata. A game da Poland, yankin da aka samu ya kasance diyya ga Yankin Gabas Poland (''Kresy''), wanda Tarayyar Soviet ta haɗa. Faransa ta mamaye yankin na Saar daga 1947 zuwa 1956, da nufin yin amfani da kwal da karafa da take hakowa don bunkasa tattalin arzikin Faransa a matsayin diyya ga yakin. Faransa ta nemi a ƙarshe ta haɗa Saar da kuma yankin Ruhr gabaɗaya zuwa Faransa daidai, amma sauran ƙawayen sun ƙi hakan. Bayan sakamakon wani taron jama'a, Faransa ta yi murabus daga ikonta na yankin Saar a ranar 1 ga Janairun 1957. [[Holand|Netherlands]] ta nemi haɗa manyan sassan Yammacin Jamus a matsayin diyya ga WWII. Wadannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce galibi ƙasashen Yammacin Turai ne suka dakile kuma a ƙarshe kusan murabba'in kilomita 69 (27 sq mi) na ƙasar Jamus an haɗa su a cikin 1949. Kusan duk waɗannan yankuna an mayar da su zuwa Tarayyar Jamus a cikin 1957. A ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar Holland da Jamus da aka yi a Hague a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1960 Jamus ta amince da kuɗin Jamus na 8 ga Jamus. a cikin diyyar dawowar.<ref name="hopf">{{Cite journal |last=Hopf |first=Simon |date=2003 |title=Alltag zwischen Mark und Gulden - der Selfkant unter niederländischer Auftragsverwaltung 1949 bis 1963 |trans-title=Between Mark and Gulden - Selfkant under Dutch administration 1949 - 1963 |url=http://www.brauweiler-kreis.de/wp-content/uploads/GiW/GiW2003_2/GiW_2003_2_HOPF_ALLTAG.pdf |journal=Geschichte Im Westen |language=de |publisher=Rheinland-Verlag GmbH |volume=18 |pages=136–154}}</ref><ref name="woelk">{{Cite journal |last=Woelk |first=Wolfgang |date=1995 |title=Das Grenzland von Nordrhein-Westfalen, die Traktatländereien und die niederländischen Grenzkorrekturen 1949 bis 1963 |trans-title=The border area of North Rhine-Westphalia, the Tract Lands and Dutch border corrections |url=https://repositorium.uni-muenster.de/document/miami/6091aba0-2f48-4d12-8c77-8f105badd812/jahrbuch_zns_1994-1995_5-6_85-103.pdf |journal=Jahrbuch / Zentrum für Niederlande-Studien |language=de |publisher=[[University of Muenster]] |volume=5/6 |pages=85–103 |access-date=2025-07-29 |archive-date=2023-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318005328/https://repositorium.uni-muenster.de/document/miami/6091aba0-2f48-4d12-8c77-8f105badd812/jahrbuch_zns_1994-1995_5-6_85-103.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Belgium da Luxembourg sun kuma nemi mamaye yankin Jamus a matsayin fansa ga WWII. Koyaya, ƙananan yankuna ne kawai aka mamaye sannan aka dawo da su bayan biyan diyya na Jamus.<ref name="hopf"/><ref name="woelk"/> === Rushe masana'antu === At the beginning of the occupation, the Allies dismantled the remnants of German industries. Plants and machinery were dismantled, the railroad system deconstructed and everything was transported to the Allies. The German merchant fleet and all other ships were handed over. Foreign stocks of about 2.5 billion dollars were confiscated. The remaining German industries had to give up a share of their production to the Allies. Large shipments of steel, coal, but also other industrial products were seized and transported out of the country.{{Sfn|Wehler|1987}} Daga baya Yammacin Allies sun sauƙaƙa matsayinsu don goyon bayan Shirin Marshall, yayin da Gabashin Jamus ya ci gaba da isar da kayan masana'antu da albarkatun kasa ga Tarayyar Soviet har zuwa 1953.{{Sfn|Wehler|1987}} === Rushe kayan aikin jirgin kasa === A cikin Yankin Soviet na Kasuwanci (daga baya Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Jamus) kusan dukkanin layin dogo guda biyu an rage su zuwa hanya ɗaya tare da kayan da ake kaiwa Tarayyar Soviet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vor 75 Jahren: Aufbau der Bahn nach Kriegsende &#124; MDR.DE |url=https://www.mdr.de/zeitreise/eisenbahn-besatzungszonen-nach-kriegsende-100.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2015 |title=Die Stunde Null in der Sowjetischen Besatzungszone (SBZ) |url=https://www.ddr-museum.de/de/blog/archive/die-stunde-null-der-sowjetischen-besatzungszone-sbz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2005 |title=Wirtschaftsentwicklung von 1945 bis 1949 &#124; BPB |url=https://m.bpb.de/izpb/10077/wirtschaftsentwicklung-von-1945-bis-1949}}</ref> Hakazalika an kuma rushe wutar lantarki ta jirgin kasa (mai iyakancewa) tare da sanannen ban da mafi yawan Berlin S-Bahn wanda ya riƙe kayan aikin Jirgin ƙasa na uku ga mafi yawanci. Hakazalika, a cikin Yankin Kasuwancin Faransa, an rushe mahimman layin dogo zuwa hanya ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gäubahn: wechselvolle Historie, ungewisse Zukunft |url=https://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/inhalt.schwaebischer-heimatbund-in-stuttgart-gaeubahn-wechselvolle-historie-ungewisse-zukunft.2ad4b5ee-8b18-4260-ab1d-c46b955526ae.html |access-date=2025-07-29 |archive-date=2025-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251228071000/https://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/inhalt.schwaebischer-heimatbund-in-stuttgart-gaeubahn-wechselvolle-historie-ungewisse-zukunft.2ad4b5ee-8b18-4260-ab1d-c46b955526ae.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Dukiyar hankali === Abokan hulɗa sun kwace takardun shaida na Jamus, haƙƙin mallaka da alamun kasuwanci da suka kai kimanin dala biliyan 10 (1948). {{Sfn|Wehler|1987}} === Aikin tilasta === An matsa wa miliyoyin Jamusawa aiki na tilas na shekaru da yawa don yin aiki ga Allies a sansanoni, [[hakar ma'adinai]], girbi ko masana'antu. === Kudin zama === Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, manyan kasashe hudu na kawance - Birtaniya, Amurka, Faransa, da Tarayyar Soviet - sun mamaye Jamus tare, tare da mulkin mallaka a hukumance a cikin 1950s. A wannan lokacin, Jamus ta ɗauki alhakin kashe kuɗaɗen aikin mamaya, wanda ya haura dala biliyan da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information |first=Bureau of Public Affairs |date=2008-07-18 |title=Allied Occupation of Germany, 1945-52 |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/cwr/107189.htm |access-date=2019-12-03 |website=2001-2009.state.gov |language=en}}</ref> === Wadanda Holocaust suka shafa === Jamus ta kulla yarjejeniyoyi iri-iri da kasashen yammaci da gabashi da kuma taron da'awar yahudawa da majalisar dokokin yahudawa ta duniya domin biyan diyya ga wadanda harin Holocaust ya rutsa da su. Har zuwa 2005 an biya kusan Yuro biliyan 63 (daidai da kusan Euro biliyan 87.9 a cikin 2022) ga daidaikun mutane. An biya ƙarin biyan kuɗi daga kamfanonin Jamus waɗanda suka yi amfani da ma'aikatan tilastawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=Die Entschädigungszahlungen an jüdische Opfer des Nationalsozialismus |trans-title=Compensation payments to the Jewish victims of the Holocaust |url=https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/410502/23e348e9f5c6c046abd707258f284eae/wd-4-086-07-pdf-data.pdf |access-date=April 19, 2019 |website=bundestag.de |publisher=[[Deutscher Bundestag|Wissenschaftliche Dienste des Deutschen Bundestages]] |language=de}}</ref> == Masu karɓa == === Poland === A ranar 23 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1953, Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Poland, a karkashin matsin lamba daga Tarayyar Soviet wacce ke son 'yantar da Gabashin Jamus daga duk wani nauyi, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Plucinska |first=Joanna |date=26 April 2019 |title=Germany owes Poland over $850 billion in WW2 reparations: senior lawmaker |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-poland-germany-reparations-idUSKCN1S215R |access-date=16 February 2023 |website=Reuters |quote=In 1953 Poland’s then-communist rulers relinquished all claims to war reparations under pressure from the Soviet Union, which wanted to free East Germany, also a Soviet satellite, from any liabilities.}}</ref> ta sanar da cewa za ta watsar da haƙƙinta na ci gaba da biyan diyya daga Gabashin Jamus a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1954.<ref name="hailbronner">{{Cite journal |last=Hailbronner |first=Kay |title=Legal Aspects of the Unification of the Two German States |url=https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article-abstract/2/1/18/2756311 |journal=European Journal of International Law |publisher=Oxford University Press |volume=2 |issue=1 |page=32 |quote=When the Warsaw Treaty was signed, Poland and the Soviet Union had waived all claims for reparations against Germany as a whole by a declaration of 23 August 1953. This waiver was based upon the agreement at the Potsdam Conference that Polish claims for reparations were to be satisfied by the Soviet share for reparation payments. The declaration by the Polish Government stated that Germany had already paid substantial reparations and that the Polish Government therefore renounced all claims, in order to contribute to a peaceful solution of the German question. The waiver was explicitly confirmed in the negotiations between the two states on the Warsaw Treaty.}}</ref><ref name="ruchniewicz2">{{Cite web |last=Krzysztof Ruchniewicz |date=26 October 2017 |title=Die verspätete Rechnung. Zur polnischen Diskussion über Reparationszahlungen aus Deutschland |url=https://zeitgeschichte-online.de/kommentar/die-verspaetete-rechnung |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118002607/http://www.zeitgeschichte-online.de:80/kommentar/die-verspaetete-rechnung |archive-date=18 January 2022 |website=Zeitgeschichte online |publisher=Leibniz-Zentrum für Zeithistorische Forschung |quote=''On 19 October 2004, the Polish Council of Ministers issued a statement clarifying: "The Government of the Republic of Poland recognises as obligatory the declaration of the Government of the People's Republic of Poland on 19 October to abandon Polish reparations payments (...). The Declaration of 23 August 1953 was adopted in accordance with the constitutional order of the time, in compliance with international law laid down in the UN Charter.''}}</ref> A cikin bayanin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], mai kwanan wata 24 ga Nuwamba 1969, gwamnatin kwaminisanci ta Poland ta bukaci a dauki mataki daga kungiyar ba kawai don azabtar da masu aikata laifuka na yaki da wadanda suka aikata laifukan bil'adama ba har ma da kafa hanyoyin da rarraba diyya ga laifukan yaki da lalacewar da Jamus ta aikata a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2022 |title=Nieznany dokument ONZ z 1969 r. "Wynika z niego wprost, że Polska nie zrzekła się reparacji" |url=https://www.wprost.pl/kraj/10078485/nieznany-dokument-onz-z-1969-r-wynika-z-niego-wprost-ze-polska-nie-zrzekla-sie-reparacji.html |access-date=20 October 2022 |website=Wprost}}</ref> A cikin 1970, Mataimakin Ministan Harkokin Waje na Poland [[:pl:Józef Winiewicz|Józef Winiewicz]] ya tabbatar da watsi da haƙƙin biyan kuɗi a shekara ta 1953 yayin tattaunawar da ta kai ga Yarjejeniyar daidaitawa ta Nuwamba 1970, wanda Jamus ta Yamma ta amince da Oder-Neisse a matsayin iyakar ƙarshe tsakanin Poland da Gabashin Jamus. <ref name="hailbronner" /> <ref name="piatkowski">{{Cite web |last=Mateusz Piątkowski |date=9 September 2022 |title=The legal questions behind Poland's claim for war reparations from Germany |url=https://notesfrompoland.com/2022/09/09/the-legal-questions-behind-polands-claim-for-war-reparations-from-germany/ |website=notesfrompoland.com |quote=In 1970, Poland and West Germany normalised their relationship in the Treaty of Warsaw. The Polish government confirmed the renouncement of reparations, while West Germany confirmed the Polish western border.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Sławomir Sierakowski]] |date=21 September 2022 |title=What's Behind Poland's Reparation Debate? |url=https://dgap.org/de/forschung/publikationen/whats-behind-polands-reparation-debate |website=dgap.org |publisher=[[German Council on Foreign Relations]] |quote=Then, in December 1970, Poland reaffirmed its renunciation of reparations claims under a new agreement with West Germany, which recognized the Polish border on the Oder and Neisse Rivers – in what had been pre-war Germany.}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2004, majalisar dokokin Poland (''Sejm'') ta zartar da wani kuduri da ke nuna cewa: "Sejm na Jamhuriyar Poland, da ke sane da rawar da gaskiyar tarihi da adalci na farko ke takawa a dangantakar Poland da Jamus ta yi ikirarin cewa Poland ba ta riga ta sami isasshen diyya da biyan kuɗi ba saboda mummunar lalacewa da asarar da ta haifar da mamayar Jamus, mamayar da kisan kare dangi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2004 |title=Uchwała Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 10 września 2004 r. w sprawie praw Polski do niemieckich reparacji wojennych oraz w sprawie bezprawnych roszczeń wobec Polski i obywateli polskich wysuwanych w Niemczech |url=https://orka.sejm.gov.pl/proc4.nsf/uchwaly/2140_u.htm |access-date=20 October 2022 |website=sejm.gov.pl}}</ref> Bayan haka, a ranar 19 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta Amurka ta sake bayyana cewa Yarjejeniyar Tarayyar Tarayyen Jamus ta 23 ga Yarjejeniyar Poland ta Tarayyar Poland ta amincewa, Yarjejeniyar, Yarjejeniya ta Tarayyen Tarayyar, Yarima, Yarjejeniwar Tarayyar ta Taray ta Tarayya, Yarjejeniyan Turai, Yarjejeniyarsa ta Tarayye, Yarjejeniyaa, Yarjejeniy, Yarjejeniyoyin Tarayyar Rasha, Yarjejeni ta Tarayyaki, Yarjejeniye, Yarima ta Tarayyarsa ta Tarayya ta Taraywar Tarayya ta Tarayya, Yarjejeniyaswar Taray ta Yarjejeniyar ta Tar. Länder-Analysen (<nowiki><i id=\"mwBAI\">Country Analytical Digests</i></nowiki>) (in German). <nowiki><b id=\"mwBAM\">227</b></nowiki> (227): 5. The Polish government clarified in a statement on 19 October 2004: \"The Declaration of 23 August 1953 was adopted in accordance with the constitutional order of the time, in compliance with international law established in the UN Charter\", a position that was confirmed in a written statement in August 2017 by then Deputy Foreign Minister Marek Magierowski in response to a parliamentary inquiry from the Sejm.</i></nowiki><nowiki></q></nowiki><nowiki></cite></nowiki><nowiki><link about=\"#mwt129\" href=\"./Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)\" id=\"mwBA0\" rel=\"mw:PageProp/Category\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\"></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-garsztecki_33-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./World_War_II_reparations#cite_note-garsztecki-33 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup><ref name="ruchniewicz2"/><ref name="ruchniewicz3">{{Cite web |last=Krzysztof Ruchniewicz |date=26 October 2017 |title=Die verspätete Rechnung. Zur polnischen Diskussion über Reparationszahlungen aus Deutschland |url=https://zeitgeschichte-online.de/kommentar/die-verspaetete-rechnung |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118002607/http://www.zeitgeschichte-online.de:80/kommentar/die-verspaetete-rechnung |archive-date=18 January 2022 |website=Zeitgeschichte online |publisher=Leibniz-Zentrum für Zeithistorische Forschung |quote=''(...) the 1953 Declaration constitutes a binding, unilateral legal act of the Polish state - a subject of international law.''}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2017 |title=Odpowiedź na zapytanie nr 3812 w sprawie strat poniesionych podczas II wojny światowej |url=https://sejm.gov.pl/Sejm8.nsf/InterpelacjaTresc.xsp?key=0397DEDF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903224718/http://www.sejm.gov.pl/Sejm8.nsf/InterpelacjaTresc.xsp?key=0397DEDF |archive-date=3 September 2017 |website=sejm.gov.pl}}</ref> Gwamnatin Jamus tana ɗaukar wannan matsayi. In the meantime, Poland and Germany concluded several treaties and agreements to compensate Polish persons who were victims of German aggression. In 1972, West Germany paid compensation to Poles that had survived pseudo-medical experiments during their imprisonment in various Nazi camps during the Second World War.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |year=1973 |title=On Behalf of Victims of Pseudo-Medical Experiments Red Cross Action |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-review-of-the-red-cross-1961-1997/article/on-behalf-of-victims-of-pseudomedical-experiments-red-cross-action/FADD8FADF4CD37A24B1746A8BD69FF07 |journal=International Review of the Red Cross |volume=13 |issue=142 |pages=3–21 |doi=10.1017/S0020860400015576 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> In 1975, the Gierek-Schmidt agreement was signed in Warsaw. It stipulated that 1.3 billion DM was to be paid to Poles who, during Nazi occupation, had paid into the German social security system but received no pension. In 1992, the Foundation for Polish-German Reconciliation was founded by the Polish and German governments, and as a result, Germany paid Polish sufferers approximately zl&nbsp;4.7 billion (equivalent to zl&nbsp;37.8 billion or US$7.97 billion in 2022{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2022}}). Between 1992 and 2006, Germany and [[Austriya|Austria]] jointly paid compensation to surviving Polish, non-Jewish victims of slave labour in Nazi Germany and also to Polish orphans and children who had been subject to forced labour.<ref name="fpnp.pl">{{Cite web |title=Fundacja Polsko-Niemieckie Pojednanie &#124; Stiftung Polnisch-Deutsche Aussöhnung |url=http://www.fpnp.pl/wyplaty/robotnicy.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010194549/http://www.fpnp.pl/wyplaty/robotnicy.php |archive-date=2008-10-10 |website=www.fpnp.pl}}</ref> The Swiss Fund for the Victims of the Holocaust (which had obtained settlement money from banks in Switzerland) used some of its funds to pay compensation between 1998 and 2002 to Polish Jews and Romani who were victims of Nazi Germany.<ref name="fpnp.pl" /> Batun biyan diyya ya sake tashi a ƙarshen 2017 tare da maganganun da jami'an gwamnatin Poland suka yi daga Dokar da Adalci mai mulki. Tun daga wannan lokacin, gwamnatin Poland ta dauki matsayin cewa ƙin Poland na 1953 ba shi da iyaka saboda ƙasar tana ƙarƙashin rinjayar Tarayyar Soviet.<ref name="ruchniewicz2"/> Przemysław Sobolewski, shugaban Ofishin Bincike na Sejm, ya ce Majalisar Ministoci Poland ce ta yanke shawarar siyasa ta 1953, duk da cewa a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Poland, wanda ya fara aiki a 1952, Majalisar Gwamnatin Poland ce, wacce ke da ikon yin irin wannan yanke shawara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2022 |title=Szef Biura Analiz Sejmowych: Polska i Niemcy nigdy po II wojnie światowej nie zawarły umowy ws. reparacji |url=https://plus.polskatimes.pl/szef-bas-polska-i-niemcy-nigdy-po-ii-wojnie-swiatowej-nie-zawarly-umowy-ws-reparacji/ar/c1-16818341 |access-date=22 October 2022 |website=Polska Times |quote=''The Constitution of the People's Republic of Poland of 1952 reserved issues concerning the conclusion and ratification of international agreements for the Council of State (a collegiate body performing the functions of the head of state), and not for the Council of Ministers.''}}</ref> A cewar Józef Menes daga Majalisar Cibiyar Rashin Yakin Poland, ba a gabatar da wata sanarwa ta diflomasiyya ga gwamnatin Jamus ta Gabas ba kuma cewa "Wataƙila taron Majalisar Ministoci na 23 ga Agusta 1953 bai faru ba" - yana ambaton dangantakar Kazimierz Mijal (shugaban ofishin Majalisar Ministocin daga 21 ga Nuwamba 1952 zuwa 1 ga Fabrairu 1956). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2022 |title=Członek Rady ISW: zrzeczenie się reparacji w 1953 r. — wątpliwe prawnie |url=https://www.pap.pl/aktualnosci/news%2C1413791%2Cczlonek-rady-instytutu-strat-wojennych-zrzeczenie-sie-reparacji-w-1953 |access-date=20 October 2022 |website=Polska Agencia Prasowa |quote=''there is no diplomatic note to the government of the GDR, [and] there is no return note''}}</ref> A ranar cika shekaru 83 da barkewar yakin duniya na biyu, a ranar 1 ga Satumba 2022, an gabatar da rahoton gwamnatin Poland game da asarar yaki da lalacewar Poland tsakanin 1939 da 1945 a Royal Castle a Warsaw . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2022 |title=Sprawozdanie w przedmiocie strat i szkód wojennych Polski w latach 1939-1945 |url=https://orka.sejm.gov.pl/opinie8.nsf/nazwa/513_straty_PL/$file/513_straty_PL.pdf |access-date=2 October 2022 |website=sejm.gov.pl}}</ref>Rahoton juzu'i uku ya kuma shafi batutuwan shari'a game da 1953 renunciation na ramuwa da Poland, kuma bisa ga rahoton binciken: "Sanarwar unilateral na Majalisar Ministoci na 23 Agusta 1953 game da renunciation na yaki ramuwa da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Poland ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki na 22 Yuli 1952 a cikin kundin tsarin mulki na 22 Yuli 1952 a cikin karfi da yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa. cancantar Majalisar Jiha, ba Majalisar Ministoci ba”. Har ila yau, rahoton ya yi nuni da cewa, bisa bayanan da majalisar ministocin ta yi a ranar 19 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1953, janyewar ta shafi Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Jamus ne kawai ba jamhuriyar Tarayya ba, kuma ba a taba aikewa da wata takardar diflomasiyya ba ga gwamnatin Jamus ta Gabas da ke sanar da ita matakin da Poland ta dauka a hukumance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2022 |title=Mularczyk: Nie ma dokumentu spełniającego formalne wymogi uchwały rządu z 1953 r. o zrzeczeniu się reparacji |url=https://www.bankier.pl/wiadomosc/Mularczyk-Nie-ma-dokumentu-spelniajacego-formalne-wymogi-uchwaly-rzadu-z-1953-r-o-zrzeczeniu-sie-reparacji-8400127.html |access-date=24 October 2022 |website=Bankier.pl |quote=''"The report states that 'the alleged unilateral statement of the Council of Ministers of 23 August 1953 on the renunciation of war reparations by the People's Republic of Poland violated the constitution of 22 July 1952 in force at that time, because the matters of ratification and termination of international agreements belonged to the competence of the Council of State, not the Council of Ministers.'"'' and ''"In addition, the report notes that this statement was forced on the government of the Polish People's Republic by the USSR; moreover, according to the minutes of the Council of Ministers of 19 August 1953, the renunciation concerned only the German Democratic Republic."''}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Satumba 2022 Sejm ta zartar da (418 for, 4 against, 15 abstentions) wani kuduri da ke cewa: "Jam'iyyar Poland ba ta taɓa yin watsi da ikirarin ta a kan jihar Jamus ba; Sejm na Jamhuriyar Poland ta yi kira ga gwamnatin Jamus da ta ɗauki alhakin siyasa, tarihi, shari'a, da kudi ga duk tasirin da ya haifar da yakin duniya na biyu".<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2022 |title=Uchwała Sejmu ws. dochodzenia przez Polskę zadośćuczynienia za szkody spowodowane przez Niemcy w czasie II wojny światowej. |url=https://sejm.gov.pl/Sejm9.nsf/komunikat.xsp?documentId=320B5562E9925DBBC12588BD005B6276 |access-date=2 October 2022 |website=sejm.gov.pl}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Oktoba 2022, Ministan Harkokin Waje na Poland Zbigniew Rau ya sanya hannu kan wata sanarwa ta diflomasiyya inda ya nemi gwamnatin Jamus ta gudanar da tsarin tattaunawa tsakanin Poland da Jamus, kuma a ranar 3 ga Oktoba ya gabatar da bayanin diflomasiyyar ga Ministan Harashen Waje na Jamus mai ziyara Annalena Baerbock . <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2022 |title=Poland demands $1.3 trillion in World War II reparations from Germany |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/poland-demands-1-3-trillion-in-world-war-ii-reparations-from-germany |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=[[PBS NewsHour]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2022 |title=Szef MSZ podpisał notę w sprawie reparacji |url=https://gospodarka.dziennik.pl/news/artykuly/8560370,zbigniew-rau-nota-dyplomacja-reparacje.html |access-date=22 October 2022 |website=Dziennik.pl |quote=''"The diplomatic note that I have just initialled will be forwarded to the Foreign Ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany," Rau said. - It expresses the conviction of the Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs that the parties should take immediate action aimed at a permanent, comprehensive and final, legal and material settlement of the issue of the consequences of the Aggression and German Occupation during the years 1939-1945."''}}</ref> A cewar gwamnatin Jamus, babu wata hujja ta doka don ƙarin biyan diyya.<ref name="politico-2021">{{Cite web |date=13 December 2021 |title=Leaders of Poland, Germany call for 'swift' solution to Warsaw's rule of law row with EU |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/scholz-morawiecki-poland-rule-of-law-conflict/ |website=Politico |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 2023 mataimakin ministan harkokin waje na Poland Arkadiusz Mularczyk ya bayyana cewa "Ba mu amince da wannan matsayin Jamus ba, mun ƙi shi gaba ɗaya a matsayin cikakkiyar rashin tushe da kuskure. " kuma "jihar Jamus ba za ta iya rufe shari'ar da ba a taɓa buɗewa ba".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mularczyk: Odrzucamy stanowisko Niemiec |url=https://www.tvp.info/65474263/polska-nie-uznaje-odmowy-niemiec-w-sprawie-reparacji-wojennych-mularczyk-bedzie-odpowiedz-w-formie-pisemnej}}</ref> === Girka === [[Fayil:Zwangsanleihe_Griechenland.jpg|thumb|Daga ''Akte R 27320'', shafi na 114 (dandalin siyasa na Ofishin Harkokin Waje na Tarayyar Jamus) ]] As a result of the Nazi German occupation, much of Greece was subjected to enormous destruction of its industry (80% of which was destroyed), infrastructure (28% destroyed), ports, roads, railways and bridges (90%), forests and other natural resources (25%)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vallianatos |first=Evaggelos |title=The Math of Mass Starvation and Murder: Germany in Greece During World War II |url=https://www.truth-out.org/speakout/item/24456-the-math-of-mass-starvation-and-murder-germany-in-greece-during-world-war-ii |access-date=2017-11-30 |website=Truthout |language=en-us |archive-date=2017-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210010423/http://www.truth-out.org/speakout/item/24456-the-math-of-mass-starvation-and-murder-germany-in-greece-during-world-war-ii |url-status=dead }}</ref>  and loss of civilian life (7.02–11.17% of its citizens).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Council for Reparations from Germany, ''Black Book of the Occupation''(In Greek and German) Athens 2006 p. 1018-1019 |url=https://library.antibaro.gr/text/History/1940/Mavri_Vivlos_Katochis.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721075719/https://library.antibaro.gr/text/History/1940/Mavri_Vivlos_Katochis.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-21 |access-date=2011-06-15}}</ref> Other sources put the total number of deaths resulting from the Axis occupation at 273,000 to 747,000 Greeks, or 3.7-10.2% of the prewar population.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2022}} The occupying Nazi regime forced Greece to pay the cost of the occupation in the country and requisite raw materials and food for the occupation forces, creating the conditions for the Great Famine. Furthermore, in 1942, the Greek Central Bank was forced by the occupying Nazi regime to lend 476 million Reichsmarks at 0% interest to Nazi Germany. Bayan yakin, Girka ta samu kaso daga cikin diyya da Jamus ta biya wa kasashen kawance a zaman wani bangare na tsare-tsare na yerjejeniya ta Paris na shekarar 1946 wadda hukumar kula da ramuwa ta kasashen kawancen ta aiwatar. Dalar Amurka biliyan 7.181 aka shirya wa Girka. Wannan adadin ya tashi matuka saboda karuwar kudaden diyya da kasashen kawance da Girka suka kwace daga karshe sun samu diyya ta kudi da kayayyakin masana'antu da kimanin dala miliyan 25.<ref name="bundestag">{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Die "Deutsche Restschuld" gegenüber Griechenland |trans-title=The German (remaining) debt towards Greece |url=https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/707052/a9cf6050a75b667abf7972ac0837726e/WD-2-063-15-pdf-data.pdf |access-date=2021-07-23 |website=[[Deutscher Bundestag]] |language=de}}</ref> Girka ta sami ƙarin kaso na ramuwa daga sauran ikon Axis sakamakon yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Paris daga 1947. Greece was a signatory of the London Agreement on German External Debts in 1953. The signatories agreed to postpone additional German debts until a final peace treaty with Germany would be made.<ref name="bundestag"/> In 1960, Germany concluded a treaty with the Greek government to compensate Greek victims of Nazi German terror which amounted to 115 Million German mark.<ref name="brunnbauer">{{Cite web |last=Ulf Brunnbauer |date=1 July 2015 |title=Aufrechnungen von Frustrationen. Griechische Reparationsforderungen an Deutschland vor dem Hintergrund der Schuldenkrise |url=https://zeitgeschichte-online.de/kommentar/die-verspaetete-rechnung |website=Zeitgeschichte online |publisher=Leibniz-Zentrum für Zeithistorische Forschung |language=de}}</ref> These payments were explicitly marked as payments to the victims and were not supposed to be a general reparation treaty.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2022}} Later Greek governments insist that this was only a down payment and further payments need to be made.<ref name="bundestag" /><ref>{{Cite book|last3=Nikos Christodoulakis}}</ref> In 1990, West Germany and East Germany signed the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany ('Two Plus Four Agreement') with the former Allied countries of the United States, [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]], France, and the Soviet Union. This treaty was supposed to close all open questions regarding Germany and the aftermath of WWII and paved the way for German reunification. Germany considers this treaty as the final regulation which concludes the question of open reparations which had been made in previous treaties such as the London Debt Agreement.<ref name="bundestag"/> Greece rejects this notion and on 8 February 2015, the then-Greek Prime Minister, Alexis Tsipras demanded that Germany pay the "complete" reparations to Greece. In April 2015, Greece evaluated the war reparations to be the equivalent of 278.7 billion euros (equivalent to 389 billion euros in 2022).<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2022 |title=Spiegel: Τα 278 δισεκ. των αποζημιώσεων που ζητούν οι Έλληνες ίσως τελικά να είναι λίγα |trans-title=Spiegel: The 278 billion in compensation that the Greeks are asking for may not be enough after all |url=https://www.lifo.gr/now/politics/spiegel-ta-278-disek-ton-apozimioseon-poy-zitoyn-oi-ellines-isos-telika-na-einai-liga |access-date=2 December 2022 |publisher=Lifo}}</ref><ref name="brunnbauer"/> While more German politicians and members of the Bundestag are calling on the federal government to compensate Greece financially for the effects of the Nazi occupation,<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2022 |title=Greece gains allies in Bundestag over WWII reparations dispute |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/euro-finance/news/greece-gains-allies-in-bundestag-over-wwii-reparations-dispute/ |access-date=2 December 2022 |publisher=EurActiv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2019 |title=Greece's claims for war reparations should be resolved by int'l court: Bundestag |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-07/10/c_138215728.htm |access-date=11 July 2019 |website=Xinhua |archive-date=11 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711030400/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-07/10/c_138215728.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> the German government replied that the stipulations of the Two Plus Four treaty still stand and the issue was resolved in 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2015 |title=Greece Nazi occupation: Athens asks Germany for 279bn euros |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-32202768 |access-date=7 April 2015 |website=BBC News}}</ref> === Isra'ila === West Germany paid reparations to [[Isra'ila|Israel]] for confiscated Jewish property under [[Nuremberg]] laws, forced labour and persecution. Payments to Israel until 1987 amounted to about 14 billion dollars,{{Sfn|Wehler|1987}} equivalent to $36.5 billion in 2022.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2022}} === Netherlands ===   Nan da nan bayan karshen yakin, Netherlands ta bukaci Guilders biliyan 25 a matsayin diyya a tsakanin sauran abubuwan yunwar hunturu na Dutch na 1944-1945. Amma ba da dadewa ba aka bi manufar sake fasalin kan iyakar Holland da Jamus da ke da dadewa da kuma mika wani babban yanki na Jamus ga 'yan Holand a matsayin ramuwar gayya. A cikin mafi girman tsarinsa, wannan shirin ya haɗa da haɗa garuruwa da kewayen Cologne, Aachen, Münster da Osnabrück. Bayan haka, gwamnatin Holland ta kwace tare da mamaye yanki mai fadin murabba'in kilomita 69 (27 sq mi) na yankin kan iyaka daga Jamus mai kawance da ta mamaye a cikin 1949, kusan dukkansu an mayar da su Jamus ta Yamma a 1963 don musayar Deutschmark miliyan 280 da gwamnatin Jamus ta Tarayyar Jamus ta biya ga Dutch. === Yugoslavia === ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fnxtrgfp4p89vrgvgdw0yw23fook1g3 0 107220 906941 897811 2026-08-24T08:03:11Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 906941 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:Torvetua_eco-village_(3254898889).jpg|alt=An ecovillage in Torvetua, Norway.|thumb|350x350px|Wani yanki a Torvetua, [[Norway]]]] '''Ilimin zamantakewar muhalli''' shine nazarin hulɗar tsakanin al'ummomi da kuma yanayin su na halitta. yana jaddada abubuwan [[zamantakewa]] waɗanda ke tasiri ga kula da [[Albarkatun dan'adam|albarkatun]] muhalli kuma suna haifar da matsalolin muhalli, hanyoyin da ake gina waɗannan matsalolin muhallar ta hanyar zamantakewa kuma suna bayyana su a matsayin Batutuwan zamantakewa, da kuma martani na al'umma ga waɗannan matsalolin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=E. R. Catton, Jr. |first=Riley, Dunlap and William |date=1979 |title=Environmental Sociology |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2945955 |journal=Annual Review of Sociology |volume=5 |pages=243–273 |doi=10.1146/annurev.so.05.080179.001331 |jstor=2945955 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Kimiyar al'umma|ilimin zamantakewa]] muhalli ya fito ne a matsayin wani bangare na ilimin zamantakewa a ƙarshen shekarun 1970s don mayar da martani ga fitowar [[Gudanar da muhalli|Yunkurin muhalli]] a cikin shekarun 1960.<ref>https://ha.eferrit.com/fahimta-da-subfield-na-muhalli-na-zamantakewa/</ref> Yana wakiltar sabon yanki na bincike wanda ke mai da hankali kan fadada ilimin zamantakewa na baya ta hanyar hada mahallin jiki kamar yadda ya danganta da abubuwan zamantakewa.<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/rahotanni-57608986.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17534504496577&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Frahotanni-57608986</ref> == Ma'anar == Ana bayyana ilimin zamantakewar muhalli a matsayin nazarin zamantakewar mujallar muhalli, kodayake wannan ma'anar nan da nan tana gabatar da matsalar haɗa al'adun ɗan adam tare da sauran muhalli.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lockie |first=Stewart |date=3 July 2015 |title=What is environmental sociology? |journal=Environmental Sociology |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=139–142 |bibcode=2015EnvSo...1..139L |doi=10.1080/23251042.2015.1066084 |s2cid=145548969}}</ref> Bangarori daban-daban na hulɗar ɗan adam tare da yanayin halitta suna nazarin su ta hanyar masu ilimin zamantakewar muhalli ciki har da yawan jama'a da yawan jamaʼa, ƙungiyoyi da cibiyoyi, kimiyya da fasaha, kiwon lafiya da rashin lafiya, amfani da ayyukan dorewa, al'adu da ainihi, da rashin daidaito na zamantakewa da [[Adalcin Muhalli|Adalci na muhalli]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boström |first=Magnus |date=2 July 2020 |title=The social life of mass and excess consumption |journal=Environmental Sociology |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=268–278 |bibcode=2020EnvSo...6..268B |doi=10.1080/23251042.2020.1755001 |s2cid=219064588 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malin |first=Stephanie A. |last2=Ryder |first2=Stacia S. |date=2 January 2018 |title=Developing deeply intersectional environmental justice scholarship |journal=Environmental Sociology |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |bibcode=2018EnvSo...4....1M |doi=10.1080/23251042.2018.1446711 |s2cid=148913239 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kodayake mayar da hankali ga filin shine dangantakar da ke tsakanin al'umma da muhalli gabaɗaya, masu ilimin zamantakewar muhalli galibi suna mai da hankali kan nazarin abubuwan zamantakewa da ke haifar da matsalolin muhalli, tasirin zamantakewar waɗannan matsalolin, da ƙoƙarin warware matsalolin. Bugu da ƙari, ana mai da hankali sosai ga hanyoyin zamantakewa wanda wasu yanayin muhalli suka zama masu bayyanawa a matsayin matsaloli. Yawancin bincike a cikin ilimin zamantakewar muhalli yana nazarin al'ummomin zamani. == Tarihi == ilimi zamantakewar muhalli ya fito ne a matsayin wani bangare na bincike bayan [[Gudanar da muhalli|Yunkurin muhalli]] na shekarun 1960 da farkon shekarun 1970. Ayyukan William R. Catton, Jr. da [[Riley Dunlap]], <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Catton |first=William R. |last2=Dunlap |first2=Riley E. |date=1978 |title=Environmental Sociology: A New Paradigm |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-sociologist_1978-02_13_1/page/41 |journal=The American Sociologist |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=41–49 |jstor=27702311}}</ref> da sauransu, sun kalubalanci ƙuntataccen ilimin zamantakewa na gargajiya. A ƙarshen shekarun 1970s, sun yi kira ga sabon tsarin gaba ɗaya, ko tsarin tsarin tsarin, wanda ke haifar da canji mai mahimmanci a fagen. Tun daga shekarun 1970s, ilimin zamantakewa na gaba ɗaya ya canza sosai don haɗawa da ikon muhalli a cikin bayanin zamantakewa. Ilimin zamantakewar muhalli yanzu ya karfafa a matsayin abin girmamawa, fannin karatu a fannin ilimi.<ref name="Pellow & Nyseth Brehm 2013">{{Cite journal |last=Pellow |first=David N. |last2=Nyseth Brehm |first2=Hollie |date=30 July 2013 |title=An Environmental Sociology for the Twenty-First Century |journal=Annual Review of Sociology |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=229–250 |doi=10.1146/annurev-soc-071312-145558}}</ref> == Ra'ayoyi == === Dualism na rayuwa === Dual na yanayin ɗan adam ya dogara da bambancin al'adu da halaye na juyin halitta. Daga wani hangen nesa, mutane suna shiga cikin [[Ecology|yanayin halittu]] kuma suna haɗuwa tare da wasu nau'o'in. Mutane suna da alaƙa iri ɗaya da sauran mazauna yanayi. Daga sauran ra'ayoyi, mutane sun bambanta da sauran jinsuna saboda sabbin damar su, al'adu daban-daban da cibiyoyi daban-daban. Halitta na ɗan adam suna da ikon sarrafawa, hallakawa, da kuma wuce iyakokin yanayin halitta.{{Sfn|Buttel|Humphrey|2002}} A cewar Buttel (2004), akwai manyan bayanai guda biyar a cikin ilimin zamantakewar muhalli a yau: ƙwararrun masana'antu da sauran abubuwan da suka shafi muhallin halittu, sabunta yanayin muhalli da sauran zamantakewar zamantakewar gyare-gyaren muhalli, zamantakewar al'adu-muhalli, sabon-Malthusianisms, da sabon yanayin muhalli. A aikace, wannan yana nufin ra'ayoyi daban-daban guda biyar na abin da za a zargi don lalata muhalli, watau, abin da za a bincika ko la'akari da mahimmanci.  An jera waɗannan ra'ayoyin a ƙasa a cikin tsarin da aka ƙirƙira su.  Ra'ayoyin da suka fito daga baya sun ginu bisa ra'ayoyin farko, kuma suka saba musu.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Neo-Malthusianism === Ayyuka irin su Hardin's "Tragedy of the Commons" (1969) sun sake fasalin tunanin Malthusian game da karuwar yawan jama'a wanda ke haifar da yunwa a cikin samfurin son kai na mutum a manyan ma'auni wanda ke haifar le lalacewar albarkatun tafki na yau da kullun kamar iska, ruwa, teku, ko yanayin muhalli gaba ɗaya. Hardin ya ba da mallakar albarkatu ko ka'idojin gwamnati a matsayin mafita ga lalacewar muhalli wanda ya haifar da bala'in yanayin jama'a. Sauran masana zamantakewa da yawa sun raba wannan ra'ayi na mafita sosai a cikin shekarun 1970 (duba Ophuls). Akwai zargi da yawa game da wannan ra'ayi musamman masanin kimiyyar siyasa Elinor Ostrom, ko masanan tattalin arziki Amartya Sen da Ester Boserup . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hardin |first=Garrett |date=1968-12-13 |title=The Tragedy of the Commons: The population problem has no technical solution; it requires a fundamental extension in morality. |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.162.3859.1243 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=162 |issue=3859 |pages=1243–1248 |doi=10.1126/science.162.3859.1243 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=17756331 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Masana ilimin zamantakewa sun samar da wani muhimmin abu ga rubutun Hardin da ake kira The Tragedy of the Commodity . Kodayake yawancin aikin jarida na yau da kullun suna ɗaukar Malthusianism shine kawai ra'ayi game da muhalli, yawancin masu ilimin zamantakewa ba za su yarda da Malthusiansism ba tunda batutuwan ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa na lalacewar muhalli sun fi nunawa don haifar da matsalolin muhalli fiye da yawan jama'a ko son kai. Don misalai na wannan zargi, Ostrom a cikin littafinta Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action (1990) ta yi jayayya cewa maimakon son kai koyaushe yana haifar da ƙasƙanci, wani lokacin yana iya motsa mutane su kula da albarkatun dukiyarsu. Don yin wannan dole ne su canza ka'idojin tsari na amfani da albarkatu. Binciken ta yana ba da shaida ga tsarin kula da albarkatun mai ɗorewa, a kusa da albarkatunan tafki na yau da kullun waɗanda suka daɗe da ƙarni a wasu yankuna na duniya. Amartya Sen ya yi jayayya a cikin littafinsa Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation (1980) cewa fadada yawan jama'a ya kasa haifar da yunwa ko lalacewa kamar yadda Malthusians ko Neo-Malthusians ke jayayya. Maimakon haka, a cikin rubuce-rubuce rashin haƙƙin siyasa ga albarkatun da ke cikin yalwa, yana haifar da yunwa a wasu al'ummomi. Ya rubuta yadda yunwa za ta iya faruwa har ma a tsakiyar wadata ko a cikin mahallin ƙananan jama'a. Ya yi jayayya cewa yunwa (da lalacewar muhalli) za ta faru ne kawai a cikin mulkin demokraɗiyya da ba ya aiki ko jihohin da ba su da wakilci. Ester Boserup ta yi jayayya a cikin littafinta The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: The Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure (1965) daga bincike, bincike na gwaji cewa ra'ayin Malthus na ra'ayi na dangantaka daya-da-daya tare da sikelin noma da yawan jama'a a zahiri ya juya. Maimakon fasahar noma da sikelin ƙayyadewa da iyakance yawan jama'a kamar yadda Malthus yayi ƙoƙari ya yi jayayya, Boserup ya yi jayyana cewa duniya tana cike da shari'o'in akasin haka: cewa yawan jama'ar suna canzawa da fadada hanyoyin noma. Masanin ilimin Eco-Marxist Allan Schnaiberg (a ƙasa) yana jayayya da Malthusianism tare da hujja cewa a ƙarƙashin tattalin arzikin jari-hujja mafi girma, lalacewar ɗan adam ya tashi daga yanki, lalacewarsa ta yawan jama'a zuwa ƙungiya ta haifar da lalacewar tattalin arzikin siyasa na jari-huadda. Ya ba da misali na lalacewar da aka tsara na yankunan gandun daji wanda jihohi da masu jari-hujja suka kori mutane daga ƙasar kafin a lalata ta hanyar ƙungiya. Don haka, marubutan da yawa suna sukar Malthusianism, daga masana zamantakewa (Schnaiberg) zuwa masana tattalin arziki (Sen da Boserup), zuwa masana kimiyyar siyasa (Ostrom), kuma duk suna mai da hankali kan yadda tsarin zamantakewar ƙasa na fitar da shi zai iya lalata yanayin da ba shi da alaƙa da yawan jama'a. === Sabon Tsarin Muhalli === A cikin shekarun 1970s, sabon tsarin muhalli (NEP) ya soki rashin mai da hankali ga mutum da muhalli a cikin masana zamantakewa na gargajiya da abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da mabiyan su. An soki wannan a matsayin Tsarin Tsayawa na Mutum (HEP). Ra'ayi na HEP ya yi iƙirarin cewa dangantakar ɗan adam da muhalli ba ta da mahimmanci ga zamantakewar al'umma saboda 'yan adam 'ba su da' yankan' daga ikon muhalli ta hanyar canjin al'adu. Wannan ra'ayi ya samo asali ne daga Ra'ayi na Yammacin Duniya na lokacin da kuma sha'awar ilimin zamantakewa don kafa kansa a matsayin horo mai zaman kansa game da Ƙaddamar da muhalli na wariyar launin fata a lokacin inda muhalli ya kasance duka. A cikin wannan ra'ayi na HEP, an ji cewa rinjayar ɗan adam ta dace da bambancin al'ada, wanda aka yi jayayya da zama mafi dacewa fiye da halaye na halitta. Bugu da ƙari, al'ada tana da ikon tarawa da kirkiro, yana mai da shi damar warware duk matsalolin halitta. Sabili da haka, kamar yadda ba a ɗauke mutane kamar yadda yanayin halitta ke mulki ba, an ji suna da cikakken iko da nasu makomar. Duk wani iyaka da duniya ta haifar an ji cewa za a wuce ta ta amfani da ƙwarewar ɗan adam. Bincike ya ci gaba daidai ba tare da nazarin muhalli ba. A cikin shekarun 1970s, masanan ilimin zamantakewa Riley Dunlap da William R. Catton, Jr. sun fara fahimtar iyakokin abin da za a kira Human Excemptionalism Paradigm. Catton da Dunlap (1978) sun ba da shawarar sabon hangen nesa wanda ya ɗauki masu canjin muhalli cikin cikakken lissafi. Sun kirkiro sabon ra'ayi na ilimin zamantakewa, Sabon Tsarin Muhalli, tare da zato da ya saba wa HEP. NEP ta fahimci ikon kirkirar mutane, amma ta ce mutane har yanzu suna dogara da juna kamar yadda yake tare da wasu nau'o'in. NEP ta lura da ikon zamantakewa da al'adu amma ba ta da'awar ƙaddamar da zamantakewa. Maimakon haka, mutane suna da tasiri ta hanyar dalilin, sakamako, da kuma ra'ayoyin ra'ayoyi na yanayin halittu. Duniya tana da iyakantaccen matakin albarkatun halitta da wuraren ajiyar sharar gida. Don haka, yanayin halittu na iya sanya ƙuntatawa ga ayyukan ɗan adam. Sun tattauna wasu 'yan jarida game da wannan NEP a cikin 'haɗe-haɗe' game da batutuwan da ba su da cikakkiyar bayani game da zamantakewa ko muhalli game da yanayin muhalli. Ya kuma kasance mai sukar ra'ayoyin Malthusian na shekarun 1960 da 1970. Ayyukan Dunlap da Catton nan da nan sun sami zargi daga Buttel wanda ya yi jayayya da akasin haka cewa ana iya samun tushe na zamantakewar muhalli na al'ada don ilimin zamantakewar mujalli, musamman a cikin aikin Weber akan tsohuwar "al'adun noma" da ra'ayin Durkheim game da rarraba aiki kamar yadda aka gina shi a kan tushen kayan aiki na ƙwarewa / ƙwarewa don mayar da martani ga ƙarancin kayan aiki. Wannan bangare na muhalli na Durkheim an tattauna shi ta hanyar Schnaiberg (1971). === Treadmill na ka'idar samarwa === Treadmill of Production wata ka'ida ce da Schnaiberg ya kirkira kuma ya shahara a matsayin hanyar amsawa ga karuwar lalacewar muhalli na Amurka bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] . A mafi sauki, wannan ka'idar ta bayyana cewa an halicci karin samfur ko kayayyaki, za a yi amfani da karin albarkatu, kuma mafi girman tasirin zai kasance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gould |first=Kenneth A. |last2=Pellow |first2=David N. |last3=Schnaiberg |first3=Allan |date=September 2004 |title=Interrogating the Treadmill of Production: Everything You Wanted to Know about the Treadmill but Were Afraid to Ask |journal=Organization & Environment |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=296–316 |doi=10.1177/1086026604268747 |s2cid=67793819 |id={{ProQuest|219872323}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Gudun tafiya kwatanci ne na kamawa a cikin sake zagayowar ci gaba da girma wanda ba ya tsayawa, yana buƙatar ƙarin albarkatu kuma a sakamakon haka yana haifar da ƙarin lalacewar muhalli. A tsakiyar muhawarar HEP/NEP, an yi amfani da ra'ayoyin neo-Marxist akan ilimin zamantakewar rikice-rikice akan rikice-rikicen muhalli.  Saboda haka, wasu masana ilimin zamantakewa sun so su shimfiɗa ra'ayoyin Marxist na rikice-rikice na zamantakewa don nazarin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewar muhalli daga tsarin jari-hujja na Markisanci maimakon fassara su a matsayin "Sabon Social Movement" na al'ada, daban da damuwa na kayan aiki.  Don haka an samar da "Eco-Marxism" bisa amfani da ka'idodin rikice-rikice na Neo-Marxist na 'yancin cin gashin kai na jihar da kuma amfani da su ga rikicin muhalli..{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Mutane biyu da suka biyo bayan wannan makarantar sune James O'Connor (The Fiscal Crisis of the State, 1971) kuma daga baya Allan Schnaiberg . Daga baya, wani yanayi daban-daban ya bunkasa a cikin eco-Marxism ta hanyar kulawa da aka kawo ga muhimmancin nazarin metabolism a cikin tunanin Marx na John Bellamy Foster. Sabanin tunanin da aka yi a baya cewa masu ilimin gargajiya a cikin ilimin zamantakewa duk sun fada cikin Tsarin Dan Adam, Foster ya yi jayayya cewa son abin duniya na Marx ya kai shi ga yin la'akari da aiki a matsayin tsarin metabolism tsakanin bil'adama da sauran yanayi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Foster |first=John Bellamy |date=September 1999 |title=Marx's Theory of Metabolic Rift: Classical Foundations for Environmental Sociology |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-sociology_1999-09_105_2/page/366 |journal=American Journal of Sociology |volume=105 |issue=2 |pages=366–405 |doi=10.1086/210315 |s2cid=53608115}}</ref> A cikin fassarorin Promethean na Marx wanda Foster ya soki, akwai zaton bincikensa yayi kama da ra'ayoyin anthropocentric da masana ilimin muhalli na farko suka soki. Maimakon haka, Foster ya yi jayayya cewa Marx da kansa ya damu game da rabuwa ta Metabolic da al'ummar jari-hujja ta haifar, musamman a aikin gona na masana'antu - Marx ya gano "rabuwa da ba za a iya gyarawa ba a cikin tsarin metabolism na zamantakewa, " wanda aikin gona na jari-huadda ya haifar da yawan amfanin ƙasa kuma ya haifar da sharar gida a cikin birane waɗanda suka kasa sake shiga cikin ƙasa kuma ta haifar da lalata ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na birane a lokaci guda. Da yake nazarin gudummawar wannan zaren na eco-marxism ga ilimin zamantakewar muhalli na yanzu, Pellow da Brehm sun kammala, "Rashin jituwa na metabolism ci gaba ne mai amfani a fagen saboda yana haɗa bincike na yanzu zuwa ka'idar gargajiya kuma yana haɗa ilimin zamantakewa tare da jerin litattafan kimiyya da ke mai da hankali kan yanayin muhalli".<ref name="Pellow & Nyseth Brehm 2013">{{Cite journal |last=Pellow |first=David N. |last2=Nyseth Brehm |first2=Hollie |date=30 July 2013 |title=An Environmental Sociology for the Twenty-First Century |journal=Annual Review of Sociology |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=229–250 |doi=10.1146/annurev-soc-071312-145558}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPellowNyseth_Brehm2013">Pellow, David N.; Nyseth Brehm, Hollie (30 July 2013). "An Environmental Sociology for the Twenty-First Century". ''Annual Review of Sociology''. '''39''' (1): <span class="nowrap">229–</span>250. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-071312-145558|10.1146/annurev-soc-071312-145558]].</cite></ref> Foster ya jaddada cewa gardamarsa ta nuna "aikin koyarwa" na Paul Burkett, wanda ya haɓaka hangen nesa mai alaƙa da "ja-kore" wanda ya samo asali ne daga binciken kai tsaye na ka'idar darajar Marx. Burkett da Foster sun ci gaba da rubuta labarai da yawa tare game da ra'ayoyin muhalli na Marx, suna nuna ra'ayinsu na ra'ayi <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Foster |first=John Bellamy |date=4 September 2000 |title=Marx's Ecological Value Analysis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_monthly-review-us_2000-09_52_4/page/39 |journal=Monthly Review |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=39 |doi=10.14452/MR-052-04-2000-08_4}}</ref> Kwanan nan, Jason W. Moore, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar nazarin darajar Burkett game da ilimin muhalli na Marx kuma yana jayayya cewa aikin Foster bai isa ba, ya nemi ya haɗa ra'ayin rabuwa da metabolism tare da ka'idar tsarin duniya, yana haɗa ra'ayoyin da suka shafi darajar Marxian.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Jason W. |year=2000 |title=Environmental Crises and the Metabolic Rift in World-Historical Perspective |journal=Organization & Environment |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=123–157 |doi=10.1177/1086026600132001 |s2cid=145416455}}</ref> Ga Moore, tsarin duniya na zamani shine ilimin muhalli na duniya, yana shiga cikin tarawa na babban birnin, neman iko, da samar da yanayi a cikin hadin kai. Tsakanin hangen nesa na Moore shine sake karanta falsafar ka'idar darajar Marx, ta hanyar da aikin zamantakewa mai mahimmanci da yanayin zamantakewa mai zurfi ke da alaƙa. Moore ya yi jayayya cewa dokar darajar da ta fito, daga karni na sha shida, ta kasance a bayyane a cikin canji mai ban mamaki a cikin sikelin, iyaka, da saurin canjin muhalli. Abin da ya ɗauki wayewar zamani na ƙarni don cimma - kamar rushewar gandun daji na Turai a zamanin da - jari-hujja da aka samu a cikin shekaru da yawa kawai. Wannan fashewar tarihi na duniya, in ji Moore, ana iya bayyana shi ta hanyar dokar darajar da ke la'akari da yawan aiki a matsayin ma'auni mai mahimmanci na wadata da iko a duniyar zamani. Daga wannan ra'ayi, basirar ci gaban jari-hujja ta kasance don dacewa da dabi'un da ba a canza su ba - gami da dabi'ar ɗan adam da ba a gyara su ba - a matsayin hanyar inganta yawan aiki a cikin tsarin kayan masarufi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Jason W. |date=January 2011 |title=Transcending the metabolic rift: a theory of crises in the capitalist world-ecology |journal=Journal of Peasant Studies |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=1–46 |doi=10.1080/03066150.2010.538579 |s2cid=55640067}}</ref> ==== Harkokin zamantakewa da muhalli ==== A shekara ta 1975, aikin Allan Schnaiberg mai tasiri sosai ya canza ilimin zamantakewar muhalli, yana ba da shawarar ilimin zamantakewar al'umma da muhalli na muhalli. Wannan ra'ayi na rikice-rikice yana da mahimmancin siyasa. Na farko, haɗin tattalin arziki ya bayyana cewa sha'awar fadada tattalin arziki za ta mamaye damuwa game da muhalli. Manufofin za su yanke shawarar kara bunkasa tattalin arziki nan take a kan kudin rushewar muhalli. Abu na biyu, ƙaddamar da ƙarancin sarrafawa ya kammala cewa gwamnatoci za su yi ƙoƙari su sarrafa mafi munin matsalolin muhalli kawai don hana kiwon lafiya da bala'o'in tattalin arziki. Wannan zai ba da alama cewa gwamnatoci suna aiki da hankali ga muhalli fiye da yadda suke yi. Na uku, kira na muhalli yana haifar da wani lamari inda lalacewar muhalli ya yi tsanani sosai har dakarun siyasa za su amsa da manufofi masu ɗorewa. Dalilin motsawa zai zama lalacewar tattalin arziki da aka haifar da lalacewar muhalli. Injin tattalin arziki zai dogara ne akan albarkatun sabuntawa a wannan lokacin. Hanyoyin samarwa da amfani za su bi ka'idojin dorewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fuchs |first=Christian |date=1970-01-01 |title=The Dialectic of the Nature-Society-System |url=https://www.triple-c.at/index.php/tripleC/article/view/24 |journal=TripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–39 |doi=10.31269/vol4iss1pp1-39 |issn=1726-670X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wadannan rikice-rikice na rikice-rikicen suna da sakamako masu yawa. Ɗaya shi ne cewa mafi ƙarfin tattalin arziki da siyasa za su kiyaye halin da ake ciki kuma su karfafa rinjayar su. A tarihi, wannan shine abin da ya fi faruwa. Wani sakamako mai yuwuwa shine don fafatawa da jam'iyyun da ke da iko don fadawa cikin matsala. A ƙarshe, abubuwan da suka faru na zamantakewa na iya haifar da sake rarraba albarkatun tattalin arziki da siyasa. A cikin 1980, aikin Allan Schnaiberg mai tasiri sosai mai taken The Environment: From Surplus to Scarcity (1980) <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Foster |first=John Bellamy |date=March 2005 |title=The Treadmill of Accumulation: Schnaiberg's Environment and Marxian Political Economy |journal=Organization & Environment |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=7–18 |doi=10.1177/1086026604270442 |jstor=26161945 |s2cid=144231099}}</ref> babban gudummawa ne ga wannan taken na zamantakewar muhalli. === Sabunta yanayin muhalli da sabuntawa === A cikin 1980s, ana zargi na eco-Marxism ya kasance a cikin kashewa, da aka ba da bayanai masu ma'ana daga ƙasashe (mafi yawa a Yammacin Turai kamar [[Holand|Netherlands]], Jamus ta Yamma da kuma ɗan Birtaniya) waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin auren kare muhalli tare da ci gaban tattalin arziki maimakon ganin su a matsayin daban.  Anyi hakan ta hanyar sake fasalin jihohi da babban birnin kasar.  Manyan masu goyon bayan wannan makarantar na bincike sune Arthur P.J. Mol da Gert Spaargaren.  Shahararrun misalan zamanantar da muhalli za su kasance “zama don shimfiɗar jariri” zagayowar samarwa, ilimin kimiyyar masana’antu, manyan ayyukan noma, biomimicry, permaculture, agroecology da wasu sassan ci gaba mai ɗorewa—duk suna nuna cewa haɓakar tattalin arziƙi yana yiwuwa idan an tsara wannan ci gaban da kyau tare da la’akari da yanayin..{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Zamantakewa na Sauƙaƙe Littattafai da yawa na masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Jamus Ulrich Beck ya fara jayayya tun daga ƙarshen 1980s cewa ƙungiyoyin zamantakewar muhalli na duniya na iya canza al'ummarmu masu haɗari zuwa sauye-sauyen tsari ba tare da watsi da fa'idodin zamani da masana'antu ba.  Wannan yana haifar da wani nau'i na 'nau'i na zamani' tare da duniya na raguwar haɗari da mafi kyawun tsarin zamani a cikin tattalin arziki, siyasa, da ayyukan kimiyya kamar yadda aka rage su zuwa ga sake zagayowar kare haɗari daga gyara (wanda ya kira rashin aikin yi na jihar mu) - siyasa yana haifar da ecodisasters, sa'an nan kuma da'awar alhaki a cikin wani hatsari, duk da haka babu abin da ya rage da ci gaban da tattalin arziki da kuma ci gaban da aka gyara saboda da tsarin da aka gyara.  misali.  Tunanin Beck na zamani mai juyi yana sa ido ga yadda rikicin mu na muhalli da zamantakewa a ƙarshen karni na 20 ke haifar da sauye-sauye na cibiyoyin tsarin siyasa da na tattalin arziki, yana mai da su mafi "ma'ana" tare da ilimin halittu a hankali.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Neoliberalism ya haɗa da deregulation, 'yan kasuwa masu cin gashin kansu, kuma yana da niyyar rage kashe kuɗin gwamnati. Wadannan manufofi na neoliberal suna shafar ilimin zamantakewar muhalli sosai. Tunda neoliberalism ya haɗa da deregulation da kuma ainihin ƙarancin shigar gwamnati, wannan yana haifar da sayarwa da keɓancewa na ba mallakar ba, mallakar gwamnati, ko albarkatun dukiya na kowa. Diana Liverman da Silvina Vilas sun ambaci cewa wannan yana haifar da biyan kuɗi don ayyukan muhalli; deregulation da rage kuɗin jama'a don gudanar da muhalli؛ buɗe kasuwanci da saka hannun jari; da canja wurin gudanar da mujalli ga cibiyoyin gida ko marasa gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liverman |first=Diana M. |last2=Vilas |first2=Silvina |date=1 November 2006 |title=Neoliberalism and the Environment in Latin America |journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=327–363 |doi=10.1146/annurev.energy.29.102403.140729 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasuwancin waɗannan albarkatun suna da tasiri ga al'umma, tattalin arziki, da kuma muhalli. Misali wanda ya shafi al'umma sosai shine mallakar ruwa. === Tsarin zamantakewa na muhalli === Bugu da ƙari, a cikin shekarun 1980s, tare da haɓakar postmodernism a makarantar kimiyya ta yamma da godiya ga magana a matsayin nau'i na iko, wasu masana zamantakewa sun juya zuwa nazarin ikirarin muhalli a matsayin nau-ci na gine-ginen zamantakewa fiye da buƙata 'kayan aiki'. Masu goyon bayan wannan makarantar sun hada da [[John A. Hannigan]], musamman a cikin ilimin zamantakewar muhalli: Halin Ginin Jama'a (1995). Hannigan ya yi jayayya game da 'ginin gini mai laushi' (matsalar muhalli ta zahiri ce duk da cewa suna buƙatar a lura da gine-ginen zamantakewa) a kan 'ginin gine-gine mai wuya' (da'awar cewa matsalolin muhalli gaba ɗaya gine-ginan zamantakewa ne). Ko da yake akwai wani lokaci acrimonious muhawara tsakanin constructivist da kuma ainihin "sansanoni" a cikin muhalli zamantakewa zamantakewa a cikin 1990s, ɓangarorin biyu sun sami babba gama gari kamar yadda duka biyu ƙara yarda cewa yayin da mafi yawan muhalli matsalolin da wani abu gaskiya amma duk da haka zama sani kawai ta hanyar mutum tafiyar matakai kamar ilimin kimiyya, kokarin 'yan gwagwarmaya, da kuma kafofin watsa labarai da hankali.  A wasu kalmomi, yawancin matsalolin muhalli suna da matsayi na ainihi na ontological duk da saninmu / fahimtar su daga hanyoyin zamantakewa, hanyoyin da aka gina yanayi daban-daban a matsayin matsaloli ta hanyar masana kimiyya, masu gwagwarmaya, kafofin watsa labaru da sauran 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na zamantakewa.  Hakazalika, dole ne a fahimci matsalolin muhalli duka ta hanyoyin zamantakewa, duk da duk wani tushe na zahiri da suke da shi na waje ga mutane.  Wannan hulɗar yanzu an yarda da ita sosai, amma yawancin bangarori na muhawara suna ci gaba da bincike na zamani a fagen,,.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Muhalli na zamani === Shekaru na 1960 sun gina ƙarfin al'adu mai ƙarfi don abubuwan muhalli, suna haifar da yunkurin muhalli na zamani da kuma manyan tambayoyi a cikin masu ilimin zamantakewa da ke sha'awar nazarin motsi. Yaduwar lamirin kore ya motsa tsaye a cikin al'umma, wanda ya haifar da jerin canje-canje na manufofi a fadin jihohi da yawa a Amurka da Turai a cikin shekarun 1970s. A Amurka, an san wannan lokacin da "Shekaru goma na muhalli" tare da kirkirar Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka da kuma wucewar Dokar Dabbobi Masu Hadari, Dokar Ruwa Mai Tsabtace, da gyare-gyare ga Dokar Ruwa mai Tsabtacewa. Ranar Duniya ta 1970, wanda miliyoyin mahalarta suka yi bikin, ya wakilci zamanin zamani na tunanin muhalli. Yunkurin muhalli ya ci gaba da abubuwan da suka faru kamar Love Canal . Shekaru na 1960 sun gina ƙarfin al'adu mai ƙarfi don abubuwan muhalli, suna haifar da yunkurin muhalli na zamani da kuma manyan tambayoyi a cikin masu ilimin zamantakewa da ke sha'awar nazarin motsi. Yaduwar lamirin kore ya motsa tsaye a cikin al'umma, wanda ya haifar da jerin canje-canje na manufofi a fadin jihohi da yawa a Amurka da Turai a cikin shekarun 1970s. A Amurka, an san wannan lokacin da "Shekaru goma na muhalli" tare da kirkirar Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka da kuma wucewar Dokar Dabbobi Masu Hadari, Dokar Ruwa Mai Tsabtace, da gyare-gyare ga Dokar Ruwa mai Tsabtacewa. Ranar Duniya ta 1970, wanda miliyoyin mahalarta suka yi bikin, ya wakilci zamanin zamani na tunanin muhalli. Yunkurin muhalli ya ci gaba da abubuwan da suka faru kamar Love Canal . Yayin da yanayin tunani na yanzu da aka bayyana a cikin ilimin zamantakewar muhalli bai kasance ba har zuwa 1970s, yanzu ana amfani da aikace-aikacensa wajen nazarin mutanen da.  Ƙungiyoyin da suka haɗa da tsibirin Easter, Anaszi, da Mayas an yi jayayya cewa sun ƙare ba zato ba tsammani, saboda rashin kula da muhalli.  An ƙalubalanci wannan a cikin aiki na baya duk da haka a matsayin keɓantaccen dalili (ƙwararren Jared Diamond's Rushewa (2005); ko ƙarin aikin zamani akan tsibirin Ista).  Rushewar Mayans ya aika da saƙon tarihi cewa hatta al'adun da suka ci gaba suna da rauni ga kisan kai na muhalli - ko da yake Diamond yayi jayayya a yanzu ya kasance ƙasa da kashe kansa fiye da canjin yanayi wanda ya haifar da rashin ikon daidaitawa - da rashin yarda da manyan mutane don daidaitawa ko da lokacin fuskantar alamun da yawa a baya na kusanci matsalolin muhalli.  A lokaci guda, nasarorin da al'umma suka samu na Diamond sun haɗa da New Guinea da tsibirin Tikopia waɗanda mazaunansu suka rayu har tsawon shekaru 46,000.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> John Dryzek et al. argue in ''[[Green States and Social Movements: Environmentalism in the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, and Norway]]'' (2003)cewa za a iya zama gama-gari na duniya koren muhalli motsi na zamantakewa, ko da yake takamaiman sakamakonsa ne na kishin kasa, fadowa cikin hudu 'ma'ana iri' hulda tsakanin muhalli motsi da kuma jihar ikon.  Suna amfani da matsayinsu na nazarin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewar muhalli da hulɗar jihohi daga Norway, [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]], Amurka, da Jamus.  Suna nazarin shekaru 30 da suka gabata na muhalli da kuma sakamakon daban-daban da motsin kore ya dauka a cikin yanayi da al'adu daban-daban na jihohi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Kwanan nan kuma kusan a cikin tsari na lokaci a ƙasa, yawancin nazarin tarihin tarihin lalacewar muhalli ana samun su ta hanyar masu ilimin zamantakewa. Akwai abubuwa biyu na gaba ɗaya: mutane da yawa suna amfani da ka'idar tsarin duniya - nazarin batutuwan muhalli na dogon lokaci da sarari; kuma wasu suna amfani da hanyoyin kwatanta tarihi. Wasu suna amfani da hanyoyin biyu a lokaci guda, wani lokacin ba tare da ambaton ka'idar tsarin duniya ba (kamar Whitaker, duba ƙasa). [[Stephen G. Bunker]] (d. 2005) da [[Paul S. Ciccantell]] sun hada kai a kan littattafai biyu daga ra'ayi na Ka'idar tsarin duniya, suna bin sarkar kayayyaki ta hanyar tarihin tsarin duniya na zamani, suna tsara sauye-sauyen muhimmancin sarari, lokaci, da sikelin cirewa da kuma yadda waɗannan masu canji suka rinjayi siffar da wurin manyan nodes na tattalin arzikin duniya a cikin shekaru 500 da suka gabata. Ra'ayinsu game da duniya ya samo asali ne daga tattalin arzikin [[hakar ma'adinai]] da siyasa na jihohi daban-daban waɗanda ke neman mamaye albarkatun duniya da juna ta hanyar samun iko mai mahimmanci na manyan albarkatun ko sake fasalin kwararar duniya a cikinsu don amfanin wuraren su. Ayyuka guda uku na ka'idar tsarin muhalli na duniya ta Sing C. Chew sun bincika yadda "Halitta da Al'adu" ke hulɗa a tsawon lokaci, farawa da Rashin Muhalli na Duniya (2001) A cikin littattafai na baya, Chew ya yi jayayya cewa akwai "Dark Ages" guda uku a cikin tarihin muhalli wanda ke nuna lokutan rushewar jihohi da sake daidaitawa a cikin tattalin arzikin duniya tare da ƙarin tsarin yanki na al'umma, tattalin arziki, da kuma ainihi da ke zuwa mamaye alaƙar da ke taimakawa wajen lalata muhalli da sauran siffofi. Ta haka ne aka kafa al'ummomin da aka sake ginawa a cikin waɗannan da ake kira 'Dark Ages', addinan da aka saba da su, kuma watakila mafi mahimmanci a gare shi yanayin yana da ƙarni da yawa don murmurewa daga lalacewar da ta gabata. Chew ya yi jayayya cewa siyasar kore ta zamani da Bioregionalism shine farkon irin wannan motsi na yau da kullun wanda zai iya haifar da canjin tsarin. Sabili da haka, muna iya kasancewa a gefen wani "dark age" na duniya wanda yake da haske maimakon duhu a matakai da yawa tunda yana jayayya ga al'ummar ɗan adam da ke dawowa tare da warkar da muhalli yayin da daular suka rushe. Masanin ilimin zamantakewar muhalli na tarihi Mark D. Whitaker ya gudanar da ƙarin nazarin shari'a yana nazarin China, [[Japan]], da Turai sama da shekaru 2,500 a cikin littafinsa Ecological Revolution (2009). Ya jaddada cewa maimakon ƙungiyoyin muhalli su kasance "Sabon ƙungiyoyin Jama'a" na musamman ga al'ummomin yanzu, ƙungiyoyin mujallu sun tsufa sosai - ana nuna su ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin addini a baya (ko a yanzu kamar a cikin ilimin muhalli) waɗanda suka fara mayar da hankali kan damuwa game da kiwon lafiya, muhalli na gida, da zanga-zangar tattalin arziki game da manufofin jihar da kuma fitar da ita. Ya yi jayayya cewa baya ko yanzu yayi kama da haka: cewa mun shiga cikin mummunan tsarin wayewa na yau da kullun na lalacewar muhalli, karfafa tattalin arziki, da rashin wakilcin siyasa na dubban shekaru wanda ke da sakamakon da za a iya hangowa. Ya yi jayayya cewa ana buƙatar wani nau'i na bioregionalism, jihar bioregional, don magance cin hanci da rashawa na siyasa a yanzu ko a cikin al'ummomin da suka gabata da ke da alaƙa da lalacewar muhalli. Bayan kallon tarihin duniya na lalacewar muhalli daga hanyoyi daban-daban, duka masu ilimin zamantakewa Sing Chew da Mark D. Whitaker sun zo ga irin wannan kammalawa kuma suna goyon bayan (nau'o'i daban-daban na) bioregionalism. == Jaridu masu alaƙa == Daga cikin manyan mujallu a wannan fagen sune: * ''[https://www.cairnsinstitute.jcu.edu.au/new-journal/ Ilimin zamantakewar muhalli]'' * ''Ilimin Muhalli na Dan Adam'' * ''[[Human Ecology Review|Binciken Muhalli na Dan Adam]]'' * ''Yanayi da Al'adu'' * ''Ƙungiya &amp;amp; Muhalli'' * ''Yawan jama'a da muhalli'' * ''Ilimin zamantakewa na karkara'' * ''[[Society and Natural Resources|Al'umma da albarkatun kasa]]'' [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] b1cld7326vwffk09rvj0nvo7ainkow5 0 107418 906596 882481 2026-08-23T14:29:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906596 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Mary Lou <ref name="FictionDB">{{Cite web |title=Mary Mackey Book List - Fiction DB |url=https://www.fictiondb.com/author/mary-mackey~4773.htm |access-date=August 3, 2019 |website=FictionDB}}</ref> Mackey''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1945 <ref name="FictionDB" />) marubuci ce ta Amurka, mawaki, kuma masanin kimiyya. Ita ce marubuciyar tarin shayari guda takwas da litattafai goma sha huɗu, gami da A Grand Passion da The Village of Bones, The Year The Horses Came, The Horsos At The Gate, da The Fires of Spring, litattafan tarihi guda huɗu waɗanda suka ɗauki al'adun duniya, al'adun Allah-bauta na Neolithic Turai. A shekara ta 2012, tarin waƙoƙinta na shida, Sugar Zone, ya lashe lambar yabo ta PEN Oakland / Josephine Miles Literary Award . Wani tarin, The Jaguars That Prowl Our Dreams: New and Selected Poems 1974 zuwa 2018, ya lashe lambar yabo ta 2018 Women's Spirituality Book Award daga Cibiyar Nazarin Nazarin California; da kuma lambar yabo ta 2019 Eric Hoffer Small Press Award don mafi kyawun littafin da aka buga ta ƙaramin manema labarai.<ref name="womenrisingconference.org">{{Cite web |title=Women's Spirituality Book Awards |url=http://womenrisingconference.org/index.php/wse-book-awards/ |website=womenrisingconference.org |access-date=2025-07-24 |archive-date=2025-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714205928/http://womenrisingconference.org/index.php/wse-book-awards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Littafinta na farko, Immersion (Shameless Hussy Press, 1972), shi ne littafi na farko da aka buga ta hanyar jaridar mata ta Wave ta biyu. Tsawon damuwa da batutuwan muhalli, Mackey yana rubutu akai-akai game da gandun daji na [[Costa Rica]] da Amazon na [[Brazil]]. A farkon shekarun 1970s, a matsayin Farfesa na Turanci da Marubuta-In-Residence a Jami'ar Jihar California, Sacramento, ta taimaka wajen kafa Shirin Nazarin Mata na CSUS da Shirin Rubuce-rubuce na Sashen Turanci na CSUS. Daga 1989-1992, ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar reshen West Coast na Cibiyar PEN ta Amurka inda ta shiga cikin tsaron kasa da kasa na PEN na marubutan da aka tsananta. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Mary Mackey a Indianapolis, Indiana . Mahaifinta likita ne. Mahaifiyarta ta yi aiki a matsayin likitan sunadarai a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na Mead Johnson a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu . Mackey ta kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Harvard ''Magna cum laude'' tare da babban digiri a Turanci. Yayinda take can, ta zo ƙarƙashin tasirin mahaifin ethnobotany na zamani, Richard Evans Schultes, wanda ta danganta da sha'awar rayuwarta a cikin botany da muhalli, jigogi waɗanda galibi suna bayyana a cikin litattafantafai da shayari. A lokacin da take da shekaru ashirin, ta zauna a tashoshin filin a cikin gandun daji na Costa Rica.<ref name="Contemporary" /> Bayan ta sami Ph.D. a cikin Littattafan Kwatanta daga Jami'ar Michigan, ta koma California don zama Farfesa na Turanci da Mawallafi a Jami'ar Jihar California, Sacramento (CSUS). Ta auri Angus Wright, <ref name="Contemporary" /> Farfesa Emeritus na Nazarin Muhalli na CSUS, tare da wanda take tafiya akai-akai zuwa Brazil. <ref name="Omnidawn">{{Cite web |date=15 November 2009 |title=Poetry Feature: Mary Mackey |url=http://omnidawn.wordpress.com/2009/11/15/poetry-feature-mary-mackey/ |website=Omnidawn Publishing Blog |publisher=Omnidawn Publishing}}</ref> Mackey na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Shirin Nazarin Mata na CSUS . Ta kuma kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Rubuce-rubuce ta CSUS tare da mawaki Dennis Schmitz da marubucin Richard Bankowsky . A shekara ta 1978 Mackey ya kafa The Feminist Writers' Guild tare da mawaƙa Adrienne Rich da [[Susan Griffin]], marubuciya [[Charlene Spretnak]], da marubuciya Valerie Miner . <ref name="Feminists" /> Daga 1989-1992, Mackey ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba na West Coast Branch na PEN American Center wanda ya haɗa kanta a cikin tsaron kasa da kasa na PEN na marubutan da aka tsananta.<ref name="Feminists" /> Mackey ya yi ritaya daga Jami'ar Jihar California a 2008. Ya zuwa 2020, ta ci gaba da rubuta litattafai da shayari.<ref name="MaryMackeyBooks">{{Cite web |title=Books |url=https://marymackey.com/books/ |access-date=3 January 2020 |website=Mary Mackey, author}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Mackey shine marubucin litattafai goma sha huɗu da tarin shayari takwas. An san ta da tarihin tarihinta, musamman ga The Village of Bones, The Year The Horses Came, The Horsos At The Gate, da The Fires of Spring, jerin da aka kafa a Neolithic Turai wanda Mackey ya dogara da binciken masanin binciken kimiyya Marija Gimbutas. Har ila yau, an san ta da waƙoƙinta na waƙoƙi wanda Wendell Berry, Jane Hirshfield, Maxine Hong Kingston, Dennis Nurkse, Ron Hansen, Dennis Schmitz, da Marge Piercy suka yaba da shi saboda kyakkyawa, daidaito, asali, da kuma kewayon..<ref name="Omnidawn"/><ref name="MarshHawkPress">{{Cite web |last=Mackey |first=Mary |date=2018 |title=Fever and Jungles: On Becoming A Poet |url=https://marshhawkpress.org/mary-mackey/ |website=Marsh Hawk Press |publisher=Marsh Hawk Press, Inc.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zeppa |first=Mary |date=November 2006 |title=Breaking the Fever, poems by Mary Mackey |url=http://www.sacramentopoetrycenter.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/PN200611.pdf |journal=Poetry Now |location=Sacramento, California |publisher=Sacramento Poetry Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kelly-Dewitt |first=Susan |date=2007 |title=Dreams of the Baby Boomers |journal=Poetry Flash |location=Berkeley, California |pages=25–26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frith |first=Carl |date=March 2007 |title=Hallucinations |journal=Small Press Review |location=Paradise, California |volume=39}}. Note that Frith’s review erroneously gave the title of Mackey’s collection ''Breaking The Fever'' as ''Breaking The Fire''. ''Small Press Review'' published a correction notice in its next issue.</ref> Littafinta na farko, Immersion (Shameless Hussy Press, 1972) an kafa shi ne a cikin gandun daji na Costa Rica . Yana ɗaukar a matsayin batunsa ilimin muhalli da mata, kuma an yi imanin cewa shi ne littafi na farko na mata wanda aka buga ta hanyar jaridar mata ta Amurka ta biyu. [bayanin 1] McCarthy's List wani labari ne mai ban dariya wanda aka kafa a Indianapolis a cikin shekarun 1950. ''Sarauniyar Sojan Ƙarshe'' ta sake ba da labari game da Inanna, allahiyar Sumerian na soyayya ta jima'i, haihuwa, da yaƙi. An kafa A Grand Passion da The Kindness of Strangers a Turai kuma suna ɗaukar al'ummomi uku da ke cikin zane-zane a matsayin batun su. Hudu daga cikin litattafan Mackey (The Village of Bones, The Year The Horses Came, The Horsos At The Gate, da The Fires of Spring) sun hada da ''Jerin Waƙoƙin Duniya''. An kafa su a Turai a zamanin Neolithic, suna magance gwagwarmaya tsakanin al'adun allahiya masu bauta da duniya da mamaye makiyaya. Mackey's Season of Shadows an saita shi a Harvard a ƙarshen 60s kuma yana hulɗa da batutuwan siyasa daban-daban kamar su Civil Rights Movement da zanga-zangar adawa da shigar Amurka a cikin Yaƙin Vietnam. A cikin shekara ta 2003 da 2004, a cikin tashi daga salon da jigogi na baya, Mackey ta zaɓi rubuta The Stand-In da Sweet Revenge a ƙarƙashin sunan alkalami "Kate Clemens". Dukansu litattafai ne masu ban dariya da aka kafa a Los Angeles. Ta rubuta litattafai biyu na yakin basasa, The Notorious Mrs. Winston da The Widow's War, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=Andy |date=7 September 2009 |title=Mary Mackey on Writing Historical Fiction |url=http://www.redroom.com/blog/andyross/mary-mackey-writing-historical-fiction |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120908012724/http://www.redroom.com/blog/andyross/mary-mackey-writing-historical-fiction |archive-date=8 September 2012 |website=Red Room}}</ref> waɗanda aka saita a Indiana da Kansas, bi da bi. Waƙoƙin Mackey suna da wuyar rarraba su. Masu sukar sun kira shi "mai tsananin gaske," "mai ban sha'awa," "mafi girman gaske," da kuma "mai lalata," kuma sun lura da ita "rashin fahimta" wanda shine "ci gaba da lalata hankali. " A cikin magana game da tarin Mackey Breaking The Fever, mawaki Jane Hirshfield ya lura: "Waƙoƙin da ke cikin Breaking the Fever yana ba da gaskiya da siyasa, wahayi da yawa da kuma tunaninsa suna nunawa a kan Oner Keon mai ji, ainihin ya rubuta, ana kiransa".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary Mackey: Breaking the Fever |url=http://www.marshhawkpress.org/Mackey.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061203064950/http://www.marshhawkpress.org/Mackey.htm |archive-date=3 December 2006}}</ref> A cikin 2011, Marsh Hawk Press ta buga tarin waƙoƙin Mackey na shida, Sugar Zone wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta PEN Oakland / Josephine Miles ta 2012. Tarin ta na takwas, The Jaguars That Prowl Our Dreams: New and Selected Poems 1974 zuwa 2018, ta lashe lambar yabo ta Littafin Ruhaniya ta Mata daga Cibiyar Nazarin Nazarin California; da kuma lambar yabo ta Eric Hoffer Small Press don mafi kyawun littafin da aka buga ta ƙaramin manema labarai.<ref name="womenrisingconference.org"/> Mackey ta ce yawancin waƙoƙinta sun samo asali ne ''''Rage zazzabi'''' mai tsanani da ta fuskanta a lokuta da yawa da kuma ayyukan marubuta da mawaƙa na Brazil, suna lura da cewa sau da yawa suna "haɗe Portuguese da Ingilishi a matsayin abin da za su iya haifar da sararin samaniya wanda ke tsakanin harsuna biyu. A cikin 2014 Marsh Hawk ya buga sabon tarin Mackey Travelers With No Tickety ko's ya ce: "Yana da za a iya yin amfani da ita" Mary Mackey mai suna neman zaɓar hotuna da ita: Mary ''PANK'', Mary Mary Mary Mary Pkey mai suna suna suna suna da kuma zaɓar hoton, Mary Mary Panking, Mary Maryy, Mary Mary Playing, Mary Pank. Mary Mary Maryyy, Mary Punking, Maryy suna suna suna nan gaba da zabary.<ref name="Omnidawn"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gelfand |first=Joan |date=29 November 2011 |title=The Sugar Zone Is Bittersweet |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-sugar-zone-is-bitters_b_1117904 |website=HuffPost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gelfand |first=Joan |date=5 August 2019 |title=[REVIEW] The Jaguars That Prowl Our Dreams by Mary Mackey |url=https://pankmagazine.com/2019/08/05/review-jaguars-prowl-dreams-mary-mackey/ |access-date=3 January 2020 |website=PANK |archive-date=20 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820133822/https://pankmagazine.com/2019/08/05/review-jaguars-prowl-dreams-mary-mackey/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana adana takardun wallafe-wallafen Mary Mackey a cikin ɗakin karatu na musamman na Sophia Smith, Kwalejin Smith, Northampton, MA. Tarin abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba na ƙananan litattafan waka na jarida waɗanda mawaƙa na Arewacin California suka rubuta an adana su a cikin Smith College Mortimer Rare Book Room. === Littattafai === * Immersion, San Lorenzo, CA: Shameless Hussy Press (1972) * ''Jerin McCarthy'', New York, NY: Doubleday (1979) * ''Sarauniyar Sojan Ƙarshe'', New York, NY: Putnam (1983) * A Grand Passion, New York, NY: Simon & Schuster (1986) * ''Alherin Baƙi'', New York, NY: Simon & Schuster (1988) * ''Lokacin Inuwa'', New York, NY: Littattafan Bantam (1991) * ''Shekarar dawakai suka zo'', San Francisco, CA: Harper San Francisco (1993) * ''Dawakai A Ƙofar'', San Francisco, CA: Harper San Francisco (1996) * ''Wutar bazara'', New York, NY: Penguin (1998) * The Stand-In (a karkashin sunan alkalami "Kate Clemens"), New York, NY: Kensington Books (2003) * Sweet Revenge (a karkashin sunan alkalami "Kate Clemens"), New York, NY: Kensington Books (2004) * The Notorious Mrs. Winston, New York, NY: Littattafan Berkley (2007) * ''Yaƙin Gwauruwa'', New York, NY: Littattafan Berkley (2009) * Garin Kasusuwa: Sabalah's Tale, New York, NY: Lowenstein Associates (2016) === Tarin waƙoƙi === * Split Ends, Berkeley, CA: Ariel Press (1974) * ''Ɗaya daga cikin dare'' ya tsaya, Emeryville, CA: Effie's Press (1976) * Skin Deep, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]: Gallimaufry Press (1978) * The Dear Dance of Eros, Seattle WA: Fjord Press (1987) * Rashin zazzabi, New York, NY: Marsh Hawk Press (2006) * ''Yankin sukari'', New York, NY: Marsh Hawk Press (2011) * Matafiya Ba tare da Tikiti ba Home, New York, NY: Marsh Hawk Press (2014) * Jaguars da ke Binciken Mafarkinmu: Sabbin da Zaɓuɓɓukan Waƙoƙi 1974 zuwa 2019 (Tare da Gabatarwa ta D. Nurske), New York, NY: Marsh Hawk Press (2018) === Sauran ayyukan === * ''Shiru'' (ainihin allo). Fim din da John Korty ya shirya (1974) * ''Jerin McCarthy'' (zane-zane, daidaitawa da littafin Mackey). Warner Brothers (1980) * Good Behavior (ainihin rubutun tare da Ray Fox), (1982) * The Spy (ainihin rubutun, ɗan gajeren batu, wanda aka rubuta tare da Renée de Palma). Fim din da de Palma ya shirya (2000) * ''Creativity: Inda Waƙoƙi suka fara,'' New York, NY: Marsh Hawk Press (2022) == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == * An zaɓi Stand In don Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Fim a bikin Fim na Mata na Birnin Mala'iku na 2023 a Los Angeles. * Creativity: Inda aka fara waƙoƙi don lambar yabo ta shekara-shekara ta 42 ta Arewacin California Book Award (NCBA) a cikin Creative Nonfiction na 2022. * 2022 City of Angels Kyautar Bikin Fim na Mata don Mafi Kyawun Fim na Fim don Lokaci''Lokaci na Lokaci'' * Eric Hoffer Small Press Award for The Jaguars That Prowl Our Dreams: Sabbin da Zaɓaɓɓun Waƙoƙi 1974 zuwa 2018''Jaguars da ke Binciken Mafarkinmu: Sabbin Waƙoƙi da Zaɓaɓɓu 1974 zuwa 2018'' * ''2012 PEN Oakland / Josephine Miles Award for Literary Excellence for Sugar Zone.'' * Cibiyar Nazarin Cikakken Nazarin California Kyautar Littafin Ruhaniya ta Mata don Jaguars da ke Binciken Mafarkanmu: Sabbin da Zaɓaɓɓun Waƙoƙi 1974 zuwa 2018, 2018 <ref name="womenrisingconference.org"/> * Cibiyar Nazarin Cikakken Nazarin California Kyautar Littafin Ruhaniya ta Mata don Ƙauyen Ƙasusuwa: Sabalah's Tale, 2018 <ref name="womenrisingconference.org" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] q6ie0q9z2fq4hqeje9c8shintbzdb0b 0 107764 906752 903888 2026-08-23T21:57:07Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 906752 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Andrew Leach''' masanin tattalin arziki ne na Kanada kuma marubuci ne mai ba da gudummawa ga wasu kafofin watsa labarai na Kanada ciki har da The ''Globe da Mail'', da ''Maclean's'' . Yankunan bincikensa sun haɗa da makamashi da tattalin arzikin muhalli - gami da batutuwa kamar tsarin yashi na mai, sabbin makamashi masu tsabta, tare da takamaiman mayar da hankali kan manufofin canjin yanayi. == Ilimi == Bayan kammala digiri na farko na Kimiyya (B.Sc.) a Kimiyya ta Muhalli da MA (Tattalin Arziki) daga Jami'ar Guelph, ya sami Ph.D. a tattalin arziki daga Jami'an Sarauniya. == Farkon aiki == Bayan kammala Ph.D. a Jami'ar Queens, an nada Leach a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a HEC Montreal, mukamin da ya rike na tsawon shekaru uku. Ya koma Jami'ar Alberta a shekara ta 2006. == Ayyuka == Leach Farfesa ne na Tattalin Arziki da Shari'a a Jami'ar Alberta inda yake koyar da darussan a fannin tattalin arzikin [[Harkokin tattalin arziki na muhalli|muhalli]] da makamashi, dokar muhalli le dokar amfani. A cikin 2012-2013, a kan hutu daga Jami'ar Alberta a matsayin Masanin Ziyarci, Leach ya shafe shekara guda a Muhalli Kanada yana aiki a kan "ka'idojin gas na greenhouse don bangaren mai da gas". Leach ya kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Jagoran Canjin Yanayi na Alberta a shekarar 2015. == Binciken ilimi == Babban sha'awar bincikensa na ilimi sun haɗa da manufofin canjin yanayi, manufofin makamashi ciki har da ka'idojin yashi mai mai da sababbin abubuwa da manufofi da suka shafi makamashi mai tsabta. Ya "yi shawarwari ga Muhalli Kanada, National Roundtable on the Environment and the Economy (NRTEE), Auditor Janar na Alberta, Alberta Environment, Alberta Finance and Enterprise, da Alberta Energy".<ref name="Macleans_Leach_profile" /> == Siyasa == === Manufofin fitarwa da farashi === A cikin bita game da shawarwarin manufofi na 2011 na dan takarar shugabancin NDP na lokacin, shirin Thomas Mulcair na [[Rage canjin yanayi|yaki da canjin yanayi]], Leach ya ce shirin Mulcair na rufe hayaki na GHG bai isa ba, saboda ya ba da fifiko sosai ga masu gurɓata masana'antu kuma bai isa ya lissafa hayaki na hayaki na iskar gas na tushen makamashi ba ko " hayaki na ƙasa" wanda ke da alaƙa da man fetur da aka yi amfani da shi don dumama gine-gine, motsa motoci da manyan motoci, da kuma gudanar da tractors. " <ref name="andrewleach_20111210" /> "GGHG hayaki ba ya mai da hankali tsakanin manyan, masana'antu kamar yadda yawancin mutane ke tunani. "Ya ce "aikin noma (74Mt / shekara), gine-gine (80Mt / shekara, sufuri (164Mt / shekara) da sharar gida (54Mt / shekaru) sun ba da asusun sama da rabin GHGs na Kanada". Ya kara da cewa "hasarar masana'antu da ke da alaƙa da samar da wutar lantarki (126 Mt) da man fetur da iskar gas (153 Mt) " sun samar da "amfani da gida, ba fitarwa ba.[ed] "<ref name="andrewleach_20111210">{{Cite web |last=Andrew |date=December 10, 2011 |title=Some clarification please, Mr. Mulcair |url=http://andrewleach.ca/oilsands/some-clarification-please-mr-mulcair/ |access-date=October 23, 2019}}</ref> == A cikin kafofin watsa labarai == Leach marubuciya ce mai ba da gudummawa ga Maclean's da The Globe and Mail . The ECO ya ambaci kididdigar Leach a cikin labarin Janairu 1, 2011 "Muck da tagulla: yashi na tar na Kanada", wanda ya kwatanta bayanan da aka samu daga masu ilimin muhalli, masana kimiyya, da 'yan wasan masana'antar mai, gami da Kungiyar Masu samar da Man Fetur ta Kanada (CAPP). CAPP ta ce a shekara ta 2011, yashi mai ya samar da kashi 5% kawai na CO2 na Kanada wanda a wannan lokacin yana wakiltar kusan 0.1% na jimlar duniya. Leach ya ce yashi na mai "yana haifar da kimanin C $ 500 na darajar da aka kara a kowace tan na CO2, a kan C $ 20-30 daga tashoshin wutar lantarki na kwal". A cikin wani labarin [[Edmonton]] Journal na 26 ga Yuni, 2015 an bayyana Leach a matsayin "mai daraja", "mai ilimin kafofin watsa labarai" da kuma "masanin kimiyyar muhalli" - wanda aka sani da "tsarin muhalli na muhalli' - wanda fahimtar masana'antar makamashi ya fi na "manyan manyan jami'ai a cikin man fetur". Labarin ya ce Leach "ya san yadda ƙarin kudin da masana'antar za ta iya ɗauka don hana fitarwa ba tare da ya sa shi ba da gasa ba". <ref name="edmontonjournal_Lamphier_20150626" /> Gwamnatin lardin NDP Alberta ta karɓar sabon tsarin sauyin yanayi na 2015". Leach ya yi kira ga "yanayin wasa wanda ke hana karin hayaki, komai inda suka fito" amma ba ya "haluka" yashi na mai. A wata hira da Gary Lamphier a watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, Leach ya ce masana'antar makamashi ta Alberta "dole ne ta fitar da kanta daga cikin man fetur ko ta biya farashin rashin aiki... Idan muka yi imanin cewa tattalin arzikin muna da shi ne kawai saboda za mu iya gurɓata ba tare da biyan shi ba, ko kuma ba tare da ramawa ga lalacewar da ke haifar da ita ba, wannan matsala ce ta gaske. " Leach ya yi imanin gore tilasta ka'idojin muhalli ya zama dole.<ref name="edmontonjournal_Lamphier_20150626" /> Leach ya ce yayin da Farashin carbon shine "watakila hanya mafi tsada don cimma wani sakamako", yana da iyaka. Leach ya ce farashin carbon ba lallai ba ne kuma ba tare da wani sharadi ba zai "yi sakamako mafi kyau" fiye da ka'ida ko ƙwanƙwasawa da kasuwanci.<ref name="edmontonjournal_Lamphier_20150626" /> Leach ya ce "tsarin rage fitar da hayaki mai inganci" wanda ya haɗa da duk abubuwan da ke cikin "sabon tsarin kasafin kuɗi na Alberta, daga haraji zuwa harajin carbon" don yashi na mai ya zama dole don "tsaron sabbin kasuwanni" da manyan saka hannun jari don "manyan 'yan wasa' a masana'antar mai ta Alberta.<ref name="edmontonjournal_Lamphier_20150626" /><ref name="edmontonjournal_Lamphier_20150626" /> === Zaben tarayya na 2019: kwatanta shirye-shiryen yanayi === Daga Yuli zuwa Oktoba 2019, jerin CBC masu taken "Zaɓen 2019: Ƙididdigar ƙasa game da canjin yanayi" sun ƙunshi labaran biyar na Leach wanda ya kwatanta shirye-shiryen yanayi da jam'iyyun tarayya ke gudana a Zaben tarayya na Kanada na 2019 suka gabatar - Green Party, karkashin jagorancin Elizabeth Mayu, Jam'iyyar Conservative, karkashin jagoranci Andrew Scheer, New Democratic Party, karkashin jagorantar Jagmeet Singh, Jam'iyyar Liberal Party karkashin jagorancin Firayim Minista [[Justin Trudeau]], tare da ta ƙarshe a ranar 10 ga Oktoba.<ref name="CBC_Leach_20191010" /> Leach ya rubuta wani labarin Chatelaine na 4 ga Oktoba, 2019 tare da masanin kimiyya na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kan Canjin Yanayi (IPCC), Katherine Hayhoe, yana kwatanta jam'iyyun tarayya guda huɗu. Leach ya sake nazarin labaran da aka buga a kan layi ta hanyar "kamfanin kare makamashi", Cibiyar Makamashi ta Kanada da ke [[Calgary]], wacce gwamnatin Alberta ke tallafawa.<ref name="Leach_20191230">{{Cite web |last=Andrew |date=December 30, 2019 |title=Facts matter |url=http://andrewleach.ca/uncategorized/facts-matter/ |access-date=December 30, 2019}}</ref><ref name="CEC_Semmens_20191229">{{Cite web |last=Semmens |first=Grady |date=December 29, 2019 |title=A Matter of Fact |url=https://www.canadianenergycentre.ca/a-matter-of-fact-2/ |access-date=December 30, 2019 |website=Canadian Energy Centre |archive-date=December 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230031905/https://www.canadianenergycentre.ca/a-matter-of-fact-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Leach ya yi aure kuma yana da 'ya'ya biyu. Yana aiki a shafin yanar gizon makamashi da yanayi mai taken "Ceto da kwaya" <ref name="andrewleach_rescuingthefrog">{{Cite web |date=nd |title=Rescuing the frog: Andrew Leach's energy and climate blog |url=http://andrewleach.ca/ |access-date=October 23, 2019}}</ref> da kuma [[Twitter]]. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] avc3omjvkpdx7xfka1z8r7xnr7wta7m 0 107785 906901 892947 2026-08-24T06:36:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906901 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Patrick Reinsborough''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1972) ɗan gwagwarmayar Amurka ne, marubuci, masanin canjin zamantakewa kuma mai aiki. Shi ne co-marubucin Re:Imagining Change: Yadda za a Yi amfani da dabarun da suka danganci Labari don cin nasarar Kamfen, Gina Motsi da Canja Duniya ([[PM Press]], 2010/2017) kuma mai ba da gudummawa ga tarihin motsi na zamantakewa ciki har da Globalize Liberation: Yadda za'a Tushen Tsarin da Gina Duniya mafi Kyau (City Lights, 2004) da Kyakkyawan Matsala: Akwatin Kayan Kayan Kwarewa don Juyin Juya Halin ([[OR Books|OR Littattafai]], 2012). [[Fayil:Decolonizing_the_Revolutionary_Imagination_Zine_Cover_2003.png|thumb|393x393px|Asalin murfin 2003 na Decolonizing the Revolutionary Imagination zine . An sake shi a karkashin "mai adawa da haƙƙin mallaka" kuma an sake buga shi a ko'ina ciki har da a cikin tarihin Globalize Liberation . An sake buga rubutun a ko'ina kuma an yi amfani da shi a cikin bincike daban-daban na ilimi da kuma al'adun gargajiya na zamanin ciki har da littafin Jenny Fran Davis Everything Must Go . ]] == Shirye-shiryen ba da labari == Rubuce-rubucen Reinsborough da aikin siyasa suna hulɗa da gina ƙungiyoyin canji, sauya labaran al'adu da tunanin siyasa tare da mai da hankali kan rikicin muhalli.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reinsborough |first=Patrick |date=November 2010 |title=Giant Whispers: Narrative Power, Radical Imagination and a Future Worth Fighting For... |url=https://ojs.library.queensu.ca/index.php/affinities/article/view/6140 |journal=Affinities: A Journal of Radical Theory, Culture, and Action |volume=4 |via=RefWorks}}</ref> Ya rubuta rubutun / jaridar da aka rarraba "Decolonizing the Revolutionary Imagination".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Journal of Aesthetics & Protest |url=http://www.joaap.org/1/de_colonizing/index.html |access-date=2018-04-06 |website=www.joaap.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Decolonizing the Revolutionary Imagination... {{!}} Environmental Research Foundation |url=http://www.rachel.org/?q=en/node/3665 |access-date=2018-04-06 |website=www.rachel.org |language=en |archive-date=2018-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406102235/http://www.rachel.org/?q=en/node/3665 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kasance memba ne na kafa Smartmeme Strategy & Training Project, wanda ya fara a 2002 horar da masu gwagwarmayar gari don amfani da ka'idar meme a matsayin hanyar canza muhawara ta siyasa, fadada kokarin canjin zamantakewa da "canja labarin. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farrell |first=Bryan |date=February 21, 2011 |title=SmartMeme pioneers social change storytelling |url=https://wagingnonviolence.org/2011/02/smartmeme-pioneers-social-change-storytelling/ |access-date=September 13, 2017 |website=Waging Nonviolence}}</ref> Reinsborough yana daya daga cikin masu kirkirar tsarin dabarun da ke da tushe a cikin labarin kuma yana da alaƙa da tsarin canjin zamantakewar da aka yi amfani da shi sosai kamar "bincike na ikon ba da labari", "maɓallan shiga tsakani, da kuma "yaƙin labarin". <ref>{{Cite web |last=VanDeCarr |first=Paul |date=December 30, 2010 |title=Inside Stories Podcast 27: Patrick Reinsborough of smartMeme |url=http://www.insidestoriesonline.com/2010_12_01_archive.html |access-date=September 20, 2017 |website=Inside Stories |archive-date=December 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035112/http://www.insidestoriesonline.com/2010_12_01_archive.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Erler |first=Carolyn |date=Spring 2009 |title=Memory and Erasure: Applying Visual Narrative Power Analysis to the Image War Between Dow Chemical Corporation and the International Campaign for Justice in Bhopal |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/be0c3f5496b42713c678f9992866031d/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=40077 |journal=Journal of Cultural Research in Art Education |volume=27 |pages=42–62 |id={{ProQuest|<!-- Add ProQuest data here -->}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reinsborough |first=Patrick |last2=Canning |first2=Doyle |date=November 17, 2017 |title=The best way to fight Trump is to challenge his narrative |url=https://wagingnonviolence.org/2017/11/fight-trump-challenge-his-narrative/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reinsborough |first=Patrick |date=August 2023 |title=Commons Library: Points of Intervention |url=https://commonslibrary.org/points-of-intervention/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Engler |first=Mark |last2=Engler |first2=Paul |date=August 9, 2024 |title=How to make sure your disruptive protest helps your cause |url=https://wagingnonviolence.org/2024/08/how-to-make-sure-disruptive-protest-helps-cause/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Solnit |first=Rebecca |date=January 16, 2008 |title=Our Storied Future |url=https://orionmagazine.org/article/our-storied-future/ |access-date=September 18, 2017 |website=Orion Magazine}}</ref> Ya kafa kuma ya kasance babban darakta na Cibiyar Shirye-shiryen Labari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Center for Story-based Strategy - KeyWiki |url=http://keywiki.org/Center_for_Story-based_Strategy |access-date=2018-02-05 |website=keywiki.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tools in Action: Center for Story-Based Strategy {{!}} Social Transformation Project |url=http://stproject.org/from-the-field/tools-action-center-story-based-strategy/ |access-date=2018-02-05 |website=stproject.org |language=en-US |archive-date=2018-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205130426/http://stproject.org/from-the-field/tools-action-center-story-based-strategy/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Yunkurin adalci na duniya == Reinsborough ya kasance fitaccen mai shirya, mai horar da kuma mai magana da yawun kafofin watsa labarai ga reshen Amurka na ƙungiyar adawa da kamfanoni ta duniya da aka fi sani da ƙungiyar adalci ta duniya <ref>{{Cite web |title=IMF World Bank Protests Wrap, Apr 17 2000 |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?156615-1/imf-world-bank-protests-wrap |access-date=2018-02-05 |website=C-SPAN.org |language=en-US |format=Video}}</ref> kuma ya shiga cikin manyan ayyuka kamar rufewar Kungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya a cikin ayyukan 1999 a kan [[Bankin Duniya]] da Asusun Kuɗi na Duniya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=IMF World Bank Meeting Protest, Sep 3 2002 |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?172394-1/imfworld-bank-meeting-protest |access-date=2018-02-05 |website=C-SPAN.org |language=en-US |format=Video}}</ref> Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya da zanga-zangar da aka yi wa Yankin Ciniki na Amurka a Miami a 2003. == Masu adawa da yaki == Ya kasance muryar jama'a game da militarism na Amurka kuma ya yi kira ga jama'ar Amurka da su shiga cikin rikice-rikice ba tare da tashin hankali ba don dakatar da yaƙe-yaƙe. Ya kasance mai shirya yaki da yaƙi kuma mai dabarun kafofin watsa labarai yana aiki tare da San Francisco-based Direct Action to Stop the War, wanda ya jagoranci zanga-zangar jama'a game da mamayar Amurka ta 2003 a Iraki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chicago Indymedia: From Piece Movement to Peace Movement: San Francisco Self-Organizes to Implode Empire |url=http://chicago.indymedia.org/archive/newswire/display/76316/index.php |access-date=2018-04-06 |website=chicago.indymedia.org |language=en}}</ref> Ya goyi bayan tsoffin sojan Iraki da ke adawa da yaki kuma ya ba da shawarar yin alaƙa tsakanin adawa da yaƙi da sauran batutuwa kamar adalci na launin fata da tattalin arziki, ikon kamfanoni da rikicin yanayi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Patrick Reinsborough, "Connecting the Imperial Dots" {{!}} InterActivist Info Exchange |url=http://dev.autonomedia.org/node/2297 |access-date=2018-02-05 |website=dev.autonomedia.org |archive-date=2018-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205130224/http://dev.autonomedia.org/node/2297 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Muhalli, yanayi da 'yancin' yan asalin ƙasar == Reinsborough an haɗa shi da kamfen da yawa da ke kalubalantar haƙƙin ɗan adam da tasirin muhalli na man fetur da kuma neman ƙarin mataki don [[Rage canjin yanayi|magance canjin yanayi]] da tallafawa haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar. Ya taimaka wajen shirya kamfen na hadin kai na kasa da kasa don tallafawa 'yan asalin U'wa na Colombia, wadanda suka yi barazanar kashe kansu don nuna rashin amincewa da hako mai a yankunan kakanninsu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colombia's U'Wa People: The Real Price of Oil |url=https://nacla.org/article/colombias-uwa-people-real-price-oil |access-date=2018-02-05 |website=NACLA |language=en |archive-date=2018-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205184526/https://nacla.org/article/colombias-uwa-people-real-price-oil |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=Autumn 2002 |title=Victory for the Uwa |url=http://www.reclaimingquarterly.org/88/rq-88-uwavictory.html |website=Reclaiming Quarterly}}</ref> Reinsborough ya ambaci sau da yawa ƙungiyar Zapatista ta asali ta Mexico a matsayin wahayi ga tunaninsa da aikin siyasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Knasnabish |first=Alex |date=2007 |title=Insurgent Imaginations |url=http://www.ephemerajournal.org/sites/default/files/7-4khasnabish.pdf |journal=Ephemera |volume=7 |pages=505–525 |access-date=2025-07-25 |archive-date=2024-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617181749/https://ephemerajournal.org/sites/default/files/7-4khasnabish.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Patrick Reinsborough – KeyWiki |url=https://keywiki.org/Patrick_Reinsborough |access-date=2021-06-22 |website=keywiki.org}}</ref> Ya goyi bayan zanga-zangar a cikin Tattaunawar Yanayi ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta COP wacce ke sukar gazawar tsarin magance rikicin yanayi <ref>{{Cite web |date=Nov 19, 2019 |title=Climate Justice: The Copenhagen Moment |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m4fP_DNu0C8 |website=YouTube}}</ref> da kuma aiki don fadada muryoyin shugabannin 'yan asalin Arewacin Amurka da ke shiga taron Majalisar Dinkinobho. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Now! |first=Democracy |date=2010-12-15 |title=Civil Society Groups Protest Exclusion from U.N. Climate Summit, Photojournalist Detained and Beaten |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/democracy-now/iced-out-of-global-warmin_b_796125.html |access-date=2018-02-05 |website=Huffington Post |language=en-US}}</ref> Reinsborough mai goyon bayan adalci ne na yanayi musamman yana ba da shawara ga yunkurin yanayi mai zurfi wanda ke karɓar jagoranci mai ƙarfi daga al'ummomin da ke fama da burbushin burbushin halittu a matsayin hanyar hanzarta sauyawa mai kyau zuwa makamashi mai sabuntawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moe |first=Kristin |date=June 21, 2014 |title=Yes! Magazine The Storytelling Issue: In Depth |url=https://www.yesmagazine.org/issue/storytelling/2014/06/21/first-he-came-out-undocumented-gay-lgbt-dreamers-immigration}}</ref> Ya kasance mai sukar Gwamnatin Trump, yana kiransu "Neo-Fascist" da kuma magoya bayan "mai na duniya". == Labaran Apocalyptic da COVID == Ayyukan Reinsborough sau da yawa suna magana ne game da labaran apocalyptic, gami da ƙirƙirar kalmar nan "slow-motion apocalypse" don bayyana martani na jama'a ga rikicin muhalli na duniya. A lokacin annobar COVID a cikin 2020 ya yi jerin watsa shirye-shirye wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Kasuwanci ta [[California]] ta tallafawa game da rawar da labaran apocalyptic ke takawa wajen tsara maganganun siyasa game da rikice-rikicen tsarin da annobar ta bayyana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CIIS Public Programs Podcast |url=https://www.ciispod.com/ |access-date=2021-06-22 |website=CIIS Public Programs Podcast |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617182519/https://www.ciispod.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kalubale ga labaran da suka fi dacewa da inganta canjin tsarin == Tsakanin aikin Reinsborough da maganganun jama'a shine ra'ayin cewa dole ne ƙungiyoyi su shiga tsakani a cikin manyan labaran don canza abin da ake la'akari da yiwuwar siyasa. Wannan ya haɗa da kalubalanci "ƙididdigar sarrafawa" waɗanda galibi ana amfani da su don ware ƙoƙarin yin canjin tsarin, kamar ra'ayin cewa "kasuwar za ta cece mu" ko "fasahar za ta ceɓe mu". <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reinsborough |first=Patrick |date=October 31, 2010 |title=Convergence: Cutting Edge Communications |url=https://convergencemag.com/articles/cutting-edge-communications |access-date=July 25, 2025 |archive-date=May 15, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515003102/https://convergencemag.com/articles/cutting-edge-communications/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar sababbin kalmomi Marsification da Marsify don yin ba'a da mulkin mallaka na sararin samaniya da kuma sukar greenwashing "techno-fixes. Reinsborough ya kira tsarin tattalin arzikinmu na yanzu "tattalin tattalin arziki na ƙarshe" <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Linguistically Reality |date=August 2022 |title=Marsification, Marsify |url=https://bureauoflinguisticalreality.com/portfolio/marsify-verb/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reinsborough |first=Patrick |date=July 2024 |title=Marsification: neologism as intervention |url=https://www.patrickreinsborough.com/marsification-neologism-as-intervention/}}</ref> kuma ya ba da shawara don taimakawa wajen gina ƙungiyoyin canji.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Winters |first=Ben |date=April 30, 2001 |title=In these Times: Camp Ruckus |url=https://inthesetimes.com/issue/25/11/winters2511.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reinsborough |first=Patrick |date=May 2003 |title=De-Colonizing the Revolutionary Imagination: Value Crisis, the Politics of Reality and why there's Going to be a Common Sense Revolution in this Generation |url=https://www.patrickreinsborough.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/De-ColonizingRevolutionaryImagination.pd }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reinsborough |first=Patrick |date=July 2024 |title=Commons Library: Narrating Change During Psychic Breaks |url=https://commonslibrary.org/narrating-change-during-psychic-breaks/}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]] fj5cikhi892jkv9902x42q6yaxcxyiw 0 107826 906931 679591 2026-08-24T07:59:01Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 906931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Doguwar Inuwar Dabbobi''': Abubuwan Muhalli da Zaɓuɓɓuka Rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne, wanda Hukumar Abinci da Aikin [[Noma]] ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (FAO) ta fitar a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2006, wanda ke da nufin tantance cikakken tasirin sashin dabbobi akan matsalolin muhalli, tare da yuwuwar hanyoyin fasaha da manufofin ragewa. Ta bayyana cewa dabbobi ne ke da kashi 18% na hayakin iskar gas na ɗan adam, adadin da FAO ta canza zuwa kashi 14.5% a cikin bincikenta na 2013 na magance [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] ta hanyar dabbobi.<ref>Henning Steinfeld; Pierre Gerber; Tom Wassenaar; Vincent Castel; Mauricio Rosales; Cees de Haan (2006). Livestock's long shadow (PDF) (Report). FAO. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-5-105571-7</nowiki>. Retrieved 27 September 2019.</ref> == Rahoton == Dogon Inuwar Dabbobi nazari ne na bincike, la'akari da tasirin noman dabbobi kai tsaye, tare da tasirin noman abinci. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa bangaren kiwo na daya daga cikin manya-manyan biyu ko uku da suka fi bada gudummuwa ga munanan matsalolin muhalli. Sakamakon wannan rahoto ya nuna cewa kamata ya yi a mayar da hankali sosai wajen magance matsalolin gurbacewar kasa, sauyin yanayi da gurbacewar iska, da karancin ruwa da gurbacewar ruwa, da asarar rayayyun halittu. Babban marubuci Henning Steinfeld ya bayyana cewa dabbobi suna "daya daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga mafi munin matsalolin muhalli a yau" kuma "ana buƙatar daukar matakin gaggawa don magance lamarin."<ref>Livestock a major threat to environment". Fao.org. Archived from the original on 28 March 2008. Retrieved 16 August 2018</ref> Biyo bayan tsarin nazarin yanayin rayuwa, rahoton ya kimanta “cewa dabbobi ne ke da alhakin kashi 18% na hayakin da ake fitarwa.” Iskar gas na Greenhouse (GHG) ya taso ne daga samar da abinci (misali samar da takin zamani, sare dazuzzuka don kiwo da amfanin gona, noman noman abinci, sufurin abinci da zaizayar kasa), samar da dabbobi (misali da iska mai iska daga iska da iska daga iska da iska mai iska daga iska). taki) da kuma sakamakon safarar kayayyakin dabbobi. Bayan wannan tsarin rahoton ya kiyasta cewa dabbobi "suna da alhakin kashi 18 cikin 100" na jimillar hayakin carbon dioxide na anthropogenic, amma 37% na methane da 65% na iskar nitrous oxide. An gano manyan hanyoyin fitar da hayaki: Amfani da ƙasa da canjin amfani da ƙasa: 2.5 Gigatonnes carbon dioxide daidai; ciki har da gandun daji da sauran ciyayi na halitta maye gurbinsu da kiwo da ciyar da amfanin gona a cikin Neotropics (CO2) da kuma sakin carbon daga ƙasa kamar kiwo da ƙasar noma da aka sadaukar don ciyar da samarwa (CO2) Samar da Ciyar da abinci (sai dai carbon da aka fitar daga ƙasa): 0.4 Gigatons CO2 daidai, gami da burbushin mai da ake amfani da shi wajen kera takin sinadari don amfanin gona (CO2) da aikace-aikacen takin sinadari akan amfanin gonakin abinci da amfanin gona na leguminous (N2O, NH3) Samar da dabba: 1.9 Gigatonnes CO2 daidai, gami da fermentation daga ruminants (CH4) da kuma amfani da burbushin mai a gonaki (CO2) Gudanar da taki: 2.2 Gigatonnes CO2 daidai, yawanci ta hanyar ajiyar taki, aikace-aikace da ajiya (CH4, N2O, NH3) == Rigima == Wani labari na 2009 a cikin mujallar Worldwatch Institute ta marubuta Robert Goodland da Jeff Anhang, sannan suka yi aiki a [[Bankin Duniya]], sun yi iƙirarin cewa rahoton FAO ya kasance mai ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma sashin dabbobi ya fi yawan hayaki na GHG na duniya, aƙalla 51%, la'akari da numfashin dabba da ƙarfin hoto na ƙasar da ake amfani da shi don ciyarwa da dabbobi. FAO da haɗin gwiwar masana kimiyya na duniya ne suka buga martanin 2011 game da wannan, suna ɓata labarin mujallu tare da tabbatar da ƙima na 2006<ref>Livestock and climate change: Towards credible figures". Ilri.org. Archived from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018</ref>. Amma an mayar da wannan amsa cikakkiyar amsa a cikin mujallar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Dabbobi (AFST), kuma sun sake nanata kiyasin su yayin da masana kimiyya na FAO suka ki ci gaba da muhawara duk da gayyatar da Editan AFST ya yi.[9] A cikin 2013 FAO ta haɗu tare da Sakatariyar Nama ta Duniya da Ƙungiyar Kiwo ta Duniya [10] kuma yawancin marubuta iri ɗaya na rahoton farko sun buga wani bincike na gaba (2013) don FAO, suna sake duba ƙimar su na iskar iskar gas na ɗan adam saboda kiwo zuwa ƙasa zuwa 14.5% muhawarar da aka yi bitar takwarorinsu. Sakamakon Dogon Shadow na Dabbobin Dabbobi yana da kuskure a cikin hanyoyin kamar yadda marubutan suka yi la'akari kawai da hayaƙin wutsiya na motoci, yayin da don samar da nama an yi amfani da cikakken kima na sake zagayowar rayuwa don ƙididdige tasirin iskar gas na gidan dabbobi. Wannan rashin kima da sufuri don haka ya hauhawa gudummawar samar da nama. Dokta Frank Mitloehner daga Jami'ar [[California]], Davis ne ya gabatar da wannan batu. A wata hira da BBC, Pierre Gerber, daya daga cikin mawallafa na Dogon Inuwar Dabbobi, ya amince da sukar Mitloehner. "Dole ne in faɗi gaskiya cewa yana da ma'ana - mun tsara komai don fitar da nama, kuma ba mu yi irin wannan abu ba game da sufuri, kawai mun yi amfani da adadi daga hukumar IPCC. Koyaya, wannan bayanin shine wahayi bayan ƙungiyoyi kamar "Litinin mara nama"<ref>Goodland, Robert (2012-07-11). "FAO Yields to Meat Industry Pressure on Climate Change". Mark Bittman Blog, New York Times. Retrieved 2021-02-28.</ref> == Manazarta == j5jbhuralwlyz1z2d52mzmx0f1c1zcy 0 108358 906615 892632 2026-08-23T15:44:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 8 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tyre Extinguishers''' kungiya ce ta kasa da kasa da ke aiki kai tsaye wanda ke kashe tayoyin a kan Motocin motsa jiki (SUVs). Kungiyar ta bayyana tuki na SUV a matsayin "daga cikin mafi munin ayyukan da mutum zai iya ɗauka dangane da tasirin yanayi da mummunan tasirinsa akan lafiyar jama'a", tare da SUVs da ke da tasiri mai yawa a kan rikicin yanayi dangane da wasu motoci, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cozzi |first=Laura |last2=Petropoulos |first2=Apostolos |date=15 January 2021 |title=Carbon emissions fell across all sectors in 2020 except for one – SUVs |url=https://www.iea.org/commentaries/carbon-emissions-fell-across-all-sectors-in-2020-except-for-one-suvs |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=IEA}}</ref> wanda ke kara gurɓata iska kuma yana iya kashe masu tafiya fiye da ƙananan Motocin sedan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Are You Doing This? |url=https://tyreextinguishers.com/why-are-you-doing-this |access-date=16 September 2023 |website=Tyre Extinguishers |language=en |archive-date=26 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826122234/http://www.tyreextinguishers.com/why-are-you-doing-this |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kungiyar ta yi kira ga haramta SUVs a cikin birane, kuma ta ce "suna sa ba zai yiwu a mallaki babbar gurbataccen 4x4 a cikin biranen duniya ba". Kungiyar ta ba da shawarar saka wani yanki na dutse, lentil ko wani karamin abu don rage pin a kan bawul na taya ta SUV, don taya ta ragu a hankali a tsawon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How To Deflate An SUV Tyre |url=https://tyreextinguishers.com/how-to-deflate-an-suv-tyre |access-date=2 June 2023 |website=Tyre Extinguishers |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602040355/https://www.tyreextinguishers.com/how-to-deflate-an-suv-tyre |url-status=dead }}</ref> Masu fafutuka suna barin takardu a ƙarƙashin masu goge gilashin iska na motocin "don mai shi ya san cewa motar ba za a iya amfani da ita ba kuma ya sami bayani game da dalilin da ya sa aka yi wannan. "<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Rogers |first=Douglas |date=2022-05-22 |title=Who Are the Tyre Extinguishers? The Climate Activists Sabotaging SUVs |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/who-are-the-tyre-extinguishers/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=Vice.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How To Deflate An SUV Tyre |url=https://tyreextinguishers.com/how-to-deflate-an-suv-tyre |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=Tyre Extinguishers |language=en |archive-date=2022-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526130632/http://www.tyreextinguishers.com/how-to-deflate-an-suv-tyre |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Tsakanin 7 Maris 2022 da Yuli 2022, kungiyar ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta kashe fiye da tayoyin SUV 5000 a duk duniya, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-20 |title=Meet the climate activists deflating tyres to stop SUV ownership |url=https://www.channel4.com/news/meet-the-climate-activists-deflating-tyres-to-stop-suv-ownership |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=Channel 4 News |language=en-GB}}</ref> gami da yankunan London, Cambridge, Brighton da Hove, Bristol, Edinburgh, Liverpool da Sheffield, birnin Zurich na Switzerland, biranen Jamus na Essen da Dortmund, birnin Gothenburg, a cikin biranen New Zealand na Auckland, Christchurch da Wellington, da kuma Los Angeles. {{Refn|{{efn|{{cite web |date=4 March 2022 |title=Climate activists deflate SUV tyres in wealthy London neighbourhoods |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/mar/04/climate-activists-deflate-suv-tyres-in-wealthy-london-neighbourhoods |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=The Guardian}}}}{{efn|{{cite web |last1=Davis |first1=Barney |date=8 March 2022 |title=Eco-warriors deflate SUV tyres in Chelsea, Primrose Hill and Dulwich |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/the-tyre-extinguishers-suv-chelsea-primrose-hill-kensington-climate-protestors-b986677.html |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=www.standard.co.uk}}}}{{efn|{{cite web |date=8 March 2022 |title=Climate activists have deflated hundreds of SUV tyres in affluent areas across the UK |url=https://www.bigissue.com/news/environment/climate-activists-have-deflated-hundreds-of-suv-tyres-in-affluent-areas-across-the-uk/ |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=The Big Issue}}}}{{efn|{{cite news |date=8 March 2022 |title=Tyre Extinguishers: Scores of SUVs have tyres deflated by activists |newspaper=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-60660711 |access-date=2022-03-18}}}}{{efn|{{cite web |title=Climate activists deflating car tyres in carbon emissions protest |url=https://www.theargus.co.uk/news/19977286.climate-activists-deflate-tyres-brighton-cars-protest/ |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=The Argus}}}}{{efn|{{Cite news |title=Climate activists let down SUV tyres across Britain in 'gas guzzler' protest |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/transport/article/climate-protesters-let-down-suv-tyres-across-britain-0x736tt0t}}}}{{efn|{{cite web |last1=Streeting |first1=Louisa |date=8 March 2022 |title=Climate activists deflate hundreds of SUV tyres in the night |url=https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/tyre-extinguishers-target-bristol-suvs-6769297 |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=Bristol Post}}}}{{efn|{{cite web |last1=Shepherd |first1=Jordan |date=10 March 2022 |title=Tyre-deflating eco-warriors say driving a gas-guzzling SUV is 'racist' |url=https://www.scottishdailyexpress.co.uk/news/uk-news/tyre-deflating-eco-warriors-edinburgh-26429680 |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=scottishdailyexpress}}}}{{efn|{{cite web |title=New group of activists are targeting 'well to-do' areas of Yorkshire - by letting down tyres |url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/people/new-group-of-activists-are-targeting-well-to-do-areas-of-yorkshire-3603000 |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=www.yorkshirepost.co.uk}}}}{{efn|{{cite web |last1=Flood |first1=Rebecca |date=9 March 2022 |title=Eco-warriors targeting SUVs by deflating tires claim to have struck in L.A. |url=https://www.newsweek.com/deflate-tire-suv-car-eco-warrior-target-l-viral-1686405 |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=Newsweek}}}}{{efn|name=:1|{{cite web |title=Identity appeal after car tyres deflated in Brighton and Hove |url=https://www.sussex.police.uk/news/sussex/news/witness-appeals/identity-appeal-after-car-tyres-deflated-in-brighton-and-hove/ |publisher=Sussex Police |access-date=15 April 2022}}}}{{efn|{{cite web|access-date=2022-04-12|title=Tyre Extinguishers go global as activists vow to make owning SUVs 'impossible'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/tyre-extinguishers-suv-global-b2043124.html|date=24 March 2022|website=The Independent}}}}{{efn|{{Cite web |title=Zurich - Climate activists deflate SUV tires - 20 minutes - 247newsbulletin |url=https://247newsbulletin.news/politics/269344.html |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=247newsbulletin.news |archive-date=2022-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412181024/https://247newsbulletin.news/politics/269344.html |url-status=dead }}}}{{efn|name="bbc-april"|{{cite news|access-date=2022-04-12|title=Activists deflate tyres on SUVs in Edinburgh|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-61067183|newspaper=BBC News|date=11 April 2022}}}}{{efn|{{cite web|access-date=2022-04-12|title='Tyre Extinguishers' climate activists deflate the tyres of SUVs in Edinburgh|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/tyre-extinguishers-climate-activists-deflate-the-tyres-of-su-vs-in-edinburgh-163256151.html|website=uk.news.yahoo.com}}}}{{efn|{{Cite web |last=Keane |first=Daniel |date=2022-04-22 |title=London climate activists deflate tyres on 120 SUVs |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/tyre-extinguishers-deflate-suvs-london-kensington-paddington-hampstead-primrose-hill-b995835.html |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=Evening Standard}}}}{{efn|{{Cite web |last=Sigodo |first=Melissa |date=2022-04-22 |title=Climate activists boast their 'biggest night' as they deflate tyres on 120 cars |url=https://www.mylondon.news/news/uk-world-news/climate-activists-boast-biggest-night-23759154 |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=MyLondon}}}}{{efn|{{Cite web |title=Tyre Extinguishers in New Zealand spread as Christchurch SUVs hit |url=http://www.voxy.co.nz/national/5/402344 |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=www.voxy.co.nz |language=en |archive-date=2022-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516103934/http://www.voxy.co.nz/national/5/402344 |url-status=dead }}}}{{efn|{{Cite web |last=Strang |first=Ben |date=2022-06-02 |title=Police tracking climate activists after tampering with car, causing near miss |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/news/wellington/128838319/police-tracking-climate-activists-after-tampering-with-car-causing-near-miss |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=Stuff |language=en}}}}{{efn|{{cite web|access-date=2022-05-09 |title=Climate action group claims responsibility for deflated Auckland tyres |website=[[1News]] |date=2022-05-06 |url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2022/05/06/climate-action-group-claims-responsibility-for-deflated-auckland-tyres/ }}}}{{efn|{{Cite web |title=Klimataktivister i stort däcksabotage i Göteborg |url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/klimat/klimataktivister-i-stort-dacksabotage-i-goteborg/ |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=www.expressen.se |language=sv}}}}{{efn|{{Cite web |title=Tyre Extinguishers' actions 'amount to harassment' says councillor as same vehicles targeted again |url=https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/crime/edinburgh-tyre-extinguishers-deflate-tyres-of-20-vehicles-in-bruntsfield-in-latest-spree-3713237 |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com |language=en}}}}}} An kafa kungiyoyi masu yawa na Tyre Extinguishers a cikin biranen Scotland ciki har da Dundee (The Dundeeflators) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Keith |first=Jake |title=Eco vandals strike again in Dundee as tyres on 20 cars deflated overnight |url=https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/news/dundee/3339369/tyre-extinguishers-dundee-suvs-craigiebank/ |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=The Courier |language=en-GB}}</ref> da [[Glasgow]] (The Deflationists), <ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Craig |date=2022-06-01 |title=Glasgow wealthy areas targeted as climate activists let down 70 SUV tyres |url=https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/glasgow-news/glasgow-wealthy-areas-targeted-climate-24118328 |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=GlasgowLive |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-01 |title=Rival climate groups deflate SUV tyres in Glasgow and Edinburgh |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jun/01/deflationists-tyre-extinguishers-climate-groups-deflate-suv-tyres-glasgow-edinburgh |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-27 |title='Reckless' eco vandals deflate car tyres in crusade against SUVs |url=https://news.stv.tv/north/eco-vandals-tyre-extinguishers-claim-responsibility-for-deflation-of-suv-tyres-in-dundee |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=STV News |language=en-GB}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2022, ayyukan kungiyar a Amurka sun faru ne a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-01 |title=Climate activists deflate tires on 40 SUVs in NYC, cops seeking suspects |url=https://nypost.com/2022/07/01/climate-activists-deflate-tires-on-40-suvs-in-nyc/ |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=New York Post |language=en-US}}</ref> Chicago, Scranton, Pennsylvania <ref>{{Cite web |title=News |url=https://www.tyreextinguishers.com/news?slug=20-suvs-deflated-in-chicago-in-first-american-midwest-action |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=Tyre Extinguishers |language=en |archive-date=2022-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704214409/https://www.tyreextinguishers.com/news?slug=20-suvs-deflated-in-chicago-in-first-american-midwest-action |url-status=dead }}</ref> da San Francisco Bay Area. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cano |first=Ricardo |date=2022-07-07 |title='Your gas guzzler kills': Bay Area drivers' SUV tires deflated by apparent climate activists |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Your-gas-guzzler-kills-Bay-Area-woman-s-17291033.php |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=San Francisco Chronicle |language=en-US}}</ref> Kungiyar ta yi ikirarin ayyukanta na farko a Kanada (Waterloo, Ontario) da Faransa ([[Faris|Paris]]) a wannan watan. <ref>{{Cite web |title='Your gas guzzler kills': Environmental group says it deflated tires on Kitchener SUVs {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/8997655/environmental-group-deflates-tires-suvs-kitchener/ |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=Global News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=News |url=https://www.tyreextinguishers.com/news?slug=first-action-in-france-and-more-action-in-wellington-new-zealand-and-gothenburg-sweden |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=Tyre Extinguishers |language=en |archive-date=2022-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805162939/https://tyreextinguishers.com/news?slug=first-action-in-france-and-more-action-in-wellington-new-zealand-and-gothenburg-sweden |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wata dare a watan Satumbar 2022, kungiyar ta kashe tayoyi a kan SUV sama da 600 a Burtaniya, Faransa, Jamus, Switzerland, Netherlands, Norway, Denmark, Jamhuriyar Czech da Kanada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Tyre Extinguishers claim more than 600 SUVs 'disarmed' in one night |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/sep/07/tyre-extinguishers-claim-more-than-600-suvs-disarmed-in-one-night |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Kungiyar ta yi iƙirarin cewa waɗannan su ne ayyukanta na farko a Denmark, Norway da Jamhuriyar Czech.<ref>{{Cite web |title=News |url=https://www.tyreextinguishers.com/news?slug=600-suvs-deflated-in-nine-countries-in-worldwide-night-of-action-against-climate-wrecking-vehicles |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=Tyre Extinguishers |language=en |archive-date=2022-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907171321/https://tyreextinguishers.com/news?slug=600-suvs-deflated-in-nine-countries-in-worldwide-night-of-action-against-climate-wrecking-vehicles |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022, kungiyar ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta kai ga burinta na farko na SUV 10,000 da aka kashe tun watan Maris na shekara ta 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=News |url=https://www.tyreextinguishers.com/news?slug=tyre-extinguishers-hit-target-of-10000-suvs-disarmed-worldwide |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=Tyre Extinguishers |language=en |archive-date=2022-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031131901/http://tyreextinguishers.com/news?slug=tyre-extinguishers-hit-target-of-10000-suvs-disarmed-worldwide |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=NacióSantCugat |title=Els ecologistes "Tyre Extinguishers" reivindiquen haver actuat a Sant Cugat |url=https://www.naciodigital.cat/santcugat/noticia/8717/ecologistes-tyre-extinguishers-sant-cugat |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=www.naciodigital.cat |language=ca}}</ref> Kungiyar ta bayyana Ostiraliya a matsayin "babban burinta na gaba" a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2023. A watan Agustan 2023 Tyre Extinguishers sun yi ikirarin alhakin "kwayar halitta mai zaman kanta" na ƙungiyarsu wacce ta yi amfani da motsa jiki na wutar lantarki don fashe taya na fiye da 60 SUVs a wani dillalin mota a Exeter, Ingila. Kungiyar ta bayyana aikin a matsayin "ƙaruwar da ake bukata", da kuma ramuwar gayya ga wani abin da ya faru a watan da ya gabata inda Land Rover ya karya shinge kuma ya kashe yara biyu. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2023, kungiyar ta sanar da aikinta na farko a [[Riga]], Latvia, tana mai da'awar cewa wannan ita ce kasa ta 20 tare da kungiyoyin Tyre Extinguisher masu aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Environment activists' deflate car tires in Rīga |url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/society/crime/19.10.2023-environment-activists-deflate-car-tires-in-riga.a528356/ |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=eng.lsm.lv |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=News |url=https://www.tyreextinguishers.com/news?slug=200-suvs-deflated-in-four-countries-as-suvs-halt-emissions-decline |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=Tyre Extinguishers |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017122118/https://www.tyreextinguishers.com/news?slug=200-suvs-deflated-in-four-countries-as-suvs-halt-emissions-decline |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen == Sunan "Tyre Extinguishers" ya fara bayyana a cikin 2021, amma ayyukan kungiyar ba su fara ba har zuwa Maris 2022.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Rogers |first=Douglas |date=2022-05-22 |title=Who Are the Tyre Extinguishers? The Climate Activists Sabotaging SUVs |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/who-are-the-tyre-extinguishers/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=Vice.com |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2007, wata kungiya ta Sweden da ake kira "The Indians of the Asphalt Jungle" ta rungumi wannan dabarar, ta kashe SUV sama da 1,500 (bisa ga lambobinta) kuma, kamar yadda Mataimakin ya ruwaito, "taimaka don aika da ci gaban yawanci na tallace-tallace na SUV na cikin gida zuwa wani abu mai ban mamaki<ref name=":0" /> Masana kimiyya na Jami'ar Aston Oscar Berglund da Graeme Hayes sun bayyana kungiyar a matsayin "motsi na yanayi," saboda girmamawar kungiyar kan mutane ko kananan kungiyoyi da ke daukar mataki a duk inda suke amfani da kayan a shafin yanar gizon Tyre Extinguishers, maimakon tsarin da ya fi dacewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayes |first=Graeme |last2=Berglund |first2=Oscar |title=Tyre Extinguishers: activists are deflating SUV tyres in the latest pop-up climate movement |url=http://theconversation.com/tyre-extinguishers-activists-are-deflating-suv-tyres-in-the-latest-pop-up-climate-movement-178911 |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=The Conversation}}</ref> Farfesa na Jami'ar Lund Andreas Malm (wanda littafinsa How to Blow Up a Pipeline ya yi jayayya da goyon bayan sabotage na kayan aikin man fetur na burbushin halittu a matsayin wani nau'i na gwagwarmayar muhalli, kuma wanda Tyre Extinguishers suka ambata a matsayin wahayi <ref>{{Cite web |last=Childs |first=Simon |last2=selimbulut |date=2022-08-11 |title=Tyre Extinguishers: direct action group deflating climate change |url=https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/politics/features/tyre-extinguishers-suv-4x4-climate-action-campaign-21323/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=Rolling Stone UK |language=en-GB}}</ref>) ya kira ayyukan kungiyar wani nau'in "mai zaman lafiya da tawali'u sabotage ba zai iya lalata SUV ba: kusan tsarin yara ba, babu kudade, babu kayan aiki mai sauƙi ba tare da ake amfani da ba.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-19 |title=Andreas Malm introduces Verso's new free ebook, Property Will Cost Us the Earth |url=https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/5322-andreas-malm-introduces-verso-s-new-free-ebook-property-will-cost-us-the-earth |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=Versobooks.com}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyi daban-daban sun fara amfani da irin wannan dabarun, kamar ƙungiyar da ake kira Reclaim Our Communities a [[Bristol]], Burtaniya, wanda ya kashe tayoyi a kan fiye da 100 SUVs da 4x4s a cikin birni a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cork |first=Tristan |date=2023-10-20 |title=Tyres deflated on more than 100 SUVs and 4x4s in Bristol overnight |url=https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/tyres-deflated-more-100-suvs-8845965 |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=Bristol Live |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 1six6lqe0pwiz6yl6y9anwd1l8lb1rd 0 108621 906743 678264 2026-08-23T21:54:01Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 906743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ƙungiyoyin sadaka dawakai ƙwararrun labarai na MadagascarprisonersRichmond, Virginia Taimakon Ruhaniya Ƙungiyar Saint Vincent de Paul Tsarkakewar Zuciya Cathedral Preparatory Ma'aikatan Sa-kai na Vincent Vincent de Paul, CM (24 Afrilu 1581 - 27 Satumba 1660), wanda aka fi sani da Saint Vincent de Paul, wani limamin Katolika na Faransa ne wanda ya sadaukar da kansa don bauta wa matalauta. A cikin 1622, an nada Vincent a matsayin limamin coci. Bayan ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a birnin Paris a cikin bayin da ake tsare da su a kurkuku, ya koma ya zama babban abin da a yanzu ake kira ikilisiyar Mishan, ko kuma “Vincentians” (a Faransa da ake kira “Lazarites”), wadda shi ne ya kafa ta. Waɗannan firistoci na Vincentiya, waɗanda suke da alkawuran talauci, tsabta, biyayya, da kwanciyar hankali, dole ne su ba da kansu gaba ɗaya ga mutanen da ke ƙananan garuruwa da ƙauyuka. Vincent ya kasance da ƙwazo wajen gudanar da ja da baya ga limaman coci a lokacin da ɗabi’ar limaman yankin ke nuna alama. Ya kasance majagaba a makarantar hauza kuma ya kafa 'ya'yan Sadaka na Saint Vincent de Paul. Shi ne sunan Vincentian Family of kungiyoyi, wanda ya hada da al'ummomin addini guda biyu da ya kafa. Ya shahara don tausayinsa, tawali'u, da karimci. Vincent ya kasance canonized a cikin 1737 kuma ana girmama shi a matsayin waliyyi a cikin Cocin Katolika da Commun Anglican.<ref>Attwater, Donald (1982) The Penguin Dictionary of Saints p 337, Aylesbury</ref> ==Rayuwar farko da ilimi== Ranquines, wurin haifuwar Vincent An haifi Vincent de Paul a cikin 1581 a ƙauyen Pouy, a lardin Guyenne da Gascony, Masarautar Faransa,<ref>:Monsieur Vincent: Le Grand Saint du grand siècle</ref> 18  ga manoma manoma. Mahaifinsa Jean de Paul kuma mahaifiyarsa Bertrande de Moras. Akwai rafi mai suna “Paul” a wajen, kuma an yi imani cewa wannan ƙila ya kasance asalin sunan iyali ne. Ya rubuta sunan a matsayin kalma ɗaya, Depaul (yiwuwa don guje wa zance cewa shi ɗan asalinsa ne mai daraja), amma babu ɗaya daga cikin wakilansa da ya yi haka. Shi ne yaro na uku kuma ya nuna hazakar karatu a farkon rayuwarsa. Ya kuma yi aiki tun yana yaro yana kiwon dabbobin iyalins<ref>Monsieur Vincent: Le Grand Saint du grand siècle</ref>Yana da shekara 15, mahaifinsa ya aika da shi makarantar hauza, wanda ya biya ta hanyar sayar da shanun iyali.<ref>Butler's Lives of the Saints, (Michael Walsh, ed.), (1991) p 304, HarperCollins Publishers, New </ref> Shekaru uku, Vincent yayi karatu a kwaleji a Dax, Aquitaine. Ya haɗu da wani gidan sufi na Friars Minor, inda ya zauna. A cikin 1597, ya shiga cikin ilimin tauhidi a Jami'ar Toulouse. Yanayin jami'ar ya yi tsauri. An gwabza fada tsakanin bangarori daban-daban na dalibai wanda ya rikide zuwa fada da makami. Dalibai biyu ne suka kashe wani jami'i. Duk da haka, ya ci gaba da karatunsa, yana ba su kuɗi ta hanyar koya wa wasu. An nada shi a ranar 23 ga Satumba 1600, yana ɗan shekara sha tara, a Château-l'Évêque, kusa da Périgueux. Hakan ya saba wa ƙa’idodin da Majalisar Trent ta kafa da ke bukatar ɗan shekara 24 don naɗa shi, don haka sa’ad da aka naɗa shi limamin coci a Tilh, an ɗaukaka ƙarar nadin a Kotun Roma. Maimakon ya mayar da martani ga karar da watakila ba zai yi nasara ba, sai ya yi murabus daga mukamin ya ci gaba da karatunsa. A ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 1604, ya sami digiri na farko na tauhidi daga Jami'ar Toulouse. Daga baya ya sami Licentiate a Canon Law daga Jami'ar Paris.<ref>Monsieur Vincent: Le Grand Saint du grand siècle</ref> 31 ==Sace da bauta== Vincent ya rubuta wasiƙa a watan Yuli 1607 da rubutu a cikin Fabrairu 1608 wanda ya bayyana kwarewar sa na sacewa da bauta. A cikin 1605, Vincent ya tashi daga Marseille a kan hanyarsa ta dawowa daga Castres inda ya tafi sayar da kadarorin da ya gada daga wani majiɓinci a Toulouse. ’Yan fashin Barbary ne suka kama shi, suka kai shi Tunisiya<ref> St. Vincent de Paul</ref>. An yi gwanjon De Paul a matsayin bawa, kuma ya yi shekara biyu a bauta.,<ref>"Saint Vincent de Paul, a biography 04 – The story of his captivity – We are Vincentians"</ref> <ref>Monsieur Vincent: Le Grand Saint du grand siècle</ref> Rigingimu game da labarin sacewa Litattafan tarihin rayuwar farko sun yi nuni ga wasiƙun Vincent wajen kwatanta kamawa da bautarsa daga 1605 zuwa 1607. Kwanan nan, duk da haka, wasu mawallafin tarihin tarihin sun ta da shakku game da wannan labarin amma ba su ba da shawarar wani madadin tarihin rayuwar Vincent ba a cikin waɗannan shekaru biyu. Marubucin tarihin Pierre Coste, wanda ya rubuta Monsieur Vincent, cikakken tarihin rayuwar da ya dogara kan wasiku, tambayoyi, da takardu, a bainar jama'a ya tabbatar da sahihancin zaman talala da bautar da Vincent. A cewar Antoine Rédier, duk da haka, Coste a asirce ya yi tambaya game da amincin wasiƙun Vincent game da bautar sa amma ya ɓoye waɗannan shakku don gujewa abin kunya da yuwuwar koma baya.<ref>Poole, Stafford C.M. (1999) "Pierre Coste and Catherine Laboure: The Conflict of Historical Criticism and Popular Devotion,"</ref> <ref> Poole, Stafford C.M. (1992) "The Formative Years of a Saint: Vincent de Paul: 1595–1617,"</ref> <ref>."Saint Vincent de Paul, a biography 05 – Fiction or historical fact? A serious problem for the critics – We are Vincentians"</ref> Masu shakka sun yarda cewa wasiƙun da kansu Vincent ne ya rubuta, amma suna tambayar asusun Vincent na abubuwan da suka faru na 1605-1607. Pierre Grandchamps da Paul Debongnie sun yi iƙirarin cewa labarin ƙaura ba shi da tabbas, yayin da bincike na Guy Turbet-Delof ya goyi bayan asusun Vincent da ƙarfi kuma ya kammala kamar haka: "Babu wani abu a cikin rubuce-rubucen Vincent, ko kuma a wasu kafofin, wanda zai kai mu mu ƙi shaidarsa. A ƙarshe, dole ne mu yarda da ɗaya daga cikin biyun ɗari biyar a cikin Tuni. zuwa 1607, ko kuma mu dauki wasiƙarsa ta ranar 24 ga Yuli, 1607, da kuma rubutun da aka rubuta a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, 1608, a matsayin babban zamba wanda ya aikata ba tare da samun damar samun damar yin amfani da adabi ko wasu hanyoyin samun wahayi ba.<ref>"Saint Vincent de Paul, a biography 05 – Fiction or historical fact? A serious problem for the critics – We are Vincentians"</ref> ==Komawa Turai== Bayan ya koma Faransa, Vincent ya tafi Roma. A nan ya ci gaba da karatunsa har zuwa shekara ta 1609, lokacin da aka mayar da shi Faransa don yin aiki ga Sarki Henry IV. Da zarar ya je Faransa, ya sadu da Pierre de Bérulle, wanda ya ɗauka a matsayin mashawarcinsa na ruhaniya. André Duval, na Sorbonne ya gabatar da shi ga Canfield's "Dokokin Kammala" [<ref>O'Donnell C. M., Hugh. "Vincent de Paul: His Life and Way", Vincent de Paul and Louise de Marillac: Rules, Conferences, and Writings, (Frances Ryan and John E. Rybolt, eds.), Paulist Press, 1995</ref> Vincent ta dabi'a ya kasance mutum ne mai ban haushi, amma sannu a hankali ya koyi zama mai kula da bukatun wasu.<ref>"St. Vincent de Paul", Franciscan Media</ref> A cikin 1612 an aika shi a matsayin limamin Ikklesiya zuwa Cocin Saint-Medard a Clichy. A cikin ƙasa da shekara guda, Bérulle ya tuna da shi zuwa Paris don ya yi hidima a matsayin malami kuma mai koyarwa ga dangin Gondi<ref>Dégert, Antoine (1913). "St. Vincent de Paul". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</ref> "Ko da yake Vincent ya fara aikinsa na firist da nufin samun rayuwa ta nishaɗi ga kansa, ya sami canjin zuciya bayan ya ji ikirari na ƙauyen da ke mutuwa." A ranar 13 ga Mayu 1643, tare da Louis XIII ya mutu, Sarauniya Anne ta sa Majalisar de Paris ta soke wasiyyar mijinta (hukumar shari'a da ta kunshi manyan malamai da manyan malamai), ta mai da ita kadai Regent. Anne ta zabi Vincent de Paul a matsayin mashawarcinta na ruhaniya; ya taimaka mata wajen magance manufofin addini da tambayar Jansenism. ==Tushen Iyalin Vincentian== Vincent shine majibincin duk ayyukan agaji. Ƙungiyoyi da dama da suka yi wahayi ta musamman ta aikinsa da koyarwarsa kuma waɗanda ke da'awar Vincent a matsayin wanda ya kafa su ko majiɓincinsu an haɗa su a cikin wata ƙungiya maras kyau da aka sani da Vincentian Family. Littafin 1996 The Vincentian Family Tree ya gabatar da bayyani na al'ummomin da ke da alaƙa ta fuskar asali.[<ref>McNeil, Betty Ann (1996). The Vincentian Family Tree: A Genealogical Study. Chicago: Vincentian Studies ………..Institute</ref> 'Yan Masoya, Mata, Da 'Yan Matan Sadaka A 1617, Vincent ya fara bauta wa iyalai matalauta a Paris, yana kawo musu abinci da ta'aziyya. Ya tsara mata masu hannu da shuni na birnin Paris a matsayin Ƙungiyoyin Sa-kai don su taimaka da wannan aikin, da tattara kuɗi don ayyukan wa’azi a ƙasashen waje, da samun asibitoci, da tattara kuɗin agaji don taimaka wa waɗanda yaƙi ya rutsa da su da kuma fansar bayin galey 1,200 daga Arewacin Afirka.<ref>"Saint Vincent's First Foundation: The Ladies of Charity"</ref>Wannan shiga na mata zai haifar da, tare da taimakon Louise de Marillac, kafuwar Ladies of Charity da 'Ya'yan Sadaka na Saint Vincent de Paul (Faransanci: Filles de la Charité), [<ref>Attwater, Donald (1982) The Penguin Dictionary of Saints p</ref>al'umma na rayuwar manzanni ga mata. ==Ikkilisiya na Ofishin Jakadancin== A cikin 1622 an nada Vincent a matsayin limamin coci.,<ref>Butler's Lives of the Saints, (Michael Walsh, ed.), (1991) p 304, HarperCollins Publishers, New ,</ref> Bayan ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a birnin Paris a cikin bayi da ake daure a kurkuku, ya kafa abin da a yanzu ake kira ikilisiyar Mishan, ko kuma “Vincentians” (wanda kuma aka fi sani da wasu sassan Turai a matsayin “Lazarists”). Wadannan firistoci, da alkawuran talauci, da tsarki, da biyayya, da kwanciyar hankali, dole ne su ba da kansu gaba daya ga mutanen da ke kananan garuruwa da kauyuka.<ref>"St. Vincent de Paul", Franciscan Media</ref> Vincent ya kasance mai ƙwazo wajen gudanar da ja da baya ga limaman coci a lokacin da akwai jahilci, cin zarafi, da jahilci a tsakaninsu. Ya kasance majagaba wajen koyar da malamai kuma ya taimaka wajen kafa makarantun hauza.<ref>"St. Vincent de Paul", Franciscan Media</ref> Ya yi shekaru 28 yana hidima a matsayin darekta na ruhaniya na Convent of St. Mary of Angels. <Ref>"Temples in Paris: Catholic churches and other places devoted to Protestant worship after the Concordat in 1801"</ref> ==Mutuwa da Girmamawa== Saint Vincent de Paul Chapel, Chapel a 95 rue de Sevres, 6th arrondissement Saint Vincent de Paul Chapel, Chapel a 95 rue de Sevres, 6th arrondissement Kabarin Waliyi Kabarin Waliyi Abin rufe fuska da hannaye suna lullube kasusuwan Vincent Abin rufe fuska da hannaye suna lullube kasusuwan Vincent An tono gawar Vincent a shekara ta 1712, shekaru 53 bayan mutuwarsa. Rubuce-rubucen wani da ya shaida abin da ya faru ya ce "ido da hanci kawai sun nuna wani rubewa". Duk da haka, lokacin da aka sake hako shi a lokacin canonization a cikin 1737, an gano cewa ya lalace saboda ambaliya ta karkashin kasa. An lullube ƙasusuwansa a cikin wani nau'i na waxen wanda aka nuna a cikin wani gilashin reliquary a ɗakin sujada na hedkwatar uban Vincentian a Paris, Saint Vincent de Paul Chapel, rue de Sèvres. Zuciyarsa har yanzu ba ta lalace ba, kuma ana nuna shi a ɗakin karatu a ɗakin sujada na gidan uwa na 'ya'yan agaji da ke Paris.<ref>Joan Carroll Cruz (1977) The Incorruptibles pp. 248–9, Tan Books and Publishers, Inc.</ref> Vincent ya mutu a Paris a ranar 27 ga Satumba 1660.<ref>Dégert, Antoine (1913). "St. Vincent de Paul". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton </ref> Ƙungiyar Saint Vincent de Paul, ƙungiyar agaji ta sadaukar da kai ga hidimar matalauta, an kafa shi a cikin 1833 ta daliban jami'a na Faransa, wanda Frédéric Ozanam ya jagoranta. A yau al'umma tana cikin kasashe 153.[1<ref> International Society Web Site (ssvpglobal.org) (2020)</ref> ==Ƙungiyar Saint Vincent de Paul== Ƙungiyar Saint Vincent de Paul, ƙungiyar agaji ta sadaukar da kai ga hidimar matalauta, an kafa shi a cikin 1833 ta daliban jami'a na Faransa, wanda Frédéric Ozanam ya jagoranta. A yau al'umma tana cikin kasashe 153.<ref> International Society Web Site (ssvpglobal.org) (2020)</ref> 1843 Medal na Saint Vincent de Paul ta Artist Marius Penin, obverse Makiyayi Mai Kyau akan baya na lambar yabo A cikin 1705, Babban Babban Jami'in Ikilisiya na Ofishin Jakadancin ya nemi a kafa tsari mai tsarki na canonization na Vincent. A ranar 13 ga Agusta 1729 Paparoma Benedict XIII ya ayyana shi albarka. Paparoma Clement XII ya naɗa shi kusan shekaru takwas bayan haka a ranar 16 ga Yuni 1737.<ref>Dégert, Antoine (1913). "St. Vincent de Paul". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic </ref> 1737, an haɗa ranar idin Vincent a cikin Kalanda na Roman don bikin ranar 19 ga Yuli, an zaɓi wannan ranar saboda an riga an yi amfani da ranar mutuwarsa don idin Saints Cosmas da Damian. An ba wa sabon bikin matsayin “Biyu”, kuma an canza shi zuwa matsayin “Biki na uku” a shekarar 1960.<ref>General Roman Calendar of 1960</ref> Bita na 1969 na Janar Roman Calendar ya mayar da abin tunawarsa zuwa 27 ga Satumba, inda ya mayar da Cosmas da Damian zuwa 26 ga Satumba don ba shi hanya, kamar yadda yanzu ya fi su sani a Yamma.<ref>Calendarium Romanum p. 140 (1969) Libreria Editrice Vaticana</ref> An girmama Vincent tare da Karamin Biki akan 27 Satumba a cikin Cocin Ingila.<ref>"Lesser Festivals"</ref> <ref>"The Calendar"</ref> Kalanda liturgical na Cocin Episcopal yana girmama shi tare da Louise de Marillac a ranar 15 ga Maris.<ref>Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin bukukuwan da Cocin Deist na Faransa ya yi na Theophilanthropy an sadaukar da shi ga Vincent.,<ref>Theophilanthropists</ref> ==Gado== Jami'ar Niagara a Lewiston, New York, Jami'ar St. John a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], da Jami'ar DePaul a Chicago, Illinois, an kafa su a cikin 1856, <ref>University, Niagara. "History". niagara.edu. Retrieved 27 March 2018.</ref> 1870, <ref> "University Facts – St. John's University"</ref> da 1898, <ref> "History & Timeline – About – DePaul University – DePaul University, Chicago"</ref> bi da bi, ta Ikilisiyar Ofishin Jakadancin a Amurka. Yawancin manyan makarantu ana kiran su da sunan Vincent. An sadaukar da majami'u ga Vincent a Los Angeles;<ref>"St. Vincent"</ref> Washington, D.C.; <ref>St. Vincent de Paul Parish, Lincoln Park, Chicago</ref> Omaha, Nebraska; <ref> ]"St. Vincent de Paul Catholic Church"</ref> Mays Landing, [[New Jersey]]; <ref> , Matt. "St. Vincent de Paul, Mays Landing NJ – Home". vincentdepaul.org. Retrieved 27 March 2018.</ref> Mt. Vernon, [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]].<ref>st-vincentdepaul.org. Retrieved</ref> Houston, Texas;<ref>St. Vincent de Paul</ref> Delray Beach, Florida; Wheeling, West Virginia,,<ref> "St. Vincent de Paul, Wheeling, West Virginia"</ref>, Rhode Island, Churchville, New York, <ref>"St. Vincent's, Churchville, New York"</ref> Peryville, Missouri, <ref>"Home"</ref> Dale, Massachusetts, <ref>Joseph and St Vincent dePaul Roman Catholic Churches Girardville, PA". stjospar.org. Archived from the original on 11 March 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2018</ref> Girardville, Pennsylvania, <ref> Joseph and St Vincent dePaul Roman Catholic Churches Girardville, PA". stjospar.org. Archived from the original on 11 March 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2018</ref> Arlington, Texas, Denver, Colorado, [<ref>"St. Vincent de Paul Catholic Parish – Living Stewardship in Faith"</ref> Malang (Indonesia), <ref>"Halaman Utama - Paroki Vincentius A Paolo"</ref> Philippines da sauran wurare.<ref>"Society of St. Vincent de Paul in the Philippines"</ref> Littattafai marasa adadi, fina-finai, da ==Manazarta== pkk1j8rqea552yf39s0ntgmhge4uqmb 0 110475 906947 874322 2026-08-24T08:04:53Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 906947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Reflist}} '''Costa da Caparica''' (Ana Kiran shi a yaren [[Portugal|Portuguese]]: [ˈkɔʃtɐ ðɐ kɐpɐˈɾikɐ]) ne na Portuguese kuma majami'ar farar hula, wanda ke cikin garin Almada a yammacin gabar gundumar Setúbal . Adadin jama'a a shekara ta ² ya kai 13,418, a cikin yanki na 10.18 km2. <ref name="dgt">{{Cite web |title=Áreas das freguesias, concelhos, distritos e país |url=http://www.dgterritorio.pt/cartografia_e_geodesia/cartografia/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal_caop_/caop__download_/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal___versao_2017__em_vigor_/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105172426/http://www.dgterritorio.pt/cartografia_e_geodesia/cartografia/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal_caop_/caop__download_/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal___versao_2017__em_vigor_/ |archive-date=5 November 2018 |access-date=5 November 2018}}</ref> Tun daga ranar 9 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2004, an sanya Costa da Caparica a matsayin cidade (birni ko gari) a cikin tsarin birane na Portugal.&nbsp; == Labari da tarihi == [[toponimi|toponymy]] ''Caparica'' ya samo asali ne daga wani labari game da wata tsohuwar mace da ke zaune tsakanin Almada da teku, a kan dutsen Sul do Tejo . Tsohuwar mace, mai laushi kuma mai rauni, ta sa tufafi mai launi da yawa don kare kanta daga sanyi, kuma wanda ya yi wa mutanen yankin karamin ƙauyen da take zaune. Mutane da yawa sun ɗauka cewa ita maƙaryaciya ce kuma mai tausayi, wacce ke kula da wadata, amma duk da haka ba ta taɓa rasa taro ba (tafiya mai nisa tsakanin duwatsu da kwari yayin da take taruwa a kan tituna a ƙarƙashin tufafinta) kuma a kai a kai tana yin magana a kan titunan. Wata rana, bayan dogon lokaci, mazauna ƙauyen sun tafi gidansa mai tawali'u, inda suka gano jikin tsohuwar mace a cikin tufafinta kuma tare da wasika ga Sarki. An gabatar da shi tare da wasikar da rigarta, Sarki ya yi mamakin bukatar tsohuwar mace ta gina masa Ikilisiya ga mutanen ƙauyen ta. Nan da nan Sarki ya ba da umarnin a lalata ''Cape'', amma ya yi mamakin ganin tsabar zinariya suna fadowa daga cape. Tare da ''Rufin'' ya cika roƙon tsohuwar mace daga wadataccen kyautar ta. Daga can sunan ''Capa-Rica'' ya ci gaba, don capa (cape) da rica (''masu arziki''), wanda ya zama mai alaƙa da yankin.<ref name="JFHistoria2" /> Labarin ya nuna cewa, a cikin 1800, Costa da Caparica shine shafin yanar gizon Casa da Coroa (gidan farko na dutse da dutse) wanda ya sami muhimmancinsa ga gaskiyar da ba a sani ba. An yi imanin cewa Sarki John VI na Portugal a cikin 1824 ya ci abincin teku mai daɗi, kuma saboda wannan dalili, ya ba da umarnin cewa a ɗaga takalmin sarauta a kan maɓuɓɓugar yankin. Hakazalika, shafin shine hanyar da ake tsammani a kan tafiye-tafiye da suka shafi Sarauniya Maria II na Portugal da Sarki Pedro V na Portugal da matarsa ta sarauta, wanda ya yi tafiya ta hanyar Costa da Caparica a kan tafiyar da ba ta da alaƙa.<ref name="JFHistoria" /> Yankin ya kasance wani ɓangare na Ikklisiya na Caparica har zuwa 1926, kafin ya zama yanki na Trafaria har zuwa 1949. An rarraba garin a matsayin gari a ranar 9 ga Yulin 1985, kuma an ɗaukaka shi zuwa matsayin birni a ranar 9 de Disamba 2004. <ref name="JFHistoria" /> Ita ce kawai freguesia a Almada wacce ba ta sha wahala ba tare da sake fasalin gudanarwa na 2013. == Yanayin ƙasa == [[Fayil:2010-03-07_14_02_24_Portugal-Costa_de_Caparica.jpg|left|thumb|Yankin bakin teku kusa da bakin Kogin Tagus]] [[Fayil:Vista_da_Costa_de_Caparica.jpg|left|thumb|Condominiums da mazauna a cikin ɓangaren da aka gina na Ikklisiya]] [[Fayil:Seine_fishing_in_Portugal,_at_Praia_da_Saúde_beach,_Costa_da_Caparica_(2).jpg|left|thumb|Kifi na Seine ta amfani da tractors guda biyu da jirgin kamun kifi guda ɗaya (sunar rana 21:18) Praia da Saúde (a Turanci, Beach of Health) Costa da Caparica, kusa da Almada a {{Cvt|15|km|mi}} daga birnin Lisbon a Portugal.]] === Yanayin jiki === Yana kan iyakar yammacin tsibirin Setúbal, yankin shine sakamakon raguwar teku, yana rufe yanki na 10.18 km² tsakanin ruwa da babban dutse. Yankin babban rairayin bakin teku ne wanda ya haifar da raguwa daga gabas zuwa teku. Yankin bakin tekun yana wakiltar mafi girman rairayin bakin teku a Portugal, tare da faɗin kusan kilomita 30, daga gefen hagu na Kogin Tagus zuwa bakin Albufeira . Shahararren a lokacin rani tare da masu yawon bude ido da baƙi na cikin gida, rairayin bakin teku sun sha wahala daga rushewa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan; matakai da yawa na gwamnatin Portugal sun ɗauki matakai don rage waɗannan alamu, amma rushewar ta ci gaba a yawancin rairayin kan teku da ke kusa da bakin Tagus.<ref name="JFHistoria" />&nbsp; === Yankunan Ecoregions / Yankunan da aka kare === Portugal ta rabu da wurare masu mahimmanci na ilimin ƙasa da na geomorphological, duka don roƙonsa na kimiyya da na halitta, kamar su Costa da Caparica Fossil Cliff Protected Landscape (Portuguese: Paisagem Protegida da Arriba Fóssil da Costa da Caparic), wani wuri na rairayin bakin teku na prehistoric kusa da Terras da Costa, wanda ya ƙunshi dutsen da aka [[sassaƙa]] da aka ɗora da kuma ajiya, wanda ya haɗu da koguna da dutsen da ke rufe da ciyayi. Tsakaninsa da ci gaban birane da yaduwa, haɗe da ci gaba da lalacewa ya haifar da dokar doka ta 22 ga Mayu 1984 168/84 wanda ya kafa Paisagem Protegida tare da fatan adana halaye na geomorphological da al'ummomin halitta da suka wanzu a cikin yankin, inganta daidaituwa tsakanin ilmin halitta da shimfidar wuri.<ref name="JFHistoria" /> A ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 2008, a cikin ƙudurin Majalisar Ministoci (178/2008) ya ba da hanyar kare albarkatun da ƙimar halitta, kafa takamaiman amfani da dabarun gudanarwa ga yankin.<ref name="JFHistoria" /> Kodayake Arriba Fóssil shine mafi kyawun yanayin yankin da aka kare (PPAFCC), a cikin iyakokinta shine Reserva Botânica da Mata Nacional dos Medos (Botanical Reserve of the National Game Preserve of Medos), wanda kuma ake kira ''Pinhal do Rei'' (King's Pineforest), wanda Sarki John V na Portugal ya ba da umarnin [[shuka]] ƙasashe don rage mamayewar dunes da sare daji. Har ila yau, a ƙarƙashin gudanarwar PPAFCC, ita ce ''Mata da Dunes'' da Costa da Caparica e Trafaria (Dunes Game Preserve of Costa da Caprica and Trafaria), a gindin rairayin bakin teku; yanki mai girman hekta 600 (1,500-acre) na gandun daji, Mata das Dunes gandun daji ne na halitta har yanzu ana kiyaye shi. ==== Yin sansani ==== Manyan kungiyoyin wasanni a cikin Ikklisiya sun hada da: * Gidan shakatawa na Orbitur * Gidan shakatawa na Campismo da Costa Nova (Club de Campismo de Lisboa) * Gidan shakatawa na INATEL Caparica * Ruwa na Lafiya * Yankin ruwa na Mata Garin Almada a ranar 26 ga Yuni 2015 ya ayyana [[Praia]] da Adiça (38°33′16′′N 9°11′19′′W / 38.554343°N 9.188697°W / 38. 554343; -9.188697) rairayin bakin teku ne.<ref name="osna_Port">{{Cite web |date=17 July 2015 |title=Portugal has more naturist Beach» Naturists |url=http://osnaturistas.com/en/noticias/portugal-tem-mais-uma-praia-naturista/ |access-date=2015-07-18 |website=The Naturists |archive-date=2015-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722015244/http://osnaturistas.com/en/noticias/portugal-tem-mais-uma-praia-naturista/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Yanayin ɗan adam === [[Fayil:Caparica_December_2011-8.jpg|thumb|Yankin rairayin bakin teku na Costa da Caparica]] Kodayake an sanya shi birni, kuma an ba da gwamnatin jama'a a cikin cocin farar hula na Costa da Caparica, yankin ya ƙunshi al'ummomi da yankuna da yawa, gami da São João, Santo António, Terras da Costa da Fonte da Telha. Tare da yawan mazauna 11,708, yana wakiltar kashi 7.3% na yawan jama'ar gari. Hakazalika, tana da mafi yawan baƙi a cikin yawan jama'a, musamman a lokacin rani (lokacin da akwai ƙarin mazauna 7,800 kuma a matsakaita kusan baƙi 35,000). == Tattalin Arziki == Muhimmancin rairayin bakin teku da teku wani bangare ne na abin da ke sa tattalin arzikin Costa da Caparica ya yi aiki. Har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 20, wannan ya kasance da farko tare da masana'antar kamun kifi, amma mafi mahimmanci, tare da yawan yawon bude ido na yanayi. Saboda tarihin zamani, na yawon bude ido, akwai wasu gine-gine masu mahimmanci a cikin iyakokinta waɗanda Instituto de Gestão do Património Arquitectónico e Arqueológico (IGESPAR) ta rarraba; waɗannan sun haɗa da: * 3rd Financial Division gini na gundumar Almada ( Portuguese ) * Ararat/Mazaunin Robert Gulbenkian ( Portuguese ) * Gidan sarauta ( Portuguese ) * Estate of São Miguel ( Portuguese ) * Estate of Medos ( Portuguese ) == Al'adu == Kamar sauran al'ummomin Portuguese, al'ummomin Costa da Caparica suna shiga cikin bukukuwan addini da na addini a duk shekara. Waɗannan sun haɗa da bikin shekara-shekara na birni (Janairu/Fabrairu), bikin shahararrun waliyyai na gida ( Portuguese ) a watan Yuni, an gudanar da baje kolin zane-zane da na littafai a watan Yuli/Agusta, da kuma baje kolin masu fasaha a ranakun Asabar ta biyu da Lahadi ta hudu na kowane wata (sai dai a watan Yuli da Agusta). Hakanan ana kiyaye alakar tarihi na yankuna a cikin ''Concurso da Caldeirada Pescador'' ( ''Gasar Kifi'' ) da aka gudanar a watan Janairu / Fabrairu da ''Feira de Velharias'', wanda aka gudanar a ranar Lahadi na uku da na biyar na wata da hutu. <ref name="JFHistoria" /> == Wasanni == * Cibiyar Surf ta Duniya <ref>{{Cite web |title=caparicasurf.com |url=http://www.caparicasurf.com/ |access-date=2013-11-01 |publisher=caparicasurf.com |archive-date=2013-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103060313/http://www.caparicasurf.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Associação de Surf da Costa de Caparica|Kungiyar Surf ta Costa de Caparica]] (Surf Club and School) * Kungiyar Wasanni ta Masu Kifi na Costa de Caparica * [[Grupo Desportivo Terras da Costa|Kungiyar Wasanni ta Terras da Costa]] * [[Sport União Caparica|Wasanni Union Caparica]] * [[Clube Motar da Costa de Caparica|Kungiyar Motar da Costa de Caparica]] * [[Núcleo Sportinguista da Costa de Caparica|Cibiyar Wasanni ta Costa de Caparica]] * [[Clube dos Amigos do Rugby da Costa de Caparica|Kungiyar Abokan Rugby ta Costa de Caparica]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2vc4nbeds8eph1oajzyp5gw7is0t1jh 0 111241 906952 823202 2026-08-24T08:06:17Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 906952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:ISS-67_City_lights_of_Rio_De_Janeiro,_Brazil.jpg|right|thumb|Bayanan tauraron dan adam na Babban Rio de Janeiro da dare]] '''Rio de Janeiro''' tana kan iyakar yammacin wani yanki na bakin tekun Atlantika na [[Brazil]] (tsakanin gabas zuwa Ilha Grande, a kan Costa Verde, da Cabo Frio), kusa da Tropic na Capricorn, inda bakin tekun ke fuskantar gabas zuwa yamma. Da yake fuskantar kudu, an kafa birnin ne a kan wani ƙofar wannan bakin teku, Guanabara Bay (Baía de Guanabara), kuma ƙofar ta alama ce ta ƙasar da ake kira Sugar Loaf (Pão de Açúcar) - "katin kira" na birnin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2011 |title=Where is Rio de Janeiro? |url=http://riobrazilblog.com/where-is-rio-de-janeiro |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105085554/http://riobrazilblog.com/where-is-rio-de-janeiro |archive-date=5 November 2013 |access-date=12 March 2013 |publisher=Riobrazilblog.com}}</ref> Cibiyar (Centro), ainihin Rio, tana kan filayen yammacin gabar Guanabara Bay. Babban bangare na birnin, wanda aka fi sani da Yankin Arewa ({{Interlanguage link|Zona Norte, Rio de Janeiro|pt|Zona Norte (Rio de Janeiro)}} [pt]), ya kai arewa maso yamma a kan filayen da ke kunshe da ruwa da kuma nahiyar da kuma kan tuddai da duwatsu da yawa. Yankin Kudancin (Zona Sul) na birnin, wanda ya kai ga rairayin bakin teku, an yanke shi daga tsakiya da kuma Yankin Arewa ta duwatsun bakin teku. Wadannan duwatsu da tuddai sune rassan Serra do Mar zuwa arewa maso yamma, tsohuwar jerin tsaunuka na gneiss-granite wanda ke samar da gangaren kudancin tsaunuka. Babban Yankin Yamma (Zona Oeste), wanda tsaunuka suka yanke, an sanya shi cikin sauƙi ga waɗanda ke Yankin Kudu ta hanyar sabbin hanyoyi da bututu a ƙarshen karni na 20. Yawan mutanen birnin Rio de Janeiro, wanda ke da yanki na kilomita 1,182.3 (456.5 sq , <ref>{{Cite web |title=Area Territorial Official |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/geociencias/cartografia/default_territ_area.shtm?c=5 |access-date=18 July 2007 |publisher=IBGE |language=pt}}</ref> kusan 6,000,000 ne. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Estimativas para 1° de Julho de 2006 |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/estimativa2005/estimativa.shtm?c=1 |access-date=18 July 2007 |publisher=[[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]] |language=pt}}</ref> An kiyasta yawan mutanen da ke cikin babban birni a miliyan 11-13.5. An san mazaunan garin da suna ''Cariocas'' . Waƙar hukuma ta Rio ita ce "Cidade Maravilhosa", ta mawaƙa André Filho .&nbsp; == Muhalli ==   Birnin yana da wuraren shakatawa da wuraren ajiyar muhalli kamar su Tijuca National Park, gandun daji na farko a duniya da [[UNESCO]] Environmental Heritage and Biosphere Reserve; Pedra Branca State Park, wanda ke da mafi girman matsayi na Rio de Janeiro, saman Pedra Brancha; Quinta da Boa Vista complex; Botanical Garden; <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2005 |title="Cochicho da Mata" recria floresta dentro da floresta |url=http://www.jbrj.gov.br/materias/07_10_2005.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118155016/http://www.jbrj.gov.br/materias/07_10_2005.htm |archive-date=18 January 2012 |access-date=15 May 2017 |publisher=Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro |language=pt}}</ref> Zoo na Rio; Parque Lage; da Passeio Público, wurin shakatawa na farko na jama'a a [[Amurka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parque Estadual da Pedra Branca (PEPB) |url=http://www.inea.rj.gov.br/unidades/pqpedra_branca.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012125009/http://www.inea.rj.gov.br/unidades/pqpedra_branca.asp |archive-date=12 October 2012 |access-date=22 September 2012 |website=Governo do Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Instituto Nacional do Ambiente |language=pt}}</ref> Bugu da kari Flamengo Park shine mafi girma a cikin birni, yana daga tsakiya zuwa yankin kudu, kuma yana dauke da gidajen tarihi da abubuwan tunawa, ban da yawancin ciyayi. === Muhalli da batutuwan muhalli === Saboda yawan masana'antu a cikin yankin birni, birnin ya fuskanci matsaloli masu tsanani na gurɓata muhalli. Guanabara Bay ya rasa wuraren mangrove kuma yana fama da raguwa daga cikin gida da masana'antu, mai da ƙarfe masu nauyi. Kodayake ruwansa yana sabuntawa lokacin da suka isa teku, bayin shine mai karɓar ƙarshe na duk hanyoyin da aka samar a bakin kogin da kuma cikin koguna da koguna da yawa da ke gudana cikinta. Matakan ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin iska sun ninka sau biyu fiye da wanda [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta ba da shawarar, a wani bangare saboda yawan motoci da ke yawo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Afra Balazina |date=21 September 2007 |title=Estudo revela poluição elevada em seis capitais |trans-title=Study reveals high pollution levels in six capitals |url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/cotidiano/ult95u330220.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221042944/http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/cotidiano/ult95u330220.shtml |archive-date=21 December 2007 |access-date=26 October 2008 |website=Folha Online |language=pt}}</ref> Ruwa na Sepetiba Bay yana bin hanyar da Guanabara Bay ya gano, tare da datti da yawan mutane miliyan 1.29 suka samar ba tare da magani ba a cikin rafi ko koguna. Game da gurɓataccen masana'antu, [[sharar gida mai guba]] sosai, tare da babban taro na ƙarfe mai nauyi - galibi [[zinc]] da cadmium - an zubar da su tsawon shekaru ta masana'antu a cikin gundumomin masana'antu na Santa Cruz, Itaguaí da Nova Iguaçu, waɗanda aka gina a ƙarƙashin kulawar manufofin Jiha.<ref name="OQ">{{Cite web |year=2001 |title=Contexto ambiental da Baía de Sepetiba |url=http://www.koinonia.org.br/oq/dossies/marambaia/not_contexto1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501032842/http://www.koinonia.org.br/oq/dossies/marambaia/not_contexto1.htm |archive-date=1 May 2013 |access-date=26 October 2008 |publisher=Observatório Quilombola (OQ) |language=pt}}</ref> Lagun Marapendi da Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon sun sha wahala tare da sauƙin hukumomi da haɓaka a cikin yawan gine-ginen gidaje da ke kusa. Rashin fitar da datti ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma mutuwar alge ya rage iskar oxygen na ruwa, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar kifi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hélio Almeida |date=11 January 2011 |title=Lagoa de Marapendi sofre com poluição da água |trans-title=Marapendi Lagoon suffers with water pollution |url=http://www.sidneyrezende.com/noticia/116507+lagoa+de+marapendi+sofre+com+poluicao+da+agua |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119050726/http://www.sidneyrezende.com/noticia/116507+lagoa+de+marapendi+sofre+com+poluicao+da+agua |archive-date=19 January 2011 |access-date=18 November 2012 |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Agência Brasil |date=18 May 2010 |title=Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas estará despoluída até 2014, diz secretário |trans-title=Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon will be unpolluted until 2014, says secretary |url=http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/vidae,lagoa-rodrigo-de-freitas-estara-despoluida-ate-2014-diz-secretario,553395,0.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518003936/http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/vidae,lagoa-rodrigo-de-freitas-estara-despoluida-ate-2014-diz-secretario,553395,0.htm |archive-date=18 May 2013 |access-date=18 November 2012 |website=O Estado de S. Paulo |language=pt}}</ref> Akwai, a gefe guda, alamun tsabtace muhalli a cikin tafkin da aka yi ta hanyar Haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu da aka kafa a 2008 don tabbatar da cewa ruwan tafkin zai dace da wanka. Ayyukan decontamination sun haɗa da canja wurin laka zuwa manyan craters da ke cikin tafkin kanta, da kuma ƙirƙirar sabon haɗin kai tsaye da na karkashin kasa tare da teku, wanda zai ba da gudummawa don haɓaka musayar ruwa na yau da kullun tsakanin mahalli biyu. Koyaya, a lokacin wasannin Olympics tafkin ya karbi bakuncin wasannin motsa jiki kuma akwai damuwa da yawa game da yiwuwar kamuwa da cuta sakamakon datti na mutum.{{Clear}}{{Wide image|PanoramaRio.jpg|1600px|Panorama of the city of Rio de Janeiro highlighting the mountains of [[Corcovado]] (left), [[Sugarloaf Mountain (Brazil)|Sugarloaf]] (center, background) and {{ill|Dois Irmãos (Rio de Janeiro)|pt|Morro Dois Irmãos (Rio de Janeiro)|lt=Two Brothers}} ({{langx|pt|Dois Irmãos}}; right), from the [[Vista Chinesa|Chinese Belvedere]]}} == Yanayi == [[Fayil:Praia_de_Copacabana_-_Rio_de_Janeiro,_Brasil.jpg|left|thumb|Kogin Copacabana a rana mai haske]] [[Fayil:Marina_da_Glória_5.jpg|left|thumb|Marina da Glória]] Rio tana da Yanayin savanna na wurare masu zafi (''Aw'') wanda ke kusa da yanayin zafi na wurare masu wurare masu zafi. {{Convert|27|°C|0}} Birnin yana fuskantar zafi, lokacin rani mai zafi, da zafi, hunturu mai haske. A cikin yankunan cikin gari, yanayin zafi s''Am'' da {{Convert|40|°C|0}} ° C (104 ° F) ya zama ruwan dare a lokacin rani, kodayake da wuya a tsawon lokaci, yayin da matsakaicin yanayin zafi sama na 27 ° C (81 ° F) na iya faruwa kowane wata. Along the coast, the breeze, blowing onshore and offshore, moderates the temperature. Because of its geographic situation, the city is often reached by cold fronts advancing from [[Antatika|Antarctica]], especially during autumn and winter, causing frequent weather changes. In summer there can be strong rains, which have, on some occasions, provoked catastrophic floods and landslides. The mountainous areas register greater rainfall since they constitute a barrier to the humid wind that comes from the Atlantic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Weather – Rio de Janeiro |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/3451190 |access-date=14 May 2015 |website=BBC Weather}}</ref> The city has had rare frosts in the past. Some areas within Rio de Janeiro state occasionally have falls of snow grains and ice pellets (popularly called {{Lang|pt|granizo}}) and hail.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2013 |title=Chuvinha de granizo – Nova Iguaçu 18-2-2013 |trans-title=Little hail shower – Nova Iguaçu, 18 February 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r2c-u7vOEdk |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211034701/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r2c-u7vOEdk |archive-date=11 February 2017 |access-date=26 August 2018 |publisher=YouTube |language=pt }}</ref> Fari ba kasafai ba ne, duk da cewa yana faruwa lokaci-lokaci idan aka yi la'akari da yanayin yanayin zafi na birnin. Farin fari na Brazil na 2014-2015, mafi tsanani a yankin Kudu maso Gabas kuma mafi muni a cikin shekaru da yawa, ya shafi dukkanin samar da ruwa na yankin babban birni (wani juzu'i daga kogin Paraíba do Sul zuwa kogin Guandu shine babban tushen mesoregion mafi yawan jama'a a jihar). An yi shirin karkatar da Paraíba do Sul zuwa Sistema Cantareira (tsarin Cantareira) a lokacin rikicin ruwa na 2014 don taimakawa yankin Greater [[São Paulo]] da ke fama da fari. Duk da haka, samun isasshen ruwan sama don samar da ruwan famfo a yankunan manyan biranen biyu a nan gaba hasashe ne kawai..<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2014 |title=Brazil drought crisis leads to rationing and tensions |url=https://www.theguardian.com/weather/2014/sep/05/brazil-drought-crisis-rationing |access-date=2 February 2015 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2015 |title=Paraíba do Sul River might not have enough water to rescue São Paulo's Sistema Cantareira |url=http://g1.globo.com/fantastico/noticia/2015/02/rio-paraiba-do-sul-pode-nao-ter-agua-para-socorrer-sistema-cantareira.html |access-date=2 February 2015 |publisher=G1 |language=pt}}</ref> Roughly in the same suburbs (Nova Iguaçu and surrounding areas, including parts of Campo Grande and Bangu) that correspond to the location of the March 2012, February–March 2013 and January 2015 pseudo-hail (''granizo'') falls, there was a [[Guguwa|tornado]]-like phenomenon in January 2011, for the first time in the region's recorded history, causing structural damage and long-lasting blackouts, but no fatalities. The World Meteorological Organization has advised that Brazil, especially its southeastern region, must be prepared for increasingly severe weather occurrences in the near future, since events such as the catastrophic January 2011 Rio de Janeiro floods and mudslides are not an isolated phenomenon. In early May 2013, winds registering above {{Convert|90|km/h|0}} caused blackouts in 15 neighborhoods of the city and three surrounding municipalities, and killed one person.<ref>[http://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/cidades/temporal-com-ventos-acima-de-90-kmh-mata-um-no-rio,5edebb5eb697e310VgnVCM4000009bcceb0aRCRD.html Storm with winds above {{Convert|90|km/h|0}} kill one in Rio] {{In lang|pt}}</ref> Rio saw similarly high winds (about {{Convert|100|km/h|0}}) in January 2015. The average annual minimum temperature is {{Convert|21|°C|0}}, the average annual maximum temperature is {{Convert|27|°C|0}}, and the average annual temperature is {{Convert|24|°C|0}}. The average yearly precipitation is {{Convert|1069|mm|1}}. [[Fayil:Corcovado1.jpg|thumb|Ra'ayi na Yankin Kudu tare da Corcovado a bango]] [[Fayil:Bondinho_do_Pão_de_Açúcar_by_Diego_Baravelli.jpg|thumb|Sugarloaf Cable Car yana gabatowa]] Hakanan yanayin zafi yana bambanta dangane da tsayi, nisa daga bakin teku, da nau'in ciyayi ko amfani da ƙasa. A lokacin lokacin sanyi, sanyin gaba da iskar alfijir/safiya suna kawo sanyi mai laushi; sanyi gabas, Intertropical Convergence Zone (a cikin nau'i na iskõki daga Amazon Forest), mafi karfi da iska iska (sau da yawa daga wani extratropical cyclone) da rani evapotranspiration kawo shawa ko hadari. Don haka yanayi mai kama da damina yana da bushewa da sanyin sanyi da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa, da kuma jika sosai da lokacin rani da kaka. Sakamakon haka, yanayin zafi sama da 40 °C (104 °F), wanda zai iya faruwa kusan shekara-shekara amma ya fi zama ruwan dare a lokacin bazara, galibi yana nufin ainihin zafin “ji” ya haura 50 °C (122 °F), lokacin da akwai ɗan iska kuma yawan zafin dangi yana da girma..<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2010 |title=Com sensação térmica de 48°C, cariocas se refugiram do calor nas praias |trans-title=Feeling like 48°C, cariocas bathe in beaches trying to escape from the heat |url=http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Rio/0,,MUL1502179-5606,00-COM+SENSACAO+TERMICA+DE+C+CARIOCAS+SE+REFUGIAM+DO+CALOR+NAS+PRAIAS.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100226030724/http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Rio/0%2C%2CMUL1502179-5606%2C00-COM%2BSENSACAO%2BTERMICA%2BDE%2BC%2BCARIOCAS%2BSE%2BREFUGIAM%2BDO%2BCALOR%2BNAS%2BPRAIAS.html |archive-date=26 February 2010 |access-date=25 June 2013 |publisher=G1 |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2012 |title=Sensação térmica no Rio de Janeiro chega a 50°C nesta terça-feira |trans-title=Rio de Janeiro will be feeling like 50°C this Tuesday |url=http://br.noticias.yahoo.com/sensa%C3%A7%C3%A3o-t%C3%A9rmica-rio-de-janeiro-chega-a-50-233457951.html |access-date=25 June 2013 |publisher=Yahoo! Notícias |language=pt |archive-date=16 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216124021/http://br.noticias.yahoo.com/sensa%C3%A7%C3%A3o-t%C3%A9rmica-rio-de-janeiro-chega-a-50-233457951.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2013 |title=Sensação térmica no Rio ultrapassa os 50 graus |trans-title=Rio de Janeiro's feels like is now greater than 50 celsius |url=http://www.redetv.com.br/Video.aspx?52,15,320681,jornalismo,redetv-news,sensacao-termica-no-rio-ultrapassa-os-50-graus |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213130508/http://www.redetv.com.br/Video.aspx?52%2C15%2C320681%2Cjornalismo%2Credetv-news%2Csensacao-termica-no-rio-ultrapassa-os-50-graus |archive-date=13 December 2013 |access-date=25 June 2013 |publisher=Rede TV! |language=pt}}</ref> Rio de Janeiro ita ce ta biyu kawai ga Cuiabá a matsayin babban birnin jihar Brazil mafi zafi a waje da Arewa da Arewa maso gabas Brazil; yanayin zafi a ƙasa da {{Convert|14|°C|0}} ° C (57 ° F) yana faruwa a kowace shekara, yayin da waɗanda ke ƙasa da {{Convert|11|°C|0}} ° C (52 ° F) ba sa faruwa sau da yawa. Maganar, fazer frio ("''Yin sanyi''", watau "yanayi yana sanyi"), yawanci yana nufin yanayin zafi da ke ƙasa da {{Convert|21|°C|0}} ° C (70 ° F), wanda zai yiwu a duk shekara kuma ya zama ruwan dare a tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen kaka, hunturu da farkon bazara. Tsakanin 1961 da 1990, a INMET (Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology) tashar al'ada a unguwar Saúde, mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki da aka rubuta ya kasance {{Convert|10.1|°C|1}} ° C (50.2 ° F) a watan Oktoba 1977, kuma mafi girman zafin jiki wanda aka rubuta ya zama {{Convert|39|°C|1}} ° C (102.2 ° F) A watan Disamba 1963. Mafi yawan ruwan sama awanni 24 ya kasance {{Convert|167.4|mm|1}} in) a watan Janairun 1962.<ref name="RainfallAbsoluteINMET" /> Koyaya, matsakaicin zafin jiki da aka taɓa yin rikodin a tashar INMET Jacarepaguá ya kasance {{Convert|3.8|°C|1}} ° C (38.8 ° F) a watan Yulin 1974, yayin da matsakaicin matsakaicin ya kasance {{Convert|43.2|°C|0}} ° C (110 ° F) ranar 26 ga Disamba 2012 a unguwar tashar Santa Cruz.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2012 |title=Temperatura desta quarta no Rio é recorde histórico, diz Inmet |url=http://g1.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2012/12/temperatura-desta-quarta-e-mais-alta-no-rio-em-29-anos-diz-inmet.html |access-date=8 September 2012 |publisher=G1 Rio de Janeiro |language=pt}}</ref> Mafi yawan ruwan sama awanni 24, {{Convert|186.2|mm|1}} in), an rubuta shi a tashar Santa Teresa a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1967.<ref name="RainfallAbsoluteINMET">{{Cite web |title=Máximo Absoluto de Precipitação Acumulada (mm) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Maximo-Abs-Precipitacao_NCB_1961-1990.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714201737/http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Maximo-Abs-Precipitacao_NCB_1961-1990.xls |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology |language=pt}}</ref> Mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki da aka taɓa yin rajista a ƙarni na 21 shine {{Convert|8.1|°C|1}} ° C (46.6 ° F) a Vila Militar, Yuli 2011.<ref name="portal web Terra">{{Cite web |title=Record lowest temperature since {{convert|7.3|°C|1}} in 2000 |url=http://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/noticias/0,,OI5232398-EI8139,00-Rio+de+Janeiro+tem+madrugada+mais+fria+desde+o+ano.html |access-date=1 February 2012}}</ref> Birnin ya kasu kashi biyu a cikin cibiyar tarihi (Centro); yankin Kudancin da ya fi arziki (Zona Sul); yankin Arewa mai zaman kansa (Zona Norte); ''yankuna'' masu zaman kansu a Yammacin Yamma (Zona Oeste), daga cikinsu Santa Cruz, Campo Grande da sabuwar gundumar Barra da Tijuca. Rio de Janeiro ta kasu kashi 33 (''gundumomi'') da ake kira Regiões Administrativas ("Yankuna na Gudanarwa") da kuma 164 bairros (makwabta). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Regiões de Planejamento (RP), Regiões Administrativas (RA) e Bairros do Município do Rio de Janeiro |url=https://www.data.rio/documents/regi%C3%B5es-de-planejamento-rp-regi%C3%B5es-administrativas-ra-e-bairros-do-munic%C3%ADpio-do-rio-de-janeiro/explore |access-date=11 June 2022 |website=Data.Rio}}</ref> [[Fayil:Centro_do_Rio_de_Janeiro00.jpg|thumb|Bayyanar sararin samaniya na Downtown Rio tare da gadar Rio-Niterói a bango]] Centro ko Downtown shine tushen tarihi na birni, da kuma cibiyar kuɗi. Wuraren da ke da sha'awa sun haɗa da Paço Imperial, wanda aka gina a lokacin mulkin mallaka don zama mazaunin gwamnonin [[Portugal]] na Brazil; Ikklisiya da yawa na tarihi, irin su Cocin Candelária (tsohon babban coci), São Jose, Santa Lucia, Nossa Senhora do Carmo, Santa Rita, São Francisco de Paula, da gidajen ibada na Santo Antônio da São Bento. Cibiyar ta Centro kuma tana dauke da babban cocin Rio de Janeiro Cathedral na zamani. A kusa da dandalin Cinelândia, akwai alamomi da yawa na Belle Époque na Rio, kamar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Municipal da ginin Laburaren Ƙasa. Daga cikin gidajen tarihi da yawa, Museu Nacional de Belas Artes (National Museum of Fine Arts) da Museu Histórico Nacional (National Historical Museum) sune mafi mahimmanci. Sauran muhimman abubuwan jan hankali na tarihi a tsakiyar Rio sun haɗa da Passeio Público, lambun jama'a na ƙarni na 18. Manyan tituna sun haɗa da Avenida Rio Branco da Avenida Vargas, waɗanda aka gina su a cikin 1906 da 1942 bi da bi, ta hanyar lalata ɓangarorin birni masu mulkin mallaka. Yawancin tituna na mulkin mallaka, irin su Rua do Ouvidor da Uruguaiana, sun daɗe suna zama masu tafiya a ƙasa, kuma sanannen yankin sayayya na Saara ya kasance yana tafiya a baya-bayan nan. Har ila yau a tsakiyar akwai unguwar gargajiya da ake kira Lapa, wani muhimmin yanki na bohemian da mutanen gari da masu yawon bude ido ke zuwa. === Yankin Kudu === [[Fayil:Forte_de_Copacabana_panorama.jpg|left|thumb|Bayyanar sama na [[Copacabana (Rio de Janeiro)|Copacabana]]" id="mwAZw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Fort Copacabana">Fort Copacabana, tare da Copacabana (dama) da Ipanema (hagu, bango) ]] Yankin Kudancin Rio de Janeiro ({{Lang|pt|Zona Sul}}) ya ƙunshi gundumomi da yawa, daga cikinsu akwai San Conrado, Leblon, Ipanema, Arpoador, Copacabana, da Leme, waɗanda suka hada da sanannen bakin tekun Atlantika na Rio. Sauran gundumomi a Yankin Kudu sune Glória, Catete, Flamengo, [[Botafogo]], da Urca, waɗanda ke kan iyaka da Guanabara Bay, da Santa Teresa, Cosme Velho, Laranjeiras, Humaitá, Lagoa, Jardim Botânico, da Gávea. Ita ce mafi arziki a cikin birni kuma mafi sanannun ƙasashen waje; unguwanni na Leblon da Ipanema, musamman, suna da mafi tsada a duk Kudancin Amurka. Garin rairayin bakin teku na Copacabana yana karbar bakuncin daya daga cikin bukukuwan Sabuwar Shekara ("Reveillon"), yayin da fiye da mutane miliyan biyu suka taru a kan yashi don kallon wasan wuta. Daga shekara ta 2001, an kaddamar da wuta daga jiragen ruwa, don inganta amincin taron. A arewacin Leme, kuma a ƙofar Guanabara Bay, shine gundumar Urca da Dutsen Sugarloaf ('Pão de Açúcar'), wanda sunansa ya bayyana sanannen dutse da ke fitowa daga teku. Za'a iya isa taron ta hanyar tafiyar mota mai hawa biyu daga [[Praia]] Vermelha, tare da tsayawa ta tsakiya a Morro da Urca. Yana ba da ra'ayoyin birnin na biyu kwari ga dutsen Corcovado. Hang gliding wani shahararren aiki ne a kan Pedra Bonita (a zahiri, "Beautiful Rock"). Bayan ɗan gajeren jirgin, masu sauka a kan Praia do ''Pepino'' (Pepino, ko "cucumber", Beach) a São Conrado. Tun daga 1961, Gidan shakatawa na Tijuca (Parque Nacional da Tijuca), mafi girman gandun daji na birni da ke kewaye da birni kuma mafi girman gandu daji a duniya, ya kasance Gidan shakata na kasa. Babban gandun daji na birane a duniya shine Floresta da Pedra Branca (White Rock Forest), wanda ke cikin Yankin Yammacin Rio de Janeiro . Jami'ar Katolika ta Pontifical ta Rio (Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro ko PUC-Rio), babbar jami'a mai zaman kanta ta Brazil, tana gefen gandun daji, a cikin gundumar Gávea. An yi fim din 1984 Blame It on Rio a kusa, tare da gidan haya da haruffa na labarin suka yi amfani da shi suna zaune a gefen gandun daji a kan dutse da ke kallon shahararrun rairayin bakin teku. A cikin 2012, [[CNN]] ta zabi Ipanema mafi kyawun rairayin bakin teku a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Forgan |first=Duncan |date=23 May 2012 |title=World's best city beaches #2 |url=http://www.cnngo.com/explorations/life/best-city-beaches-209050?page=0,1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901062305/http://www.cnngo.com/explorations/life/best-city-beaches-209050?page=0%2C1 |archive-date=1 September 2012 |access-date=31 October 2012 |publisher=CNNGo.com}}</ref>{{Wide image|Cidade de luz e cor.jpg|800px|Rio as seen from [[Sugarloaf Mountain]]}} === Yankin Arewa === [[Fayil:Maracanã_2014_g.jpg|thumb|Gidan wasan Maracanã mai darajaFilin wasa na Maracanã]] ''yanki'' Arewa ({{Lang|pt|Zona Norte}}) ya fara ne a Grande Tijuca (babban mazaunin da ke cikin aji na tsakiya na Tijuca), a yammacin tsakiyar gari, kuma ya shimfiɗa mil a cikin ƙasa har zuwa Baixada Fluminense da Arewa maso Yammacin birnin. Wannan yankin shine gidan wasan Maracanã (wanda ke cikin Grande Tijuca), sau ɗaya mafi girman filin wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] a duniya, wanda zai iya ɗaukar kusan mutane 199,854, kamar yadda ya yi don wasan [[1950 FIFA World Cup|1950]]_FIFA_World_Cup)" id="mwAek" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="[[Uruguay]] v Brazil (1950 FIFA World Cup)">ƙarshe na gasar cin [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|Kofin Duniya]] ta 1950. Kwanan nan an rage ƙarfinsa don ya dace da [[Tsarin mulki|ka'idoji]] tsaro na zamani kuma filin wasan ya gabatar da wurin zama ga duk magoya baya. A halin yanzu ana sake ginawa, yanzu yana da damar 78,838. Maracanã ita ce shafin yanar gizon bikin Budewa da rufewa da kuma gasar kwallon kafa ta Wasannin Pan American na 2007; ta dauki bakuncin Wasan karshe na Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2014, Bikin rufewa le rufewa da Wasannin kwallon kafa na wasannin Olympics na 2016 . Baya ga Maracanã, Yankin Arewacin Rio kuma yana da wasu abubuwan jan hankali na yawon bude ido da na tarihi, irin su "Nossa Senhora da Penha de França Church", Kristi Mai Ceto (mutumi) tare da matakala da aka gina a cikin gadon dutse, 'Manguinhos', gidan Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, cibiyar bincike ta ɗari tare da babban gini da aka tsara kamar fadar [[Moors|Moorish]], da Quinta da Boa Vista, wurin shakatawa inda fadar Imperial ta tarihi take. A zamanin yau, fadar tana karbar bakuncin Gidan Tarihi na Kasa, wanda ke ƙwarewa a tarihin halitta, ilimin kimiyyar tarihi, da kabilanci. Filin jirgin sama na kasa da kasa na Rio de Janeiro (Galeão – Antônio Carlos Jobim International Airport, mai suna bayan sanannen mawaƙin Brazil Antônio Carlos Jobim), babban harabar Jami'ar Tarayya ta Rio de Janeiro a Tsibirin Funão, da Jami'ar Jiha ta Rio de Janeiro, a Maracanã, suma suna cikin yankin Arewacin Rio. Wannan yanki kuma gida ne ga yawancin makarantun samba na Rio de Janeiro kamar Mangueira, Salgueiro, Império Serrano, Unidos da Tijuca, Imperatriz Leopoldinense, da sauransu. Wasu daga cikin manyan unguwannin shiyyar Arewa ta Rio akwai Alto da Boa Vista da ke da yankin dajin Tijuca da shiyyar Kudu da Kudu maso Yamma; Tijuca, Vila Isabel, Méier, São Cristovão, Madureira, Penha, Manguinhos, Fundão, Olaria da sauransu. Yawancin gidajen marasa galihu na Rio de Janeiro (favelas), suna cikin yankin Arewa&nbsp; === Yankin Yamma === [[Fayil:Praia_da_Barra_e_Montanhas_do_Parque_Nacional_da_Tijuca.jpg|left|thumb|Barra da Tijuca tare da Pedra da Gávea a bango]] ''Yankin Yamma'' (Zona Oeste) na Rio de Janeiro yanki ne wanda ba a bayyana shi ba wanda ya rufe kusan kashi 50% na dukan yankin birnin, gami da Barra da Tijuca da Recreio dos Bandeirantes. Yammacin Rio yana da shafuka masu yawa na tarihi saboda tsohuwar "Royal Road of Santa Cruz" wanda ya haye yankin a yankunan Realengo, Bangu, da Campo Grande, ya ƙare a fadar sarauta ta Santa Cruz a yankin Santa Cruz. Babbar tudu a birnin Rio de Janeiro ita ce Pedra Branca Peak (Pico da Pedra Branque) a cikin Pedra Branc State Park . Yana da tsawo na 1024m. Gidan shakatawa na Jihar Pedra Branca (Parque Estadual da Pedra Branka) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Inea – Portal |url=http://www.inea.rj.gov.br/Portal/Agendas/BIODIVERSIDADEEAREASPROTEGIDAS/UnidadesdeConservacao/INEA_008594 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319083416/http://www.inea.rj.gov.br/Portal/Agendas/BIODIVERSIDADEEAREASPROTEGIDAS/UnidadesdeConservacao/INEA_008594 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |access-date=25 November 2015 |website=www.inea.rj.gov.br}}</ref> shine mafi girman wurin shakatawa na birane a duniya wanda ya ƙunshi unguwa 17 a gefen yamma, kasancewa "babban huhu" a cikin birni tare da hanyoyi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=[PDF] Trail Guide of Pedra Branca State |url=http://www.inea.rj.gov.br/cs/idcplg?IdcService=GET_FILE&dID=13669&dDocName=PRODUCAO_PORTAL011861 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621121836/http://www.inea.rj.gov.br/cs/idcplg?IdcService=GET_FILE&dID=13669&dDocName=PRODUCAO_PORTAL011861 |archive-date=2022-06-21 |access-date=2022-07-26}}</ref> magudanan ruwa da gine-ginen tarihi kamar tsohuwar hanyar ruwa a cikin Colônia Juliano Moreira <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bispo do Rosário Museum, the contemporary museum of Colônia |url=http://museubispodorosario.com}}</ref> a cikin unguwar Taquara da madatsar ruwa a Camorim. Gidan shakatawa yana da manyan ƙofofi guda uku: babban yana cikin Taquara da ake kira Pau da Fome Core, wani ƙofar ita ce Piraquara Core a Realengo kuma ta ƙarshe ita ce Camorim Core, wanda ake la'akari da al'adun al'adu na birnin. Barra da Tijuca babban yanki ne na Yankin Yamma na birnin Rio de Janeiro.  Ya hada da Barra da Tijuca, Recreio dos Bandeirantes, Vargem Grande, Vargem Pequena, Grumari, Itanhangá, Camorim da Joá.  Yamma daga tsofaffin shiyyoyin Rio, Barra da Tijuca wani yanki ne mai cike da katanga na tsibiran shinge na ƙasar da ba a ci gaba ba a da, wanda koyaushe ke samun sabbin gine-gine da ci gaba.  Ya kasance wani yanki na haɓakar haɓakawa, yana jawo wasu sassa masu wadata na jama'a da kuma kamfanonin alatu.  Manyan gidaje masu tsayi da wuraren cin kasuwa da yawa suna ba yankin jin daɗin zamani fiye da tsakiyar gari.  Tsare-tsare na birni na yankin, wanda aka kammala a ƙarshen 1960s, ya haɗu da yankuna na gidaje guda ɗaya tare da bene na zama.  rairayin bakin teku na Barra da Tijuca kuma suna da farin jini tare da mazauna wasu sassan birnin.  Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun tsaunuka a cikin birni shine Pedra da Gávea (ƙafa 2,762) mai tsayin mita 842 (ƙafa 2,762) mai iyaka da Yankin Kudu.  A saman kolin nata akwai wani katon dutse mai kama da wani gemu mai kama da sphinx wanda ake iya gani tsawon kilomita da yawa. Yankin Santa Cruz da Campo Grande sun nuna ci gaban tattalin arziki, galibi a unguwar Campo Grande. Ana gina masana'antun masana'antu a cikin ƙananan mazauna Santa Cruz, ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma da mafi yawan jama'a a cikin unguwanni na Rio de Janeiro, mafi mahimmanci Ternium Brazil, sabon ma'aunin ƙarfe tare da tashar jiragen ruwa masu zaman kansu a Sepetiba Bay, wanda aka shirya ya zama mafi girman aikin ƙarfe na Kudancin Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SIDERÚRGICA DO ATLÂNTICO VAI GERAR 18 MIL EMPREGOS NA ZONA OESTE |url=http://www.alerj.rj.gov.br/common/noticia_corpo.asp?num=11187 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112104626/http://www.alerj.rj.gov.br/common/noticia_corpo.asp?num=11187 |archive-date=12 January 2016 |access-date=14 May 2015}}</ref> Wani ramin da ake kira Túnel da Grota Funda, an buɗe shi a cikin 2012, yana ƙirƙirar wurin sufuri na jama'a tsakanin Barra da Tijuca da Santa Cruz, yana rage lokacin tafiya zuwa yankin daga wasu yankuna na Rio de Janeiro.<ref name="VejaRio2011">{{Cite web |date=19 November 2011 |title=Topo do blog Quais serão os novos ares cariocas? |url=http://vejario.abril.com.br/blog/as-ruas-do-rio/tags/tunel-da-grota-funda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709100044/http://vejario.abril.com.br/blog/as-ruas-do-rio/tags/tunel-da-grota-funda |archive-date=9 July 2014 |website=Veja Rio |language=pt}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] b22dddpsxw16k3iv0atlxa5sbyf54m5 0 111712 906934 693382 2026-08-24T08:00:08Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 906934 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Dokar Tsaro da Sirriyar Yara ta Yanar Gizo ('''KOSPA''') (S.S. 2073), wanda aka sani a cikin House da kuma jama'a gabaɗaya a matsayin Dokar Tsaro ta Yanar gizo ('''KOSA''') (H.R. 7891), doka ce da aka gabatar da ita a Majalisa a cikin 2022. Kudin yana da niyyar kafa jagororin don kare kananan yara daga kayan da ke da lahani a dandamali na kafofin sada zumunta ta hanyar aikin tsarin kulawa da kuma buƙatar dandamali da aka rufe don kashe fasalulluka na ƙirar "mai jaraba" ga kananan yara. Kudirin ya samo asali ne daga lekar Facebook na shekarar 2021, wanda ya kai ga gudanar da bincike a majalisa kan rashin ba da kariya ga Big Tech ga kananan yara. [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Sanatoci]] Richard Blumenthal (D‑CT) da Marsha Blackburn (R‑TN) ne suka dauki nauyin kudirin kuma suka gabatar da shi ga majalisar dattawa a shekarar 2022. An sake farfado da shi a wa’adin majalisar na 2023-2024 kuma yayin da majalisar ta amince da shi a watan Yulin 2024, ya kasa ficewa daga zaman majalisar kafin karshen zaman majalisar. Kodayake KOSA tana da goyon bayan jam'iyyun biyu, [[Liberalism|masu sassaucin ra'ayi]] da [[Conservatism|masu ra'ayin mazan jiya]] sun soki ta don yiwuwar ba da damar tantancewa, gami da kayan da ke da muhimmanci ga kungiyoyin da aka ware, da kuma kayan da suka shafi wariyar launin fata, zubar da ciki, da kuma batutuwan transgender. == Tarihi ==   A cikin 1998, Majalisa ta zartar da Dokar Kare Sirri ta Yara ta Intanet, wanda ya zo ne bayan damuwa game da ayyukan tattara bayanai ga yara.<ref name="MagidNewLaw00">{{Cite web |last=Magid, L.J. |date=24 April 2000 |title=New Law Protects Kids Online, but It's No Substitute for Parenting |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2000/apr/24/business/fi-22841/2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222134956/http://articles.latimes.com/2000/apr/24/business/fi-22841/2 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=22 June 2016 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref name="newsday.com">{{Cite web |date=July 31, 2024 |title=What to know about the Kids Online Safety Act that just passed the Senate |url=https://www.newsday.com/business/congress-social-media-kosa-kids-online-safety-act-parents-k57316}}</ref> Dokar ta kafa jagororin kan lafiyar yara a kan layi, musamman hana kamfanoni daga tattara bayanai ga kowa da kowa a ƙarƙashin 13 ba tare da yardar iyaye ba.<ref name="CSMWhatAge">{{Cite web |title=What age should my kids be before I let them use Instagram, Facebook, and other social media services? |url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/social-media/what-age-should-my-kids-be-before-i-let-them-use-instagram-facebook-and-other-social |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806172458/https://www.commonsensemedia.org/social-media/what-age-should-my-kids-be-before-i-let-them-use-instagram-facebook-and-other-social |archive-date=6 August 2018 |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=Common Sense Media |publisher=Common Sense Media, Inc}}</ref> A cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan COPPA, yayin da shahararren Intanet zai karu sosai, damuwa daga iyaye game da lafiyar kafofin sada zumunta za ta taso ne daga damuwa cewa yana ba da gudummawa ga rikicin lafiyar kwakwalwa tsakanin matasa, a ƙarshe yana haifar da turawa ga sabbin dokokin tsaro na yara a kan layi.<ref name="newsday.com">{{Cite web |date=July 31, 2024 |title=What to know about the Kids Online Safety Act that just passed the Senate |url=https://www.newsday.com/business/congress-social-media-kosa-kids-online-safety-act-parents-k57316}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 22, 2024 |title=This bill aims to protect kids online, but Congress may not pass it |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/91160504/this-bill-aims-protect-kids-online-congress-may-not-pass-it |website=Fast Company |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> == Tarihi == {{Notelist}} Sanatoci Richard Blumenthal da Marsha Blackburn ne suka gabatar da KOSA ga Majalisar Dattijai a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 2022. Kudin ya kasance sakamakon kai tsaye bayan Frances Haugen, masanin kimiyyar bayanai na [[Fezbuk|Facebook]], ya ɓoye fayiloli na ciki ta hanyar The Wall Street Journal a cikin 2021 wanda ya nuna mummunan tasirin [[Instagram]] akan lafiyar kwakwalwa ta yara, da sauran batutuwa. Rashin ya haifar da binciken Majalisa game da rashin kariya ga matasa masu amfani da Big Tech tare da Shugaba na Instagram Adam Mosseri yana ba da shaida ga Majalisa a watan Disamba na 2021. Blumenthal, yana ambaton bayanan Facebook da aka ɓoye, ya bayyana cewa manufar lissafin ita ce "ba don ƙone intanet zuwa ƙasa ba, ba don lalata dandamali na fasaha ko intanet ko waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon ba; kawai don shigar da dandamali na kafofin sada zumunta a cikin wannan ƙoƙari na hadin gwiwa don cimma abin da ya kamata ya zama manufa ta kowa - kare yara. " Kwamitin Kasuwancin Majalisar Dattijai ne ya gabatar da lissafin a watan Yulin 2022, tare da sabuntawa na Dokar Kare Sirri ta Yara (COPPA), Dokar Kare Sirre ta Yara da Matasa (wanda aka fi sani da COPPA 2.0). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Klar |first=Rebecca |date=July 27, 2022 |title=Bills to boost kids' online safety advance in Senate with bipartisan support |url=https://thehill.com/policy/technology/3576234-bills-to-boost-kids-online-safety-advance-in-senate-with-bipartisan-support/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218171845/https://thehill.com/policy/technology/3576234-bills-to-boost-kids-online-safety-advance-in-senate-with-bipartisan-support/ |archive-date=February 18, 2024 |access-date=February 18, 2024 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}</ref> Dukansu biyu suna shirye su wuce a Majalisar Dattijai a matsayin wani ɓangare na manyan dokoki kusa da ƙarshen wa'adin na Majalisa ta 117, amma sun kasa wucewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gold |first=Ashley |date=November 16, 2022 |title=Kids' privacy online gets yearend push in Congress |url=https://www.axios.com/2022/11/16/kids-privacy-online-congress-yearend-push |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218171845/https://www.axios.com/2022/11/16/kids-privacy-online-congress-yearend-push |archive-date=February 18, 2024 |access-date=February 18, 2024 |website=[[Axios (website)|Axios]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:President_Biden_(2021).jpg|alt=Joe Biden (Pictured in 2021)|thumb|Shugaba [[Joe Biden]] ya amince da KOSA lokacin da aka sake gabatar da shi a 2023 kuma ya taya Majalisar Dattijai murna don wucewa a shekara mai zuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 30, 2024 |title=Statement from President Joe Biden on Senate Passage of the Kids Online Safety and Privacy Act |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/07/30/statement-from-president-joe-biden-on-senate-passage-of-the-kids-online-safety-and-privacy-act/}}</ref>]] Shugaba [[Joe Biden]] ya tura Majalisa don zartar da doka don kare yara a kan layi a lokacin jawabinsa na Jihar Tarayyar 2023, wanda ya jagoranci Blackburn da Blumenthal don sake gabatar da KOSA a Majalisar Dattijai a ranar 2 ga Mayu, 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fiener |first=Lauren |date=May 2, 2023 |title=Lawmakers update Kids Online Safety Act to address potential harms, but fail to appease some activists, industry groups |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/05/02/updated-kids-online-safety-act-aims-to-fix-unintended-consequences.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727022043/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/05/02/updated-kids-online-safety-act-aims-to-fix-unintended-consequences.html |archive-date=July 27, 2023 |access-date=February 18, 2024 |website=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> Kwamitin Kasuwancin Majalisar Dattijai ya amince da KOSA da COPPA 2.0 a ranar 27 ga Yuli, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Killy |first=Makena |date=July 27, 2023 |title=Senate panel advances bills to childproof the internet |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/7/27/23809876/kosa-coppa-2-child-safety-privacy-protection-social-media |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218171845/https://www.theverge.com/2023/7/27/23809876/kosa-coppa-2-child-safety-privacy-protection-social-media |archive-date=February 18, 2024 |access-date=February 18, 2024 |website=[[The Verge]]}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2023, mai ba da labari kuma tsohon darektan injiniyan Meta Arturo Beja ya ba da shaida a majalisa a gaban wani karamin kwamiti na Majalisar Dattijai game da kafofin sada zumunta da rikicin lafiyar kwakwalwa, wanda ya haifar da sabuntawa ga lissafin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 3, 2023 |title=Meta whistleblower to testify in Senate hearing on child safety, social media |url=https://thehill.com/policy/technology/4292397-meta-whistleblower-to-testify-in-senate-hearing-on-child-safety-social-media/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 9, 2023 |title=U.S. Senate panel debates how to protect children on social media platforms • Tennessee Lookout |url=https://tennesseelookout.com/2023/11/09/u-s-senate-panel-debates-how-to-protect-children-on-social-media-platforms/}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2024, Majalisar Dattijai ta gudanar da taro tare da Shugabannin Meta, [[TikTok]], Snap Inc., Discord, da [[Twitter]] game da lafiyar yara. Wannan sauraron ya haifar da sabuntawa ga lissafin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 31, 2024 |title=Accusations, tears and rants: 5 takeaways from today's tech CEO hearing &#124; CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/31/tech/big-tech-executives-senate-hearing-teens/index.html |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='It killed him': Families of victims of big tech, present at Senate hearing, share their stories |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2024/01/31/big-tech-hearing-victims/72429122007/ |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 31, 2024 |title=Meta, TikTok, and other tech companies go to Congress: All the news |url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/1/31/24056136/congress-child-safety-hearing-kosa-meta-x-discord-snap-tiktok}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2024, lissafin ya sami isasshen magoya baya a Majalisar Dattijai don tabbatar da wucewa, kodayake har yanzu babu wata lissafin aboki da aka gabatar a Majalisar Wakilai. An yi ƙoƙari don ƙara shi cikin dokar sake ba da izini ta FAA a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2, 2024 |title=Senators try to add kids online safety bills to FAA act |url=https://thehill.com/policy/technology/4639679-senators-try-to-add-kids-online-safety-bills-to-faa-act/ |access-date=2024-08-16}}</ref> Daga baya, Majalisar Dattijai ta haɗu da KOSA tare da COPPA 2.0 da Dokar Bayyanawa ta Filter Bubble a cikin Dokar Tsaro da Sirriyar Yara (S.S. 2073). Bayan gabatarwar a ranar 23 ta Chuck Schumer a matsayin gyare-gyare wanda ya maye gurbin Dokar Kashe Rahotanni marasa Amfani, sabon lissafin ya wuce ta hanyar kuri'un 91-3 a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 2023.<ref name="ap senate pass">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-30 |title=Senate passes bill to protect kids online and make tech companies accountable for harmful content |url=https://apnews.com/article/senate-child-online-safety-vote-f27c329679feb2d74787fc3887aa710f |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-30 |title=Senate passes the most significant child online safety bills in decades |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/senate-poised-pass-significant-child-online-safety-bills-decades-rcna164259 |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> Majalisar Wakilai har yanzu ba ta wuce fasalin su na lissafin ba har zuwa Yuli 2024. An soke wani zaman da aka shirya don KOSA da sauran takardun kudi da hukumar House Energy and Commerce ta yi a ƙarshen Yuni 2024, tare da hasashe cewa akwai rashin jituwa tare da shugabannin Jamhuriyar Republican a kan lissafin sirri daban.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Feiner |first=Lauren |date=2024-06-27 |title=A meeting to consider a bipartisan privacy bill just crumbled |url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/6/27/24187313/house-energy-commerce-committee-cancels-apra-privacy-bill-markup |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2024, Punchbowl News ta ruwaito cewa jagorancin Jamhuriyar Republican na Majalisar ba za su ci gaba da KOSA ba, suna ambaton wani ma'aikaci wanda ya ambaci "damuwa a duk taronmu".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desiderio |first=Andrew |last2=Cohen |first2=Max |last3=Bresnahan |first3=John |date=August 1, 2024 |title=Schumer's July journey: From anguish to hope |url=https://punchbowl.news/article/senate/schumer-july-biden-out-democrats-hopes-in-senate/ |access-date=August 1, 2024 |website=[[Punchbowl News]]}}</ref> Kudin ya ci gaba daga kwamitin Majalisar Makamashi da Kasuwanci a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2024, kodayake an kara gyare-gyare da yawa da aka mayar da hankali kan sassan "aikin kulawa" na dokar da sauri kafin ci gaba, suna haifar da manyan gibin tare da sigar Majalisar Dattijai wanda ya sa wasu 'yan majalisa su yi zanga-zanga ko janye goyon bayansu ga lissafin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 18, 2024 |title=House committee advances Kids Online Safety Act |url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/9/18/24248117/kosa-coppa-house-energy-commerce-committee-passage-amendments}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 18, 2024 |title=House panel advances Kids Online Safety Act despite pushback |url=https://thehill.com/policy/technology/4886978-house-panel-advances-kosa/}}</ref> Ba a dauki ƙarin mataki a kan lissafin ba kafin ƙarshen Majalisa ta 118, wanda ya soke ci gabanta. Blumenthal ya sake gabatar da lissafin a cikin Majalisa ta 119 (2025-2026) a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2025. == Shari'a == Dokar Tsaro ta Yara ta Intanet, idan an sanya hannu a cikin doka, za ta buƙaci dandamali na sabis na Intanet don ɗaukar matakai don rage [[Yanar gizo|Hadarin kan layi]] ga waɗannan masu amfani ta hanyar samar da "aikin kulawa", yana buƙatar dandamali na hidimar Intanet don bin ta hanyar ragewa da hana ayyukan da ke da lahani ga yara, gami da zalunci da tashin hankali, abubuwan da ke " inganta" kashe kansa, ko cin zarafin miyagun ƙwayoyi, cin zarafin jima'i, da tallace-tallace don samfuran da ba bisa ka'ida ba kamar kwayoyi ba bisa ka-rikice ba, taba ba.<ref name="apnews.com">{{Cite web |date=July 21, 2024 |title=What to know about the Kids Online Safety Act that just passed the Senate |url=https://apnews.com/article/congress-social-media-kosa-kids-online-safety-act-parents-ead646422cf84cef0d0573c3c841eb6d |website=[[Associated Press News]]}}</ref> Idan aka sanya hannu a cikin doka, za a buƙaci dandamali na sabis na intanet don haɗawa da fasalulluka waɗanda za su kare yara da bayanan su, tabbatar da ikon fita daga shawarwarin algorithmic, bari yara su share asusun su da duk wani bayanan da ke da alaƙa, ƙuntata sadarwa daga waɗanda ba yara ba, <ref name="apnews.com">{{Cite web |date=July 21, 2024 |title=What to know about the Kids Online Safety Act that just passed the Senate |url=https://apnews.com/article/congress-social-media-kosa-kids-online-safety-act-parents-ead646422cf84cef0d0573c3c841eb6d |website=[[Associated Press News]]}}</ref> da kuma kashe fasalullukan samfuran jaraba kamar autoplay don bidiyo ko lada na dandamali. <ref name="thorn.org">{{Cite web |date=March 20, 2024 |title=The Kids Online Safety Act (KOSA) Explained: What the Drafted Bill Could Mean for Online Child Safety |url=https://www.thorn.org/blog/the-kids-online-safety-act-kosa-explained/ |website=Thorn}}</ref> Kudin zai kuma buƙaci dandamali na sabis na intanet don sake komawa ga mafi girman saitunan sirri don asusun da ke cikin yara.<ref name="apnews.com" /> Za a buƙaci dandamali na sabis na Intanet don gabatar da kayan aiki ga iyaye don kare yaransu da kuma sauƙaƙa wa iyaye da yara su bayar da rahoton abubuwan da ke da lahani da kuma yin bincike mai zaman kansa, na ɓangare na uku da kuma bayar da rahotanni na nuna gaskiya ga jama'a da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da yiwuwar cutar ga yara da ƙoƙarin magance waɗannan cututtukan.<ref name="thorn.org">{{Cite web |date=March 20, 2024 |title=The Kids Online Safety Act (KOSA) Explained: What the Drafted Bill Could Mean for Online Child Safety |url=https://www.thorn.org/blog/the-kids-online-safety-act-kosa-explained/ |website=Thorn}}</ref> Kamar yadda aka yi gyare-gyare a watan Fabrairun 2024, yawancin tanadi a cikin lissafin za a tilasta su ta hanyar manyan lauyoyin jihar tare da tilasta tilasta wa Hukumar Ciniki ta Tarayya, suna da kulawa kan abin da ake la'akari da "mai cutarwa" ga yara da kuma aiwatar da aikin samar da kulawa.<ref name="apnews.com">{{Cite web |date=July 21, 2024 |title=What to know about the Kids Online Safety Act that just passed the Senate |url=https://apnews.com/article/congress-social-media-kosa-kids-online-safety-act-parents-ead646422cf84cef0d0573c3c841eb6d |website=[[Associated Press News]]}}</ref> A cikin sassan da suka gabata na dokar majalisar dattijai, manyan lauyoyin jihar za su tilasta aikin tanadin kulawa, amma saboda damuwa daga kungiyoyin masu gwagwarmayar LGBTQ, an canza shi don FTC ta tilasta shi.<ref name="apnews.com" /> == Tarihin majalisa == {| class="wikitable" !Majalisa !Takaitaccen taken !Lambar lissafi (s) !Ranar da aka gabatar !Masu tallafawa !# na masu tallafawa !Matsayi na baya-bayan nan |- | rowspan="1" |Taron na 117 | rowspan="1" |Dokar Tsaro ta Yara ta yanar gizo ta 2022 |[https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/3663 S. 3663] |Fabrairu 16, 2022 |Richard Blumenthal (D‐CT) |13 |An ambaci kwamitocin iko, amma bai taba ganin kuri'a ba. |- | rowspan="3" |Taron na 118 | rowspan="3" |Dokar Tsaro ta Yara ta Duniya ta 2023 |H.R. 7891 |Afrilu 19, 2023 |Gus M. Bilirakis (R‐R‑FL 12th) |64 |An ambaci shi ga kwamitocin iko kuma ya ci gaba, amma bai taba ganin kuri'un majalisar ba. |- |S. 1409 |Mayu 2, 2023 |Richard Blumenthal (D‐CT) |72 |An ambaci kwamitocin iko da ci gaba. |- |S. 2073 |23 ga Yuli, 2024 |Chuck Schumer (D-NY) | |Ya wuce 91-3. |- | rowspan="1" |Taron majalisa na 119 | rowspan="1" |Dokar Tsaro ta Yara ta Intanet ta 2025 |[https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/1748 S. 1748] |Mayu 14, 2025 |Marsha Blackburn (R‐TN) |41 |Karanta sau biyu kuma a tura shi zuwa Kwamitin Kasuwanci, Kimiyya, da Sufuri. |} == Karɓar baƙi == {{Reflist}} KOSA ta sami goyon baya da zargi daga masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da masu sassaucin ra'ayi. KOSA ta sami goyon baya daga [[X Corp.|X]]-link" data-linkid="682" href="./Microsoft" id="mwAVE" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Microsoft">Microsoft, X, da Snap; <ref name="apnews.com">{{Cite web |date=July 21, 2024 |title=What to know about the Kids Online Safety Act that just passed the Senate |url=https://apnews.com/article/congress-social-media-kosa-kids-online-safety-act-parents-ead646422cf84cef0d0573c3c841eb6d |website=[[Associated Press News]]}}</ref> kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya na hankali, gami da Kwalejin Kwalejin Amurka ta Pediatrics, Gidauniyar Amurka don Rigakafin Kisan Kai, da Kungiyar Kimiyyar Kimiyyar Jama'a ta Amurka; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kids' Online Safety and Privacy Protections Take Major Step Forward in U.S. Senate &#124; Common Sense Media |url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/press-releases/kids-online-safety-and-privacy-protections-take-major-step-forward-in-us-senate#:~:text=The%20bill%20would%20require%20social,Founder%20and%20CEO%2C%20James%20P}}</ref> kungiyoyin kare Hakkin iyaye, gami ne na Common Sense Media <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 11, 2024 |title='Kids Online Safety Act' Would Curb Rampant Harms to Children on Tech Platforms Named to 2024 Dirty Dozen List |url=https://endsexualexploitation.org/articles/kids-online-safety-act-would-curb-rampant-harms-to-children-on-tech-platforms-named-to-2024-dirty-dozen-list/}}</ref> da ParentsSOS; [3] Ƙungiyar Ilimi ta Kasa; Kamfanin [[Unilever]] na kasa; {{Efn|under the [[Dove (toiletries)|Dove]] brand.}} <ref>{{Cite web |title=Protect kids' online safety and youth mental health |url=https://www.dove.com/us/en/stories/campaigns/kids-online-safety.html |website=dove}}</ref> mai ra'ayin mazan jiya da mai shirya aikin 2025 The Heritage Foundation; [4] kungiyar Protestant Focus on the Family; [4] da kuma mai ra'ayi<ref>{{Cite web |title=Don't Let Empty Objections Stop the Kids Online Safety Act |url=https://www.heritage.org/big-tech/commentary/dont-let-empty-objections-stop-the-kids-online-safety-act |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806175146/https://www.heritage.org/big-tech/commentary/dont-let-empty-objections-stop-the-kids-online-safety-act |archive-date=August 6, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 30, 2024 |title=Kid's Online Safety Act – What It is and Why It's a Big Deal |url=https://dailycitizen.focusonthefamily.com/kids-online-safety-act-what-it-is-and-why-its-a-big-deal/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2023 |title=LGBTQ Activists Call on Lizzo to Drop Her Support for Kids Online Safety Act |url=https://allhiphop.com/news/lgbtq-activists-call-on-lizzo-to-drop-her-support-for-kids-online-safety-act}}</ref> Magoya bayan lissafin suna jayayya cewa lissafin zai kare yara daga abubuwan da ke da lahani, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Austin American-Statesman Subscription Offers, Specials, and Discounts |url=https://www.statesman.com/story/opinion/columns/guest/2024/07/24/kosa-kids-online-safety-act-2024-senate-save-lives-not-intrude/74442994007/ |website=Austin American-Statesman}}</ref> gudanar da Big Tech da alhakin "rashin kare yara", <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 15, 2022 |title=KOSA: It's Time for Big Tech to Protect Children Online |url=https://endsexualexploitation.org/articles/kosa-its-time-for-big-tech-to-protect-children-online/}}</ref> kuma ba wa iyaye damar samun kayan aiki don sanya kananan yara lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Legislation to Protect Kids' Safety and Privacy on Social Media Passes U.S. Senate &#124; Common Sense Media |url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/press-releases/KOSPApassesUSsenate}}</ref> KOSA ta fuskanci zargi sosai daga mambobin ƙungiyar "Kada ku share Art" (DDA), gami da Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta Amurka, Ƙungiyar Ƙasa da Censorship, Yaki don Makomar, Gidauniyar Electronic Frontier, Gidaunin 'Yanci na Woodhull, mujallar 'yanci Reason, da ƙungiyar adawa da zubar da ciki Students for Life .<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2024 |title=Legislation Alert: Students for Life Action Opposes the Deceptively Named Kids Online Safety Act |url=https://www.studentsforlifeaction.org/legislation-alert-students-for-life-action-opposes-the-deceptively-named-kids-online-safety-act/}}</ref> DDA ta karfafa mutane su nuna adawarsu ta hanyar takardar neman izinin kan layi wanda ke lakafta KOSA a matsayin daya daga cikin "Matsananciyar Dokar Intanet".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nayyar |first=Rhea |date=July 26, 2023 |title=Artists Call on Congress to Stop 'Bad Internet Bills' |url=https://hyperallergic.com/835609/artists-call-on-congress-to-stop-bad-internet-bills/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727042540/https://hyperallergic.com/835609/artists-call-on-congress-to-stop-bad-internet-bills/ |archive-date=July 27, 2023 |access-date=July 27, 2023 |website=[[Hyperallergic]]}}</ref> Sun soki lissafin saboda kasancewa "mai zurfi" a cikin abin da ya bayyana a matsayin "abin da ke da lahani" da kuma yiwuwar fadada ikon FTC, <ref name="reason.com">{{Cite web |date=July 29, 2024 |title=KOSA moves forward in Congress, threatening free speech and encryption |url=https://reason.com/2024/07/29/kosa-moves-forward-in-congress-threatening-free-speech-and-encryption/}}</ref> mutane da yawa sun yi jayayya cewa ana iya amfani da lissafin don yin niyya ga al'ummomin da aka ware (musamman al'ummar LGBTQ), <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2024 |title=Don't Fall for the Latest Changes to the Dangerous Kids Online Safety Act |url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2024/02/dont-fall-latest-changes-dangerous-kids-online-safety-act}}</ref> masu tantance 'yancin magana da aka kare ta Kwaskwarimar Farko, <ref name="eff.org">{{Cite web |date=May 2, 2023 |title=The Kids Online Safety Act is Still a Huge Danger to Our Rights Online |url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2023/05/kids-online-safety-act-still-huge-danger-our-rights-online}}</ref> ya sa ya fi wuya ga yara su nemi bayanai game da batutuwa masu rikitarwa kamar wariyar launin fata, canjin yanayi, da batutuwan LGBTQ, da aiwatar da tsarin tabbatar da shekarun ID.<ref name="eff.org" /> Wata wasika da Evan Greer, darektan Fight for the Future, ya aika wa Majalisa ta Amurka, kuma kungiyoyin farar hula da yawa suka sanya hannu, ya yi gargadin cewa KOSA na iya haifar da mummunar illa ga yara ta hanyar tantance abun ciki saboda rashin takamaiman abin da ya zama "harin". <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 28, 2022 |title=Letter: 90+ LGBTQ and human rights organizations oppose KOSA |url=https://www.fightforthefuture.org/news/2022-11-28-letter-90-lgbtq-and-human-rights-organizations-oppose-kosa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726203354/https://www.fightforthefuture.org/news/2022-11-28-letter-90-lgbtq-and-human-rights-organizations-oppose-kosa |archive-date=July 26, 2023 |access-date=July 27, 2023 |website=Fight for the Future}}</ref> Yaki don Nan gaba ya kafa shafin yanar gizon Stop KOSA don mutane su sanya hannu kan takarda kuma su tuntubi 'yan majalisa game da lissafin.<ref name="Fight for the Future n196">{{Cite web |title=Stop KOSA |url=https://www.stopkosa.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927082718/https://www.stopkosa.com/ |archive-date=September 27, 2023 |access-date=September 27, 2023 |website=Fight for the Future}}</ref> === Fassarar lalacewa === [[Fayil:Rand_Paul_Official_Portrait_(cropped).jpg|alt=Rand Paul (R-KY)|thumb|Sanata Rand Paul (R-[[Kentucky|KY]]) babban abokin adawar KOSA ne, sau ɗaya ya kwatanta shi da doki na Trojan.]] Masu sukar, gami da EFF, sun lura cewa ma'anar lissafin cutar ga yara ya bar wuri don fassarar da manyan lauyoyin jihar suka caje su da aiwatar da lissafin, <ref name="Kelley 2023">{{Cite web |last=Kelley |first=Jason |date=May 2, 2023 |title=The Kids Online Safety Act is Still A Huge Danger to Our Rights Online |url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2023/05/kids-online-safety-act-still-huge-danger-our-rights-online |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726230654/https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2023/05/kids-online-safety-act-still-huge-danger-our-rights-online |archive-date=July 26, 2023 |access-date=July 27, 2023 |website=Electronic Frontier Foundation |quote=It will be based on vague requirements that any Attorney General could, more or less, make up.}}</ref> <ref name="Molloy 2023">{{Cite web |last=Molloy |first=Parker |date=July 27, 2023 |title=Congress is About to Pass a Very Bad Internet Bill. Here's How You Can Stop It. |url=https://www.readtpa.com/p/congress-is-about-to-pass-a-very |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727231012/https://www.readtpa.com/p/congress-is-about-to-pass-a-very |archive-date=July 27, 2023 |access-date=July 27, 2023 |website=Substack |quote=The bill would enforce monitoring of anyone under the age of seventeen and give state attorneys general the power to censor content.}}</ref> tare da EFF ta kwatanta shi da lissafin FOSTA-SESTA. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Philips |first=Sarah |date=July 27, 2023 |title=This Bill Threatens Access to LGBTQ+ Online Communities |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/kids-online-safety-act-lgbtq-youth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727113701/https://www.teenvogue.com/story/kids-online-safety-act-lgbtq-youth |archive-date=July 27, 2023 |access-date=July 27, 2023 |website=Teen Vogue |quote=Like SESTA/FOSTA, KOSA creates the aforementioned duty of care for social media companies, giving state attorneys general the power to sue sites like Instagram or Twitter if they put up content they deem 'harmful' for kids and teens. With SESTA/FOSTA, we saw that tech companies preferred to shut down already-policed content about reproductive justice, LGBTQ+ identities, and sex education than risk a lawsuit.}}</ref> An sake fasalin lissafin a watan Fabrairun 2024 don canza aiwatar da "aikin kulawa" fannoni na lissafin daga lauyoyin jihohi zuwa Hukumar Ciniki ta Tarayya, kodayake jihohi har yanzu za su iya aiwatar da wasu sassan lissafin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Feiner |first=Lauren |date=February 15, 2024 |title=Kids Online Safety Act gains enough supporters to pass the Senate |url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/2/15/24073878/kids-online-safety-act-new-senate-support |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218014517/https://www.theverge.com/2024/2/15/24073878/kids-online-safety-act-new-senate-support |archive-date=February 18, 2024 |access-date=February 18, 2024 |website=[[The Verge]]}}</ref> Sanata na Jamhuriyar Republican Rand Paul, wanda ya taɓa kiransa "Doki na Trojan", <ref name="reason.com">{{Cite web |date=July 29, 2024 |title=KOSA moves forward in Congress, threatening free speech and encryption |url=https://reason.com/2024/07/29/kosa-moves-forward-in-congress-threatening-free-speech-and-encryption/}}</ref> ya yi jayayya cewa KOSA zai zama "Akwatin Pandora na sakamakon da ba a yi niyya ba" <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 25, 2024 |title=Congress moves forward on the Kids Online Safety Act |url=https://www.theverge.com/24205393/kids-online-safety-act-minors-age-verification-kosa}}</ref> saboda rashin tabbas da kuma cikakkun tanadi waɗanda za su ba da damar "kusan tsarin abun ciki mara iyaka" saboda dandamali za su "masu amfani da masu tantancewa maimakon alhakin haɗari". <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 30, 2024 |title=Blumenthal's Kids Online Safety Act passes Senate; faces criticism |url=https://ctmirror.org/2024/07/30/blumenthal-kids-online-safety-act-passes-senate/}}</ref> Ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa KOSA za ta hana yara daga kallon Golf na PGA ko Super Bowl a shafukan sada zumunta saboda tallace-tallace da ke inganta giya da caca lokacin da "waɗannan yara za su iya kunna talabijin kuma su ga waɗannan tallace-tafiye iri ɗaya. ”<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 22, 2024 |title=What to know about the Kids Online Safety Act |url=https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/national-international/what-to-know-about-the-kids-online-safety-act-and-its-chances-of-passing/3465328/?os=f&ref=app}}</ref> Taron tunani mai ra'ayin mazan jiya The Heritage Foundation ya rubuta cewa farkon 2022 na KOSA bai isa ba, saboda lissafin bai bayyana a bayyane Kula da lafiyar transgender a matsayin lahani ba.<ref name="Eckert 2022 v888">{{Cite web |last=Eckert |first=Jared |date=March 21, 2022 |title=How Not To Keep Children Safe Online |url=https://www.heritage.org/technology/commentary/how-not-keep-children-safe-online |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727231011/https://www.heritage.org/technology/commentary/how-not-keep-children-safe-online |archive-date=July 27, 2023 |access-date=July 27, 2023 |website=The Heritage Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Philips |first=Sarah |date=July 27, 2023 |title=This Bill Threatens Access to LGBTQ+ Online Communities |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/kids-online-safety-act-lgbtq-youth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727113701/https://www.teenvogue.com/story/kids-online-safety-act-lgbtq-youth |archive-date=July 27, 2023 |access-date=July 27, 2023 |website=Teen Vogue |quote=KOSA's supporters might want to ignore the fact that it's a censorship bill in disguise, but the Heritage Foundation is saying the quiet part out loud. The hard-line conservative organization has openly said KOSA will help them censor the content conservatives don't want young people to have access to.}}</ref> Haɗakar da kalmar nan "ta dace da bayanan likitanci da aka sani da shaidar" za a iya amfani da shi ta hanyar lauyoyi janar don zaɓar tushen anti-trans a matsayin hujja tunda babu ma'anar abin da "bayanan likitanci na tushen hujja" zai iya haɗawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2, 2023 |title=S.1409 |url=http://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/senate-bill/1409/text |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731115434/https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/senate-bill/1409/text |archive-date=July 31, 2023 |access-date=August 1, 2023 |website=Congress.gov |quote=Sec 3.b.2: the covered platform or individuals on the platform from providing resources for the prevention or mitigation of suicidal behaviors, substance use, and other harms, including evidence-informed information and clinical resources.}}</ref><ref name="Molloy 2023 b">{{Cite web |last=Molloy |first=Parker |date=July 27, 2023 |title=Congress is About to Pass a Very Bad Internet Bill. Here's How You Can Stop It. |url=https://www.readtpa.com/p/congress-is-about-to-pass-a-very |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727231012/https://www.readtpa.com/p/congress-is-about-to-pass-a-very |archive-date=July 27, 2023 |access-date=July 27, 2023 |website=Substack |quote=[In a block quote from Evan Greer] The phrase 'consistent with evidence-informed medical information' does nothing to prevent that, because AGs can always find cherry-picked studies to support their wild claims. They're doing this right now. In his 'emergency' order attempting to ban gender-affirming care, Missouri's attorney general cited a Swedish study that claims there is a lack of evidence to support the efficacy and safety of gender-affirming care. There is no legal definition of 'evidence-based'. Those are just words. This bill will absolutely allow AGs to go after platforms for recommending speech they don't like to younger users. Tying the duty of care to specific mental health outcomes is also problematic because it will lead to suppression of all discussion around those important but controversial topics.}}</ref> Gidauniyar Heritage daga baya za ta nuna goyon baya ga lissafin, tana jayayya cewa ana iya amfani da shi don tantance bayanan transgender. Sanata Blackburn, mawallafin lissafin, ya yi tsokaci a cikin Maris 2024  cewa ana buƙatar lissafin don "kare ƙananan yara daga masu canza jinsi a cikin wannan al'ada", wanda ya sa wasu ke jayayya cewa lissafin zai kasance wani ɓangare na Project 2025, [1] [2] ko da yake mai ba da gudummawa Blumenthal ya bayyana cewa "ba ya yin niyya ko tantance kowa da kowa, gami da membobin [3] LG. Mawallafin EFF Jason Kelly ya bayyana cewa a cikin tsarin da lissafin ya bayar, za a iya amfani da KOSA don tantance ilimi game da wariyar launin fata a makarantu tun da ana iya da'awar cewa yana tasiri lafiyar kwakwalwa.[4] A watan Satumbar 2023, wani bidiyo daga Family Policy Alliance ya nuna Blackburn yana cewa ya kamata a sami fifiko ga "kare kananan yara daga masu canza launin fata [] a cikin wannan al'ada", tare da gabatar da ita ga KOSA, yana cewa "Wannan zai sanya aikin kulawa da alhakin a kan dandamali na kafofin sada zumunta, kuma a nan ne inda ake koyar da yara". <ref name="nbcnews blackburn lgbt">{{Cite web |last=Latieves |first=Matt |date=September 5, 2023 |title=Senator appeared to suggest bipartisan bill would censor transgender content online |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-politics-and-policy/senator-appears-suggest-bipartisan-bill-will-censor-transgender-conten-rcna103479 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906114728/https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-politics-and-policy/senator-appears-suggest-bipartisan-bill-will-censor-transgender-conten-rcna103479 |archive-date=September 6, 2023 |access-date=February 18, 2024 |website=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> Wannan ya jawo zargi daga kungiyoyin kare LGBTQ, suna tsoron cewa lissafin zai ba da damar tantance bayanan LGBTQ ga kananan yara. Wani rukuni na iyaye 100 na yara masu canza launin fata sun sanya hannu kan wasika ba da daɗewa ba bayan maganganun da suka gaya wa mambobin Majalisa su yi adawa da KOSA .<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 12, 2023 |title=Parents of trans kids urge the U.S. Senate to oppose Marsha Blackburn's Kids Online Safety Act |url=https://wpln.org/post/parents-of-trans-kids-urge-the-u-s-senate-to-oppose-marsha-blackburns-kids-online-safety-act/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 12, 2023 |title=Parents of trans youth rally against controversial kids online safety bill |url=https://cyberscoop.com/kids-online-safety-act-parents/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 13, 2023 |title=Over 100 Parents of Trans Kids Sign Letter Opposing a Controversial Internet Safety Bill |url=https://www.them.us/story/parents-of-trans-kids-letter-kids-online-safety-act}}</ref> Wani mai magana da yawun Blackburn ya bayyana cewa KOSA ba a yi niyyar tantance bayanan LGBT ba.<ref name="nbcnews blackburn lgbt" /> Don magance waɗannan damuwa, an canza harshen lissafin don "aikin kulawa" kawai ya mai da hankali kan fasalulluka na ƙirar samfurin da ke rinjayar halayyar yara tare da dandamali, ba abun ciki ba. A sakamakon haka, kungiyoyin LGBTQ da yawa, ciki har da GLAAD da GLSEN, sun watsar da adawarsu ga lissafin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kane |first=Christopher |date=February 15, 2024 |title=LGBTQ groups drop opposition to Kids Online Safety Act |url=https://www.washingtonblade.com/2024/02/15/lgbtq-groups-drop-opposition-to-kids-online-safety-act/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218173951/https://www.washingtonblade.com/2024/02/15/lgbtq-groups-drop-opposition-to-kids-online-safety-act/ |archive-date=February 18, 2024 |access-date=February 18, 2024 |website=[[Washington Blade]]}}</ref> (GLAAD ta sake canza matsayinta a cikin 2025, tana adawa da lissafin bayan "canje-canje a cikin FTC da sauran shugabancin gwamnati". ) EFF, Fight for the Future, da American Civil Liberties Union sun sami sake dubawa da isasshen, suna jayayya cewa har yanzu ana iya murkushe abun ciki na LGBTQ ta hanyar yin niyya ga duk wani fasalin ƙira wanda ke sa wannan abun ciki ya kasance.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Feiner |first=Lauren |date=February 15, 2024 |title=Kids Online Safety Act gains enough supporters to pass the Senate |url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/2/15/24073878/kids-online-safety-act-new-senate-support |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218014517/https://www.theverge.com/2024/2/15/24073878/kids-online-safety-act-new-senate-support |archive-date=February 18, 2024 |access-date=February 18, 2024 |website=[[The Verge]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">Feiner, Lauren (February 15, 2024). [https://www.theverge.com/2024/2/15/24073878/kids-online-safety-act-new-senate-support "Kids Online Safety Act gains enough supporters to pass the Senate"]. ''[[The Verge]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240218014517/https://www.theverge.com/2024/2/15/24073878/kids-online-safety-act-new-senate-support Archived] from the original on February 18, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Silberling |first=Amanda |date=2024-02-15 |title=Lawmakers revise Kids Online Safety Act to address LGBTQ advocates' concerns |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/02/15/lawmakers-revise-kids-online-safety-act-to-address-lgbtq-advocates-concerns/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219185847/https://techcrunch.com/2024/02/15/lawmakers-revise-kids-online-safety-act-to-address-lgbtq-advocates-concerns/ |archive-date=February 19, 2024 |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelley |first=Jason |last2=Mackey |first2=Aaron |last3=Mullin |first3=Joe |date=2024-02-15 |title=Don't Fall for the Latest Changes to the Dangerous Kids Online Safety Act |url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2024/02/dont-fall-latest-changes-dangerous-kids-online-safety-act |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219185847/https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2024/02/dont-fall-latest-changes-dangerous-kids-online-safety-act |archive-date=February 19, 2024 |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=Electronic Frontier Foundation |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Feiner |first=Lauren |date=2024-02-29 |title=Passing the Kids Online Safety Act just got more complicated |url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/2/29/24086559/kids-online-safety-act-schatz-tech-groups |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302002630/https://www.theverge.com/2024/2/29/24086559/kids-online-safety-act-schatz-tech-groups |archive-date=March 2, 2024 |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=The Verge}}</ref>{{Sic}} === Ƙalubalen kotu da za su iya fuskanta === Wasu, kamar The Verge da EFF, sun yi jayayya cewa lissafin na iya fuskantar kalubale a [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli]] ko a ƙananan kotuna idan aka zartar da shi saboda keta Kwaskwarimar Farko. Irin waɗannan takardun kudi na jihohi a [[Indiana]], <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |date=July 3, 2024 |title=It's Time for Lawmakers to Listen to Courts: Your Law Regulating Online Speech Will Harm Internet Users' Free Speech Rights |url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2024/07/its-time-lawmakers-listen-courts-your-law-regulating-online-speech-will-harm}}</ref> Mississippi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Utah |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/other/utah-social-media-law-requiring-age-verification-blocked-by-judge/ar-AA1qoGp4?ocid=BingNewsSerp |website=[[MSN]]}}</ref> [[Texas]], da Utah <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 3, 2024 |title=Texas Judge Halts Parts of SCOPE Act Citing First Amendment, Upholds Age Verification and Data Privacy Measures |url=https://hoodline.com/2024/09/texas-judge-halts-parts-of-scope-act-citing-first-amendment-upholds-age-verification-and-data-privacy-measures/ |website=Hoodline}}</ref> kotunan jihohin su da sauri suka rushe su kamar yadda ba bisa ka'ida ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2, 2024 |title=Social networks can't be forced to filter content for kids, says judge |url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/9/2/24232366/texas-scope-act-hb18-blocked-kids-online-safety}}</ref> Shari'ar kotu ta NetChoice alama ce ta cewa KOSA na iya fuskantar kalubale a kotu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 30, 2024 |title=Senate passes the Kids Online Safety Act |url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/7/30/24205718/senate-passes-kids-online-safety-act-kosa-content-moderation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 23, 2024 |title=Chuck Schumer plans to bring two major kids online safety bills to the Senate floor this week |url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/7/23/24204318/schumer-kosa-coppa-senate-floor}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2024 |title=The aftermath of the SCOTUS NetChoice ruling |url=https://www.theverge.com/24195235/scotus-netchoice-kosa-kids-safety-age-verification-tiktok-ban}}</ref> === Irin wannan lissafin === Gwamna Phil Scott ya haramta irin wannan doka ga KOSA a [[Vermont]], tare da tunaninsa cewa mai yiwuwa zai cutar da kananan kamfanoni, ya keta Kwaskwarimar Farko, kuma ya mutu a kotu. == Bayani == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> mmvkog92n34pwx642vht1uu8zg0ym8b 0 112006 906730 702354 2026-08-23T21:31:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906730 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi Kanada''' ( '''ECCC''' ; French ) sashen ne na Gwamnatin Kanada da ke da alhakin daidaita manufofin muhalli da shirye-shirye, da kuma kiyayewa da haɓaka yanayin yanayi da albarkatu masu sabuntawa. Hakanan ana san shi da sunan tsohon suna, '''Environment Canada''' ( '''EC''' ; French: ). Ministar muhalli da sauyin yanayi ita ce Julie Dabrusin tun ranar 13 ga Mayu, 2025; Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi Kanada tana goyan bayan wa'adin minista na: "tsara da haɓaka ingancin yanayin yanayi, gami da ruwa, iska, ƙasa, flora da fauna; adana albarkatu masu sabuntawa na Kanada; adanawa da kare albarkatun ruwa na Kanada; hasashen yanayin yanayi na yau da kullun da faɗakarwa, da ba da cikakkun bayanai game da yanayin yanayi ga duk Kanada; tilasta tsarin kula da muhalli da manufofin gwamnati." {{Sfn|Environment Canada|2013}} Ministan ya ba da shugabanci na siyasa kuma shi ne ke da alhakin sashe ga majalisa, tare da ayyukan yau da kullum ta hanyar mataimakin minista . == Tarihi == === Matsayin tarayya === A ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Kanada, alhakin kula da muhalli a [[Kanada]] nauyi ne na tarayya tsakanin gwamnatin tarayya da gwamnatocin larduna. Misali, gwamnatocin larduna suna da ikon farko don sarrafa albarkatu gami da ba da izinin zubar da sharar masana'antu (misali, zuwa iska). Gwamnatin tarayya ce ke da alhakin sarrafa abubuwa masu guba a cikin ƙasa (misali, [[benzene]] ). Sashen yana ba da kulawar Shirin Zaɓin Muhalli, wanda ke ba masu amfani da alamar eco-lakabin samfuran da aka ƙera a cikin Kanada ko ayyukan da suka dace da ƙa'idodin alamar duniya na (GEN) Cibiyar Sadarwar Ecolabelling ta Duniya . A karkashin ''[[Canadian Environmental Protection Act|Dokar Kare Muhalli ta Kanada]]'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 9, 2007 |title=Environment Canada – Acts & Regulations – The Act |url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/lcpe-cepa/default.asp?lang=En&n=26A03BFA-1 |access-date=January 22, 2014 |publisher=Ec.gc.ca}}</ref> (CEPA 1999) (RS, 1999, c. 33), ECCC ta zama jagorar sashen tarayya don tabbatar da tsabtace [[Sharar gida mai haɗari|datti mai haɗari]] da [[Zubar Ruwan mai a muhallin|malalar mai]] wanda gwamnati ke da alhakinsa, da kuma ba da taimakon fasaha ga wasu hukumomi da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu kamar yadda ake bukata. Sashen kuma yana da alhakin al'amuran muhalli na duniya (misali, batutuwan iska na Kanada-US). CEPA ita ce babban yanki na dokokin muhalli na Kanada amma an maye gurbinsa lokacin aiwatar da kasafin kudi [[Jobs, Growth and Long-term Prosperity Act|Bill C-38]] ya fara aiki a watan Yuni 2012. <ref name="Osler2">{{Cite web |last=Shawn Denstedt Q.C. |last2=Sander Duncanson |date=April 27, 2012 |title=Federal Government Releases Draft Legislation to Reform Federal Regulatory System |url=http://www.osler.com/NewsResources/Federal-Government-Releases-Draft-Legislation-to-Reform-Federal-Regulatory-System/ |access-date=June 18, 2012 |publisher=Osler |archive-date=May 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506035059/http://www.osler.com/NewsResources/Federal-Government-Releases-Draft-Legislation-to-Reform-Federal-Regulatory-System/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === ''Dokar Ruwa ta Kanada'' da ƙirƙirar sashe === "Gane da bukatar ingantacciyar kula da muhalli, gwamnatin tarayya ta zartar da ''Dokar Ruwa ta Kanada'' a 1970 kuma ta kirkiro Ma'aikatar Muhalli a 1971, ta ba wa Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Inland tare da samar da jagoranci na kasa don kula da ruwa mai tsafta. A karkashin ''Dokar Tsarin Mulki'', ''1867'', lardunan "masu mallaka" na albarkatun ruwa kuma suna da nauyi mai yawa a cikin ayyukansu na musamman na gwamnatin tarayya. kamun kifi da zirga-zirga, da kuma gudanar da wasu ayyuka na gaba daya kamar tafiyar da harkokin waje." <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 22, 2013 |title=Federal Policy and Legislation |url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/eau-water/default.asp?lang=En&n=E05A7F81-1 |access-date=December 26, 2013 |website=Environment Canada}}</ref> ''Dokar Ruwa ta Kanada'' (wanda aka yi shelar a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 1970) tana ba da tsarin haɗin gwiwa tare da larduna da yankuna a cikin kiyayewa, haɓakawa, da amfani da albarkatun ruwa na Kanada. ''Dokar Kare Muhalli ta Kanada'', 1999, ta kammala tsarin kariya da albarkatun ruwa. Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi Kanada ita ce sashen tarayya mai kula da kiyayewa da kare albarkatun ruwan Kanada. ''Dokar Ruwa'' (2000), dokar tarayya, "tallafi da inganta kiyayewa da sarrafa ruwa, gami da rarraba hikima da amfani da ruwa." {{Sfn|waterpolicy.ca|nd}} Larduna ne ke da alhakin gudanar da ''Dokar Ruwa'' (2000). A Alberta misali, Muhalli da Ruwa na Alberta ne ke da alhakin gudanar da ''Dokar Ruwa'' (2000) da ''Dokar Kariya da Haɓaka Muhalli'' (2000). Ma'aikatun muhalli na larduna da farko suna jagorantar shirye-shiryen Water for Life (2003). Larduna kuma suna aiwatarwa da kuma sa ido kan "ka'idojin ruwan sha na birni, da ruwan sha, da tsarin magudanar ruwa." {{Sfn|waterpolicy.ca|nd}} === Kyoto Accord da kuma sakamakon === [[Yarjejeniyar Kyoto]] ta 1997 ta sa Minista David Anderson da gwamnatin Chretien su kaddamar da ''Shirin Ayyukan Gwamnatin Kanada na 2000 akan Sauyin Yanayi'', wanda aka ambata a cikin wucewa ta Gwamna-Janar a jawabinta na Janairu 30, 2000 daga kursiyin . Duk da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙin yarda daga gwamnatocin Saskatchewan, Alberta da Ontario da kuma Babban Jami'in Adawa na Tarayya, don tabbatar da amincewar Kanada na Yarjejeniyar Kyoto a cikin Disamba 2002. A cikin 2004 Anderson ya yi nasara wajen samun Dokar Haɗari da Majalisar ta zartar kuma ta sanya hannu kan doka. Sauran shirye-shiryen sun hada da inganta ingancin iska da ruwa tare da samar da ingantacciyar hadin gwiwar lardunan tarayya kan batutuwan muhalli. A watan Disamba na 2011, Ministan Muhalli na [[Stephen Harper]] Peter Kent ya sanar da janyewar Kanada daga [[yarjejeniyar Kyoto]] kwana guda bayan masu sasantawa daga kasashe kusan 200 sun yi taro a Durban, Afirka ta Kudu a [[Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2011|taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2011]] (Nuwamba 28 - Disamba 11), sun kammala tseren gudun hijirar na takaita tattaunawar yanayi don samar da sabbin hanyoyin magance yanayi. Tattaunawar Durban ta kai ga sabuwar yarjejeniya mai ma'ana tare da manufa ga dukkan kasashen da za su fara aiki a shekarar 2020. Kent ya bayar da hujjar cewa, "Ka'idar Kyoto ba ta shafi manyan masu fitar da hayaki guda biyu a duniya, Amurka da China ba, don haka ba za su iya aiki ba." A cikin 2010 Kanada, Japan da Rasha sun ce ba za su amince da sabbin alkawurran Kyoto ba. Kanada ita ce kawai ƙasa da ta ƙi amincewa da yarjejeniyar Kyoto. Kent ya bayar da hujjar cewa tunda Kanada ba za ta iya cimma burinta ba, tana bukatar ta kaucewa hukuncin dala biliyan 14 na rashin cimma burinta. Wannan shawarar ta jawo martanin duniya baki daya. Jihohin da yarjejeniyar Kyoto ba ta rufe fitar da hayakin (Amurka da China) ke da mafi yawan hayaki, wanda ke da alhakin kashi 41% na yarjejeniyar Kyoto. Fitar da hayakin kasar Sin ya karu da fiye da kashi 200 cikin 100 daga shekarar 1990 zuwa 2009 yayin da masu sana'ar gwangwani suka koma can don kaucewa biyan haraji. Ta hanyar 2011 masana'antar magnesium a Kanada, waɗanda aka sanya su a matsayi na biyu a cikin 2000, an tsara su ba tare da wanzuwa ba. Dokar Harkokin Kasuwanci, Girma da wadata ta Tsawon Lokaci ta Harper da Jim Flaherty ta 2012 ta maye gurbin ''Dokar Binciken Muhalli ta Kanada'' (CEAA 1992, 1999) tare da Dokar Bincike na Muhalli ta Canada, 2012. ''Dokar Kare Muhalli ta Kanada'', ''Dokar Dabbobi da ke cikin Hadari'', ''Dokar Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Kasa'', Dokar Ayyukan Man Fetur da Gas ta Kanada, ''Dokar Tsaro da Kula da Nukiliya'', ''Dokar Kifi'' (alal misali, rufe Yankin Tekun Gwaje-gwaje) duk sun sami manyan canje-canje a ƙarƙashin Bill C-38 na Majalisar dokokin Kanada ta 41. Ta hanyar mayar da hankali kan ayyukan yi, ci gaba da wadata an yi canje-canje masu mahimmanci ga tsarin kimanta muhalli na tarayya (EA) da tsarin tsarin muhalli.<ref name="Osler">{{Cite web |last=Shawn Denstedt Q.C. |last2=Sander Duncanson |date=April 27, 2012 |title=Federal Government Releases Draft Legislation to Reform Federal Regulatory System |url=http://www.osler.com/NewsResources/Federal-Government-Releases-Draft-Legislation-to-Reform-Federal-Regulatory-System/ |access-date=June 18, 2012 |publisher=Osler |archive-date=May 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506035059/http://www.osler.com/NewsResources/Federal-Government-Releases-Draft-Legislation-to-Reform-Federal-Regulatory-System/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="C-38Harvie"> {{Cite web |last=Alan Harvie |last2=Richard King |last3=Jean Piette |last4=J.M. Madeleine Donahue |date=June 7, 2012 |title=Canada: Canadian Government Proposes Significant Changes To The Environmental Assessment And Regulatory Framework |url=http://www.mondaq.com/canada/x/180742/Climate+Change/Canadian+Government+Proposes+Significant+Changes+To+The+Environmental+Assessment+And+Regulatory+Framework |access-date=June 18, 2012}}</ref> A cikin 2015, sabuwar gwamnatin Trudeau da aka zaɓa ta canza sunan da ake amfani da shi na sashen a ƙarƙashin Shirin Shaida na Tarayya daga ''Mahalli Kanada'' zuwa ''Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi Kanada'' . Sabuwar gwamnatin ta ce an yi wannan sauyi ne domin a nuna abubuwan da gwamnati ta sa a gaba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 6, 2015 |title=Trudeau government renames key departments |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/article/trudeau-government-renames-key-departments/ |access-date=May 19, 2021 |website=CTVNews |language=en}}</ref> A farkon 2018, gwamnatin [[Justin Trudeau]] ta zartar da ''Dokar Farashin Gurɓatar Gas ta Greenhouse'' (GHGPPA). A farkon 2019, gwamnatin Justin Trudeau ta zartar da [[Dokar Binciken Tasirin da Dokar Kula da Makamashi ta Kanada|''Dokar Tasirin Tasiri'' da ''Dokar Kula da Makamashi ta Kanada'']] (IAA da CERA) ƙarƙashin minista Catherine McKenna . A ranar 25 ga Maris, 2021, Kotun Koli ta Kanada ta yi watsi da ƙarar 2019 na lardunan Alberta, Ontario, da Saskatchewan kuma ta yanke hukunci a cikin ''Reference re Greenhouse Gas Pricing Pricing Act'' cewa GHGPPA ta kasance tsarin mulki. A ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 2022, an amince da aikin Equinor akan kadarorin Bay du Nord a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 54 na ''Dokar Kimar Muhalli ta Kanada, 2012'' ta majalisar ministocin tarayya da Minista Guilbeault. An yi amfani da CEAA saboda an fara kima kafin IAA ta soke dokar. == Ayyuka == [[Fayil:Environment_Canada_Dash_7.jpg|thumb|Ice Reconnaissance de Havilland Canada Dash 7 a filin jirgin sama na Carp]] An raba sashen zuwa yankuna da dama: * Babban Birnin Kasar * Yankin Atlantika da Quebec ( Atlantic Canada, Maritimes, Newfoundland da Labrador da [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]] ) * Ontario * Yamma da Arewa ( Yukon, Nunavut, Arewa maso Yamma Territories, [[British Columbia]], da Prairies ) === Hukumomi === Hukumar Kula da Tasirin Tasiri na Kanada wata hukuma ce mai tsayin makamai wacce ke ba da rahoto ga Ministan Muhalli da Sauyin yanayi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 9, 2007 |title=Mandate |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/impact-assessment-agency/corporate/mandate.html |access-date=August 9, 2025 |archive-date=August 29, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250829061802/https://www.canada.ca/en/impact-assessment-agency/corporate/mandate.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 21, 2019 |title=Canada Gazette, Part 2, Volume 153, Number 17: Order Fixing August 28, 2019 as the Day on which that Act Comes into Force |url=http://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2019/2019-08-21/html/si-tr86-eng.html}}</ref> Parks Canada, wanda ke kula da tsarin gandun daji na Kanada, an cire shi daga muhallin Kanada kuma ya zama hukumar da ke ba da rahoto ga ministan al'adun Kanada a 1998. A cikin 2003, alhakin Parks Canada ya koma ga ministan muhalli na fayil. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0o46x3774u4fgczomfpurhpdmosippy 0 114145 906629 758447 2026-08-23T17:36:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906629 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox|2}} '''Michael Donth''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1967) ɗan siyasan [[Jamus]] ne na Ƙungiyar Demokradiyyar Kirista (CDU) wanda ke aiki a matsayin memba na Bundestag daga jihar Baden-Württemberg, Jamus, tun shekara ta 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michael Donth {{!}} Abgeordnetenwatch |url=https://www.abgeordnetenwatch.de/profile/michael-donth |access-date=2020-03-21 |website=www.abgeordnetenwatch.de |language=de}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da aiki == Daga 1977 zuwa 1986, ya halarci Dietrich Bonhoeffer Gymnasium a Metzingen, inda ya kammala Abitur. Daga nan sai ya sami horo a cikin mafi girman aikin gudanarwa ba tare da fasaha ba daga 1987 zuwa 1991, yayin da yake halartar Jami'ar Kimiyya ta Gudanar da Jama'a a Ludwigsburg daga 1989 zuwa 1991, ya kammala karatu tare da digiri a Gudanar da Gwamnati (FH). Bugu da ƙari, ya kammala aikin soja na asali daga 1986 zuwa 1987. Ya fara sana'arsa a shekarar 1991 a cikin gwamnatin kuɗi ta birnin Metzingen, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 1994. Daga nan sai ya koma babban ofishin birnin Pfullingen, inda ya yi aiki daga 1994 zuwa 1999. Daga 1999 zuwa 2013, ya yi aiki a matsayin magajin gari na garin Römerstein, inda yake da alhakin gudanar da birni da ci gaban al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=Michael Donth |url=https://www.bundestag.de/abgeordnete/biografien/D/donth_michael-857254 |website=Deutscher Bundestag}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Donth ya zama memba na Bundestag a Zaɓen tarayya na Jamus na 2013, yana wakiltar gundumar Reutlingen . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Michael Donth |url=https://www.cducsu.de/abgeordnete/michael-donth |access-date=2020-03-21 |website=CDU/CSU-Fraktion}}</ref> Shi memba ne na Kwamitin Sufuri da Infrastructure na Dijital da Kwamitin Yawon Bude Ido.<ref>{{Cite web |title=German Bundestag - Transport and Digital Infrastructure |url=https://www.bundestag.de/en/committees/a15 |access-date=2020-03-21 |website=German Bundestag |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=German Bundestag - Tourism |url=https://www.bundestag.de/en/committees/a20 |access-date=2020-03-21 |website=German Bundestag |language=en}}</ref> Baya ga ayyukan kwamitin sa, Donth yana daga cikin Ƙungiyar Abokantaka ta Jamusanci da Faransanci; Ƙungiyar Abokin Abokantakar Jamusanci don Dangantaka da Jihohin Amurka ta Tsakiya; da Ƙungiyar Abokan Abokantatar Jamusanci ta Dangantaka tare da Jihohi na Kudancin Asiya. Tun daga shekara ta 2022, yana jagorantar ƙungiyar jam'iyya ta tsakiya don tallafawa wuraren ajiyar yanayi da [[UNESCO]] ta amince da su.<ref>[https://www.unesco.de/kultur-und-natur/biosphaerenreservate/parlamentskreis-neu-konstituiert] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121083627/https://www.unesco.de/kultur-und-natur/biosphaerenreservate/parlamentskreis-neu-konstituiert |date=2023-01-21 }} [[National Commissions for UNESCO|National Commission for UNESCO in Germany]], press release of 25 January 2022.</ref> A cikin tattaunawar don kafa gwamnatin hadin gwiwa a ƙarƙarshin jagorancin Minista-Shugaban Baden-Württemberg Winfried Kretschmann bayan Zaɓen jihar na 2021, Donth ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar aiki kan motsi, wanda Winfried Hermann da Thomas Dörflinger suka jagoranci.<ref>[https://www.gruene-bw.de/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/210413_Verhandlungsgruppen_KoaV_GrueneBW.pdf Koalitionsverhandlungen: Arbeitsgruppen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507183328/https://www.gruene-bw.de/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/210413_Verhandlungsgruppen_KoaV_GrueneBW.pdf |date=2021-05-07 }} Bündnis 90/Die Grünen Baden-Württemberg, press release of April 13, 2021.</ref><ref>[https://www.cdu-bw.de/data/documents/2021/04/13/223-6075c36cb9627.pdf Koalitionsverhandlungen: Arbeitsgruppen] CDU Baden-Württemberg, press release of April 13, 2021.</ref> == Sauran ayyukan == * Hukumar Kula da Wutar Lantarki, Gas, Sadarwa, Sadarka da Jirgin ƙasa (BNetzA), Mataimakin memba na Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta Infrastructure Rail == Matsayi na siyasa == A watan Yunin 2017, Donth ya kada kuri'a a kan gabatarwar auren jinsi guda a Jamus.<ref>[https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article166099805/Diese-Unionsabgeordneten-stimmten-fuer-die-Ehe-fuer-alle.html Diese Unionsabgeordneten stimmten für die Ehe für alle] ''[[Die Welt]]'', June 30, 2017.</ref> Kafin Zaɓen ƙasa na 2021, Donth ya amince da Markus Söder a matsayin Ɗan takarar haɗin gwiwa na Christian Democrats don maye gurbin Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]] .<ref>Norbert Wallet (April 6, 2021), [https://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/inhalt.laschets-rennen-um-die-kanzlerkandidatur-der-cdu-rueckenwind-fuer-markus-soeder.6210e3c7-c924-4056-b04a-afb8ab1e9fd1._amp.html Kanzlerkandidatur der Union: Rückenwind aus Baden-Württemberg für Markus Söder]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''[[Stuttgarter Zeitung]]''.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Shafin yanar gizon hukuma (a cikin Jamusanci) * [https://www.bundestag.de/en/members/donth_michael-519112 Tarihin Bundestag] (a Turanci) {{In lang|en}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] 3hoqqzo2ax36y3im1rm7clrykmyeu4a 0 115085 906937 825724 2026-08-24T08:01:51Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 906937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Fayil:Royal_Danish_Army_1940.png|thumb|Shafin ƙungiya na Sojojin Danish, Afrilu 1940]] {{Reflist}} '''Kungiyar Soja''' (AE) ko ''''''Ƙungiyar soja'''''' (BE) ita ce tsarin sojojin [[Jaha|jihar]] don bayar da irin wannan ƙarfin soja kamar yadda Manufofin tsaro na kasa zasu iya buƙata. Kungiyar soja ta yau da kullun tana amfani da siffofin Matsayi (duba Matsayi na zamani don ƙamus da ƙididdigar ƙarfin dakarun ta kowane matsayi). A wasu ƙasashe, an haɗa Sojoji a cikin sojojin ƙasa, kodayake ba a dauke su soja ba. Sojojin da ba sa cikin sojoji ko kungiyoyin sojoji, kamar su 'yan tawaye, galibi suna kwaikwayon kungiyoyin soja, ko amfani da waɗannan tsarin. == Tarihi == An yi amfani da amfani da darajoji na tsari a cikin tsari mai mahimmanci tare da Sojojin Roma. [ana ruwa hujja] [citation need]  An tsara rundunan soji ta Rum zuwa runduna, kowanne ya ƙunshi sojoji kusan 5000 kuma tawagogi. An ƙara raba kowace runduna zuwa ƙarnuka waɗanda centurions suka jagoranta. A zamanin yau, gwamnatoci ne ke gudanar da iko, gudanarwa da gudanarwa na ƙungiyar soja ta hanyar sashen gwamnati a cikin tsarin gudanar da gwamnati, wanda aka fi sani da ma'aikatar tsaro ko sashen tsaro. Wadannan su ma suna gudanar da rassan soja waɗanda kansu ke jagorantar ƙungiyoyi da raka'a da ke ƙwarewa a yaƙi, goyon bayan yaƙi da goyon bayan sabis na yaƙi. == Gudanarwa, gudanarwa da gudanarwa == Yawancin lokaci farar hula ko wani bangare na farar hula a kan kungiyar soja ta kasa ana gudanar da shi a cikin [[Dimokaraɗiyya|dimokuradiyya]] ta hanyar zaɓaɓɓen shugaban siyasa a matsayin memba na majalisar ministocin gwamnati, wanda aka fi sani da Ministan tsaro. A cikin tsarin shugaban kasa, kamar Amurka, shugaban kasa shine Babban kwamandan, kuma ministan tsaro na majalisar ministoci shine na biyu a cikin kwamandan. Wadanda ke ƙarƙashin wannan matsayi galibi sakatare ne na takamaiman manyan ƙungiyoyin aiki na sojoji gaba ɗaya, kamar waɗanda ke ba da sabis na tallafi ga sojoji, gami da waɗanda ke dogara da su. Sa'an nan kuma akwai shugabannin takamaiman hukumomin sashen da ke da alhakin samarwa da gudanar da takamaiman ayyukan ƙwarewa da ilimi kamar shawarwarin dabarun, kimantawa na ci gaban iyawa, ko samar da kimiyya ta soja na bincike, da ƙira da ci gaban fasaha. A cikin kowane ma'aikatar sashen za a sami rassan gudanarwa da ke da alhakin ci gaba da aikin [[Kasuwanci|ƙwarewar kasuwanci]] na hukumar. == Rukunin Soja == [[Fayil:USN-JASDF_ship_and_aircraft_formations_during_ANNUALEX_2008_081119-N-7047S-140.jpg|thumb|Jirgin sama da jirgin ruwa na motocin soja yayin motsa jiki tare da motocin USN da JASDF.]] A mafi yawan ƙasashe, an raba sojojin zuwa rassa uku na soja (kuma sabis, sabis na soja, ko sabis na soja): sojoji, sojan ruwa, da runduna sojan sama. Kasashe da yawa suna da bambanci a kan daidaitattun tsarin rassan soja guda uku. Wasu kasashe kuma suna shirya rundunarsu ta yanar gizo, sabis na gaggawa, sabis na kiwon lafiya, kayan aikin soja, rundunar sararin samaniya, Marines, da dakarun musamman kamar kwamandoji ko dakarun sama a matsayin sabis na makamai masu zaman kansu. Mai tsaron iyaka na ƙasa ko mai tsaron bakin teku na iya zama reshe mai zaman kansa na sojoji, kodayake a kasashe da yawa masu tsaron iyakar ko masu tsaron bakin tekun hukuma ce ta tilasta bin doka. Kasashe da yawa ba su da rundunar sojan ruwa, saboda dalilai na ƙasa kamar kasancewa a cikin ƙasa. A cikin manyan sojoji, al'adu tsakanin rassa daban-daban na sojoji na iya zama daban-daban. Yawancin ƙananan ƙasashe suna da ƙungiya ɗaya wanda ya ƙunshi duk sojojin da ƙasar da ake magana a kai ta aiki. Sojojin Kasashe masu tasowa sun kunshi da farko sojoji, yayin da sojojin kasashe masu ci gaba suna da manyan raka'a da ke kula da kayan aiki masu tsada kuma kaɗan ne kawai na ma'aikata a cikin rukunin sojoji. A cikin sojojin yamma, an bayyana rundunar hadin gwiwa a matsayin ƙungiya ko tsari wanda ya ƙunshi ikon yaƙi daga rassa biyu ko fiye na soja. === Sojojin tsaro na cikin gida === Gendarmeries, 'Yan sanda na soja da jami'an tsaro, gami da kwatankwacin su kamar Sojojin soja, 'Yan bindiga, dakarun cikin gida da ƙungiyar' yan sanda, sabis ne na Tsaro na ciki gida wanda aka saba amfani da shi a yawancin duniya, amma ba a saba gani ba a ƙasashe masu tarihin dokar Ingila inda ake amfani da' yan sanda don aiwatar da doka, kuma akwai ƙuntatawa mai tsanani kan yadda za a iya amfani da sojoji don taimakawa. == Dokoki, tsari, da raka'a == Ya zama ruwan dare, aƙalla a cikin sojojin Turai da Arewacin Amurka. A cikin yanayin soja, umarni shine tarin raka'a da tsari a ƙarƙashin ikon jami'in guda ɗaya, kodayake a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] umarni kuma sunan da aka ba wa ƙungiyar yaƙi a cikin Sojojin Amurka. Gabaɗaya, hedikwatar dabarun gudanarwa ce da zartarwa wacce ke da alhakin gwamnatin ƙasa ko hedkwatar soja ta ƙasa. Ba sabon abu ba ne ga ayyukan al'umma ga kowannensu ya kunshi nasu umarni (kamar Land Component, Air Component, Naval Component, da Medical Component a cikin Sojojin Belgium), amma wannan ba ya hana wanzuwar umarnin da ba su da sabis. Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka ta bayyana tsari a matsayin "jirgi biyu ko fiye, jiragen ruwa, ko raka'a da ke ci gaba tare a ƙarƙashin kwamandan". Fomin a cikin Babban Soviet Encyclopedia ya jaddada yanayin makamai masu haɗuwa: "Ƙungiyoyin su ne ƙungiyoyin soja waɗanda aka kafa daga ƙungiyoyin sojoji daban-daban na musamman na Makamai da Ayyuka don ƙirƙirar daidaitattun, haɗin gwiwar dakarun yaƙi. Ƙungiyoyin sun bambanta ne kawai a cikin ikon su na cimma ma'auni daban-daban da manufofi daban-daban. " Ƙungiyar soja ce da ta ƙunshi haɗuwa da haɗin gwiwar da aka haɗa da kuma aiki, kuma yawanci tana da ikon yaƙi. Misalan tsari sun haɗa da ƙungiyoyi, brigades, battalions, fuka-fuki, da dai sauransu. Tsarin na iya komawa ga tsari na dabarun, tsari na zahiri ko yanayin sojoji da makamai. Misalan tsari a cikin irin wannan amfani sun haɗa da pakfront, Panzerkeil, tsari na testudo, da dai sauransu. Kayan aiki na al'ada ƙungiya ce ta soja (ko dai yaƙi, goyon bayan yaƙi ko waɗanda ba yaƙi a cikin iyawa) wanda ya haɗa da ma'aikatan sabis galibi daga hannu ɗaya na sabis, ko reshe na sabis, kuma ayyukan gudanarwa da umurni suna da kansu. Duk wani sashi da ke ƙarƙashin wani sashi ana ɗaukarsa ƙaramin sashi ko ƙaramin sashe. Ba sabon abu ba ne a Amurka don amfani da raka'a da tsari daidai. A cikin aikin [[Kasashen common wealth|Commonwealth]], ba a amfani da tsari ga ƙananan ƙungiyoyi kamar su battalions, waɗanda a maimakon haka ake kira "units", kuma ana kiran ƙungiyoyin su ko kamfanoni a matsayin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi. A cikin Commonwealth, ƙungiyoyi ƙungiyoyi ne, brigades, da sauransu. Sojoji daban-daban, har ma da rassa daban-daban na sabis na sojoji, na iya amfani da sunan ɗaya don nuna nau'ikan kungiyoyi daban-daban. Misali shine "squadron". A cikin mafi yawan rundunonin sojan ruwa, ƙungiyar ƙungiya ce ta jiragen ruwa da yawa; a cikin mafi yawan sojojin sama ƙungiya ce; a cikin Sojojin Amurka ƙungiya ce mai girman battalion; kuma a cikin sojojin Commonwealth ƙungiyar ƙungiya ƙaramin ƙungiya ce. == Tebur na tsari da kayan aiki == tebur na tsari da kayan aiki (TOE ko TO&E) takarda ce da Hukumar Kula da Sojojin [[Amurka]] ta buga wanda ke ba da umarnin shirya, ma'aikata, da kayan aiki na raka'a daga girman yanki da ƙasa, amma kuma sun haɗa da hedkwatar Corps da Sojoji. Hakanan yana ba da bayani game da manufa da damar naúrar da kuma matsayin naúrar a yanzu. A general TOE ya dace da wani nau'i naúrar (alal misali, sojan ƙasa) maimakon wani takamaimanúrar (Rukunin Sojan ƙasa na 3). Ta wannan hanyar, duk raka'a na reshe ɗaya (kamar sojan ƙasa) suna bin jagororin tsari iri ɗaya. == Matsayi na zamani == === Sojoji === Tebur mai zuwa yana ba da bayyani game da wasu kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su don bayyana matsayi na sojoji a duk faɗin duniya. Yayinda aka gane cewa akwai bambance-bambance tsakanin sojojin kasashe daban-daban, da yawa ana tsara su a kan tsarin Birtaniya ko Amurka, ko duka biyun.<ref name="Military Units: Army">{{Cite web |title=Military Units: Army |url=https://www.defense.gov/Multimedia/Experience/Military-Units/Army/#:~:text=CORPS,-Commanded%20By%3A&text=A%20corps%20includes%20two%20to,operational%20direction%20for%20actual%20combat. |access-date=18 May 2023 |website=US Department of Defense}}</ref> Koyaya, yawancin rundunonin soja da ƙungiyoyi sun koma tarihi na dogon lokaci, kuma masu tunani na soja daban-daban ne suka tsara su a duk tarihin [[Turai]]. Misali, an fara gabatar da Corps na zamani a Faransa game da 1805 ta Napoleon a matsayin ƙungiya mai sauƙi na ƙungiyoyi biyu ko fiye a lokacin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon. {| class="wikitable" |- style="vertical-align:top; " ! align="left" |Alamar NATO ! align="left" |Sunan ! align="left" |Halitta ! align="left" |Ƙarfi ! align="left" |Ƙungiyoyin da aka kafa ! align="left" |Kwamandan ko shugaba |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" |[[Fayil:Military_Symbol_-_Combatant_Command_or_Theatre_or_Region_(Solid_Light_1.5x1_Frame)-_Unspecified_or_Composite_All-Arms_(NATO_APP-6).svg|64x64px]] |Combatant Command ko equivalentregion {{Efn|In the United States this command is termed an '''army region'''.}} <ref name="Military Units: Army"/> [[Filin Da-ga|gidan wasan kwaikwayo]]<br /><br /> |Umurni | style="text-align:center" |1,000,000–10,000,000 |4+ ƙungiyoyin sojoji |OF-10: filin marshalOF-9: [[Military star ranking|Janar]], janar na sojoji ko janar<br />Janar Janar |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" |[[Fayil:Military_Symbol_-_Friendly_Army_Group_or_Navy_or_Front_(Solid_Light_1.5x1_Frame)-_Unspecified_or_Composite_All-Arms_(NATO_APP-6).svg|64x64px]] |ƙungiyar sojoji ko kwatankwacin gaba<br /> |Umurni | style="text-align:center" |400,000–1,000,000<ref name="Military Units: Army"/> |Sojoji 2+ |OF-10 filin marshalOF-9: janar, janar na sojoji, ko kuma janar janar<br /> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" |[[Fayil:Military_Symbol_-_Friendly_Army_or_Air_Force_or_Fleet_(Solid_Light_1.5x1_Frame)-_Unspecified_or_Composite_All-Arms_(NATO_APP-6).svg|64x64px]] |Sojojin filin |Umurni | style="text-align:center" |100,000–200,000 |2-4 gawarwaki |OF-10: filin marshalOF-9: janar, janar na sojoji, ko kuma janar janar OF-8: Lieutenant Janar <br /> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" |[[Fayil:Military_Symbol_-_Friendly_Command_(Solid_Light_1.5x1_Frame)-_Unspecified_or_Composite_All-Arms_(NATO_APP-6).svg|64x64px]] |jiki |Kafawa | style="text-align:center" |20,000–60,000 |Rarraba 2+ |OF-9: janar ko janar na sojoji{{Efn|Some countries such as Brazil.}}-8: janar janar, janar janara, ko kuma janar janare janar{{Efn|[[Eastern Bloc]]}}-7: babban janar{{Efn|[[People's Liberation Army Ground Force]] (PLAGF)}}<br /><br /> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" |[[Fayil:NATO_Map_Symbol_-_Unit_Size_-_Division.svg|64x64px| ]]<br />[[Fayil:Military_Symbol_-_Friendly_Unit_(Solid_Light_1.5x1_Frame)-_Unspecified_or_Composite_All-Arms_(NATO_APP-6).svg|64x64px]] |rarrabuwa |Kafawa | style="text-align:center" |6,000–25,000 |2-8 brigades ko regiments |OF-8: Lieutenant JanarOF-8 ko OF-7: Janar na Division OF-7: Major Janar orOF-6: Babban Colonel[e]-7: Brigadier janar<br /><br /><br /><br /> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" |[[Fayil:NATO_Map_Symbol_-_Unit_Size_-_Brigade.svg|64x64px| ]]<br />[[Fayil:Military_Symbol_-_Friendly_Unit_(Solid_Light_1.5x1_Frame)-_Unspecified_or_Composite_All-Arms_(NATO_APP-6).svg|64x64px]] |brigade |Kafawa | style="text-align:center" |3,000–5,000<ref name="Military Units: Army" /> |2+ regiments ko kungiyoyi, ko 3-8 battalions ko daidai<br /> |OF-7: babban janarOF-7 ko OF-6: brigade generalOF-6: Brigadier, brigadier general, babban Colonel-5: kolonel<br /><br /><br /> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" |[[Fayil:NATO_Map_Symbol_-_Unit_Size_-_Regiment_or_Group.svg|64x64px| ]]<br />[[Fayil:Military_Symbol_-_Friendly_Unit_(Solid_Light_1.5x1_Frame)-_Unspecified_or_Composite_All-Arms_(NATO_APP-6).svg|64x64px]] |rundunar |Rukunin | style="text-align:center" |1,000–3,000 |2+ battalions ko kwatankwacin |OF-5: Colonel |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" |[[Fayil:NATO_Map_Symbol_-_Unit_Size_-_Battalion.svg|64x64px| ]]<br />[[Fayil:Military_Symbol_-_Friendly_Unit_(Solid_Light_1.5x1_Frame)-_Unspecified_or_Composite_All-Arms_(NATO_APP-6).svg|64x64px]] |battalion ko kwatankwacin (wasu ƙasashe don wasu makamai kawai) squadron (US Cavalry) squadton (wasu kasashe don jirgin sama) <br /><br /><br /> |Rukunin | style="text-align:center" |300–1,000 |2-6 sub-units (kamfanoni ko daidai) |OF-4: Lieutenant Colonel |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" |[[Fayil:NATO_Map_Symbol_-_Unit_Size_-_Company_or_Squadron_or_Battery.svg|64x64px| ]]<br />[[Fayil:Military_Symbol_-_Friendly_Unit_(Solid_Light_1.5x1_Frame)-_Unspecified_or_Composite_All-Arms_(NATO_APP-6).svg|64x64px]] |kamfani ko batir na daidaito (wasu ƙasashe don wasu makamai kawai) U. Sojojin sojan doki na S.<br /><br /><br />dakarun |Rukunin ko Ƙananan<br />Ƙungiyar | style="text-align:center" |100–250 |2-8 rukuni ko kwatankwacin |OF-3: MajorOF-2: kyaftin OR-9: babba jami'in warrant<br /><br />babban jami'in warrant |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" |[[Fayil:NATO_Map_Symbol_-_Unit_Size_-_Staffel_(Echelon)_-_Germany.svg|64x64px| ]]<br />[[Fayil:Military_Symbol_-_Friendly_Unit_(Solid_Light_1.5x1_Frame)-_Unspecified_or_Composite_All-Arms_(NATO_APP-6).svg|64x64px]] |<nowiki><i id="mwAas">ma'aikata</i></nowiki> ko ma'aikata |Ƙananan sashi | style="text-align:center" |50–90 |2 platoons / sojoji ko 6-10 sashe |OF-2: kyaftin ko ma'aikata kyaftin OR-8: jami'in warrant ko babban jami'in<br />babban jami'in warrant |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" |[[Fayil:NATO_Map_Symbol_-_Unit_Size_-_Platoon_or_Troop.svg|64x64px]]<br />[[Fayil:Military_Symbol_-_Friendly_Unit_(Solid_Light_1.5x1_Frame)-_Unspecified_or_Composite_All-Arms_(NATO_APP-6).svg|64x64px]] |Rukunin ko kwatankwacin rukuni (wasu ƙasashe don wasu makamai kawai) <br /> |Ƙananan sashi | style="text-align:center" |20–50 |Sashe na 2+ ko motoci |OF-1: Lieutenant na farko ko na biyuOR-7: jami'in warrant<br /> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" |[[Fayil:NATO_Map_Symbol_-_Unit_Size_-_Section.svg|64x64px| ]]<br />[[Fayil:Military_Symbol_-_Friendly_Unit_(Solid_Light_1.5x1_Frame)-_Unspecified_or_Composite_All-Arms_(NATO_APP-6).svg|64x64px]] |sashi ko sintiri | - | style="text-align:center" |12–24 |2-3 squads ko 3-6 fireteams |OR-6: ma'aikatan sajan-5: sajan<br /> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" |[[Fayil:NATO_Map_Symbol_-_Unit_Size_-_Detachment_or_Squad.svg|64x64px| ]]<br />[[Fayil:Military_Symbol_-_Friendly_Unit_(Solid_Light_1.5x1_Frame)-_Unspecified_or_Composite_All-Arms_(NATO_APP-6).svg|64x64px]] |ƙungiyar (Commonwealth of Nations) <br /> | - | style="text-align:center" |6–12 |2-3 fireteams ko 1+ cell |OR-5: sajan-4: jiki<br /> |- style="vertical-align:top;" | align="center" |[[Fayil:NATO_Map_Symbol_-_Unit_Size_-_Team_or_Crew.svg|64x64px| ]]<br />[[Fayil:Military_Symbol_-_Friendly_Unit_(Solid_Light_1.5x1_Frame)-_Unspecified_or_Composite_All-Arms_(NATO_APP-6).svg|64x64px]] |rundunar wuta ko ma'aikata | - | style="text-align:center" |2–4 |n/a |OR-3: lance corporal zuwa OR-5: sajan OR-2: mai zaman kansa na farko OR-2: aji na farko mai zaman kansa |} Ana iya tsallake matakan a cikin wannan tsani: alal misali, yawanci sojojin [[NATO]] suna tsallakewa daga battalion zuwa brigade. Hakazalika, manyan iko na soja ne kawai zasu iya samun ƙungiyoyi a manyan matakan kuma sojoji da kasashe daban-daban na iya amfani da sunayen gargajiya, suna haifar da rikice-rikice mai yawa: alal misali, rundunar sojan Burtaniya ko Kanada (battalion) an raba su zuwa squadrons (companites) da sojoji (platoons), yayin da rundunar sojin sojan Amurka (battalions) ta raba cikin sojoji (companties) da platoons. A cikin tsarin Faransanci (wanda kasashe da yawa na Afirka ke amfani da shi) kamfanin ya kasu kashi (platoons) wanda ya kunshi 3 x "groupes de combat" na sojoji 7, tare da ƙungiyar ma'aikatan motoci da HQ wanda ya haɗa da 2 x snipers. Sojoji, ƙungiyar sojoji, yankin, da [[Filin Da-ga|gidan wasan kwaikwayo]] duk manyan ƙungiyoyi ne waɗanda suka bambanta sosai tsakanin sojoji a girman da matsayi. Duk da yake rarrabuwa ita ce matakin gargajiya wanda aka kara abubuwa masu tallafi (artillery, asibiti, dabaru da kiyayewa, da dai sauransu) zuwa tsarin raka'a, tun lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, yawancin brigades yanzu suna da irin waɗannan raka'a na tallafi, kuma tun daga shekarun 1980, gwamnatoci suma suna karɓar abubuwa masu tallafa. Rundunar da ke da irin waɗannan abubuwan tallafi ana kiranta Kungiyar yaƙi a cikin harshen soja na Amurka, ko ƙungiyar yaƙi da ke Burtaniya da sauran dakarun. Koyarwar Sojojin Kanada ta haɗa da ƙungiyar yaƙi wanda kamfani ne na sojan ƙasa da aka haɓaka tare da tankuna, ko ƙungiyar tankuna da aka haɓaka da sojan ƙasa, ko haɗuwa da cikakken kamfanin sojan ƙasa tare da cikakken ƙungiyar tankuna. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu Red Army ta yi amfani da tsarin tsari iri ɗaya. Koyaya, a farkon raka'a da yawa ba su da ƙarfi sosai kuma girman su a zahiri matakin ɗaya ne a ƙasa a kan tsani wanda galibi ana amfani dashi a wasu wurare; alal misali, ƙungiya a farkon Sojojin Red Army na Yaƙin Duniya na biyu zai kasance game da girman yawancin gwamnatocin ƙasashe ko brigades.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Доклад НКО август 1939. doklad-nko-8-39.shtml |url=http://armor.kiev.ua/army/hist/doklad-nko-8-39.shtml |access-date=20 November 2013 |publisher=Armor.kiev.ua |archive-date=4 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404071220/http://armor.kiev.ua/army/hist/doklad-nko-8-39.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Центральный государственный архив Советской армии (с июня 1992 г. Российский государственный военный архив). В двух томах. Том 2. Путеводитель. 1993 |url=http://guides.rusarchives.ru/browse/guidebook.html?bid=121&sid=92105 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704133759/http://guides.rusarchives.ru/browse/guidebook.html?bid=121&sid=92105 |archive-date=4 July 2015 |access-date=20 November 2013 |publisher=Guides.rusarchives.ru |language=ru}}</ref> A saman tsani, abin da wasu kasashe za su kira ƙungiyar sojoji, Red Army ta kira gaba. Sabanin haka, a wannan lokacin ƙungiyoyin sojojin Wehrmacht na Jamus, musamman a Gabashin Gabas, kamar Cibiyar Rukunin Sojoji sun wuce lambobin da ke sama, kuma sun fi dacewa da Jagoran dabarun Soviet. === Sojan Ruwa === Ƙungiyar Sojan Ruwa a matakin flotilla da mafi girma ba ta da yawa, yayin da jirgin ruwa ke aiki a cikin ƙananan ko manyan kungiyoyi a yanayi daban-daban waɗanda zasu iya canzawa a sanarwa na lokaci. Koyaya, akwai wasu kalmomin da aka saba amfani da su a duk faɗin rundunar sojan ruwa don sadarwa da ainihin ra'ayi na yawan jiragen ruwa da za su iya kasancewa a cikin ɗayan. Sojojin ruwa galibi ana tsara su cikin rukuni don takamaiman dalili, yawanci dabarun, kuma waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyi suna bayyana kuma suna ɓacewa akai-akai bisa ga yanayin da buƙatun da aka sanya a kan sojan ruwa. Wannan ya bambanta da ƙungiyar sojoji inda raka'a ke tsayawa, tare da maza da kayan aiki iri ɗaya, na dogon lokaci. {| class="wikitable" ! align="left" |Sunan Ƙungiyar ! align="left" |Nau'ikan jiragen ruwa ! align="left" |A'a na Jiragen Ruwa ! align="left" |Jami'in da ke cikin umurni |- style="vertical-align:top; " |Kwamandan Yakin (Amurka) ko Sojan Ruwa ko Admiralty |Duk jiragen ruwa a cikin rundunar sojan ruwa |2+ Rundunar Sojoji |Admiral na Fleet, Admiral of the Fleet, Grand Admiral ko Admiral |- style="vertical-align:top; " |Jirgin Ruwa |Duk jiragen ruwa a cikin teku ko yanki gaba ɗaya |2+ Rundunar SojojiRundunar Sojan Ruwa |Admiral ko Mataimakin Admiral |- style="vertical-align:top; " |Rundunar Sojan Ruwa (Amurka, 1922-1941) |Yawancin jiragen ruwa na kowane nau'i |2+ Sojojin Aiki |Mataimakin Admiral |- style="vertical-align:top; " |Task Force [ana buƙatar ambaton] ko Kungiyar yajin aiki (Amurka) {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2023}} |Tarin kayan aiki |2+ Ƙungiyoyin Ayyuka, Rarraba ko FlotillasJiragen ruwa |Rear Admiral (rabi na sama) ko Rear AdmuralAdmiral na baya |- style="vertical-align:top; " |Sashe ko Ƙungiyar AikiRukunin Ayyuka |Yawancin lokaci manyan jiragen ruwa |2+ manyan tasoshin |Admiral na baya (ƙananan rabi) , Commodore, ko Division AdmiralAdmiral na Division |- style="vertical-align:top; " |Rundunar sojan ruwa ko Ƙungiyar Ayyuka |Ƙananan jiragen ruwa, yawanci iri ɗaya ko iri ɗaya |2+ Squadrons |Admiral na baya (ƙananan rabi) , Commodore, ko Flotilla AdmiralAdmiral na jirgin ruwa |- style="vertical-align:top; dorder-bottom:1px solid #999;" |Squadron ko Task Unit |Ƙananan jiragen ruwa |Ƙananan jiragen ruwa, yawanci iri ɗaya ko iri ɗaya |Kyaftin ko Kwamandan |- style="vertical-align:top; " |Abubuwan da ke aiki |Jirgin ruwa guda ɗaya |Ɗaya |Kyaftin, Kwamandan, Lieutenant Kwamandan ko Lieutenant |} Matsayi na taurari biyar na admiral na rundunar jiragen ruwa da admiral na jiragen ruwa sun kasance ba a amfani da su ba tun daga shekarun 1990, ban da alƙawari na bikin ko girmamawa. A halin yanzu, duk manyan jiragen ruwa (masu ruwa masu launin shudi da na ruwa mai kore) suna ƙarƙashin umarnin admiral na ko dai matsayi na taurari huɗu ko matsayi na tauraro uku dangane da girman dangi. Ƙananan rundunonin sojan ruwa, kamar Royal [[Sabuwar Zelandiya|New Zealand]] Navy, ko waɗancan rundunonin ruwa waɗanda suke da tsaron bakin teku, suna ƙarƙashin umarnin Admiral na baya (ma'auni biyu), commodore (ma'aikacin tauraron daya) ko ma kyaftin. Masu jigilar jiragen sama yawanci ana ba da umarni ga kyaftin. Jiragen ruwa da masu hallaka yawanci kyaftin ko kwamandan ne ke ba da umarni. Wasu masu hallaka, musamman ƙananan masu hallaka kamar frigates (wanda aka fi sani da masu hallaka masu hallaka) yawanci jami'ai ne ke umurni da matsayin kwamandan. Corvettes, mafi ƙanƙanta aji na jirgin ruwa, jami'ai ne ke jagorantar su tare da matsayi na kwamandan ko mataimakan kwamandan. Jiragen ruwa masu taimako, gami da Jiragen ruwa, masu kashe ma'adanai, Jiragen ruwa masu sintiri, Jirgin ruwa na kogi na soja, jiragen ruwa da jiragen ruwa masu linzami galibi ana ba da umarni ga Lieutenants, sub-lieutenants ko warrant officers. Yawancin lokaci, ƙaramin jirgin, ƙaramin matsayi na kwamandan jirgin. Misali, jiragen ruwa masu sintiri galibi ana ba da umarni ta hanyar alamomi, yayin da jami'in da ke ƙasa da matsayin kwamandan ba ya ba da umarnin frigates. A tarihi, jiragen ruwa sun fi tsananin tsari. An tattara jiragen ruwa a cikin ƙungiyoyi, waɗanda kuma aka tattara su a cikin ƙungiyoyin da aka ƙidaya, waɗanda suka haɗa da rundunonin da aka ƙididdige. Dole ne a amince da izini ga jirgin ruwa ya bar ɗayan ɗayan kuma ya shiga wani a kan takarda. Rundunar sojan ruwa ta Amurka ta zamani ta dogara ne akan wasu nau'o'in jiragen ruwa, gami da Kungiyar yajin aiki da ƙungiyar yaƙi. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Bugu da ƙari, ƙungiyar sojan ruwa ta ci gaba a cikin jirgin ruwa guda ɗaya. Ƙarin ya samar da sassan uku ko hudu (kamar dabarun da injiniya), kowannensu yana da ƙungiyoyi da yawa, sannan cibiyoyin aiki. === Sojojin Sama === Tsarin ƙungiyoyin sojojin sama ya bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe: wasu sojojin sama (kamar Sojojin Sama na Amurka da Royal Air Force) an raba su cikin umarni, ƙungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyi; wasu (kamar Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Soviet) suna da tsarin ƙungiya na Sojoji. Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Kanada ta zamani tana amfani da Air division a matsayin tsari tsakanin fuka-fuki da dukan umarnin iska. Kamar RAF, fuka-fukan Kanada sun kunshi squadrons. {| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" frame="void" rules="rows" style="margin:auto; border-collapse:collapse; border:0 none; vertical-align:top;" |- style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:3px double #999;" ! align="left" |Alamar NATO (don kwatanta Sojoji) <br /> ! align="left" |Sunan Rukunin (USAF / RAF / Sauran Sojojin Sama) <br /> ! align="left" |A'a na ma'aikata ! align="left" |A'a na jirgin sama ! align="left" |No. na ƙananan raka'a (USAF / RAF) <br /> ! align="left" |Jami'in kwamandan (USAF / RAF) <br /> |- style="vertical-align:top; border-bottom:1px solid #999;" |[[Fayil:NATO_Map_Symbol_-_Unit_Size_-_Region_or_Front.svg|64x64px| ]]<br />[[Fayil:Military_Symbol_-_Friendly_Unit_(Solid_Light_1.5x1_Frame)-_Unspecified_or_Composite_All-Arms_(NATO_APP-6).svg|64x64px]] |Rundunar Sojoji ko rundunar sojan sama ta kasarundunar iska |Dukan rundunar sojan sama |Dukan rundunar sojan sama |Dukkanin Manyan Dokoki / Dokoki |GAF / MRAF ko Air Chf Mshl |- style="vertical-align:top; border-bottom:1px solid #999;" |[[Fayil:NATO_Map_Symbol_-_Unit_Size_-_Army_Group.svg|64x64px| ]]<br />[[Fayil:Military_Symbol_-_Friendly_Unit_(Solid_Light_1.5x1_Frame)-_Unspecified_or_Composite_All-Arms_(NATO_APP-6).svg|64x64px]] |Babban Umurni / umurni |Bambance-bambance |Bambance-bambance |Bambance-bambance ta Yankin ko Aiki |Gen / Air Chf Mshl |- style="vertical-align:top; border-bottom:1px solid #999;" |[[Fayil:NATO_Map_Symbol_-_Unit_Size_-_Army.svg|64x64px| ]]<br />[[Fayil:Military_Symbol_-_Friendly_Unit_(Solid_Light_1.5x1_Frame)-_Unspecified_or_Composite_All-Arms_(NATO_APP-6).svg|64x64px]] |Babu daidaitattun rundunar sojan Amurka / Kwamandan ko Sojojin Sama na Tactical <br /> |Bambance-bambance ta Yankin ko Aiki |Bambance-bambance |Bambance-bambance ta Yankin ko Aiki |Janar ko Lt-Gen / Air Chf Mshl ko Air Mshl |- style="vertical-align:top; border-bottom:1px solid #999;" |[[Fayil:NATO_Map_Symbol_-_Unit_Size_-_Corps.svg|64x64px| ]]<br />[[Fayil:Military_Symbol_-_Friendly_Unit_(Solid_Light_1.5x1_Frame)-_Unspecified_or_Composite_All-Arms_(NATO_APP-6).svg|64x64px]] |Sojojin Sama masu lamba / Babu RAF daidai |Bambance-bambance ta Yankin ko Aiki |Bambance-bambance |2+ Fuka-fuki / Ƙungiyoyi |Maj-Gen ko Lt-Gen / N/A |- style="vertical-align:top; border-bottom:1px solid #999;" |[[Fayil:NATO_Map_Symbol_-_Unit_Size_-_Division.svg|64x64px| ]]<br />[[Fayil:Military_Symbol_-_Friendly_Unit_(Solid_Light_1.5x1_Frame)-_Unspecified_or_Composite_All-Arms_(NATO_APP-6).svg|64x64px]] |Babu kwatankwacin USAF / Babu kwatankwaci na RAF / Air Division<br />Rarraba iska |Bambance-bambance ta Yankin ko Aiki |Bambance-bambance |2+ Fuka-fuki / Ƙungiyoyi |Maj-Gen ko Div-GenRubuce-rubuce |- style="vertical-align:top; border-bottom:1px solid #999;" |[[Fayil:NATO_Map_Symbol_-_Unit_Size_-_Brigade.svg|64x64px| ]]<br />[[Fayil:Military_Symbol_-_Friendly_Unit_(Solid_Light_1.5x1_Frame)-_Unspecified_or_Composite_All-Arms_(NATO_APP-6).svg|64x64px]] |Wing / Group (c. EAGs) / Brigade na jirgin sama na Rasha / Brigade Air<br /> |1,000–5,000 |48–200 |2+ Rukunin / Fuka-fuki |Brig-Gen / AVM ko Air Cdre |- style="vertical-align:top; border-bottom:1px solid #999;" |[[Fayil:NATO_Map_Symbol_-_Unit_Size_-_Regiment_or_Group.svg|64x64px| ]]<br />[[Fayil:Military_Symbol_-_Friendly_Unit_(Solid_Light_1.5x1_Frame)-_Unspecified_or_Composite_All-Arms_(NATO_APP-6).svg|64x64px]] |Rukunin / fuka-fuki (c. EAWs) ko Tashar / Rundunar Jirgin Sama ta Rasha<br /> |300–1,000 |17–48 |3-4 Squadrons / 3-10 FlightsJiragen Sama |Col / Gp Capt ko Wg Cdr |- style="vertical-align:top; border-bottom:1px solid #999;" |[[Fayil:NATO_Map_Symbol_-_Unit_Size_-_Battalion.svg|64x64px| ]]<br />[[Fayil:Military_Symbol_-_Friendly_Unit_(Solid_Light_1.5x1_Frame)-_Unspecified_or_Composite_All-Arms_(NATO_APP-6).svg|64x64px]] |Squadron |100–300 |7–16 |3-4 Jiragen Sama |Lt Col ko Maj / Wg Cdr ko Sqn Ldr |- style="vertical-align:top; border-bottom:1px solid #999;" |[[Fayil:NATO_Map_Symbol_-_Unit_Size_-_Company_or_Squadron_or_Battery.svg|64x64px]]<br />[[Fayil:Military_Symbol_-_Friendly_Unit_(Solid_Light_1.5x1_Frame)-_Unspecified_or_Composite_All-Arms_(NATO_APP-6).svg|64x64px]] |Jirgin sama ko ma'aikata jirgin sama |20–100 |4–6 |2 ko fiye Sashe tare da kiyayewa da goyon baya ma'aikata |Maj ko Capt / Sqn Ldr ko Flt Lt |- style="vertical-align:top; border-bottom:1px solid #999;" |[[Fayil:NATO_Map_Symbol_-_Unit_Size_-_Staffel_(Echelon)_-_Germany.svg|64x64px| ]]<br />[[Fayil:Military_Symbol_-_Friendly_Unit_(Solid_Light_1.5x1_Frame)-_Unspecified_or_Composite_All-Arms_(NATO_APP-6).svg|64x64px]] |Staffel ko kuma mataki |40–160 |6–12 |1-2 Sashe tare da kulawa da ma'aikatan tallafi |Kyaftin ko Ma'aikata KyaftinKyaftin na Ma'aikata |- style="vertical-align:top; border-bottom:1px solid #999;" |[[Fayil:NATO_Map_Symbol_-_Unit_Size_-_Platoon_or_Troop.svg|64x64px]]<br />[[Fayil:Military_Symbol_-_Friendly_Unit_(Solid_Light_1.5x1_Frame)-_Unspecified_or_Composite_All-Arms_(NATO_APP-6).svg|64x64px]] |Sashe |10–40 |n/a-2 |n/a |Junior Officer ko Babban NCO |- style="vertical-align:top; border-bottom:1px solid #999;" |[[Fayil:NATO_Map_Symbol_-_Unit_Size_-_Section.svg|64x64px| ]]<br />[[Fayil:Military_Symbol_-_Friendly_Unit_(Solid_Light_1.5x1_Frame)-_Unspecified_or_Composite_All-Arms_(NATO_APP-6).svg|64x64px]] |Abubuwan da ke ciki |8–12 |n/a |n/a |Babban NCO ko Junior NCO |- style="vertical-align:top; border-bottom:1px solid #999;" |[[Fayil:NATO_Map_Symbol_-_Unit_Size_-_Detachment_or_Squad.svg|64x64px| ]]<br />[[Fayil:Military_Symbol_-_Friendly_Unit_(Solid_Light_1.5x1_Frame)-_Unspecified_or_Composite_All-Arms_(NATO_APP-6).svg|64x64px]] |Bayani ko ma'aikata |2–4 |n/a |n/a |Junior NCO |} == Ƙungiyar Aiki == Ƙungiyar aiki ƙungiya ce ko tsari da aka kirkira a matsayin rukuni na wucin gadi don takamaiman manufar aiki. Baya ga tsarin gudanarwa na ƙungiyoyi waɗanda suka samo asali tun farkon karni na 17 a [[Turai]], an haɗa dakarun yaƙi don takamaiman dalilai na aiki a cikin ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa da manufa kamar su Jamusanci Kampfgruppe ko Ƙungiyar Yaki ta Amurka (Sojoji) da Task Force (Sojojin Ruwa) a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], ko ƙungiyar aikin Soviet a lokacin Yakin Cold . A cikin sojojin Burtaniya da Commonwealth ƙungiyar yaƙi ta zama ƙungiya ta yau da kullun a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu da Yaƙin Cold . A cikin NATO, hadin gwiwar hadin gwiwa (JTF) zai zama irin wannan rukuni na wucin gadi wanda ya haɗa da abubuwa daga sabis na makamai fiye da ɗaya, hadin gwiwa na hadin gwiwa ("CTF") zai zama irin waɗannan rukuni na ɗan lokaci wanda ya haɗa le abubuwa daga ƙasa fiye da ɗaya. == Dubi kuma == * Umurni da sarrafawa * Gudanar da Soja == Bayani mai bayani == {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l1pujxzsysdd9hacxpybd6yekw2xv3b 0 115117 906956 727179 2026-08-24T08:11:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Infobox musical artist|Name=Pheelz|image=Pheelz 001.jpg|image_size=|alt=|caption=|Birth_name=Phillip Kayode Moses|Alias=Pheelz, Pheelz Mr. Producer, Ridimakulayo|birth_date={{birth date and age|1994|6|5}}|birth_place=[[Lagos]], Nigeria|Genre={{flatlist| *[[Afro pop music|Afropop]] *[[Afrobeats]] *[[African hip-hop]] *[[jazz]] *[[Hip hop music|hip hop]] *[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]}}|Occupation=Record producer, songwriter, singer|Years_active=2011–present|Label={{hlist|Rii Collective l|Warner Records US}}|Associated_acts={{flatlist| * [[Olamide]] * [[Lil Kesh]] * [[Adekunle Gold]] * [[Teni (singer)|Teni]] * [[Davido]] * [[Fireboy DML]] * [[Bnxn]]}}|website=<!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->}} Phillip Kayode Moses,(an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1994), wanda aka fi sani da '''Pheelz''', shi ne mai shirya rikodin [[Najeriya]], mawaƙi, marubucin waƙa, kuma mai zane-zane. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2023 |title=Interview: The world is Pheelz’s to take over |url=https://digimillennials.com/music/interview-the-world-is-pheelzs-to-take-over/ |access-date=1 November 2024 |website=Digimillenials}}</ref> An yaba wa Pheelz da samar da duka sai dai waƙa ɗaya a kan kundin Olamide na Baddest Guy Ever Liveth. A cikin 2022, ya sami bugawa tare da waƙarsa "Finesse", haɗin gwiwa tare da Bnxn (wanda aka fi sani da Buju). == Rayuwa ta farko == Pheelz ɗan asalin [[Ogun|Jihar Ogun]] ne,amma an haife shi kuma ya girma a Ojo, wani yanki na karamar hukuma a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]]. Ya fara kiɗa a matsayin mawaƙi mai shekaru 10 a coci. Yayinda yake makarantar sakandare a Ajangbandi Afromedia, Pheelz ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Ideal Comprehensive kuma daga baya ya yi aiki a karkashin ID Cabassa a Coded Tunes, lakabin rikodin inda ya sadu da Olamide. A shekara ta 2011, ya fito da murya a cikin waƙar da aka yi wa Olamide's ''Rapsodi'' album mai taken "Ina zuwa". == Ayyuka == === 2012-2020: Yin aiki a matsayin mai samarwa === Nasarar da ya samu a matsayin mai samar da rikodin ya zo ne a shekarar 2012, lokacin da ya samar da waƙoƙin da Olamide ya yi mai taken "First of All" da "Fucking with the Devil" daga kundin ''YBNL''. A cikin 2013, Pheelz an jera shi a cikin NotJustOk's "Top 10 Hottest Producers in Nigeria". Ya samar da duka sai dai waƙa ɗaya a kan kundin Olamide's Baddest Guy Ever Liveth, wani yunkuri wanda ya sa ya M.I. tushe a masana'antar kiɗa ta Najeriya kuma ya sami gabatarwa a The Headies 2013. A shekara ta 2014, an kuma zaba shi a cikin Mai gabatarwa na Shekara a cikin 2014 edition na The Headies da kuma a 2014 Nigeria Entertainment Awards. Pheelz ya ci gaba da samarwa da kuma samun yabo a cikin shahararrun waƙoƙi da kundin ciki har da The Chairman by M.I, Ghetto University by Runtown da ''Seyi ko Shay'' by [[Seyi Shay]]. A cikin 2014, Pheelz ya haɗu da COPILOT Music and Sound a kan murfin Carlinhos Brown na "Maria Caipirnha (Samba da Bahia)". Shirin ya wakilci kayan kida da salon [[Najeriya]] don "Samba na Duniya" na Visa, kamfen ɗin dijital don Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta [[FIFA]] ta 2014. An zabi Pheelz kuma ta lashe rukunin "Producer of the Year" a The Headies awards 2020 edition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-22 |title=Here Are The 14th Headies Music Awards Winners |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/nigerian-music-awards-the-headies-winners/ |access-date=2021-02-23 |website=OkayAfrica}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2021 |title=#14thHeadies: Fireboy DML & Wizkid win Big, Full Winners List |url=https://www.mp3bullet.ng/14thheadies-fireboy-dml-wizkid-win-big-full-winners-list/ |access-date=24 February 2021 |publisher=Mp3bullet}}</ref> Ya yi aiki tare da masu fasaha da mawaƙa da yawa, kamar su [[Davido]], Usher, Olamide, [[Wizkid]], Fireboy DML, [[Teni (mawaƙiya)|Teni]] da [[Tiwa Savage]]. === 2021-yanzu:''Ka ji Ni'' Daga EP === A cikin 2021 ya fitar da EP dinsa na farko Hear Me Out <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2021 |title=Pheelz releases a new project 'Hear Me Out EP' |url=https://www.mp3bullet.ng/pheelz-releases-a-new-project-hear-me-out-ep/ |access-date=24 February 2021 |publisher=Pulse NG}}</ref> ta hanyar Empire Distribution.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2021 |title=Pheelz Uncovers A New Level Of Musical Pursuit In 'Hear Me Out |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/pheelz-uncovers-a-new-level-of-musical-pursuit-in-hear-me-out/ |access-date=24 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2021 |title=Pheelz flies solo on debut EP, "Hear Me Out" |url=https://earmilk.com/2021/02/23/pheelz-flies-solo-on-debut-ep-hear-me-out/ |access-date=24 February 2021 |publisher=Pulse NG}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2021 |title=New EP: Pheelz – Hear Me Out |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/02/pheelz-hear-me-out/ |access-date=24 February 2021 |publisher=Bellanaija}}</ref> An saki "One Life" a matsayin guda daga EP a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba 2020, tare da bidiyon waƙarsa da ya biyo baya a ranar 28 ga Disamba 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2020 |title=Pheelz Shares Lyric Video For Uplifting Track "One Life" |url=https://grmdaily.com/pheelz-one-life/ |access-date=24 February 2021 |publisher=Grmdaily |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030093646/https://grmdaily.com/pheelz-one-life/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Motolani Alake na Pulse Nigeria ya rubuta cewa "ya fi kyau a kan rubuce-rubuce masu inganci da kyawawan kayayyaki".<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2021 |title=Pheelz's 'Hear Me Out' excels on quality songwriting and good production [Pulse 1-Listen EP Review] |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/pheelz-hear-me-out-pulse-ep-review/5bwh4t3 |access-date=24 February 2021 |publisher=Pulse NG |archive-date=20 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220060913/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/pheelz-hear-me-out-pulse-ep-review/5bwh4t3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ikwuje Amos na Mp3bullet da ake kira Pheelz "da gangan a kan EP". <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2021 |title=Pheelz was very Intentional on 'Hear Me Out' EP [Critical EP Review] |url=https://www.mp3bullet.ng/pheelz-was-very-intentional-on-hear-me-out-ep-critical-ep-review/ |access-date=24 February 2021 |publisher=Mp3bullet}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Maris 2022, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar rikodin tare da [[Warner Music Group|Warner]] UK, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pheelz Secures International Record Deal |url=https://www.coolfm.ng/abuja/news/editorial/pheelz-secures-international-record-deal/ |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=Cool FM}}</ref> jim kadan bayan sautin "Finesse" ya zama nasara a duniya, kuma ya ba shi, shigar aikinsa na farko a kan [[Billboard Global 200|''Billboard'' Global 200]] a lamba 131, [[TurnTable Top 50 chart|TurnTable Top 50]] a lamba 1, World Digital Song Sales a lamba 10, [[UK Afrobeats Singles Chart]] a lamba 1, da kuma UK Singles Chard a lamba 52. == Bayanan da aka yi == '''Marasa aure''' {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Jerin mutane a matsayin mai zane-zane, tare da matsayi da takaddun shaida da aka zaɓa, suna nuna shekarar da aka saki da sunan kundin ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:20em;" |Taken ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Shekara ! colspan="6" scope="col" |Matsayi mafi girma ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:12em;" |Takaddun shaida ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |NG<br /><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2022 |title=TurnTable Top 50: Pheelz & BNXN's "Finesse" Rises To No.1 |url=https://thenativemag.com/turntable-top-50-pheelz-bnxn-finesse/ |access-date=17 January 2023 |website=The Native}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |USGlobal<nowiki><br id="mwwQ"></nowiki><br /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Billboard Global 200 |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-global-200/2022-03-19/ |access-date=17 January 2023 |website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |Burtaniya<br /><ref>{{Cite web |title=PHEELZ & BUJU {{!}} full Official Chart History |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/62117/pheelz-and-buju/ |access-date=17 January 2023 |website=www.officialcharts.com |publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |UKR<nowiki>&</nowiki>amp;B<nowiki><br id="mw0A"></nowiki><br /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Hip Hop and R&B Singles Chart Top 40 |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/official-hip-hop-and-r-and-b-singles-chart/20220422/114/ |access-date=17 January 2023 |website=www.officialcharts.com |language=en}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |UKAfrobeats<nowiki><br id="mw2A"></nowiki><br /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Afrobeats Chart Top 20 |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/afrobeats-chart/20220313/afrobeat/ |access-date=17 January 2023 |website=www.officialcharts.com |language=en}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |SA<br /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Local & International Streaming Chart Top 100 Week 14-2022 |url=https://theofficialsacharts.co.za/charts/local-international-streaming-chart-top-100-week-14-2022/ |access-date=17 January 2023 |website=TOSAC}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Hustle" |2012 | - | - | - | - | - | - ||rowspan="9"{{N/a|Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row" |"Ɗan Ibrahim" <small> (tare da Olamide) </small> <br /> |2015 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |- ! scope="row" |"I.J.N" | rowspan="4" |2016 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |- ! scope="row" |"Yi Abin da kuke so" | - | - | - | - | - | - | |- ! scope="row" |"Honey" <small> (tare da Reekado Banks, da Marv) </small> <br /> | - | - | - | - | - | - | |- ! scope="row" |"12:01 (ADM Remix) " <small> (tare da Cina Soul) </small> <br /> | - | - | - | - | - | - | |- ! scope="row" |"Gobe" <small> (tare da Olamide, da [[Naira Marley]]) </small> <br /> |2019 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |- ! scope="row" |"Rayuwa Ɗaya" |2020 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |- ! scope="row" |"MOSLADO (Pheelz Remix) " <small> (tare da Teni) </small> <br /> |2021 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |- ! scope="row" |"Finesse" <small> (tare da Bnxn) </small> <br /> | rowspan="2" |2022 |1 |131 |52 |28 |1 |31 | * BPI: Azurfa <ref name="BPI">{{Cite certification|accessdate=17 January 2023}}</ref> |{{TBA}} |- ! scope="row" |"Finesse" <small> (tare da Faransanci Montana) </small> <br /> | - | - | - | - | - | - || {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Ruin" <small> (tare da Usher) </small> <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2, 2024 |title=Usher released Afrobeats & Amapiano-Inspired Single Ruin |url=https://thesource.com/2024/02/02/usher-releases-afrobeats-amapiano-inspired-single-ruin/ |access-date=February 5, 2024 |website=The Source}}</ref><br /> |2024 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |''Komawa Gida'' |- ! scope="row" |"5AM a cikin Ojo" <small> (tare da Olamide) </small> <br /> |2024 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |- | colspan="10" style="font-size:90%" |" - " yana nuna rikodin da ba a tsara shi ba ko kuma ba a saki shi a wannan yankin ba. |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Abin da ya faru !Kyautar !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2013 |Headies 2013 | rowspan="9" |Mai gabatarwa na Shekara |Pheelz don "Durosoke"|{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |2014 |Headies 2014 |Pheelz don "Eleda Mi O"|{{Nom}} |- |[[Kyaututtukan wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya 2014|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya ta 2014]] | rowspan="5" |Shi da kansa|{{Nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tooxclusive.com/news/nigeria-entertainment-awards-2014-nominees-list-davido-yemi-alade-others-nominated/|title=Nigeria Entertainment Awards 2014 Nominees List: Davido, Yemi Alade, Others Nominated|work=tooXclusive|date=29 May 2014|accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref> |- |[[Kyautar fim ta Mutanen birni|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Jama'a]]|{{Nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thenet.ng/who-won-what-at-city-people-entertainment-awards-2014/|title=Who won what at City People Entertainment Awards 2014|work=[[Nigeria Entertainment Today]]|last=Oyewusi|first=Siji|date=10 June 2014|access-date=17 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123080641/http://thenet.ng/2014/06/who-won-what-at-city-people-entertainment-awards-2014/|archive-date=23 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya ta 2015|{{Nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2015/06/12/kiss-daniel-korede-bello-falz-wizkid-olamide-davido-more-nominated-for-the-10th-annual-nigerian-entertainment-awards/|title=Kiss Daniel, Korede Bello, Falz, Wizkid, Olamide, Davido & More Nominated for the 10th Annual Nigerian Entertainment Awards |work=[[BellaNaija]]|last=Ade-Unuigbe|first=Adesola|date=12 June 2015|accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref> |- |[[Kyautar fim ta Mutanen birni|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Jama'a]]|{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |2016 |[[Kyautar fim ta Mutanen birni|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Jama'a]]|{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |Headies |Pheelz don "Pick Up"|{{Nom}} |- |Pheelz don "Love Lagos"|{{Nom}} |- |2020 |Headies 2020 | rowspan="1" |Mai gabatarwa na Shekara |Pheelz don "Billionaire by Teni"|{{Won}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-56142448/|title=Headies Award 2021 Winners list: Wizkid na Artiste of The Year, Omah Lay win 2020 Next Rated, Fireboy, odas win for di 14th edition|work=BBC|date=21 February 2021|accessdate=22 February 2021}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2021 | rowspan="2" |Kyautar Beatz |Afro Hip Hop Producer na Shekara | rowspan="2" |Shi da kansa <ref>{{Cite web |title=WINNERS 2021 |url=https://thebeatzawards.com/winners-2021/ |access-date=16 May 2022 |website=The Beatz Awards}}</ref>|{{Nom}} |- |Afro Soul Producer na Shekara|{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="4" |2023 |Kyautar Soundcity MVP |Haɗin kai mafi kyau |''Kyakkyawan''|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burnaboy, Black Sherif, Win At The Soundcity MVP Awards 2023 (FULL WINNERS LIST) |url=https://africanfolder.com/burnaboy-black-sherif-win-at-the-soundcity-mvp-awards-2023-full-winners-list/ |access-date=12 February 2023 |website=African Folder |archive-date=12 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212154054/https://africanfolder.com/burnaboy-black-sherif-win-at-the-soundcity-mvp-awards-2023-full-winners-list/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |Headies |Mai gabatarwa na Shekara |Wutar Lantarki| {{Nom}} | rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinyode |first=Peace |date=2023-07-12 |title=Full list: 2023 Headies nominations |url=https://punchng.com/full-list-2023-headies-nominations/ |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Afrobeats Single na Shekara |''Kyakkyawan''| {{Nom}} |- |Waƙar Shekara |''Kyakkyawan''| {{Nom}} |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] blspmlepsy2pf7sz00hht6d24uufxdt 0 116189 906943 713447 2026-08-24T08:03:44Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 906943 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Martha Helen Stewart''' (née Kostyra, Polish: [kɔˈstɨra]; an haife ta a ranar 3 ga watan Agusta, 1941) mace ce a fannin kasuwanci ta [[Amurka]], marubuciya, kuma mai shirye-shirye a talbijin. A matsayinta na wanda ya kafa Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia, yana mai da hankali kan gida da karɓar baƙi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Friends in High Places: Martha Stewart at Russian Launch |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=3015841&page=1 |access-date=April 28, 2023 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> ta sami nasara ta hanyar kasuwancin kasuwanci iri-iri, wanda ya haɗa da bugawa, watsa shirye-shirye, siyarwa da [[Kasuwanci na kafar sadarwa|Kasuwancin e-commerce]]. Ta rubuta littattafai masu yawa da aka fi sayarwa, ita ce mai wallafa mujallar Martha Stewart Living kuma ta dauki bakuncin shirye-shiryen talabijin guda biyu: Martha Stewart Living, wanda ya gudana daga 1993 zuwa 2004, da kuma The Martha Stewart Show, wanda ya faru daga 2005 zuwa 2012.{{IPA|pl|kɔˈstɨra|lang}}{{IPA|pl|kɔˈstɨra|lang}}{{IPA|pl|kɔˈstɨra|lang}} An yanke wa Stewart hukunci kan tuhumar aikata laifuka da suka shafi shari'ar cinikin hannun jari ta ImClone; ta yi watanni biyar a kurkukun tarayya saboda zamba kuma an sake ta a watan Maris na shekara ta 2005. An yi hasashe cewa lamarin zai kawo karshen mulkin watsa labarai, amma a shekara ta 2005, Stewart ta fara kamfen na dawowa, kuma kamfaninta ya koma riba a shekara ta 2006. Stewart ta koma kwamitin daraktocin Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia a cikin 2011 kuma ta sake zama shugabar kamfanin da ta sanya masa suna a cikin 2012. Kamfanin Sequential Brands ne ya sayi kamfanin a shekarar 2015. Sequential Brands Group ta amince a watan Afrilun 2019 don sayar da Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia, gami da alamar Emeril, ga Marquee Brands don dala miliyan 175 tare da ƙarin biyan kuɗi. A cikin 2023, yana da shekaru 81, Stewart ta zama mace mafi tsufa da ta bayyana a bangon mujallar Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue. A cikin 2024, ta kasance batun wani shirin [[Netflix]] mai taken Martha wanda R. J. Cutler ya jagoranta. An haifi Martha Stewart a Jersey City, [[New Jersey]], a ranar 3 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1941. Ita ce ta biyu cikin yara shida da aka haifa wa iyayenta Martha (née Ruszkowski; 1914-2007) da Edward Kostyra (1912-1979) kuma ta fito ne daga al'adun [[Poland]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ancestry of Martha Stewart |url=http://www.wargs.com/other/stewart.html |website=www.wargs.com}}</ref> Iyayenta malamai ne, tare da mahaifinta daga baya ya zama mai sayar da magunguna.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Noland |first=Claire |date=November 18, 2007 |title=Martha Kostyra, 93: passed skills to her daughter, Martha Stewart |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-nov-18-me-kostyra18-story.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=December 15, 2021 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> Lokacin da Stewart ke da shekaru uku, iyalin suka koma Nutley, New Jersey. Ta karɓi sunan "Grace" don sunanta na Katolika. Lokacin da Stewart ke da shekaru 10, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da yara na lokaci-lokaci ga 'ya'yan Mickey Mantle, Yogi Berra, da Gil McDougald, duk' yan wasan New York Yankees. Mickey da Merlyn Mantle suna da 'ya'ya maza huɗu, waɗanda Stewart ke kallo kuma ta shirya musu bukukuwan ranar haihuwar. Ta kuma fara yin samfurin. A shekara ta 15, an nuna Stewart a cikin tallan talabijin na [[Unilever]] . Ta ci gaba da bayyana a cikin tallace-tallace na talabijin da mujallu, gami da ɗaya daga cikin "Smokers za su fi so su yi yaƙi fiye da sauyawa!" tallace-tace na sigari. A lokacin shekarunta na kwaleji, ta kara da kuɗin tallafin ta hanyar "ayyukan samfurin a $ 15 / awa - wanda shine kudi mai yawa a wannan lokacin. " Daga cikin kamfanonin da ta tsara shi ne Chanel. Mahaifiyar Stewart ta koya mata yadda ake dafa abinci da sutura. Daga baya, ta koyi hanyoyin yin kwalliya da adanawa lokacin da ta ziyarci gidan kakanninta a Buffalo, New York. Mahaifinta yana da sha'awar aikin lambu kuma ya ba da yawancin iliminsa da ƙwarewarsa ga 'yarsa.<ref name="BeckPaprocki" /> Stewart ta kuma kasance mai aiki a cikin ayyukan da yawa na waje, kamar jaridar makarantar da kulob din fasaha. Stewart ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Nutley . Ta halarci Kwalejin Barnard ta Jami'ar Columbia, da farko tana shirin zuwa manyan sunadarai, amma ta sauya zuwa fasaha, tarihi, kuma daga baya Tarihin gine-gine. Don taimakawa wajen biyan kuɗin karatun koleji, ta yi samfurin kayan ado ga Chanel. A wannan lokacin, ta sadu da Andrew Stewart, wanda ya kammala digiri na shari'a a Yale Law School . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Martha's Datebook |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/troubled_companies/imclone/html/timeline_martha.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013114230/http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/troubled_companies/imclone/html/timeline_martha.html |archive-date=October 13, 2013 |access-date=March 5, 2014 |publisher=CBS News}}</ref> Sun yi aure a watan Yulin 1961. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kasindorf |first=Jeanie |date=January 28, 1991 |title=Living with Martha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WekCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27 |journal=New York |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=23–30 |issn=0028-7369 |access-date=January 31, 2018}}</ref> Ta koma Barnard shekara guda bayan bikin aurensu don kammala karatu tare da manyan digiri biyu a tarihin tarihi da tarihin gine-gine.<ref name="Breeden2013" /> == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 1967, Martha Stewart ta fara aiki na biyu a matsayin mai sayar da kayayyaki, sana'ar surukinta. A halin yanzu, Andrew Stewart ya kafa gidan wallafe-wallafen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban zartarwa na wasu da yawa. Andrew da Martha Stewart sun koma Westport, [[Connecticut]], inda suka sayi kuma suka mayar da gidan gona na 1805 a kan Turkey Hill Road wanda daga baya zai zama abin koyi ga gidan talabijin na Martha Stewart Living. A lokacin aikin, Stewart ta panache don maidowa da yin ado ya zama bayyananne. A shekara ta 1976, Stewart ta fara kasuwancin abinci a cikin ginshiki tare da abokiyarta daga kwanakin da take aiki, Norma Collier . Kasuwancin da sauri ya yi nasara amma ya yi fushi lokacin da Collier ya yi zargin cewa Stewart yana da wahala a yi aiki tare, kuma yana karɓar ayyukan abinci a gefe. Ba da daɗewa ba Stewart ya sayi ɓangaren Collier na kasuwancin. An kuma hayar Stewart a matsayin manajan kantin sayar da abinci mai kyau, Kasuwancin Kasuwanci, amma bayan rashin jituwa da masu mallakar a ƙaramin kantin sayarwar an tilasta mata fita kuma ta buɗe kantin sayar ta.   Andrew ya zama shugaban shahararren mai wallafawa na Birnin New York [[Harry N. Abrams, Inc.]] A shekara ta 1977, shi ne ke da alhakin sakin fitowar harshen Ingilishi na jerin The Secret Book of Gnomes, na marubutan Holland [[Wil Huygen]] da Rien Poortvliet, wanda da sauri ya zama nasara kuma ya kasance a cikin jerin masu sayarwa na New York Times . Ya kwangila da kamfanin Stewart don biyan kuɗin bikin fitar da littafin, inda aka gabatar da Stewart ga Alan Mirken, shugaban Crown Publishing Group . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia, Inc. – Food Came First, New Fields to Conquer |url=http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/businesses/M-Z/Martha-Stewart-Living-Omnimedia-Inc.html |website=www.referenceforbusiness.com}}</ref> Mirken ya burge ta da baiwar Stewart a matsayin mai dafa abinci da mai masaukin baki kuma daga baya ya tuntube ta don haɓaka [[Cookbook|Littafin dafa abinci]], wanda ke nuna girke-girke da hotuna daga jam'iyyun da Stewart ta shirya. Sakamakon shi ne littafinta na farko, Entertaining (Disamba 13, 1982), wanda [[Elizabeth Hawes (author)|Elizabeth Hawes]] ta rubuta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 17, 2011 |title=History of Entertaining |url=http://www.marthastewart.com/264286/history-of-entertaining |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927173418/http://www.marthastewart.com/264286/history-of-entertaining |archive-date=September 27, 2011 |access-date=December 28, 2011 |publisher=Martha Stewart Entertaining}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=referenced, ''Entertaining'' |url=http://adage.com/article?article_id=84085}}</ref> Bayan nasarar ''Nishaɗi'', Stewart ya sake fitar da littattafai da yawa a ƙarƙashin Clarkson Potter bugu bugu, ciki har da ''Martha Stewart's Quick Cook'' (1983), ''Martha Stewart's Hors d'Oeuvres'' (1984), ''Martha Stewart's Pies & Tarts'' (1985), ''Weddings'' (1987) kuma ghost ta Elizabeth ''Plan ('' wch) (1988), ''Sirrin Martha Stewart don Nishaɗi'' (1988), ''Martha Stewart's Quick Cook Menus'' (1988), da ''Martha Stewart's Kirsimeti'' (1989), da sauransu. A wannan lokacin, ta kuma rubuta ginshiƙan jaridu da dama, labaran mujallu, da sauran nau'o'i a kan aikin gida, kuma sun yi nunin talabijin da yawa a kan shirye-shirye irin su ''The Oprah Winfrey Show'' da ''Larry King Live'' . Andrew da Martha Stewart sun rabu a 1987 kuma sun sake aure a 1990. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1941]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 80cdsr6zomrz7te90essxqcq4ad6zu9 0 117509 906614 719800 2026-08-23T15:39:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist|Name=Ajebo Hustlers|caption=|Landscape=|Alias=|Origin=[[Nigeria]]|Genre={{hlist|[[Afrobeats]]|[[Highlife]]}}|Label=|Associated_acts=|website=|Current_members={{hlist|Piego|Knowledge}}|Past_members=|Years_active=2015–present}} '''Ajebo Hustlers''' dan Najeriya ne mai suna Afrobeats da Highlife wanda ya hada da Piego (Isaiah Precious) da Ilimi (George Dandeson), rapper. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Amoye |first=Temisan |title=Ajebo Hustlers solidify artistry with Pos Lifestyle Vol 1 |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/08/ajebo-hustlers-solidify-artistry-with-pos-lifestyle-vol-1/ |access-date=3 November 2024 |website=Vanguard News}}</ref> An zabi su ne don Kyautar Headies ta 2022 don Mawallafin Waƙoƙi na Shekara kuma sun lashe Kyautar Duo mafi Kyawu a Soundcity MVP Awards a 2023 . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ajebo Hustlers Are Port Harcourt City’s Latest Cherished Export - Okayplayer |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/ajebo-hustlers-nigeria-port-harcourt/ |website=www.okayafrica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Aderoju |first=Darlene |date=27 July 2022 |title=Wizkid Leads 2022 Headies Awards Nominees: See Complete List |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/headies-awards-2022-nominations-1235118266/ |website=Billboard}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Emmanuel |first=Solution |title=Soundcity MVP Awards 2023: Burnaboy, Kizz Daniel win (FULL WINNERS LIST) |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/581354-soundcity-mvp-awards-2023-burnaboy-kizz-daniel-win-full-winners-list.html |access-date=3 November 2024 |website=Premium Times Nigeria}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Piego da Ilimi sun hadu yayin da suke aiki a gidan cin abinci a Port Harcourt, Najeriya. Sun kafa kungiyar a hukumance a shekarar 2015 biyo bayan fitowar wakarsu "Bole and Fish Remix".<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2017 |title=NET Exclusive: Meet Ajebo Hustlers Gang, an escape from stereotype Nigerian Pop Music - Nigerian Entertainment Today |url=https://thenet.ng/net-exclusive-meet-ajebo-hustlers-gang-an-escape-from-stereotyped-nigerian-pop-music/}}</ref> A cikin 2020, sun sami karbuwa bayan fitowar "Barawo" wanda [[1da Banton]] ya samar, da kuma remix wanda ke nuna [[Davido]]. Waƙoƙin su na 2021 "Pronto," tare da Omah Lay ya fara fitowa a kan jadawalin TurnTable Top 50. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Native |first=The |date=12 April 2021 |title=TurnTable Top 50: Teni's "For You" returns to No. 1 |url=http://thenativemag.com/turntable-top-50-chart-tenis-returns-no-1-spot/ |website=The NATIVE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alake |first=Motolani |date=1 March 2021 |title=Teni’s 'FOR YOU' Spends a Second Consecutive Week at No. 1, Ajebo Hustlers’ 'Pronto' Rises to the Top 5 |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/tenis-for-you-spends-a-second-consecutive-week-at-no-1-ajebo-hustlers-pronto-rises-to/je5en21 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en |access-date=4 October 2025 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521040649/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/tenis-for-you-spends-a-second-consecutive-week-at-no-1-ajebo-hustlers-pronto-rises-to/je5en21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A farkon 202''1'', Apple Music ta zaɓi Ajebo Hustlers a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin 'Up Next' na Najeriya, wanda ke nuna masu fasaha masu tasowa. Kundin su na farko, Kpos Lifestyle, Vol. An saki 1 a wannan shekarar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Samuel |first=Olajide |date=8 August 2021 |title=Ajebo Hustlers excited over Apple Music recognition |url=https://punchng.com/ajebo-hustlers-excited-over-apple-music-recognition/ |website=Punch Newspapers}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Tribune |date=6 August 2021 |title=Ajebo Hustlers announced as first ‘Up Next’ artistes in Nigeria |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ajebo-hustlers-announced-as-first-up-next-artistes-in-nigeria/ |website=Tribune Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2022 |title=Ajebo Hustlers Interview: "Music Is a Spiritual Thing" |url=https://audiomack.com/world/post/ajebo-hustlers-interview |website=Audiomack World |language=en}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka yi == === Albums === * ''[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] 1'' (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alake |first=Motolani |date=29 July 2021 |title='Kpos Lifestyle Vol. 1' proves Ajebo Hustlers are renaissance men [Pulse Album Review] |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/review-ajebo-hustlers-kpos-lifestyle-vol-1-album/we4vn0m |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> === Wasanni masu tsawo === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center;" ! scope="col" style="width:12em;" |Taken ! scope="col" style="width:19em;" |Bayanan wasan da aka faɗaɗa |- ! scope="row" |''Bad Boy Etiquette 101''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adebiyi |first=Adeayo |date=9 December 2022 |title=Ajebo Hustlers drop new EP, 'Bad Boy Etiquette 101' |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/ajebo-hustlers-drop-new-ep-bad-boy-etiquette-101/z93vpbc |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ihejirika |first=Uzoma |date=9 December 2022 |title=A 1-Listen Review Of Ajebo Hustlers’ New EP ‘Bad Boy Etiquette 101’ |url=https://thenativemag.com/1-listen-review-ajebo-hustlers/ |website=The NATIVE}}</ref> | * An saki shi: 9 ga Disamba 2022 * Alamar: Avante Entertainment * Tsarin: sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''Bad Boy Etiquette 102: Ci gaba da Bincike''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bartee |first=Richardine |date=25 April 2024 |title=Nigerian duo Ajebo Hustlers to release new project ‘Bad Boy Etiquette 102: Continuous Assessment’ |url=https://grungecake.com/ajebo-hustlers-bad-boy-etiquette-102-continuous-assessment-announcement/articles/110411 |website=GRUNGECAKE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Guardian |date=11 May 2024 |title=The Bad Boy Etiquette of Ajebo Hustlers |url=https://guardian.ng/life/the-bad-boy-etiquette-of-ajebo-hustlers/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News}}</ref> | * An saki shi: 3 ga Mayu 2024 * Alamar: Avante Entertainment * Tsarin: sauke dijital, yawo |} === Ma'aurata === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Album |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |"Barawo" | rowspan="4" |''Kpos Rayuwa, Vol. 1'' |- |"Symbiosis" |- | rowspan="3" |2021 |"Ba da daɗewa ba" |- |"Yafun Yafun" |- |"Aminci" | rowspan="2" |''Kyakkyawan Yara 101'' |- |2022 |"A cikin soyayya" (tare da Fave) <br />{{Small|(with [[Fave (singer)|Fave]])}} |- |2023 |"Ba Wam ba" | rowspan="2" |''Bad Boy Etiquette 102: Ci gaba da Bincike'' |- |2024 |Celine Dion (tare da Odumodublvck) <br />{{Small|(with [[Odumodublvck]])}} |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !'''Shekara''' !'''Kyautar''' !'''Sashe''' !'''Wanda aka zaba / aiki''' !'''Sakamakon''' !'''Ref''' |- | rowspan="2" |'''2022''' | rowspan="2" |Headies |Mawallafin Waƙoƙi na Shekara |Masu Hustlers na Ajebo| {{Nom}} |<ref name=":2"/> |- |Mafi kyawun Afrobeats Album |"Kpos Lifestyle, Vol. 1"| {{Nom}} |<ref name=":2" /> |- |'''2023''' |Kyautar Soundcity MVP |Mafi Kyawun Duo |Masu Hustlers na Ajebo| {{Won}} |<ref name=":3"/> |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 7ejrjqcsazw8h39mb59vnjy7yv7vvdk 0 117978 906809 828975 2026-08-24T02:18:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Chukwunonso Anozuma Bassey Iwuchukwu''', // ⓘ wanda aka fi sani da '''Nonzo''' (mai salo a cikin duk hular '''NONZO''' ), kuma wanda aka fi sani da '''Nonso Bassey''', mawaƙin Najeriya ne, marubuci, ɗan wasa kuma abin ƙira. Ya kasance daga cikin manyan 8 na ƙarshe a cikin bugu na farko na The Voice Nigeria kuma an sanya hannu a baya zuwa Universal Music West Africa (fka. Universal Music Group Nigeria ). Shi ma dan wasa ne a gidan talabijin na Africa Magic TV, ''Battleground'' . Kafin Agusta 2022, ya tafi da sunan mataki Nonso Bassey. <ref name="Pulse Nigeria">{{Cite web |last=Adebiyi |first=Adeayo |date=15 August 2022 |title=Rising Afrobeats act Nonzo drops new single 'TOYO' |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/fast-rising-afrobeats-act-nonzo-drops-new-single-toyo/36z5ezc |access-date=13 October 2022 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Bassey a [[Kalaba|garin Calabar]] ga mahaifin [[Inyamurai|Igbo]] daga [[Imo|jihar Imo]] da kuma mahaifiyar [[Mutanen Efik|Efik]] daga [[Cross River|jihar Cross River]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2018 |title=SPOTLIGHT! – NONSO BASSEY CHATS WITH GLANCE ONLINE! |url=https://www.glanceng.com/2018/11/30/nonso-bassey-chats-with-glance-online/ |access-date=17 September 2019 |website=Glance Nigeria |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027082258/https://www.glanceng.com/2018/11/30/nonso-bassey-chats-with-glance-online/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2000, ya sami gurbin karatu a Jami'ar Calabar International Secondary School, Calabar kuma ya kammala a 2006. Ya halarci [[Jami'ar Covenant University|Jami'ar Covenant]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2016 |title=Eagles On A Mission; Beacon Set 5 Years Anniversary – #CFSlocal in Nigeria |url=https://changeforsociety.com/eagles-on-mission-beacon-set-5-years-anniversary-covenant-university-alumni/ |access-date=17 September 2019 |website=Change for Society |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031231659/https://changeforsociety.com/eagles-on-mission-beacon-set-5-years-anniversary-covenant-university-alumni/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> daga nan ya kammala digiri na biyu a fannin Turanci da Adabi bayan ya yi [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|bautar kasa (NYSC)]] a matsayin ma'aikacin gwamnati a sashin sufurin jiragen sama a jihar Imo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2016 |title=#TheVoiceNigeria: 40 things to know about the 8 finalists |url=https://ynaija.com/thevoicenigeria/ |access-date=17 September 2019 |website=Ynaija}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2021 |title=Nonso Bassey: on passion, finding balance between music and film [Pulse Interview] |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/nonso-bassey-pulse-interview/49lyy3q |access-date=26 August 2022 |website=Pulse Nigeria }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sana'a == Bassey ya fara aikin kiɗan nasa na ƙwararru lokacin da aka nuna shi akan waƙar, ''Mafarki na'' tare da [[VJ Adams]] da rapper MI a 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2017 |title=WHERE ARE THE TOP 8 FROM THE VOICE NIGERIA 2016 |url=https://thenativemag.com/music/top-8-voice-nigeria-2016/ |access-date=17 September 2019 |website=The Native Magazine}}</ref> A cikin 2016, ya buga wasan farko na The Voice Nigeria, kuma ya sanya shi zuwa wasan kwaikwayo na rayuwa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2016 |title="The Voice Nigeria blind audition was the most nerve-wracking experience of my life" |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/nonso-bassey-the-voice-nigeria-blind-audition-was-the-most-nerve-wracking-experience/s086gsh |access-date=17 September 2019 |website=Pulse Nigeria |archive-date=16 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116211804/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/nonso-bassey-the-voice-nigeria-blind-audition-was-the-most-nerve-wracking-experience/s086gsh |url-status=dead }}</ref> inda ya gama a matsayin babban 8 na ƙarshe <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2017 |title=Not just amazing vocalists |url=https://africamagic.dstv.com/news/not-just-amazing-vocalists |access-date=17 September 2019 |website=Africa Magic}}</ref> kuma daga baya ya sanya hannu ta Universal Music Group . <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2019 |title=Universal Music Partners With Nigerian Streaming Service uduX |url=https://variety.com/2019/biz/news/universal-music-partners-with-nigerian-streaming-service-udux-1203182925/ |access-date=17 September 2019 |website=Variety Magazine}}</ref> A cikin 2017, an jefa shi a matsayin ''Dr Emeka Kalu'' akan telenovela na Africa Magic, ''Battleground'' inda kimiyyar sinadarai ta kan allo tare da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] suka ji daɗin sake dubawa daga masu suka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2017 |title=Actor talks about "Battleground," favourite Tenka moment, upcoming projects |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/nonso-bassey-actor-talks-about-battleground-favourite-tenka-moment-upcoming-projects/zsry2yj |access-date=17 September 2019 |website=Pulse Nigeria}}</ref> A cikin Afrilu 2017, ya buɗe wa [[Aṣa]] a wurin shagalin ta a Legas. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2017 |title=Singer holds second edition of her live concert |url=https://www.pulse.ng/asa-live-in-lagos-encore-singer-holds-second-edition-of-her-live-concert/y6ngse3 |access-date=17 September 2019 |website=Pulse Nigeria }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A wannan shekarar, Bassey ya fito a cikin fim din Wurukum Roundabout tare da wasu fitattun 'yan wasan Afirka, ciki har da [[Juliet Ibrahim]], [[Gbenro Ajibade]], [[Susan Peters]] da Keppy Young. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2017 |title=Wurukum Roundabout (2017) Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7958892/fullcredits |access-date=17 September 2019 |website=IMDB}}</ref> A cikin Fabrairu 2018, Nonso Bassey ya fito da karon farko na hukuma guda ''411'', wanda [[Johnny Drille|Johny Drille]] ya samar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2018 |title=VIDEO: Nonso Bassey – 411 |url=https://talkmediaafrica.com/2018/02/09/video-nonso-bassey-411/ |access-date=17 September 2019 |website=Talk Media Africa}}</ref> Waƙar ta sami karɓuwa sosai kuma mai bitar Mujallar Native, Edwin Okolo ya taƙaita nazarinsa game da waƙar yana cewa, ''"Mawakan Najeriya kaɗan ne kawai suka ƙirƙira ballads masu ƙarfi da suka sami damar sace mu daga bugu na hypnotic na tafiyar mu na Afrobeat ba tare da tsayawa ba, kuma tare da "411", Nonso Bassey waɗanda suka shiga tsere.'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2018 |title=NONSO BASSEY COMPELS YOU TO LOVE HIM WITH "411" |url=https://thenativemag.com/music/nonso-bassey-goes-broke-411/ |access-date=17 September 2019 |website=The Native Magazine}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2018 |title=Nonso Bassey – 411 |url=https://africamagic.dstv.com/video/nonso-bassey-411 |access-date=17 September 2019 |website=Africa Magic}}</ref> A watan Afrilun 2019, Bassey ya saki waƙarsa ta biyu a ƙarƙashin Universal Music Group Nigeria, waƙa mai daɗi ''da'' Yekini 'Tiwezi' Temitayo ya shirya tare da faifan bidiyon Adesua Okosun. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2019 |title=Nonso Bassey – For You |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GIGLTrKKMWc |access-date=24 September 2019 |website=Youtube}}</ref> A cikin Oktoba 2019, an zaɓi Bassey don lambar yabo don ''Mafi kyawun Ayyukan Murya (Namiji)'' don ɗayansa na farko, ''411'' a bugu na 13 na Kyautar Headies . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=19 October 2019 |title=Wizkid, Tiwa Savage, Others Battle for Biggest Awards at the Headies |url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/10/19/wizkid-tiwa-savage-others-battle-for-biggest-award-at-headies/ |access-date=19 October 2019 |website=PM News}}</ref> An zabe shi tare da Johnny Drille, Wurld, Funbi da Tay Iwar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2019 |title=Headies 2019: Here is Pulse's full list of predictions |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/headies-2019-burna-boy-falz-rema-to-win-big-pulse-predictions/0ws4wlr |access-date=19 October 2019 |website=PulseNG |archive-date=19 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019123635/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/headies-2019-burna-boy-falz-rema-to-win-big-pulse-predictions/0ws4wlr |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2019 |title=Naira Marley: Why im name no dey Headies 2019 nominee list |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-49903777 |access-date=19 October 2019 |website=BBC}}</ref> Ya canza sunansa daga Nonso Bassey zuwa Nonzo, bayan fitowar waƙarsa ta farko a cikin shekaru 3 "Toyo" akan 12 ga Agusta 2022. A ranar 15 ga Disamba 2023, Nonzo ya fitar da kundi na farko na studio mai suna Diary of a Lover Boy, wanda aka saki ta hanyar Prime Disrupt Media, kuma an ba shi lasisi zuwa Wild Imaginations. == Kyaututtuka da zaɓe == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Kyauta ! Kashi ! Sakamako ! Ref |- | 2019 | Kyautar Headies | ''Mafi kyawun Ayyukan Murya (Namiji)''|{{Nom}} | <ref name=":0"/> |- | 2021 | [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ta 17|Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka]] | [[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Mafi kyawun Jarumi a Matsayin Jagora]]|{{Nom}} | <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Banjo |first=Noah |date=2021-10-29 |title=FULL LIST: Ayinla, Omo Ghetto: The Saga bag multiple nominations at AMAA 2021 |url=https://punchng.com/full-list-ayinla-omo-ghetto-the-saga-bag-multiple-nominations-at-amaa-2021/ |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> |} == Finafinai == * ''Battleground (Telenovela - 2017) a matsayin Dr. Emeka Kalu'' * ''Wurukum Roundabout (2017)'' * ''Daga Legas tare da Soyayya (2018) kamar yadda Maxwell McPherson'' * ''Tainted Canvas (2020) a matsayin Malami'' * ''Matar Kudi Mai Wayo (Serial TV 2020) a matsayin Olumide Sanni'' * ''[[La Femme Anjola]] (Fim ɗin Feature - 2021) a matsayin Dejare'' * ''Soyayya Kamar Wannan (2022)'' * ''Zama (2022)'' * ''Alkawari (Serial TV 2022)'' * ''Usifo (2023)'' * ''Jakar Bola (2023)'' * ''Ba a rubuta ba (Jerin TV na 2024) azaman Frank'' * ''Zuciya marar Gani (2024)'' * ''Karkashin Wraps (2024) Matar Kudi Mai Wayo'' * ''[[Princess on a Hill|Gimbiya akan tudu]]'' (2024) * ''Tuba (2025)'' == Magana == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] tamyw5pbvy29aeypcq6zbooz11ftb57 0 119473 906794 786836 2026-08-23T23:42:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906794 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Nana Akwasi Awuah''' 'yar siyasar Ghana ce, [[Activist|mai fafutuka]] kuma [[lauya]]. Ta kasance manajan darektan kamfanin Precious Minerals Marketing Company, tsohon hukumar gwajin zinariya ta Ghana, daga 2021 zuwa 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2024 |title=PMMC sets sights on making Ghana a global gold leader |url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/PMMC-sets-sights-on-making-Ghana-a-global-gold-leader-1961520 |website=Ghanaweb.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 2014, ya kafa kuma ya kasance mai shirya taron Occupy Ghana wanda ya soki shugabancin Ghana a karkashin [[First presidency of John Mahama|Shugabancin farko na John Mahama]] kuma ya shirya shahararrun zanga-zangar jama'a guda biyu; Occupy Ghana da Occupy Flagstaff House . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Nana Akwasi Awuah ta kammala karatu a shekara ta 2006 daga Makarantar Mfantsipim, makarantar sakandare a Cape Coast . A shekara ta 2011, ya kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah]] tare da digiri na farko na Shari'a (LL.B). Ya sami takardar shaidar cancanta a Shari'a (Q.C.L.) daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Ghana a shekarar 2013. A shekara ta 2015, an ba Awuah lambar yabo ta Mandela Washington Fellowship a Jami'ar Delaware inda ya sami takardar shaidar shugabancin jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2015 |title=Senators Coons and Carper inspire, advise young global leaders during UD visit |url=https://www1.udel.edu/udaily/2016/aug/senators-global-leaders-082515.html |website=udel.edu}}</ref> A cikin 2021, ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na biyu na kimiyya a harkokin kasuwanci na duniya daga [[Jami'ar Ghana]] bayan shekara guda na karatu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2023 |title=One-on-One with Nana Akwasi Awuah |url=https://www.youtube.com/live/nUDNYVQ5UIo?si=DeRG_q4j7ZE90LEN |publisher=Adom}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Awuah ya yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje a karkashin tsarin sabis na kasa daga watan Agusta 2011 zuwa Oktoba 2011, lokacin da ya sami shiga Makarantar Shari'a ta Ghana. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Ghana, ya yi aiki a Ghartey da Ghartey Law Chambers, wanda Efua Ghartey le [[Joe Ghartey]] suka jagoranta, daga Yuli 2013 zuwa Oktoba 2013. A cikin 2014, Awuah ya kafa Occupy Ghana, ƙungiyar matsa lamba ta zamantakewa tare da Kofi Bentil, Sydney Casely-Hayford da Ace Ankomah . Kungiyar ta shirya zanga-zangar titin da ake kira Occupy Flagstaff a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2014 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2014 |title=Flagstaff House Demo Takes Off |url=https://www.ghanareview.com/Restyle/index2.php?class=all&date=2014-07-01&id=61004 |publisher=ghanareview.com }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Manasseh Awuni Azure |date=2 April 2015 |title=Manasseh's Folder: OccupyGhana or Occupy Partisan Politics? |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/608845/manassehs-folder-occupyghana-or-occupy-partisan-politics.html |website=modernghana.com}}</ref> Occupy Ghana ta kafa shafin yanar gizo kuma ta fitar da sakonnin manema labarai game da abubuwan da suka faru na siyasa yayin da suka faru. A lokacin da yake aiki, Occupy Ghana ta yi barazanar kuma ta gudanar da karar shari'a a kan hukumomin jihohi daban-daban saboda rashin aiki a kan bukatun ta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2014 |title=Occupy protestors to sue Auditor, Attorney Generals |url=https://citifmonline.com/2014/10/occupy-protestors-to-sue-auditor-attorney-generals/ |website=citifmonline.com |access-date=30 October 2025 |archive-date=6 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406222800/https://citifmonline.com/2014/10/occupy-protestors-to-sue-auditor-attorney-generals/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2014 |title=OccupyGhana threatens to drag A-G, Auditor-General to court if…. |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/occupyghana-threatens-to-drag-a-g-auditor-general-to-court-if/ |website=myjoyonline.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2014 |title=Reduce fuel prices or face court action - OccupyGhana tells NPA |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/reduce-fuel-prices-or-face-court-action-occupyghana-tells-npa.html |website=graphic.com.gh}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2017, Awuah ya ce ya yi imanin cewa zanga-zangar ta haifar da sakamako.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Occupy Flagstaff House yielded results - Nana Akwasi Awuah |url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Occupy-Flagstaff-House-yielded-results-Nana-Akwasi-Awuah-554384 |website=ghanaweb.com}}</ref> A cikin 2015, Awuah da Kofi Bentil sun yi aiki a matsayin lauyoyi ga 'yar wasan kwaikwayo [[Yvonne Nelson]] da mawaƙa Sarkoda don shirya jerin zanga-zangar tituna da ake kira #DumsorMustStop . Wadannan zanga-zangar tituna sun yi niyyar matsawa gwamnatin Ghana ta [[John Mahama]] don warware matsalar katse wutar lantarki a lokacin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2015 |title=Yvonne Nelson, Sarkodie to lead 'Dumsor vigil' on May 1 |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/dumsor-vigil-to-be-held-may-16.html?template=graphicshowbiznews&is_preview=on&amp=1 |website=graphic.com.gh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2015 |title=How successful was #DumsorMustStopVirgil ? |url=https://globalvoices.org/2015/11/01/how-successful-was-dumsormuststop-vigil-in-ghana/ |website=globalvoices.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2015 |title=Ghana's celebrities lead protest marches against ongoing energy crisis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/17/ghanas-celebrities-lead-protest-marches-against-ongoing-energy-crisis |website=theguardian.com}}</ref> A cikin 2015, Awuah ya kafa Ƙungiyar Citizen Ghana . A wannan shekarar, dandalin, wanda Awuah ya wakilta a kotu, ya kai karar Ma'aikatar Wutar Lantarki ta Ghana, babban lauya da Kakakin Majalisar kan yarjejeniyar da gwamnatin Ghana ta sanya hannu tare da AMERI, ƙungiyar makamashi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pressure group sues Power Ministry, Speaker and AG over controversial AMERI deal |url=https://www.modernghana.com/amp/news/662455/pressure-group-sues-power-ministry-speaker-and-ag-over-cont.html |website=modernghana.com}}</ref> A cikin 2016, dandalin, wanda Awuah ya jagoranta a kotu, ya sami hukunci wanda ya tilasta wa hukumomin jihar su saki bayanai game da kwangilar alamar bas din Smattys.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2016 |title=We will make ourselves available to citizens seeking to access information – Movement |url=https://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2016/04/19/we-will-make-ourselves-available-to-citizens-seeking-to-access-information-movement/ |website=ghanabusinessnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2017 |title=Bureau to help Ghanaians access information |url=http://www.businessghana.com/site/news/general/152838/Bureau-to-help-Ghanaians-access-information- |website=businessghana.com}}</ref> A cikin 2017, dandalin ya ba da shawarar wucewa na Dokar [[Ƴancin Samun Bayanai|Hakkin Bayani]], dokar da za ta tilasta wa hukumomin jihar su saki bayanai a kan buƙatar 'yan ƙasar Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2017 |title=Parliament urged to pass Right to Information Bill |url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Parliament-urged-to-urgently-pass-Right-to-Information-Bill-586559 |website=Ghanaweb.com}}</ref> A cikin 2019, Awuah ya kafa kamfanin lauya, Parkwood da Mossane . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nana Akwasi Awuah Esq |url=https://www.parkwoodmossane.com/ |access-date=4 December 2024 |website=parkwoodmossane.com}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2021, Shugaba [[Nana Akufo-Addo]] ya nada Awuah a matsayin manajan darakta na Kamfanin Minerals da Mining Company (PMMC). <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2021 |title=New MD of PMMC promises to make firm profitable |url=https://3news.com/news/new-md-of-pmmc-promises-to-make-firm-profitable/ |website=3news.com}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 2017, Awuah yana aiki a matsayin sakatare ga kwamitin kamfanin kafin nadin shi a matsayin manajan darektan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2017 |title=Make PMMC profitable governing board tasked |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/805215/make-pmmc-profitable-governing-board-tasked.html |website=modernghana.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2021 |title=OccupyGhana's Akwasi Awuah gets PMMC appointment |url=http://news.ghheadlines.com/agency/ghana-web-/20211122/152473019/occupyghanas-akwasi-awuah-gets-pmmc-appointment |website=ghheadlines.com}}</ref> Yayinda yake ofis, Awuah ya yi iƙirarin cewa PMMC ba ta shiga cikin samar da zinariya mara alhakin ba tare da ambaton canjin tsarin lasisi a matsayin matakin kariya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2023 |title=PMMC will not engage in irresponsible gold sourcing |url=https://www.asaaseradio.com/pmmc-boss-well-not-engage-in-irresponsible-gold-sourcing/?amp=1 |website=asaaseradio.com}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2025, Sammy Gyamfi ya maye gurbin Awuah a matsayin Shugaba na Kamfanin Kasuwancin Minerals ta sabuwar gwamnatin shugaban kasa ta [[John Mahama]], wanda ya koma mulki bayan Babban zaben Ghana na 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2025 |title=Sammy Gyamfi, Esq. pledges to transform PMMC with focus on transparency and community empowerment |url=https://theheraldghana.com/sammy-gyamfi-esq-pledges-to-transform-pmmc-with-focus-on-transparency-and-community-empowerment/ |website=theheraldghana.com}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan maye gurbinsa, an dakatar da aikin PMMC kuma Hukumar Zinare ta Ghana ta karɓi ayyukanta, sabuwar hukumar da aka kafa ta sabuwar dokar majalisa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2025 |title=Ex-PMMC Boss Questions GoldBod Decision |url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/ex-pmmc-boss-questions-goldbod-decision/ |website=dailyguidenetwork.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2025 |title=New PMMC Boss Calls for Unity to Achieve President Mahama’s Vision |url=https://goldbod.gov.gh/new-pmmc-boss-calls-for-unity-to-achieve-president-mahamas-vision/ |website=goldbod.gov.gh }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 707n68s3unfw73ymyrzvmfr5lcghb8t 0 119607 906926 900620 2026-08-24T07:57:31Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 906926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:@QueenRania_(4174494686).jpg|thumb|Sarauniya Rania ta Jordan]]    Matsayin siyasa, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na mata a Jordan ya bambanta bisa ga dabi'un doka, al'adu, al'ada da addini a lokacin. Hakkin mata da abubuwan da suka faru a Jordan sun dogara da wasu dalilai, kamar aji, wurin asali, addini, da sauran dalilai, kamar iyali.[1] Wadannan tasirin sun bambanta da yanki, tare da mutanen Bedouins, Druze, da Chechen kowannensu yana da al'adun al'adu da halaye daban-daban. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an sami canje-canje masu mahimmanci a cikin sa hannun mata a siyasa, da kuma karuwar sa hannun jari a cikin zane-zane da wasanni. A cikin Global Gender Gap index, Jordan ta kasance a matsayi na 131 daga cikin kasashe 156 a cikin Shekara ta 2021.[2] Wannan ya haɗa da shiga tattalin arziki da dama, shiga ma'aikata, da rashin daidaito na albashi don irin wannan aikin.[2] Yunkurin kare hakkin mata a Jordan yana da dogon tarihi mai wadata, tare da kungiyoyi kamar Kungiyar Mata ta Jordan da ke ba da shawara ga ilimin mata, haƙƙin siyasa, da sake fasalin shari'a. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Jordan ta gabatar da sauye-sauyen shari'a da nufin inganta haƙƙin mata, kodayake manyan shingen daidaito tsakanin jinsi sun kasance a cikin ma'aikata.[1] Har yanzu tashin hankali ga mata babban matsala ne a Jordan, tare da tashin hankali na gida, cin zarafin jima'i, da kashe-kashen girmamawa da ke faruwa a wasu al'ummomi. Kokarin magance wannan batun ya sami cikas saboda rashin kariya ta shari'a da al'adun rashin hukunci ga masu aikata laifin.[1] == Mata da siyasa a Jordan. == Mata a Jordan suna ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga duniyar fasaha, suna nuna ƙarfinsu da ƙarfafawa ta hanyar maganganunsu na fasaha. Wani nune-nunen da aka yi kwanan nan a Zara Gallery mai taken "Layin Ƙarfi" ya ƙunshi ayyukan mata huɗu na gida. [1] Hotunan su sun ɗauki kyan gani, da hankali, da sirrin mata, yayin da ke nuna kwarin gwiwa, sha'awarsu, da sha'awarsu. Ta hanyar salo da fasahohi daban-daban, waɗannan masu fasaha sun ba da motsin rai, ƙalubalanci ka'idojin zamantakewa, da zaburar da masu kallo. Ayyukan zane-zanen su na murna da juriyar mata kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga ƙarin fahimtar zƙoƙarin mata na fasaha a Jordan. [1] == Wakilin siyasa. == === Tsarin shari'a na aiki === Tsarin aiki na yanzu don haƙƙin mata a Jordan ya haɗa da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jordan, lambar matsayi na jama'a, Dokar Yanayin Mutum da dokar ƙasa da ƙasa game da haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ka'idodin gargajiya da al'adu na mata suna tasiri ga yadda ake kallon mata da kuma bi da su a Jordan.[1] Mata na Jordan, duk da haka, ba su sami damar jefa kuri'a ba har zuwa 1974. Wannan ya yi marigayi sosai ga yankin, inda wasu ƙasashe da yawa duk sun ba mata damar yin zabe a shekarar 1967.[2] === Tsarin Mulki na Jordan. === An rubuta Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jordan a shekara ta 1952 kuma ya ce duk "Jordaniyawa za su kasance daidai a gaban doka. Wannan ya haɗa da cewa maza da mata sun kasance daidai da doka kuma mata ba za su kasance ƙarƙashin maza ba kuma, kuma ba za a yi wariya ga 'yanci ba. ko ayyuka. An bayyana sashin "daidai da shari'a" a cikin labarin na 6. [1] Kada a nuna bambanci a tsakanin su dangane da hakkokinsu da ayyukansu na kabila, harshe ko addini." [2] Yawancin tanade-tanaden tsarin mulki sun tabbatar da haƙƙin asali da wakilcin siyasa ga kowa. A matsayin karin misali, Mataki na ashirin da biyu ya bayyana cewa kowane dan kasar Jordan yana da daidai daman nadawa da kuma yin aiki a ofishin gwamnati, cewa irin wadannan nade-naden "za a yi su ne bisa cancanta da cancanta." [3] Wani gyara a watan Janairu 2003,ya aiwatar da tsarin rabo a majalisar dokokin Jordan, kuma yayin da tsarin addini ya kasance na kujerun majalisar dokoki a cikin kundin tsarin mulki, ba da kujeru ga mata sabon abu ne kuma ya nuna cewa gwamnati ta amince da kuma tana son rushe shingen da mata ke fuskanta. tsayawa takara. [3] Dokar hukunta laifuka ta wucin gadi ta rage yanke hukunci ga mazan da suka aikata ta'addanci a kan mata a cikin "girmamawa" mahallin (duba ƙasa: "Ci gaba da Cin Hanci da Jinsi"). A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, duk da haka, an gyara lambar. Yayin da dokar ta asali ta ba maza damar aiwatar da dokar da kansu, sabon gyara ya bar hukunci da yanke hukunci ga tsarin shari'a na jihar. [3] Babu wani tanadi a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ma'aikata ko Penal Code don kare mata daga cin zarafin mata . Kasar Jordan mamba ce ta kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da dama wadanda ke tabbatar da hakkin dan adam ga mata. [4] === Yarjejeniyar kasa ta 1990 === Mata a Jordan sun ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga duniyar fasaha, suna nuna ƙarfinsu da ƙarfafawa ta hanyar maganganunsu na fasaha. Wani nune-nunen da aka yi kwanan nan a Zara Gallery mai taken "Layin Ƙarfi" ya ƙunshi ayyukan mata huɗu na gida. [1] Hotunan su sun ɗauki kyan gani, da hankali, da sirrin mata, yayin da ke nuna kwarin gwiwa, sha'awarsu, da sha'awarsu. Ta hanyar salo da fasahohi daban-daban, waɗannan masu fasaha sun ba da motsin rai, ƙalubalanci ka'idojin zamantakewa, da zaburar da masu kallo. Ayyukan zane-zanen su na murna da juriyar mata kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga ƙarin fahimtar ƙoƙarin mata na fasaha a Jordan. [1] === Yarjejeniyar kawar da dukkan nau'ikan nuna bambanci === Yarjejeniyar kawar da dukkan nau'ikan nuna bambanci ga mata (wanda ake kira CEDAW) yarjejeniya ce ta babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. An karbe shi a shekara ta 1979 [1] Kasashe da yawa sun sanya hannu kan wannan yarjejeniyar, gami da Jordan a shekarar 1980, kuma Jordan ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar a shekarar 1992 [2] Wannan Yarjejeniyar ta samar da cikakken daidaito tsakanin maza da mata. Wannan ya haɗa da daidaito a rayuwar siyasa da jama'a da kuma aiki gabaɗaya.[3] Wannan taron ya kasance babban ci gaba a kan haƙƙin mata. Kasashen da suka sanya hannu kan wannan yarjejeniyar suna da iyaka ta hanyar doka don aiwatar da wannan yarjejeniyar a cikin ƙasarsu.[4] Taron ya kuma haɗa da ingantawa a fagen daidaito na aure, nauyin yara, da 'yancin zaɓe. === Wakilin da aka zaba === [[Fayil:Women_protest_in_downtown_Amman,_Jordan,_1968.jpg|left|thumb|Mata sun yi zanga-zanga a cikin garin Amman, 1968]] Yayin da shigar mata a majalisar dokokin Jordan ya karu cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, har yanzu ba a yi kasa a gwiwa ba. Duk da dokar ta 1974 da ta bai wa mata ‘yancin yin kamfen da yin aiki a ofis, kaɗan daga cikin matan Jordan a yau ne ke da kuzari ko jin daɗin tsayawa takara a siyasance, yayin da ma kaɗan ne ake zaɓe kuma a ƙarshe suna hidima. [1] A cikin 2016 da 2020, Sisterhood is Global Initiative a Jordan ta ƙaddamar da wani shiri mai suna "Ido Kan Mata" don sa ido kan ayyuka da liyafar kamfen ɗin siyasa na mata. [2] [3] Sarkin Jordan na yanzu, mai martaba Sarki Abdallah II, ya zartar da dokar da ke bukatar kason yawan mata a majalisar dokoki. [4] Tunda aka kafa kalmomin, 15 daga cikin kujerun 130 a cikin ƙananan gidan majalisa da suka saba kuma an sami nasarar samun nasarar mata. Sai dai mata sun samu kujeru 19 a zaben 2013. [5] Dokta Alia Mohammed Odeh Abu Tayeh ta kasance fitacciyar ‘yar majalisar dattijai ta kasar Jordan, inda ta ke ba da gudummawa sosai ga harkokin majalisar dokokin kasar. A matsayinta na dan majalisar dattawa, tana wakiltar muradun mazabarta kuma tana shiga cikin ci gaban manufofi da yanke shawara da ke tsara makomar Jordan. Matsayinta na Sanata ya samo asali ne sakamakon jajircewar da ta yi wajen yiwa jama’a hidima da kuma sadaukar da kai wajen magance kalubalen al’umma. [1] Zaben Dr. Abu Tayeh a matsayin dan majalisar dattawa yana da matukar muhimmanci a fagen wakilcin mata a fagen siyasar kasar Jordan. Nasarar da Dr. Abu Tayeh ya samu a matsayinsa na 'yar majalisar dattawa ta mata ya nuna irin ci gaban da ake samu wajen inganta shigar mata cikin harkokin siyasa na kasar Jordan. Zaben nata ya nuna mahimmancin inganta daidaiton jinsi da kuma baiwa mata damar gudanar da shugabanci. A zabukan 2020, kujeru 15 ne aka ware wa mata kuma an zabi daidai adadin (sake cikin kujeru 130). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Women, opposition lose seats in Jordan election |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/12/women-lose-seats-in-jordan-vote |access-date=2020-11-20 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> 'Yan takarar mata sun kasance 20.5% na mutane 1,674 da ke neman kujerar majalisar dokoki a 2020; a karshe sun samu kashi 11.5% na kujerun. <ref name=":0" /> Sarauniya Rania ta Jordan ta yi amfani da matsayinta da ikonta don tallafawa haƙƙin mata.[1] Iyalinta sun fito ne daga asalin Palasdinawa (mahaifinta ya fito ne daga Ṭūlkarm, mahaifiyarta daga Nablus) kuma an haife ta kuma ta girma a Kuwait . [1] Rania tana da ilimi sosai; tana da digiri na gudanar da kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Amurka da ke Alkahira (1991) kuma kafin ta auri Sarki Abdullah II a watan Janairun 1993, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai banki.[1] A matsayinta na Sarauniya, Rania ta goyi bayan haƙƙin mata, samun ilimi, damuwa game da muhalli, da ci gaban al'ummomin Jordan masu ƙarfi. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2008, ta kaddamar da shafin yanar gizon bidiyo a matsayin wani ɓangare na kokarin da ta yi na rushe ra'ayoyi game da Larabawa da inganta tattaunawa da Yamma.[1] === Hukumar Mata ta Jordan === Manufar Hukumar Kula da Mata ta Jordan (JNCW) ita ce ta "taimakawa da haɓaka hangen nesa na daidaito tsakanin jinsi a duk fannonin manufofi da kuma rage gibin tsakanin amincewa da haƙƙin mata kamar yadda doka ta bayyana da kuma ainihin halin al'umma ga mata ta hanyar inganta matsayin mata da haɓaka rawar da suke takawa a ci gaban ƙasa. " [1] Suna aiki don daidaita matsayin mata na zamantakewa, siyasa, da tattalin arziki a Jordan ta hanyar gabatar da dokokin da ke akwai game da haƙƙin Mata. [2] Har ila yau, JNCW tana aiki tare da cibiyoyin gwamnati daban-daban da kungiyoyin ba da agaji da fatan samun reshe da haɓaka ƙungiyarsu. A shekara ta 1996, majalisar ministocin Jordan ta sanya JNCW a matsayin hukuma "maɓallin magana" a kan dukkan batutuwan da suka shafi mata; yanzu tana ba da rahoto kai tsaye ga Firayim Minista. JNCW ta zama kusan cibiyar gwamnati da ke da alhakin tsara manufofi na kasa game da haƙƙin mata da ci gaban tattalin arziki.[3] Sarauniyarta ta sarauta Princess Basma tana zaune a matsayin shugaban kasa na yanzu kuma marigayi Sakatare Janar Asma Khader ne ya jagoranci, sanannen lauya mai rajin kare mata kuma Ministan Al'adu na baya wanda kuma ya kasance Shugaba na Jordan's Sisterhood is Global Institute (SIGI). [4] Janar Janar Maha Ali ne ya gaje ta.[5] === Daidaitawar jinsi a Jordan === Daidaiton jinsi yana da babban fa'ida, kuma rabin mutanen Jordan sun fahimci hakan. Duk da haka, ana buƙatar ƙarin ƙoƙari don cimma wannan, tun da kashi 18 cikin 100 ne kawai ke taka rawa wajen cimma wannan. [1] Mata suna fuskantar ƙalubale da yawa saboda jinsinsu a Jordan, gami da matsayin iyali, ƙa'idodin al'adu, rashin wakilci, ƙalubalen shari'a, da kuma kula da maza. [1] Koyaya, kashi 29 na tunanin cewa an riga an yiwa maza da mata cikakkiyar daidaito a Jordan. [1] == wakilcin zamantakewa == === Ilimi === [[Fayil:Young_girls_reading_-_Government_primary_school_in_Amman,_Jordan.jpg|thumb|Jordan tana da mafi girman yawan karatu da rubutu a [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]].]] Kasar Jordan ce ke da mafi girman yawan karatun mata a Gabas ta Tsakiya a kashi 98.1%. [1] [2] Galibin matan Jordan sun yi karatu da ilimi sosai; bambance-bambance a cikin tsammanin aiki dangane da jinsi yakan samo asali ne daga ayyukan al'adu, ba gaskiyar cewa mata ba su da fifiko kamar maza. [1] Ilimin mata a Jordan kuma shine mafi girma a yankin MENA. [3] Sharuɗɗan Tsarin Mulki sun tabbatar da haƙƙin asalin 'yan ƙasar Jordan ga ilimi. Mataki na 20 ya sanya ilimin firamare da ake buƙata ga dukan 'yan Jordan kuma kyauta a makarantun gwamnati.<ref name="WB41">The Economic Advancement of Women in Jordan: A Country Gender Assessment. </ref> An bayyana wannan tanadin kuma an ƙarfafa shi a cikin Dokar Ilimi. Gwamnatin Jordan tana kashe kashi 3.2% na GDP a kan ilimi (2021), kuma tun daga 1980, Yawan karatu da rubutu a Jordan ga mata ya karu daga 69.2% zuwa 91% (2002), zuwa 97.4% (2012) kuma a ƙarshe zuwa 98.1% (2021). <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/ |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Jordan |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/countries/jordan/ |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal}}</ref> Mata da suka shiga a kowane mataki na makaranta suna da girma kuma matan Jordan suna da matsakaicin matsakaicin shekarun makaranta idan aka kwatanta da mata a Kuwait da Bahrain. Duk da yake tun daga shekara ta 2005 maza a Jordan sun sami shekaru 1.7 da yawa fiye da mata a Jordan, wannan bambancin ana ɗaukarsa ƙasa sosai ga yankin.[1] Adadin masu barin ba ya wuce gona da iri. Mata da suka bar makaranta suna da'awar ainihin dalilin su (a matakai daban-daban) shine aure da alhakinsu a gida, yayin da maza da suka bar suna cewa suna yin hakan ne da farko don samun aiki da taimaka wa iyalansu samun kuɗi.[1] Amincewar iyali game da ilimin mace yana da mahimmanci. Lokacin da iyali mafi talauci ba zai iya sanya yara fiye da ɗaya a makaranta ba, yaron zai iya samun ilimi kuma ana sa ran yarinyar za ta mai da hankali kan ƙwarewar gida, kuma wannan ya samo asali ne daga rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi.[1] Duk da yake mata suna da damar zuwa makaranta na asali, samun damar horar da fasaha yana da iyaka yayin da ake sa ran mata suyi nazarin batutuwa da ke da alaƙa da matsayinsu na mata da uwaye - kamar fasaha, bil'adama, da koyarwa (2005). [2] Akwai yawan jinsi a cikin litattafan Jordan.[3] Mata na Jordan sun kasance masu aiki a ilimi sama da ƙarni guda, kamar yadda mace ta farko da ta koyar da darussan makarantar sakandare a Jordan ita ce Zainab Abu Ghneimah a shekarar 1922.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The First High School Female Teacher in Jordan - Zainab Abu Ghneimah |url=https://www.rhdc.jo/en/documentary-platforms/first-high-school-female-teacher-jordan-zainab-abu-ghneimah |website=Royal Hashemite Documentation Center |publisher=Royal Hashemite Documentation Center |language=en |access-date=2025-11-01 |archive-date=2024-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601013356/https://www.rhdc.jo/en/documentary-platforms/first-high-school-female-teacher-jordan-zainab-abu-ghneimah |url-status=dead }}</ref> An fara gabatar da darussan mata a Jami'ar Jordan ta hanyar Rula Quawas, wanda a baya ya kafa kuma Darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin Mata ta Jami'ar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2017 |title=Fight for freedom and equality: the heart of battle |url=https://hybrismedia.com/2017/06/06/fight-for-freedom-and-equality-testimony-from-the-heart-of-battle-part-1/ |website=Hybris Media |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sweis |first=Rana F. |date=2 August 2017 |title=Rula Quawas, Champion of Women’s Advancement in Jordan, Dies at 57 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/02/world/middleeast/rula-quawas-feminist-jordan-dead.html |website=The New York Times |publisher=The New York Times Company}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sabbagh |first=Amal |date=April 2018 |title=Rula Quawas 1960–2017 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/review-of-middle-east-studies/article/rula-quawas-19602017/F76C62FC31A69C72E31691005A2B7EAF |journal=Review of Middle East Studies |language=en |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=168–170 |doi=10.1017/rms.2018.19 |issn=2151-3481}}</ref> Sarauniyar Jordan, Rania, tana tallafawa ilimi ga dukkan yara a Jordan tare da tushe 'The Queen Rania Foundation for Education and Development' wanda aka kafa a shekarar 2013.[1] Gidauniyar tana taimakawa wajen bincike da ci gaba a cikin ilimin Jordan kuma kwanan nan ta gano cewa a Jordan 'yan mata ne ke da mafi yawan kashi a ilimi idan aka kwatanta da yara maza wanda ya haifar da bambancin jinsi.[2] Sarauniya Rania kuma mai ba da shawara ce ga UNICEF kuma ta kasance shugabar girmamawa ta duniya ta UNICEF United Nations Girls' Education Initiative a shekara ta 2009.[3] === Aiki === Akwai tanade-tanaden kundin tsarin mulki da suka tabbatar da ainihin hakkin 'yan kasar Jordan na yin aiki. Babu wani abu a cikin Islama, mafi yawan addini a Jordan, ya hana mata yin haka. [1] Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ce, "Aiki shine haƙƙin dukan 'yan ƙasa," "Ayyukan sun dogara ne akan iyawa ," da kuma "Dukan [1] yan Jordan suna daidai da doka. harshe ko addini ." [1] Dokokin Ma'aikata sun kara fayyace Kundin Tsarin Mulki: "By Jordanians ana nufin duka maza da mata." [1] Dokar Ma'aikata ta bayyana ma'aikaci / ma'aikaci / ma'aikaci a matsayin "kowane mutum, namiji ko mace, wanda ke yin aiki don mayar da albashi." Kundin tsarin mulki ya ce gwamnati "za ta tabbatar da aiki da ilimi a cikin iyakokin iyakoki, kuma za ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya da dama ga dukkan 'yan Jordan." [1] Aiki shine "haƙƙin kowane ɗan ƙasa," kuma "Jihar za ta ba da damar yin aiki ga dukan 'yan ƙasa ta hanyar jagorancin tattalin arzikin ƙasa da haɓaka matsayinsa." Dokokin ƙwadago na Jordan sun kare mata daga rasa ayyukansu yayin da suke da juna biyu kuma suna ba su taimako da kulawa da yara . [2] Yayin da dokokin da kansu ke inganta adalci da daidaito, al'adun gargajiya na maza da mata da kuma "yanayin ubangida na tsarin shari'a " suna ba da gudummawa ga rashin ganin mata a wuraren aiki da kuma rashin daidaito da suke fuskanta sau ɗaya a can. [1] Rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi a Jordan a yau ya samo asali ne daga matsayin jinsi na gargajiya wanda ya shiga cikin al'adun Jordan. "A tushen shingen ga aikin mata shine halayen gargajiya waɗanda ke sanya babban darajar matsayin mata a cikin masu zaman kansu da kuma cikin iyali wanda ke da mahimmanci a cikin al'ummar Jordan. " <ref name="WB402">The Economic Advancement of Women in Jordan: A Country Gender Assessment.</ref> ra'ayoyin sun dogara ne akan ra'ayoyinsu cewa: " (a) maza da mata sun bambanta da halitta kuma waɗannan bambance-bambance na halitta sun ƙayyade aikin zamantakewarsu; (b) maza da Mata suna da ayyuka daban-daban da suka dace a cikin iyali; kuma (c) suna da hakkoki daban-daban amma daidai da ke da ke da alaƙa da waɗannan alhakin. " "Tsarin gargajiya" na jinsi na Jordan yana sa ran mata su yi aure da wuri kuma su ba da gudummawa ga iyali a matsayin mai gida, matar da uwa.[1] Ya ɗauka cewa mutumin zai kula da gidan kuma zai ciyar da iyalinsa ta hanyar kuɗi. Mata, a matsayin mata da uwaye, ana ganin su a matsayin masu rauni kuma suna buƙatar kariya da ya kamata mijin ya bayar. Hakkin maza na kare matansu da 'ya'yansu ana ɗaukarsa isasshen hujja don yin amfani da iko a kan mata a duk fannoni na yanke shawara game da bangarorin jama'a da masu zaman kansu. Saboda wannan al'ada, hulɗar mata da wakilci a siyasa da al'umma mijinta ne ke shiga tsakani.[1] Duk da yake wannan tsarin ya wanzu har zuwa wani mataki a duk faɗin duniya, ya fi shahara a Jordan yayin da ya zama tsari kuma ya mamaye tsarin doka. [[Fayil:Women_doing_beadwork_in_Jordan.jpg|alt=Four women, one in a wheelchair and two wearing headscarves, sitting around a table assembling mosaics with tools and materials|left|thumb|Mata suna tattara mosaics a cikin shirin da gwamnati ke tallafawa]] 7rashin aikin yi, rashin aikin yi, bambance-bambance a cikin albashi da rarrabewar aiki sune manyan dalilai huɗu a cikin tattalin arziki waɗanda ke tasiri ga matakin aikin mata.[1] Dangane da rashin aikin yi, kashi 15% na maza ba su da aikin yi yayin da kashi 25% na mata ba su da aiki kuma kashi 82% na mata masu shekaru 15-29 ba su da sana'a.[1] Mata ba su da aiki saboda ana daukar su aiki ƙasa da maza da ke da karancin ilimi saboda manyan sassan tattalin arzikin Jordan sun kasance kuma an rufe su ga mata.[1] Maza da ba su da ilimi galibi suna da ayyuka da yawa yayin da mata ke da ilimi mafi kyau, wanda ke haifar da mata da yawa da ke buƙatar ayyukan da ke buƙatar ƙaramin ilimi fiye da yadda suke da su. Nuna bambanci a Jordan ba ya bambanta da ko'ina a duniya, amma a hade da al'adun gargajiya da al'adu - kamar kasancewa da alhakin yankin masu zaman kansu (iyali da gida) - ana fitar da mata daga ma'aikata.[2] Dokar Jordan ta ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata mata su yi biyayya ga mazajensu saboda maza suna tallafa wa iyali, kuma idan ta yi rashin biyayya mijinta na iya dakatar da tallafin kudi.[1] Bugu da kari, maza sun ɗauki ikon hana matansu aiki, kuma kotunan Jordan sun tabbatar da waɗannan dokoki.[1] Bugu da ƙari, yayin da kisan gilla na girmamawa ke faruwa akai-akai kuma a halin yanzu suna kan karuwa, mata ba su da ƙwazo don barin lafiyar gidajensu.[1] Dokoki a Jordan game da kisan gilla na girmamawa suna ci gaba da ba da damar kotuna su magance masu aikata laifin a hankali.[1] Rarrabawar aiki ta wanzu a kowane bangare na ma'aikatan Jordan kamar yadda rabuwa ta tsaye da ta kwance take.[1] Rarrabawar tsaye tana nufin manufar R7ufin gilashi, inda mata ke mai da hankali kan ƙananan ayyuka, ƙananan ayyuka kuma ba za su iya shiga cikin matakan da suka fi girma ba. Rarrabawar kwance tana faruwa ne lokacin da wasu ayyukan suka fi dacewa da mata. Misali, yawancin maza na Jordan ma'aikatan gwamnati ne kuma suna cika manyan mukamai yayin da matan Jordan ke mai da hankali kan ayyukan matsakaici. Sakamakon iyakantaccen ci gaban tattalin arzikin mata da ƙarancin shiga cikin mata a cikin ma'aikata yana haifar da ƙaranciyar amfani da ƙarfin samar da ƙasa (Bankin Duniya ya kiyasta cewa a halin yanzu yana cikin rabin damarsa), ƙananan matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na gida da ƙananan GDP na kowane mutum.[1] Babban ƙalubale ga haɗa mata daidai a cikin wurin aiki shine shawo kan halayen gargajiya ga mata da ayyukan da ake tsammani a matsayin uwaye da mata.[1] Canjin halin zai haifar da canjin "dokokin jinsi" da kuma rawar da mata ke takawa a matsayin masu kula da gida.[1] A watan Yulin 2021, Ministan yada labarai na Jordan Sakher Dudin ya yi kira ga hadin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu don karfafa mata a tattalin arziki, tunda mata a Jordan sun kunshi kashi 15 cikin dari na ma'aikata gaba ɗaya, a cewar rahoton da Ma'aikatar Kididdiga ta buga.[1] ==== Ma'aikatan ƙaura na gida a Jordan ==== Kimanin ya sanya ma'aikatan ƙaura miliyan ɗaya a cikin aiki a Jordan (ko da yake kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku ne kawai aka rubuta) kuma yawancin su mata ne da suka zo daga Philippines, [[Bangladesh]], Sri Lanka, da [[Uganda]].[1][2] Wadannan mata galibi suna aikawa da kudade zuwa kasashensu a matsayin tushen samun kudin shiga na iyali. Ma'aikata da yawa a ƙarƙashin tsarin "Kafala" (Sponsorship) wanda ke da amfani sosai don tsara dangantakar tsakanin ma'aikata da ma'aikata, gami da sanya matsayin ma'aikata a cikin ƙasar ya dogara da ma'aikatan. Mutane da yawa suna sukar aikin Kafala, gami da Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Duniya, Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Jordan Tamkeen, da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.[3][4] Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Cikin Gida ta Duniya (a shekara ta 2009) tana aiki tare da cibiyoyin sadarwa a Jordan don inganta yanayin aiki mai kyau, kodayake mata masu ƙaura da yawa sun dogara da cibiyoyi na al'ada don tallafi.[1] A shekara ta 2009, Jordan a matsayin ƙasa ɗaya a yankin ta karɓi ma'aikatan gida masu ƙaura a ƙarƙashin dokar aiki ta ƙasa.[5] Tsarin Kafala, duk da haka, har yanzu ba a ambaci shi musamman a cikin waɗannan dokoki ba wanda ke nufin bai warware batutuwan rashin daidaito ga ma'aikatan ƙaura na cikin gida ba.[6] === Cibiyar sadarwa ta yau da kullun === Cibiyar Taimako ta Musulunci a Jordan misali ne na wata hanya ta matsakaicin matsakaicin mata na Jordan suna iya sadarwa da haɗawa akan abubuwan da suka faru. Maimakon yin aiki kamar "taimako" na gargajiya, an kafa waɗannan cibiyoyin agaji na Islama a kan tushen zamantakewa.[1] Duk da yake waɗannan ba su da alaƙa da jihar a hukumance, suna tasiri ga ƙasar a cikin zamantakewa da siyasa. Sauran kungiyoyin al'umma a Jordan, kamar Asusun Hashemite na Jordan, suna ƙarfafa mata su kafa kwamitocin su, su gudanar da zaben [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]], kuma su kafa kananan hadin gwiwar mata kawai. Lokacin da yawancin waɗannan shirye-shiryen suka fara a cikin shekarun 1980, sun sami adawa mai mahimmanci daga shugabannin al'umma, tare da wasu barazanar rufe kwamitocin mata a yankinsu.[1] A cikin zane-zane, Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Mata ta Jordan, wadda aka ƙaddamar a cikin 2020 ta dan kasuwa mai kula da kiɗa Mais Sahli, yana cikin ƙungiyoyin da ke aiki don inganta matan Jordan a masana'antun kere-kere. Wani muhimmin mace a cikin sadarwar yau da kullun a Jordan ita ce Sarauniya Rania . Tare da tushe ta shirya shirye-shirye da yawa a fannonin ilimi, haƙƙin mata da haƙƙin yara.[1] Sarauniya Rania ta nuna cewa ta himmatu ga mutanenta kuma ta saka hannun jari wajen inganta rayuwar talakawanta ta hanyar ƙoƙarin buɗe Jordan zuwa tasirin zamani tare da kasuwancin ta.[2] A matsayinta na mace mai matsayi a Jordan, Sarauniya Rania ta tabbatar da kanta ba kawai kasancewa Uwargidan Shugaban kasa ba, matar sarki, da uwa; amma kuma ta zama mace da ke cikinta kuma tana ba da gudummawa ga al'ummarta.[2] === Wasanni === Dima da Lama Hattab (Disamba 31, 1980) 'yan'uwa mata tagwaye ne daga Jordan, da farko an san su a matsayin 'yan gudun hijirar mata na farko a Gabas ta Tsakiya don shiga tseren jimiri, Marathon des Sables . [1] Dima da Lama Hattab sun fuskanci kalubale lokacin da suke neman tallafi daga manyan kamfanoni a Jordan saboda rashin goyon bayan ayyukan wasanni. Duk da fuskantar matsaloli, sun kuduri aniyar tabbatar da iyawar matan Larabawa ga duniya. [2] Qamar Majali, wacce ke jagorantar hukumar kula da keken keke ta mata, ta yarda cewa duk da cewa ba a nuna wa mata wariya a wasannin motsa jiki a Jordan, samun tallafin daukar nauyin ‘yan wasa mata yana da matukar wahala. Majali ya bayyana cewa, kamfanoni gaba daya suna shakku wajen daukar nauyin mata, saboda imanin cewa mata da wuya su samu nasara a gasar wasanni. [1] Sai dai, ba kamar a wasu kasashen Larabawa ba, matan da suka yi fice a fagen wasanni a kasar Jordan ba sa fuskantar suka. Idan tagwayen sun cimma burinsu, za su shiga cikin wasu zababbun matan Larabawa da suka shahara ta fannin wasanni, irinsu Gimbiya Haya, matar Sheikh Mohammad bin Rashed, Yariman [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]] mai jiran gado. [1] Gimbiya Haya tana da banbancin kasancewarta 'yar wasan Larabawa mafi ƙanƙanta don fafatawa a wasan dawaki kuma mace Balarabe ta farko kuma 'yar gidan sarautar Larabawa da ta shiga gasar Olympics. [1] ==== Kare kai don yakar yancin mata ==== Akwai na musamman na kariyar kai da kuma wasan motsa jiki na mata, waɗanda suke so su koyi tsayawa kansu da kare kansu. [1] Lina Khalifeh ce ta kafa wannan, kuma ta yi jayayya cewa hakan yana da babban tasiri a rayuwar mata. Hakan zai taimaka wa mata su kare kansu daga cin zarafin da maza ke yi musu. Mata a Jordan sun ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga duniyar fasaha, suna nuna ƙarfinsu da ƙarfafawa ta hanyar maganganunsu na fasaha. Wani nune-nunen da aka yi kwanan nan a Zara Gallery mai taken "Layin Ƙarfi" ya ƙunshi ayyukan mata huɗu na gida. [1] Hotunan su sun ɗauki kyan gani, hankali, da sirrin mata, yayin da suke nuna amincewarsu, sha'awarsu, da sha'awarsu. Ta hanyar salo da fasahohi daban-daban, waɗannan masu fasaha sun ba da motsin rai, ƙalubalanci ka'idojin zamantakewa, da zaburar da masu kallo. Ayyukan zane-zanen su na murna da juriyar mata kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga ƙarin fahimtar ƙoƙarin mata na fasaha a Jordan. [1] Ta hanyar hanyoyin fasaha daban-daban, kamar zane-zane, sassaka, da fasahar wasan kwaikwayo, waɗannan matan suna ƙalubalantar ƙa'idodin al'umma kuma suna sake fayyace matsayin jinsi na gargajiya. [1] Ayyukan zane-zanen su yana aiki azaman kayan aiki mai ƙarfi don bayyana kai, gwagwarmaya, da sharhin zamantakewa. Ta hanyar dawo da wuraren jama'a da kuma haɗa ra'ayoyin mata a cikin aikinsu, waɗannan masu fasaha sun yi tasiri sosai a kan yanayin birane. [1] Sana'arsu ba wai kawai tana magance batutuwan zamantakewa ba har ma tana ƙarfafa tattaunawa da haɓaka haɗa kai tsakanin al'umma. Ƙoƙarin fasaha na matan Jordan sun ƙunshi jigogi iri-iri, gami da ƙarfafa mata, asalin al'adu, da adalci na zamantakewa. Ta hanyar ra'ayoyinsu na musamman da ba da labari, waɗannan masu fasaha suna ba da gudummawa ga fage mai ban sha'awa da fa'ida a cikin Jordan. [1] == Hakkin iyali == === Aure === Mazajen Jordan sun ƙayyade iyawar matansu don amfani da haƙƙoƙin da aka tabbatar da su ta hanyar tsarin mulki don aiki da sauran ayyukan jama'a. Dokokin Jordan da al'adu sun nuna cewa maza suna da wani iko a kan matansu don yin sulhu da hulɗarsu da jama'a. Maza suna sa ran matansu su yi biyayya saboda suna aiki don tallafa wa iyali ta hanyar kudi.[1] Wasu gyare-gyare sun jinkirta wannan "mallaka" ga 'yan mata. Misali, Majalisar Dokokin Jordan ta kara shekarun aure zuwa 18 ga yara maza da mata, kamar yadda dokar da ta gabata ta sanya shekarun doka don aure a 16 ga yara maza kuma 15 ga 'yan mata, wanda ya inganta auren farko da kuma barin makaranta ga' yan mata masu aure.[1] === Saki === Mata ‘yan kasar Jordan wadanda suke son shigar da karar auren dole ne su yi hakan ta kotunan addini da aka fi sani da tsarin kotunan Shari’a. <ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last=David |first=Helen |date=2018-10-01 |title=Women's Divorce Rights in Jordan: Legal Rights and Cultural Challenges |url=https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/2969 |journal=Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection}}</ref> Bambance-bambancen tawili da aiwatar da dokar saki, duk da haka, akwai a tsakanin [[Shari'a|kotunan Musulunci]] a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Musamman ma kisan aure a kasar Jordan ya kan yi watsi da yancin mata kuma ya bar mata ba komai idan iyalansu ba sa tallafa musu. Sau da yawa matan Jordan ba sa son neman saki saboda akwai babban rashin mutuncin al'ada ga matan Jordan da suka rabu tun da ana zargin wadannan matan da laifin barin auren da kuma cin amanar iyali. <ref name=":03" /> A shekarun baya-bayan nan, tun daga shekarar 2010, gwamnati ta dukufa wajen ganin an gyara matsalar a tsarin kotuna, ta hanyar sauya tsarin shari’a tare da ba wa mata karin hakki. [1] Alal misali, "An samar da wata sabuwar doka da za ta tilasta wa maza biyan kudin alawus na tsawon shekaru uku maimakon watanni shida, wanda a baya haka yake." [1] Saboda maza suna da 'yancin sakin aure kuma su daina tallafa wa matansu idan sun kasance "masu rashin biyayya" wata doka ta samar da wani asusu na wajaba ga matan da aka sake su, ta tabbatar musu da sulhu daga tsohon mijin nasu. [2] === Yara === Uban yana da alhakin fasaha na kayan yara, kulawa da ilimi yayin da mahaifiyar ke da alhakin "kulawan jiki da reno" na yara. [1] <> yayin da ake ɗaukar uba a matsayin " majibincin halitta", idan iyayen suka rabu, uwar za ta ɗauki nauyin kulawa. [1] A yau, duk da haka, yara "na ne" na iyaye biyu amma uwar gaba ɗaya tana zama a gida don renon yara. === Dukiya === Yayin da binciken mata da haƙƙin mallaka ya nuna cewa kotunan Islama sun “taimaka wa mata haƙƙin mallaka,” mata a Jordan sun mallaki ƙasa da ƙasa da danginsu maza. [1] A cikin tarihi har yau, lokacin da mata suka mallaki dukiya kuma suka gaji, an sha matsa musu akai-akai don ba da ƙasarsu ga ’yan uwa maza. [1] Sakamakon haka, kasa da kashi hudu na dukkan kadarorin da ke Jordan mallakar mata ne. [1] === Tashin Hankali Na Jinsi === ==== Bayanan tushe ==== A cikin kasashen Larabawa, harkokin cikin gida da na aiki sun banbanta sosai, kuma tattaunawa kan 'yancin mata na tafe. Cibiyoyi da yawa ba su wanzu a Amurka har yanzu suna tsaye a Jordan, kamar rashin samun damar samun ilimi ga mata a kasashen Larabawa . A cikin 1988, Binciken Ma'aikata da Rashin Aiki ya gano cewa kashi 22% na matan Jordan dalibai ne kuma ba kasa da kashi 76% na mata matan gida ne. [1] Bugu da kari, mata kan fara aiki a kasar Jordan tun suna kanana, wadanda yawancinsu ba su da ilimi. [1] Abin da ake tsammani ga yawancin matan Jordan shine ko dai su kasance a gidansu ko kuma su yi aure su zauna tare da mazajensu, suna sarrafa gidajensu yayin da mazajensu suka tafi. [1] Kusan dukkan matan kasar Jordan sun dogara da maza a fannin tattalin arziki a rayuwarsu, wanda hakan ya sa su fi fuskantar tashin hankali a gidajensu. [1] A Jordan, gidan mace zai iya zama wuri mafi haɗari a gare su. Mafi akasarin cin zarafin mata a kasar Jordan na faruwa ne a cikin gida, wadanda a mafi yawan lokuta ke da alaka da wanda aka azabtar. Binciken da aka yi a yanzu ya nuna cewa akwai hanyoyi da dama da ake iya yin tashin hankali a cikin gida, tun daga zagi har zuwa lalata . [1] Mafi matsananci duka shine kisan gilla, inda ake kashe matan da ake zargi da kaucewa ka'idojin da al'umma suka gindaya don dawo da martabar mutum. [1] Al'ummar Jordan galibi ana daukar su a matsayin wani sabon tsarin mulki, a ma'anar cewa dangantakar iko ba ta jinsi kadai ke tasiri ba, har ma ta hanyar aji, dangi, ko ikon dangin ku na iya rikewa. [1] Kisan girmamawa shine yanayin kula da zamantakewa, ta yin amfani da tsoro don kiyaye mata a cikin matsayi na ƙasa don kiyaye ikonsu da mutuncinsu. ==== Kisan mutuntaka ==== . Laifukan girmamawa wani abu ne na cin zarafi da ’yan uwa suke yi wa matan da ake ganin sun kunyata iyali ta wata hanya. Mata za su iya " kunyata" danginsu ta hanyar yin " cin amanar aure, jima'i kafin aure da kwarkwasa ", ko kuma yin fyade [1] Dokar hukunta laifuka ta Jordan a yau har yanzu ta ƙunshi tanadin da ke ba da uzuri don girmama laifuffuka ta hanyar ba mai laifi sassauci ga hukunci. Yawancin wadannan kashe-kashen ba a bayar da rahotonsu ba, amma a kowace shekara ’yan uwa ne ke kashe mata goma domin a “dawo da martaba”. [1] Kisan girmamawa yana faruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da ma duniya baki daya. Hukumar kare hakkin bil adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayar da rahoton kisan gilla a Bangladesh, Birtaniya, [[Brazil]], [[Ecuador]], Masar, Indiya, Isra'ila, Italiya, Jordan, Pakistan, Maroko, Sweden, Turkiyya, da Uganda sun fallasa cewa wannan al'ada " ta shiga cikin al'adu kuma a fadin addinai." [1] Yana da wuya a canza doka (musamman sashe na 340 na kundin hukunta manyan laifuka na Jordan) domin a al'adance ana ɗaukar cin zarafin mata a matsayin "batun sirri" maimakon "alhakin ƙasa." [1] A haƙiƙa, an yi wani yaƙin neman zaɓe na kare hakkin mata a duk faɗin ƙasar, wanda Sarki Abdullah da Sarauniya Rania suka goyi bayan, don gyara Mataki na 340, wanda ya ba masu aikata laifin kisan gilla sassauci a kotunan Jordan. [1] ==== Mataki na 340 (a) ==== Dokar Jordan tana kare masu laifi waɗanda suka kashe a cikin sunan girmamawa a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 340 A. Dokar ta ce "Duk wani mutumin da ya kashe ko ya kai hari ga matarsa ko kowane danginsa mata a cikin yin zina ko a cikin "gadon da ba bisa ka'ida ba" yana amfana daga rage hukunci".[1] An yi gyare-gyare na Mataki na 340 A a shekara ta 2001 bayan da mutane da yawa suka tura su gyara dokar kuma suka sami karin hankali bayan Kungiyar Mata ta Jordan ta kafa gidan yanar gizo na farko na tashin hankali na cikin gida. Rana Husseini, wani shahararren ɗan jarida kuma mai fafutuka na Jordan, ya kuma rinjayi sauya dokokin ta hanyar rufe kisan girmamawa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai. A cikin 1999, fadar ta kawar da hanyoyin iyali da kabilanci don magance batutuwan da suka shafi girmamawa. Kashe-kashen girmamawa yanzu babban lamari ne wanda aka kawo kotun masu aikata laifuka. Duk da yunkurin da aka yi na musanta gyare-gyaren da aka yi wa Zababben Ƙananan Majalisar a cikin 1999 da 2000, a shekara ta 2001 an canza Mataki na 340 A don haɗa mata, yana mai da shi tsaka-tsaki na jinsi. Wannan ya yiwu ne kawai bayan dakatar da majalisar dattijai a ƙarshen shekara ta 2001, wanda ya ba da damar yin gyare-gyare. A cewar Human Rights Watch, "A cikin labarin 340, an yi wa dokar "na wucin gadi" gyare-gyare maimakon sokewa: ba za a sake wanke mazaje ba saboda kisan mata marasa aminci, amma a maimakon haka za a dauki yanayin a matsayin shaida don rage hukunci. Kuma, a bayyane ƙoƙarin sauƙaƙe masu goyon bayan sokewa, an mika ragewa ga mata da maza".[1] ==== Mataki na 98 ==== Mas’ala ta 98 ta bayyana cewa “za a kebe wanda ya aikata laifin kisan kai idan laifin da ya aikata ya kasance saboda ‘yanayin fushi mai tsanani don mayar da martani ga wani zalunci da babban abin da aka yi wa wanda aka azabtar.” [1] Wannan doka yana yanke hukunci ga wanda ya aikata laifin kuma zai iya yanke musu hukuncin kasa da watanni 6. A cikin matsanancin yanayi, mafi ƙarancin hukuncin yana ƙara zuwa shekara guda kawai. [2] Mataki na 98 yana aiki ne lokacin da aka sami ko ƴan shaida na wani haramtaccen aiki da ke haifar da fushi. "Wannan dokar ta ba da umarnin rage hukunci ga mai laifi (kowane jinsi) wanda ya aikata laifi a cikin "yanayin fushi mai girma (ko "fushi da fushi") sakamakon wani haramtaccen aiki da haɗari daga bangaren wanda aka azabtar. "Wannan na iya zama ko'ina daga hunch zuwa ainihin shaidar wani lamari. Idan wanda ya aikata laifin ya aikata hukuncin da aka kayyade a lokacin da shari'a ta yi, za a iya sake shi a matsayin mai 'yanci bayan an yi masa shari'a. [2] ==== lamuran ==== Ɗaya daga cikin misalai na kisan kai a Jordan ya faru ne a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Hussein, a ranar 1 ga Satumba 2002, inda ɗan'uwanta mai shekaru 19, Ra'ed ya kashe Su'ad mai shekaru 21.[1] Takardun kotu, maganganun shaida, da maganganun karewa sun bayyana cewa Su'ad tana cikin dangantaka da maƙwabcinta, Mahmoud. Wannan dangantakar ta haifar da ciki, tare da Su'ad daga ƙarshe ya tafi Sashin Tsaro na Iyali saboda ciwon ciki.[1] Iyayen Su'ad sun sanar da juna biyu ta hanyar Family Protection Unit, kuma ɗan'uwan Su'ad, Ra'ed ya isa gidan iyali a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, ba tare da sanin ciki ba. Makwabta na iyayen Su'ad sun kira Ra'ed "ɗan'uwan karuwa" lokacin da ya isa, wanda ya sa iyayen Ra'ed su sanar da Ra'ed game da ciki na Su'ad.[1] An ruwaito cewa Ra'ed ta kusanci Su'ad kuma ta yi tambaya game da ciki, wanda Su'ad ta amsa ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa tana da "yanci don yin abin da take so tare da jikinta da rayuwarta".[1] Washe gari da misalin karfe 5:30 Ra'ed ya shiga dakin Su'ad da igiyar igiya ya shake ta har lahira, bayan ya mika kansa ga hukuma. Daga baya Ra'ed ya shaida cewar ya kashe 'yar uwarsa ne saboda "babu wanda yake da girma da zai yarda 'yar uwarsa ta bata sunan danginsa." A daya daga cikin wasikun da lauyan da ke kare ya rubuta zuwa ga alkali, an rubuta cewa Su’ad “ya cancanci mutuwa saboda daukar ciki ba tare da aure ba ya wuce duk wani tunani na addini ko na dabi’a. [1] Lauyan wanda ake tuhuma ya kuma yi aiki don shawo kan alkali ya aiwatar da Mataki na ashirin da 98, labarin da ke bayyana cewa girmama wadanda suka aikata laifin kisan gilla na iya samun raguwar hukunce-hukunce idan aka tabbatar da cewa suna cikin "halin fushi mai tsanani wanda ya haifar da wani haramtaccen aiki da hadari daga bangaren wanda aka kashe." [1] Alkalin ya sanar da laifin kisan kai, ba da gangan ba, ta hanyar sashi na 326 na kundin laifuffuka, sannan kuma ya aiwatar da Mataki na 98 don baiwa Ra'ed rangwamen hukunci na shekara guda, yana mai cewa ya rasa "masu iko akan nasa". ayyuka" cikin tsananin fushinsa. [1] An yi wa doka ta 98 kwaskwarima a shekarar 2017, inda a yanzu ke bayyana cewa "wadanda suka aikata laifuka "da mata" ba za su iya samun rangwame hukunce-hukunce ba. [1] Duk da haka, Mataki na ashirin da 340 na wannan doka har yanzu ya ba da izinin rage hukunce-hukunce ga "waɗanda suka kashe matansu sun gano suna yin zina." [1] [2] A watan Afrilun 2010, an tuhumi wani mutum mai shekaru 33 da laifin "dakatar da matarsa har lahira tare da jefar da gawarta a kan babbar hanyar da ta kai ga filin jirgin sama na Sarauniya Alia ". Maigidan cikin sauki ya furta cewa ya kashe matarsa ne domin ya kare mutuncinsa, kasancewar ta fita haduwa da wani abokinsa ba tare da izininsa ba. A ranar 18 ga watan Yulin 2020, wani babban tashin hankali game da kisan gilla ya fara ne a Jordan bayan wani kisan gishiri mai ban tsoro ya faru a bayyane a kan titin jama'a.<ref name=":04">{{Cite web |title=Until When?! Honor Killings and Other Domestic Violence Against Women in Jordan |url=https://pomed.org/publication/until-when-honor-killings-and-other-domestic-violence-against-women-in-jordan/ |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=POMED |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227224745/https://pomed.org/publication/until-when-honor-killings-and-other-domestic-violence-against-women-in-jordan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [https://pomed.org/publication/until-when-honor-killings-and-other-domestic-violence-against-women-in-jordan/ "Wani mutum ya kashe 'yarsa, Ahlam, ta hanyar murkushe kanta da wani katako a bayyane a kan titin jama'a, sannan ya zauna kusa da jikinta, yana shan sigari kuma yana shan kofin shayi. Masu shaida sun ruwaito wannan labarin kuma ana iya ganinsa a cikin bidiyon bidiyo da ke yawo a kafofin sada zumunta, inda masu kallo za su iya jin kukan Ahlam. Shaidu sun kuma sun yi iƙirarin cewa 'yan uwan Ahlam sun hana kowa ya zo mata. "] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227224745/https://pomed.org/publication/until-when-honor-killings-and-other-domestic-violence-against-women-in-jordan/ |date=2024-02-27 }} A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2023, an kashe mata uku a Jordan a cikin mako guda saboda 'girmamawa' a cewar mai gabatar da kara na Babban Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka.[1] Ɗaya daga cikin shari'o'in ya shafi mahaifin da ya ƙone 'yarsa mai shekaru 19 ta hanyar zuba man fetur a kusa da gadonta yayin da take barci saboda auren da suka gaza biyu.[1] Wani kuma ya shafi wani mutum da ya dauki wuka na kicin kuma ya yanke wuyan 'yar uwarsa mai shekaru 19 kuma ya kashe ta saboda ya yi tunanin tana cikin dangantaka.[1] Shari'ar ta uku ta yi kama da ita kuma ta shafi wani mutum da ya soke 'yar'uwarsa a wuyanta da kirji saboda ya yi zargin cewa tana da hannu da wani.[1] Dukkanin maza uku an tuhume su da kisan kai, wanda zai iya ɗaukar hukuncin kisa ta hanyar ratayewa idan an aikata laifi.[1] Wani abin da ba a saba gani ba, amma mai yuwuwar dalilin kisan gilla shi ne sakamakon ciki ta hanyar lalata. Ɗaya daga cikin misalin hakan shi ne Kifaya mai shekara 16 sa’ad da ɗan’uwanta mai shekaru 32, Khalid, ya daba mata wuƙa har lahira. [1] Kifaya tana daya daga cikin ‘yan’uwa guda 10 kuma ta samu juna biyu a lokacin da kaninta mai suna Mahmoud ya yi mata fyade. Da farko an yanke wa Khalid hukuncin daurin shekaru bakwai a gidan yari, amma an rage shi zuwa shekara guda sannan kuma aka yanke wa Mahmoud hukuncin daurin shekaru 13 a kan laifin fyade da kashe kanwarsa da gangan. [1] ==== "Dokar fyaden aure" ==== A baya can, Mataki na 308 na kundin hukunta manyan laifuka na Jordan ya bayyana cewa masu aikata laifuka na musamman, ciki har da fyade, za su iya "guje wa yanke hukunci mai tsanani idan sun auri wadanda aka yi wa lalata da su," don haka, a tsakanin masu fafutuka da suka saka hannun jari a soke dokar, labarin. ya zama sananne da " dokar fyaden aure ." [1] An soke dokar a watan Agusta 2017, wanda aka yaba a matsayin nasarar jama'a ga kungiyoyin mata. [1] An buga irin wannan doka a Tunisiya a lokacin wannan bazara, [2] kuma don haka ana iya ganin canjin code na Jordan a matsayin wani ɓangare na yakin duniya na duniya, baya ga la'akari da shi a matsayin 'ya'yan itatuwa na gida. [1] == Duba kuma == * Taimakon kasashen waje don daidaiton jinsi a Jordan * [[Mata a musulunchi|Mata A Musulunci]] * Mata a cikin al'ummar Larabawa * [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|Hakkokin mata]] * Hakkokin LGBTQ a Jordan * Islamophobia == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==  {{Jordan topics}}{{Asia topic|Women in}} [[Rukuni:Mata]] [[Rukuni:Matan Jordan]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] e0f9mimco8xdxfrlgd3thk9kt1gdajf 0 120321 906888 733640 2026-08-24T06:06:10Z BnHamid 12586 906888 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A ranar 7 ga Maris 2025, Bahía Blanca da biranen da ke makwabtaka da su, a Lardin Buenos Aires, [[Argentina]], sun cika da ambaliyar ruwa bayan ruwan sama mai tsanani. Bala'in ya haifar da mummunar lalacewar kayan aiki, dubban kwashewa, akalla mutuwar 17, da kuma bacewar sama da 200. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == mako na farko na Maris 2025, jerin guguwa masu tsanani sun fara tasowa a yankin kudu maso gabashin lardin Buenos Aires. [1] [2][3] Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Kasa ta ba da faɗakarwa game da ruwan sama mai tsanani, amma girman taron ya wuce tsinkaye. 'yan sa'o'i kawai, birnin Bahía Blanca ya sami kimanin ruwan sama na 290 millimeters (11 in), kasancewar ruwan sama mafi muni a Argentina tun 1975 kuma sama da rabin matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a cikin birnin na 584 millimeters (23.0 in). [4] An bayar da rahoton mutuwar mutane 17 sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa, da kuma akalla bacewar mutane 222. Daga cikin wannan adadin mutanen da suka ɓace, uku ne kawai ba a same su ba a ranar 12 ga Maris.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Herman |first=Gonzalo |last2=Martos |first2=Malena Nazareth |date=12 March 2025 |title=Temporal en Bahía Blanca: las personas desaparecidas que aún busca la Justicia y la buena noticia en medio del horror |trans-title=Storm in Bahía Blanca: the missing people still sought by the Justice, and the good news amid the horror |url=https://www.clarin.com/sociedad/temporal-bahia-blanca-personas-desaparecidas-busca-justicia-buena-noticia-medio-horror_0_QuGItzoPsJ.html |access-date=17 March 2025 |website=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]] |language=es}}</ref> Yazo a 6 ga Afrilu, yarinya ɗaya kawai, Delfina Hecker, ta ɓace.<ref name="Infobae2025-03-14">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=Encontraron con vida al joven correntino que había desaparecido en Bahía Blanca |trans-title=Young man from Corrientes who had disappeared in Bahía Blanca, found alive |url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/policiales/2025/03/14/encontraron-con-vida-al-joven-que-habia-desaparecido-durante-el-temporal-en-bahia-blanca/ |access-date=17 March 2025 |website=Infobae |language=es}}</ref> An gano 'yar'uwarta, Pilar Hecker, ta mutu a sansanin sojan ruwa na Port Belgrano . == Yanayin yanayi == {{Reflist}} [[Fayil:Cloudburst_en_Bahía_Blanca_-_Provincia_de_Buenos_Aires.webm|thumb|220x220px|''Lura cewa daga 4:11 AM har zuwa 10:29 AM, launuka ba su bayyane ba, wannan saboda matsanancin ruwan sama ne, wanda ke rufe binciken radar.'']] Kwanaki da yawa kafin taron, iska mai zafi da zafi daga Amazon ya mamaye tsakiyar da arewacin kasar. Matakan rashin daidaituwa sun kasance masu girma, kuma rikice-rikice daban-daban sun mamaye yankin, suna haifar da mummunan yanayi. A ranar 7 ga Maris, 2025, tsawa ta fara tasowa da sassafe a tsakiyar Lardin La Pampa, da sauri ta zama guguwa mai ƙarfi. Yayin da sa'o'i suka wuce, waɗannan guguwa sun ci gaba da karuwa, suna samar da layin rashin kwanciyar hankali. Kusan 3 na safe, layin rashin kwanciyar hankali ya fara ci gaba a hankali zuwa gabas- kudu maso gabas, shiga lardin Buenos Aires. Minti kaɗan kafin ya kai garin Bahía Blanca, layin guguwa ya jinkirta ci gabansa kuma ya ci gaba da karuwa, don haka ya zama girgije. Wannan tsarin guguwa ya kasance kusan tsaye a kan Bahía Blanca (da garuruwan da ke kewaye da shi) a kusa da 4 AM, kuma na sa'o'i da yawa, ya ci gaba da sake farfadowa da karuwa, ya bar ruwan sama mai yawa da tsawa. Ba har sai da misalin karfe 10 na safe ba ne wannan tsarin guguwa ya ci gaba da motsawa, yanzu a gabas zuwa arewa maso gabas. Bidiyo yana nuna hotunan radar. Green yana nuna ruwan sama mai sauƙi, rawaya yana nuna ruwan kasa mai matsakaici da tsawa, kuma ja, fuchsia, da fari suna nuna ruwan sama, ƙanƙara, da tsawa mai ƙarfi ko mai tsanani. Lines na orange da ke samar da polygons sune shawarwari na gajeren lokaci da Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Kasa ta bayar, gargadi game da haɗarin taron.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1 a 10/3 - Continuidad tiempo extremadamente cálido N, muy inestable y húmedo C. FF al final. [Temporal Bahía] - foro.gustfront.com.ar |url=https://foro.gustfront.com.ar/viewtopic.php?t=7060 |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=foro.gustfront.com.ar |language=spanish}}</ref> == Halin da aka yi == ====== A cikin gida ====== Wannan bala'in ya haifar da kokarin jin kai na kasa; an ba da gudummawar abinci, abubuwa masu tsabta, da kayan tsaftacewa daga ko'ina cikin Argentina.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Caminos |first=Alejandro |date=17 March 2025 |title=Continúan las donaciones para Bahía Blanca, a más de una semana del temporal |trans-title=Donations for Bahía Blanca continue after a week of the storm |url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/2025/03/17/continuan-las-donaciones-para-bahia-blanca-a-mas-de-una-semana-del-temporal/ |access-date=17 March 2025 |website=Infobae |language=es}}</ref> Shugaba [[Javier Milei]] bai ziyarci Bahía Blanca ba nan da nan bayan ambaliyar, wanda 'yan adawa daban-daban suka soki shi, ciki har da tsohon shugaban kasar Cristina Fernández de Kirchner.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2025 |title=Dura crítica de Cristina Kirchner a Javier Milei porque no viajó a Bahía Blanca tras el temporal |trans-title=Harsh criticism from Cristina Kirchner to Javier Milei because he did not travel to Bahía Blanca after the storm |url=https://tn.com.ar/politica/2025/03/11/cristina-kirchner-critico-a-milei-porque-no-viajo-a-bahia-blanca-que-desconexion-tenes-con-los-que-sufren/ |access-date=17 March 2025 |website=TN |language=es}}</ref> Milei daga ƙarshe ya yi tafiya ba tare da sanar da shi ba zuwa birnin a ranar 12 ga Maris, daga baya ya bayyana cewa jinkirin da ya yi shi ne don kauce wa jan hankali daga kokarin agaji. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaves |first=Facundo |date=12 March 2025 |title=Milei en Bahía Blanca: un viaje sorpresivo, reunión con el intendente y la angustia por Delfina y Pilar Hecker |trans-title=Milei in Bahía Blanca: a surprising trip, reunion with the mayor, and distress for Delfina and Pilar Hecker |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2025/03/12/milei-en-bahia-blanca-un-viaje-sorpresivo-reunion-con-el-intendente-y-la-angustia-por-delfina-y-pilar-hecker/ |access-date=17 March 2025 |website=Infobae |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=''El Intransigente'' team |date=14 March 2025 |title=Javier Milei sobre su tardía visita a Bahía Blanca: «Tuve que elegir entre la foto o salvar vidas» |trans-title=Javier Milei on his late visit to Bahía Blanca: "I had to choose between the picture and saving lives" |url=https://elintransigente.com/2025/03/javier-milei-sobre-su-tardia-visita-a-bahia-blanca-tuve-que-elegir-entre-la-foto-o-salvar-vidas/ |access-date=17 March 2025 |website=El Intransigente |language=es |quote=Milei subrayó que su decisión fue entre «la foto linda que le gusta a la política o salvar vidas» y aseguró que optó por la segunda. «Si yo voy el primer día, cada uno de los grupos se pone a explicarme lo que tienen que hacer. Por lo tanto, esa tarea puede demandar por lo menos cinco horas y ahí cada minuto cuenta para salvar vidas humanas», agregó. |trans-quote=Milei emphasized that his decision was between "the pretty picture that politicians like, or saving lives" and asserted that he opted for the latter. "If I go on the first day, each group will explain to me what they have to do. Therefore, that task can take at least five hours, and every minute counts in saving lives," he added.}}</ref>&nbsp; === Kasashen Duniya === * : Firayim Minista [[Giorgia Meloni]] ta bayyana "ta'aziyyar ta ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da ta mamaye birane da yawa a Argentina" a kan asusun [[Twitter|X]]. Gwamnatin Italiya ta sabunta goyon bayanta ga hukumomin Argentina da suka himmatu ga taimakon da taimakon jama'ar da abin ya shafa. "{{Flag|Italy}} * : A cikin tweet, Firayim Minista [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] ya koka game da ambaliyar ruwa kuma ya kira Shugaba Milei a matsayin "aboki mai ƙauna".<ref>{{Cite tweet|last=Netanyahu|first=Benjamin|user=netanyahu|date=11 March 2025|title=My dear friend @JMilei, On behalf of all Israelis, I send my heartfelt condolences to you and the families of those who tragically perished in Bahía Blanca following the horrific floods. The people of Israel stand with Argentina at this difficult hour.|accessdate=17 March 2025}}</ref>{{Flag|Israel}} * : Shugaba [[Volodymyr Zelensky|Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] ya koka game da ambaliyar ruwa yayin kiran waya tare da Shugaba Milei game da [[Russia–Ukraine war|Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2025 |title=Javier Milei dialogó con Volodímir Zelenski y le agradeció su solidaridad con Bahía Blanca |trans-title=Javier Milei talked with Volodymyr Zelenskyy and thanked him for his solidarity with Bahía Blanca |url=https://www.ambito.com/politica/javier-milei-dialogo-volodimir-zelenski-y-le-agradecio-su-solidaridad-bahia-blanca-n6124335 |access-date=17 March 2025 |website=Ámbito |language=es}}</ref>{{Flag|Ukraine}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline}} az956tn5t3cj8pt3g2lx3tu48u4bg0p 906890 906888 2026-08-24T06:06:37Z BnHamid 12586 906890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A ranar 7 ga Maris 2025, Bahía Blanca da biranen da ke makwabtaka da su, a Lardin Buenos Aires, [[Argentina]], sun cika da ambaliyar ruwa bayan ruwan sama mai tsanani. Bala'in ya haifar da mummunar lalacewar kayan aiki, dubban kwashewa, akalla mutuwar 17, da kuma bacewar sama da 200. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == mako na farko na Maris 2025, jerin guguwa masu tsanani sun fara tasowa a yankin kudu maso gabashin lardin Buenos Aires. [1] [2][3] Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Kasa ta ba da faɗakarwa game da ruwan sama mai tsanani, amma girman taron ya wuce tsinkaye. 'yan sa'o'i kawai, birnin Bahía Blanca ya sami kimanin ruwan sama na 290 millimeters (11 in), kasancewar ruwan sama mafi muni a Argentina tun 1975 kuma sama da rabin matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a cikin birnin na 584 millimeters (23.0 in). [4] An bayar da rahoton mutuwar mutane 17 sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa, da kuma akalla bacewar mutane 222. Daga cikin wannan adadin mutanen da suka ɓace, uku ne kawai ba a same su ba a ranar 12 ga Maris.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Herman |first=Gonzalo |last2=Martos |first2=Malena Nazareth |date=12 March 2025 |title=Temporal en Bahía Blanca: las personas desaparecidas que aún busca la Justicia y la buena noticia en medio del horror |trans-title=Storm in Bahía Blanca: the missing people still sought by the Justice, and the good news amid the horror |url=https://www.clarin.com/sociedad/temporal-bahia-blanca-personas-desaparecidas-busca-justicia-buena-noticia-medio-horror_0_QuGItzoPsJ.html |access-date=17 March 2025 |website=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]] |language=es}}</ref> Yazo a 6 ga Afrilu, yarinya ɗaya kawai, Delfina Hecker, ta ɓace.<ref name="Infobae2025-03-14">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=Encontraron con vida al joven correntino que había desaparecido en Bahía Blanca |trans-title=Young man from Corrientes who had disappeared in Bahía Blanca, found alive |url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/policiales/2025/03/14/encontraron-con-vida-al-joven-que-habia-desaparecido-durante-el-temporal-en-bahia-blanca/ |access-date=17 March 2025 |website=Infobae |language=es}}</ref> An gano 'yar'uwarta, Pilar Hecker, ta mutu a sansanin sojan ruwa na Port Belgrano . == Yanayin yanayi == [[Fayil:Cloudburst_en_Bahía_Blanca_-_Provincia_de_Buenos_Aires.webm|thumb|220x220px|''Lura cewa daga 4:11 AM har zuwa 10:29 AM, launuka ba su bayyane ba, wannan saboda matsanancin ruwan sama ne, wanda ke rufe binciken radar.'']] Kwanaki da yawa kafin taron, iska mai zafi da zafi daga Amazon ya mamaye tsakiyar da arewacin kasar. Matakan rashin daidaituwa sun kasance masu girma, kuma rikice-rikice daban-daban sun mamaye yankin, suna haifar da mummunan yanayi. A ranar 7 ga Maris, 2025, tsawa ta fara tasowa da sassafe a tsakiyar Lardin La Pampa, da sauri ta zama guguwa mai ƙarfi. Yayin da sa'o'i suka wuce, waɗannan guguwa sun ci gaba da karuwa, suna samar da layin rashin kwanciyar hankali. Kusan 3 na safe, layin rashin kwanciyar hankali ya fara ci gaba a hankali zuwa gabas- kudu maso gabas, shiga lardin Buenos Aires. Minti kaɗan kafin ya kai garin Bahía Blanca, layin guguwa ya jinkirta ci gabansa kuma ya ci gaba da karuwa, don haka ya zama girgije. Wannan tsarin guguwa ya kasance kusan tsaye a kan Bahía Blanca (da garuruwan da ke kewaye da shi) a kusa da 4 AM, kuma na sa'o'i da yawa, ya ci gaba da sake farfadowa da karuwa, ya bar ruwan sama mai yawa da tsawa. Ba har sai da misalin karfe 10 na safe ba ne wannan tsarin guguwa ya ci gaba da motsawa, yanzu a gabas zuwa arewa maso gabas. Bidiyo yana nuna hotunan radar. Green yana nuna ruwan sama mai sauƙi, rawaya yana nuna ruwan kasa mai matsakaici da tsawa, kuma ja, fuchsia, da fari suna nuna ruwan sama, ƙanƙara, da tsawa mai ƙarfi ko mai tsanani. Lines na orange da ke samar da polygons sune shawarwari na gajeren lokaci da Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Kasa ta bayar, gargadi game da haɗarin taron.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1 a 10/3 - Continuidad tiempo extremadamente cálido N, muy inestable y húmedo C. FF al final. [Temporal Bahía] - foro.gustfront.com.ar |url=https://foro.gustfront.com.ar/viewtopic.php?t=7060 |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=foro.gustfront.com.ar |language=spanish}}</ref> == Halin da aka yi == ====== A cikin gida ====== Wannan bala'in ya haifar da kokarin jin kai na kasa; an ba da gudummawar abinci, abubuwa masu tsabta, da kayan tsaftacewa daga ko'ina cikin Argentina.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Caminos |first=Alejandro |date=17 March 2025 |title=Continúan las donaciones para Bahía Blanca, a más de una semana del temporal |trans-title=Donations for Bahía Blanca continue after a week of the storm |url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/2025/03/17/continuan-las-donaciones-para-bahia-blanca-a-mas-de-una-semana-del-temporal/ |access-date=17 March 2025 |website=Infobae |language=es}}</ref> Shugaba [[Javier Milei]] bai ziyarci Bahía Blanca ba nan da nan bayan ambaliyar, wanda 'yan adawa daban-daban suka soki shi, ciki har da tsohon shugaban kasar Cristina Fernández de Kirchner.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2025 |title=Dura crítica de Cristina Kirchner a Javier Milei porque no viajó a Bahía Blanca tras el temporal |trans-title=Harsh criticism from Cristina Kirchner to Javier Milei because he did not travel to Bahía Blanca after the storm |url=https://tn.com.ar/politica/2025/03/11/cristina-kirchner-critico-a-milei-porque-no-viajo-a-bahia-blanca-que-desconexion-tenes-con-los-que-sufren/ |access-date=17 March 2025 |website=TN |language=es}}</ref> Milei daga ƙarshe ya yi tafiya ba tare da sanar da shi ba zuwa birnin a ranar 12 ga Maris, daga baya ya bayyana cewa jinkirin da ya yi shi ne don kauce wa jan hankali daga kokarin agaji. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaves |first=Facundo |date=12 March 2025 |title=Milei en Bahía Blanca: un viaje sorpresivo, reunión con el intendente y la angustia por Delfina y Pilar Hecker |trans-title=Milei in Bahía Blanca: a surprising trip, reunion with the mayor, and distress for Delfina and Pilar Hecker |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2025/03/12/milei-en-bahia-blanca-un-viaje-sorpresivo-reunion-con-el-intendente-y-la-angustia-por-delfina-y-pilar-hecker/ |access-date=17 March 2025 |website=Infobae |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=''El Intransigente'' team |date=14 March 2025 |title=Javier Milei sobre su tardía visita a Bahía Blanca: «Tuve que elegir entre la foto o salvar vidas» |trans-title=Javier Milei on his late visit to Bahía Blanca: "I had to choose between the picture and saving lives" |url=https://elintransigente.com/2025/03/javier-milei-sobre-su-tardia-visita-a-bahia-blanca-tuve-que-elegir-entre-la-foto-o-salvar-vidas/ |access-date=17 March 2025 |website=El Intransigente |language=es |quote=Milei subrayó que su decisión fue entre «la foto linda que le gusta a la política o salvar vidas» y aseguró que optó por la segunda. «Si yo voy el primer día, cada uno de los grupos se pone a explicarme lo que tienen que hacer. Por lo tanto, esa tarea puede demandar por lo menos cinco horas y ahí cada minuto cuenta para salvar vidas humanas», agregó. |trans-quote=Milei emphasized that his decision was between "the pretty picture that politicians like, or saving lives" and asserted that he opted for the latter. "If I go on the first day, each group will explain to me what they have to do. Therefore, that task can take at least five hours, and every minute counts in saving lives," he added.}}</ref>&nbsp; === Kasashen Duniya === * : Firayim Minista [[Giorgia Meloni]] ta bayyana "ta'aziyyar ta ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da ta mamaye birane da yawa a Argentina" a kan asusun [[Twitter|X]]. Gwamnatin Italiya ta sabunta goyon bayanta ga hukumomin Argentina da suka himmatu ga taimakon da taimakon jama'ar da abin ya shafa. "{{Flag|Italy}} * : A cikin tweet, Firayim Minista [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] ya koka game da ambaliyar ruwa kuma ya kira Shugaba Milei a matsayin "aboki mai ƙauna".<ref>{{Cite tweet|last=Netanyahu|first=Benjamin|user=netanyahu|date=11 March 2025|title=My dear friend @JMilei, On behalf of all Israelis, I send my heartfelt condolences to you and the families of those who tragically perished in Bahía Blanca following the horrific floods. The people of Israel stand with Argentina at this difficult hour.|accessdate=17 March 2025}}</ref>{{Flag|Israel}} * : Shugaba [[Volodymyr Zelensky|Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] ya koka game da ambaliyar ruwa yayin kiran waya tare da Shugaba Milei game da [[Russia–Ukraine war|Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2025 |title=Javier Milei dialogó con Volodímir Zelenski y le agradeció su solidaridad con Bahía Blanca |trans-title=Javier Milei talked with Volodymyr Zelenskyy and thanked him for his solidarity with Bahía Blanca |url=https://www.ambito.com/politica/javier-milei-dialogo-volodimir-zelenski-y-le-agradecio-su-solidaridad-bahia-blanca-n6124335 |access-date=17 March 2025 |website=Ámbito |language=es}}</ref>{{Flag|Ukraine}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline}} hlsrbyi5exlcj1g09c2x4h0jnxb26sc 0 121235 906665 899608 2026-08-23T19:10:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Miss Diva wani bangare ne na Femina Miss [[Indiya|India]] wanda da farko ke zabar wakilan [[Indiya]] zuwa gasar Miss Supranational a [[Poland]] da Miss Cosmo International a Vietnam . [1] Daga 2013 zuwa 2023, babbar nasara ta Miss Diva ta wakilci [[Indiya]] a gasar Miss Universe, daya daga cikin manyan masu kyau na duniya hudu . Koyaya, a cikin 2024, ƙungiyar ta janye lasisin Miss Universe. Shweta Sharda, Miss Diva Universe 2023, ita ce wakili na ƙarshe da ƙungiyar Miss Diva ta aika zuwa Miss Universe . [1] [2] [3] == Tarihi == {| class="toccolours" style="width: 20em; float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:80%; line-height:1.5em; width:23%;" ! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#BCD4E6;" |<big>Adadin nasara a ƙarƙashin<br /><br /><br /><br /> Miss Diva</big> |- | colspan="2" style="background:black" | |- ! scope="col" | Mafarki ! scope="col" | Nasara |- | colspan="2" style="background:black" | |- | align="left" | '''Miss Supranational''' | align="center" | ''2'' |- |- | align="left" | '''Miss Cosmo''' | align="center" | ''0'' |- | colspan="2" style="background:black" | |- | align="left" | '''Miss Universe''' | align="center" | ''1'' |- | align="left" | '''Miss Asiya Pacific Duniya''' | align="center" | ''1'' |- | align="left" | '''Miss Duniya''' | align="center" | ''0'' |- | align="left" | '''Miss International''' | align="center" | ''0'' |- |} Bayan sallamar ikon mallakar Miss Universe ta Miss Universe Organisation ga Bennett, Coleman da Co., an kafa wani keɓaɓɓen shafin Miss Diva don zaɓar wakilan [[Indiya]] don Miss Universe . A baya can, Femina Miss [[Indiya|India]] ta nada wanda ya ci nasara a gasar Miss Universe . Duk da haka, a cikin 2010, Tantra Entertainment Private Limited, tare da haɗin gwiwar tsohuwar Miss Universe da kuma mashahuran 'yar wasan [[Bollywood]] Sushmita Sen, sun kaddamar da wani shafi na daban, I Am She-Miss Universe [[Indiya|India]], don aika wakilan [[Indiya]] zuwa Miss Universe . Bayan 2012, Sushmita Sen da Tantra Entertainment sun bar lasisin Miss Universe, wanda ya sa Femina Miss [[Indiya|India]] Organisation ta ɗauki haƙƙin Miss Diva 2013 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Miss Diva 2013: Will Manasi Moghe be the next Miss Universe |url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/slide-show/slide-show-1-glamour-miss-diva-2013-will-manasi-moghe-be-the-next-ms-universe/20130906.htm |access-date=6 October 2014 |website=rediff.com}}</ref> Bikin farko na Miss Diva ya faru ne a ranar 5 ga Satumba 2013, a [[Mumbai]] . 'Yan wasa goma sha hudu, wadanda aka zaba da kyau daga ko'ina cikin al'ummar kasar, sun fafata neman kambin da ake so a babban wasan karshe. Manasi Moghe, wanda ya fito daga [[Mumbai]], an ayyana shi a matsayin "Miss Diva Universe 2013" ta farko ta mai girma [[Zeenat Aman]], Miss [[Asiya|Asia]] Pacific 1970, kuma fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta [[Bollywood]]. Gurleen Grewal, wakiltar Punjab, an ba shi rawanin "Miss Diva International 2013" ta Sahar Biniaz, Miss Universe [[Canada]] 2012. A ƙarshe, Srishti Rana daga Faridabad ta sami lakabin "Miss Diva Asia Pacific World 2013" daga 'yar wasan kwaikwayo na [[Bollywood]], Raveena Tandon . <ref>{{Cite web |title=I represent a billion hopes: Gurleen Grewal |url=http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/archives/I-represent-a-billion-hopes-Gurleen-Grewal/articleshow/26796852.cms |access-date=6 October 2014 |website=indiatims.com |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006154653/http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/archives/I-represent-a-billion-hopes-Gurleen-Grewal/articleshow/26796852.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Srishti Rana is the new Miss Asia Pacific World 2013 |url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/slide-show/slide-show-1-glamour-indias-srishti-rana-is-the-new-miss-asia-pacific-world/20131031.htm |access-date=6 October 2014 |website=rediff.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=INDIA'S SRISHTI RANA CROWNED MISS ASIA PACIFIC WORLD 2013 |url=http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-asia-pacific/archives/Indias-Srishti-Rana-crowned-Miss-Asia-Pacific-World-2013/articleshow/24947203.cms |access-date=6 October 2014 |website=indiatimes.com |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006174622/http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-asia-pacific/archives/Indias-Srishti-Rana-crowned-Miss-Asia-Pacific-World-2013/articleshow/24947203.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2019, Liva Fluid Fashion ta sami haƙƙin ɗaukar nauyin gasar Miss Diva. An shirya bugu na farko a ƙarƙashin ikonsu na 2020. Da yake ba a gudanar da gasar ba a cikin 2019, Miss [[Indiya|India]] Organisation ta nada wakilan [[Indiya]] don gasa na kasa da kasa. An zaɓi Vartika Singh da Shefali Sood don fafatawa a Miss Universe 2019 da Miss Supranational 2019, bi da bi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2019 |title=A traditional homecoming for Miss Diva Universe 2019 Vartika Singh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/a-traditional-homecoming-for-miss-diva-universe-2019-vartika-singh/articleshow/71377338.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Beauty Pageants Celebrate Women, Says Miss Diva Universe 2019 Vartika Singh. |url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/beauty-pageants-celebrate-women-says-miss-diva-universe-2019-vartika-singh-2326883.html |access-date=20 September 2019 |website=News18}}</ref> A cikin 2024, ƙungiyar Miss Diva ta janye lasisin zuwa ƙungiyar Miss Universe a cikin 2024 saboda suna jin ƙungiyar Miss Universe ta canza kuma suna buƙatar magance matsalolin cikin gida. Kungiyar Miss Diva ta bayyana cewa za su koma Miss Universe da zarar an warware matsalolin. Bayan cire lasisin Miss Universe, Miss Diva ta sake yin sunanta na 2024 a matsayin "LIVA Miss Diva 2.0." Wannan fitowar da aka sabunta ta gabatar da sabbin lakabi biyu: Miss Diva Content Creator da Miss Diva Fashion Designer. Dangane da al'ada, ana ci gaba da bayar da taken Miss Diva Supranational, kamar yadda aka yi a bugu na baya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The trailblazing women behind LIVA Miss Diva 2024: Meet the Mentors! |url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-diva/the-trailblazing-women-behind-liva-miss-diva-2024-meet-the-mentors/articleshow/151067582.cms |access-date=23 October 2024 |website=femina.in}}</ref> A cikin 2025, ƙungiyar Miss Diva ta sami lasisin ƙasa don Miss Cosmo, ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke zaune a [[Vietnam]] . Ofaya daga cikin waɗanda suka yi nasara na Miss Diva 2024 za su wakilci [[Indiya]] a bugu na 2 na Miss Cosmo pageant, wanda aka shirya gudanarwa a Vietnam a cikin 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2025 |title=Worldwide Media acquires Miss Cosmo license, expanding India's global pageant footprint |url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-diva/worldwide-media-acquires-miss-cosmo-license-expanding-indias-global-pageant-footprint/articleshow/151242243.cms |access-date=7 March 2025 |publisher=[[Femina (India)|Femina]]}}</ref> == Shafukan kasa da kasa == {| class="toccolours" style="width: 20em; float:right; font-size:80%; line-height:1.5em; width:23%;" ! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#BCD4E6;" |<big>Franchises na yanzu</big> |- | colspan="2" style="background:black" | |- ! scope="col" | Memba ! scope="col" | Shekara |- | colspan="2" style="background:black" | |- | align="left" | '''Miss Supranational''' | align="center" | ''2013 - Yanzu'' |- |- | align="left" | '''Miss Cosmo''' | align="center" | ''2025 - Yanzu'' |- ! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#BCD4E6;" | <big>Tsohon Franchises</big> |- | colspan="2" style="background:black" | |- ! scope="col" | Memba ! scope="col" | Shekara |- | colspan="2" style="background:black" | |- | align="left" | '''Miss Universe''' | align="center" | ''2013-2023'' |- | align="left" | '''Miss Duniya''' | align="center" | ''2014'' |- | align="left" | '''Miss International''' | align="center" | ''2013'' |- | align="left" | '''Miss Asiya Pacific Duniya''' | align="center" | ''2013'' |} In 2013, Srishti Rana won Miss [[Asiya|Asia]] Pacific World 2013 and became the second Indian to win the title. She was crowned by the outgoing titleholder Himangini Singh Yadu from [[Indiya|India]] as well.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srishti Rana of India was crowned Miss Asia Pacific World 2013 |url=http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/srishti-rana-of-india-was-crowned-miss-asia-pacific-world-2013-1383209138-1 |access-date=2 March 2015 |website=jagranjosh.com |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402232418/http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/srishti-rana-of-india-was-crowned-miss-asia-pacific-world-2013-1383209138-1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian beauty Srishti Rana crowned Miss Asia Pacific World 2013 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion/indian-beauty-srishti-rana-crowned-miss-asia-pacific-world-2013/article1-1145717.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402132142/http://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion/indian-beauty-srishti-rana-crowned-miss-asia-pacific-world-2013/article1-1145717.aspx |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=2 March 2015 |website=hindustantimes.com}}</ref> This gave India a back-to-back victory in the pageant. Rana is the first ever Miss Diva winner to win any international title.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Srishti Rana crowned Miss Asia Pacific World 2016 |url=http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-asia-pacific/archives/Indias-Srishti-Rana-crowned-Miss-Asia-Pacific-World-2013/articleshow/24947203.cms |access-date=2 March 2015 |website=indiatimes.com |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006174622/http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-asia-pacific/archives/Indias-Srishti-Rana-crowned-Miss-Asia-Pacific-World-2013/articleshow/24947203.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2014, India again won the pageant, making it the only country to win any international pageant three years in a row.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2015 |title=Swetha Raj – Miss India Australia 2014 wins Miss Asia Pacific Supertalent in Seoul |url=http://www.missindia.com.au/swetha-raj-miss-india-australia-2014-wins-miss-asia-pacific/ |access-date=23 December 2018 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224143303/http://www.missindia.com.au/swetha-raj-miss-india-australia-2014-wins-miss-asia-pacific/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> (Many other countries such as South Africa have won consecutive pageant awards). A cikin 2014, Asha Bhat ta fafata a fitowa na shida na Miss Supranational kuma ta lashe gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Asha Bhat crowned Miss Supranational 2014 |url=http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/supranational/archives/Asha-Bhat-crowned-Miss-Supranational-2014/articleshow/45384439.cms |access-date=2 March 2015 |website=indiatimes.com |archive-date=22 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122205618/http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/supranational/archives/Asha-Bhat-crowned-Miss-Supranational-2014/articleshow/45384439.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref> Asha ita ce Indiya ta farko da [[Asiya]] ta biyu da ta lashe gasar da aka ce. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Photos: Asha Bhat is the first Indian to win Miss Supranational 2014 title |url=http://www.firstpost.com/world/photos-asha-bhat-is-the-first-indian-to-win-miss-supranational-2014-title-1838095.html |access-date=2 March 2015 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> A cikin 2016, an aika Srinidhi Ramesh Shetty zuwa Miss Supranational a Krynica-Zdrój, [[Poland]] kuma ta lashe taken Miss Supranational 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Anindita |date=2 December 2017 |title=Srinidhi Shetty and Asha Bhat: Indians who bagged Miss Supranational crown in the past |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/fashion/article/miss-supranational-2017-srinidhi-shetty-asha-bhat-peden-ongmu-namgyal/161552 |access-date=23 December 2018 |publisher=Times Now}}</ref> Indiya ita ce kasa ta farko da ta lashe Miss Supranational sau biyu kuma Miss Diva ta aiko da wakilan biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2017 |title=Srinidhi Shetty and Asha Bhat have been titled as Miss Supranational before. |url=https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/news+track+english-epaper-ntrack/srinidhi+shetty+and+asha+bhat+titled+for+supranational+crown+in+early-newsid-77388074 |access-date=23 December 2018 |publisher=Dailyhunt News}}</ref> === Gallery na masu nasara === ==== Miss Diva Universe ==== <gallery> Fayil:Miss-Universe-Harnaaz-Sandhu-returns-to-India_(6).jpg|alt=Harnaaz Kaur SandhuMiss Universe 2021 and Miss Diva Universe 2021| Harnaaz Kaur Sandhu<br /><br /><br /><br /> Miss Universe 2021 da Miss Diva Universe 2021 Fayil:Adline-Castelino-at-Liva-Miss-Diva-red-carpet-6.jpg|alt=Adline Quadros CastelinoMiss Diva Universe 2020| Adline Quadros Castelino<br /><br /><br /><br /> Miss Diva Universe 2020 Fayil:Vartika_Singh_at_Miss_Diva_Universe_2020_Grand_Finale_(Close_up).jpg|alt=Vartika SinghMiss Diva Universe 2019| Vartika Singh ji<br /><br /><br /><br /> Miss Diva Universe 2019 Fayil:Nehal_Chudasama_Miss_Diva_2018_(cropped).jpg| Nehal Chudasama<br /><br /><br /><br /> Miss Diva Universe 2018 Fayil:Roshmita_Harimurthy_at_the_launch_of_Miss_Diva_2017_calender_(cropped).jpg| Roshmitha Harimurthy<br /><br /><br /><br /> Miss Diva Universe 2016 Fayil:Urvashi_Rautela_at_the_special_screening_of_film_'Queen'.jpg|alt=Urvashi RautelaMiss Diva Universe 2015| Urvashi Rautela<br /><br /><br /><br /> Miss Diva Universe 2015 Fayil:MIss_Diva_2013_Manasi_Moghe_(cropped).jpg| Manasi Moghe<br /><br /><br /><br /> Miss Diva Universe 2013 </gallery> ==== Miss Diva Supranational ==== <gallery> Fayil:Aavriti-Choudhary-at-Liva-Miss-Diva-red-carpet-3_(cropped).jpg| Aavriti Choudhary<br /><br /><br /><br /> Miss Diva Supranational 2020 Fayil:Shefali_Sood,_Miss_Diva_Supranational_2019.jpg| Shefali Sood<br /><br /><br /><br /> Miss Diva Supranational 2019 Fayil:Aditi_Hundia.jpg|alt=Aditi HundiaMiss Diva Supranational 2018| Aditi Hundia<br /><br /><br /><br /> Miss Diva Supranational 2018 Fayil:Srinidhi_Shetty_(cropped).jpg|alt=Srinidhi ShettyMiss Diva Supranational 2016 and Miss Supranational 2016| Srinidhi Shetty<br /><br /><br /><br /> Miss Diva Supranational 2016 da Miss Supranational 2016 Fayil:Asha_Bhat_in_2019.jpg|alt=Asha BhatMiss Diva Supranational 2014 and Miss Supranational 2014| Asha Bhat<br /><br /><br /><br /> Miss Diva Supranational 2014 da Miss Supranational 2014 </gallery> == Duba kuma == * Femina Miss India * Miss Divine Beauty * List of Indian representatives at international male beauty pageants * List of beauty pageants == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bpczblek1a8koynod8u05y6gzgwqu7z 0 122660 906768 795382 2026-08-23T22:08:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906768 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammed Muhammed Gwady''' ( Arabic ; 23 Oktoba 1958 - 9 Yuni 2023) ƙwararren masani ne na ƙasar Masar, wanda fanninsa ya haɗa da likitanci, adabi, tarihi, suka, harshe da akidar siyasa da ci gaba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2019 |title=محمد الجوادي |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/knowledgegate/authors/2014/3/26/محمد-الجوادي |access-date=23 March 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Shi ma farfesa ne a fannin cututtukan zuciya a Jami'ar Zagazig da ke Masar. A tsawon tarihinsa na kimiyya da aiki, ya samu nasarori masu yawa, wanda hakan ya ba shi damar zama ƙaramin ɗan ƙasar Masar da ya sami manyan kyaututtuka guda takwas; shi ne ƙaramin memba na Kwalejin Harshen Larabci da ke Alƙahira a 2003, [1] Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Masar a 2008, Kwalejin Al'adun Kimiyya ta Masar a 1978 da Ƙungiyar Marubutan Masar a 1979. [1] Shi ne kuma ƙaramin wanda ya sami kyautar Amincewa ta Jiha a 2004, [2] Kyautar Inganta Jiha a 1982, Kyautar Kwalejin Harshen Larabci a Alƙahira a 1978 da Kyautar Ci gaban Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Ƙasa, Aji na Farko a 1985. [3] Daga shekarar 1978, ya buga littattafai sama da 100 na tarihi, <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2019 |title=محمد الجوادي |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/knowledgegate/authors/2014/3/26/محمد-الجوادي |access-date=23 March 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2019 |title=محمد الجوادي |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/knowledgegate/authors/2014/3/26/محمد-الجوادي |access-date=23 March 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> adabi da fassara, da kuma ɗaruruwan nazarce-nazarce da kasidu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=رابطة أدباء الشام - الدكتور محمد الجوادى ...بانوراما مصر الثقافية |url=http://www.odabasham.net/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%85/78657-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9 |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=www.odabasham.net |archive-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611102650/http://www.odabasham.net/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%85/78657-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya shafe aikinsa yana hawa matakin ilimi har sai da aka ba shi [[Farfesa]] a fannin likitancin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini a Faculty of Medicine na Jami'ar Zagazig . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">an buƙata ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Bugu da ƙari, ya riƙe kuma ya ɗauki nauyin ayyuka da yawa na likitanci, kimiyya, aikin jarida, <ref>{{Cite web |title=مصرس : نتائج البحث عن الكاتب(ة) زكريا عبد الجواد إسلام عيسى محمد جمعة |url=https://www.masress.com/author/%22%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%22 |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=www.masress.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=JUMA AL MAJID CENTER - LIBRARY SEARCH |url=http://www.almajidcenter.org/search_details.php?pag=73&broadkeyword=Bibliographies& |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=www.almajidcenter.org |archive-date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127003503/http://www.almajidcenter.org/search_details.php?pag=73&broadkeyword=Bibliographies& |url-status=dead }}</ref> na tattalin arziki, al'adu da jin ƙai. Gwady ya mutu a ranar 9 ga Yuni 2023, yana da shekaru 64. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2019 |title=محمد الجوادي |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/knowledgegate/authors/2014/3/26/محمد-الجوادي |access-date=23 March 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Muhammed Gwady a ranar 23 ga Oktoba 1958, <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2019 |title=محمد الجوادي |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/knowledgegate/authors/2014/3/26/محمد-الجوادي |access-date=23 March 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> a Faraskur, Jihar Damietta, Masar. <ref name="arabicacademy">{{Cite web |title=المؤتمر |trans-title=Muhammed Gwady |url=http://www.arabicacademy.org.eg/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA/mid/1563/ctl/Article/tid/1182 |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=www.arabicacademy.org.eg |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072855/http://www.arabicacademy.org.eg/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA/mid/1563/ctl/Article/tid/1182 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ilimi === Gwady ya yi karatunsa na sakandare a Ain Shams, [[Kairo|Alkahira]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2019 |title=محمد الجوادي |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/knowledgegate/authors/2014/3/26/محمد-الجوادي |access-date=23 March 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> A shekarar 1985, ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, tare da takardar digirin digirgir kan cutar zuciya da jijiyoyin jini mai tsanani. A shekarar 1990, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, tare da takardar digirin digirgir kan kimanta girman zuciya da ayyukan tsofaffi. Hakanan ya kasance abokin ziyara a Cleveland Clinic, <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2019 |title=محمد الجوادي |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/knowledgegate/authors/2014/3/26/محمد-الجوادي |access-date=23 March 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]], Amurka, tun daga shekarar 1991. == Rayuwar aiki == === Sana'o'i === Gwady ya yi aiki a matsayin Farfesa na Cututtukan Zuciya da Jijiyoyi a Faculty of Medicine ( Jami'ar Zagazig ), Babban Edita na Jaridar Magunguna ta Masar, <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2019 |title=محمد الجوادي |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/knowledgegate/authors/2014/3/26/محمد-الجوادي |access-date=23 March 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> mai ba da shawara kan siyasa ga International Coalition for Egyptians Abroad (ICEGA), Shugaban Kwamitin Harkokin Waje kuma memba na [[Majalisar Ƴancin ɗan Adam ta Kasa|Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Ƙasa]], shi ma yana da alhakin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Jamus da Turai a wannan Majalisar, <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2019 |title=محمد الجوادي |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/knowledgegate/authors/2014/3/26/محمد-الجوادي |access-date=23 March 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> da Kwamitin Ƙasa don Yaƙi da Fataucin Bil Adama. Ya kuma kasance memba na kwamitin gudanarwa na Kamfanin Rike Magunguna, Holdipharma <ref>{{Cite web |title=رابطة أدباء الشام - الدكتور محمد الجوادى ...بانوراما مصر الثقافية |url=http://www.odabasham.net/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%85/78657-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9 |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=www.odabasham.net |archive-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611102650/http://www.odabasham.net/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%85/78657-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9 |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma memba na kwamitin gudanarwa na Kamfanin Rike Magunguna don Kayayyakin Halittu da Allurar Rigakafi, Vacsera. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2019 |title=محمد الجوادي |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/knowledgegate/authors/2014/3/26/محمد-الجوادي |access-date=23 March 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Shi ne shugaban kwamitin amintattu na Makarantar Sakandare ta Al-Motafawkeen. ==== Matsayin masu ba da shawara ==== * Mai ba da shawara ga Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Soja (1986-1990) <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2019 |title=محمد الجوادي |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/knowledgegate/authors/2014/3/26/محمد-الجوادي |access-date=23 March 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> * Mai Ba da Shawara ga Hukumar Yaɗa Labarai ta Janar * Mai Ba da Shawara ga Dar El-Shorouk{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2021}} * Mai Ba da Shawara ga Ƙungiyar Mawallafa ta Masar <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2019 |title=محمد الجوادي |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/knowledgegate/authors/2014/3/26/محمد-الجوادي |access-date=23 March 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> * Mai ba da shawara kuma mai gudanar da taron karawa juna sani a Cibiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Al Ahram <ref>{{Cite web |title=رابطة أدباء الشام - الدكتور محمد الجوادى ...بانوراما مصر الثقافية |url=http://www.odabasham.net/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%85/78657-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9 |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=www.odabasham.net |archive-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611102650/http://www.odabasham.net/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%85/78657-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (1997-2005) * Malami, mai rahoto na taron karawa juna sani kuma mai kula da horar da siyasa a Decision Management Consultants (2002-2009) <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2019 |title=محمد الجوادي |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/knowledgegate/authors/2014/3/26/محمد-الجوادي |access-date=23 March 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> * Malami kuma mai ba da shawara kan shirye-shiryen horar da siyasa a Cibiyar Nazarin Siyasa da Dabaru * Sakataren shari'a na Babban Ƙungiyar Masarawa ta Ƙasashen Waje * Kasancewa cikin ƙungiyoyin kimiyya da adabi Gwady memba ne na waɗannan ƙungiyoyi: * Kwalejin Harshen Larabci a Alkahira * Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Masar * Ƙungiyar Marubuta ta Masar * Kwalejin Al'adun Kimiyya ta Masar * Majalisar Al'adun Kimiyya ta Kwalejin Bincike da Fasaha ta Kimiyya * Kwamitin Al'adun Kimiyya na Majalisar Manyan Al'adu * Ƙungiyar Ilimin Zuciya ta Masar <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2019 |title=محمد الجوادي |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/knowledgegate/authors/2014/3/26/محمد-الجوادي |access-date=23 March 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2019 |title=محمد الجوادي |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/knowledgegate/authors/2014/3/26/محمد-الجوادي |access-date=23 March 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> * Memba na kwamitin gudanarwa na Ofishin Matasa da Muhalli na Larabawa (AOYE) <ref>{{Cite web |title=رابطة أدباء الشام - الدكتور محمد الجوادى ...بانوراما مصر الثقافية |url=http://www.odabasham.net/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%85/78657-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9 |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=www.odabasham.net |archive-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611102650/http://www.odabasham.net/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%85/78657-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na ƙungiyar kimiyya da muhalli a Jami'ar Zagazig{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2021}} === Gudummawar al'adu === Gwady ya kula da shirin ilimin likitanci da kuma Arabization a Oxford Educational Resources, yana koyar da aikin jarida, ya kafa sashen Ilimi a Faculty of Arts na Jami'ar Zagazig da kuma fassara labaran likitanci don ''Scientific Medical'' ''Journal'', fassarar Larabci ta ''Scientific American'' (1988-1996). Ya kasance memba na kwamitin kafa gidauniyar Zagazig University Publishing House (1989-1994) da kuma Zagazig University Press (1988-1994). Ya kuma kasance darektan cibiyar bayanai ta likitanci a kungiyar Young Doctors Association (1985-1990). Bugu da ƙari, ya kula da asibitocin motsa jiki na Jami'ar Zagazig (1980-1981) kuma ya kasance memba na kafa ƙungiyar kimiyya da muhalli a Jami'ar Zagazig kuma daga baya ya zama shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na ƙungiyar (1980-1985). === Kimiyya da zamantakewar al'umma === Memba a kwamitin gudanarwa na ƙungiyar agaji ta Musulunci, <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2019 |title=محمد الجوادي |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/knowledgegate/authors/2014/3/26/محمد-الجوادي |access-date=23 March 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> kwamitin gudanarwa na ƙungiyar tarihin kimiyya ta Masar, <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2019 |title=محمد الجوادي |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/knowledgegate/authors/2014/3/26/محمد-الجوادي |access-date=23 March 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> da ƙungiyar tsofaffin ɗaliban makarantar sakandare ta Al-Motafawkeen. Ya kuma kasance memba na Atelier Cairo da ƙungiyar Masar don samar da ilimin kimiyya. Ya kasance shugaban kwamitin al'adu a ƙungiyar likitocin zuciya ta Masar. Bugu da ƙari, ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar marubuta, ƙungiyar marubuta ta Larabawa da ƙungiyar likitocin Larabawa. Gwady kuma memba ne na ƙungiyar Masar don tarihin magani, ƙungiyar likitocin Masar, <ref>{{Cite web |title=رابطة أدباء الشام - الدكتور محمد الجوادى ...بانوراما مصر الثقافية |url=http://www.odabasham.net/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%85/78657-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9 |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=www.odabasham.net |archive-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611102650/http://www.odabasham.net/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%85/78657-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ƙungiyar matasa ta Green Africa da kuma ƙungiyar matasa ta Larabawa da muhalli. Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar likitoci da dokoki ta Masar, ƙungiyar tsofaffin ɗaliban Cibiyar Ƙasa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2019 |title=محمد الجوادي |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/knowledgegate/authors/2014/3/26/محمد-الجوادي |access-date=23 March 2021 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> ƙungiyar Rotary International da ƙungiyar Al-Rowad. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]] ovofvahympx62n6ndflomg10prkeci8 0 122798 906849 745585 2026-08-24T04:56:24Z BnHamid 12586 906849 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kyriaki Griva''' ([[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]]; ta mutu a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2024) wata mace ce ta Girka wacce tsohon abokin aikinta ya kashe ta a waje da ofishin 'yan sanda a [[Athens]] inda ta ki amincewa da goyon baya daga jami'an aiki. Kisan ta ya haifar da zanga-zangar a duk faɗin Girka da ke kira ga sauye-sauyen shari'a don amincewa da Kisan mata, ban da yadda 'yan sanda ke kula da shari'o'in [[Tashin hankali na gida|Cin zarafin gida]]. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Griva 'yar Thanasis Grivas ce da Despina Kalea kuma tana zaune a arewacin Athens. Ta kasance cikin dangantaka da Thanasis Kourelis, wanda ya girme ta da shekaru goma. Sun riga sun rabu a shekarar 2020 kuma Griva daga baya ta zarge shi da [[fyade]], wanda ya haifar da ba da umarni.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kokkinidis |first=Tasos |date=2024-04-03 |title=Greek Police Under Fire After Femicide Outside Athens Precinct |url=https://greekreporter.com/2024/04/03/greek-police-under-fire-after-femicide-outside-athens-precinct/ |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=Greek Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> Griva bai bi zargin fyade ba kuma 'yan sanda ba su ci gaba da batun ba, duk da cewa dokar Girka ta ba da damar gurfanar da shari'ar fyade ba tare da wanda aka azabtar ba. == Kisan kai == A ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2024, Griva ta sadu da aboki a wani cafe kuma ta lura da Kourelis a kusa. Daga baya ta kasance tare da abokinta don ziyartar ofishin 'yan sanda na gida a Agioi Anargyroi . Griva ta ba da rahoton cewa Kourelis tana yawo a waje da gidanta; yayin da ta ki yin korafi, ta nemi motar 'yan sanda ta kai ta gida don tsaron kanta. Wani jami'in 'yan sanda ya tambayi Griva ta tuntubi layin gaggawa na' yan sanda; wasu rahotanni sun bayyana cewa jami'in ya gaya mata cewa babu motoci da za su kai ta duk da cewa mota da direba suna nan a tashar a lokacin. Griva ta fita daga tashar kuma ta yi kira ta tarho zuwa layin gaggawa, inda aka yi zargin cewa mai aiki ya gaya mata "mace, motocin 'yan sanda ba taksi ba ne". Yayinda mai aiki ke karɓar cikakkun bayanai daga Griva, Kourelis ya kusanci ta kuma ya soke ta sau biyar a baya. Griva ya mutu kafin likitocin ya isa wurin.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kokkinidis |first=Tasos |date=2024-04-02 |title=New Femicide Shocks Greece: Woman Murdered by Her Ex |url=https://greekreporter.com/2024/04/02/femicide-greece-woman-murdered-ex-boyfriend/ |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=Greek Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Stamatoukou |first=Eleni |date=2025-07-07 |title=In Greece, Murder Trial Highlights Official Failings to Tackle Femicides |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2025/07/07/in-greece-murder-trial-highlights-official-failings-to-tackle-femicides/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714233233/https://balkaninsight.com/2025/07/07/in-greece-murder-trial-highlights-official-failings-to-tackle-femicides/ |archive-date=2025-07-14 |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=Balkan Insight |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-04-03 |title="Police cars are not taxis" officer tells victim moments before she's stabbed outside police station |url=https://www.keeptalkinggreece.com/2024/04/03/femicide-athens-shocking-police-responsibility/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722143835/https://www.keeptalkinggreece.com/2024/04/03/femicide-athens-shocking-police-responsibility/ |archive-date=2024-07-22 |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=Keep Talking Greece |language=en-US}}</ref> === Sakamakon haka === Kourelis ya soke kansa a wurin kuma jami'an 'yan sanda sun kama shi kafin a kai shi asibiti don magani. Daga baya aka ruwaito cewa an shigar da shi a cikin asibitin mahaukaci.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kokkinidis |first=Tasos |date=2024-04-03 |title=Greek Police Under Fire After Femicide Outside Athens Precinct |url=https://greekreporter.com/2024/04/03/greek-police-under-fire-after-femicide-outside-athens-precinct/ |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=Greek Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> Iyalin Griva sun ba da rahoton cewa sun koyi game da kisan ta a kafofin sada zumunta kuma bayan 'yan jarida sun tuntube su suna neman tsokaci. A cikin kwanaki bayan kisan, biyo bayan babban kuka na jama'a, 'yan sanda na Hellenic sun kare ayyukan jami'an a tashar Agioi Anargyroi, suna mai bayyana cewa umarnin tura motar' yan sanda ne kawai wani jami'in da ke cikin Cibiyar Amsa ta Gaggawa zai iya ba da umarni. 'Yan jarida na cikin gida sun ba da rahoton cewa da jami'ai sun kammala binciken Kourelis yayin da Griva ta ba da rahotonta, da an nuna cewa a cikin 2020 an gabatar da rahotanni a kansa saboda tashin hankali ga jami'an 'yan sanda da kuma laifukan miyagun ƙwayoyi.<ref name=":62">{{Cite web |last=Stamatoukou |first=Eleni |date=2025-07-07 |title=In Greece, Murder Trial Highlights Official Failings to Tackle Femicides |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2025/07/07/in-greece-murder-trial-highlights-official-failings-to-tackle-femicides/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714233233/https://balkaninsight.com/2025/07/07/in-greece-murder-trial-highlights-official-failings-to-tackle-femicides/ |archive-date=2025-07-14 |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=Balkan Insight |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin kwanaki, an yi sabuntawa ga jagorar kula da abin da ya faru na 2022 wanda ke da niyyar samar da manyan matakan tallafin 'yan sanda ga mata da ke neman taimako don cin zarafin gida. Michalis Chrisochoidis, Ministan Kare Jama'a, ya yi alkawarin "cikakken, zurfi" bincike game da mutuwar Griva, kuma ya goyi bayan kiran jama'a don ƙara kalmar "kisan mata" ga dokar azabtarwa ta Girka. Firayim Ministan Girka, Kyriakos Mitsotakis, ya goyi bayan Chrisochoidis a bainar jama'a, yana mai cewa kisan ba laifinsa ba ne kuma yana ƙoƙarin canza matsalolin "wanda aka ci gaba da shi na dogon lokaci". <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kokkinidis |first=Tasos |date=2024-04-03 |title=Greek Police Under Fire After Femicide Outside Athens Precinct |url=https://greekreporter.com/2024/04/03/greek-police-under-fire-after-femicide-outside-athens-precinct/ |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=Greek Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Stamatoukou |first=Eleni |date=2025-07-07 |title=In Greece, Murder Trial Highlights Official Failings to Tackle Femicides |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2025/07/07/in-greece-murder-trial-highlights-official-failings-to-tackle-femicides/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250714233233/https://balkaninsight.com/2025/07/07/in-greece-murder-trial-highlights-official-failings-to-tackle-femicides/ |archive-date=2025-07-14 |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=Balkan Insight |language=en-US}}</ref> Shugaban Girka, Katerina Sakellaropoulou, ya nuna "tsinkaye" game da kisan, yana mai cewa "yana girgiza da fushi da mu", yana kira ga hukumomi da su yi gaggawa don yaki da tashin hankali da aikata laifuka.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin Majalisar Hellenic, Sabon Hagu da Siriya sun gabatar da dokokin da za su amince da kisan mata a matsayin laifi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-04-03 |title="Police cars are not taxis" officer tells victim moments before she's stabbed outside police station |url=https://www.keeptalkinggreece.com/2024/04/03/femicide-athens-shocking-police-responsibility/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722143835/https://www.keeptalkinggreece.com/2024/04/03/femicide-athens-shocking-police-responsibility/ |archive-date=2024-07-22 |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=Keep Talking Greece |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2024-04-02 |title=Γυναικοκτονία στους Αγίους Αναργύρους: Ο αστυνομικός φρουρός είχε προφυλακιστεί για υπόθεση πλαστογραφίας |url=https://www.news247.gr/ellada/ginaikoktonia-stous-agious-anargirous-o-astinomikos-frouros-eixe-profilakistei-gia-ipothesi-plastografias/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006141851/https://www.news247.gr/ellada/ginaikoktonia-stous-agious-anargirous-o-astinomikos-frouros-eixe-profilakistei-gia-ipothesi-plastografias/ |archive-date=2024-10-06 |access-date=2025-07-27 |work=News 24/7 |language=el-GR}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga watan Yulin 2025, an yanke wa Kourelis hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai saboda kisan Griva, tare da ƙarin shekaru biyar. An kuma ci tarar Yuro 1000. A ranar tunawa da mutuwar Griva a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2025, an kaddamar da wani abin tunawa a cikin ƙwaƙwalwarta a waje da ofishin 'yan sanda na Agioi Anargyroi ta Majalisar Majalisa ta Agioi Aargyroi Kamatero . ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} o8v8jvrwgwarn6ay2lia87uzuwnv5ow 0 122847 906897 885535 2026-08-24T06:22:49Z BnHamid 12586 906897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''What About Us''' fim ne na Najeriya na 2024 wanda [[Emmanuel Iren]] ya samar. Fim din wanda ya ninka sau biyu a matsayin [[Emmanuel Iren]] na farko an sake shi a fim a duk fadin kasar a ranar 12 ga Yuli, 2024. Fim din yana da alaƙa da rikitarwa na aure da kuma yadda ma'aurata Kirista ke gwagwarmaya don ci gaba da fasalin aurensu a cikin halin jagora; [[Kunle Remi]], [[Uzor Arukwe]], Folu Storms, Seyi Awolowo, [[Teniola Aladese]] da sauransu. == Bayani game da shi == What About Us ya ba da labarin ma'aurata Kirista waɗanda ke gwagwarmaya don ci gaba da aurensu tare, amma ƙarin matsala ta biyo baya lokacin da sabon ma'auratare suka koma ƙofar da ke kusa kuma wannan ya kara matsalar a cikin aurensu. Labarin ya fadada kan rikitarwa na aure kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na ma'aurata biyu na Kirista.[1][2] == Zaɓaɓɓen 'yan wasa == * [[Kunle Remi]] * [[Uzor Arukwe]] * [[Folu Storms|Guguwa mai tsanani]] * Seyi Awolowo * [[Teniola Aladese]] * Atlanta Bridget Johnson * Marycolette Unamka == Fitarwa == Fim din wanda [[Kayode Kasum]] ya jagoranta ya nuna Babban Fasto na Bikin Ikilisiyar Duniya na farko, ya bayyana cewa wannan sabon kayan aikin da ya sanya a kan alamomi 'sabon babi a cikin aikinsa don yada saƙonsa da kuma tsara al'adun'. == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Synopsis == '''Abin da Ya Shafi Mu''' yana ba da labarin wasu ma'aurata Kiristoci waɗanda ke fama da wahalar kiyaye aurensu, amma wata matsala ta sake tasowa lokacin da wasu sabbin ma'aurata suka ƙaura zuwa gidan maƙwabtansu, kuma wannan ya ƙara ta'azzara matsalar a aurensu. [[Rukuni:Fim]] [[Rukuni:Fina-finan Najeriya]] 05sydtfv5qrztrcnuch9o4b2mmn24fo 0 123277 906851 747875 2026-08-24T04:57:21Z BnHamid 12586 906851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 2025, yarinya 'yar Iran mai shekaru 17 '''Fatemeh Soltani''' (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga Disamba, 2007) mahaifinta ya kashe ta a garin Eslamshahr, Lardin Tehran . An rufe mutuwarta sosai a kafofin watsa labarai na harshen Farisa da hanyoyin sadarwar jama'a a matsayin wani misali na kisan gilla a Iran, wanda ya haifar da muhawara game da kariya ta shari'a da kisan mata a kasar. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=My father had slit my sister’s throat; Fatemeh Soltani’s murder as told by her brother |url=https://iranwire.com/fa/features/140570-پدرم-گلوی-خواهرم-را-بریده-بود-قتل-فاطمه-سلطانی-به-روایت-برادرش/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=iranwire.com |language=fa}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-23 |title=Fatemeh Soltani, 18-year-old girl in Eslamshahr, murdered by her father |url=https://www.iranintl.com/202504235371 |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=www.iranintl.com |language=fa}}</ref> == Laifi == A safiyar Alhamis, Afrilu 16, 2025, mahaifin Fatemeh ya tuntube ta ta hanyar lambar waya da ta raba a fili a shafinta na Instagram don sadarwa mai alaƙa da aiki. Da yake nuna cewa abokin ciniki ne, ya sami adireshin wurin aiki kuma ya tafi salon kyawawan abubuwa inda ta yi aiki. A gaban salon, a kan titi, kuma a cikin cikakken ra'ayi na masu wucewa, ya kai hari ga Fatemeh tare da ihu mai fushi kuma ya soke ta sau 14, ya kashe ta. Bayan ya aikata kisan, sai ya mika kansa ga 'yan sanda.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=My father had slit my sister’s throat; Fatemeh Soltani’s murder as told by her brother |url=https://iranwire.com/fa/features/140570-پدرم-گلوی-خواهرم-را-بریده-بود-قتل-فاطمه-سلطانی-به-روایت-برادرش/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=iranwire.com |language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-23 |title=Fatemeh Soltani, 18-year-old girl in Eslamshahr, murdered by her father |url=https://www.iranintl.com/202504235371 |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=www.iranintl.com |language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=TABNAK |first=تابناک |date=2025-04-22 |title=Behind the brutal murder of a young girl by her father |url=https://www.tabnak.ir/fa/news/1301030/پشت-پرده-قتل-بی‌رحمانه-دختر-جوان-توسط-پدرش |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=fa |language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-23 |title=This is how Fatemeh Soltani’s father unfairly found her workplace! |url=https://www.etemadonline.com/بخش-اجتماعی-23/709349-فاطمه-سلطانی-محل-کاردختر |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=Etemad Online |language=fa}}</ref> === Dalilin da ya sa aka yi === A cewar rahotannin kafafen yada labarai da ke ambaton iyalan Fatemeh Soltani, goyon bayan da take baiwa mahaifiyarta kan tashin hankalin cikin gida, bayyanar da rashin imanin mahaifinta da rashin da’a, da kuma sha’awarta na samun ‘yancin kai na kudi ne dalilan da suka haddasa kisan.[1] A cikin ikirari da ya yi, mahaifin ya bayyana rashin jituwar iyali a matsayin dalilin aikata laifin. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need] == Halin da aka yi == Fatemeh Soltani’s murder sparked a wave of outrage and sorrow among women’s rights activists and social media users. Many called for reforms in laws concerning domestic killings, especially those involving women. One major criticism was the legal gap in imposing strict penalties on fathers who murder their children.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Sakamakon da fannoni na shari'a === Under Iranian law, a father, as the "guardian of blood" (''vali-e dam''), often faces reduced punishment if he kills his child and, in many cases, is exempt from the ''qisas'' (retributive justice) penalty. This issue was once again criticized in the case of Fatemeh Soltani. Some legal experts, pointing to the need for reform, called for a fundamental revision of Articles 301 and 302 of the Islamic Penal Code.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0auz72asblflkj11az575se8yh46zhu 0 123411 906840 748259 2026-08-24T04:50:59Z BnHamid 12586 906840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jonathan Balls''' (1769 - 20 Afrilu 1846) ya kasance Mai kisan gilla na Ingila wanda aka zarge shi da kashe akalla mutane 22, kusan dukkansu 'yan uwa na kusa, a ƙauyen [[Happisburgh]] daga 1824 zuwa 1845. Ba a taɓa yin masa shari'a ba saboda waɗannan laifuka, yayin da ya kashe kansa kafin a kaddamar da bincike na hukuma game da laifukan da ake zargi.<ref name="by">{{Cite web |date=June 13, 1846 |title=The Murders by Poison in Norfolk |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/98056699/jonathan-balls/ |publisher=[[The Examiner (1808–1886)|The Examiner]] |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Kusa da komai ba a san game da rayuwar Balls kafin laifukan, ban da gaskiyar cewa an haife shi a shekara ta 1769, ya zauna a Happisburgh duk rayuwarsa kuma an san shi da "mummunan hali" wanda ya yi kurkuku don ƙananan laifuka da yawa.<ref name="vam">{{Cite web |last=Stacia Briggs |date=29 August 2020 |title=WEIRD NORFOLK: The Victorian 'vampire' serial killer from Happisburgh buried with a cake |url=https://www.edp24.co.uk/news/weird-norfolk-happisburgh-serial-killer-vampire-1585314 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220514094258/https://www.edp24.co.uk/news/weird-norfolk-happisburgh-serial-killer-vampire-1585314 |archive-date=14 May 2022 |publisher=[[Eastern Daily Press]]}}</ref> A wani lokaci a rayuwarsa, ya auri wata mace mai suna Elizabeth tare da ita yana da 'ya'ya mata uku, dukansu za su yi aure kuma su sami' ya'ya da yawa daga baya a rayuwa.<ref name="nor">{{Cite web |date=June 4, 1846 |title=MURDERS IN NORFOLK. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/98053958/jonathan-balls/ |publisher=The Morning Chronicle |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Kamar yadda iyalin suka kasance matalauta ga mafi yawan rayuwarsu, asusun agaji na parochial ya goyi bayan su, amma yayin da Balls ya tsufa, dole ne ya dogara da karuwar tallafin kuɗi daga 'ya'yansa.<ref name="six">{{Cite web |date=22 May 1846 |title=Suspected Murder of Six Persons by Poison. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/98045574/jonathan-balls/ |publisher=[[Liverpool Mercury]] |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Wannan ya zama abin motsawa don fara kashe wasu dangin daya bayan daya, don haka za a iya tura kudaden zuwa gare shi a maimakon haka.<ref name="nor" /> == Kisan kai == Wani lokaci a farkon shekarun 1830, Balls ya fara sayen arsenic mai yawa daga garuruwan da ke kusa, yana mai cewa gidan dangin ya cika da beraye wanda yake so ya kawar da su.<ref name="sui">{{Cite web |date=22 May 1846 |title=MURDERS BY POISONING, AND SUSPECTED SUICIDE BY THE MURDERER. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/98045322/jonathan-balls/ |publisher=[[Essex County Standard]] |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Mutuwar farko da aka rubuta ta kasance ta ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yansa mata, Maria Lacey mai shekaru 24, wacce ta mutu daga abin da aka bayyana a matsayin haɗuwa da mummunar zalunci daga mijinta da wasu cututtukan da ba a san su ba. Shekara guda bayan haka, a ranar 25 ga Disamba 1836, Maria Green mai watanni 13 ta mutu ta hanyar ban mamaki, sannan Ann Peggs mai shekaru 8, jikoki, wacce ta mutu daga rashin lafiya a ranar 7 ga Yuni 1839. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan Martha Green mai watanni 13 ta mutu, ɗan'uwanta mai shekaru 3, William, shi ma ya mutu a ranar 31 ga Oktoba 1841.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 1846 |title=MURDERS BY POISONING IN NORFOLK. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/98047383/jonathan-balls/ |publisher=[[The Morning Post]] |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> A cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa, wasu dangin da yawa sun mutu a cikin yanayi mai ban mamaki, ciki har da ɗayan' ya'yan Balls da ɗaya daga cikin iyayensa, dukansu biyu sun mutu ta hanyar ban mamaki bayan sun ƙaura daga gidansu a Brumstead don su zauna tare da shi a 1824. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 1846 |title=MURDERS BY POISONING IN NORFOLK. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/98047383/jonathan-balls/ |publisher=[[The Morning Post]] |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Saboda karuwar yawan mutuwar a cikin iyali, maƙwabta sun nemi a gudanar da bincike game da mutuwarsu a kalla sau biyu, amma babu irin wannan binciken da aka yi. A watan Satumbar 1845, wani jikan mai suna Samuel Green ya mutu, sannan matar Balls, Elizabeth, ta biyo baya watanni hudu bayan haka. Wanda aka tabbatar da shi na karshe shi ne jikarsa, Elizabeth Anne Pestle, wacce ta mutu a ranar 17 ga Afrilu 1846. <ref name="sui">{{Cite web |date=22 May 1846 |title=MURDERS BY POISONING, AND SUSPECTED SUICIDE BY THE MURDERER. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/98045322/jonathan-balls/ |publisher=[[Essex County Standard]] |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> == Kashe kansa da bincike == Kwanaki uku kawai bayan mutuwar jikarsa, Jonathan Balls ya mutu a gidansa a Happisburgh, bayan da ya kamu da rashin lafiya kwanaki da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 1846 |title=MURDERS BY POISONING IN NORFOLK. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/98047383/jonathan-balls/ |publisher=[[The Morning Post]] |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Da alama ya gamsu cewa zai mutu, ya umurci daya daga cikin 'ya'yansa mata cewa yana so a binne shi da abubuwa da yawa: Littafi Mai-Tsarki; cakulan biyu da aka sanya a kowane hannunsa; ƙarfe na wuta; wasu takalma na kwal da takalma.<ref name="sui">{{Cite web |date=22 May 1846 |title=MURDERS BY POISONING, AND SUSPECTED SUICIDE BY THE MURDERER. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/98045322/jonathan-balls/ |publisher=[[Essex County Standard]] |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> An yi jana'izarsa bayan 'yan kwanaki, kuma wasu abokai da wasu dangi da suka tsira sun halarta.<ref name="vam">{{Cite web |last=Stacia Briggs |date=29 August 2020 |title=WEIRD NORFOLK: The Victorian 'vampire' serial killer from Happisburgh buried with a cake |url=https://www.edp24.co.uk/news/weird-norfolk-happisburgh-serial-killer-vampire-1585314 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220514094258/https://www.edp24.co.uk/news/weird-norfolk-happisburgh-serial-killer-vampire-1585314 |archive-date=14 May 2022 |publisher=[[Eastern Daily Press]]}}</ref> Tare da wani mutuwar da aka kwantar a ƙofar iyali, jama'ar yankin sun roki mai binciken yankin, Mista Pilgrim, don tono gawawwakin kuma su sake nazarin dalilin mutuwar. A ƙarshe, Pilgrim ya saurari kuma ya ba da umarnin gano gawawwakin Jonathan Balls da Elizabeth Pestle, wanda fastocin yankin, masu kula da coci da yawa, da jami'an 'yan sanda suka halarta.[1] Masu binciken sun sami adadi mai yawa na arsenic a cikin jikin biyu, kuma saboda wannan, sun fara binciken wasu dangin. Hukumomi sun kuma tambayi dangi masu rai da wasu daga cikin bayin da aka yi amfani da su a dukiyar, tare da wata baiwa, Sarah Kerrison, tana da'awar cewa ta ga Balls tana yayyafa farar fata mai ban mamaki a cikin shayi wanda ya ba matarsa mai rashin lafiya, kawai don rashin lafiyarta ta kara tsanantawa a hankali kafin mutuwarta.[2] Lokacin da Kerrison kanta ta ɗanɗana wasu abincin da aka shirya a cikin gida, da sauri ta yi rashin lafiya kuma ta nuna alamun guba kamar amai da ciwon kirji mai tsanani.[1][3] == Sakamakon haka == Wannan shari'ar ta zama abin mamaki ga kafofin watsa labarai har ma ta ja hankalin mutane sosai don tattaunawa a majalisar, tare da mai halarta ɗaya, Mista Wakley, yana neman a gudanar da bincike.<ref name="wh">{{Cite web |date=May 26, 1846 |title=The WHOLESALE MURDERS by POISONING in NORFOLK. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/98046692/jonathan-balls/ |publisher=The Morning Chronicle |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> A mayar da martani, Sakataren Cikin Gida, Sir James Graham, Baronet na biyu, ya ce zai yi duk abin da zai iya don shawo kan Ofishin Cikin Gida don duba cikin lamarin.<ref name="wh" /> == Jerin wadanda abin ya shafa == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Adadin !Sunan !Shekaru !Haɗi zuwa Kwallon !Ranar mutuwarsa |- |1 |Maria Lacey |Shekaru 24 |Yarinya |Yuli 1835 |- |2 |Maria Green |Watanni 13 |Jikanta |25 Disamba 1836 |- |3 |Ann Peggs |Shekaru 8 |Jikanta |7 Yuni 1839 |- |4 |Martha Green |Watanni 13 |Jikanta |31 ga Oktoba 1841 |- |5 |William Green |Shekaru 3 |Jikan |31 ga Oktoba 1841 |- |6 |Ann Elizabeth annoba |Shekaru 2 |Jikanta |1843 |- |7 |Samuel Pestle |Shekaru 3 |Jikan |Satumba 1845 |- |8 |Elizabeth Anne Balls |Shekaru 82 |Matar |Disamba 1845 |- |9 |Elizabeth Anne annoba |ba a sani ba |Jikanta |17 ga Afrilu 1846 |- |} == Dubi kuma == * Jerin masu kisan gilla a Ƙasar Ingila == Manazarta == de0deqhw24e85lvonbb3of4bum1fyv3 0 123787 906940 797585 2026-08-24T08:02:55Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 906940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ranar Duniya''' wani taron shekara-shekara ne a ranar 22 ga Afrilu don nuna goyon baya ga [[Kare Muhalli|Kare muhalli]]. An fara gudanar da shi a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 1970, yanzu ya haɗa da abubuwan da suka faru da yawa da aka tsara a duniya ta hanyar earthday.org (tsohon Cibiyar Ranar Duniya) gami da mutane biliyan 1 a cikin kasashe sama da 193.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 20, 2022 |title=1 billion people are taking part in Earth Day - here are some reasons to be hopeful this year |url=https://www.euronews.com/green/2022/04/20/1-billion-people-are-taking-part-in-earth-day-here-are-some-reasons-to-be-hopeful-this-yea |access-date=March 9, 2023 |publisher=Euronews}}</ref>&nbsp; A shekara ta 1969 a wani taron [[UNESCO]] a [[San Francisco]], mai fafutukar zaman lafiya John McConnell ya ba da shawarar rana don girmama Duniya da manufar zaman lafiya, da za a fara kiyayewa a ranar 21 ga Maris, 1970, Ranar farko ta bazara a arewacin arewa. Wannan rana ta yanayi daga baya an ba da izini a cikin wata sanarwa da McConnell ya rubuta kuma Sakatare Janar U Thant ya sanya hannu a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]]. Wata daya bayan haka, Sanata na Amurka Gaylord Nelson ya gabatar da ra'ayin gudanar da koyarwa muhalli a duk fadin kasar a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 1970, kuma ya hayar da wani matashi mai fafutuka, Denis Hayes, ya zama mai kula da kasa. Sunan "Ranar Duniya" marubucin talla Julian Koenig ne ya kirkiro shi.<ref name="NPR">{{Cite web |last=Frazier |first=Reed |date=22 April 2015 |title=Julian Koenig, Well-Known Adman, Named Earth Day |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/04/22/401540530/julian-koenig-well-known-adman-named-earth-day |access-date=10 March 2025 |website=NPR}}</ref> Denis da ma'aikatansa sun haɓaka taron fiye da ainihin ra'ayin don koyarwa don haɗawa da dukan Amurka. Abokan hulɗa marasa kula da muhalli sun taka muhimmiyar rawa. A karkashin jagorancin shugaban ma'aikata [[Walter Reuther]], alal misali, United Auto Workers (UAW) ita ce mafi yawan kayan aiki a waje da mai tallafawa kudi da aiki na Ranar Duniya ta farko.<ref name="Grist-2010">{{Cite web |date=April 2, 2010 |title=Labor and environmentalists have been teaming up since the first Earth Day |url=https://grist.org/article/2010-04-21-labor-and-environmentalists-have-been-teaming-up-since-the-first |access-date=April 28, 2020 |website=Grist}}</ref><ref name=":5aaCC">{{Cite web |date=April 2, 2009 |title=The Rumpus Interview with Earth Day Organizer Denis Hayes |url=https://therumpus.net/2009/04/the-rumpus-interview-with-denis-hayes |access-date=April 28, 2020 |website=The Rumpus.net}}</ref> A cewar Hayes: "Ba tare da UAW ba, Ranar Duniya ta farko za ta iya fashewa!" Daga baya aka ba Nelson lambar yabo ta Shugaban kasa don nuna godiya ga aikinsa. <ref name="Grist-2010" /> <ref name="Striepe-2013">{{Cite web |last=Striepe |first=Becky |date=2013-04-21 |title=Earth Day Care2 Healthy Living |url=http://www.care2.com/greenliving/a-brief-history-of-earth-day.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423111518/http://www.care2.com/greenliving/a-brief-history-of-earth-day.html |archive-date=2013-04-23 |access-date=2013-04-24 |website=Care2.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 20, 2022 |title=1 billion people are taking part in Earth Day - here are some reasons to be hopeful this year |url=https://www.euronews.com/green/2022/04/20/1-billion-people-are-taking-part-in-earth-day-here-are-some-reasons-to-be-hopeful-this-yea |access-date=March 9, 2023 |publisher=Euronews}}</ref> Ranar Duniya ta farko ta mayar da hankali ga Amurka. A cikin 1990, Denis Hayes, mai tsara asali na kasa a cikin 1970, ya ɗauki shi na kasa da kasa kuma ya shirya abubuwan da suka faru a cikin kasashe 141. <ref name="Bullitt-2011">{{Cite web |title=Staff – The Buillitt Foundation |url=http://bullitt.org/who-we-are/staff |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807180351/http://bullitt.org/who-we-are/staff |archive-date=August 7, 2011 |access-date=April 22, 2011 |website=Bullitt.org}}</ref><ref name=":7XA">{{Cite web |date=April 17, 2020 |title=The Rumpus Interview With Earth Day Organizer Denis Hayes |url=https://therumpus.net/2009/04/the-rumpus-interview-with-denis-hayes |access-date=April 20, 2020 |website=The Rumpus.net}}</ref><ref name=":7BX">{{Cite web |date=January 1990 |title=How Earth Day gave birth to the environmental movement |url=http://www.epa.gov/history/topics/earthday/01.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328214819/http://www.epa.gov/history/topics/earthday/01.htm |archive-date=March 28, 2010 |access-date=April 22, 2010 |website=The Harvard Gazette}}</ref> A Ranar Duniya 2016, Amurka, Ingila, China, da wasu kasashe 120 sun sanya hannu kan [[Yarjejeniyar Paris]]. Wannan sanya hannu ya gamsar da muhimmiyar buƙata don shigar da aiki na [[Yarjejeniyar Paris|Yarjejeniyar kare yanayi]] ta tarihi da aka karɓa ta hanyar yarjejeniyar kasashe 195 da suka halarci [[Taron Sauyin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2015|Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2015]] a Paris. Al'ummomi da yawa sun shiga cikin ayyukan "Ayyukan Ranar Duniya," mako guda na ayyukan da aka mayar da hankali kan batutuwan muhalli da duniya ke fuskanta.<ref name="SNS-2018">{{Cite web |date=April 22, 2018 |title=Earth Day: Let's pledge to keep our environment clean, says Mamata |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/earth-day-lets-pledge-to-keep-our-environment-clean-says-mamata-1502625867.html |website=The Statesman}}</ref> A Ranar Duniya 2020, sama da mutane miliyan 100 a duniya sun yi bikin cika shekaru 50 a cikin abin da ake kira mafi girman taron jama'a a kan layi a tarihi. A ranar ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1969, wani rijiyar da ake kira Platform A, wanda Union Oil ta hako mil 6 (10 daga bakin tekun Santa Barbara, [[California]], ya tashi. Fiye da galan miliyan {{Convert|3|e6USgal|e6impgal e6liter}} na Amurka (2.5 miliyan imperial gallons; 11) na man fetur da aka zubar, ya kashe fiye da tsuntsayen teku 10,000, dolphins, hatimi, da zakuna na teku. A matsayin martani ga wannan bala'in, an tattara masu gwagwarmaya don ƙirƙirar tsarin muhalli, ilimin muhalli da Ranar Duniya. Daga cikin masu goyon bayan Ranar Duniya sun kasance mutanen da ke kan gaba na yaki da wannan bala'in, Selma Rubin, Marc McGinnes, da Bud Bottoms, wanda ya kafa Get Oil Out . Denis Hayes, mai shirya Ranar Duniya ta farko, ya ce Sanata Gaylord Nelson daga [[Wisconsin]] ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi don ƙirƙirar Ranar Duniya bayan ya ga mai mai mai {{Convert|800|mi2}} km2) daga jirgin sama a cikin Santa Barbara Channel.<ref name="Wheeling-2017" /><ref name="Bastian-2017">{{Cite web |last=Bastian |first=Jonathan |date=2017-04-21 |title=How the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill sparked Earth Day |url=https://www.kcrw.com/news/articles/how-the-1969-santa-barbara-oil-spill-sparked-earth-day |access-date=2018-05-09 |website=KCRW |archive-date=2020-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428130310/https://www.kcrw.com/news/articles/how-the-1969-santa-barbara-oil-spill-sparked-earth-day |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Dirty Dozen === Ma'aikatan Ma'aikatar Ma'auni ta Muhalli sun yi murabus nan da nan bayan Ranar Duniya, kuma mafi yawansu sun koma kai tsaye zuwa sabuwar ƙungiya, Ayyukan Muhalli, tare da matsayin haraji wanda ya ba da izinin lobbying da kuma matsayi na gwagwarmaya. EA nan da nan ta fuskanci matsalar da ke faruwa a baya a duk lokacin yakin. Wasu daga cikin ma'aikatan sun jawo kansu ga motsi ta hanyar kimiyya da al'adu kuma sun ji cewa siyasa ba ta da kyau, kuma gwamnati ta lalace ba tare da an warware ta ba. Wannan rukuni ya yi imanin cewa ta hanyar rayuwa mai sauƙi na son rai, ta amfani da kayan aiki kamar waɗanda suka cika cikakken kundin duniya wanda ba na siyasa ba, za su iya tilasta duniya ta saba da su. An tsara ka'idar canjin su a kan 'yan Afirka na kudancin da suka zauna a wuraren cin abincin rana, suka sha daga wuraren cin abincin dare, kuma suka zauna a bayan bas din, sun yi watsi da rawar da shari'ar dabarun [[Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964|dokokin tarayya]], da siyasar zabe ke takawa a cikin canji na dindindin. == Manazarta == cpfrvp7dks1zbl66v2qhb908ephu0g4 0 123907 906759 749851 2026-08-23T21:59:54Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 906759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A ranar 2 ga watan Yulin 2018, yarinya 'yar Scotland mai shekaru shida '''Alesha Sarah MacPhail''' ta sace ta daga gadonta kuma Aaron Thomas Campbell mai shekaru 16 ya kashe ta. Alesha, daga Airdrie, North Lanarkshire, ta kasance kwana uku cikin zama tare da kakanninta a Isle of Bute lokacin da Campbell ta shiga gidansu da ba a kulle ba a kusan karfe 2 na safe. Matashin ya riga ya sayi wiwi daga mahaifin Alesha Robert "Bobby" McPhail, wanda ke zaune a gidan, kuma da farko ya tafi sata miyagun ƙwayoyi. Bayan ya sami yaron yana barci, Campbell ya ɗauke ta, ya kai ta filin otal ɗin da aka rushe, sannan ya yi mata fyade kuma ya kashe ta hanyar matsawa fuskarta da wuyanta. An bayar da rahoton Alesha ya ɓace a 06:23 GMT; wani memba na jama'a ya gano jikinta a 08:54 GMT.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 'Yan sanda na Scotland sun zargi Campbell da satar mutane, fyade da kisan kai a ranar 5 ga Yulin 2018. Ya musanta duk wani shiga kuma ya ce "ba laifi ba" lokacin da aka fara shari'arsa a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu 2019. Ya shiga "tsaron karewa na musamman" ta hanyar da'awar cewa budurwar Robert, Toni McLachlan, ce ke da alhakin kashe yaron da kuma tsara shi. Campbell ya danganta da laifin ta hanyar hotunan CCTV, DNA, da fiber daga tufafinsa, kuma juriya ta dawo da hukunci mai laifi bayan sa'o'i uku na tattaunawa. An ɗaga haramcin kiran Campbell a fili bayan da aka yanke masa hukunci. A ranar 21 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2019, an yanke masa hukuncin rai da rai tare da mafi ƙarancin shekaru 27; daga baya aka rage shi zuwa shekaru 24 a kan roko. Ya furta laifin kafin a yanke masa hukunci, ya kara da cewa ya "godiya sosai da kisan".&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Wannan shari'ar ta haifar da sha'awar kafofin watsa labarai da yawa a Burtaniya, tare da babban alƙalin Lord Matthews yana mai cewa "ba zai iya tunanin wani laifi a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan wanda ya jawo hankalin irin wannan fushi ba". Tsaro da aka fahimta na Isle of Bute ya ba da gudummawa ga firgici ga jama'a, yayin da ƙuruciya ta mai laifin ta haifar da tattaunawa da muhawara game da yanayin masu kisan kai. == Tarihi == === Alesha MacPhail === An haifi Alesha Sarah MacPhail a [[Glasgow]] Royal Infirmary a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 2011. Ta zauna a Airdrie, North Lanarkshire, tare da mahaifiyarta Georgina Lochrane da ƙanwarta. Ta halarci Makarantar Chapelside kuma kwanan nan ta kammala Firamare Biyu a lokacin mutuwarta. Babban malaminta ya bayyana ta a matsayin "yarinya mai farin ciki da farin ciki" wacce "tana son kasancewa a makaranta kuma tana jin daɗin dukkan fannoni na karatu da rubutu, musamman rubuce-rubuce. " Ayyukan da ta fi so sun haɗa da wasan motsa jiki da yin burodi. Iyayen MacPhail sun rabu lokacin da take da wata uku. Mahaifinta Robert ya zauna a Rothesay, babban gari a Tsibirin Bute, tare da iyayensa da budurwarsa Toni McLachlan . Alesha za ta ziyarci mahaifinta da kakanninta kowane karshen mako. A ranar 28 ga Yuni 2018, tana da shekaru shida, ta haɗu da iyalinta a Rothesay don abin da ake nufi da makonni uku na hutun bazara na makaranta.&nbsp; === Aaron Campbell === An haifi Aaron Thomas Campbell a Shrewsbury, Shropshire, a ranar 7 ga Mayu 2002. Ya fito ne daga ƙasar gargajiya ta Clan Campbell ta Argyll, Campbell ya koma Isle of Bute lokacin da yake ɗan shekara huɗu ko biyar tare da mahaifiyarsa Janette, mahaifinsa Christopher, da ƙaramar 'yar'uwa. Shugabannin dangin Campbell da wakilan sun rabu da Aaron Campbell da ayyukansa kuma sun aika da ta'aziyya ga dangin marigayin.<ref>{{cite news |last=Aitchison |first=Jack |date=6 September 2019 |title=Alesha MacPhail Memorial Bench Set up in Airdrie Park |url=https://www.glasgowtimes.co.uk/news/17887049.alesha-macphail-memorial-bench-set-airdrie-park/ |access-date=12 May 2021 |newspaper=The Glasgow Times}}</ref>&nbsp; Girman Campbell ya haɗa da abubuwa na cin zarafin jiki da na motsin rai, kuma sau da yawa yana jayayya da mahaifiyarsa mai shaye-shaye. An gwada shi don [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|Rashin kulawa]] (ADHD) kuma yana da tarihin cutar kansa da [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki]]. Campbell ya halarci Kwalejin Rothesay kuma ya shahara a tsakanin abokansa, tare da su yana shan barasa a kai a kai kuma yana halartar bukukuwa. Ya kasance mai lafiya kuma mai aiki, yayin da yake sha'awar caca; yana so ya zama tauraron [[YouTube]] kuma ya sanya bidiyo da yawa a shafin yanar gizon.<ref name="name" /> Lokacin da yake da shekaru 15, Campbell ya fara la'akari da "yin wani abu mai yawa" kamar [[fyade]]. A cikin 2017, ya aika da saƙon [[Fezbuk|Facebook]] yana cewa "zai iya kashe rana 1 don kwarewar rayuwa". An shigar da shi cikin shirin farfadowa lokacin da aka kama shi yana fara gobara.&nbsp;&nbsp; Campbell ya saba da Robert MacPhail da Toni McLachlan, kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana da jima'i da McLachlan a cikin hunturu na 2017, kodayake ba a gabatar da wata hujja don tabbatar da ikirarin Campbell kuma McLachlan ya musanta wannan. Ya sayi wiwi daga ma'auratan a lokuta da yawa, amma waɗannan hulɗar sun ƙare a farkon 2018 biyo bayan rashin jituwa da shiga tsakani daga mahaifiyar Campbell. == Satar da kuma kisan kai == A ranar 1 ga Yulin 2018, kwana uku cikin ziyarar bazara, an kwantar da Alesha a cikin ɗakinta a gidan kakanninta da ke bakin teku tare da ''Peppa Pig'' DVD. Da misalin karfe 11 na yamma, McLachlan ya duba ta kuma ya lura cewa tana barci. An bar maɓallin a ƙofar gaba, kamar yadda ya zama ruwan dare a Rothesay.&nbsp; A wannan maraice, Campbell mai shekaru 16 ya gayyaci abokai goma sha biyar zuwa gidansa, inda ya bugu. Jam'iyyar ta ƙare kafin tsakar dare, amma a karfe 12:30 na safe a ranar 2 ga Yuli, wani aboki ya dawo ya sami Campbell a gado kuma "ya kashe kansa". [1] [2] Campbell ya yi iƙirarin, "Na yi fushi sosai yayin da mahaifiyata ke jayayya da ni mafi yawan dare. " [1] Abokin ya "damu da shi sosai" kuma ya ba da damar zama, amma Campbell ya ki kuma ya ce zai "yi jajjefe shi". [2] Ya aika sakonni ga mutane da yawa yana tambayar idan suna nan don sayar masa da wiwi, gami da Robert MacPhail.[2] A 1:47 da 1:48 na safe, ya kira McLachlan amma bai sami amsa ba.[3] == Bincike == === Bincike da ganowa === [[Fayil:Serpentine,_Rothesay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1491327.jpg|thumb|MacPhail tana zaune tare da mahaifinta a cikin ƙaramin garin Rothesay, Isle of Bute]] Da karfe 6 na safe a ranar 2 ga Yuli, Calum MacPhail ya farka don aiki don gano cewa jikarsa ba ta cikin gadonta kuma ta yanke shawarar cewa ba ta cikin gidan. Ba ta taɓa gudu ba, kuma keken ta ya kasance a cikin lambun. Kakar Alesha, Angela King, ta sanar da 'yan sanda da karfe 6:23 na safe yayin da sauran dangin suka fara bincika yankin kuma suka yada labarin bacewarta. Sarki ya kuma yi roƙo a Facebook, yana ƙarfafa jama'a su taimaka. McLachlan ya lura da kiran da ya ɓace daga Campbell kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin kiran shi. A karfe 9:01 na safe Campbell ya amsa "Godiya ba ta da mahimmanci" tare da dariya biyu. Lokacin da aka tambaye shi ya kula da Alesha, ya rubuta, "Oh damn. Tabbas ba ta yi nisa sosai ba x". 'Yan sanda na Scotland sun fara farautar Alesha, ta amfani da helikofta don taimakawa da binciken.<ref name="deny">{{cite news |date=13 February 2019 |title=Woman denies killing six-year-old schoolgirl |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-47226477 |website=[[BBC News]] |series=Alesha MacPhail |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Wani mai sa kai na tsaron bakin teku ya fara bincika bakin teku a karfe 6:55 na safe inda ya gano wuka na kicin kusa da gidan MacPhail. Yawancin jama'a ma sun shiga. Da karfe 8:54 na safe Jorge Williams, wani mutumin yankin da ya ga roko na King na Facebook, ya sanar da 'yan sanda cewa ya gano jikin Alesha marar rai tsirara. An same ta a wani yanki mai itatuwa a cikin filin tsohon otal, tafiya na minti goma sha biyar daga gidan MacPhail. Georgina Lochrane, wacce ke da nisan kilomita 70 (kilomita 110) a Airdrie, ta koyi game da mutuwar 'yarta ta shafin Facebook na Sarki kafin a kai ta Bute. An gudanar da jarrabawar bayan mutuwa a ranar 3 ga Yulin 2018. Binciken gawa ya kammala cewa MacPhail ta sami raunin 117, wasu daga cikinsu sun faru ne yayin da take da rai kuma wasu daga cikinsu na iya haifar da ciyayi. Raunin da aka samu a wuyanta da fuskarta ya nuna cewa an kama ta, yayin da raunin da aka yi a hanci da bakinta ya nuna cewa ta sha. Jikinta na jima'i ya sami raunin "matsananci". Likitan ilimin cututtuka ya tabbatar da mutuwarta ta zama "saboda matsin lamba mai karfi a wuyanta da fuskarta". &nbsp;&nbsp; === Bincike da kamawa === Yan sanda na Scotland sun bude binciken kisan kai bayan sakamakon binciken gawa. Babban Superintendent Hazel Hendren, kwamandan 'yan sanda na yankin, ya bayyana cewa "Kowane albarkatun da ke akwai daga ko'ina cikin' yan sanda na Scotland ana samun su ga wannan babban bincike". Detective Superintendent Stuart [[Houston]] ya yi nasara don samun bayanai daga jama'a. 'Yan sanda sun gudanar da bincike a gidan MacPhail, yayin da suke sintiri sosai a titunan Bute da yin bincike gida-gida. An rufe sassa da yawa na tsibirin yayin da masana kimiyya suka nemi shaida.<ref name="arrest2" /> Masu bincike sun yi imanin tun daga farkon matakin cewa mai kisan ya kasance a Bute. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4rx0fl15qlzjt605vf0xsl8ur89tvj4 0 124323 906939 751000 2026-08-24T08:02:33Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 906939 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hammersmith_nude_murders_suspect_identikit.png|right|thumb|Wani sanannen 'yan sanda na Metropolitan na wanda ake zargi, wanda aka tattara daga bayanin da wani mai shaida ya gani bayan kisan Frances Brown a shekarar 1964. Ba a taɓa kama ko gano wanda ake zargi ba.]]{{Databox}} Kisan gillar Hammersmith ya kasance jerin kisan kai shida a Yammacin London, Ingila, a cikin 1964 da 1965.[1] Wadanda abin ya shafa, duk masu karuwanci, an same su ba tare da sutura ba a cikin ko kusa da Kogin Thames, wanda ya jagoranci manema labarai su ba da laƙabi ga mai kisan kai Jack the Stripper (wani ambaton Jack the Ripper). [2][3] Kisan kai biyu da suka gabata, da aka aikata a Yammacin London a 1959 da 1963, wasu masu bincike sun haɗa su da wannan mai aikata laifin.[3][1][1] Duk da "matsananciyar sha'awar kafofin watsa labarai da daya daga cikin manyan manhunts a tarihin Scotland Yard" ba a warware lamarin ba.<ref name="get">{{Cite web |date=10 November 2010 |title=Author 'solves' Hammersmith Nudes murder riddle |url=https://www.getwestlondon.co.uk/news/local-news/author-solves-hammersmith-nudes-murder-5991798 |access-date=6 April 2018 |website=Get West London}}</ref> Shaidar da aka tattara a lokacin an yi imanin cewa an lalata ko ya ɓace. == Wadanda aka azabtar == === Elizabeth Figg ===   An gano Figg ya mutu a karfe 5:10 na safe a ranar 17 ga Yuni 1959 ta jami'an 'yan sanda <ref name="historic">{{Cite web |last=Hewitt |first=Les |date=7 May 2015 |title=Jack the Stripper |url=https://www.historicmysteries.com/jack-the-stripper/ |access-date=6 April 2018 |website=Historic Mysteries}}</ref> a kan sintiri na yau da kullun a Duke's Meadows, Chiswick, a arewacin kogin Thames. {{Sfn|Seabrook|2007}} Gidan shakatawa yana da suna a matsayin Hanyar masoya, kuma an san karuwai da ɗaukar abokan cinikin su can.{{Sfn|Seabrook|2007}}{{Spaces}} An gano jikin Figg a kan daji tsakanin Dan Mason Drive da hanyar kogi, kimanin 200 yadudduka (180 yammacin Barnes Bridge.{{Sfn|Seabrook|2007}} An tsage rigarta a wuyanta kuma an buɗe ta don bayyana ƙirjinta; alamun da ke kewaye da wuyan sun dace da maƙurewa.{{Sfn|Seabrook|2007}}{{Sfn|McConnell|1975}} Kayan ciki da takalma na Figg sun ɓace, kuma ba a sami sanarwa ko dukiyar mutum ba.{{Sfn|Seabrook|2007}} Wani masanin ilimin cututtuka ya kammala cewa mutuwar ta faru ne tsakanin tsakar dare da 2:00 na safe a ranar 17 ga Yuni. {{Sfn|Seabrook|2007}}{{Sfn|McConnell|1975}}{{Spaces}} Hoton Bayan mutuwa fuskar Figg da aka rarraba ga manema labarai ya sami kansa daga abokin zama da mahaifiyarta.{{Sfn|Seabrook|2007}}{{Sfn|Seabrook|2007}} Bincike mai zurfi na yankin - gami da gadon kogi - ya kasa samun tufafin Figg, takalma na baki, ko fararen jaka.{{Sfn|Seabrook|2007}} Wani jami'in 'yan sanda ya yi tunanin cewa wani abokin ciniki ya kashe ta a cikin motarsa, bayan ya cire takalmansa da tufafinsa, kuma waɗannan da [[jakarta]] sun kasance a cikin mota bayan an zubar da jikin a Duke's Meadows.{{Sfn|Seabrook|2007}}{{Sfn|McConnell|1975}} Mai shi a gidan jama'a na Ship, a gefen kogin inda aka sami Figg, ya ce a daren kisan shi da matarsa sun ga fitilun mota yayin da yake ajiyewa a wannan yankin da karfe 12:05 na safe. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan an kashe fitilun, sun ji kukan mace.{{Sfn|McConnell|1975}}{{Spaced en dash}}{{Spaced en dash}}{{Spaces}} === Gwynneth Rees ===   An gano gawar Gwynneth Rees wanda aka haifa a Welsh a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 1963 a wurin zubar da shara na Barnes Borough Council a kan Townmead Road, Mortlake . {{Sfn|Seabrook|2007}} Wutar ta kasance 40 yadudduka (37 daga hanyar Thames, kuma kusan 1 mil (1.6 daga Duke's Meadows.{{Sfn|Seabrook|2007}}   An sami Tailford ya mutu a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1964 <ref name="map">{{Cite web |title=The Nude Murders: Jack the Stripper{{!}}MurderMap – London Homicide Reported Direct from The Old Bailey |url=http://www.murdermap.co.uk/pages/cases/case.asp?CID=597117303 |access-date=6 April 2018 |website=Murdermap}}</ref> a bakin teku Thames a ƙasa da Linden House - gidan kulob din na London Corinthian Sailing Club - yammacin Hammersmith Bridge.{{Sfn|Seabrook|2007}}{{Sfn|Moore|2013}} An maƙure ta, yawancin haƙorinta sun ɓace, kuma an saka tufafinta a bakinta.<ref name="historic">{{Cite web |last=Hewitt |first=Les |date=7 May 2015 |title=Jack the Stripper |url=https://www.historicmysteries.com/jack-the-stripper/ |access-date=6 April 2018 |website=Historic Mysteries}}</ref><ref name="map" />{{Spaced en dash}}{{Spaced en dash}}   === Helen Barthelemy === East Lothian-born Barthelemy was found dead on 24 April 1964<ref name="map">{{Cite web |title=The Nude Murders: Jack the Stripper{{!}}MurderMap – London Homicide Reported Direct from The Old Bailey |url=http://www.murdermap.co.uk/pages/cases/case.asp?CID=597117303 |access-date=6 April 2018 |website=Murdermap}}</ref> in an alleyway at the rear of 199 [[Boston]] Manor Road, Brentford.{{Sfn|Kirby|2016}} Barthelemy's death gave investigators their first solid piece of evidence in the case: flecks of paint<ref name="map" /> used in car manufacturing. Police felt that the paint had probably come from the killer's workplace; they therefore focused on tracing it to a business nearby.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2019}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> An sami baƙon Irish Bridget "Bridie" O'Hara ya mutu a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 1965 kusa da wani ajiya a bayan Heron Trading Estate, Acton . <ref name="map">{{Cite web |title=The Nude Murders: Jack the Stripper{{!}}MurderMap – London Homicide Reported Direct from The Old Bailey |url=http://www.murdermap.co.uk/pages/cases/case.asp?CID=597117303 |access-date=6 April 2018 |website=Murdermap}}</ref>{{Sfn|Seabrook|2007}} Ta ɓace tun daga ranar 11 ga Janairu. Har ila yau, jikin O'Hara ya juya da fenti na masana'antu, wanda aka gano zuwa mai canza wutar lantarki kusa da inda aka gano ta. Jikinta kuma ya nuna alamun cewa an adana shi a cikin yanayi mai dumi.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gates |first=James |date=12 March 2012 |title=Retro: The mystery of the Jack the Stripper murders |url=http://www.getwestlondon.co.uk/lifestyle/nostalgia/retro-mystery-jack-stripper-murders-5978691 |access-date=4 January 2017 |work=[[Trinity Mirror|Get West London]]}}</ref> Mai canzawa ya dace da fenti da dumama.<ref name="Murder Casebook">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Murder Casebook|1990}}</ref> == Bincike == Babban Superintendent John Du Rose na Scotland Yard, mai bincike da ke kula da shari'ar, <ref name="eadt">{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Steve |date=27 September 2016 |title=Can we finally unmask serial killer 'Jack'? |url=http://www.eadt.co.uk/ea-life/can-we-finally-unmask-serial-killer-jack-1-4712842 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407054025/http://www.eadt.co.uk/ea-life/can-we-finally-unmask-serial-killer-jack-1-4712842 |archive-date=7 April 2018 |access-date=6 April 2018 |website=East Anglian Daily Times |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last=Gates |first=James |date=12 March 2012 |title=Retro: The mystery of the Jack the Stripper murders |url=http://www.getwestlondon.co.uk/lifestyle/nostalgia/retro-mystery-jack-stripper-murders-5978691 |access-date=4 January 2017 |work=[[Trinity Mirror|Get West London]]}}</ref> ya yi hira da kusan mutane 7,000 da ake zargi. <ref name="Murder Casebook">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Murder Casebook|1990}}</ref> A cewar marubucin Anthony Summers, Hannah Tailford da Frances Brown, wadanda suka kamu da cutar ta uku da ta bakwai, an haɗa su da batun Profumo na 1963. An kuma san wasu wadanda abin ya shafa da shiga cikin jam'iyyar karkashin kasa ban da bayyana a fina-finai na batsa. Marubutan da yawa sun yi iƙirarin cewa wadanda abin ya shafa na iya sanin juna, kuma mai kisan na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da wannan yanayin. == Wadanda ake zargi == === Kenneth Archibald === === Mungo Ireland === Ga Du Rose, wanda ake zargi shi ne mai tsaron Scotland mai suna Mungo Ireland, wanda Du Rose ya fara ganowa a cikin wata hira ta talabijin ta [[BBC]] a shekarar 1970 a matsayin mai daraja mai aure a cikin shekaru arba'in wanda ya kira "Big John". A bayyane yake an gano Ireland a matsayin wanda ake zargi jim kadan bayan kisan Bridget O'Hara, lokacin da aka gano fure na masana'antu zuwa Heron Trading Estate, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tsaro.<ref name="get">{{Cite web |date=10 November 2010 |title=Author 'solves' Hammersmith Nudes murder riddle |url=https://www.getwestlondon.co.uk/news/local-news/author-solves-hammersmith-nudes-murder-5991798 |access-date=6 April 2018 |website=Get West London}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan an yi wannan haɗin, Ireland ta guba da kansa da carbon monoxide, <ref name="get">{{Cite web |date=10 November 2010 |title=Author 'solves' Hammersmith Nudes murder riddle |url=https://www.getwestlondon.co.uk/news/local-news/author-solves-hammersmith-nudes-murder-5991798 |access-date=6 April 2018 |website=Get West London}}</ref> ya bar bayanin kula ga matarsa wanda ya karanta: "Ba zan iya riƙe shi ba", kuma ya gama, "Don ceton ku da 'yan sanda da ke neman ni zan kasance a cikin garage". Duk da yake mutane da yawa suna ganinsa a matsayin wanda ake zargi da kisan kai, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa Ireland tana cikin [[Scotland]] lokacin da aka kashe O'Hara, sabili da haka ba zai iya zama Stripper ba.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gates |first=James |date=12 March 2012 |title=Retro: The mystery of the Jack the Stripper murders |url=http://www.getwestlondon.co.uk/lifestyle/nostalgia/retro-mystery-jack-stripper-murders-5978691 |access-date=4 January 2017 |work=[[Trinity Mirror|Get West London]]}}</ref> Marubucin aikata laifuka Neil Milkins ya ce kashe-kashen ya tsaya bayan mutuwar Ireland kuma an rage rundunar 'yan sanda da aka kafa don kama mai kisan kuma a ƙarshe an rushe ta. Milkins, wanda ya rubuta littafin Who Was Jack the Stripper? , ya kasance mai ba da shawara na bincike ga shirin BBC Dark Son: The Hunt for a Serial Killer . "A safiyar da aka gano gawar Ireland, ya kamata ya bayyana a gaban Kotun Majistare ta Acton don fuskantar tuhumar rashin dakatar da motarsa bayan ya shiga hatsarin mota, "in ji Milkins. "Shin Ireland ta kashe kanta don ceton mahukunta na Acton da ke fuskantar wani cajin mota ko kuma John Du Rose ya tura shi kan iyaka tare da maganganun manema labarai?" The Scotland Yard Serious Crime Review Group ya sake bincika kisan Hammersmith tsakanin 2006 da 2007, kuma wannan ya haifar da sabon ƙarshe. Wata sanarwa ta karanta: "Shaidar da ke tattare da Mungo Ireland tana da ƙarfi sosai kuma ra'ayin jami'an da ke gudanar da bita na baya-bayan nan na wannan shari'ar ne mai yiwuwa ya kasance da alhakin. " Kodayake bayanan aikin Ireland sun nuna cewa yana Scotland a daren bacewar O'Hara, Scotland Yard ya yi imanin cewa akwai yiwuwar an ƙirƙira waɗannan.<ref name="Graeme Stachan">{{Cite web |date=21 May 2021 |title=Real Line of Duty: Was a Dundee man framed for Jack the Stripper murders? |url=https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/past-times/2248423/real-line-of-duty-was-a-dundee-man-framed-for-jack-the-stripper-murders/ |access-date=26 August 2021 |website=theCourier.co.uk}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9pp5jxq48yfu0zivjcmgofm7dwmk83r 0 124576 906824 795747 2026-08-24T04:38:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Olukoya Ogen''' Farfesa ce ta Tarihi ta Najeriya . Ya kasance Fellow na Kwalejin Harafi ta Najeriya da kuma Tarihin Tarihi na Najeriya <ref>{{Cite web |title=UNIOSUN Don and NYSC DG Inducted as Fellows of the Historical Society of Nigeria |url=https://www.uniosun.edu.ng/index.php/item/1755-uniosun-don-and-nysc-dg-inducted-as-fellows-of-the-historical-society-of-nigeria.html |website=Osun State University, Osogbo}}</ref> kuma tsohon Provost <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2014 |title=Adeyemi College of Education Gets New Provost |url=http://thestreetjournal.org/2014/08/adeyemi-college-of-education-gets-new-provost/ |website=Thestreetjournal.org}}</ref> na Kwaleji ta Ilimi ta Adeyemi, Najeriya.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=October 8, 2018 |title=Adeyemi college to be upgraded to varsity soon ― Provost » Latest News |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/167914/ |website=Tribuneonlineng.com |access-date=December 26, 2025 |archive-date=June 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601233839/https://tribuneonlineng.com/167914/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2021 |title=Dr Olukoya Ogen Becomes a Fellow of the Historical Society of Nigeria |url=https://africanhistoryproject.org/ahp/partners-ahp/dr-olukoya-ogen-becomes-a-fellow-of-the-historical-society-of-nigeria/ |access-date=12 February 2022 |website=Africanhistoryproject.org |archive-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205181611/https://africanhistoryproject.org/ahp/partners-ahp/dr-olukoya-ogen-becomes-a-fellow-of-the-historical-society-of-nigeria/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ilimi == Olukoya Ogen ya sami digiri na PhD a [[Tarihi]] daga [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] da kuma Takardar shaidar Kasuwanci, Girma da Talauci daga Cibiyar Bankin Duniya, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]] a shekara ta 2006. Ya kasance Leventis Scholar a Jami'ar London a shekara ta 2008; a British Academy Visiting Fellow a Jami'an Birmingham a shekara ta 2009; a Cadbury Visiting Fello a shekara ta 2010; da kuma American Council of Learned Societies Postdoctoral Fellow a shekara ta 2011. Ya kuma kasance Darakta na Ƙasa da Co-Bincike na Kyautar Majalisar Bincike ta Turai daga 2012 zuwa 2017. Olukoya Ogen ta sami kyautar Jami'ar Leeds' LUCAS-LAHRI Visiting Fellowship a shekarar 2022. Ya kuma lashe babbar Asusun UNESCO na Duniya don Binciken Al'adu a cikin 2023 a tsakanin sauran tallafin bincike. Ya ƙware a tarihin zamantakewa da al'adu da tattalin arziki na [[Najeriya]]. == Ayyukan sana'a da gudanarwa == Kafin ya shiga [[Jami'ar Garin Osun|Jami'ar Jihar Osun]] a shekara ta 2009, ya yi aiki a [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]], 2000-2001, [[Jami'ar Adekunle Ajasin]], 2001-2006, da [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]], 2006-2009. Ya kasance Mai Bincike na Baƙo a Kwalejin Fourah Bay, Jami'ar Saliyo a cikin 2011, kuma ya kasance Masanin ACLS a [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] a cikin 2012. An nada shi Babban Mai Bincike na Ziyarar a Jami'ar Birmingham a shekarar 2012;<ref>https://www.uniosun.edu.ng/index.php/item/2124-uniosun-felicitates-prof-olukoya-ogen-on-his-induction-as-fellow-of-the-nigerian-academy-of-letters.html</ref> Ziyarar Cikakken Bincike a Jami'an Kudancin, Baton Rouge, [[Louisiana]] daga 2017-2020; kuma Farfesa na Ilimi ta Jami'ar Amurka da ke Yaounde a shekarar 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNIOSUN Don and NYSC DG Inducted as Fellows of the Historical Society of Nigeria |url=https://www.uniosun.edu.ng/index.php/item/1755-uniosun-don-and-nysc-dg-inducted-as-fellows-of-the-historical-society-of-nigeria.html |website=Osun State University, Osogbo}}</ref> == Daraja da yabo == Ya kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Lifetime Achievement Awards guda biyu, <ref>https://www.uniosun.edu.ng/index.php/item/2124-uniosun-felicitates-prof-olukoya-ogen-on-his-induction-as-fellow-of-the-nigerian-academy-of-letters.html</ref> ya kuma sami Wasikar yabo daga Majalisar Dattijai ta 8 ta Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya don lissafi da mutunci bayan ya fito a matsayin mafi kyawun Provost a Najeriya a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UNIOSUN Don and NYSC DG Inducted as Fellows of the Historical Society of Nigeria |url=https://www.uniosun.edu.ng/index.php/item/1755-uniosun-don-and-nysc-dg-inducted-as-fellows-of-the-historical-society-of-nigeria.html |website=Osun State University, Osogbo}}</ref> An nada shi Magajin garin Baton Rouge, Louisiana a shekarar 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2014 |title=Adeyemi College of Education Gets New Provost |url=http://thestreetjournal.org/2014/08/adeyemi-college-of-education-gets-new-provost/ |website=Thestreetjournal.org}}</ref> Ya lashe lambar yabo ta zinare ta UNIOSUN don Kwarewar Bincike a 2023 da kuma Kyautar Farfesa Ali Mazrui don Kwarewa a cikin Bincike na Ilimi a 2019. <ref>https://www.uniosun.edu.ng/index.php/item/2124-uniosun-felicitates-prof-olukoya-ogen-on-his-induction-as-fellow-of-the-nigerian-academy-of-letters.html</ref> Ya kuma sami lambar yabo ta Platinum Benefactor da lambar yabo ta Jami'ar Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiya, Ondo City a cikin 2017 da 2019 bi da bi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNIOSUN Don and NYSC DG Inducted as Fellows of the Historical Society of Nigeria |url=https://www.uniosun.edu.ng/index.php/item/1755-uniosun-don-and-nysc-dg-inducted-as-fellows-of-the-historical-society-of-nigeria.html |website=Osun State University, Osogbo}}</ref><ref>https://www.uniosun.edu.ng/index.php/item/2124-uniosun-felicitates-prof-olukoya-ogen-on-his-induction-as-fellow-of-the-nigerian-academy-of-letters.html</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] g1a9t1u1cellp9m2xq0jcwqt6k7my9s 0 124890 906933 899046 2026-08-24T07:59:45Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 906933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Misali na Duluth yarjejeniya ce ta pseudoscientific <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Corvo |first=Kenneth |date=2011 |title=The Gift of the Magi: Can Attachment, Altruism, and Hope be Mobilized in Treating Domestic Violence? |journal=Partner Abuse |volume=2 |pages=76–94 |doi=10.1891/1946-6560.2.1.76}}</ref> don tashin hankali na abokin tarayya (IPV). Misali yana da son kai saboda ba daidai ba ne ya ki amincewa da tashin hankali na mata, tashin hankali a cikin dangantakar jima'i, cin zarafin hanyoyi biyu, kuma ba a halicce shi ta hanyar binciken ilimi ba.<ref name="Myth: Duluth model">{{Cite web |date=31 December 2023 |title=Myth: Duluth model |url=https://equi-law.uk/duluth-model/ |language=en-UK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bates |first=Elizabeth |date=2016 |title=Current Controversies within Intimate Partner Violence: Overlooking Bidirectional Violence |journal=Journal of Family Violence |volume=31 |issue=8 |pages=937–940 |doi=10.1007/s10896-016-9862-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rizza |first=Johnna |title=Beyond Duluth: A Broad Spectrum of Treatmentfor a Broad Spectrum Domestic Violence |journal=Montana Law Review |volume=70 |issue=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2017 |title=FAQs about the Wheels |url=https://www.theduluthmodel.org/wheels/faqs-about-the-wheels/ |access-date=October 8, 2024 |website=The Duluth Model}}</ref> Masana kimiyya sun tabbatar da cewa yana da matsananciyar, mara kyau, kuma yana da rikice-rikice.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donald |first=Dutton |date=2007 |title=The Duluth model: A data-impervious paradigm and a failed strategy |journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=658–667 |doi=10.1016/j.avb.2007.03.002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Corvo |first=Ken |date=2003 |title=Vilification of the “batterer”: How blame shapes domestic violence policy and interventions |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_aggression-and-violent-behavior_may-june-2003_8_3/page/259 |journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior |volume=8 |issue=3 |page=259-281 |doi=10.1016/S1359-1789(01)00060-X}}</ref> An tsara shi ne don kawo [[Tabbatar da doka|tilasta bin doka]], Dokar iyali, da hukumomin aikin zamantakewa tare a cikin Amsa na Al'umma don aiki tare don rage tashin hankali ga mata da kuma farfado da masu aikata tashin hankali na gida. An sanya masa suna ne bayan Duluth, [[Minnesota]], garin da aka haɓaka ta hanyar Shirin Harkokin Cin Hanci na Cikin Gida (DAIP).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Corvo |first=Kenneth |date=2011 |title=The Gift of the Magi: Can Attachment, Altruism, and Hope be Mobilized in Treating Domestic Violence? |journal=Partner Abuse |volume=2 |pages=76–94 |doi=10.1891/1946-6560.2.1.76}}</ref> Misali yana ba da hanyar daidaita hukumomin al'umma don samar da amsa mai daidaituwa ga mata da ke fama da tashin hankali na Abokin Hulɗa wanda ke da manyan manufofi guda uku: # Tabbatar da amincin wanda ya tsira. # Samar da hanyar da za a sa masu laifi / abokan cin zarafi suyi alhakin tashin hankali. # Canja yanayin haƙuri ga wannan nau'in tashin hankali. Wani ɓangare na wannan samfurin shine shirin canjin halayyar maza Samar da Tsarin Canji ga Maza da ke Batter: ''The'' Duluth Curriculum . Shirin karatun shine shirin shiga tsakani na yau da kullun da aka yi amfani da shi a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. Masu ba da shawara game da tsarin Duluth suna da'awar cewa yana da nasara saboda an kafa shi ne a cikin kwarewar mata da aka azabtar, yana taimaka wa masu laifi da sauya al'umma, kuma yana jan dukkan al'umma tare don amsawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Corvo |first=Kenneth |date=2011 |title=The Gift of the Magi: Can Attachment, Altruism, and Hope be Mobilized in Treating Domestic Violence? |journal=Partner Abuse |volume=2 |pages=76–94 |doi=10.1891/1946-6560.2.1.76}}</ref> Duluth Model Coordinated Community Response ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa don kokarin da ya yi na kawo karshen tashin hankali na abokin tarayya, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Corvo |first=Kenneth |date=2011 |title=The Gift of the Magi: Can Attachment, Altruism, and Hope be Mobilized in Treating Domestic Violence? |journal=Partner Abuse |volume=2 |pages=76–94 |doi=10.1891/1946-6560.2.1.76}}</ref> gami da Kyautar Manufofin Makomar Duniya a shekarar 2014. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bates |first=Elizabeth |date=2016 |title=Current Controversies within Intimate Partner Violence: Overlooking Bidirectional Violence |journal=Journal of Family Violence |volume=31 |issue=8 |pages=937–940 |doi=10.1007/s10896-016-9862-7}}</ref> Masana kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa sun soki shi waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan halayyar mutum kuma sun ƙi tsarin zamantakewa na duka. Edward Gondolf ya soki ƙananan nau'ikan shaidu da aka yi amfani da su don kimanta tsoma baki, yana jayayya cewa tsarin binciken ilimin kimiyyar halittu bai dace da kimanta tasirin sa hannun jari ba. == Asalin da ka'idar == Ka'idar mata da ke haifar da tsarin Duluth ita ce maza suna amfani da tashin hankali a cikin dangantaka don nuna iko da iko. An tsara tsarin karatun don a yi amfani da shi a cikin al'umma ta amfani da cibiyoyinta don rage ikon masu azabtarwa a kan wadanda aka azabtar da su da kuma bincika tare da kowane mutum mai cin zarafi manufar da tushen tashin hankali da kuma yiwuwar canji ta hanyar neman nau'ikan dangantaka daban-daban da mata. Wannan an kwatanta shi da "Power and Control Wheel," hoto wanda aka nuna shi a matsayin hoto a wuraren da ke halarta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bates |first=Elizabeth |date=2016 |title=Current Controversies within Intimate Partner Violence: Overlooking Bidirectional Violence |journal=Journal of Family Violence |volume=31 |issue=8 |pages=937–940 |doi=10.1007/s10896-016-9862-7}}</ref> A cewar tsarin Duluth, "mata da yara suna da rauni ga tashin hankali saboda rashin daidaito na zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, da siyasa a cikin al-rikice. "Ganin maza masu cin zarafi yana mai da hankali kan sake ilimi, kamar yadda "ba mu ga tashin hankali na maza a kan mata kamar yadda ya samo asali ne daga cututtukan mutum, amma daga ma'anar da aka karfafa ta zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rizza |first=Johnna |title=Beyond Duluth: A Broad Spectrum of Treatmentfor a Broad Spectrum Domestic Violence |journal=Montana Law Review |volume=70 |issue=1}}</ref> "<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2017 |title=FAQs about the Wheels |url=https://www.theduluthmodel.org/wheels/faqs-about-the-wheels/ |access-date=October 8, 2024 |website=The Duluth Model}}</ref> An yi amfani da falsafar shirin ne don taimakawa masu jefa kwallo suyi aiki don canza halayensu da halayensu don haka za su koyi kasancewa marasa tashin hankali a kowane dangantaka. Shirin Harkokin Cin Hanci na Cikin Gida shine shirin farko na hukumomi da yawa wanda aka tsara don magance batun tashin hankali na cikin gida. Wannan shirin gwaji, wanda aka gudanar a Duluth a cikin 1981, ya daidaita ayyukan hukumomi daban-daban da ke hulɗa da rikice-[[Tashin hankali na gida|Rikicin cikin gida]]. "Ƙananan ƙungiyar masu gwagwarmaya a cikin ƙungiyar mata da aka yi wa duka", tare da mata biyar da aka yi musu duka da maza huɗu a matsayin batutuwa ne suka haɓaka tsarin karatun samfurin Duluth. Shirin ya zama abin koyi ga shirye-shirye a wasu yankuna da ke neman magance tashin hankali na gida yadda ya kamata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Corvo |first=Kenneth |date=2011 |title=The Gift of the Magi: Can Attachment, Altruism, and Hope be Mobilized in Treating Domestic Violence? |journal=Partner Abuse |volume=2 |pages=76–94 |doi=10.1891/1946-6560.2.1.76}}</ref> == Tasiri == Wani binciken da gwamnatin Amurka ta dauki nauyin ya gano cewa masu buga kwallo da suka kammala shirye-shiryen da suka danganci Duluth Model ba su da damar maimaita ayyukan tashin hankali na gida fiye da wadanda ba su kammala wani shirin shiga tsakani na masu buga kwalolowa.<ref name="MTwohey">{{Cite web |last=Twohey |first=Megan |date=2 January 2009 |title=How Can Domestic Violence Be Stopped? |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-abusers-02-jan02,0,1147422.story?page=2 |access-date=28 January 2009 |publisher=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> Binciken da Cibiyar Shari'a ta Amurka ta gudanar a shekara ta 2003 ya gano cewa Duluth Model yana da "ƙaramin ko babu tasiri".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Corvo |first=Kenneth |date=2011 |title=The Gift of the Magi: Can Attachment, Altruism, and Hope be Mobilized in Treating Domestic Violence? |journal=Partner Abuse |volume=2 |pages=76–94 |doi=10.1891/1946-6560.2.1.76}}</ref> Wannan binciken yana da karancin abubuwa, kuma Cibiyar Shari'a ta Kasa ta ce a cikin gabatarwa cewa "ƙimar amsawa ba ta da yawa, mutane da yawa sun fice daga shirin, kuma ba za a iya samun wadanda abin ya shafa don tambayoyin da suka biyo baya ba. Gwaje-gwajen da aka yi amfani da su don auna halayen masu jefa kuri'a game da tashin hankali na gida da yiwuwar su shiga cikin cin zarafin nan gaba sun kasance masu shakka. "<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bates |first=Elizabeth |date=2016 |title=Current Controversies within Intimate Partner Violence: Overlooking Bidirectional Violence |journal=Journal of Family Violence |volume=31 |issue=8 |pages=937–940 |doi=10.1007/s10896-016-9862-7}}</ref> Wani kimantawa na tsawon shekaru hudu na E. W. Gondolf, wanda ya rufe birane huɗu, ya nuna bayyanar raguwa na sake kai farmaki da sauran cin zarafi, tare da kashi 80% na maza da suka kai ga rashin tashin hankali.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Corvo |first=Kenneth |date=2011 |title=The Gift of the Magi: Can Attachment, Altruism, and Hope be Mobilized in Treating Domestic Violence? |journal=Partner Abuse |volume=2 |pages=76–94 |doi=10.1891/1946-6560.2.1.76}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2005 wanda Larry Bennett, farfesa a fannin zamantakewar al'umma a Jami'ar [[Illinois]] a Birnin [[Chicago]] kuma gwani ne a kan shirye-shiryen shiga tsakani na batters, ya gano cewa daga cikin shirye-shirye 30 na batters da suka kammala shirye-shiryin an sake kama su saboda tashin hankali na gida, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 37 cikin dari na waɗanda suka fice daga shirye-shiryenta.<ref name="MTwohey">{{Cite web |last=Twohey |first=Megan |date=2 January 2009 |title=How Can Domestic Violence Be Stopped? |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-abusers-02-jan02,0,1147422.story?page=2 |access-date=28 January 2009 |publisher=Chicago Tribune}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTwohey2009">Twohey, Megan (2 January 2009). [http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-abusers-02-jan02,0,1147422.story?page=2 "How Can Domestic Violence Be Stopped?"]. Chicago Tribune<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite></ref> Bennett ya ce binciken ba shi da ma'ana saboda ba su da ƙungiyar kula da ta dace.<ref name="MTwohey" /> Ya kara da cewa mahalarta da suka kammala shirye-shiryen tashin hankali na gida na iya zama mafi motsawa fiye da wasu don inganta halayyar kuma ba za su iya sake yin laifi ba.<ref name="MTwohey" /> Binciken 2011 game da tasirin shirye-shiryen shiga tsakani na batterers (BIP), da farko samfurin Duluth, ya gano cewa "babu wata hujja mai ƙarfi don ko dai tasiri ko fifiko na kowane bangare na yanzu, kuma cewa "mafi tsananin hanyar nazarin kimantawa, ƙarancin ƙarfafa binciken su. " <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Corvo |first=Kenneth |date=2011 |title=The Gift of the Magi: Can Attachment, Altruism, and Hope be Mobilized in Treating Domestic Violence? |journal=Partner Abuse |volume=2 |pages=76–94 |doi=10.1891/1946-6560.2.1.76}}</ref> Wato, kamar yadda BIPs gabaɗaya, da shirye-shirye na samfurin Duluth musamman suna ƙarƙashin ƙarin bita, ƙimar nasarar su zero. Wani rahoto na labarai na 2014 ya ba da rahoton kashi zero cikin dari na sake aikata laifuka a cikin shekaru biyar don shirin shiga tsakani na masu jefa kuri'a wanda ya danganci Sadarwar Ba ta da ƙarfi, kuma ya bambanta wannan da yawan sake aikata laphuka na kashi 40 cikin dari a cikin shekaru guda don shirin shiga cikin masu jefa kuriʼa wanda ya dogara da tsarin Duluth kamar yadda Shirin Harkokin Harkokin Cikin Gida ya ruwaito. == Rashin amincewa == Rashin amincewa da Duluth Model ya mayar da hankali ne akan shirin na nuna bambancin jinsi cewa maza ne masu aikata tashin hankali saboda an haɗa su da su a cikin shugabanci wanda ke taƙaita tashin hankali na maza, kuma mata ne wadanda ke fama da tashin hankali ne kawai don kare kansu.[1] Wasu masu sukar suna jayayya cewa "shirye-shiryen da suka danganci Duluth Model na iya watsi da bincike da ke danganta tashin hankali na gida da cin zarafin miyagun ƙwayoyi da matsalolin tunani, kamar rikice-rikice na haɗi, wanda aka gano zuwa cin zarafin yara ko sakaci, ko rashin tarihin isasshen zamantakewa da horo. "[2][3] Sauran suna sukar Duluth Model kamar yadda yake da rikici sosai maimakon warkewa, yana mai da hankali ne kawai kan canza ayyukan da halayen mai cin zarafi maimakon magance matsalolin motsin rai da na tunani. Donald Dutton, farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar British Columbia wanda ya yi nazarin halaye masu cin zarafi, ya ce: "Mutanen da ba su fahimci komai game da magani ba ne suka kirkirar Model Duluth. " Dutton ya kuma lura cewa "batting lesbian ya fi yawa fiye da batting heterosexual ". <ref name="MTwohey">{{Cite web |last=Twohey |first=Megan |date=2 January 2009 |title=How Can Domestic Violence Be Stopped? |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-abusers-02-jan02,0,1147422.story?page=2 |access-date=28 January 2009 |publisher=Chicago Tribune}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTwohey2009">Twohey, Megan (2 January 2009). [http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-abusers-02-jan02,0,1147422.story?page=2 "How Can Domestic Violence Be Stopped?"]. Chicago Tribune<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Corvo |first=Kenneth |date=2011 |title=The Gift of the Magi: Can Attachment, Altruism, and Hope be Mobilized in Treating Domestic Violence? |journal=Partner Abuse |volume=2 |pages=76–94 |doi=10.1891/1946-6560.2.1.76}}</ref> Philip W. Cook ya yi sharhi cewa a cikin yanayin tashin hankali na cikin gida na ɗan luwaɗi, shugabanci ba ya nan: babu rinjaye na namiji na mata a cikin dangantakar jima'i ɗaya, kuma a zahiri mace a kan cin zarafin mata an ruwaito fiye da sau biyu fiye da namiji a kan cinikin namiji. Bugu da ƙari, wasu masu sukar suna jayayya cewa samfurin ya yi watsi da gaskiyar cewa mata na iya zama masu aikata tashin hankali na gida a cikin dangantakar jima'i. Masu goyon bayanta sun ce tsarin Duluth yana da tasiri kuma yana amfani da albarkatun da ba su da yawa. Ellen Pence, wanda ya kafa DAIP, ya rubuta: == Dubi kuma == * [[Gudanar da halayyar a cikin dangantaka|Ikon cin zarafi da iko]] * Bayani game da tashin hankali a cikin gida * Dokar garkuwar fyade * Shawarwarin dangantaka * Ilimi na dangantaka * Dokar Cin zarafin Mata == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sfdvd9d3wgg7356214qjys4t3kewz67 0 126443 906932 774425 2026-08-24T07:59:25Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 906932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}<div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|alt=Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa|192x192px]]</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Kampala_Flooding.jpg|alt=Boys standing in flood waters in residential area, Kampala, Uganda|192x192px]]</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:207px;max-width:207px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:134px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Fish_Kill_745F2A9C-65B8-D693-7ABA3282F6A1ECE4.jpg|alt=[[Oxygen depletion]], resulting from [[nitrogen pollution]] and [[eutrophication]] is a common cause of fish kills.|205x205px]]</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:181px;max-width:181px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:134px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Ruins_at_Farina.JPG|alt=After years of drought and dust storms the town of [[Farina, South Australia|Farina]] in [[South Australia]] was abandoned.|179x179px]]</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"> Tsaron ruwa yana da fannoni daban-daban: famfon ruwa na gama gari don samar da ruwa a Soweto, Afirka ta Kudu; mazauna da ke tsaye a cikin ruwan ambaliyar ruwa a Kampala, Uganda; gurɓatar ruwa na iya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa, furannin algae masu cutarwa da kuma kashe kifaye ; garin Farina da ke Kudancin Ostiraliya ya yi watsi da shi saboda shekaru na fari da guguwar ƙura.</div></div></div></div></noinclude> Manufar Tsaro na ruwa ita ce kara fa'idodin ruwa ga mutane da yanayin halittu. Manufar ta biyu ita ce iyakance haɗarin tasirin lalacewa na ruwa zuwa matakin da ya dace.[1][2] Wadannan haɗarin sun haɗa da ruwa mai yawa (ambaliyar ruwa), ruwa kaɗan (fari da ƙarancin ruwa), da ruwa mara inganci (marasa tsabta). [1] Mutanen da ke zaune tare da babban matakin tsaro na ruwa koyaushe suna da damar samun "adadin da ya dace da ingancin ruwa don kiwon lafiya, rayuwa, da samarwa".[2] Misali, samun ruwa, tsaftacewa, da sabis na tsabta wani ɓangare ne na tsaro na ruwa.[3] Wasu kungiyoyi suna amfani da kalmar "Tsaron Ruwa" a takaice, suna nufin fannoni na samar da ruwa kawai. Masu yanke shawara da manajojin ruwa suna da niyyar cimma burin tsaro na ruwa wanda ke magance damuwa da yawa. Wadannan sakamakon na iya haɗawa da haɓaka tattalin arziki da lafiyar jama'a yayin rage haɗarin da ke da alaƙa da ruwa.[1] Akwai alaƙa da cinikayya tsakanin sakamako daban-daban.[2]: 13 Masu tsarawa galibi suna la'akari da tasirin tsaro na ruwa ga kungiyoyi daban-daban lokacin da suke tsara dabarun rage canjin yanayi.[3]:19–21 Babban dalilai guda uku suna ƙayyade yadda yake da wahala ko sauƙi ga al'umma don ci gaba da tsaron ruwa. Wadannan sun hada da yanayin ruwa, yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, da canje-canje na gaba saboda tasirin canjin yanayi.[1] Masu yanke shawara na iya tantance haɗarin tsaro na ruwa a matakai daban-daban. Wadannan sun fito ne daga gida zuwa al'umma, birni, kwandon, ƙasa da yanki.[2] : 11 :11 Sabanin tsaro na ruwa shine ''Rashin tsaro na ruwa''. : 5 Rashin tsaro na ruwa yana da barazana ga al'ummomi. : 4 Babban abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ga rashin tsaro na ruwa shine karancin ruwa, [[Water pollution|gurɓataccen ruwa]] da ƙarancin ingancin ruwa saboda tasirin [[Canjin yanayi]]. Sauran sun hada da [[talauci]], ikon lalacewar ruwa, da [[masifa|bala'o'i]] da suka samo asali daga [[Natural hazard|haɗarin halitta]]. Canjin yanayi yana shafar tsaron ruwa a hanyoyi da yawa. Canjin yanayin ruwan sama, gami da fari, na iya yin babban tasiri ga wadatar ruwa. Ambaliyar ruwa na iya kara ingancin ruwa. Guguwa mai karfi na iya lalata ababen more rayuwa, musamman a [[Global South|Kudancin Duniya]]. : 660 {{Rp|660}} Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na magance matsalar rashin ruwa. Hanyoyin kimiyya da injiniya na iya ƙara yawan samar da ruwa ko kuma sa amfani da ruwa ya fi inganci. Kayan aikin kuɗi da tattalin arziki na iya haɗawa da hanyar tsaro don tabbatar da samun dama ga talakawa. Kayan aikin gudanarwa kamar iyakokin buƙata na iya inganta tsaron ruwa. {{Rp|16}}Suna aiki kan ƙarfafa cibiyoyi da hanyoyin sadarwa. Hakanan suna iya inganta kula da ingancin ruwa, da kuma ƙara saka hannun jari a fannin samar da ruwa . Inganta [[Rashin jituwa da yanayi|juriyar yanayi]] na ayyukan ruwa da tsafta yana da mahimmanci. Waɗannan ƙoƙarin suna taimakawa wajen rage talauci da cimma ci gaba mai ɗorewa . <ref name="Grey-2007">{{Cite journal |last=Grey |first=David |last2=Sadoff |first2=Claudia W. |date=2007-12-01 |title=Sink or Swim? Water security for growth and development |url=https://iwaponline.com/wp/article/9/6/545/31241/Sink-or-Swim-Water-security-for-growth-and |journal=Water Policy |language=en |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=545–571 |bibcode=2007WaPol...9..545G |doi=10.2166/wp.2007.021 |issn=1366-7017 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Babu wata hanya guda ɗaya da za a iya auna tsaron ruwa. {{Rp|562}}Ma'aunin tsaron ruwa kusan ya kasu kashi biyu. Wannan ya haɗa da waɗanda suka dogara da ''gogewa'' idan aka kwatanta da ma'aunin da suka dogara da ''albarkatu.'' Na farko ya fi mayar da hankali kan auna abubuwan da suka shafi ruwa na gidaje da walwalar ɗan adam. Na biyun ya fi mai da hankali kan adana ruwa mai tsafta ko tsaron albarkatun ruwa ''. '' Rahoton Bincike na shida na IPCC ya gano cewa karuwar yanayi da abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi sun fallasa miliyoyin mutane ga Rashin tsaro na abinci da rage tsaro na ruwa. Masana kimiyya sun lura da tasirin da ya fi girma a Afirka, Asiya, Amurka ta Tsakiya da Kudancin, Ƙananan Tsibirin da Arctic.[1] : 9 Rahoton ya yi hasashen cewa dumamar duniya ta 2 °C za ta fallasa kusan mutane biliyan 1-4 ga damuwa na ruwa. Ya sami mutane biliyan 1.5-2.5 suna zaune a yankunan da ke fuskantar karancin ruwa.[1] :660 == Ma'anar == === Bayani mai zurfi === Akwai ma'anoni daban-daban don kalmar Tsaro na ruwa.[1][2] : 5 Ya fito ne a matsayin ra'ayi a cikin karni na 21. Ya fi girma fiye da rashin karancin ruwa.[3] Ya bambanta da ra'ayoyin Tsaro na abinci da Tsaro na makamashi. Ganin cewa waɗannan ra'ayoyin suna rufe amintaccen damar samun abinci ko makamashi, tsaron ruwa yana rufe ba kawai Rashin ruwa ba har ma da kasancewarsa lokacin da akwai yawa daga ciki.[4] Ɗaya daga cikin ma'anar tsaro na ruwa shine "abin da ya dace da adadin da ingancin ruwa don kiwon lafiya, hanyoyin rayuwa da samarwa, tare da matakin da ya dace na haɗarin da ke da alaƙa da ruwa".[1] Irin wannan ma'anar tsaro na Ruwa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ita ce: "ikon jama'a don kare damar samun isasshen ruwa mai inganci don kiyaye hanyoyin rayuwa, jin daɗin ɗan adam, da ci gaban zamantakewar tattalin arziki, don tabbatar da kariya daga gurɓataccen ruwa da bala'o'i masu alaƙa da ruwa, da kuma adana yanayin muhalli a cikin yanayin zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali na siyasa" [1]: 1 [2] Cibiyar Kula da albarkatun duniya ta kuma ba da irin wannan ma'anar a cikin 2020. "Domin dalilan wannan rahoton, mun ayyana tsaro na ruwa a matsayin ikon yawan jama'a zuwa * kiyaye damar samun isasshen ruwa mai inganci don kiyaye hanyoyin rayuwa, jin daɗin ɗan adam, da ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. * karewa daga gurɓataccen ruwa da bala'o'in da suka shafi ruwa; da * adana yanayin halittu, wanda wadatar ruwa mai tsabta da sauran ayyukan yanayin halittu suka dogara. ": 17 {{Rp|17}} === Ƙananan ma'anar tare da mai da hankali kan samar da ruwa === Wasu kungiyoyi suna amfani da Tsaro na ruwa a takamaiman ma'ana don komawa ga samar da ruwa kawai. Ba sa la'akari da haɗarin da ke tattare da ruwa mai yawa. Misali, ma'anar WaterAid a cikin 2012 yana mai da hankali kan batutuwan samar da ruwa. Sun bayyana tsaro na ruwa a matsayin "amintaccen damar samun ruwa na isasshen adadi da inganci don bukatun ɗan adam na asali, ƙananan hanyoyin rayuwa da sabis na yanayin halittu na gida, tare da haɗarin da aka sarrafa da kyau na bala'o'in da suka shafi ruwa".[1] : 5 Majalisar Ruwa ta Duniya tana amfani da wannan takamaiman tsarin tare da mai da hankali kan samar da ruwa. "Tsaron ruwa yana nufin wadatar ruwa, a cikin isasshen adadi da inganci, don ci gaba da duk waɗannan buƙatu tare (sashen zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, da kuma manyan buƙatun tsarin halittu na duniya) - ba tare da wuce ikon sabuntawa ba. "[2][3] === Dangantaka da WASH da IWRM === WASH (ruwa, tsaftacewa da tsabta) muhimmiyar ra'ayi ce lokacin da ake tattaunawa game da tsaro na ruwa. Samun damar ayyukan WASH wani bangare ne na cimma tsaron ruwa.[1] Dangantakar tana aiki a hanyoyi biyu. Don ci gaba, ayyukan WASH suna buƙatar magance matsalolin tsaro na ruwa.[2] : 4 Misali WASH ya dogara da albarkatun ruwa waɗanda suke wani ɓangare na sake zagayowar ruwa. Amma canjin yanayi yana da tasiri da yawa a kan sake zagayowar ruwa wanda zai iya yin barazana ga tsaro na ruwa.[3] ::vII Hakanan akwai karuwar gasa don ruwa. Wannan yana rage wadatar albarkatun ruwa a wurare da yawa a duniya.[2] : 4 :4 Tsaron ruwa ya ƙunshi ra'ayoyi da ra'ayoyin da suka shafi dorewa, hadewa da daidaitawa na kula da albarkatun ruwa.[1][2] A baya, masana sun yi amfani da kalmomi kamar hadin gwiwar albarkatun ruwa (IWRM) ko Gudanar da ruwa mai ɗorewa don wannan. == Abubuwan da suka danganci == === Hadarin ruwa === Hadarin ruwa yana nufin yiwuwar matsaloli da za a yi da ruwa. Misalan su ne karancin ruwa, damuwa da ruwa, ambaliyar ruwa, lalacewar ababen more rayuwa da fari.[1] : 4 Akwai wata alaƙa da ba ta dace ba tsakanin haɗarin ruwa da tsaro na ruwa. Wannan yana nufin yayin da haɗarin ruwa ke ƙaruwa, tsaro na ruwa yana raguwa. Hadarin ruwa yana da rikitarwa kuma yana da yawa. Ya haɗa da haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa da fari. Wadannan na iya haifar da gazawar ababen more rayuwa da kara yunwa.[2] Lokacin da waɗannan bala'o'i suka faru, suna haifar da karancin ruwa ko wasu matsaloli. Matsalolin tattalin arziki na haɗarin ruwa suna da mahimmanci a lura. Hadarin ruwa yana barazana ga dukkan masana'antu. Misalan su ne bangaren abinci da abin sha, noma, mai da iskar gas da kayan aiki. Aikin noma yana amfani da kashi 69% na jimlar ruwa mai laushi a duniya. Don haka wannan masana'antar tana da matukar damuwa ga damuwa da ruwa.[3] Haɗari haɗuwa ce ta haɗari, fallasawa da rauni.[1] Misalan haɗari sune fari, ambaliyar ruwa da raguwar inganci. Rashin ababen more rayuwa da mummunar mulki suna haifar da haɗari mai yawa. Sashin kudi yana ƙara sanin tasirin tasirin haɗarin ruwa da buƙatar gudanar da shi yadda ya kamata. Zuwa 2025, haɗarin ruwa zai yi barazanar dala tiriliyan 145 a cikin kadarorin da ke ƙarƙashin gudanarwa.[1] Don sarrafa haɗarin ruwa, kamfanoni na iya haɓaka tsare-tsaren kula da haɗarin ruwa.[1] Masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin kasuwannin kuɗi na iya amfani da waɗannan tsare-tsaren don auna aikin muhalli, zamantakewa da shugabanci (ESG). Za su iya gano shugabannin a cikin kula da haɗarin ruwa.[2][3] Cibiyar Kula da albarkatun duniya ta haɓaka dandalin bayanan ruwa na kan layi mai suna Aqueduct don kimanta haɗari da sarrafa ruwa. China Water Risk kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da aka sadaukar don fahimtar da sarrafa haɗarin ruwa a China. [4][5] Asusun Kula da namun daji na Duniya yana da Filter na Hadarin Ruwa wanda ke taimaka wa kamfanoni kimantawa da amsawa ga hadarin ruwa tare da abubuwan da suka faru na 2030 da 2050. [6] Fahimtar haɗari wani bangare ne na manufofin tsaro na ruwa. Amma kuma yana da mahimmanci a yi la'akari da daidaito na zamantakewa.[1] Babu cikakkiyar ka'idar da aka yarda da ita ko tsarin lissafi don tantancewa ko sarrafa haɗarin ruwa.[1] : 13 Maimakon haka, manajoji suna amfani da ra'ayoyi da yawa, samfuran da fasaha don fahimtar cinikayya da ke akwai wajen amsawa ga haɗari. === Rikicin ruwa === {{excerpt|Water conflict|paragraphs=1-2}} == Sakamakon da ake so == Akwai kungiyoyi uku na sakamakon tsaro na ruwa. Wadannan sun hada da tattalin arziki, muhalli da daidaito (ko zamantakewa). [1] Sakamakon abubuwa ne da ke faruwa ko kuma mutane za su so su ga hakan ya faru sakamakon manufofi da gudanarwa: * Sakamakon tattalin arziki: Ci gaba mai ɗorewa wanda ke ɗaukar sauye-sauyen bukatun ruwa da barazanar. Ci gaba mai ɗorewa ya haɗa da samar da aiki, haɓaka yawan aiki da yanayin rayuwa. * Sakamakon muhalli: Inganci da wadatar ruwa don [[Sabis ɗin yanayin halittu|Ayyukan yanayin halittu]] waɗanda suka dogara da wannan albarkatun ruwa. Rashin bambancin halittu na ruwa mai laushi da raguwar ruwan kasa misalai ne na mummunan sakamako na muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=n.d. |title=What is Water Security? Infographic |url=https://www.unwater.org/publications/water-security-infographic/ |access-date=2021-02-11 |website=UN-Water |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=n.d. |title=What is Water Security? Infographic |url=https://www.unwater.org/publications/water-security-infographic/ |access-date=2021-02-11 |website=UN-Water |language=en-US}}</ref> * Adalci ko sakamakon zamantakewa: Ayyuka masu hadawa don masu amfani, masana'antu da aikin gona su iya samun ruwa mai aminci, abin dogaro, isasshen ruwa mai araha. Wadannan kuma suna nufin za su iya zubar da Ruwa mai guba lafiya. Wannan yanki ya haɗa da batutuwan jinsi, karfafawa, shiga da lissafi. Akwai manyan wuraren mayar da hankali guda huɗu don tsaro na ruwa da sakamakonsa. Yana game da amfani da ruwa don kara tattalin arziki da jin dadin jama'a, matsawa zuwa ga dorewa na dogon lokaci ko rage haɗarin da ke da alaƙa da ruwa.[1] Masu yanke shawara da manajojin ruwa dole ne suyi la'akari da alaƙa da cinikayya tsakanin nau'ikan sakamako daban-daban.[2] : 13 :13 Inganta tsaro na ruwa shine mahimmin abu don cimma ci gaba, ci gaban da ke ci gaba da rage talauci.[1] Tsaron ruwa kuma game da Adalci na zamantakewa da rarraba amfanin muhalli da lahani.[2] Ci gaban da ke ci gaba zai iya taimakawa wajen rage talauci da haɓaka yanayin rayuwa. Wannan yana iya amfana da waɗanda tasirin albarkatun ruwa marasa aminci a yankin ya shafa, musamman mata da yara. Tsaron ruwa yana da mahimmanci don cimma mafi yawan manufofi 17 na ci gaban ci gaba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (SDGs). Wannan shi ne saboda samun isasshen ruwa mai aminci shine wajibi don saduwa da yawancin manufofi na mutum.[1] : 4-8 Hakanan yana da mahimmanci don samun ci gaba wanda ke da juriya ga canjin yanayi.[1] : 4-7 Masu tsarawa suna lura da sakamakon tsaro na ruwa ga kungiyoyi daban-daban a cikin al'umma lokacin da suke tsara dabarun daidaita canjin yanayi.[2] : 19–21 :19–21 == Abubuwan da ke ƙayyadewa == Babban dalilai guda uku sun ƙayyade ikon al'umma don kiyaye tsaro na ruwa: <ref name="Grey-2007">{{Cite journal |last=Grey |first=David |last2=Sadoff |first2=Claudia W. |date=2007-12-01 |title=Sink or Swim? Water security for growth and development |url=https://iwaponline.com/wp/article/9/6/545/31241/Sink-or-Swim-Water-security-for-growth-and |journal=Water Policy |language=en |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=545–571 |bibcode=2007WaPol...9..545G |doi=10.2166/wp.2007.021 |issn=1366-7017 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> # Yanayin ruwa # Yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki # Canje-canje a cikin yanayi na gaba (saboda [[tasirin canjin yanayi]]) === Yanayin ruwa === Yanayin ruwa yana da mahimmanci ga tsaro na ruwa. Kalmar yanayin ruwa tana nufin "cikakken matakin wadatar albarkatun ruwa". Amma kuma yana nufin yadda ya bambanta a lokaci da wuri. Inter-annual yana nufin daga shekara guda zuwa na gaba, Intra-annual na nufin daga kakar wasa daya zuwa na gaba. Yana yiwuwa a koma ga wuri a matsayin rarraba sarari.[1] Masana sun bambanta tsakanin yanayin ruwa wanda yake da sauƙin sarrafawa da wanda yake da wahala.[1] Yanayin ruwa mai sauƙin sarrafawa zai zama ɗaya tare da ƙananan ruwan sama. A wannan yanayin ana rarraba ruwan sama a ko'ina cikin shekara kuma kogin yana gudana ta hanyar ruwa mai zurfi. Misali, yawancin Kasashe masu masana'antu a duniya suna da yanayin ruwa wanda za su iya sarrafawa cikin sauƙi. Wannan ya taimaka musu cimma tsaron ruwa a farkon ci gaban su.[1] Wani yanayi mai wahala don sarrafa yanayin ruwa shine wanda ke da cikakkiyar karancin ruwa kamar hamada ko ƙasashe masu ƙasƙanci waɗanda ke fuskantar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani. Yankunan da ruwan sama ya bambanta sosai daga wata kakar zuwa ta gaba, ko yankunan da ruwan kasa ya bambanta sosai frá shekara guda zuwa ta gaba suma suna iya fuskantar ƙalubalen tsaro na ruwa. Kalmar wannan ita ce babban canjin yanayi na shekara-shekara. Misali zai zama Gabashin Afirka, inda aka yi fari mai tsawo a kowace shekara biyu zuwa uku tun daga shekara ta 1999.[1] Yawancin kasashe masu tasowa na duniya suna da ƙalubale wajen sarrafa ilimin ruwa kuma ba su sami tsaro na ruwa ba. Wannan ba daidaituwa ba ne.[2] Tunanin talauci da ilimin ruwa ya bayyana cewa yankunan da ke da wahalar ilimin ruwa sun kasance matalauta saboda gwamnatocin da suka dace ba su iya yin babban saka hannun jari da ake buƙata don cimma tsaron ruwa ba. Misalan irin waɗannan yankuna za su kasance waɗanda ke da bambancin ruwan sama a cikin shekara guda kuma a cikin shekaru da yawa. Wannan yana haifar da rashin tsaro na ruwa wanda ke hana ci gaban tattalin arziki.[1] Akwai alaƙa ta kididdiga tsakanin karuwar canje-canje a cikin tsarin ruwan sama da ƙananan kudaden shiga na kowane mutum.[2] === Yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki === Matsayi na ci gaban tattalin arziki da daidaito ko rashin daidaito sune mahimman abubuwan da ke tattare da tsaro na ruwa na al'umma da na gida. Duk da yake ra'ayin talauci da ilimin ruwa ya nuna cewa akwai alaƙa tsakanin talauci da yanayin ruwa mai wahala, akwai misalai da yawa na "harkokin ruwa masu wahala" waɗanda ba su (har yanzu) haifar da talauci da rashin tsaro na ruwa ba.[1][2] Rashin daidaito na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki sune manyan direbobi na rashin tsaro na ruwa, musamman a cikin al'umma da ma'auni na gida. Rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi, kabilanci da kabilanci duk an haɗa su da bambancin samun damar samun sabis na ruwa kamar ruwan sha da tsabta. Musamman mata da 'yan mata galibi suna da karancin damar samun damar tattalin arziki da zamantakewa a matsayin sakamakon kai tsaye na kasancewa da alhakin biyan bukatun ruwa na gida. Dukan tafiyar daga maɓuɓɓugar ruwa zuwa wurin amfani yana cike da haɗarin da mata da 'yan mata ke fuskanta.[1] Akwai shaidu masu karfi cewa inganta samun ruwa da tsabtace muhalli hanya ce mai kyau don magance irin wannan rashin daidaito. === Canjin yanayi === {{excerpt|Water conflict|paragraphs=1-2}}Impacts of climate change that are tied to water, affect people's water security on a daily basis. They include more frequent and intense heavy precipitation which affects the frequency, size and timing of floods.[1] Also droughts can alter the total amount of freshwater and cause a decline in groundwater storage, and reduction in groundwater recharge.[2] Reduction in water quality due to extreme events can also occur.[3]: 558  Faster melting of glaciers can also occur.[4] Canjin yanayi na duniya mai yiwuwa zai sa ya zama mai rikitarwa da tsada don tabbatar da tsaro na ruwa.[1] Yana haifar da sabbin barazanar da ƙalubalen daidaitawa.[2] Wannan shi ne saboda canjin yanayi yana haifar da karuwar bambancin ruwa da matsananciyar. Canjin yanayi yana da tasiri da yawa akan sake zagayowar ruwa. Wadannan suna haifar da bambancin yanayi da na ruwa, wanda zai iya yin barazana ga tsaron ruwa.[3] ::vII Canje-canje a cikin sake zagayowar ruwa suna barazana ga kayan aikin ruwa na yanzu da na gaba. Zai zama da wuya a tsara saka hannun jari don ababen more rayuwa na ruwa na gaba saboda akwai rashin tabbas da yawa game da canjin canji na gaba don sake zagayowar ruwa.[2] Wannan ya sa al'ummomi su fi fuskantar haɗarin abubuwan da suka faru da ke da alaƙa da ruwa sabili da haka yana rage tsaro na ruwa.[3] : na biyu:vII Yana da wahala a hango hasashen tasirin canjin yanayi a matakin ƙasa da na gida. Tsaron ruwa zai shafi hauhawar matakin teku a yankunan bakin teku yayin da yawan mutanen da suka dogara da dusar ƙanƙara kamar yadda tushen ruwa zai shafi koma bayan kankara da dusar dutse.[1] : 21 :21 Dole ne a kalli canjin yanayi na gaba a cikin wasu kalubalen da ke akwai don tsaro na ruwa. Sauran ƙalubalen da ke akwai canjin yanayi a yankunan da ke kusa da ma'auni, ƙaruwar yawan jama'a da ƙaruwar buƙatun albarkatun ruwa. Sauran sun haɗa da ƙalubalen siyasa, ƙaruwar bala'i saboda daidaitawa a yankunan da ke da haɗari, da lalacewar muhalli.[1] : 22 Bukatar ruwa don ban ruwa a aikin gona zai karu saboda canjin yanayi. Wannan shi ne saboda yawan evaporation da kuma yawan ruwa asarar daga amfanin gona zai zama mafi girma saboda hauhawar yanayin zafi.[2] : 4 :4 Abubuwan yanayi suna da babban tasiri ga tsaron ruwa a matsayin matakai daban-daban. Bambancin yanayin ƙasa a cikin wadatar ruwa, amincin ruwan sama da kuma rauni ga fari, ambaliyar ruwa da guguwa sune haɗarin da ke shafar damar ci gaba. Wadannan suna wasa a kasa da kasa zuwa ma'auni na ciki. A ma'auni na gida, rashin lafiyar zamantakewa wani abu ne wanda ke kara haɗarin tsaro na ruwa, komai dalilin.[1] : 6 Misali, mutanen da talauci ya shafa na iya samun karancin ikon jimrewa da girgizar yanayi.[1] == Kalubale da barazanar == Akwai dalilai da yawa da ke taimakawa ga karancin tsaro na ruwa. Wasu misalai sune: : 4 : 9{{Rp|9}} * Rashin ruwa: Bukatar ruwa ta wuce wadata a yankuna da yawa na duniya. Wannan na iya zama saboda karuwar yawan jama'a, mafi girman yanayin rayuwa, fadada tattalin arziki gaba ɗaya da / ko yawan ruwa da aka yi amfani da shi a aikin gona don ban ruwa. * Ƙara gurɓataccen ruwa da ƙananan matakan tsabtace ruwa, wanda ke sa ruwa na gida ba zai iya amfani da shi ba. * Rashin shiri na amfani da ruwa, rashin kula da ruwa da rashin amfani. Wadannan na iya haifar da matakan [[Ruwa na kasa|Ruwa na ƙasa]], koguna da tabkuna su bushe, da kuma yanayin halittu na gida su rushe. * Ruwan da ke kan iyaka da koguna na kasa da kasa waɗanda ke cikin ƙasashe da yawa. Yankunan ƙasashe galibi ba sa daidaitawa da ruwa na halitta. Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan shi ne cewa iyakokin kasa da kasa sun samo asali ne daga iyakoki a lokacin mulkin mallaka.<ref name="Grey-2007">{{Cite journal |last=Grey |first=David |last2=Sadoff |first2=Claudia W. |date=2007-12-01 |title=Sink or Swim? Water security for growth and development |url=https://iwaponline.com/wp/article/9/6/545/31241/Sink-or-Swim-Water-security-for-growth-and |journal=Water Policy |language=en |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=545–571 |bibcode=2007WaPol...9..545G |doi=10.2166/wp.2007.021 |issn=1366-7017 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> * Canjin yanayi. Wannan ya sa bala'o'in da suka shafi ruwa kamar fari da ambaliyar ruwa sun fi yawa kuma sun fi tsanani; hauhawar yanayin zafi da matakan teku na iya gurɓata hanyoyin ruwa mai laushi. : 9 {{Rp|9}} === Rashin ruwa === Babban barazana ga tsaro na ruwa shine karancin ruwa. Kimanin kashi 27% na yawan mutanen duniya sun zauna a yankunan da karancin ruwa ya shafa a tsakiyar shekarun 2010. Wannan adadin zai iya ƙaruwa zuwa 42% nan da shekara ta 2050.[1]{{excerpt|water scarcity|paragraphs=1-2}} === Rashin gurɓata ruwa === Rashin gurɓata ruwa barazana ne ga tsaron ruwa. Zai iya shafar samar da ruwan sha kuma ba da gudummawa kai tsaye ga karancin ruwa.{{excerpt|water pollution|paragraphs=1}} === Rage ingancin ruwa saboda canjin yanayi === [[Fayil:Drinking water quality framework for analysis.jpg|thumb|Tsarin ingancin ruwan sha: Muhalli (gami da abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi), ababen more rayuwa da gudanarwa suna shafar ingancin ruwan shan ruwa a wurin tattarawa (PoC) da kuma wurin amfani (PoU). <ref name="Katrina2022">{{Cite journal |last=Charles |first=Katrina J. |last2=Howard |first2=Guy |last3=Villalobos Prats |first3=Elena |last4=Gruber |first4=Joshua |last5=Alam |first5=Sadekul |last6=Alamgir |first6=A.S.M. |last7=Baidya |first7=Manish |last8=Flora |first8=Meerjady Sabrina |last9=Haque |first9=Farhana |last10=Hassan |first10=S.M. Quamrul |last11=Islam |first11=Saiful |date=2022 |title=Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=813 |bibcode=2022ScTEn.81351876C |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876 |pmid=34826465 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref>]] Yanayi da girgizar da ke tattare da shi na iya shafar ingancin ruwa a hanyoyi da yawa. Wadannan sun dogara da yanayin yankin da mahallin.[1] Tsoro da ke da alaƙa da yanayi sun haɗa da ƙarancin ruwa, ruwan sama mai ƙarfi da matsanancin zafin jiki. Za su iya lalata ababen more rayuwa ta hanyar rushewa a ƙarƙashin ruwan sama mai yawa da ambaliyar ruwa, haifar da asarar maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a cikin fari, kuma su sa ingancin ruwa ya lalace.[1] Canjin yanayi na iya rage ƙarancin ingancin ruwa ta hanyoyi da yawa: :{{Rp|582}} * Ruwan sama mai yawa na iya rage ingancin ruwa a cikin koguna da ruwa mai zurfi. Zai iya shafar ingancin ruwa a cikin tafkuna koda kuwa waɗannan tasirin zasu iya zama masu jinkiri.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=n.d. |title=What is Water Security? Infographic |url=https://www.unwater.org/publications/water-security-infographic/ |access-date=2021-02-11 |website=UN-Water |language=en-US}}</ref> Ruwan sama mai yawa yana tasiri ga ruwan kasa a cikin zurfi, wanda ba a karya shi ba. Amma waɗannan tasirin ba su da yawa. Ruwan sama na iya kara gurɓataccen turare na maɓuɓɓugar ruwa.<ref name="Katrina2022">{{Cite journal |last=Charles |first=Katrina J. |last2=Howard |first2=Guy |last3=Villalobos Prats |first3=Elena |last4=Gruber |first4=Joshua |last5=Alam |first5=Sadekul |last6=Alamgir |first6=A.S.M. |last7=Baidya |first7=Manish |last8=Flora |first8=Meerjady Sabrina |last9=Haque |first9=Farhana |last10=Hassan |first10=S.M. Quamrul |last11=Islam |first11=Saiful |date=2022 |title=Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=813 |bibcode=2022ScTEn.81351876C |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876 |pmid=34826465 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> * Ambaliyar ruwa bayan ruwan sama mai yawa na iya haɗakar ruwan ambaliyar ruwa tare da Ruwa mai guba. Hakanan gurɓataccen abu na iya kaiwa ga jikin ruwa ta hanyar ƙara yawan ruwa. * Ingancin ruwan kasa na iya lalacewa saboda fari. Rashin gurɓataccen koguna da ke ciyar da ruwan kasa ya zama mai ƙarancin narkewa. Yayin da matakan ruwa na ƙasa ke raguwa, koguna na iya rasa hulɗa kai tsaye da ruwan ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=n.d. |title=What is Water Security? Infographic |url=https://www.unwater.org/publications/water-security-infographic/ |access-date=2021-02-11 |website=UN-Water |language=en-US}}</ref> * A yankunan bakin teku, ƙarin Ruwan gishiri na iya haɗuwa cikin ruwa mai laushi saboda hauhawar matakin teku da guguwa mai tsanani.<ref name="UN-Water2">UN-Water (2013) [https://collections.unu.edu/eserv/UNU:2651/Water-Security-and-the-Global-Water-Agenda.pdf Water Security & the Global Water Agenda - A UN-Water Analytical Brief], {{ISBN|978-92-808-6038-2}}, United Nations University</ref> : 16 Wannan tsari ana kiransa intrusion na ruwan gishiri. * Ruwa mai zafi a cikin tabkuna, tekuna, tafkuna da koguna na iya haifar da karin eutrophication. Wannan yana haifar da furanni masu cutarwa akai-akai. :{{Rp|140}} Yanayin zafi mafi girma yana haifar da matsaloli ga jikin ruwa da yanayin halittu na ruwa saboda ruwa mai zafi yana dauke da karancin iskar oxygen.<ref>World Water Council (2018) [https://www.worldwatercouncil.org/sites/default/files/Thematics/WaterSecurity_policiy_recommandations.PDF Water security for all - Policy Recommendations]</ref> * Rashin narkewar gashi yana haifar da karuwar gurbataccen abubuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=n.d. |title=What is Water Security? Infographic |url=https://www.unwater.org/publications/water-security-infographic/ |access-date=2021-02-11 |website=UN-Water |language=en-US}}</ref> * Ƙarin ruwan da ya narke daga kankara na iya fitar da gurɓataccen abu.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=n.d. |title=What is Water Security? Infographic |url=https://www.unwater.org/publications/water-security-infographic/ |access-date=2021-02-11 |website=UN-Water |language=en-US}}</ref> Yayin da kankara ke raguwa ko ɓacewa, tasirin tasirin ruwa mai narkewa na yanayi akan ingancin ruwa ta hanyar narkewa yana ɓacewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=n.d. |title=What is Water Security? Infographic |url=https://www.unwater.org/publications/water-security-infographic/ |access-date=2021-02-11 |website=UN-Water |language=en-US}}</ref> === Talauci === Mutanen da ke cikin ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi suna cikin haɗarin rashin tsaro na ruwa kuma suna iya samun ƙarancin albarkatu don rage shi. Wannan na iya haifar da wahalar ɗan adam, ci gaba da talauci, ƙuntataccen ci gaba da rikice-rikicen zamantakewa.<ref name="Grey-2007">{{Cite journal |last=Grey |first=David |last2=Sadoff |first2=Claudia W. |date=2007-12-01 |title=Sink or Swim? Water security for growth and development |url=https://iwaponline.com/wp/article/9/6/545/31241/Sink-or-Swim-Water-security-for-growth-and |journal=Water Policy |language=en |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=545–571 |bibcode=2007WaPol...9..545G |doi=10.2166/wp.2007.021 |issn=1366-7017 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Rashin tsaro na abinci da ruwa yana haifar da manyan ƙalubale ga mutane da yawa a duk faɗin Amurka. Shirye-shiryen da gidaje ke amfani da su don mayar da martani ga waɗannan batutuwan gaggawa sun haɗa da hanyoyin aiki mai zurfi, kamar narke kankara, samun albashi, da kuma wasu lokuta haifar da bashi, duk an yi niyya ne don kiyaye ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, iyalai na iya juyawa zuwa neman shuke-shuke da dabbobi na ruwa, neman wasu hanyoyin abinci. Daidaita tsarin amfani ya zama dole, wanda ya haɗa da rarraba kayan aiki da kuma ba da fifiko ga darajar abinci mai gina jiki, musamman ga membobin da ke da rauni kamar kananan yara. Hakanan ana lura da sabon abu na maye gurbin abinci mai tsada, mai gina jiki tare da madadin da ya fi rahusa.[1] Bugu da ƙari, mutane na iya cinyewa daga tushen da al'umma ke ɗauka "abin kunya", kamar fitsari ko ruwa mara tacewa. Shige da fice ya fito ne a matsayin zaɓi mai yiwuwa, tare da iyalai da ke kula da yara ga dangi a waje da yankunan yunwa da kuma shiga cikin yanayi ko sake zama na dindindin. A wasu lokuta, adana albarkatun ya haɗa da ƙalubalen yanke shawara na watsar da takamaiman dangin. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar hana albarkatun daga wadanda ba dangin ba, ba da fifiko ga lafiyar wasu dangin fiye da wasu, kuma, a matsanancin yanayi, barin mutane a baya. Yayin da yanayin yanayi ke canzawa, ana jin tasirin rashin tsaro na abinci da ruwa ba daidai ba, yana buƙatar sake kimanta kuskuren al'umma game da waɗanda ke yin sadaukar da rayuwa. Manyan hukumomi, gami da gwamnati da kungiyoyi daban-daban, suna ba da taimako bisa ga albarkatun da ke akwai, suna nuna muhimmancin magance gibin bayanai a cikin takamaiman bayanai.[1] === Ƙarfin ruwa mai lalacewa === [[Fayil:Standing_water_in_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico,_poses_health_risks_for_its_residents_more_than_a_week_after_Hurricane_Maria_devastated_the_island.jpg|thumb|Hanyoyin ambaliyar ruwa a Ponce, Puerto Rico, mako guda bayan Guguwar Maria ta lalata tsibirin (2017).]] Ruwa na iya haifar da mummunar lalacewa saboda babbar ikonsa.[1] Wannan lalacewa na iya haifar da abubuwan da suka faru ba zato ba tsammani. Misalan su ne tsunami, ambaliyar ruwa ko rushewa ƙasa. Abubuwan da ke faruwa a hankali a tsawon lokaci kamar rushewa, hamada ko gurɓataccen ruwa na iya haifar da lalacewa.[1] === Sauran barazanar === Sauran barazanar tsaro na ruwa sun hada da: * Bala'o'i da suka haifar da haɗarin halitta kamar guguwa, girgizar ƙasa, da gobarar daji. Wadannan zasu iya lalata gine-ginen da mutum ya yi kamar madatsun ruwa da cika hanyoyin ruwa da tarkace. * Wasu matakan [[Rage canjin yanayi]] waɗanda ke buƙatar ruwa mai yawa. Bioenergy tare da kamawa da adana carbon, gandun daji da sake dasa bishiyoyi na iya amfani da ruwa mai yawa idan an yi shi a wuraren da ba su dace ba. : 4-8 Kalmar wannan babban sawun ruwa ne. * Ta'addanci kamar ta'addanci na samar da ruwa; <ref name="DHS-2017">{{Cite web |title=Water and Wastewater Systems Sector {{!}} Homeland Security |url=https://www.dhs.gov/water-and-wastewater-systems-sector |access-date=2017-05-07 |website=www.dhs.gov |language=en}}</ref> * Radiation saboda hadarin nukiliya; <ref name="DHS-2017" /> * Sabon amfani da ruwa kamar fashewar ruwa don albarkatun makamashi; * Rikicin makamai da ƙaura. Gudun hijira na iya zama ''saboda'' karancin ruwa a asalin ko kuma yana iya haifar da karancin ruwa mai yawa a wuraren da aka yi niyya. : 9 {{Rp|9}} == Hanyoyin gudanarwa == Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban don magance rashin tsaro net ruwa.[1] Hanyoyin kimiyya da injiniya na iya kara yawan samar da ruwa ko yin amfani da ruwa ya fi dacewa. Ana iya amfani da kayan aikin kuɗi da tattalin arziki azaman hanyar tsaro ga talakawa. Farashin sama na iya karfafa ƙarin saka hannun jari a cikin tsarin ruwa. A ƙarshe, kayan aikin gudanarwa kamar ƙididdigar buƙata na iya inganta tsaro na ruwa.[2] : 16, 104 Masu yanke shawara suna saka hannun jari a cibiyoyi, hanyoyin bayanai da ababen more rayuwa don cimma babban matakin tsaro na ruwa.[3] === Shawarwarin saka hannun jari === ==== Cibiyoyin ==== Cibiyoyin da suka dace suna da mahimmanci don inganta tsaro na ruwa.[1] Cibiyoyin suna sarrafa yadda yanke shawara zasu iya ingantawa ko hana sakamakon tsaro na ruwa ga matalauta.[2] Ƙarfafa cibiyoyin na iya haɗawa da sake rarraba haɗari da ayyuka tsakanin jihar, kasuwa da al'ummomi a sababbin hanyoyi. Wannan na iya haɗawa da samfuran da suka danganci aiki, haɗin tasirin ci gaba, ko haɗin kuɗi daga gwamnati, masu ba da gudummawa da masu amfani. Wadannan hanyoyin kudi an kafa su ne don yin aiki tare da jihohi, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da masu saka hannun jari na al'ummomi.[2] : 37 :37 Manufar Ci Gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa 16 game da zaman lafiya, adalci da cibiyoyi masu ƙarfi ne. Ya fahimci cewa cibiyoyi masu ƙarfi suna da mahimmanci don ci gaba mai ɗorewa, gami da tsaro na ruwa.[1] : 35 :35 Ingancin ruwan sha da gurɓataccen ruwa suna da alaƙa. Amma masu tsara manufofi galibi ba sa magance su a cikakke. Misali, gurɓataccen daga masana'antu galibi ba ya da alaƙa da ingancin ruwan sha a kasashe masu tasowa.[1] : 32 Tsayawa da kogi, ruwan kasa da ruwa mai guba yana da mahimmanci. Zai iya gano tushen gurɓataccen abu da kuma jagorantar martani na tsarawa. WHO ta bayyana Shirye-shiryen tsaro na ruwa a matsayin hanya mafi inganci don kiyaye samar da ruwan sha mai aminci ga jama'a.[2] ==== Bayani yana gudana ==== Yana da mahimmanci ga cibiyoyin samun damar samun bayanai game da ruwa. Wannan yana taimaka musu da shirinsu da yanke shawara.[1] Har ila yau, yana taimakawa tare da bin diddigin yadda manufofi masu tasiri da tasiri suke. Zuba jari a cikin kayan aikin bayanai na yanayi waɗanda suka dace da mahallin gida suna da amfani.[2] : 59 Suna rufe nau'ikan ma'auni na lokaci da sararin samaniya. Har ila yau, suna amsawa ga haɗarin yanayi na yanki da ke da alaƙa da ruwa.[2] : 58 :58 A yankunan da ruwan sama ya bambanta da yanayi kuma daga shekara zuwa shekara, manajojin ruwa za su so su sami cikakkun hasashen yanayi na yanayi. A wasu wurare farawar ruwan sama na yanayi yana da wuyar hangowa. Wannan shi ne saboda fannoni na tsarin yanayi suna da wuyar bayyanawa tare da tsarin lissafi. Misali, ruwan sama mai tsawo a Gabashin Afirka wanda ya fadi Maris zuwa Mayu ya kasance da wahala a kwaikwayon tare da samfuran yanayi. Lokacin da samfuran yanayi ke aiki da kyau suna iya samar da tsinkayen yanayi masu amfani.<ref name="Dyer-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Dyer |first=Ellen |last2=Washington |first2=Richard |date=2021 |title=Kenyan Long Rains: A Subseasonal Approach to Process-Based Diagnostics |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=34 |issue=9 |pages=3311–3326 |bibcode=2021JCli...34.3311D |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0914.1 |s2cid=230528271 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan waɗannan matsalolin shine yanayin da ke tattare da yankin.<ref name="Dyer-2021" /> Inganta fahimtar hanyoyin yanayi na iya ba da damar masana kimiyya na yanayi don samar da ƙarin bayani mai dacewa da na gida ga manajojin ruwa a kan lokaci. Hakanan zasu iya samar da ƙarin cikakkun tsinkaye don tasirin canjin yanayi a cikin lokaci mai tsawo.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=n.d. |title=What is Water Security? Infographic |url=https://www.unwater.org/publications/water-security-infographic/ |access-date=2021-02-11 |website=UN-Water |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Fayil:Figure_6_from_Dyer_et_al_2019.jpg|alt=Rainfall patterns in Ethiopia from Dyer et al., 2019.|thumb|Tsarin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a yankuna biyu na Habasha. Lines suna wakiltar abubuwan lura (layin ja) da sakamakon samfurin (layin kore) a cikin binciken samfurin yanayi na yankin.<ref name="onlinelibrary.wiley.com">{{Cite journal |last=Dyer |first=Ellen |last2=Washington |first2=Richard |last3=Teferi Taye |first3=Meron |date=May 2020 |title=Evaluating the CMIP5 ensemble in Ethiopia: Creating a reduced ensemble for rainfall and temperature in Northwest Ethiopia and the Awash basin |journal=International Journal of Climatology |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=2964–2985 |bibcode=2020IJCli..40.2964D |doi=10.1002/joc.6377 |s2cid=210622749 |doi-access=free}}</ref>]] Misali daya zai zama hasashen yanayi na ruwan sama a cikin [[Kogin Awash]] na [[Itofiya|Habasha]]. Wadannan na iya zama daidai ta hanyar fahimtar yadda Yanayin zafi na teku a yankuna daban-daban na teku ke da alaƙa da tsarin ruwan sama a cikin wannan tafkin kogi.<ref name="Taye-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Taye |first=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Charles |first3=Katrina J. |last4=Hirons |first4=Linda C. |date=2021 |title=Potential predictability of the Ethiopian summer rains: Understanding local variations and their implications for water management decisions |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=755 |issue=Pt 1 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.75542604T |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142604 |pmid=33092844 |s2cid=225052023 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A mafi girman yanki, kyakkyawar fahimtar dangantakar da ke tsakanin tsarin matsin lamba a [[Tekun Indiya]] da Kudancin Atlantic a gefe guda, da saurin iska da tsarin ruwan sama a cikin Babban Horn na Afirka a gefe guda zai taimaka. Irin wannan binciken kimiyya na iya ba da gudummawa ga inganta wakilcin wannan yankin a cikin tsarin yanayi don taimakawa shirin ci gaba. Hakanan yana iya jagorantar mutane lokacin da suke shirin rarraba ruwa a cikin kogin ko shirya shirye-shiryen mayar da martani na gaggawa don abubuwan da za su faru a nan gaba na karancin ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa.<ref name="Taye-2021" /> ==== Infrastructure ==== Abubuwan more rayuwa na ruwa suna aiki don samun dama, adanawa, tsarawa, motsawa da kiyaye ruwa. Abubuwa da yawa suna aiwatar da waɗannan ayyuka. Abubuwan halitta sune tabkuna, koguna, wuraren da ke da ruwa, ruwa, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa. Kayan injiniya sune kayan aikin sarrafa ruwa, kamar madatsun ruwa.<ref name="Grey-2007">{{Cite journal |last=Grey |first=David |last2=Sadoff |first2=Claudia W. |date=2007-12-01 |title=Sink or Swim? Water security for growth and development |url=https://iwaponline.com/wp/article/9/6/545/31241/Sink-or-Swim-Water-security-for-growth-and |journal=Water Policy |language=en |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=545–571 |bibcode=2007WaPol...9..545G |doi=10.2166/wp.2007.021 |issn=1366-7017 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Misalan sun hada da: * Inganta ajiyar ruwa: ta amfani da tsarin ajiyar ruwa na halitta kamar aquifers da wetlands ko gine-ginen da aka gina kamar tankunan ajiya da madatsun ruwa. * Yin amfani da sabbin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa don ƙarawa ga samar da ruwa na yanzu. Ana iya yin wannan ta hanyar sake amfani da ruwa, cire gishiri, [[Girbi ruwan sama]] da famfo na ruwa. * Rashin ruwa (ko dam ko dike) don kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa. Kudin jama'a da masu zaman kansu a kan ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da cibiyoyin tallafawa dole ne su kasance daidai. Wataƙila za su canza a tsawon lokaci.<ref name="Grey-2007">{{Cite journal |last=Grey |first=David |last2=Sadoff |first2=Claudia W. |date=2007-12-01 |title=Sink or Swim? Water security for growth and development |url=https://iwaponline.com/wp/article/9/6/545/31241/Sink-or-Swim-Water-security-for-growth-and |journal=Water Policy |language=en |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=545–571 |bibcode=2007WaPol...9..545G |doi=10.2166/wp.2007.021 |issn=1366-7017 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Wannan yana da mahimmanci don kauce wa farashin zamantakewa da muhalli ba tare da tsarawa ba daga gina sabbin wurare. Misali, a cikin yanayin Afirka, saka hannun jari a cikin amfani da ruwan kasa wani zaɓi ne don kara tsaro na ruwa da kuma daidaita [[Daidaituwar canjin yanayi|Canjin yanayi]]. Tsaron ruwa a kasashen Afirka na iya amfana daga rarraba ajiyar ruwa da sake caji a nahiyar. Recharge tsari ne inda ruwa ke motsawa zuwa ruwan kasa. Kasashe da yawa da ke da ƙananan caji suna da adana ruwa mai yawa. Kasashen da ke da ƙananan ajiya yawanci suna da babban caji na yau da kullun. === Yin la'akari da ma'auni === Mutane suna kula da haɗarin tsaro na ruwa a ma'auni daban-daban. Wadannan sun fito ne daga gida zuwa al'umma, gari, birni, kwandon da yanki. : 11 A cikin gida, 'yan wasan kwaikwayo sun haɗa da gwamnatocin gundumar, makarantu, kungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa, masu samar da ruwa na gida da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. A sikelin da ya fi girma akwai kwandon da kuma 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa. Wadannan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo suna taimakawa wajen gano duk wani hani game da manufofi, cibiyoyi da saka hannun jari. A ƙarshe, akwai 'yan wasan duniya kamar Bankin Duniya, [[UNICEF]], FCDO, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] da [[Hukumar Kula da Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka|USAID]]. Suna taimakawa wajen bunkasa samfuran isar da sabis masu dacewa.<ref name="REACH-2020" /> : 11 {{Rp|11}} yanayin jiki na ƙasa yana nuna ma'auni mai kyau wanda masu tsarawa ya kamata su yi amfani da shi don sarrafa haɗarin tsaro na ruwa. Ko da a cikin ƙasa, yanayin ruwa na iya bambanta sosai. Dubi misali bambance-bambance a cikin ruwan sama na yanayi a duk faɗin Habasha. === Rage rashin daidaito a cikin tsaro na ruwa === Rashin daidaito game da tsaro na ruwa a cikin al'umma yana da tushen tsari da tarihi. Suna iya shafar mutane a ma'auni daban-daban. Wadannan sun fito ne daga gida, zuwa al'umma, gari, tafkin kogi ko yankin. : 20 Ana iya gano kungiyoyin zamantakewa da yankuna masu haɗari yayin muhawara ta siyasa amma galibi ana watsi da su. Rashin daidaito na ruwa sau da yawa yana da alaƙa da jinsi a cikin ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi. A matakin gida, mata galibi "masu kula da ruwa" ne. Amma suna da iyakantaccen zabi akan ruwa da batutuwan da suka shafi.<ref name="REACH-2020" /> : 21 {{Rp|21}} === Inganta yanayin yanayi na ruwa da sabis na tsabta === Cibiyoyi da yawa suna aiki don haɓaka ayyukan WASH waɗanda ke jure wa yanayi. {{Rp|27,37}}{{excerpt|WASH#Improving climate resilience|file=no}} == Kayan aiki na auna == [[Fayil:World_map_of_the_aggregated_global_water_security_index_(early_2010s).jpg|thumb|Ƙididdigar tsaro ta ruwa ta duniya, wanda aka lissafa ta amfani da haɗuwa da wadatar ruwa, samun dama, aminci da inganci, da kuma alamun gudanarwa. Darajar '0-1' (tare da launi mai ci gaba 'ja zuwa shuɗi') yana wakiltar 'ƙasa zuwa sama'.]] Babu wata hanyar da za a auna tsaro na ruwa. :{{Rp|562}} Babu daidaitattun alamomi don auna tsaro na ruwa. Wannan shi ne saboda ra'ayi ne wanda ke mai da hankali kan sakamako. Sakamakon da ake la'akari da mahimmanci na iya canzawa dangane da mahallin da masu ruwa da tsaki. Maimakon haka, ya zama ruwan dare a ''Kwatanta'' matakan dangi na tsaro na ruwa ta hanyar amfani da ma'auni don wasu fannoni na tsaro na ruwan kasa. :{{Rp|562}} Misali, Ƙididdigar Tsaro ta Ruwa ta Duniya ta haɗa da ma'auni akan: * samuwa (ƙididdigar ƙarancin ruwa, ƙididdigar fari, ƙarancin ruwan ƙasa); * Samun dama ga ayyukan ruwa (samun damar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] da ruwan sha); * aminci da inganci (ƙididdigar ingancin ruwa, yawan ambaliyar duniya); * gudanarwa (World Governance Index, tsarin shari'a na iyaka, tashin hankali na siyasa na iyaka). Masana kimiyya suna aiki a kan hanyoyin da za a auna tsaro na ruwa a matakai daban-daban. Ma'aunin kusan ya fada cikin rukuni biyu. Akwai wadanda suka dogara da ''abubuwan da suka faru'' da ma'auni wadanda suka dogara ne akan ''albarkatun''. Tsohon yafi mayar da hankali kan auna abubuwan da suka faru na gidaje da jin daɗin ɗan adam. A halin yanzu ƙarshen yana mai da hankali kan adadin ruwan sha da ke akwai. Scale na Rashin Tsaro na Ruwa na Gida (HWISE) Scale yana auna abubuwa da yawa na rashin tsaro na ruwa a matakin gida. Wadannan sun hada da isasshen, amintacce, samun dama da aminci.<ref name="Young-2019">{{Cite journal |last=Young |first=Sera L. |last2=Boateng |first2=Godfred O. |last3=Jamaluddine |first3=Zeina |last4=Miller |first4=Joshua D. |last5=Frongillo |first5=Edward A. |last6=Neilands |first6=Torsten B. |last7=Collins |first7=Shalean M. |last8=Wutich |first8=Amber |last9=Jepson |first9=Wendy E. |last10=Stoler |first10=Justin |date=2019-09-01 |title=The Household Water InSecurity Experiences (HWISE) Scale: development and validation of a household water insecurity measure for low-income and middle-income countries |journal=BMJ Global Health |volume=4 |issue=5 |doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001750 |pmc=6768340 |pmid=31637027}}</ref> Wannan sikelin na iya taimakawa wajen gano ƙananan mutane masu rauni da kuma tabbatar da cewa an rarraba albarkatun ga waɗanda ke cikin bukata. Hakanan yana iya auna yadda tasirin manufofi da ayyukan ruwa suke.<ref name="Young-2019" /> == Ƙididdigar Duniya == Rahoton Bincike na shida na IPCC ya taƙaita yanayin tsaro na ruwa na yanzu da na gaba. Ya ce karuwar yanayi da matsanancin yanayi sun haifar da [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]] da rage tsaro na ruwa ga miliyoyin mutane. Ana ganin tasirin mafi girma a Afirka, Asiya, Amurka ta Tsakiya da Kudancin, Ƙananan Tsibirin da Arctic. : 9 {{Rp|9}} The same report predicted that global warming of 2&nbsp;°C would expose roughly 1-4 billion people to water stress. This would depend on regional patterns of climate change and the socio-economic scenarios.{{Rp|558}} On [[Rashin ruwa|water scarcity]] which is one factor in water insecurity the report finds 1.5-2.5 billion people live water scarce areas.{{Rp|660}} Rashin ruwa da tsaro na ruwa ba koyaushe suke daidai ba. Akwai yankuna masu tsaron ruwa mai yawa duk da cewa suna fuskantar karancin ruwa. Misalan sune sassan [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] da Kudancin Turai. Wannan ya faru ne saboda ingantaccen sabis na ruwa wanda ke da babban matakin aminci, inganci, da kuma samun dama. :{{Rp|562}} Koyaya, har ma a cikin waɗannan yankuna, ƙungiyoyi kamar 'Yan asalin ƙasar suna da ƙarancin samun ruwa kuma suna fuskantar rashin tsaro a wasu lokuta.<ref name="Caretta-2022" /> : 562 {{Rp|562}} == Misalan ƙasashe == === Bangladesh ===  <div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:402px;max-width:402px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:199px;max-width:199px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:130px;overflow:hidden">[[File:ISS052-E-590_-_View_of_Bangladesh.jpg|alt=View of Bangladesh from the space station 2007|197x197px]]</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:199px;max-width:199px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:130px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Bangladesh_DSC_0342_(3943502568).jpg|alt=People on an island in a flooded river in Bangladesh|197x197px]]</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Ruwa mai yawa na iya haifar da rashin tsaro na ruwa. Hagu: Ambaliyar ruwa a [[Bangladesh]]; dama: Mutanen da ke tsibirin a cikin kogi mai ambaliyar ruwa.</div></div></div></div></noinclude> Hadarin tsaro na ruwa a Bangladesh sun hada da: : 45{{Rp|45}} * haɗarin halitta da ke da alaƙa da yanayi (Hadarin yanayi) * wasu tasirin birni * tasirin daga canjin yanayi kamar canje-canje ga tsarin hazo da hauhawar matakin teku. Kasar tana fuskantar haɗarin tsaro na ruwa a babban birnin Dhaka da kuma yankin bakin teku. A cikin Dhaka, bugun ruwan sama na iya haifar da Ambaliyar birane. Wannan na iya gurɓata samar da ruwa.<ref name="Murgatroyd-2021" /> Yawancin matakai da abubuwan da suka faru suna haifar da haɗarin ruwa ga kimanin mutane miliyan 20 a yankunan bakin teku. Wadannan sun hada da aquifers da ke samun gishiri, karancin ruwa na yanayi, gurɓataccen datti, da ambaliyar ruwa daga ruwan sama da kuma guguwar guguwa saboda guguwa.<ref name="Murgatroyd-2021" /> : 64 {{Rp|64}} Nau'ikan ambaliyar ruwa daban-daban suna faruwa a bakin tekun Bangladesh. Su ne: ambaliyar kogi, ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyar guguwa saboda guguwa ta wurare masu zafi.<ref name="Borgomeo-2018b">{{Cite journal |last=Borgomeo |first=Edoardo |last2=Hall |first2=Jim W. |last3=Salehin |first3=Mashfiqus |date=2018 |title=Avoiding the water-poverty trap: insights from a conceptual human-water dynamical model for coastal Bangladesh |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:39faea0e-856b-4768-b295-25eada82b86a |journal=International Journal of Water Resources Development |volume=34 |issue=6 |pages=900–922 |bibcode=2018IJWRD..34..900B |doi=10.1080/07900627.2017.1331842 |s2cid=28011229}}</ref> Wadannan ambaliyar ruwa na iya lalata kayan aikin ruwan sha. Hakanan zasu iya haifar da rage ingancin ruwa da kuma asarar aikin gona da kifi. Akwai alaƙa tsakanin rashin tsaro na ruwa da talauci a cikin ƙananan yankuna a cikin Ganges-Brahmaputra tidal delta plain.<ref name="Borgomeo-2018b" /> Wadannan yankuna masu ƙasƙanci sune yankuna masu banƙyama a bakin tekun Bangladesh. Gwamnati tana da shirye-shirye daban-daban don rage haɗari ga mutanen da ke zaune a cikin al'ummomin bakin teku. Wadannan shirye-shiryen kuma suna haifar da karuwar lafiyar tattalin arziki.<ref name="Borgomeo-2018b">{{Cite journal |last=Borgomeo |first=Edoardo |last2=Hall |first2=Jim W. |last3=Salehin |first3=Mashfiqus |date=2018 |title=Avoiding the water-poverty trap: insights from a conceptual human-water dynamical model for coastal Bangladesh |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:39faea0e-856b-4768-b295-25eada82b86a |journal=International Journal of Water Resources Development |volume=34 |issue=6 |pages=900–922 |bibcode=2018IJWRD..34..900B |doi=10.1080/07900627.2017.1331842 |s2cid=28011229}}</ref> Misalan sun haɗa da "Coastal Embankment Improvement Project" <ref name="Borgomeo-2018b" /> ta Bankin Duniya a cikin 2013, aikin BlueGold <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=n.d. |title=What is Water Security? Infographic |url=https://www.unwater.org/publications/water-security-infographic/ |access-date=2021-02-11 |website=UN-Water |language=en-US}}</ref> a cikin 2012, shirin "Managed Aquifer Recharge" na UNICEF a cikin 2014 da kuma shirin Bangladesh Delta a cikin 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=n.d. |title=What is Water Security? Infographic |url=https://www.unwater.org/publications/water-security-infographic/ |access-date=2021-02-11 |website=UN-Water |language=en-US}}</ref> Irin wannan saka hannun jari a cikin tsaro na ruwa yana da niyyar kara yawan amfani da kiyaye wuraren ruwa. Za su iya taimaka wa al'ummomin bakin teku su tsere wa tarkon talauci wanda rashin tsaro na ruwa ya haifar.<ref name="Borgomeo-2018b" /> Shirin da ake kira "Tsarin SafePani" yana mai da hankali kan yadda jihar ke raba haɗari da alhakin tare da masu ba da sabis da al'ummomi. Wannan shirin yana da niyyar taimakawa masu yanke shawara don magance haɗarin yanayi ta hanyar tsarin da ake kira tsarin tsaro na ruwa mai tsauri.<ref name="Murgatroyd-2021" /> Shirin hadin gwiwa ne tsakanin [[UNICEF]] da Gwamnatin Bangladesh. === Habasha === [[Fayil:Ethiopia_rainfall_and_seasons.png|thumb|Tsarin ruwan sama ya bambanta a duk faɗin Habasha. Adadin hagu: Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a cikin mm / rana tare da kewayon interquartile (25th-75th) na ruwan sama na kowane wata a cikin mm/rana wanda aka nuna ta hanyar baƙar fata (1981-2020). <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=n.d. |title=What is Water Security? Infographic |url=https://www.unwater.org/publications/water-security-infographic/ |access-date=2021-02-11 |website=UN-Water |language=en-US}}</ref> Adadin dama: Yankunan ruwan sama guda uku a Habasha tare da tsarin ruwan sama daban-daban. Yankin kore yana da lokutan ruwan sama guda biyu, kuma yankin ja yana da mafi girma a cikin ruwan sama a watan Yuni zuwa Satumba.]] Habasha tana da manyan lokutan ruwa guda biyu a kowace shekara. Ana ruwan sama a lokacin bazara da rani. Wadannan alamu na ruwan sama sun bambanta sosai a duk faɗin ƙasar.<ref name="Taye-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Taye |first=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Charles |first3=Katrina J. |last4=Hirons |first4=Linda C. |date=2021 |title=Potential predictability of the Ethiopian summer rains: Understanding local variations and their implications for water management decisions |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=755 |issue=Pt 1 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.75542604T |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142604 |pmid=33092844 |s2cid=225052023 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTayeDyerCharlesHirons2021">Taye, Meron Teferi; Dyer, Ellen; Charles, Katrina J.; Hirons, Linda C. (2021). [[doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142604|"Potential predictability of the Ethiopian summer rains: Understanding local variations and their implications for water management decisions"]]. ''Science of the Total Environment''. '''755''' (Pt 1) 142604. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ScTEn.75542604T 2021ScTEn.75542604T]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142604|10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142604]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33092844 33092844]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225052023 225052023].</cite></ref><ref name="Abebe-2010" /> Yammacin Habasha yana da yanayin ruwan sama na yanayi wanda yayi kama da [[Sahel]]. Yana da ruwan sama daga Fabrairu zuwa Nuwamba (wanda ke raguwa zuwa arewa), kuma yana da ruwan sama mai yawa daga Yuni zuwa Satumba. Kudancin Habasha yana da tsarin ruwan sama mai kama da na Gabashin Afirka. Akwai yanayi biyu daban-daban na rigar a kowace shekara, Fabrairu zuwa Mayu, da Oktoba zuwa Nuwamba.<ref name="onlinelibrary.wiley.com">{{Cite journal |last=Dyer |first=Ellen |last2=Washington |first2=Richard |last3=Teferi Taye |first3=Meron |date=May 2020 |title=Evaluating the CMIP5 ensemble in Ethiopia: Creating a reduced ensemble for rainfall and temperature in Northwest Ethiopia and the Awash basin |journal=International Journal of Climatology |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=2964–2985 |bibcode=2020IJCli..40.2964D |doi=10.1002/joc.6377 |s2cid=210622749 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDyerWashingtonTeferi_Taye2020">Dyer, Ellen; Washington, Richard; Teferi Taye, Meron (May 2020). [[doi:10.1002/joc.6377|"Evaluating the CMIP5 ensemble in Ethiopia: Creating a reduced ensemble for rainfall and temperature in Northwest Ethiopia and the Awash basin"]]. ''International Journal of Climatology''. '''40''' (6): <span class="nowrap">2964–</span>2985. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020IJCli..40.2964D 2020IJCli..40.2964D]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1002/joc.6377|10.1002/joc.6377]]</span>. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210622749 210622749].</cite></ref><ref name="Abebe-2010">{{Cite web |last=Abebe |first=Dawit |date=2010 |title=Future climate of Ethiopia from PRECIS Regional Climate Model Experimental Design |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/assets/metofficegovuk/pdf/research/applied-science/precis/precis_experimental_design_dawit.pdf |access-date=21 August 2022 |website=Met Office UK}}</ref> Tsakiyar da gabashin Habasha suna da ruwan sama tsakanin Fabrairu da Nuwamba, tare da karamin ruwan sama daga Maris zuwa Mayu da kuma mafi girma na biyu daga Yuni zuwa Satumba.<ref name="Abebe-2010" /> A cikin 2022 Habasha ta sami daya daga cikin fari mafi tsanani da La Niña ta haifar a cikin shekaru arba'in da suka gabata. Ya faru ne saboda lokutan ruwan sama guda hudu a jere wanda bai samar da isasshen ruwan sama ba.<ref name="reliefweb-2022">{{Cite web |date=3 June 2022 |title=Ethiopia: Drought Update No. 4, June 2022 - Ethiopia {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/ethiopia-drought-update-no-4-june-2022 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref> Wannan fari ya kara rashin tsaro na ruwa ga fiye da makiyaya miliyan 8 da masu kiwon noma a yankunan Somaliya, Oromia, SNNP da Kudu maso Yamma. Kimanin mutane miliyan 7.2 suna buƙatar taimakon abinci, kuma mutane miliyan 4.4 suna buƙatar taimako don samun ruwa. Farashin abinci ya karu sosai saboda yanayin fari. Mutane da yawa a yankin da abin ya shafa sun fuskanci karancin abinci saboda yanayin rashin tsaro na ruwa.<ref name="reliefweb-2022" /> A cikin kwarin Awash a tsakiyar Habasha ambaliyar ruwa da fari sun zama ruwan dare. Aikin noma a cikin kwandon galibi ana ruwan sama (ba tare da tsarin ban ruwa ba). Wannan ya shafi kusan kashi 98% na jimlar gonar amfanin gona tun daga shekarar 2012. Don haka canje-canje a cikin yanayin ruwan sama saboda canjin yanayi zai rage ayyukan tattalin arziki a cikin kwandon. Ruwan sama yana da tasiri kai tsaye ga aikin gona. Rage ruwan sama a cikin kwandon Awash na iya haifar da raguwar 5% a cikin GDP na kwandon. GDP na noma na iya raguwa da kusan 10%.<ref name="Borgomeo-2018a" /> Haɗin gwiwa tare da Ofishin Ci Gaban Awash Basin (AwBDO) da Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Ruwa da Wutar Lantarki (MoWIE) sun haifar da ci gaban sabbin samfuran rabon ruwa a cikin kwandon Awash. Wannan na iya inganta tsaro na ruwa ga mazauna miliyan 18.3 a cikin kwandon. Tare da wannan za su sami isasshen ruwa don bukatun gida, ban ruwa da masana'antu. === Kenya === [[Kenya]] ta kasance ta 46 cikin kasashe 54 na Afirka a cikin kimantawar tsaro na ruwa a shekarar 2022. Manyan batutuwan tsaro na ruwa a Kenya sun hada da lafiyar ruwan sha, karancin ruwa, rashin ajiyar ruwa, rashin kula da ruwa mara kyau, da fari da ambaliyar ruwa.<ref name="Oluwasanya-2022" /> Tsarin yanayi mai girma yana tasiri ga tsarin ruwan sama a Gabashin Afirka. Irin waɗannan yanayin yanayi sun haɗa da El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) da Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). Rashin sanyi a cikin Tekun Pacific a lokacin La Niña na ENSO yana da alaƙa da yanayin bushewa a Kenya. Wannan na iya haifar da fari kamar yadda ya yi a 2016-17. A gefe guda, ruwan zafi na Yammacin Indiya saboda karfi mai karfi na Tekun Indiya ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani a Kenya a shekarar 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=n.d. |title=What is Water Security? Infographic |url=https://www.unwater.org/publications/water-security-infographic/ |access-date=2021-02-11 |website=UN-Water |language=en-US}}</ref> Kimanin kashi 38% na yawan jama'ar Kenya da kashi 70% na dabbobinta suna zaune a cikin ƙasashe masu busasshiyar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=n.d. |title=What is Water Security? Infographic |url=https://www.unwater.org/publications/water-security-infographic/ |access-date=2021-02-11 |website=UN-Water |language=en-US}}</ref> Wadannan yankuna suna da karancin ruwan sama wanda ya bambanta sosai daga wata kakar zuwa ta gaba. Wannan yana nufin cewa ruwa na sama da albarkatun ruwa na ƙasa sun bambanta sosai ta wurin wuri da lokacin shekara. Mazauna a Arewacin Kenya suna ganin karuwar canje-canje a cikin yanayin ruwan sama da kuma yawan fari. Wadannan canje-canje suna shafar rayuwarsu a wannan yankin inda mutane ke zaune a matsayin makiyaya masu ƙaura. Ana amfani da su don kiwon dabbobi tare da tsarin ƙaura na yanayi.<ref name="Njoka-2016" /> Mutane da yawa yanzu suna zaune a cikin ƙananan birane, kuma akwai karuwar rikice-rikice game da ruwa da sauran albarkatu.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=n.d. |title=What is Water Security? Infographic |url=https://www.unwater.org/publications/water-security-infographic/ |access-date=2021-02-11 |website=UN-Water |language=en-US}}</ref> Rashin tsaro na ruwa wani fasalin rayuwa ne ga masu zama da makiyaya. Mata da yara suna ɗaukar nauyin ɗaukar ruwa.<ref>World Water Council (2018) [https://www.worldwatercouncil.org/sites/default/files/Thematics/WaterSecurity_policiy_recommandations.PDF Water security for all - Policy Recommendations]</ref> Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa na ƙasa! suna da babban damar inganta samar da ruwa a Kenya. Koyaya, amfani da ruwan ƙasa yana iyakance ta hanyar ƙarancin inganci da ilimi, yin amfani da ruwan kasa da yawa, wanda aka sani da overdrafting, da kuma shigar da ruwan gishiri tare da yankunan bakin teku. Wani kalubale shine kula da ababen more rayuwa na ruwa, galibi a yankunan karkara.<ref>World Water Council (2018) [https://www.worldwatercouncil.org/sites/default/files/Thematics/WaterSecurity_policiy_recommandations.PDF Water security for all - Policy Recommendations]</ref> === Ukraine === Sojojin Rasha sun lalata kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ajiyar ruwan sha na Ukraine tun daga Fabrairu 2022 zuwa 2024. <ref name="Hapich 100167">{{Cite journal |last=Hapich |first=Hennadii |last2=Novitskyi |first2=Roman |last3=Onopriienko |first3=Dmytro |last4=Dent |first4=David |last5=Roubik |first5=Hynek |date=2024-04-01 |title=Water security consequences of the Russia-Ukraine war and the post-war outlook |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468312424000038 |journal=Water Security |volume=21 |bibcode=2024WatSe..2100167H |doi=10.1016/j.wasec.2024.100167 |issn=2468-3124 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> An yanke ruwan sha, masana'antu da ban ruwa a kudanci da gabashin kasar. Kashe yankunan kudanci da gabashin Ukraine da kuma lalata tafkin Kakhovka sun dakatar da ban ruwa. Girbi da aka yi ban ruwa da amfanin gona na fasaha yanzu ba su da fa'ida, koda kuwa inda za a iya - ba mafi mahimmanci ba saboda wahalar siyarwa da fitar da kayan. Ci gaban dabarun ban ruwa ya kamata ya dogara da fasaha mafi kyau don rage farashin ruwa da sake tsara tsarin noma, alal misali, ta hanyar ban ruwa, juyawa daban-daban na amfanin gona da kuma mayar da hankali kan aikin gona, gonaki, da noman inabi.<ref name="Hapich 100167" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=n.d. |title=What is Water Security? Infographic |url=https://www.unwater.org/publications/water-security-infographic/ |access-date=2021-02-11 |website=UN-Water |language=en-US}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Global Water Security & Sanitation Partnership - Asusun amincewa na Bankin Duniya * Human right to water and sanitation * Water footprint - Yankin amfani da ruwa dangane da amfani da mutane * Water security in Australia * Water security in the United States == Manazarta == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.watersecuritynetwork.org Cibiyar Tsaro ta Ruwa ta Duniya] * Tsaron Ruwa (mujallar budewa wacce ta fara a shekarar 2017) {{Population}}{{climate change}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pbvwgrntwp2p4uyqyvgqmmeydlk3td1 0 128047 906902 817233 2026-08-24T06:56:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906902 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Paul Edward Rolan''' (an haife shi a watan Janairun shekara ta 1956) likita ne na Australiya, mai binciken likita, masanin kimiyya, kuma mai ba da shawara kan lafiyar jama'a. Ya ƙware a cikin kula da ciwo mai tsanani da [[ciwon kai]], da ci gaban sababbin jiyya. Bayan horo na likita, Rolan ya yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Kiwon Lafiya a Asibitin Cairns sannan ya koma Burtaniya inda ya kirkiro sabbin magunguna kusan kusan shekaru 20. Da ya dawo Ostiraliya, ya ɗauki matsayi na ilimi da bincike a Jami'ar Adelaide, ya zama Shugaban Makarantar Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiya a shekarar 2014. Tun daga shekara ta 2016 ya kasance Darakta na Innovation na Faculty of Health Sciences. Ya kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Ciwo da Anaesthesia (PARC) ta jami'ar. Yana da manyan masu ba da shawara da mukamai na kwamitin, kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Abokan Kimiyya ne a Medicine. == Ayyukan likita == Rolan ya yi karatun likitanci a Jami'ar Adelaide, inda ya karbi MBBS a shekarar 1979. Daga 1979 zuwa 1985 ya rike mukamin asibiti, bincike da kuma mukamai na horar da kwararru. Bayan ya sami cancantar likita, Rolan ya yi aiki a Asibitin Cairns Base a matsayin Darakta na Kiwon Lafiya a shekarar 1986-7. Daga baya, Rolan ya koma Burtaniya, inda ya shafe kusan shekaru 20 yana haɓaka sabbin magunguna a masana'antar magunguna. Da farko ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Clinical Pharmacokinetics na Cibiyoyin Bincike na Wellcome daga 1987 zuwa 1994.<ref name="UA_profile">{{Cite web |title=Professor Paul Rolan {{!}} Researcher Profile |url=https://researchers.adelaide.edu.au/profile/paul.rolan |access-date=20 February 2021 |website=researchers.adelaide.edu.au |language=en |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227014635/https://researchers.adelaide.edu.au/profile/paul.rolan |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin wannan yana da alhakin ci gaba da sabon fili na rigakafin ƙaura, kuma wannan shine lokacin da ya ci gaba da sha'awar ciwon kai, wanda zai kasance mai da hankali a duk lokacin aikinsa. Littafin da aka yi amfani da shi game da amfani da biomarkers a ci gaban bincike a Wellcome ya zama tushen MD dinsa daga Jami'ar Adelaide a cikin 1995; jigonsa na rubutun shi ne "Ci gaban binciken asibiti na tucaresol, wakili na maganin rigakafi, ta amfani da sabon alamar maye gurbin".<ref name="CV">{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Rolan |title=Curriculum Vitae |url=https://www.profpaulrolan.com.au/wp-content/uploads/ROLAN-Paul-CV-web.pdf |access-date=20 February 2021 |website=www.profpaulrolan.com |archive-date=9 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209014823/https://www.profpaulrolan.com.au/wp-content/uploads/ROLAN-Paul-CV-web.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 1994 ya koma matsayin Darakta na Kiwon Lafiya a kamfanin bincike na kwangila na Medeval . Ya kasance Babban Mai Bincike a cikin binciken bincike na asibiti sama da 700.<ref name="UA_profile" /><ref name="FM_interview">{{Cite journal |last=Rolan |first=Paul |date=May 2012 |title=Interview: A clinical pharmacologist's journey in pain research and treatment |journal=Pain Management |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=205–207 |doi=10.2217/pmt.12.12 |pmid=24654663 |doi-access=}}</ref> == Haɗin kai na al'umma == Baya ga matsayinsa na ilimi, Rolan ya inganta lafiyar jama'a da kuma tsarin kimiyya na magani. Sau da yawa kafofin watsa labarai suna kira shi don ba da ƙwararren sharhi kan batutuwa masu yawa na magunguna ciki har da [[Migraine|ciwon kai]] na dogon lokaci wanda ya haifar da amfani da magani, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Swift |first=James |last2=Johnson |first2=Jacinta |last3=Rolan |first3=Paul |date=March 2015 |title=New Ways to Split a Headache {{!}} Australasian Science Magazine |url=http://www.australasianscience.com.au/article/issue-march-2015/new-ways-split-headache.html |journal=Australasian Science |access-date=23 February 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> yadda codeine zai iya ƙara ƙwarewar zafi, tasirin nuna bambanci a cikin gwaje-gwaje na likita, da kuma amfani da Botox don magance migraines. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 5joavlq7glgdz8bzc7o4yar04e3zzyl 0 128095 906905 761845 2026-08-24T07:21:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906905 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Peng Shi''' injiniyan lantarki ne na Australiya kuma masanin kimiyya. Shi Farfesa ne na Injiniyan Lantarki da Injiniyan lantarki a Jami'ar Adelaide, Ostiraliya <ref name="ade2">{{Cite web |title=Peng Shi |url=http://www.adelaide.edu.au/directory/peng.shi |access-date=2 May 2017 |publisher=adelaide.edu.au}}</ref> an kira shi Fellow na Cibiyar Injiniyan Injiniyan Wutar Lantarki da Lantarki (IEEE) a cikin 2015 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Peng Shi |url=https://researchers.adelaide.edu.au/profile/peng.shi |access-date=2 May 2017 |publisher=adelaide.edu.au |archive-date=9 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009130342/http://researchers.adelaide.edu.au/profile/peng.shi |url-status=dead }}</ref> don gudummawa ga sarrafawa da dabarun tacewa don tsarin haɗin gwiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2015 elevated fellow |url=https://www.ieee.org/membership_services/membership/fellows/2015_elevated_fellows.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330134212/http://www.ieee.org/membership_services/membership/fellows/2015_elevated_fellows.pdf |archive-date=30 March 2015 |website=IEEE Fellows Directory}}</ref> == Ilimi == Shi tana da digiri na farko a fannin lissafi daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Harbin, China <ref name="ade">{{Cite web |title=Peng Shi |url=http://www.adelaide.edu.au/directory/peng.shi |access-date=2 May 2017 |publisher=adelaide.edu.au}}</ref> Shi ya sami cancantar karatun digiri na biyu ya hada da: <ref name="ade"/> * Dokta Digiri na Injiniya, Jami'ar Adelaide * Dokta Digiri na Kimiyya, Jami'ar Glamorgan, Burtaniya * PhD (Injiniyan lantarki), Jami'ar Newcastle, Ostiraliya * PhD (Mathematics), [[Jami'ar Kudancin Australia]], Australia * Jagora a Injiniya (Injiniyancin Tsarin), Jami'ar Injiniya ta Harbin, China == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ju2nouace1icuqe2gg5y3t7a6lklbr3 0 128300 906872 762373 2026-08-24T05:14:19Z BnHamid 12586 906872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ulysses Simpson Wiggins (1896 – 8 ga Afrilu, 1966) likita ne ɗan Amurka, mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a, shugaban reshen gundumar Camden na NAACP, kuma shugaban taron rassan NAACP na New Jersey. Wiggins ya kasance mai goyon bayan raba makarantun Camden a lokacin da yake shugaban Camden NAACP, kuma shugaba ne mai daraja a cikin al'ummarsa.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2611234] == Rayuwar sa ta Farko da Karatun sa == An haifi Ulysses Wiggins a Americus, Georgia a shekarar 1896 ga iyayensa Randall da Hannah Wiggins, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya 10. Bayan ya shafe shekarun ƙuruciyarsa da ƙuruciyarsa a Americus, ya halarci Jami'ar Lincoln, inda ya sami digirin A.B. Daga nan ya ci gaba da samun digirin digirgir a Jami'ar Michigan a shekarar 1924.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest] Wiggins ya yi aikin horonsa a Asibitin Mercy da ke Philadelphia, daga baya ya yi aiki a Asibitin Mount Sinai da ke New York, kafin ya zo Camden a shekarar 1928 don yin aikin likitanci. A shekarar 1933, ya auri Alice Turner, kuma tare, ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa 1025 South 4th St. a Camden. Sun kasance membobin cocin Saint Augustine Episcopal na yau da kullun kuma masu himma.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2611234] 'Yan'uwan Ulysses Wiggins da aka sani sun haɗa da Mr. Ernest Wiggins, Mrs. Eliah Banks, da Mrs. Agnes Simms.[https://www.newspapers.com/image/180922148/] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 1966]] hghafrgoya4xhmdabi2v28vtu9mgcys 0 128492 906878 762830 2026-08-24T05:16:43Z BnHamid 12586 906878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Subtropical Storm One wani ɗan gajeren guguwa ne wanda ya kawo ruwan sama mai yawa zuwa tsakiyar [[Florida]] a ƙarshen Yuni 1974. Guguwar ta samo asali ne a wani yanki na convection wanda ya rabu da wani mummunan yanayi a kudu maso yammacin Tekun Mexico a ranar 24 ga Yuni. Wani sabon yanki na matsin lamba ya bunkasa a ƙarƙashin convection kuma tsarin ya fara karuwa. Daga baya a wannan rana, guguwar ta zama cikakkiyar tsari don a rarraba ta a matsayin mummunan yanayi. Da farko a ranar 25 ga Yuni, ya sauka a kusa da Clearwater, Florida tare da iskõki na 50 mph (85 km / h) kuma daga baya ya kai ƙarfinsa a gabashin Florida tare da iska na 65 mph (100 km / h). Bayan sake fitowa cikin [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]], tsarin ya fara raunana yayin da ya sami Canjin extratropical. Guguwar ta ƙare a bakin tekun Arewacin Carolina a farkon ranar 26 ga Yuni. Duk da ƙarfinsa mai rauni, tsarin ya samar da kusan {{Convert|12|in|mm}} in (300 na ruwan sama a kusa da [[Tampa, Florida]], kuma [[Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa|Cibiyar]] [[Guguwa]] ta Kasa ta ba da rahoton sama da {{Convert|20|in|mm}} in (510 kusa. A kusa da Tafkin Okeechobee, jimlar hazo na {{Convert|7|in|mm}} in (180 sun zama ruwan dare. Ruwan sama mai yawa ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa a fadin jihar. An tabbatar da guguwa daya da ta sauka a hade da guguwar. Mutane uku sun nitse sakamakon guguwar kuma lalacewar ta kai dala miliyan 10 (1974 USD, dala miliyan 63.8 USD). == Tarihin yanayi == {{storm path|1974 Atlantic subtropical storm 1 track.png}}Wani mummunan yanayi na wurare masu zafi ya kasance a kudu maso yammacin Tekun Mexico a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 1974. A ranar {{Convert|24|mph|km/h}} ga watan Yuni, matsalar ta fara raunana yayin da ta kusa da bakin tekun Mexico, wanda ya haifar da aikin convective ya tafi daga tsakiyar zagayawa. Daga baya a wannan rana, wani sabon yanki na matsin lamba ya samo asali a ƙarƙashin convection a tsakiyar Gulf of Mexico.<ref name="ATCR">{{Cite web |last=John R. Hope |date=April 1975 |title=Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1975 |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1974.pdf |access-date=December 30, 2009 |publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> Ya ci gaba da balaga, kuma a kusa da 1800 UTC, tsarin ya zama an tsara shi sosai don a rarraba shi a matsayin mummunan yanayi.<ref name="HURDAT">{{Cite web |last=Hurricane Research Division |year=2009 |title=Easy-to-Read HURDAT 1851-2008 |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/easyread-2009.html |access-date=December 30, 2009 |publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> Kodayake subtropical, an yi la'akari da guguwar ba ta da zafi, <ref name="ATCR" /> amma an sake tantance shi a cikin binciken bayan kakar tsarin. Bayan ya zama subtropical, guguwar ta bi da sauri zuwa arewa maso gabas a 24 mph (39 km / h). Da farko a ranar 25 ga Yuni, bakin ciki ya kara karfi a cikin guguwa mai zafi yayin da yake kusa da bakin tekun Florida.<ref name="HURDAT" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; An kai Ayyukan bincike cikin guguwar har sai da ta fadi a kusa da Clearwater, Florida tare da iskõki na 50 mph (85 km / h) a safiyar Yuni 25 . <ref name="ATCR">{{Cite web |last=John R. Hope |date=April 1975 |title=Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1975 |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1974.pdf |access-date=December 30, 2009 |publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref><ref name="HURDAT">{{Cite web |last=Hurricane Research Division |year=2009 |title=Easy-to-Read HURDAT 1851-2008 |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/easyread-2009.html |access-date=December 30, 2009 |publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> Kodayake a kan ƙasa, tsarin ya ci gaba da karuwa yayin da ya ratsa yankin Florida.<ref name="ATCR" /> Kimanin sa'o'i shida bayan sauka, guguwar ta kai ƙarfinta tare da iskõki na 65 mph (100 km / h) da matsin lamba na 1000 mbar (hPa; 29.53 inHg). <ref name="HURDAT" /> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya kai wannan ƙarfin, guguwar ta koma yammacin [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] kuma ta fara raunana. Daga baya a wannan rana, ya fara fuskantar Canjin extratropical, yana samun siffofi na gaba da convection mai tsawo. Guguwar ta kammala wannan canjin a cikin sa'o'i 12 kafin ta zama ba a bayyana ta sosai ba kuma ta ɓace daga bakin tekun [[North Carolina|Arewacin Carolina]] a farkon ranar 26 ga Yuni.<ref name="ATCR" /><ref name="HURDAT" />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Shirye-shiryen da tasiri == [[Fayil:Subtropical_Storm_One_1974_rainfall.gif|right|thumb|Ruwan sama daga guguwar subtropical a kudu maso gabashin Amurka]] Bayan samuwar tsarin, Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa ta ba da shawarwarin sana'a da kuma gargadi ga mafi yawan gabar tekun Florida.[1] Kodayake yana da rauni sosai, tsarin ya kawo ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya zuwa sassan tsakiyar Florida, [1] mai yawan inci 11.38 (289 mm) a St. Petersburg.[2] Cibiyar guguwa ta kasa ta ba da rahoton cewa har inci 20 (510 mm) ta fado kusa da Tampa.[3] A cikin tsawon sa'o'i 24, inci 9.54 (242 mm) na ruwan sama ya faɗi a cikin Inverness.[1] Yawan ruwan sama da ya wuce inci 7 (mm180 mm) ya rufe wani babban yanki a arewacin Tampa kuma jimlar tsakanin inci 5 da 7 (130 da 180 mm) ya zama ruwan dare gama gari da tafkin Okeechobee.[2] Hanyoyin saukar jiragen sama guda biyu a filin jirgin sama na St. Daga bakin teku, igiyoyin ruwa har zuwa ƙafa 4 (1.2 m) sun shafi yankunan bakin teku. Jiragen ruwa da yawa sun makale a cikin guguwar, wanda ya haifar da ceto da yawa daga masu tsaron gabar teku, da yawa ta hanyar ja da jiragen zuwa gaci.[1] An ba da rahoton wata mahaukaciyar guguwa a kusa da Fort Myers.[2] Bugu da ƙari, magudanar ruwa guda biyu sun taɓa ƙasa kusa da Sarasota; duk da haka, dukansu sun buge wuraren da ba kowa ba ne kuma ba su bar barna ba.[1] An tabbatar da ɗaya daga cikin magudanar ruwa guda biyu a matsayin guguwar F0 mai tsawon waƙa ta kusan mil 1 (kilomita 1.6).[3] Yazawar rairayin bakin teku ya zama ruwan dare a yawancin rairayin bakin teku a jihohin kudu maso gabas.[4] Mafi girman zaizayar kasa ya faru tsakanin Cedar Key da Naples inda aka samu rahoton ambaliya a bakin teku.[5] Bayan wucewa ta Florida, guguwar da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta kawo iska mai ƙarfi da haske zuwa matsakaicin ruwan sama zuwa Georgia, South Carolina da North Carolina.[4] A ko'ina cikin Florida, mutane uku ne guguwar ta kashe sakamakon nutsewa da ambaliyar ruwa ta yi barna kusan dala miliyan 10 (USD 1974 $ 63.8 a cikin 2009 USD) == Dubi kuma == * Lokacin guguwar Atlantika ta 1974 * Lokaci na lokacin guguwar Atlantic ta 1974 * Jerin guguwar Florida (1950-1974) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/ Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa] * [http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1974.pdf Binciken Yanayi na Watanni na 1974] p846ieymovzn1kfprys7i74us785bmp 0 129771 906942 820836 2026-08-24T08:03:29Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 906942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''BBC Television Shakespeare''''' jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin ne na Burtaniya na wasan kwaikwayon na [[William Shakespeare]], wanda Cedric Messina ya kirkira kuma BBC Television ta watsa shi. An watsa shi a Burtaniya daga 3 ga Disamba 1978 zuwa 27 ga Afrilu 1985, jerin sun kai yanayi bakwai da abubuwa talatin da bakwai. Ci gaban ya fara ne a shekara ta 1975 lokacin da Messina ta ga cewa filin Glamis Castle zai zama cikakkiyar wuri don daidaita Shakespeare's As You Like It for the Play of the Month series. Bayan ya dawo [[Landan]], duk da haka, ya zo ya yi la'akari da dukan jerin da aka keɓe kawai ga ayyukan Shakespeare masu ban mamaki. Lokacin da ya gamu da martani mara kyau daga shugabannin sashen BBC, Messina ya wuce tashoshin da aka saba da su kuma ya dauki ra'ayinsa kai tsaye zuwa saman matsayi na BBC, wanda ya ba da haske ga wasan kwaikwayon. Da yake fuskantar matsalolin kudi, dabaru da masu kirkira a farkon kwanakin samarwa, Messina ta dage kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai samar da zartarwa na tsawon shekaru biyu. Lokacin da Jonathan Miller ya maye gurbinsa a farkon kakar wasa ta uku, wasan kwaikwayon ya sami wani abu na sake farfadowa yayin da aka saki tsauraran fassarorin daraktocin wasan kwaikwayon, manufofin sun ci gaba a karkashin Shaun Sutton, wanda ya zama babban furodusa na yanayi biyar, shida da bakwai. A ƙarshen tafiyarsa, jerin sun tabbatar da ƙididdiga da nasarar kuɗi. Da farko, gyare-gyaren sun sami sake dubawa mara kyau, kodayake karɓar ya inganta kadan yayin da jerin suka ci gaba, kuma an ba masu gudanarwa ƙarin 'yanci, wanda ya haifar da fassarorin da suka zama masu ƙarfin zuciya. Ana gudanar da abubuwa da yawa a yanzu da daraja sosai, musamman wasu daga cikin al'adun da ba a san su sosai ba kuma ba a yawan yin wasan kwaikwayo ba. Cikakken saiti sanannen tarin ne, kuma abubuwan da suka faru da yawa suna wakiltar kawai samar da wasan kwaikwayo na takamaiman wasan da ke samuwa a halin yanzu akan DVD. Daga 26 ga Mayu 2020, duk wasannin 37 sun kasance don gudana a Arewacin Amurka ta hanyar BritBox . [1] == Gabatarwa == Manufar jerin ta samo asali ne a cikin 1975 tare da Cedric Messina, mai gabatar da [[BBC]] wanda ya kware a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin na wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya, yayin da yake wurin Glamis Castle a Angus, Scotland, yana harbi da ya dace da J. M. Barrie's The Little Minister for the BBC's Play of the Month series. A lokacin da yake kan saiti, Messina ya fahimci cewa filin gidan zai zama cikakkiyar wuri don daidaitawa da Shakespeare's As You Like It . A lokacin da ya dawo Landan, ra'ayinsa ya girma sosai, kuma yanzu ya yi tunanin jerin da aka keɓe musamman ga aikin Shakespeare; jerin da za su daidaita dukkan wasannin Shakespeare talatin da bakwai. Kusan nan da nan bayan ya gabatar da ra'ayin ga abokan aikinsa, duk da haka, Messina ya fara fuskantar matsaloli. Ya yi tsammanin cewa kowa da kowa a cikin BBC zai yi farin ciki game da ra'ayin, amma wannan bai tabbatar da hakan ba. Musamman, sashen Drama / Plays ya ji cewa jerin ba za su iya zama nasarar kudi ba tare da tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa ba, wanda ba su ga yadda zai yiwu ba. Bugu da ƙari, sun yi jayayya cewa Shakespeare a talabijin ba ya aiki sosai, kuma sun yi tunanin cewa babu buƙatar yin dukkan wasannin talatin da bakwai, saboda da yawa ba su da tabbas kuma ba za su sami masu sauraro tsakanin jama'a ba, har ma a Burtaniya. Da yake ya yi takaici da rashin sha'awarsu, Messina ya tafi kan shugabannin sashen, ya tura shawararsa kai tsaye ga Darakta na Shirye-shiryen Alasdair Milne da Darakta Janar Ian Trethowan, dukansu biyu sun so ra'ayin. Kodayake har yanzu akwai ajiya a cikin BBC, kuma ba za a manta da shawarar Messina ta wuce tsarin da aka yarda da shi ba, tare da goyon bayan Milne da Trethowan, an tsara jerin, tare da faɗakarwa mai ban tsoro da aka goyi bayan shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na roƙonsa; "babban aiki ne, babu wanda zai iya yin shi, amma ya kamata a yi shi watanni da yawa a cikin samarwa, ɗan jarida Henry Fenwick ya rubuta aikin "mai ɗaukakawa ne na Burtaniya, da ɗaukaka BBC". === Shakespeare a kan BBC === BBC ta nuna sauye-sauyen Shakespeare da yawa a baya, kuma a shekara ta 1978, kawai wasan kwaikwayon da ba su nuna a cikin sauye-shiryen da aka yi don talabijin ba sune Henry VIII, Pericles, Timon na [[Athens]], Titus Andronicus da The Two Gentlemen of Verona . [1] Koyaya, duk da wannan matakin gogewa, ba su taɓa samar da wani abu a kan sikelin Shakespeare Series ba. Shirin Shakespearean da aka yi don talabijin ya fara ne a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 1937 tare da watsa shirye-shiryen kai tsaye na Dokar 3, Scene 2 Iago As You Like It, wanda Robert Atkins ya jagoranta, kuma Margaretta Scott a matsayin Rosalind da Ion Swinley a matsayin Orlando.[undefined] Daga baya a wannan maraice, an watsa shirye-shiryen Henry V, wanda George More O'Ferrall ya jagoranta, kuma Henry Oscar ya fito a matsayin Henry da Yvonne Arnaud a matsayin Katherine.[undefined] O'Ferrall zai kula da watsa shirye-shirye da yawa na abubuwan Shakespearean a cikin shekara ta 1937, gami da jawabin jana'izar Mark Antony daga Julius Kaisar, tare da Henry Oscar a matsayin Antony (11 ga Fabrairu), al'amuran da yawa tsakanin Benedick da Beatrice daga Much Ado About Nothing, wanda ke nuna Henry Oscar da Margaretta Scott (kuma 11 ga Fabrahu), al'amarin da yawa tsakanin Macbeth da Lady Macbeth daga Macbeth, tare da Laurence Olivier da Judith Anderson (25 ga Maris), da kuma wani nau'in Othello, Ce Ce Ceona Dagoway.[3][undefined][2][4] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} tq7npsturfnmoasa1iqfa858z2nb9dc 0 130353 906877 767475 2026-08-24T05:15:52Z BnHamid 12586 906877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Oddo Biasini''' (13 ga Mayu 1917 - 8 ga Yuli 2009) ɗan siyasan Italiya ne. Ya kasance mai goyon baya a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] kuma fitaccen memba na Jam'iyyar Republican ta Italiya . == Tarihin rayuwa == Biasini ya kammala karatu a haruffa a Jami'ar Florence a shekara ta 1940; a shekara ta 1944 ya kasance mai goyon baya jamhuriya tare da [[Libero Gualtieri]] da [[Osvaldo Abbondanza]] . Bayan yakin ya yi aiki a matsayin malami na Italiyanci da Latin kuma ya kasance shugaban makarantar kimiyya ta Cesena daga 1958 zuwa 1968. Mutumin da aka amince da shi na Ugo La Malfa, a cikin shekarun 1970s an zabe shi sakataren kasa na Jam'iyyar Republican ta Italiya. Ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyarsa daga 16 ga Disamba 1974 zuwa 24 ga Fabrairu 1976 kuma daga 15 ga Yuli 1976 zuwa 19 ga Yuni 1979 kuma mataimakin shugaban majalisar wakilai daga 1983 zuwa 1987. Tsakanin ƙarshen shekarun 1960 na farko shekarun 1970, ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin sakatare na ilimin jama'a a cikin majalisar Rumor ta farko (1968-69) da ta uku (1970) da kuma majalisar Colombo (1970-71). Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin ministan al'adu da muhalli daga 1980 zuwa 1981 a cikin majalisar ministocin Cossiga II da Forlani. Ya mutu a ranar 8 ga Yulin 2009. == Tarihin zabe == {| class="wikitable" style="width:55%; border:1px #AAAAFF solid" ! width="12%" |Zaɓuɓɓuka ! width="25%" |Gidan ! width="30%" |Mazabar ! colspan="2" width="5%" |Jam'iyyar ! width="12%" |Zaɓuɓɓuka ! width="12%" |Sakamakon |- !1968 |Majalisar Wakilai |Bologna-Ferrara-Ravenna-Forlì | bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Republican Party}}" | |PRI |12,557 | '''Zaɓaɓɓu''' |- !1972 |Majalisar Wakilai |Bologna-Ferrara-Ravenna-Forlì | bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Republican Party}}" | |PRI |16,404 | '''Zaɓaɓɓu''' |- !1976 |Majalisar Wakilai |Bologna-Ferrara-Ravenna-Forlì | bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Republican Party}}" | |PRI |17,957 | '''Zaɓaɓɓu''' |- !1979 |Majalisar Wakilai |Bologna-Ferrara-Ravenna-Forlì | bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Republican Party}}" | |PRI |16,830 | '''Zaɓaɓɓu''' |- !1983 |Majalisar Wakilai |Bologna-Ferrara-Ravenna-Forlì | bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Republican Party}}" | |PRI |11,458 | '''Zaɓaɓɓu''' |- |} {{Notelist}} == Daraja da kyaututtuka == * : [[Order of Merit of the Italian Republic|Grand Cross Knight na Order of Merit na Jamhuriyar Italiya]] (12 Disamba 1993) {{Flag|Italy}} * : Medal na Zinare don Al'adu da Fasaha (5 ga Agusta 1983) {{Flag|Italy}} * : Medal na Zinare don Meritorious na Makarantar Al'adu da Fasaha (31 Yuli 1973) {{Flag|Italy}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Cite web |title=Date personali e incarichi nella V legislatura |url=http://legislature.camera.it/chiosco.asp?cp=1&position=V%20Legislatura%20/%20I%20Deputati&content=deputati/legislatureprecedenti/Leg05/framedeputato.asp?Deputato=1d850}} * {{Cite web |title=Incarichi nella VI legislatura |url=http://legislature.camera.it/chiosco.asp?cp=1&position=VI%20Legislatura%20/%20I%20Deputati&content=deputati/legislatureprecedenti/Leg06/framedeputato.asp?Deputato=1d850}} * {{Cite web |title=Incarichi nella VII legislatura |url=http://legislature.camera.it/chiosco.asp?cp=1&position=VII%20Legislatura%20/%20I%20Deputati&content=deputati/legislatureprecedenti/Leg07/framedeputato.asp?Deputato=1d850}} * {{Cite web |title=Incarichi nella VIII legislatura |url=http://legislature.camera.it/chiosco.asp?cp=1&position=VIII%20Legislatura%20/%20I%20Deputati&content=deputati/legislatureprecedenti/Leg08/framedeputato.asp?Deputato=1d850}} * {{Cite web |title=Incarichi nella IX legislatura |url=http://legislature.camera.it/chiosco.asp?cp=1&position=IX%20Legislatura%20/%20I%20Deputati&content=deputati/legislatureprecedenti/Leg09/framedeputato.asp?Deputato=1d850}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1917]] 6tl6qlkikdaqkwqhn8hqagt3xzciiw9 0 133743 906848 774779 2026-08-24T04:55:43Z BnHamid 12586 906848 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bobby Van Osborne''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=ARE YOU AFRAID TO SPEAK OUR SAVIOR'S NAME |url=https://www.ascap.com/repertory#/ace/search/workID/899104952 |access-date=April 26, 2023 |website=ASCAP |publisher=American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers}}</ref> (7 ga Disamba, 1931 - 27 ga Yuni, 2023) ya kasance mawaƙin bluegrass na Amurka. Ya kasance co-kafa (tare da ɗan'uwansa Sonny) na Osborne Brothers, memba na Grand Ole Opry, da kuma Hall of Fame na Bluegrass na Duniya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bobby Osborne |url=https://www.opry.com/artists/bobby-osborne/ |access-date=2021-02-24 |website=Grand Ole Opry |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=13 November 2018 |title=Bobby Osborne |url=https://www.bluegrasshall.org/inductees/the-osborne-brothers/bobby-osborne/ |access-date=2021-02-24 |website=Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame & Museum |language=en-US}}</ref> Osborne ya kasance memba na Marine Corps na Amurka, ya sami Purple Heart saboda hidimarsa, kuma an sallame shi cikin girmamawa a shekara ta 1953. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2018 |title=Bobby Osborne |url=https://www.bluegrasshall.org/inductees/the-osborne-brothers/bobby-osborne/ |access-date=March 5, 2023 |website=[[International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame]] Inductees |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2020 |title=Ask Sonny Anything… how was it for you when Bobby joined the Marines? |url=https://bluegrasstoday.com/ask-sonny-anything-how-was-it-for-you-when-bobby-joined-the-marines/ |access-date=March 5, 2023 |website=BluegrassToday.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Osborne ya kasance malami na kiɗa na bluegrass a Makarantar Bluegrass da Kiɗa ta gargajiya ta Kentucky <ref>{{Cite web |title=ARE YOU AFRAID TO SPEAK OUR SAVIOR'S NAME |url=https://www.ascap.com/repertory#/ace/search/workID/899104952 |access-date=April 26, 2023 |website=ASCAP |publisher=American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers}}</ref> a Hyden, Kentucky, kuma kayan aikinsa na farko shine Mandolin.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=13 November 2018 |title=Bobby Osborne |url=https://www.bluegrasshall.org/inductees/the-osborne-brothers/bobby-osborne/ |access-date=2021-02-24 |website=Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame & Museum |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2018 |title=Bobby Osborne |url=https://www.bluegrasshall.org/inductees/the-osborne-brothers/bobby-osborne/ |access-date=March 5, 2023 |website=[[International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame]] Inductees |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Osborne a Thousandsticks a cikin Leslie County, [[Kentucky]] . Yayinda yake girma, ya taimaka wa mahaifinsa da kakansa a babban kantin sayar da tsofaffi. A lokaci guda ya janyo hankalinsa ga kiɗa na Grand Ole Opry kuma daga ƙarshe ya bar makarantar sakandare don kafa ƙungiyar tare da ɗan'uwansa, Sonny . Ya taimaka wajen bunkasa ra'ayi na murya guda uku a cikin kiɗa na bluegrass ta hanyar sanya waƙar a cikin muryar tenor, maimakon sanya shi a ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan rajistar murya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2018 |title=Bobby Osborne |url=https://www.bluegrasshall.org/inductees/the-osborne-brothers/bobby-osborne/ |access-date=March 5, 2023 |website=[[International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame]] Inductees |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bobby Osborne ya fitar da rikodin da yawa tun daga shekarun 1950. An kira rikodin Osborne Brothers na "Rocky Top", da "[[Kentucky]]" waƙoƙin jihar na [[Tennessee]] da Kentucky, bi da bi. An rubuta Osborne a cikin Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka a 1951 kuma ya yi aiki a Yaƙin Koriya . An ji masa rauni a cikin aiki kuma ya sami Purple Heart . Bobby bai san komai game da kiɗa na bluegrass ba. Yana sauraron Grand Ole Opry wata dare a rediyo na WSM. Yana son sautin wannan banjo, kuma ya gano daga baya a kan shi ne Earl Scruggs yana wasa da waƙar da ake kira 'Cumberland Gap.' Daga nan ya zama mai sha'awar wannan nau'in kiɗa. "Ya bayyana a cikin shirye-shirye da yawa tare da Ernest Tubb, yana wasa da guitar da waka. Ernest Tubb ya ba da shawarar cewa Bobby ya buga Mandolin don ya kara muryarsa mai ƙarfi. Ya karɓi shawarar kuma ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan kayan aikinsa na sauran aikinsa. Kundin solo na Osborne na 2017 ORIGINAL shine kundi na farko tun ''Bluegrass & Beyond'' a cikin 2009. Kundin ya kasance samfurin haɗin gwiwar Osborne tare da Peter Rowan, wanda ya kai shi ga wani haɗin gwiwa tare da Alison Brown. Kundin ya ƙunshi mawaƙa da masu fasaha da yawa na bluegrass / Americana <ref>{{Cite web |title=ARE YOU AFRAID TO SPEAK OUR SAVIOR'S NAME |url=https://www.ascap.com/repertory#/ace/search/workID/899104952 |access-date=April 26, 2023 |website=ASCAP |publisher=American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers}}</ref> ciki har da Vince Gill, Sam Bush, Jim Lauderdale, Sierra Hull, Claire Lynch, Del McCoury, Ronnie McCoury , Rob McCoury), Stuart Duncan da Rob Ickes. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1931]] 0oc2ctr5sb2qstxbdaivim8a1xkqew7 0 134292 906843 775777 2026-08-24T04:51:56Z BnHamid 12586 906843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Habibur Rehman Ludhianvi{{Efn|{{langx|ur|{{nastaliq|حبیب الرحمن لدھیانوی}}}}}}''' (3 ga Yulin 1892 - 2 ga Satumba 1956) masanin addinin Musulunci ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban na uku na Majlis-i Ahrar-i Islam daga 1935 zuwa 1939.[a] Ya kasance daga kabilar Arain kuma ya kasance zuriyar kai tsaye na Shah Abdul Qadir Ludhianvi, mai fafutukar 'yanci da mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a lokacin tawaye na Indiya na 1857. <ref name="APNA">{{Cite web |last=Ishtiaq Ahmed |date=15 December 2007 |title=Profile of Habib-ur-Rehman Ludhianvi |url=http://www.apnaorg.com/articles/news-33/ |access-date=6 November 2018 |website=Academy of the Punjab in North America website}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Irfan |first=Mohd |date=2004 |title=Maulana Habibur Rahman Ludhyanvi Aur Unki Tahrik Ahar E Islam Ek Tarikhi wa Tahqeeqi Jaiza |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/245048 |journal=University |language=English}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == === Tarihin iyali === Kakan Habibur Rehman Ludhianvi Shah Abdul Qadir Ludhianvi ya jagoranci tawaye da makami a kan Kamfanin British East India a lokacin tawayen Indiya a 1857 kuma yana cikin wadanda suka fara yi musu tawaye daga Punjab. [ana binciken hujja] [citation need] Ya tattara wata babbar runduna wadda ta kori turawan Ingila daga Ludhiana kadai har da Panipat. Wannan runduna ta yaki ta hada da Musulmai, Hindu da Sikh. Daga nan ya zarce zuwa Delhi don tallafawa Mughal sarki Bahadur Shah II. Ya ba da rayuwarsa yana yaƙi tare da dubban wasu a Chandni Chowk, Delhi a cikin 1857.[1] An haifi Habibur Rehman Ludhianvi a ranar 3 ga Yuli 1892 a Ludhiana, Indiya ta Burtaniya.[2] Ya auri Bibi Shafatunnisa diyar Abdul Aziz[2]. === Rayuwa ta farko da aiki === Ludhianvi yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam, wata kungiya mai kishin kasa mai son kawo karshen mulkin turawan Ingila a Indiya. Ya zabi zama a Gabashin Punjab na Indiya don wakiltar dubban Musulmin da ke ci gaba da zama a can, bayan rabuwar kai da samun ‘yancin kai na Pakistan a ranar 14 ga Agusta 1947. Ludhiana ana ɗaukarsa babban birnin masana'antu na Punjab, Indiya. Yawancin musulmi masu aiki daga lardunan Uttar Pradesh da Bihar su ma suna zuwa can don yin aiki[1]. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} h914pgtfguhofhkxzdtfq85qlmqw9wi 0 134727 906855 776584 2026-08-24T04:59:14Z BnHamid 12586 906855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mordechai Mano (Ibraniyawa; 1922, Salonika, [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] - 1969) ɗan kasuwa ne na Isra'ila kuma memba ne na dangin jigilar kaya na Mano. Ya kasance daya daga cikin masu gabatarwa a masana'antar teku da tattalin arzikin Isra'ila gabaɗaya. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haife shi a cikin iyalin jigilar kaya daga Thessaloniki, [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]], Mordechai ɗan Samuel Mano ne (1880-1962), wanda ya mallaki kuma ya yi aiki daga Thessalonuki, jirgin ruwa na "Maunas", jiragen ruwa masu motsi, wanda ke aiki da ƙasar Girka da tashar jiragen ruwa. A cikin 1932, lokacin da Mano ke da shekaru 9, iyalinsa suka yi hijira zuwa Mandatory Palestine, a matsayin wani ɓangare na manyan raƙuman shige da fice da Abba Hushi, mai fafutuka kuma shugaban Hukumar Yahudawa, ya shirya, don karfafa sojojin aiki na Yahudawa a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Haifa. Mordechai Mano ya sami iliminsa da gogewa a masana'antar teku daga mahaifinsa Samuel (1880-1962), wanda ya yi aiki a tashar jiragen ruwa a Salonika. Samuel da ɗan'uwansa na fari, Morris, sun yi aiki a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Haifa har sai sun yi ritaya. Mano ya fara aikinsa a matsayin manzo da kuma magatakarda a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Nisim Meshulam, sannan daga baya a kamfanin jigilar kayayyaki na Atid (wanda dangin Burhard suka kafa a 1934) inda ya yi nazarin duk asirin kasuwancin jigilar kayayyakin. Yin amfani da kwanaki da dare a aiki da kuma koyon kowane bangare na kasuwanci, tare da karatu mai yawa a kan batun, Mano nan da nan ya zama gwani. An san shi a matsayin majagaba kuma a matsayin mutum mai hangen nesa da baiwa ta musamman don ci gaba da kasancewa tare da mutane da yin muhimman alaƙa da kasuwanci a duk duniya. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan fa'idodi shine kyautar harsuna. Marduk ya yi magana da harsuna bakwai sosai (ciki har da Turkiyya da Larabci). [1] A shekara ta 1943, ya kafa wata hukumar sufuri a Haifa da ake kira Mordechai Mano Shipping Agents a kan titin Ha Hazmaut kuma daga baya ya koma ofisoshin kamfanin zuwa titin 53 Ha Namal. Hukumar ta yi hulɗa da jiragen kasuwanci na yanki kyauta waɗanda suka isa Haifa kuma daga baya suka sayi jirgi na farko, ƙaramin jirgi na katako, wanda aka yi amfani da shi da farko don shigo da kayayyakin abinci daga Turkiyya tare da hadin gwiwar hukumar sufuri Isra'ila Gotesman da Sons, wanda ke hulɗa da cinikayya a cikin kayayyakin abinci a lokacin kwanakin tsananin gaske na farkon shekarun da suka gabata.[1] == Dubi kuma == * Hannun Ruwa == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1969]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0kskxjgfwpgc8l1b8ui0hol7vnxhwjf 0 135014 906630 777142 2026-08-23T17:40:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Michael John Lohan''' ( LOH -han ; an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 1960) <ref> name="People 2010">{{Cite web |last=Caplan |first=David |date=April 6, 2010 |title=Lindsay Lohan's Father Engaged to Kate Major |url=https://people.com/celebrity/lindsay-lohans-father-engaged-to-kate-major/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013082440/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20358625,00.htm |archive-date=October 13, 2012 |access-date=June 6, 2020 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]] |quote=Michael Lohan, who turns 50 on April 25}}</ref> wani mutum ne na talabijin na Amurka, wanda aka fi sani da mahaifin jarumar Lindsay Lohan . == Rayuwar farko == Michael Lohan shine ɗan fari cikin 'ya'ya huɗu da Marilyn (née Desiderio; 1942–2020) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fazan, Sarina |date=November 11, 2011 |title=Lindsay Lohan's dad gets support in court from a reality housewife |url=http://www.abcactionnews.com/dpp/news/region_tampa/lindsay-lohan's-dad-gets-support-in-court-from-a-real-reality-housewife |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921014957/http://www.abcactionnews.com/dpp/news/region_tampa/lindsay-lohan's-dad-gets-support-in-court-from-a-real-reality-housewife |archive-date=September 21, 2012 |access-date=August 11, 2012 |publisher=ABC Action News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2008 |title=Lindsay Lohan's dad pops off at his ex |url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-04-14/gossip/17895769_1_living-lohan-easter-father-claims |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130130123241/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-04-14/gossip/17895769_1_living-lohan-easter-father-claims |archive-date=January 30, 2013 |website=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]]}}</ref> da Richard Lohan (1937–2008) suka haifa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 29, 2008 |title=Lohan Grandfather Dies |url=http://www.contactmusic.com/news/lohan-grandfather-dies_1078846 |publisher=Contact Music}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dirmann, Tina |last2=Finn, Natalie |date=August 29, 2008 |title=Lindsay Loses Grandfather, Calls for Family Peace |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/26562/lindsay-loses-grandfather-calls-for-family-peace |publisher=[[E!]] Online}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Richard E. Lohan (2008) |url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/legacyremembers/richard-lohan-obituary?id=5231774 |website=legacy.com}}</ref> Yana da zuri'ar Irish da Italiya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Carry, Robert |date=June 9, 2010 |title=Lindsay Lohan is Irish? Really? |url=http://www.joe.ie/joe-life/paddies-to-call-our-own-2/lindsay-lohan-is-irish-really-005017-1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202113116/http://joe.ie/joe-life/paddies-to-call-our-own-2/lindsay-lohan-is-irish-really-005017-1 |archive-date=December 2, 2010 |access-date=September 27, 2012 |publisher=Joe.ie}}</ref> == Sana'a == Lohan yana da shekaru 20, ya zama ma'aikacin ma'aikata a ƙasan kasuwar kayayyaki . Tun daga shekarar 2021, Lohan tana gabatar da wani shiri na rediyo na mako-mako wanda ke tattauna batutuwan murmurewa daga jaraba a KPRC 950 AM a [[Houston|Houston, Texas]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fazan, Sarina |date=November 11, 2011 |title=Lindsay Lohan's dad gets support in court from a reality housewife |url=http://www.abcactionnews.com/dpp/news/region_tampa/lindsay-lohan's-dad-gets-support-in-court-from-a-real-reality-housewife |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921014957/http://www.abcactionnews.com/dpp/news/region_tampa/lindsay-lohan's-dad-gets-support-in-court-from-a-real-reality-housewife |archive-date=September 21, 2012 |access-date=August 11, 2012 |publisher=ABC Action News}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Lohan ta auri Dina, tsohuwar mawaƙiya kuma mai rawa, <ref name="BiographyChannel">{{Cite web |title=Lindsay Lohan biography |url=http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biographies/lindsay-lohan.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427161919/http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biographies/lindsay-lohan.html |archive-date=April 27, 2012 |access-date=March 19, 2010 |website=[[The Biography Channel]]}}</ref> a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 1985. Dina da Michael Lohan suna da 'ya'ya huɗu: 'ya'ya mata Lindsay (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Yuli, 1986) da Aliana (an haife ta a ranar 22 ga Disamba, 1993), da 'ya'ya maza Michael, Jr. (an haife ta a shekara ta 1988) da Dakota "Cody" (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga Yuni, 1996). <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2008 |title=Lindsay Lohan's dad pops off at his ex |url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-04-14/gossip/17895769_1_living-lohan-easter-father-claims |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130130123241/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-04-14/gossip/17895769_1_living-lohan-easter-father-claims |archive-date=January 30, 2013 |website=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]]}}</ref> Iyayen sun rabu lokacin da 'yarsu Lindsay ta cika shekara uku, kuma daga baya suka sake haɗuwa. Dina ta shigar da ƙarar saki a ranar 18 ga Janairu, 2005. A watan Agusta na 2007, tsoffin ma'auratan sun sanar da cewa an cimma yarjejeniyar saki ta ƙarshe, tare da shirin kammala saki bayan watanni uku. An ba Dina ikon kula da ƙananan 'ya'yansu biyu, Ali da Cody. A ranar 30 ga Yuni, 2008, Lohan ta gabatar da samfurin DNA don gwajin uba bayan da wata mai ilimin tausa [[Montana|ta Montana]], Kristi Kaufmann Horn, ta bayyana cewa ta yi mu'amala da Michael a shekarar 1995 yayin da yake rabuwa da Dina, kuma ta haifi 'yarta, Ashley Horn (wanda aka haifa a shekarar 1995). Sakamakon uba ya bayyana a matsayin tabbatacce a lokacin bayyanarsa a ''Trisha'' inda Lohan ta sake haɗuwa da Kaufmann yayin da take haɗuwa da Horn a karon farko. Lohan da tsohuwar 'yar jaridar labarai Kate Major sun yi aure a ƙarshen mako na Ista a shekarar 2010. <ref name="People 2010">{{Cite web |last=Caplan |first=David |date=April 6, 2010 |title=Lindsay Lohan's Father Engaged to Kate Major |url=https://people.com/celebrity/lindsay-lohans-father-engaged-to-kate-major/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013082440/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20358625,00.htm |archive-date=October 13, 2012 |access-date=June 6, 2020 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]] |quote=Michael Lohan, who turns 50 on April 25}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCaplan2010">Caplan, David (April 6, 2010). [https://people.com/celebrity/lindsay-lohans-father-engaged-to-kate-major/ "Lindsay Lohan's Father Engaged to Kate Major"]. ''[[People (magazine)|People]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121013082440/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20358625,00.htm Archived] from the original on October 13, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2020</span>. <q>Michael Lohan, who turns 50 on April 25</q></cite></ref> Daga baya sun rabu, amma dangantakarsu ta ci gaba, wacce aka nuna ta da rikici, an nuna ta a kakar wasa ta biyar ta shirin talabijin na gaskiya na VH1 ''Celebrity Rehab tare da Dr. Drew'', wanda ya rubuta gyaran Lohan saboda [[Shaye-shaye|shan giya]], wanda ya ce ya fara a shekarar 1982. <ref name="CelebrityRehab5.1" /> Lohan ya ce duk da cewa bai yi hodar iblis ba tsawon shekaru shida a wannan lokacin (wani "al'ada" da ya ce ya mutu yayin da yake aiki a Wall Street), "Shaye-shaye koyaushe yana haifar da hodar iblis. Kullum." Ya kuma tattauna yadda cin zarafin baki da shan giya na mahaifinsa, wanda ya mutu kwanan nan sakamakon ciwon daji na ciki ya shafe shi. <ref name="CelebrityRehab5.1" /> An kuma bayyana a wani ''taron Celebrity Rehab'' cewa an gano Lohan yana da [[cutar zuciya]] ta hagu . Duk da cewa Lohan ya taɓa samun toshewar jijiyoyin zuciya ta dama, toshewar jijiyoyin zuciya ta hagu ya sanya Lohan cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar zuciya, kuma ya buƙaci ya guji damuwa da fushi. A shekarar 2011, Lohan ya zauna a West Hollywood, [[California]] . Tun daga watan Fabrairun 2014, Lohan ya zauna a Boca Raton, [[Florida]] tare da matarsa Kate, wacce ya aura a watan Oktoban 2014, <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2008 |title=Lindsay Lohan's dad pops off at his ex |url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-04-14/gossip/17895769_1_living-lohan-easter-father-claims |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130130123241/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-04-14/gossip/17895769_1_living-lohan-easter-father-claims |archive-date=January 30, 2013 |website=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]]}}</ref> da 'ya'yansu maza, Landon Major Lohan (wanda ya aura a ranar 30 ga Janairu, 2013) da Logan Michael Lohan (wanda ya aura a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2014). <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 29, 2008 |title=Lohan Grandfather Dies |url=http://www.contactmusic.com/news/lohan-grandfather-dies_1078846 |publisher=Contact Music}}</ref> Kafin ya koma Boca Raton, ya zauna a Fort Lauderdale da kuma Tahitian Inn da ke [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]] . <ref name="BPBNewTimes" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dirmann, Tina |last2=Finn, Natalie |date=August 29, 2008 |title=Lindsay Loses Grandfather, Calls for Family Peace |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/26562/lindsay-loses-grandfather-calls-for-family-peace |publisher=[[E!]] Online}}</ref> Lohan da matarsa sun rasa kulawar 'ya'yansu biyu a watan Nuwamba na 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fazan, Sarina |date=November 11, 2011 |title=Lindsay Lohan's dad gets support in court from a reality housewife |url=http://www.abcactionnews.com/dpp/news/region_tampa/lindsay-lohan's-dad-gets-support-in-court-from-a-real-reality-housewife |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921014957/http://www.abcactionnews.com/dpp/news/region_tampa/lindsay-lohan's-dad-gets-support-in-court-from-a-real-reality-housewife |archive-date=September 21, 2012 |access-date=August 11, 2012 |publisher=ABC Action News}}</ref> A watan Disamba na 2015, Kate ta shigar da ƙarar neman a raba ta da Lohan bisa doka. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A watan Yunin 2022, Lohan ta ƙaura zuwa yankin [[Houston]], [[Texas]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=II |first=Julius Whigham |title=Michael Lohan, father of 'Mean Girls' star Lindsay Lohan, gets probation for patient brokering |url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/news/crime/2022/06/30/lindsay-lohan-mean-girls-actress-father-michael-lohan-arrest/7766407001/ |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=The Palm Beach Post |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314205648/https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/news/crime/2022/06/30/lindsay-lohan-mean-girls-actress-father-michael-lohan-arrest/7766407001/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Matsalolin shari'a == A shekarar 1990, an binciki Lohan saboda cinikin sirri kuma an same shi da laifin raina kotu . An yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru uku a gidan yari a gundumar Nassau, kuma an sake shi a shekarar 1993 bisa hukuncin daurin shekaru biyar. A wannan lokacin, 'yarsa Lindsay ta fara yin tallan kayan kawa ga kamfanin Ford Models kuma tana fitowa a cikin tallace-tallace. A shekarar 1997, an kama Lohan lokacin da ya karya dokar da aka sanya masa bayan ya tashi zuwa Napa, California don ziyartar Lindsay, wacce aka kwantar da ita a asibiti saboda wani ciwon [[Cutar Asthma|asma]] da ya faru a lokacin daukar fim din ''The Parent Trap'' . Daga baya ya yi shekara guda a gidan yari. Bayan Lindsay ta zama tauraron fina-finai, tashin hankali ya taso a cikin iyalin. Wannan rikici ya fara ne a ranar 23 ga Mayu, 2004 lokacin da shi da ƙaramin ɗan'uwan Dina, Matt Sullivan, suka yi faɗa a wajen gidan Lohan da ke Long Island a lokacin bikin haɗin gwiwa na farko ga ɗansu Dakota. An tuhumi Lohan da yunƙurin kai hari kuma, yayin da yake jiran yanke hukunci, ya shiga cikin haɗarin mota wanda ya kai ga tuhumarsa da tuƙi a ƙarƙashin maye da kuma ƙara tsananta aikin mota ba tare da lasisi ba. Yayin da yake kurkuku, ya fara waƙa da rubuta waƙa, da kuma darussan wasiƙa don Teen Challenge, wani shiri na addini mai tushen son rai. Michael da Dina Lohan sun sake rabuwa daga baya a wannan shekarar. Daga baya an kama Lohan a ranar 29 ga Yuni bayan da aka yi zargin ya bar wani otal a Long Island inda ya yi hayar ɗakuna da yawa ba tare da biyan kuɗinsa na dala 3,800 ba, kuma ya fuskanci tuhumar kai hari a Manhattan saboda zargin zagin wani ma'aikacin tsafta da kuma naushin ma'aikacin a fuska bayan da motar ma'aikacin ta toshe motarsa. A ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2005, mai magana da yawun Dina ta tabbatar da cewa ta shigar da ƙarar neman saki. <ref name="FoxNews" /> An saki Lohan daga gidan yari a watan Maris na 2007 bayan ya yi zaman gidan yari na shekaru biyu da rabi a Cibiyar Gyaran Gida ta Collins . Daga baya ya zauna a wani cibiyar Teen Challenge da ke West Babylon, New York, kuma ya sami horo don zama minista, kodayake kafin a naɗa shi minista, yana buƙatar a kawo ƙarshen hukuncin daurin rai da rai. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai ba da shawara tare da shirin gyaran matasan Long Island. Ya kuma shiga cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin daban-daban, ciki har da Michael Lohan Reality Project, wani shiri na 2007 da Frozen Pictures ya shirya, wanda ya biyo bayan rayuwarsa, aikinsa da ƙoƙarinsa na sake haɗuwa da 'yarsa da iyalinsa. A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 2011, an kama Lohan a wani lamari da ake zargin ya shafi rikicin cikin gida a [[Tampa, Florida]], wanda ya shafi budurwarsa da ta sake yin aure, Kate Major. An sake shi daga tsarewar da aka yi masa kan beli na dala $5,000 kuma an umarce shi da kada ya sake yin magana da Major. A ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 2011, ya sake kasancewa a hannun 'yan sanda bayan ya tuntubi Major ta waya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fazan, Sarina |date=November 11, 2011 |title=Lindsay Lohan's dad gets support in court from a reality housewife |url=http://www.abcactionnews.com/dpp/news/region_tampa/lindsay-lohan's-dad-gets-support-in-court-from-a-real-reality-housewife |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921014957/http://www.abcactionnews.com/dpp/news/region_tampa/lindsay-lohan's-dad-gets-support-in-court-from-a-real-reality-housewife |archive-date=September 21, 2012 |access-date=August 11, 2012 |publisher=ABC Action News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 29, 2008 |title=Lohan Grandfather Dies |url=http://www.contactmusic.com/news/lohan-grandfather-dies_1078846 |publisher=Contact Music}}</ref> Bayan an sake shi daga asibitin Tampa a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 2011, aka kai shi gidan yarin Falkenburg Road, an hana shi beli washegari. A watan Afrilun 2021, an kama Lohan a gundumar Palm Beach bisa laifin dillalin marasa lafiya ba bisa ka'ida ba sakamakon cin hanci da rashawa da ake zargin ya samu ta hanyar jagorantar mutane zuwa wasu cibiyoyin kula da marasa lafiya da yake da alaƙa da su. Daga baya an yanke masa hukunci kuma a watan Yunin 2022 aka yanke masa hukuncin shekaru huɗu na gwaji. <ref name=":0"/> A watan Maris na 2025, an kama Lohan saboda karya wannan gwaji. A watan Fabrairun 2025, an kama Lohan bisa laifin aikata babban laifi bayan ya yi zargin cewa ya cire matarsa Kate Major daga kujera yayin wata arangama. == Fim ɗin fim == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Lakabi ! Harafi |- | 2008 | ''Horrorween'' | Babban Jami'in Chindows |- | 2008 | ''Aikin Jahannama'' | An yi hira da Shahararrun mutane |- | 2011 | ''Ina son zama Ni!'' | Angel Lohan |} === Talabijin === Duk wani wasan kwaikwayo a talabijin na son kai ne. {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Lakabi ! Shirin Kashi |- | 2009 | ''Ainihin Matan Gida na Atlanta'' | Kashi 1 |- | 2010 | ''Hannity'' | 8 ga Yuli, 2010 |- | 2010 | ''Larry King Kai Tsaye'' | 20 ga Yuli, 2010 |- | 2010 | ''Sarauniyar Tsegumi'' | 1.22 |- | 2011 | ''Gyaran Shahararru tare da Dr. Drew'' | Shirye-shirye 10 |- | 2011 | ''Nunin Farko'' | Janairu 3, 2011 |- | 2011 | ''Labaran ABC na Dare'' | 17 ga Fabrairu, 2011 |- | 2012 | ''Blog ɗin Sergio'' | Shahararriyar dambe ta 36: Michelle 'Bombshell' McGee |- | 2012 | ''Masu Canza Rayuwa na Dr. Drew'' | Michael Lohan Kashi na 2 |- | 2012 | ''Alkali Alex'' | 2 ga Nuwamba, 2012 |- | 2012 | ''Yi Bikin'' | Michael Lohan |- | 2013 | ''Gwaji'' | An Bayyana Lohans |- | 2012/2013 | ''Trisha'' | An Tona Maƙaryata! Shin kuna yaudara kuma kuna sata daga gare ni?/Michael Lohan<br /><br /><br /><br /> Trisha ta musamman: Shin Lindsay Lohan 'Yar'uwata ce? |- | 2014 | ''Lindsay'' | Kashi na Biyu |- | 2016 | ''Maganin Iyali tare da Dr. Jenn'' | Shirye-shirye 10 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p8crsz4h0ebpoiwdjlh5j4f17pfeswp 0 136296 906881 779419 2026-08-24T05:18:32Z BnHamid 12586 906881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jan Mohammad Khan''' (ya mutu a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2011) ɗan siyasar Afghanistan ne, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Gwamna na Lardin Oruzgan daga Janairu 2002 zuwa Maris 2006, memba na Majalisar Dokoki, kuma mai ba da shawara na musamman ga Shugaba Hamid Karzai . <ref name="smh" /> Ya kasance dattijo na kabilar Popolzai Pashtun a Oruzgan kuma abokin hamayya na Hamid Karzai, wanda ya fito ne daga kabilar Popalzai Durrani . <ref name="smh">{{Cite web |date=August 22, 2009 |title=Doing the bidding of organised crime |url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/doing-the-bidding-of-organised-crime-20090821-ett6.html |access-date=2011-07-16 |publisher=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> == Shekaru na farko da rayuwar mutum == Khan bai iya karatu ba. A lokacin yakin da aka yi da Soviets ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan jam'iyyar siyasa ta Jamiat-e Islami ta Afghanistan karkashin jagorancin Burhanuddin Rabani a Uruzgan . Daga baya ya shiga Jabha-i-Nijat Milli ko National Salvation Front, wani yunkuri na jihadi karkashin jagorancin Sibghatullah Mojaddedi, kuma ya kasance tare da kungiyar har zuwa nasarar mujaheddin. Ya rasa ido a lokacin yakin kuma a cikin shekaru masu zuwa ya ba da rahotanni daban-daban game da yadda ya ci gaba da raunin. Ya kasance gwamnan Oruzgan kusan kusan shekaru hudu a karkashin Shugaba Burhanuddin Rabbani . Khan ya bar aikinsa a zamanin Taliban kuma ya shafe shekaru uku a kurkukun Kandahar kan zargin aiki ga tsohon Sarki Zahir Shah. Khan babban aboki ne na mahaifin Karzai, Abdul Ahad Karzai, kuma an yi imanin cewa ya sulhu da rikice-rikice tsakanin 'yan uwan Karzai. A farkon shekara ta 2002, Karzai ya nada Khan a matsayin gwamnan Oruzgan, matsayin da ya rike har zuwa watan Maris na shekara ta 2006. An ga Khan a ko'ina a matsayin mara iyawa, mai cin hanci da rashawa, wanda ke da alaƙa da kasuwancin opium poppy, kuma yana son son ya goyi bayan kabilar Populzai a kan sauran kabilun Oruzgan. Don haka babu wata gwamnati ta yamma da ta ki amincewa lokacin da Shugaba Karzai ya maye gurbin Khan a matsayin gwamna, ya ba shi aiki a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Ƙabilar. A zahiri, Khan ya ci gaba da tsoma baki cikin harkokin siyasa na Oruzgan, sau da yawa yana aiki ta hanyar dan uwansa, Matioolah Khan, mai iko da tsoro a lardin. Khan yana da mata huɗu, daga cikinsu yana da jimlar 'ya'ya mata 18 da' ya'ya maza 16, wanda aka haifi babba a kusa da 1981.<ref name="lives-jan-mohammad-khan-and-hasham-watanwal">{{Cite web |date=July 18, 2011 |title=Lives of Jan Mohammad Khan and Hasham Watanwal |url=http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2011/07/18/lives-jan-mohammad-khan-and-hasham-watanwal |access-date=2011-07-18 |publisher=Pajhwok Afghan News}}</ref> Matar ta biyar ta mutu a karkashin yanayi mai ban mamaki a cikin jita-jita cewa Khan ya kashe ta. == Gwamna da korar == [[Fayil:Major_General_Jason_Kamiya_--_Governor_Hajji_Jan_Mohammed,_Oruzgan_Province.jpg|thumb|Manjo Janar Jason Kamiya a cikin Sojojin Amurka suna ba da kyauta ga Khan a shekara ta 2005.]] An nada Khan a matsayin gwamnan lardin Orugzan a shekara ta 2002. Maulavi Abdul Hakim Munib ne ya maye gurbinsa ("Maulavi" lakabi ne da ke nuna horo na addini) a ranar 18 ga Maris, 2006. Sojojin Holland sun karɓi iko daga Amurka na Ƙungiyar sake ginawa ta Lardin watanni huɗu bayan tafiyar Khan. Khan ya koma lardin akai-akai a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, yana tsoma baki cikin siyasa ba tare da taimako ba. Dutch sun bar Oruzgan a shekara ta 2010, sun bar Amurka da Ostiraliya don ci gaba da aikin a can. A lokacin farkon ayyukan Amurka a Lardin Uruzgan, Jan Mohammad Khan ya yi aiki tare da sojojin Amurka da hadin gwiwa, gami da rundunonin sojan ruwa na Amurka a karkashin Lieutenant Colonel Asad Khan . Cin amana na Kwamandan (2025) ya bayyana yanayin siyasa mai rikitarwa a Uruzgan, inda tasirin Jan Mohammad Khan tsakanin kabilun Pashtun ya haɗu da kokarin yaki da ta'addanci karkashin jagorancin Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka. == Kashewa == A ranar 17 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2011, 'yan bindiga sun mamaye gidan Khan a [[Kabul]] kuma sun kashe shi da MP Hasham Watanwal kuma na Oruzgan. Wasu kafofin sun ba da rahoton cewa an kashe masu tsaronsa. Harin ya fara ne da karamin fashewa da fashewar bindiga, a cewar shaidun gani. Yayinda aka kashe wani mai kai hari, aƙalla wani mai kai farmaki ya fashe kansa.<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Wasu rahotanni sun nuna cewa wani mai kai hari na uku ya mamaye gidan Khan kuma ya shiga cikin wani hargitsi na tsawon sa'o'i tare da Sojojin Afghanistan da 'Yan sanda na Afghanistan.<ref name="CNN" /> Jami'an tsaro na Afghanistan sun kama wani mai kai hari, wanda ke dauke da [[AK-47]] da Mai jefa grenade, yayin da wani mai kai farmaki ya ci gaba da harin wuta daga gidan wanka.<ref name="BBC" /> Mambobin [[New Zealand]] Special Air Service">SAS na New Zealand suna taimakawa da kuma ba da shawara ga jami'an tsaro na Afghanistan a lokacin lamarin. [[Taliban]] sun dauki alhakin kisan Khan. Sun bayyana cewa kisan Khan shine horo ga duk ayyukansa a baya, amma mambobin Majalisar Dokokin Afghanistan sun zargi [[Pakistan]]'s Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI). <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Afghanistan sau da yawa tana zargin ISI ta Pakistan da tallafawa hare-haren "ta'addanci" a cikin Afghanistan. Bismillah Khan Mohammadi, Ministan cikin gida na Afghanistan, ya bayyana cewa [[Salula|wayoyin hannu]] da aka dawo da su daga maharan sun nuna kiran da ke shigowa daga Pakistan kafin a gudanar da kisan. Wasu sun tuna cewa Khan ya yi abokan gaba da yawa a kudancin Afghanistan a cikin shekaru, a cikin nasa da kabilun da ke fafatawa, kuma mutuwarsa na iya zama sakamakon irin wannan rikici na gida. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{S-start}} {{S-gov}} {{Succession box||before=|title=[[List of governors of Oruzgan|Governor of Oruzgan]], [[Afghanistan]]|years=January 2002 – March 2006|after=[[Maulavi Abdul Hakim Munib]]}} {{S-end}} * {{Commons category-inline|Jan Mohammad Khan}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2011]] o9zluluvuz73nhsfceyuxcvm5u5u4ny 0 136919 906640 816383 2026-08-23T18:24:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Michael Byster''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Maris, 1959) ƙwararren mai lissafin tunani ne na Amurka, kuma mai koyar da lissafi. Ya yi aiki a fannin kuɗi har sai da ya bar aikinsa don ya sadaukar da kansa ga koyar da yara hanyoyinsa. Ya yi magana da azuzuwa sama da 10,000 kyauta kuma ya ci gaba da ba da jagoranci ga yara. Mike yana iya yin matsalolin lissafi da yawa a cikin kansa cikin sauri. <ref>name="Mikes Math">{{Cite web |last=Pisarcik, Kristin |date=September 7, 2007 |title=Mike's Math |url=https://abcnews.go.com/2020/story?id=2690724&page=1 |access-date=March 27, 2007 |publisher=ABC News}}</ref> A lokacin wani bincike da aka yi shekaru da suka gabata, an yi iƙirarin cewa Byster yana da ɗaya daga cikin masu ilimin lissafi mafi sauri a duniya. <ref>name="Mikes Math" </reef> <ref>name="WGN Interview">{{Cite web |date=2017-08-30 |title=One of the Fastest Brains in the World, Mike Byster Blows Anchors Away with Brainetics! |url=http://wgntv.com/2017/08/30/one-of-the-fastest-brains-in-the-world-mike-byster-blows-anchors-away-with-brainetics/ |access-date=2018-05-13 |publisher=WGN-TV |archive-date=2018-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514213545/http://wgntv.com/2017/08/30/one-of-the-fastest-brains-in-the-world-mike-byster-blows-anchors-away-with-brainetics/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Rayuwar farko === An rene Byster tare da babbar 'yar'uwarsa a unguwar Chicago da ke Skokie, Illinois . Iyayensa Gloria da Dave sun ƙarfafa shi ya yi amfani da gajerun hanyoyin lissafi tun yana ƙarami. Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Niles North sannan ya halarci Jami'ar Illinois da ke Urbana–Champaign, inda ya kammala karatunsa da digirin farko a fannin kuɗi a shekarar 1981. === Sana'a === Byster ya yi aiki a Chicago Mercantile Exchange, amma bayan ɗan uwansa, malamin lissafi a wata makarantar sakandare a yankin Chicago, ya gayyace shi ya nuna wa ajin gajerun hanyoyinsa na yin lissafi na tushe 10, Byster ya bar aikinsa don ya sadaukar da kansa ga koyar da yara hanyoyinsa. <ref> name="Who is Mike Byster">{{Cite web |title=Who Is Mike Byster, The Brainetics Pioneer |url=http://ledlightsdesign.info/articles/who-is-mike-byster-the-brainetics-279.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218025853/http://ledlightsdesign.info/articles/who-is-mike-byster-the-brainetics-279.htm |archive-date=February 18, 2013 |access-date=March 29, 2012}}</ref> Bayan haka, ya ci gaba da yin nunin kyauta ga makarantu a faɗin Amurka. A watan Disamba na 2003, ya fitar da gidan yanar gizon Mike's Math, amma an daina amfani da wannan a shekarar 2007. <ref name="Mikes Math Wayback Archive">{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Mike |url=http://mikesmath.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031225215805/http://mikesmath.com/ |archive-date=December 25, 2003 |access-date=March 27, 2012 |publisher=}}</ref> A shekarar 2008, Byster ya samar da tsarin lissafi da ƙwaƙwalwa na Brainetics. Byster ya yi iƙirarin cewa Brainetics yana amfani da ɓangarorin kwakwalwa biyu don sarrafawa da adana bayanai, wanda ke ba kowa damar tunawa da bayanan cikin sauri. === Bayyanar kafofin watsa labarai === Mike ya bayyana a shirin [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] 's ''20/20'' a shekarar 2007. <ref>name="Mikes Math">{{Cite web |last=Pisarcik, Kristin |date=September 7, 2007 |title=Mike's Math |url=https://abcnews.go.com/2020/story?id=2690724&page=1 |access-date=March 27, 2007 |publisher=ABC News}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPisarcik,_Kristin2007">Pisarcik, Kristin (September 7, 2007). [https://abcnews.go.com/2020/story?id=2690724&page=1 "Mike's Math"]. ABC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 27,</span> 2007</span>.</cite></ref> Daga shekarar 2007 zuwa gaba, ya bayyana a shirye-shiryen talabijin da rediyo da dama. A ranar 21 ga Janairu, 2010, Mike ya bayyana a shirin Oprah Radio na ''The Gayle King Show'' . Mike ya bayyana a shirin The Siyayya a [[Kanada]] da QVC a Amurka sau da yawa. Ya bayyana a shirin Fox News a ranar 8 ga Yuni, 2011. Ya kuma bayyana a shirin WGN a watan Yuli na 2011, shirin Good Day New York a watan Agusta na 2011 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-23 |title=Brainetics - New York News |url=http://www.myfoxny.com/story/17401456/brainetics |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202111/http://www.myfoxny.com/story/17401456/brainetics |archive-date=2013-10-29 |access-date=2013-06-21 |publisher=Fox Television Stations, Inc.}}</ref> sannan kuma a shirin Fox News Boston a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 2011. Ya kasance a shirin WBEZ 's ''Afternoon Shift'' a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2013. A watan Nuwamba na 2016, Mike ya yi jawabi na TEDx mai taken "Yadda ake Tunani Kamar Haziki". A ranar 26 ga Yuni, 2017, Mike ya fafata a shirin gasar [[Fox Broadcasting Company|FOX]] TV mai ''suna Superhuman'' . Byster ya lashe gasar wannan makon kuma da hakan ya sami dala 50,000 da kuma taken "Superhuman". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Skokie math whiz Mike Byster shows off his skills on Fox's 'Superhuman' |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/chicagoinc/ct-superhuman-mike-byster-20170609-story.html |website=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-07 |title=Local brainiac Mike Byster competes on 'Superhuman' |url=http://chicago.suntimes.com/entertainment/local-brainiac-mike-byster-competes-on-superhuman/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-27 |title=Is 'Superhuman' too predictable? How Fox TV show spoils the ending of each episode |url=https://hiddenremote.com/2017/06/27/superhuman-predictable-spoils-ending-episode/ }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Baƙo ne na wata-wata a shirin WOCM na ''The Rude Awakening Show'' . === Rayuwa ta sirri === Byster ya yi aure a farkon shekarun 1990 kuma yana da ɗa, Josh, wanda ya koya masa hanyoyinsa. A halin yanzu yana zaune a yankunan arewacin Chicago. <ref> name="Mikes Math">{{Cite web |last=Pisarcik, Kristin |date=September 7, 2007 |title=Mike's Math |url=https://abcnews.go.com/2020/story?id=2690724&page=1 |access-date=March 27, 2007 |publisher=ABC News}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPisarcik,_Kristin2007">Pisarcik, Kristin (September 7, 2007). [https://abcnews.go.com/2020/story?id=2690724&page=1 "Mike's Math"]. ABC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 27,</span> 2007</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] j7rpay6ad73s3t49ixj67gmn741od83 0 137033 906800 836929 2026-08-24T00:49:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Neale Sheila Godfrey''' (an haife ta a ranar 4 ga Maris, 1951) marubuciya ce 'yar Amurka. Littattafanta sun yi magana game da kuɗi, ƙwarewar rayuwa, da batutuwan ƙima. <ref> name="wci">{{Cite web |title=Godfrey, Neale S. [WorldCat.org] |url=http://www.worldcat.org/wcidentities/lccn-n93-85753 |website=www.worldcat.org}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikinsu, ''Kuɗi Ba Ya Girma a Kan Itace: Jagorar Iyaye don Raya Yara Masu Alhakin Kuɗi'', <ref>New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994. {{ISBN|978-0-671-79805-5}} [[oclc:028848297|WorldCat]]</ref> ta kasance marubuciya mafi kyawun siyarwa a <nowiki><i id="mwEg">jaridar New York Times</i></nowiki> #1 . <ref>name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Neale S. Godfrey |url=https://www.montclair.edu/entrepreneur/womens-entrepreneurship-week-2020/past-wews/wew-2015/speakers/neale-s-godfrey/ |access-date=2021-05-05 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507122150/https://www.montclair.edu/entrepreneur/womens-entrepreneurship-week-2020/past-wews/wew-2015/speakers/neale-s-godfrey/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Neale Godfrey |url=https://www.huffpost.com/author/neale-godfrey |access-date=2021-05-05 |website=[[HuffPost]] |language=en}}</ref> A halin yanzu tana da Shugaba a Residence a Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Columbia <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dumb Questions for Smart People: Teaching Our Kids to Be Financial Geniuses |url=https://www.wealthsimple.com/en-us/magazine/neale-godfrey |access-date=2021-05-05 |website=Wealthsimple |language=en}}</ref> kuma tsohuwar mai ba da gudummawa ce a Forbes.com .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Godfrey |first=Neale |title=Neale Godfrey |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nealegodfrey/#d799fd22719b |access-date=2018-01-19 |website=Forbes}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Neale ta girma a West Caldwell, [[New Jersey]] kuma ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta James Caldwell a shekarar 1969. Daga nan ta sami digirin BS, cum laude, daga Makarantar Ba da Hidima ta Ƙasashen Duniya a Jami'ar Amurka . <ref>name=":2">{{Cite web |date= |title=Neale Godfrey |url=https://forbesjapan.com/author/detail/178 |access-date=2021-05-05 |website=Forbes Japan |language=ja}}</ref> == Sana'a == Neale ta fara aikinta da Chase Manhattan Bank a shekarar 1972, inda ta shiga a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan jami'ai mata na farko daga baya kuma ta zama shugabar Bankin Mata na Farko kuma ta kafa Bankin Yara na Farko a FAO Schwarz . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dumb Questions for Smart People: Teaching Our Kids to Be Financial Geniuses |url=https://www.wealthsimple.com/en-us/magazine/neale-godfrey |access-date=2021-05-05 |website=Wealthsimple |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 1989, Neale ta kafa kamfaninta, Children's Financial Network, Inc., da manufar ilmantar da yara da iyayensu game da kuɗi. <ref>New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994. {{ISBN|978-0-671-79805-5}} [[oclc:028848297|WorldCat]]</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Neale Godfrey, Financial Literacy Expert |url=https://www.kiplinger.com/authors/neale-godfrey-financial-literacy-expert |access-date=2021-05-05 |website=Kiplinger |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sun |first=By Eileen Ambrose, The Baltimore |date=13 January 2012 |title=Will giving children an allowance make them smarter about finances? |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/business/bs-bz-ambrose-allowances-20120113-story.html |access-date=2021-05-05 |website=baltimoresun.com}}</ref> Tsawon shekaru, Neale ta yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun ƙasa ga kamfanoni kamar Aetna, [[Microsoft]], [[Coca-cola|Coca-Cola]], Fidelity, Nuveen . <ref name=":0"/> Ta kuma bayyana a matsayin ƙwararriyar masaniyar kuɗi a shirye-shirye kamar ''The Oprah Winfrey Show ,'' <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Life After Chase: Neale Godfrey |url=https://www.chasealum.org/article.html?aid=1192 |access-date=2021-05-05 |website=www.chasealum.org}}</ref> ''Good Morning America ,'' ''The Today Show'', da ''[[CNN]]'', <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date= |title=Neale Godfrey |url=https://forbesjapan.com/author/detail/178 |access-date=2021-05-05 |website=Forbes Japan |language=ja}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://forbesjapan.com/author/detail/178 "Neale Godfrey"]. ''Forbes Japan'' (in Japanese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-05</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)]]</ref> da kuma a cikin shirin PBS na musamman, ''Your Money, Your Children, Your Life.'' Neale kuma tsohuwar marubuciya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa ga Associated Press . <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=23 September 2004 |title=Author Neale Godfrey makes James Caldwell High proud |url=https://www.newjerseyhills.com/author-neale-godfrey-makes-james-caldwell-high-proud/article_fddabc87-f95f-54c9-bb8f-397b61194d89.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329025140/https://www.newjerseyhills.com/author-neale-godfrey-makes-james-caldwell-high-proud/article_fddabc87-f95f-54c9-bb8f-397b61194d89.html |archive-date=2019-03-29}}</ref> Neale ta yi aiki a Fadar [[White House]] da kuma Rundunar Ayyuka ta Gwamna da kuma kwamitin daraktocin Hukumar Kasuwanci ta New York, [[UNICEF]], Jami'ar Charleston, Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta Gundumar Morris, Ƙungiyar Mata ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da Ƙungiyar Matasan Shugabanni (YPO). == Littattafai da shirye-shirye == Littattafan Neale da aka fi karantawa sune ''"Kudi Ba Ya Growwa Akan Itatuwa: Jagorar Iyaye don Raya Yara Masu Alhaki a Kudi,"'' <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Norton |first=Leslie P. |title=This 7-Year-Old Has Loved Finances Since Age 3. Here's How His Parents Taught Him About Money. |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/teaching-your-child-the-value-of-a-dollar-51574938800 |access-date=2021-05-05 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US}}</ref> waɗanda suka kai matsayi na ɗaya a jerin Mafi Kyawun Masu Sayarwa na New York Times, <ref name=":4"/> da kuma ''"Neale S. Godfrey's Ultimate Kids' Money Book."'' Sauran manyan taken sun haɗa da ''Mom, Inc.: Taking Your Work Skills Home'', ''A Penny Saved: Teaching Your Children the Values and Life Skills They Will Need to Live in the Real World'', da kuma ''Money Still Doesn't Grow on Trees: A Parent's Guide to Renon Teenage and Young Manya Masu Alhaki a Kudi.'' Ta hanyar jagorancin Neale, Cibiyar Sadarwar Kuɗi ta Yara ta samar da wani shiri na ƙasa wanda ya fara a shekarar 2007 mai suna ''LIFE, Inc: Jagorar Aiki Mafi Kyau ga Matasa'' . <ref>New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994. {{ISBN|978-0-671-79805-5}} [[oclc:028848297|WorldCat]]</ref> Wannan shirin, wanda ya gudana har zuwa shekarar 2012, ya yi wa ɗaliban makarantun sakandare da sakandare sama da miliyan ɗaya hidima. Bidiyo da shirin LIFE, Inc. sun sami kyautar Mercury Communications Award. Ɗaya daga cikin littattafanta, ''ECO-Effect: The Greening of Money'', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dumb Questions for Smart People: Teaching Our Kids to Be Financial Geniuses |url=https://www.wealthsimple.com/en-us/magazine/neale-godfrey |access-date=2021-05-05 |website=Wealthsimple |language=en}}</ref> ya haɗa tattalin arziki da muhalli don nuna wa manya da yara yadda za su iya adana kuɗi yayin da suke adana muhalli. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Neale S. Godfrey |url=https://www.montclair.edu/entrepreneur/womens-entrepreneurship-week-2020/past-wews/wew-2015/speakers/neale-s-godfrey/ |access-date=2021-05-05 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507122150/https://www.montclair.edu/entrepreneur/womens-entrepreneurship-week-2020/past-wews/wew-2015/speakers/neale-s-godfrey/ |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.montclair.edu/entrepreneur/womens-entrepreneurship-week-2020/past-wews/wew-2015/speakers/neale-s-godfrey/ "Neale S. Godfrey"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125040825/https://www.montclair.edu/entrepreneur/womens-entrepreneurship-week-2020/past-wews/wew-2015/speakers/neale-s-godfrey/ |date=2025-01-25 }}<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-05</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":4"/> Neale ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara haɓaka manhajar kuɗi ga yara da manya, kafin zuwa makarantar sakandare, mai suna ''The One and Only Common Sense/Cents Series'' da kuma CD ROM mai suna ''MoneyTown.'' <ref name=":3"/> <ref name=":0"/> An aiwatar da manhajar a cikin azuzuwa sama da 5,000 a cikin jihohi 48. <ref name=":7"/> <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Neale Godfrey Is Tap Dancing Through The Boardroom {{!}} U.S. National Committee for UN Women |url=https://www.unwomen-usnc.org/tapdancing |access-date=2018-01-23 |website=www.unwomen-usnc.org |archive-date=2018-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124005755/https://www.unwomen-usnc.org/tapdancing |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kuma fitar da manhajojin wasan bidiyo na iOS guda uku, biyu sun kai matsayi na ɗaya a cikin Rukunin Wasannin Ilimi : ''GreenStreets: Unleash The Loot!'' da ''GreenStreets: Shmootz Happens!'' Sabuwar manhajarta, ''GreenStreets: Heifer International,'' haɗin gwiwa ne da Heifer International wanda ke koya wa yara da iyaye yadda za su haɗa duniyar kama-da-wane da ta gaske. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dumb Questions for Smart People: Teaching Our Kids to Be Financial Geniuses |url=https://www.wealthsimple.com/en-us/magazine/neale-godfrey |access-date=2021-05-05 |website=Wealthsimple |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Godfrey |first=Neale |title=Neale Godfrey |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nealegodfrey/#d799fd22719b |access-date=2018-01-19 |website=Forbes}}</ref> A halin yanzu, Neale tana aiki a Majalisar Hukumar Aiki da Horarwa ta Jihar New Jersey kan Daidaiton Jinsi a Aiki da Ilimi, haka kuma a Kwamitin Ma'aikata na Kimiyya da Fasaha na New Jersey. Tana aiki a kwamitin masu ba da shawara na DriveWealth, dillalin dillali mai cikakken iko na duniya ga masu zuba jari a dillalai, tana samar da dandamalin saka hannun jari mai rahusa, mai sauƙin amfani ga daidaikun mutane a duk duniya. Neale kuma memba ce ta malamai a sansanin 'Yan Kasuwa na Nakasassu (EBV), da VWise (Tsoffin Mata Masu Ƙona Ruhun 'Yan Kasuwa), wanda Cibiyar Ga Tsoffin Sojoji da Iyalan Sojoji ke gudanarwa a Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Whitman ta Jami'ar Syracuse, wacce ke ba da horo ga tsoffin sojoji nakasassu bayan 9/11 . == Kyaututtuka == A shekarar 2009, an karrama Neale a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "Mafi Kyawun Mata 50 a Kasuwanci" na New Jersey, kuma a wannan shekarar, ta zama wacce ta lashe kyautar ƙasa ta w2wlink's Ascendancy Awards for Business Women. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dumb Questions for Smart People: Teaching Our Kids to Be Financial Geniuses |url=https://www.wealthsimple.com/en-us/magazine/neale-godfrey |access-date=2021-05-05 |website=Wealthsimple |language=en}}</ref> An kuma karrama Neale da kyaututtuka kamar "Mace ta Shekara," "Mai Bankin Shekara," "Yara Mai Kare Shekara," da kuma kyautar Femme Award daga [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . <ref name=":8"/> A shekarar 2011, an karrama ta da lambar yabo ta Garden State Woman of the Year. Ta sami lambar yabo ta musamman ta Sabis na Al'umma na Asusun United Negro a shekarar 2012 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Godfrey |first=Neale |title=Neale Godfrey |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nealegodfrey/#d799fd22719b |access-date=2018-01-19 |website=Forbes}}</ref> kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Mata Masu Tasiri ta 2013 daga Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci da Masana'antu ta New Jersey. Haka kuma a shekarar 2013, Neale ta kammala karatunta daga Taron Tsaron Ƙasa a Kwalejin Yaƙin Sojojin Amurka. Kwanan nan, Neale ta sami lambar yabo ta Muriel Siebert Lifetime Achievement Award <ref>New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994. {{ISBN|978-0-671-79805-5}} [[oclc:028848297|WorldCat]]</ref> saboda aikinta na farko kan ilimin kuɗi kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Ƙasa daga WomenInBusiness.org. <ref>New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994. {{ISBN|978-0-671-79805-5}} [[oclc:028848297|WorldCat]]</ref> == Zaɓaɓɓun littattafan karatu == * Godfrey, Neale, Edwards, Carolina, Richards, Tad (1989). ''Kudi Ba Ya Shuka Akan Bishiyoyi: Jagorar Iyaye Don Kula da Yara Masu Alhakin Kuɗi'' . Littattafan Atria . * Godfrey, Neale, Richards, Tad (1995). ''Penny An Ajiye: Koyar da Yaranku Ɗabi'u da Ƙwarewar Rayuwa da Za Su Bukata Don Rayuwa a Duniyar Gaske'' . Simon &amp;amp; Schuster . [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0684824809|<bdi>0684824809</bdi>]] * Godfrey, Neale, Richards, Tad (1997). ''Yin Canji: Jagorar Mace Don Zana Makomar Kuɗinta'' .&nbsp;Simon da Schuster . [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/068483202X|<bdi>068483202X</bdi>]] * Godfrey, Neale, Randy Verougstraete (1998). ''Littafin Kuɗin Yara na Neale S. Godfrey na Ultimate'' . Littattafan Yara na Simon &amp;amp; Schuster . [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0689817177|<bdi>0689817177</bdi>]] * Godfrey, Neale S., Richards, Tad (2000). ''Mama, Inc.: Ɗauki Ƙwarewar Aikinka Gida'' . Wutar Lantarki . [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0684865505|<bdi>0684865505</bdi>]] * Godfrey, Neale, Richards, Tad (2004). ''Har yanzu Kudi Ba Ya Shuka a Bishiyoyi: Jagorar Iyaye don Kula da Matasa da Matasa Masu Alhakin Kuɗi'' . Littattafan Rodale . [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781579548513|<bdi>9781579548513</bdi>]] * Godfrey, Neale S. (2009). ''Tasirin Eco - Koren Kudi. Cibiyar Kuɗi ta Yara'' . [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0615357237|<bdi>0615357237</bdi>]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]] nabklz3zf6bnr9gynlmf57zubd8qkn8 0 137218 906628 781096 2026-08-23T17:34:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Michael David Dingman''' (Satumba 29, 1931 - Oktoba 3, 2017) ɗan kasuwa ne na ƙasa da ƙasa, mai zuba jari kuma mai taimakon jama'a . Ya kasance Shugaban Shipston Group Ltd., wani kamfanin hannun jari mai zaman kansa da ke [[Nassau|Nassau, Bahamas]] . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Dingman a New Haven, Connecticut, a ranar 29 ga Satumba, 1931. Bayan karatunsa na farko a Makarantar Hun da ke Princeton, New Jersey, Dingman ya yi rajista a Jami'ar Maryland, inda ya shiga ƙungiyar Theta Chi . Yana da shekaru 20, ya bar jami'ar kafin ya kammala karatunsa don yin aiki a kamfanin saka hannun jari na Wall Street Burnham &amp;amp; Company . == Sana'a == Dingman ya zama abokin tarayya a Burnham a shekarar 1970 kuma an tura shi cikin farkon bayar da hannun jari na jama'a (IPO) na magabacin Temple-Inland Inc. Yayin da yake Burnham, ya kuma zama shugaban kamfanin Equity Corp. A shekarar 1972, Dingman ya haɗa sassan tsaftace masana'antu da gurɓatar iska na Wheelabrator tare da Frye Copysystems, wani kamfanin kera tawada da takardar carbon, don ƙirƙirar Wheelabrator-Frye Inc. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=1988-03-20 |title=Dingman--Deal Maker Who Didn't Make Deal |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-03-20-fi-2273-story.html |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya zama babban jami'in gudanarwa na sabuwar kamfanin, mukamin da ya riƙe har zuwa 1983, lokacin da Kamfanin Signal Companies, wani kamfanin jiragen sama da masana'antu da ke La Jolla, Calif, ya sayi Wheelabrator. Daga nan Dingman ya zama shugaban Signal. <ref name=":1" /> Kamfanin Allied Corporation da Signal sun haɗu a shekarar 1985, kuma a shekarar 1986, an kafa rukunin kamfanoni 35 na haɗin gwiwar kamfanin a matsayin The Henley Group, wanda Dingman ke jagoranta. Ya gina a kan mafi riba daga cikin waɗannan kamfanoni kuma ya sayar da sauran. IPO na Henley ya tara dala biliyan 1.2. <ref name="Funding Universe">{{Cite web |title=The Henley Group Inc. Company History |url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/THE-HENLEY-GROUP-INC-Company-History.html |access-date=June 1, 2010}}</ref> An san Dingman a matsayin dillalin kekuna wanda ke gudanar da Henley Group ta hanyar da ta fi amfanar da shi fiye da masu hannun jarinsa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Henley Maneuver: It Helps the Rich Get Richer - Schiff's Insurance Observer |url=https://www.insuranceobserver.com/david-schiff/showarticle.php?article=7 |access-date=2026-01-12 |archive-date=2017-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404023045/http://www.insuranceobserver.com/david-schiff/showarticle.php?article=7 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kamfanin Henley's Wheelabrator Technologies (wanda yanzu yake a matsayin wani ɓangare na Waste Management, Inc.) babban kamfani ne a kasuwar [[Samar da makamashi ta hanyar shara|sharar gida zuwa makamashi]] . Fisher Scientific International Inc. ya kammala saye-saye sama da 60 bayan ya zama kamfanin gwamnati a 1991. Ya haɗu da Thermo Electron Corporation a 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Henley Maneuver: It Helps the Rich Get Richer - Schiff's Insurance Observer |url=https://www.insuranceobserver.com/david-schiff/showarticle.php?article=7 |access-date=2026-01-12 |archive-date=2017-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404023045/http://www.insuranceobserver.com/david-schiff/showarticle.php?article=7 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yanzu yana kasuwanci a matsayin Thermo Fisher Scientific, kamfanin ya ba da rahoton samun kuɗin shiga sama da dala biliyan 10 a 2009. == Zuba Jari == Tun daga shekarun 1990, Dingman ya faɗaɗa jarin da ya zuba a ƙasashen duniya, tun daga [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Green |first=Peter S |date=23 October 1996 |title=Czechs Become Wary Of Investor They Once Hailed as Hero |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/23/business/worldbusiness/IHT-czechs-become-wary-of-investor-they-once-hailed-as.html |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Tare da haɗin gwiwar mai ba da kuɗi na Czech Victor Kozeny da kuma ƙarƙashin inuwar babban kamfanin Stratton Company, wanda shi ne shugabansa, Dingman ya zuba jarin dala miliyan 100 na kuɗinsa a cikin sabbin kamfanonin samar da wutar lantarki na sirri da sauran kamfanoni. <ref name=":0" /> Daga nan ya zuba jari a Rasha da sauran ƙasashen da ke cikin tsohuwar ƙungiyar Soviet. A Rasha, Shipston ya shiga ƙungiyar da ke zuba jari a OAO [[SIDANCO]], kamfanin mai da iskar gas na 5 mafi girma a Rasha da kuma Rusia Petroleum, wanda ke haɓaka filin hakar mai na Kovyktinskaya. Daga baya Shipston ta sayar da ribar da take da ita a OAO SIDANCO ga BP da Tyumen Oil Company (TNK). Dingman kuma babban mai hannun jari ne a Segezha Pulp and Paper, wanda daga baya aka sayar wa AssiDoman AB, wani kamfanin Sweden. Sauran ayyukan sun hada da saka hannun jari a kadarori zuwa kamfanin ruwa na Rasha Saint Springs, wanda daga baya aka sayar wa [[Nestlé|Nestle]] . Dingman da Shipston suma sun zama masu zuba jari a Renaissance Capital, daya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin saka hannun jari na Rasha. Shipston kuma memba ne na wata kungiyar saka hannun jari da ta sami hannun jari a kamfanin sadarwa na OAO Svyazinvest. == Sauran ayyukan kasuwanci == Daga baya Shipston ta zuba jari sosai a babban yankin [[Sin|kasar Sin]], inda ta mai da hankali kan ci gabanta da amfaninta, sannan ta ci gaba da zuba jari a fannoni daban-daban. Da yake da ofisoshi a Nanjing da Beijing, kamfanin ya sami damar mallakar manyan kamfanoni a fannin ilimi (makarantun firamare, sakandare da na kasuwanci), fasahar likitanci da kuma manyan masana'antu. Daga cikin kamfanonin kasar Sin da Shipston ke da hannun jari a ciki akwai Genscript Holdings, wani kamfanin fasahar kere-kere da magunguna na kasa da kasa, da kuma Hubei Modern Balloch Development Co., wani babban kamfanin bunkasa gidaje. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Henley Maneuver: It Helps the Rich Get Richer - Schiff's Insurance Observer |url=https://www.insuranceobserver.com/david-schiff/showarticle.php?article=7 |access-date=2026-01-12 |archive-date=2017-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404023045/http://www.insuranceobserver.com/david-schiff/showarticle.php?article=7 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dingman darakta ne a [[Ford|Kamfanin Ford Motor]] (shekaru 21), da kuma na Time Inc. sannan kuma na [[WarnerMedia|Time Warner Inc.]] (shekaru 24), kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin darakta na Mellon Bank Corporation, Temple Industries Inc., Temple-Inland Inc., Continental Telephone Company da kuma Teekay Shipping Corporation. <ref name="Businessweek">{{Cite web |title=Businessweek Investor Profile |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/businessweek/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=588980&ticker=F:US&previousCapId=36235&previousTitle=Vertex%20Pharmaceuticals%20Inc. |access-date=June 1, 2010}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023}}</ref> == Taimakon jama'a == Michael Dingman da matarsa, Elizabeth Tharp Dingman, sun sake gina Makarantar Lyford Cay kusa da gidansu a Bahamas, inda 'ya'yansu suka halarta. Tare, tsawon shekaru da dama, sun ninka girman ajin makarantar kuma sun taimaka mata ta sami izinin shiga ƙasashen waje. A shekarar 1989, Dingman ya bai wa Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Michael D. Dingman wacce aka fi sani da Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta RH Smith School of Business a Jami'ar Maryland, makarantar da ya halarta. <ref name="RHSmith">{{Cite web |title=Robert H. Smith School of Business |url=http://www.rhsmith.umd.edu/dingman/insidethecenter/benefactor.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531203833/http://www.rhsmith.umd.edu/dingman/insidethecenter/benefactor.aspx |archive-date=May 31, 2010 |access-date=June 1, 2010}}</ref> Shi mai taimakon jama'a ne kuma tsohon amintaccen gidauniyar John A. Hartford da kuma gidan adana kayan tarihi na Boston . == Rayuwa ta sirri == A shekarar 1995, Dingman ya yi watsi da zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka don zama ɗan ƙasar Bahamas. Dingman ya mutu a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 2017, a gidansa da ke Lyford Cay . Ya bar matarsa Elizabeth, 'ya'yansu uku, da kuma wasu 'ya'yansa uku daga aurensu na baya. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2017]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1931]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 58jaaer1rwuvncd1yu9u2vgkfqrot9f 0 137393 906764 813608 2026-08-23T22:01:47Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 906764 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>Ilimin kiwon lafiya sana'a ce ta ilimantar da mutane game da kiwon lafiya.[1] Yankunan da ke cikin wannan sana'a sun haɗa da lafiyar muhalli, lafiyar jiki, lafiyar zamantakewa, lafiyar motsin rai, lafiyar hankali, da lafiyar ruhaniya, gami da ilimin lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa.[2][3] Hakanan ana iya bayyana shi azaman kowane haɗuwa da ayyukan ilmantarwa waɗanda ke da niyyar taimakawa mutane da al'ummomi inganta lafiyarsu ta hanyar fadada ilimi ko canza halayen. An bayyana ilimin kiwon lafiya daban-daban ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Taron Kasa kan Magungunan Rigakafi a cikin 1975 ya bayyana shi a matsayin "tsarin da ke ba da labari, motsawa, da kuma taimaka wa mutane su karɓi da kiyaye kyawawan ayyuka da salon rayuwa, suna ba da shawarar canje-canjen muhalli kamar yadda ake buƙata don sauƙaƙe wannan burin, kuma suna gudanar da horo da bincike na sana'a da bincike har zuwa wannan ƙarshen. [1] Kwamitin hadin gwiwa kan Ilimi na Kiwon Lafiya da aka tsara na 2001 ya bayyana a matsayin "koyon Lafiya da ke samar da mutane, ƙungiyoyi masu kyau don inganta damar samun bayanai da al'umma don inganta inganta inganta inganta ilimi na rayuwa, wanda ya haɗa da ƙwarewar lafiya"[2][3] == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Healthed_mindmap.jpg|thumb|421x421px|Taswirar tunani na ilimin kiwon lafiya]] Sau da yawa ana tunanin cewa ilimin kiwon lafiya ya fara ne da farkon kiwon lafiya a farkon tarihin tarihi yayin da aka ba da ilimi daga tsara zuwa tsara.[1] Wasu mutane na iya mamakin jin cewa tushen ilimin kiwon lafiya ya samo asali ne daga Helenawa tsakanin karni na shida da na huɗu KZ. Sun canza mayar da hankali daga ra'ayoyin camfi da allahntaka na kiwon lafiya zuwa ga abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtuka, bisa ga takardun da aka gano. Sun tattauna yadda lafiyar jiki, saitunan zamantakewa, da halayyar ɗan adam ke da alaƙa da hana cututtuka da kiyaye lafiya mai kyau. Helenawa suna so su karfafa mutane da al'ummomi ta hanyar kafa saitunan tallafi da ka'idojin da za su inganta shan magani da kuma tabbatar da halayen lafiya. Sun yi haka ta hanyar ilimantar da mutane game da lafiyarsu da haɓaka ƙwarewarsu.[2] Sauran matani da aka adana daga wayewar zamani a China, Indiya, Misira, Roma, Farisa suma suna dauke da bayanai game da cututtuka daban-daban, nau'ikan jiyya, har ma da matakan kariya.[1] Daga baya aka kafa makarantar likita ta farko a ƙarshen karni na 8 a Salerno, Italiya kuma ta mayar da hankali ga wani muhimmin bangare na tsarin karatun ta kan tsabta da salon rayuwa mai kyau.[1] Daga baya, na'urar buga littattafai ta Johann Guttenberg ta shirya hanya don yin kayan ilimi da suka fi dacewa kamar yadda wasu daga cikin abubuwan farko da za a buga su ne litattafai game da kiwon lafiya.[1] Kayan bayanai da ke dauke da bayanai game da tsabta da salon rayuwa mai kyau sun zama sanannun kayan aiki don yaki da annoba.[1] A cikin karni na 19, "karin hankali" ya fara ƙaruwa don inganta ilimin matsakaicin mutane game da kiwon lafiya da sauran batutuwa.[1] Kamar yadda magani ya ci gaba, tare da sababbin fannoni da aka kirkira don magance sabbin matsaloli, haka ma yana da hanyoyin samar da ilimin kiwon lafiya.[1] Kafin shekarun 1960, likitan ne ke kula da shi kuma ana sa ran marasa lafiya su taka rawar gani a cikin yanke shawara na kiwon lafiya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Hoving |first=Ciska |last2=Visser |first2=Adriaan |last3=Mullen |first3=Patricia Dolan |last4=van den Borne |first4=Bart |date=2010-03-01 |title=A history of patient education by health professionals in Europe and North America: From authority to shared decision making education |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0738399110000248 |journal=Patient Education and Counseling |series=Changing Patient Education |language=en |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=275–281 |doi=10.1016/j.pec.2010.01.015 |issn=0738-3991 |pmid=20189746 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A shekara ta 1976, an kafa mujallar Ilimi da Shawarwari na Marasa Lafiya kuma manufar ilimin kiwon lafiya ta fara tashi da gaske.<ref name=":1" /> Ya kasance a wannan lokacin da ya zama bayyananne cewa idan an sanar da marasa lafiya game da lafiyarsu, za su iya inganta shi ta hanyar sauye-sauye daban-daban na rayuwa.<ref name=":1" /> A cikin shekarun 1980s, kungiyoyin masu ba da shawara masu haƙuri sun ja hankalin jama'a ga batun haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙuri kamar haƙƙin a sanar da su game da yanayin kiwon lafiya da zaɓuɓɓuka masu yuwuwa don kulawa.<ref name=":1" /> Shekaru na 1990 sun kawo cikakkiyar tsarin yanke shawara na raba da ke cikin saitunan kiwon lafiya a yau, gami da fitowar sadarwa ta kiwon lafiya ta lantarki.<ref name=":1" /> A ƙarshe, a cikin karni na 21, an sami fitowar ƙungiyoyi da aka tsara a matsayin dandamali don inganta ilimin kiwon lafiya da sadarwa.<ref name=":1" /> A cikin Amurka musamman... Manufar da tsarin ilimin kiwon lafiya a Amurka sun samo asali ne a tsawon lokaci. Daga ƙarshen karni na goma sha tara zuwa tsakiyar karni na ashirin, manufar kiwon lafiyar jama'a ita ce sarrafa cutar daga cututtukan cututtuka, waɗanda galibi suna ƙarƙashin iko a cikin shekarun 1950. Babban yanayin kwanan nan game da canza ma'anar ilimin kiwon lafiya na makaranta shine karuwar amincewa cewa ilimin makaranta yana tasiri ga halayyar manya. A cikin shekarun 1970s, ana kallon ilimin kiwon lafiya a Amurka galibi a matsayin hanyar sadarwa ta hanyoyin kiwon lafiya ga waɗanda ya kamata su yi su. A wannan lokacin, ya bayyana a fili cewa rage rashin lafiya, mutuwa, da hauhawar farashin kiwon lafiya za a iya cimma ta hanyar mai da hankali kan inganta kiwon lafiya da rigakafin cututtuka. A zuciyar sabon tsarin shine rawar malami na kiwon lafiya. A cikin shekarun 1980s ma'anar ta fara haɗa da imanin cewa ilimi hanya ce ta karfafawa ga mutum, yana ba su damar yin yanke shawara na kiwon lafiya. Ilimin kiwon lafiya a Amurka ya zama "tsarin taimakawa mutane... don yin yanke shawara mai kyau game da batutuwan da suka shafi lafiyarsu da lafiyar wasu. " Wannan ma'anar ta fito ne a cikin wannan shekarar kamar binciken farko na ilimin kiwon lafiya na kasa a makarantu a Amurka, wanda a ƙarshe ya haifar da hanyar da ta fi dacewa don ilimantar da matasa kan batutuwan kiwon lafiya. A ƙarshen shekarun 1990s [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta ƙaddamar da shirin Lafiya na Duniya wanda ke da niyyar haɓaka "makarantu masu inganta kiwon lafiya", wanda zai inganta shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya na makaranta a kowane mataki ciki har da: na gida, na yanki, na ƙasa, da na duniya.<ref>Donatelle, R. (2009). Promoting Healthy Behavior Change. ''Health: The basics''. (pp. 4). 8th edition. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education, Inc.</ref> A yau ana ganin ilimin kiwon lafiya na makaranta a Amurka a matsayin "cikakken tsarin kiwon lafiya", wanda ke haɗawa da al'umma, makarantu, da aikin [[Kula da lafiya|kula da haƙuri]], wanda "Ilimi na kiwon lafiya ya rufe ci gaba daga Rigakafin cututtuka da inganta lafiyar lafiya mafi kyau zuwa gano rashin lafiya zuwa magani, farfadowa, da kulawa ta dogon lokaci. " Wannan ra'ayi an tsara shi kwanan nan a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya na yanzu a matsayin 'ci'antar lafiya', magana da ake amfani da ita tare da ilimin kiwon lafiyar jiki, kodayake inganta kiwon lafiya yana da yawa a mayar da hankali. == Matsayin Kwararren Ilimi na Lafiya == Malamin kiwon lafiya shine "mutumin da aka shirya da ƙwarewa wanda ke aiki a matsayi daban-daban kuma an horar da shi musamman don amfani da dabarun ilimi da hanyoyin da suka dace don sauƙaƙe ci gaban manufofi, hanyoyin, tsoma baki, da tsarin da ke da alaƙa da lafiyar mutane, kungiyoyi, da al'ummomi" (Kwamitin hadin gwiwa kan Terminology, 2001, shafi na 100). A wasu kalmomi, suna gudanarwa, kimantawa, da kuma tsara ayyukan da suka shafi inganta lafiyar da jin daɗin mutane. Misalan wannan sun haɗa da "malamai marasa lafiya, malamai na ilimin kiwon lafiya, masu horarwa, masu shirya al'umma, da manajojin shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya". <ref>McKenzie, J., Neiger, B., Thackeray, R. (2009). Health education can also be seen as preventive medicine (Marcus 2012). Health Education and Health Promotion. ''Planning, Implementing, & Evaluating Health Promotion Programs''. (pp. 3-4). 5th edition. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education, Inc.</ref> Akwai bambancin sunayen aiki kuma saboda wannan, babu wani tsarin tsarin tsarin ilimin kiwon lafiyar daya. A watan Janairun 1978 an kafa aikin Role Delineation Project, don bayyana muhimman matsayi da alhakin malamin kiwon lafiya. Sakamakon ya kasance Tsarin don Ci gaban Kwarewar Kwarewa don Malaman Lafiya na Mataki ([https://www.nchec.org NCHEC], 1985). Sakamakon na biyu shi ne sake fasalin Tsarin Kwarewa don Ci gaban Kwarewar Kwarewar Masana Ilimi na Lafiya (NCHEC, 1996). Wadannan takardun sun tsara fannoni bakwai na alhakin da aka nuna a ƙasa. Binciken Kwararren Ilimi na Lafiya (HESPA II 2020) ya samar da "sabon tsarin matsayi tare da Yankuna 8 na Hakki, 35 Kwarewa, da 193 Ƙananan ƙwarewa". <ref>Donatelle, R. (2009). Promoting Healthy Behavior Change. ''Health: The basics''. (pp. 4). 8th edition. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education, Inc.</ref>&nbsp; Ilimi na kiwon lafiya yana da niyyar yin tasiri nan da nan ga ilimin mutum, halayyar, ko halin mutum game da batun da ya shafi kiwon lafiya tare da manufar inganta ingancin rayuwa ko matsayin kiwon lafiya ga mutum.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Steckler |first=Allan |last2=Allegrante |first2=John P. |last3=Altman |first3=David |last4=Brown |first4=Richard |last5=Burdine |first5=James N. |last6=Goodman |first6=Robert M. |last7=Jorgensen |first7=Cynthia |date=1995 |title=Health Education Intervention Strategies: Recommendations for Future Research |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/109019819402200305 |journal=Health Education Quarterly |language=en |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=307–328 |doi=10.1177/109019819402200305 |issn=0195-8402 |pmid=7591787 |s2cid=25896267 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ilimin kiwon lafiya yana amfani da da dabarun shiga tsakani daban-daban a cikin ayyukanta don inganta ingancin rayuwa da yanayin kiwon lafiya. Shirye-shiryen shiga tsakani na ilimin kiwon lafiya sun haɗa da haɗin da aka tsara na abubuwa waɗanda ke aiki tare don samar da canji a cikin ƙwarewar mutum, halayyar, ilimi, ko matsayi da ke da alaƙa da kiwon lafiya.<ref name=":02" /> === Malaman Lafiya === An bayyana ilimin kiwon lafiya na tsara a matsayin matakin dalibi don sanar da takwarorinsu yadda za a rayu cikin salon rayuwa mai kyau. Rigakafi shine babban bangare na wannan ra'ayin kuma sau da yawa ya haɗa da barasa, lafiyar jima'i, da ilimin jin daɗi na motsin rai ban da sauran fannoni da yawa. Sloane da Zimmer sun kuma bayyana ilimin kiwon lafiya na tsara a matsayin "alamu masu motsawa da aka tsara don karfafa ɗalibai don taimakawa juna inganta ka'idojin kiwon lafiya da halaye masu kyau". <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Sloane |first=Beverlie Conant |last2=Zimmer |first2=Christine G. |date=1993-05-01 |title=The Power of Peer Health Education |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.1993.9936334 |journal=Journal of American College Health |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=241–245 |doi=10.1080/07448481.1993.9936334 |issn=0744-8481 |pmid=8514955 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Masana ilimin kiwon lafiyar jiki galibi suna ba da shawara ga malamai; wannan yana haifar da dangantaka tare da masu sana'a yayin da suke samar da albarkatun da suka dace da samfuran da ake buƙata don ilimantar da ɗalibai da yawa.<ref name=":2" /> An yi mafi yawan bincike kan malamai a cikin kwalejoji da jami'o'i a cikin wayewar Yamma. Koyaya, ana ganin takamaiman misali na ilimin kiwon lafiya na tsara a cikin Kwarewar Shantou a China.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=L. P. |last2=Chow |first2=K. W. |last3=Griffiths |first3=S. |last4=Zhang |first4=L. |last5=Lam |first5=J. |last6=Kim |first6=J. H. |date=2009-03-01 |title=University-Based Peer Health Education in China: The Shantou Experience |url=https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.57.5.549-552 |journal=Journal of American College Health |volume=57 |issue=5 |pages=549–552 |doi=10.3200/JACH.57.5.549-552 |issn=0744-8481 |pmid=19254897 |s2cid=207725074 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin wannan gogewa, an zaɓi ɗaliban likitanci don ilimantar da takwarorinsu kan batutuwa daga abinci da jima'i mafi aminci zuwa lafiyar hankali da ta jiki. An yi amfani da tambayoyin da aka gudanar da kansu don bin diddigin sakamakon daga mahalarta da kuma daga malamai na kiwon lafiya. Dangane da sakamakon tambayoyin, "Dukan malamai na tsara sun amsa da kyau kuma yawancin ɗaliban da suka amsa sun kimanta da kyau. Ko da yake wasu ɗalibai sun fi son neman bayanan kiwon lafiya a kan layi, kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na ɗaliban da aka amsa za su tuntubi malamai".<ref name=":3" /> Daga ƙarshe, ilimin tsara yana da karɓa mafi girma a cikin al'ummomin Yamma kuma zai buƙaci "daidaita al'adu don ingantaccen tasiri a China" da sauran al'ummomi na Gabas.<ref name=":3" /> == Koyarwa Koyarwa == A [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], kusan jihohi arba'in suna buƙatar koyar da ilimin kiwon lafiya. Cikakken tsarin ilimin kiwon lafiya ya ƙunshi abubuwan da aka tsara na ilmantarwa waɗanda za su taimaka wa ɗalibai su cimma halayen da ake so da ayyukan da suka shafi batutuwan kiwon lafiya masu mahimmanci. Bincike ya nuna cewa ɗalibai suna iya gano yadda motsin rai da halaye masu kyau na cin abinci zasu iya tasiri ga juna.<ref>McKenzie, J., Neiger, B., Thackeray, R. (2009). Health education can also be seen as preventive medicine (Marcus 2012). Health Education and Health Promotion. ''Planning, Implementing, & Evaluating Health Promotion Programs''. (pp. 3-4). 5th edition. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education, Inc.</ref> Wasu daga cikin wadannan sune: lafiyar motsin rai da kuma kyakkyawan siffar kai; godiya, girmamawa, da kula da Jikin mutum da [[Gaɓa (jiki)|muhimman gabobin]] sa; lafiyar jiki; batutuwan kiwon lafiya na barasa, taba, amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, da cututtukan amfani da kwayoyi; kuskuren kiwon lafiya da tatsuniyoyi; tasirin motsa jiki akan tsarin jiki da kuma lafiyar jiki gaba ɗaya; [[Abinci mai gina jiki]] da [[Kiba|Kula da nauyi]]; dangantakar jima'i, abinci na kimiyya, zamantakewa, da kuma tattalin arziki al'amuran [[lafiyar muhalli]]; shirye-shiryen jama'a da cututattun cututtukani da cutututtuka masu lalacewa ciki har da cututsin lafiya; shirye-ta; shirye-tsayi; kula da cutututuwan lafiya na lafiyar jiki na mutum; === Lafiyar Zuciya === Batun lafiyar kwakwalwa yana samun karin wayar da kan jama'a kuma yana zama ra'ayi mai karɓa a cikin al'umma. Koyaya matsakaicin ilimin lafiyar kwakwalwa na mutum, ikon mutum na "... ganewa, sarrafawa, da hana cututtukan kwakwalwa", ba a yarda da shi ba.<ref name="Seedaket">{{Cite journal |last=Seedaket |first=Saowaluk |last2=Niruwan Turnbull |last3=Teerasak Phajan |last4=Ausanee Wanchai |date=1 June 2020 |title=Improving mental health literacy in adolescents: systematic review of supporting intervention studies |journal=Tropical Medicine and International Health |volume=25 |issue=9 |pages=1055–1064 |doi=10.1111/tmi.13449 |pmid=32478983 |s2cid=219169777 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Samun MHL mai ci gaba sosai zai ba da damar ɗalibai su ba kawai sarrafa lafiyar hankalinsu ba amma su taimaka wa wasu ma. A cikin sake dubawa na Seedaket et als, sun kammala cewa duka matakan makaranta da na al'umma na iya samun nasara wajen inganta MHL.<ref name="Seedaket" /> Koyar da yara game da lafiyar kwakwalwa a makaranta na iya taimaka musu su ga lafiyar kwakwalwa kamar yadda ya faru na al'ada kuma ba wani abu da ya kamata a yi watsi da shi ba. A cikin 'yan kwanakin nan mun ga ƙoƙari na kara wannan hanyar koyarwa a cikin shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya. Batun yanzu shine cewa "...malamai suna da ƙwarewa kaɗan don sarrafa matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa masu rikitarwa".<ref name="O'Reilly">{{Cite journal |last=O'Reilly |first=MIchelle |date=6 April 2018 |title=Whose Responsibility is Adolescent's Mental Health in the UK? Perspectives of Key Stakeholders |journal=School of Mental Health |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=450–461 |doi=10.1007/s12310-018-9263-6 |pmc=6223973 |pmid=30464778}}</ref> Lafiyar kwakwalwa da MHL ra'ayoyi ne masu rikitarwa. Malamai ba su da irin wannan horo na likita don koya wa ɗalibai duk abin da suke buƙatar sani. Don taimakawa malamai su sami ikon koyar da batutuwan lafiyar kwakwalwa da kuma taimakawa amincewarsu da ikon koyar da waɗannan batutuwa, ya kamata a yi ƙarin takamaiman horo.<ref name="O'Reilly" /> Ana iya koyar da ɗalibai game da lafiyar hankali tare da tsoma baki na al'umma. Wannan yana ba da damar kawo masana da kuma koyar da matasa game da alamun rashin lafiya na hankali da hanyoyin taimakawa wajen sarrafa su.<ref name="Seedaket"/> Wannan bayanin na iya taimakawa wajen kara MHL na mutum da kuma taimaka musu a makomarsu. Ya kamata iyaye su kuma sanar da yaransu game da waɗannan batutuwa. Kasancewa da tattaunawa game da lafiyar kwakwalwa zai haifar da yanayi inda yaron yake jin dadi yana magana game da wannan batun tare da masu kula da su.<ref name="O'Reilly"/> Ya kamata su kasance masu tallafawa kuma suna shirye su saurari duk wata matsala da yaran su ke da ita. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Ka'idodin Ilimi na Lafiya na Makaranta == Ka'idodin Ilimi na Lafiya na Kasa (NHES) an rubuta tsammanin abin da dalibai ya kamata su sani kuma su iya yi ta hanyar digiri 2, 5, 8, da 12 don inganta lafiyar mutum, iyali, da al'umma. Ka'idodin suna ba da tsari don ci gaban tsarin karatu da zaɓe, koyarwa, da ƙididdigar ɗalibai a ilimin kiwon lafiya. Alamun aikin suna bayyana musamman abin da dalibai ya kamata su sani ko su iya yi don tallafawa kowane ma'auni ta ƙarshen kowane maki mai zuwa: Pre-K-Grade 12. Alamun aikin suna aiki ne a matsayin tsari don shirya kimantawar ɗalibai.<ref>McKenzie, J., Neiger, B., Thackeray, R. (2009). Health education can also be seen as preventive medicine (Marcus 2012). Health Education and Health Promotion. ''Planning, Implementing, & Evaluating Health Promotion Programs''. (pp. 3-4). 5th edition. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education, Inc.</ref> == Takaddun shaida na Ilimi na Lafiya a Amurka == Hukumar Kula da Ilimi ta Lafiya ta Kasa (NCHEC) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke ba da takaddun shaida da damar ci gaban kwararru ga masana ilimin kiwon lafiya a Amurka.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Health Education Specialist Certification - CHES®, MCHES® {{!}} NCHEC |url=https://www.nchec.org/ |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=www.nchec.org}}</ref> An kafa NCHEC a cikin 1988 don inganta inganci da daidaito na ilimin kiwon lafiya a Amurka. NCHEC tana ba da shirye-shiryen takaddun shaida da yawa, gami da ƙwararren ƙwararren ilimin kiwon lafiya (CHES) da ƙwararre na ƙwararren likitan lafiya (MCHES). <ref name=":9" /> NCHEC kuma tana ba da damar ci gaba da ilimi ga ƙwararrun likitocin ilimi, suna shirya taron shekara-shekara, da kuma masu ba da shawara ga aikin ilimin kiwon lafiya. Kwamitin Kwamishinoni ne ke jagorantar kungiyar kuma cibiyar sadarwa ta masu sa kai, abokan tarayya, da masu ruwa da tsaki a fannin ilimin kiwon lafiya ce ke tallafawa.<ref name=":9" /> Malaman kiwon lafiya na iya samun takardar shaidar kwararru a koyar da ilimin kiwon lafiya a Amurka ta hanyar wuce jarrabawar Certified Health Education Specialist (CHES). An kirkiro takardar shaidar CHES a cikin 1989 kuma daga baya Hukumar Kula da Tabbatar da Kasa ta amince da ita a cikin 2008.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Dennis |first=Dixie |last2=McKenzie |first2=James F. |last3=Chen |first3=William W. |date=2012-05-01 |title=The Value of CHES (and now MCHES)?—A Commentary |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2012.10599228 |journal=American Journal of Health Education |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=130–131 |doi=10.1080/19325037.2012.10599228 |issn=1932-5037 |s2cid=71786037 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa tana ba da wannan jarrabawar a watan Afrilu da Oktoba a kowace shekara ga mutanen da suka cancanci.<ref name=":12" /> Jarabawar CHES ta kunshi tambayoyin ƙwarewar zaɓin zaɓin 150 waɗanda ke gwada mutane a cikin Yankuna takwas na Hakki ga Masana Ilimi na Lafiya.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |title=Certified Health Education Specialist (CHES) // School of Health Professions |url=https://healthprofessions.missouri.edu/certified-health-education-specialist-ches/ |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=healthprofessions.missouri.edu |language=en-US}}</ref> Wadannan yankuna takwas sun hada da kimanta bukatun mutum da na al'umma, tsara shirye-shiryen ilimin kiwon lafiya da tsoma baki, aiwatar da shirye-shirye na ilimin kiwon lafiyar da tsoma baki baki, kimantawa da bincike kan sakamakon kiwon lafiya, shirye-shiryi, da tsoma baki da bayar da shawarwari, bayar da shawara ga ilimin kiwon bude ido, sadarwa da ilimin kiwon jiki, da ɗabi'a da ƙwarewa ga malamai na kiwon lafiya.<ref name=":32" /> Kowane mutum ya cancanci yin jarrabawar idan sun cika wasu bukatun ilimi da ilimi. Dole ne mutane su riƙe digiri na farko, digiri na biyu, ko digiri na biyu wanda aka samu daga wata ma'aikatar da aka amince da ita.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Certified Health Education Specialist - Public Health {{!}} CSUF |url=https://hhd.fullerton.edu/pubh/ches/index.php |url-status=dead |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=hhd.fullerton.edu}}</ref> Rubutun wannan digiri dole ne ya nuna cewa mutum ya kammala babban darasi da ke da alaƙa da ilimin kiwon lafiya ko ya kammala akalla sa'o'i 25 a cikin cancantar karatun da ke da alaka da ilimin kiwo.<ref name=":4" /> Mutanen da ba su riga sun sami digiri na farko ba, digiri na biyu, ko digiri na biyu amma in ba haka ba sun cancanci jarrabawar CHES na iya zama don jarrabawar tare da yanayin cewa za su kammala karatu a cikin kwanaki casa'in na ranar jarrabawar su ta CHES.<ref name=":4" /> Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa daga baya ta kirkiro jarrabawar Master Certified Health Education Specialist (MCHES) don tabbatar da ƙwarewar ci gaba a cikin ƙwararrun ilimin kiwon lafiya.<ref name=":22"/> An fara gudanar da MCHES a cikin 2011 kuma ya sami izini daga Hukumar Tabbatar da Hukumar Kasa a cikin 2013. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Kerr |first=Dianne |last2=Blavos |first2=Alexis |last3=Hancher-Rauch |first3=Heidi |last4=Brookins-Fisher |first4=Jodi |last5=Thompson |first5=Amy |date=2019 |title=CHES, MCHES, and/or CPH? Selecting the Best Credential for You |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1524839918825132 |journal=Health Promotion Practice |language=en |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=167–172 |doi=10.1177/1524839918825132 |issn=1524-8399 |pmid=30678505 |s2cid=59251554 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mutanen da suka gudanar da takardar shaidar CHES na tsawon shekaru biyar sun cancanci yin jarrabawar MCHES.<ref name=":5" /> Mutanen da ba su da takardar shaidar CHES ko kuma sun sami takardar shaidarsa ta CHES a kasa da shekaru biyar, suna da kwarewar aiki na shekaru biyar a matsayin ƙwararren ilimin kiwon lafiya, kuma suna da digiri na biyu a fannin da ke da alaƙa da ilimin kiwon lafiyar ko kuma akallaye 25 da aka kammala a cikin cancantar karatun ilimin kiwon daji a matakin masanin ko digiri suma sun cancanci jarrabawar MCHES.<ref name=":5" /> Ba a buƙatar mutane su sami takardar shaidar CHES ko MCHES don yin aiki a matsayin ƙwararren ilimin kiwon lafiya a Amurka. Koyaya, masu ba da aiki da yawa suna ba da fifiko ga masu neman waɗanda ke da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ilimin kiwon lafiya kuma duka takardun shaida suna ba da damar mutane su kara damar yin aiki da gasa.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":22"/> == Dokar Ilimi ta Lafiya == The Health Education Code of Ethics has been a work in progress since approximately 1976, begun by the Society for Public Health Education (SOPHE).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> "Ba a ga Dokar Da'a wacce ta samo asali daga wannan tsari mai tsawo da wahala a matsayin aikin da aka kammala ba. Maimakon haka, ana ganin ta a matsayin takardar rayuwa wacce za ta ci gaba da bunkasa yayin da aikin Ilimin Lafiya ke canzawa don fuskantar ƙalubalen sabon karni. " == Al'ummomin Ilimi na Lafiya a Amurka == === Kungiyar Malaman Lafiya ta Jama'a === The Society for Public Health Educators (SOPHE) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta masu koyar da kiwon lafiya, malamai, da masu binciken ilimi da aka kafa a shekarar 1950.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=My SOPHE |url=https://www.sophe.org/members/ |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=Society for Public Health Education - SOPHE |language=en-US}}</ref> Manufar su ita ce "Yana inganta lafiyar dukkan mutane ta hanyar ilimi". SOPHE tana aiki tare da malamai daban-daban na kiwon lafiya don inganta halayyar lafiya, al'ummomi masu lafiya, da mahalli masu lafiya.<ref name=":6" /> SOPHE yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa da kuma fitar da bincike kan ka'idar ilimin kiwon lafiya da aiki. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Amirka === Ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Amurka (APHA) ƙungiya ce ta ƙwararru wacce ke inganta lafiyar jama'a da ƙarfafa aikin kiwon lafiya ta hanyar rufe bayanai, batutuwa, manufofi, labarai, da sauransu game da batun kiwon lafiya.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=American Public Health Association — For science. For action. For health. |url=https://www.apha.org/ |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=www.apha.org}}</ref> Manufar wannan ƙungiyar ita ce " inganta lafiyar jama'a da cimma daidaito a matsayin kiwon lafiya".<ref name=":7" /> Membobin wannan ƙungiyar sun haɗa da waɗanda ke aiki a fannin kiwon lafiya na jama'a, ƙwararrun masu kiwon lafiya, ko duk wanda ke da sha'awar kiwon lafiyar jama'a.<ref name=":7"/> Kasancewa memba yana buƙatar kuɗin da ya danganci matsayin aiki kuma yana ba da fa'idodi da yawa kamar damar sadarwar, yanar gizo, samun dama ga Jaridar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Amurka, da sauransu.<ref name=":7" /> === Ƙungiyar Ilimi ta Lafiya ta Amurka === Ƙungiyar Ilimi ta Lafiya ta Amurka (AAHE) ita ce ƙungiyar membobin ilimin kiwon lafiya mafi tsufa a Amurka. <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Coalition of National Health Education Organizations - Home |url=http://www.cnheo.org/aahe.htm |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=www.cnheo.org |archive-date=2023-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407031558/http://www.cnheo.org/aahe.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kafa shi a cikin 1937 don yin hidima da taimakawa masu ilimin kiwon lafiya kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi shida waɗanda suka haɗa da Ƙungiyar Amurka don Kiwon Lafiya, Ilimi na Jiki, Nishaɗi, da Dance . <ref name=":8" /> A halin yanzu, kungiyar tana da mambobi sama da masu ilimin kiwon lafiya 5,500.<ref name=":8" /> Kungiyar tana aiki don samar da dabarun membobinta, kayan aiki, da hanyoyin da suka shafi ilimin kiwon lafiya da inganta kiwon lafiya waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don saitunan kiwon lafiyar jama'a daban-daban.<ref name=":8" /> === Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Inganta Lafiya da Ilimi === Da farko ana kiranta Hukumar Wakilai, Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Inganta Lafiya da Ilimi (IUHPE) an kirkireshi ne a cikin 1951 ta hanyar Lucien Viborel, mai ba da shawara ga WHO da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, don mayar da hankali ga rarraba ilimi na kiwon lafiya.<ref name=":82">{{Cite journal |last=Lamarre |first=Marie-Claude |date=2000 |title=The International Union for Health Promotion and Education |url=https://academic.oup.com/her/article/15/3/243/652902 |journal=Health Education Research |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=243–248 |doi=10.1093/her/15.3.243 |pmid=10977372 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-04-06}}</ref> Manufar su ita ce inganta lafiyar duniya da ƙirƙirar daidaito na kiwon lafiya.<ref>McKenzie, J., Neiger, B., Thackeray, R. (2009). Health education can also be seen as preventive medicine (Marcus 2012). Health Education and Health Promotion. ''Planning, Implementing, & Evaluating Health Promotion Programs''. (pp. 3-4). 5th edition. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education, Inc.</ref> Kowace shekaru uku suna gudanar da Taron Duniya kan Inganta Lafiya da Ilimin Lafiya. Kwamitin zartarwa ya kunshi Shugaban kasa, tsohon shugaban kasa, matsakaicin mambobi 15 na duniya, da Mataimakin Shugabanni na yanki.<ref name=":82" /> Har ila yau, an yi kungiyar ne da membobin da ke biyan kuɗi na mutum ko na ma'aikata waɗanda Malaman Lafiya zasu iya shiga. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Haɗin gwiwar Ƙungiyoyin Ilimi na Lafiya na Kasa === The Coalition of National Health Education Organizations (CNHEO) kungiya ce da aka kafa a 1972 don aiki a matakin kasa ta hanyar sauƙaƙe sadarwa da haɗin gwiwa da daidaitawa tare da mutane a wasu kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya a duk faɗin Amurka.<ref>McKenzie, J., Neiger, B., Thackeray, R. (2009). Health education can also be seen as preventive medicine (Marcus 2012). Health Education and Health Promotion. ''Planning, Implementing, & Evaluating Health Promotion Programs''. (pp. 3-4). 5th edition. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education, Inc.</ref> Kungiyar tana gudanar da tarurruka na kowane wata waɗanda suke kama da na sassan kiwon lafiya na jama'a inda ake gudanar da tattaunawa don magance duk wani sabuntawa na baya, kudi da sauran abubuwan da suka faru a yanzu waɗanda suka dace da kungiyoyi da yawa da CHNEO ke hulɗa da haɗin gwiwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2024}} == Ilimi na Lafiya a Makaranta a Duniya == === Romania === Tun daga shekara ta 2001, Ma'aikatar Ilimi, Bincike, Matasa, da Wasanni sun haɓaka tsarin karatun ƙasa kan Ilimin Lafiya. Shirin Ilimi na Lafiya na Kasa a Makarantu na Romania an dauke shi da fifiko ga shiga tsakani na GFATM (Asusun Duniya) da Hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Don ci gaban samun ƙwarewa da ilimi na dalibai don samun sabon ƙwarewa a cikin Abinci da Abinci, an fara shirin karatun a Jami'ar Medicine da Pharmacy (UMF) na Iuliu Hațieganu a cikin 2008. Sauran jami'o'i sun ci gaba da samun ikon wannan binciken ciki har da Jami'ar Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology (UMFST) na Târgu Mureş, Iaşi, da Timişoara. Dalibai 104 daga waɗannan jami'o'i sun kuma shiga cikin "Medicine na Abinci na Ƙarshe," taron farko na Kasa na Abinci da Abinci a ranar 6-7 ga Mayu 2011 don ba da jin laccoci. Zaben na biyu na wannan taron ya gayyaci karin mahalarta na kasa da kasa, kamar Tarayyar Kasa da Kasa ta Masu Ciniki tare da halartar dalibai sama da 150 da sauran masu sana'a.<ref>McKenzie, J., Neiger, B., Thackeray, R. (2009). Health education can also be seen as preventive medicine (Marcus 2012). Health Education and Health Promotion. ''Planning, Implementing, & Evaluating Health Promotion Programs''. (pp. 3-4). 5th edition. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education, Inc.</ref> === Japan === ==== Malaman Yogo ==== Ma'aikatan jinya a [[Japan]] ana kiransu malamai na yogo wanda aka fi sani da hoken kyoushi (Kanji: 保健教師). Malaman Yogo suna ɗaukar wani ɓangare na ma'aikatan ilimi don tallafawa ci gaban ɗalibai ta hanyar ilimin kiwon lafiya da sabis waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin ayyukan ilimi na makaranta.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Masumoto |first=Yukiko |last2=Morinobu |first2=Shigeru |last3=Fujimaki |first3=Koichiro |last4=Kasagi |first4=Keiko |date=2021-07-01 |title=Important factors in the observation dimensions of high school Yogo teachers to detect prodromal symptoms of mental health issues in adolescents |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders Reports |language=en |volume=5 |doi=10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100173 |issn=2666-9153 |s2cid=237850992 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana horar da malamai na Yogo don kula da lafiyar jiki na ɗalibai da lafiyar hankalinsu. Ta hanyar lura da ayyukan ɗalibai, malamai na yogo suna iya gano ɗalibai cututtukan yanayi na farko kuma su taimaka musu a matsayin ilimin makaranta.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Matsalolin da ke haifar da rikice-rikice na iya haɗawa da, tarihin iyali, rashin lafiya na jiki, ganewar asali na baya, da rauni.<ref>McKenzie, J., Neiger, B., Thackeray, R. (2009). Health education can also be seen as preventive medicine (Marcus 2012). Health Education and Health Promotion. ''Planning, Implementing, & Evaluating Health Promotion Programs''. (pp. 3-4). 5th edition. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education, Inc.</ref> Kamar yadda dalibai da yawa ke da rauni, malamai na yogo suna iya gano shari'o'in cin zarafin jiki ko tunani (wanda zai iya haifar da rauni) fiye da sauran malamai. Sabili da haka, ana sa ran malamai na yogo su dauki matakai masu sauri a lokacin farkon matakan rikicewar yanayi ko cin zarafin yara da wuri-wuri. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> ==== Abinci ==== Shokuiku (Kanji: 食育) shine kalmar [[Harshen Japan|Jafananci]] don " ilimantar da [[abinci]]". Dokar ta bayyana shi a matsayin "samun ilimi game da abinci mai gina jiki, da kuma ikon yin yanke shawara mai dacewa ta hanyar gogewa mai amfani da abinci, tare da manufar bunkasa ikon mutane na rayuwa a kan abinci mai kyau". Sagen Ishizuka ne ya fara shi, sanannen likitan soja kuma mai gabatarwa na Abinci mai gina jiki. Bayan gabatar da abinci mai sauri na Yamma a ƙarshen karni na 20, gwamnatin Japan ta ba da umarnin ilimi a cikin abinci mai gina jiki da asalin abinci, farawa da Dokar Shokuiku a cikin 2005, sannan ta biyo bayan Dokar Lafiya ta Makaranta a cikin 2008. Jami'o'i sun kafa shirye-shirye don koyar da shokuiku a makarantun jama'a, da kuma bincika tasirin ta ta hanyar karatun ilimi.<ref>McKenzie, J., Neiger, B., Thackeray, R. (2009). Health education can also be seen as preventive medicine (Marcus 2012). Health Education and Health Promotion. ''Planning, Implementing, & Evaluating Health Promotion Programs''. (pp. 3-4). 5th edition. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education, Inc.</ref> Babban damuwa da ya haifar da ci gaban dokar shokuiku sun hada da: * Yaran makaranta suna tsallake karin kumallo. * Yara suna sayen abinci a kantin sayar da kayayyaki maimakon cin abinci tare da iyayensu.<ref>McKenzie, J., Neiger, B., Thackeray, R. (2009). Health education can also be seen as preventive medicine (Marcus 2012). Health Education and Health Promotion. ''Planning, Implementing, & Evaluating Health Promotion Programs''. (pp. 3-4). 5th edition. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education, Inc.</ref> * Iyalai ba sa cin abinci tare. Darussan a cikin shokuiku za su yi nazarin hanyoyin yin abinci, kamar noma ko fermentation; yadda kayan karawa ke haifar da dandano; da kuma inda abinci ya fito. === Poland === Health education in [[Poland]] is not mandatory. However, research has shown that even with implantation of health education that the adolescents of Poland were still not choosing to live a healthy lifestyle. Health education is still needed in Poland, but the factor of what is actually available, especially in rural areas, and what is affordable affects the decisions more than what is healthy.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Kodayake tsarin karatun makarantun Poland sun haɗa da ilimin kiwon lafiya, ba batun daban ba ne amma an kammala shi a wasu batutuwa kamar yanayi, ilmin halitta, da ilimin jiki. An dauki wasu ma'auni don magance wannan batun ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.<ref>McKenzie, J., Neiger, B., Thackeray, R. (2009). Health education can also be seen as preventive medicine (Marcus 2012). Health Education and Health Promotion. ''Planning, Implementing, & Evaluating Health Promotion Programs''. (pp. 3-4). 5th edition. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education, Inc.</ref> === Taiwan === Ilimin kiwon lafiya a [[Taiwan]] yana mai da hankali kan batutuwa da yawa, gami da: <ref name="Taiwan Health Promoting Schools">{{Cite web |title=Taiwan Health Promoting Schools |url=http://hpshome.giee.ntnu.edu.tw/en/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125114011/http://hpshome.giee.ntnu.edu.tw/en/index.html |archive-date=2014-11-25 |website=Taiwan Health Promoting Schools}}</ref> * Ilimi ga dalibai don inganta yanayin lafiyarsu. * Yana taimaka wa iyaye su yi amfani da albarkatun kiwon lafiya da bayanan ilimin kiwon lafiya. * Koyar da dalibai su fahimci takamaiman cututtuka da ilimin likita na asali. === Ireland === Wata makaranta a Ireland tana koyar da ilimin kiwon lafiya tun shekara ta 2004. Yara suna iya koyo game da lafiyar jikinsu, alal misali, ɗalibai sun sami damar tafiya a makaranta, su koyi rawa na gargajiya na Irish, kuma su koyi yadda ake iyo. Koyaya, ba duk ayyukansu ba ne suka dogara da lafiyar jiki. Yara kuma suna koyon game da cin abinci mai kyau. Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan ya haɗa da pyramid na abinci. A nan dalibai za su koyi game da abinci daban-daban da kuma yadda suke shafar lafiyarmu. A kasan dala na abinci akwai 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu kamar apples da carot kuma a saman dala akwai abinci mai dafa abinci kamar fries. Gidan dala na katako ne kuma yana da launuka daban-daban da suka dace da matakin dala. Green ya dace da matakin mafi ƙasƙanci na dala da sauransu. Abinci a kan dala kayan wasa ne na 3D don haka yara za su iya ganin yadda abincin yake. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Ƙasar Ingila === Burtaniya ta aiwatar da ilimin kiwon lafiya a cikin tsarin makarantarsu tun farkon shekarun 2000. A cewar Gov.UK "... duk dalibai za su yi karatun ilimin kiwon lafiya na tilas da kuma sabon ilimin dangantakar da aka gyara a makarantar firamare da dangantaka da ilimin jima'i a makarantar sakandare (Gov.UK, 2018) ". Koyaya, waɗannan ba kawai abubuwan da ake koya ba ne. Har ila yau, tsarin makarantar Burtaniya yana koya wa ɗaliban su game da lafiyar kwakwalwa, suna jagorantar salon rayuwa mai kyau, da ilimi game da kiba. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Ilimi na Lafiya da Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci gaba == Ilimi na Lafiya yana da mahimmanci wajen aiki don cimma burin ci gaba mai dorewa (SDG) wanda [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (UN) ta kirkira. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kirkiro wadannan manufofi da fatan cewa za a sami motsawa wajen bin "tsarin da aka raba don zaman lafiya da wadata ga mutane da duniya, yanzu da kuma nan gaba. " <ref>McKenzie, J., Neiger, B., Thackeray, R. (2009). Health education can also be seen as preventive medicine (Marcus 2012). Health Education and Health Promotion. ''Planning, Implementing, & Evaluating Health Promotion Programs''. (pp. 3-4). 5th edition. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education, Inc.</ref> Ta hanyar kara aiwatar da Ilimi na Lafiya, yana taimakawa wajen kawo wayar da kan jama'a da ilmantarwa ga mutane, samar da fahimtar muhimmancin kiwon lafiya da jin daɗi na duniya. <ref>Donatelle, R. (2009). Promoting Healthy Behavior Change. ''Health: The basics''. (pp. 4). 8th edition. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education, Inc.</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Dorothy Nyswander * Inganta kiwon lafiya * Al'ummomin kiwon lafiya na kan layi * Ilimi na mutum, zamantakewa, kiwon lafiya da tattalin arziki * Ilimin Jiki * [[Lafiyar jama'a|Lafiyar Jama'a]] * Nazarin Ilimin Lafiya na Makaranta * Kwarewar kiwon lafiya == Bayanan da aka ambata == .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:27em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:22.5em}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-alpha]{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-roman]{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-alpha]{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-greek]{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-roman]{list-style-type:lower-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-alpha .references{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-roman .references{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-alpha .references{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-greek .references{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-roman .references{list-style-type:lower-roman} [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Sabbin dangantaka da ilimin kiwon lafiya a makarantu. [a kan layi] GOV. Burtaniya. Ana samunsa a: <https: alaƙa-da-lia-ikaranta="" gwamnati="" labarai="" labaran="" sabon="" www.gov.uk=""> [An samu 23 Yuli 2022].</https:> [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Makarantar Inganta Lafiya, Makarantar Ingantattun Lafiya Mallow, lafiyar makaranta. [online] Glantane National School. Ana samunsa a: Archived 2022-07-24 at the Wayback Machine> [An samu 23 Yuli 2022]. == Littattafai == * Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka. (2007). Ka'idodin Ilimi na Lafiya na Kasa. An samo shi a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2009, daga halaye na ingantaccen Koyarwar Ilimi na Lafiya - SHER da Makarantu masu Lafiya CDC[https://www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/SHER/standards/index.htm Halaye na Kwarewar Ilimi na Lafiya - SHER Makarantun Lafiya CDC] * Haɗin gwiwar Ƙungiyoyin Ilimi na Lafiya na Kasa. Dokar Ilimi ta Lafiya ta Da'a. Nuwamba 8, 1999, Chicago, IL. An samo shi a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2009, daga [http://www.cnheo.org CNHEO] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220124855/http://www.cnheo.org/ |date=2020-02-20 }} * Kwamitin hadin gwiwa kan Terminology. (2001). Rahoton Kwamitin hadin gwiwa na 2000 kan Ilimi na Lafiya da Ingantawa. ''Jaridar Ilimi ta Lafiya ta Amurka''. * [Hotuna a shafi na 9] ''Shirye-shiryen, Aiwatarwa, & Binciken Shirye-sauyen Lafiya''. Buga na 5. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education, Inc. * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga [[Ibrananci]] da aka yi amfani da ita. (2005). ''Gabatarwa ga Ilimi na Lafiya da Inganta Lafiya''. Buga na biyu. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] * Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya. (1998). Bayani na Kula da Lafiya. An samo shi a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2009, daga [https://web.archive.org/web/20090306133131/http://www.who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/hp_glossary_en.pdf Wayback Machine] . == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.cdc.gov/ Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka (Amurka)] * [https://www.hhs.gov/ Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta Amurka (Amurka)] * [https://www.nih.gov/ Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Kasa (Amurka)] * [https://www.who.int/en/ Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (Amurka)] * {{Cite web |date=19 January 2021 |editor-last=Hu |editor-first=Frank |editor2-last=Cheung |editor2-first=Lilian |editor3-last=Otis |editor3-first=Brett |editor4-last=Oliveira |editor4-first=Nancy |editor5-last=Musicus |editor5-first=Aviva |title=The Nutrition Source – Healthy Living Guide 2020/2021: A Digest on Healthy Eating and Healthy Living |url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/2021/01/19/healthy-living-guide-2020-2021/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005072821/https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/2021/01/19/healthy-living-guide-2020-2021/ |archive-date=5 October 2021 |access-date=11 October 2021 |website=www.hsph.harvard.edu |publisher=Department of Nutrition at the [[Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health]]}} {{Public health}}{{Education}}{{Telemedicine navbox}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bkw165ne6jkm27brumdokrj4h2bph5e 0 137444 906850 781572 2026-08-24T04:56:56Z BnHamid 12586 906850 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sami Jasim Muhammad al-Jaburi''' (Arabic; an haife shi a shekara ta 1970 ko 1973), wanda aka fi sani da '''Hajji Hamid''' (Arabic), memba ne na Iraqi na [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Daular Musulunci]] wanda ya shiga a shekarar 2014 kuma ya zama babban ministan kudi na hedkwatar Daular Musulmi a kudancin Mosul . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-13 |title=The capture of ISIS finance chief: Here's what we know so far |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/islamic-state-sami-jasim-capture-7567674/ |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |oclc=70274541}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Sami Jasim Muhammad al-Jaburi tsakanin 1970 da 1973 a Al-Sharqat, [[Saladin Governorate|Gwamnatin Saladin]], [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] ko Mosul, Iraki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-13 |title=The capture of ISIS finance chief: Here's what we know so far |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/islamic-state-sami-jasim-capture-7567674/ |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |oclc=70274541}}</ref> === Yaki === A shekara ta 2003, al-Jaburi ya yi alkawarin biyayya ga [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]] kuma ya shiga [[Jihad]]" id="mwHw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad a matsayin soja mai ƙafa a matsayin martani ga [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da ta jagoranci mamaye Iraki kamar yadda ya ga ba dole ba ne kuma dalilin da ya sa ya shuka Jihad a kan Amurka. A shekara ta 2005, sojojin Amurka sun kama al-Jaburi, wanda daga baya ya kwashe shekaru biyar a kurkuku da Amurka ke gudanarwa a Iraki. Bayan an sake shi a shekara ta 2011, ya sake haɗuwa da Al-Qaeda a Iraki, kafin ya shiga Jihar Islama ta Iraki bayan rushewar AQI, amma a shekara ta 2014, ya haɗa kisansa da Jihar Islami. Al-Jaburi yana da alhakin kula da bangarori daban-daban na gwamnatin kungiyar ta'addanci, tsaro, da ayyukan kudi kafin ya hau matsayin mataimakin al-Baghdadi kuma ya zama shugaban kudi na ISIS, an dauke shi amintaccen mataimakin Abu Bakr al-Bagdadadi kafin a kashe shi sannan kuma mataimakin Khalifa wanda aka sanya masa suna bayan Baghdadi, Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi, kafin mutuwarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-13 |title=The capture of ISIS finance chief: Here's what we know so far |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/islamic-state-sami-jasim-capture-7567674/ |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |oclc=70274541}}</ref> A cikin 2012, a lokacin da yake tare da Jihar Islama ta Iraki, al-Jaburi ya sadu da shugaban Jihar Islami ta Iraki Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, inda al-Japuri daga baya ya rike matsayi da yawa a fadin ma'aikatun [[Shari'a]], kudi, da masana'antu daban-daban na Jihar Islám.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sami Jasim |url=https://www.counterextremism.com/extremists/sami-jasim |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=[[Counter Extremism Project]] |language=en}}</ref> al-Jaburi ya shiga Jihar Musulunci a lokacin da ta tashi a Iraki da faduwar Mosul inda ya zama, kamar yadda Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin Amurka ta bayyana, shugaban majalisa na shari'a kuma na biyu a kudancin Mosul, Iraki, a watan Agustan 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Joscelyn |first=Thomas |date=2019-08-24 |title=US announces rewards for 3 Islamic State leaders |url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2019/08/us-announces-rewards-for-3-islamic-state-leaders.php |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=[[FDD's Long War Journal]] |language=en-US}}</ref>  A ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 2015, Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin Amurka ta rarraba Jasim a matsayin mai ta'addanci na Duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-13 |title=The capture of ISIS finance chief: Here's what we know so far |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/islamic-state-sami-jasim-capture-7567674/ |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |oclc=70274541}}</ref> Yayinda jami'an leken asiri na Iraqi suka tabbatar da cewa an kashe Jasim a lokacin wani aikin hadin gwiwa da sojojin hadin gwiwa na Amurka da Kurdawa suka gudanar a kusa da Gwamnatin Al Anbar, yammacin Iraki, a watan Agustan 2016, rahotanni na gaba sun nuna cewa ba shi da ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da aka yi niyya a wannan hari. A ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, 2019, Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin Amurka ta ba da lada don Shirin Shari'a ya ba da lada har zuwa dala miliyan 5 don bayanin da zai haifar da kama Jasim.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-13 |title=The capture of ISIS finance chief: Here's what we know so far |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/islamic-state-sami-jasim-capture-7567674/ |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |oclc=70274541}}</ref> al-Jaburi ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kula da kula da kudi na ayyukan ta'addanci na Daular Islama, bayan ya jagoranci shirye-shiryen samar da kudaden shiga na kungiyar da aka samo daga cinikin mai, iskar gas, kayan tarihi, da ma'adanai ba bisa ka'ida ba bayan Daular Islami ta kama yankuna masu yawa a Iraki da Siriya a shekarar 2014 inda yake daya daga cikin mambobi goma sha biyu na babban kwamiti na shugabancin Kasashen Islama, kwamitin da aka nada. A matsayinsa na ministan kudi na Daular Musulunci, al-Jaburi zai kula da sama da dala biliyan 1 a cikin kadarorin da Daular Musulmi ke sarrafawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-13 |title=The capture of ISIS finance chief: Here's what we know so far |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/islamic-state-sami-jasim-capture-7567674/ |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |oclc=70274541}}</ref> al-Jaburi ya kula da sashin [[Kogin Tigris|Tigris]] na Daular Musulunci a Kudancin Mosul a matsayin mataimakin shugaban.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-13 |title=The capture of ISIS finance chief: Here's what we know so far |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/islamic-state-sami-jasim-capture-7567674/ |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |oclc=70274541}}</ref> === Kamawa === A ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2021, jami'an tsaro na Iraqi da ke aiki tare da Hukumar leken asiri ta Iraqi da kuma ayyukan leken asiri na Turkiyya sun gudanar da babban aiki na waje wanda ya ƙare tare da kama al-Jaburi a ko dai Turkiyya ko arewa maso yammacin Siriya.<sup data-ca="" href="./Twitter_under_Elon_Musk" rel="mw:WikiLink">X="{}" data-mw="{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-12","html":"<nowiki><span typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;templatestyles&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;attrs&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;src&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;body&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;extsrc&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cite web &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:Cite_web&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;2021-10-11&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Iraq arrests IS finance chief wanted by US 'in Turkey'&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211011-iraq-arrests-is-finance-chief-wanted-by-us-in-turkey&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;access-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;2025-01-04&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;website&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;[[France 24]]&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;language&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;en&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAQA\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt43\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwAQE\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211011-iraq-arrests-is-finance-chief-wanted-by-us-in-turkey\" id=\"mwAQI\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Iraq arrests IS finance chief wanted by US 'in Turkey'\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwAQQ\"><a class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"154\" href=\"./France_24\" id=\"mwAQU\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"France 24\">France 24</a></nowiki><nowiki></i></nowiki>. 2021-10-11<nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwAQY\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAQc\">2025-01-04</span></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-12" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Sami_Jasim_Muhammad_al-Jaburi#cite_note-12 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-13 |title=The capture of ISIS finance chief: Here's what we know so far |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/islamic-state-sami-jasim-capture-7567674/ |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |oclc=70274541}}</ref> An dauke shi daya daga cikin ayyukan leken asiri na kan iyaka da sojojin Iraqi suka gudanar bisa ga tweet da Firayim Minista na Iraki, Mustafa al-Kadhimi, ya aika a [[Twitter]] (wanda yanzu ake kira X). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-13 |title=The capture of ISIS finance chief: Here's what we know so far |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/islamic-state-sami-jasim-capture-7567674/ |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |oclc=70274541}}</ref> Bayan kama shi, an tura shi daga wurin kama shi (Syria ko Turkiyya) zuwa hannun Iraqi inda a halin yanzu ake tsare shi da rai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-13 |title=The capture of ISIS finance chief: Here's what we know so far |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/islamic-state-sami-jasim-capture-7567674/ |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |oclc=70274541}}</ref> An kama da kama al-Jaburi a matsayin babban asarar ga Daular Islama da ayyukanta a Iraki da sauran wurare.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-13 |title=The capture of ISIS finance chief: Here's what we know so far |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/islamic-state-sami-jasim-capture-7567674/ |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |oclc=70274541}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] dri8hycfwlps627551cdigzmik7xdfp 0 137494 906839 781664 2026-08-24T04:49:55Z BnHamid 12586 906839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Πατριάρχης_Ιεροσολύμων_Δοσίθεος.jpg|thumb|Hoton Patriarch Dositheus daga Tarihin Patriarchate na Urushalima''Tarihin Shugabanci na Urushalima'']] '''Dositheus II Notaras na Urushalima''' (Girkanci; Arachova 31 ga Mayu 1641 - [[Istanbul|Constantinople]] 8 ga Fabrairu 1707) ya kasance Shugaban Urushalima tsakanin 1669 da 1707 kuma masanin tauhidi na Cocin Orthodox na Gabas. An san shi da tsayawa a kan tasirin cocin [[Cocin katolika|Roman Katolika]] da [[Protestan bangaskiya|Furotesta]]. Ya tara majalisa ta Urushalima don magance ikirarin Calvinist na Cyril Lucaris. An haifi Dositheus a Arachova (a yau ƙauyen [[Aigialeia]]" id="mwGQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Aigialeia">Exochi, Aigialeia, Achaea) a ranar 31 ga Mayu 1641. Ba a san komai game da rayuwarsa ta farko ba. An naɗa shi mai hidima a shekara ta 1652 kuma an ɗaukaka shi zuwa babban mai hidima na Urushalima a shekara ta 1661. A shekara ta 1666, an tsarkake shi babban bishop na Caesarea Palestinae (yanzu Caesarea Maritima). A shekara ta 1669, an zabe shi shugaban Urushalima. Ya shiga cikin yanayin Cocin Orthodox a cikin Balkans, Georgia, da kudancin Rasha, musamman bayan Patriarch Cyril Lucaris na Constantinople ya gabatar a cikin Confession of Faith (1629) yarjejeniyarsa a cikin koyarwar ƙaddara da adalci ta bangaskiya kadai. A shekara ta 1672, Patriarch Dositheus ya tara majalisa ta Urushalima wanda ya ki amincewa da duk koyarwar Calvinist kuma ya sake fasalin koyarwar Orthodox a hanyar da ta bambanta su daga Roman Katolika da Furotesta. A cikin wasiƙu tare da Peter I na Rasha, ya ki amincewa da sauye-sauyen Peter wanda ya sanya cocin ga jihar, musamman tare da kawar da Patriarchate na Moscow. Dositheus ya kasa a yunkurinsa na samun Bitrus ya yi roƙo ga Cocin Orthodox na Gabas a cikin Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tare da [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] a cikin 1700. Dositheus ya kasance "instancabile edita di cose non sue" ("edita marar iyaka na ayyukan wasu mutane"), [undefined] "theologorum Graecorum opera non pauca prelo mandavit ... fuit enim potius compilator et alienorum edita quam novorum auctor" ("ya buga ayyukan masu ilimin tauhidin Girka ... ya kasance mai tarawa da edita na ayyukan wasu batho, maimakon marubucin ayyukan asali").[1] Babban ayyukan da aka buga a lokacin rayuwarsa sun kasance tarin littattafai uku na ayyukan adawa da Latin: Τόμος καταλλαγῆς [Littafin sulhu], Τόμος ἀ agafeς [Lattafin Ƙauna], Τόοι χαρńς [Latafin Farin Ciki], duk an buga su a Jaşi, 1692-1705. Dositheus ya mutu a Constantinople a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu 1707. A cikin shekara ta 1715, an buga littafinsa na goma sha biyu na Tarihin Shugaban Urushalima. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} b2hi2h83jrkszc7h8nb5tqogp17pjs8 0 137647 906788 781862 2026-08-23T23:25:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nadine Alexandra Dewi Ames''' (an haife ta 23 ga Mayu 1991) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce 'yar Indonesiya, abin koyi, mai ba da taimako kuma mai taken kyakkyawa wacce ta samu sarautar Puteri Indonesia 2010 kuma ta wakilci ƙasarta a gasar Miss Universe 2011 da aka gudanar a zauren Credicard a [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]] ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2011. == Rayuwar farko, ilimi da kuma bayar da shawarwari == An haifi Ames a Winchester, Ingila - Burtaniya, ga mahaifin wani Ba’amurke ɗan Ingila Clive Robbin Ames da mahaifiyar ɗan Java Noer Hayati Dewi waɗanda suka fito daga Surakarta, Tsakiyar Java - Indonesia . Iyalinta sun ƙaura zuwa Jakarta lokacin da take da watanni biyu. Ta yi yawancin yarintarta a Jakarta . [1] [2] [3] Ames ta halarci Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta North Jakarta da Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta Gandhi Memorial . Ta kuma yi kwas na tallan kayan kawa a Makarantar Modeling ta OQ, da ke Kelapa Gading, wanda ya kai ta ga fitowa a wasan kwaikwayo na Indonesiya mai suna ''[[:id:Inikah Cinta (lagu)|Inikah Cinta]]'' . <ref name="kapanlagi.com">{{Cite web |last=Sabtu |first=09 October 2010 00:20 Penulis: Noviana Indah TW |title=Nadine Alexandra Dewi Ames, Puteri Indonesia 2010 |url=https://www.kapanlagi.com/showbiz/selebriti/sambutlah-nadine-alexandra-dewi-ames-puteri-indonesia-2010.html |website=KapanLagi.com}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, Ames tana da digirin farko na Fasaha Mai Kyau (BFA) a fannin Fina-finai da Talabijin daga Jami'ar Bath Spa da ke Bath, Somerset, [[Ingila]] . <ref name="Study 1">{{Cite web |last=Suryo Bintoro |date=24 December 2010 |title=Nadine Alexandra: Mengenalkan Indonesia di Negeri Orang |url=https://lifestyle.kompas.com/read/2010/12/24/1528240/~Beranda~Isu%20Wanita?page=all#google_vignette |access-date=24 December 2010 |website=KOMPAS.com |publisher=[[Kompas]]}}</ref> <ref name="Study 2">{{Cite web |last=Suryo Bintoro |date=9 September 2013 |title=Celebrity: Nadine Alexandra |url=https://www.femina.co.id/article/nadine-alexandra |access-date=9 September 2013 |publisher=[[Femina (Indonesia)]] |archive-date=14 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414231447/https://femina.co.id/article/nadine-alexandra |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Study 3">{{Cite web |last=Dominique Glenn |date=10 November 2010 |title=Nadine Alexandra Terus Belajar Bahasa Indonesia |url=https://www.jpnn.com/news/nadine-alexandra-terus-belajar-bahasa-indonesia |access-date=10 November 2010 |publisher=[[Jawa Pos]]}}</ref> Ames ƙwararriya ce a fannin harsuna da yawa, tana magana da Turanci, Faransanci da Indonesiya sosai. <ref name="Study 3"/> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ebi Subijano |date=9 October 2010 |title=Nadine Alexandra Rebut Mahkota Puteri Indonesia 2010 |url=https://hot.detik.com/celeb/d-1459672/nadine-alexandra-rebut-mahkota-puteri-indonesia-2010 |access-date=9 October 2010 |publisher=[[Detik.com|Detik News]]}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2010, Ames ta shiga cikin kiyaye namun daji don kare nau'ikan Orangutan tare da wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta ta Indonesiya mai suna [[Borneo Orangutan Survival]] wadda Dr. Willie Smits ya kafa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Selena Van Houtten |date=9 October 2010 |title=Ini Dia Putri Indonesia 2010, Nadine Alexandra Dewi Ames |url=https://biz.kompas.com/read/2010/10/09/03170789/ini.dia.putri.indonesia.2010 |access-date=9 October 2010 |website=KOMPAS.com |publisher=[[Kompas]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Teresia May |date=9 October 2010 |title=Nadine Alexandra, Puteri Indonesia 2010 |url=https://www.antarafoto.com/id/view/120793/puteri-indonesia-2010 |access-date=9 October 2010 |publisher=[[Antara (news agency)]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] l14addtux0wh51qmb2qb69s280p7oay 0 137787 906763 828118 2026-08-23T22:01:21Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 906763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Diva''' (wanda aka tsara a matsayin "DiVA" da "DIVA") wani rukuni ne na ƙungiyar yarinya ta [[Japan]] mai suna AKB48 wacce ke aiki daga 2011 zuwa 2014.<ref name="Disband">{{Cite web |date=August 14, 2014 |title=AKB48's sub-unit Diva to disband within the year |url=http://www.tokyohive.com/article/2014/08/akb48s-sub-unit-diva-to-disband-within-the-year |access-date=August 15, 2014 |website=Tokyohive |publisher=6Theory Media, LLC.}}</ref> Membobinta sune: Sayaka Akimoto, Sae Miyazawa, Ayaka Umeda, da Yuka Masuda . Kungiyar ta saki waƙoƙi huɗu waɗanda suka kai saman 10 na Oricon. == Tarihi == An bayyana kafa Diva ga Sayaka Akimoto da Sae Miyazawa a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 2011, kuma duk mambobin Diva sun bayyana wa jama'a a [[AKB48 Theater|Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na AKB48]] a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 2011. Ƙungiyar farko ta mambobi huɗu ta ƙunshi Sayaka Akimoto, Sae Miyazawa, Ayaka Umeda, da Yuka Masuda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2011 |title=AKB48′s Akimoto Sayaka returns to Team K captain position, forms new unit Diva |url=http://www.tokyograph.com/news/akb48s-akimoto-sayaka-returns-to-team-k-captain-position-forms-new-unit-diva#more-18562 |access-date=April 18, 2011 |publisher=Tokyograph}}</ref> Dukkanin mambobi hudu sun sanya hannu ne daga kamfanin nishaɗi Flave Entertainment, wanda aka fi sani da Office48. Ma'anar naúrar ita ce "Na farko da aka taɓa yin rawa da murya daga AKB48". Da farko an shirya su ne don fitar da wakarsu ta farko a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2011, amma a ranar 1 ga Afrilu aka sanar da cewa an jinkirta ranar fitarwa zuwa 18 ga Mayu saboda Sakamakon girgizar kasa da tsunami ta Tōhoku ta 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 1, 2011 |title=Debut Single「タイトル未定」3形態で4月27日発売！ |url=http://avexnet.jp/id/divax/news/details/20110301001.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110308021051/http://avexnet.jp/id/divax/news/details/20110301001.html |archive-date=March 8, 2011 |access-date=April 18, 2011 |publisher=Avex Network |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2011 |script-title=ja:発売日変更のお知らせ |url=http://avexnet.or.jp/diva/news/20110401.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412192513/http://avexnet.or.jp/diva/news/20110401.html |archive-date=April 12, 2011 |access-date=April 18, 2011 |website=Diva Official Website |language=ja}}</ref> Waƙar A-gefe, "Tsuki no Ura gawa" (裏時側, Reverse side of the Moon), Yasushi Akimoto ne ya rubuta shi (ba shi da alaƙa da Sayaka), da kuma wasu waƙoƙin B-gefe ciki har da waƙar wasan kwaikwayo ta AKB48 Team-K "Blue Rose", kuma ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙar da aka rubuta a kan Type-B CD, "Information" (イン Sabatメーション), Tetsuya Komuro ne ya rubuta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discography |url=http://avexnet.or.jp/diva/discography/ |access-date=April 18, 2011 |publisher=Diva Official Website |language=ja |archive-date=August 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814131325/http://avexnet.or.jp/diva/discography/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sun yi wasan kwaikwayo a fili a Kobe Collection a [[Shanghai]] a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 2011. <ref name="rn.oricon">{{Cite web |date=April 18, 2011 |title=AKB派生ユニットDiVA、初の中国ライブでデビュー曲披露 |url=http://rn.oricon.co.jp/news/rankingnews/86777/full/ |access-date=April 18, 2011 |publisher=[[Oricon]] |language=ja}}</ref><ref name="kobe-collection">{{Cite web |date=April 18, 2011 |title=Kobe Collection 2011 Shangahi 上海公演速報レポート!! |url=http://kobe-collection.com/shanghai/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723151819/http://kobe-collection.com/shanghai/ |archive-date=July 23, 2011 |access-date=April 19, 2011 |publisher=Kobe Collection |language=ja}}</ref> An sanar da shi a shafin yanar gizon Diva cewa Akimoto za ta ci gaba da ayyukanta a Diva koda bayan ta bar AKB48 a ranar 22 ga watan Agusta, 2013 a AKB48's [[Tokyo]] Dome Concert yayin da aikinta na karshe zai kasance a ranar 28 ga watan Agustan. [1][2] A watan Maris na shekara ta 2014, Diva ta fitar da wani murfin "Wow War Tonight" na H Jungle tare da t. Waƙar tana samuwa ne kawai don saukewa daga aikace-aikacen wayar hannu na SoftBank, kuma ba ta ƙunshi Masuda ba.[3] A watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, an ba da sanarwar cewa ƙungiyar za ta sake haɗuwa kafin ƙarshen shekara ta 2014 a karo na ƙarshe don fitar da waƙoƙin su na ƙarshe, kundi na farko, da kuma kide-kide na ban kwana. An kuma tabbatar da sa hannun tsohon memba na AKB48 Masuda.[4] Wannan na karshe mai suna "Discovery", an sake shi a ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 2014, kuma an sayar da shi a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban guda huɗu.[5] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] n3c0y9yk5zp9o4mwi8jjlkcjv10wzwz 0 138268 906857 783100 2026-08-24T05:00:05Z BnHamid 12586 906857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''HMAS ''Westralia'' (O 195)''' wani jirgin ruwa ne mai gyaran {{Sclass2|Leaf|tanker|0}} wanda aka gyara wanda ke aiki tare da Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal Australian (RAN) daga 1989 zuwa 2006. A da, ita ce '''RFA ''Appleleaf'' (A79)''', ta yi aiki tare da Kariyar Jiragen Ruwa ta Burtaniya (RFA) daga 1975 zuwa 1989. Da farko an yi hayar jirgin ga RAN, sannan aka saya shi kai tsaye a 1994. A shekarar 1998, gobara ta tashi a cikin jirgin wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa guda hudu. An dakatar da aikin ''Westralia'' a 2006, kuma an sayar da jirgin ga farar hula don amfani da shi a matsayin jirgin ruwa mai adanawa da sauke kaya, a ƙarƙashin sunan '''''Shiraz'''''. Duk da haka, an ajiye jirgin a Indonesia har zuwa ƙarshen 2009, lokacin da aka sayar da shi ga wani kamfanin fasa jiragen ruwa na Turkiyya. Da ya isa a watan Janairun 2010, an lalata jirgin. == Zane da gini == Jirgin ruwan ya cika da nauyin tan 40,870, tsawonsa 171 metres (561 ft 0 in), katako mai tsawon 26 metres (85 ft 4 in), da kuma matsakaicin iskar da za ta iya zagayawa 12.03 metres (39 ft 6 in) . [1] [2] Injinan turawa sun ƙunshi injunan dizal guda biyu na SEMT Pielstick 14 PC2-2 V400, suna samar da injin turawa guda ɗaya mai 14,000 brake horsepower (10,000 kW) . [2] Matsakaicin gudu shine 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph) . [2] Kamfanin jirgin ya ƙunshi ma'aikata har zuwa 96. [2] An tsara jirgin don ya cika jiragen ruwa biyu abeam (ɗaya a kowane gefe), ko kuma ɗaya bayan gaba. [2] An ɗauki har zuwa tan 25,000 na mai, gami da man jirgin sama. Kamfanin Cammell Laird ne ya fara gina jirgin a matsayin ''Hudson Cavalier'', ɗaya daga cikin manyan jiragen ruwa guda huɗu na STAT 32 da [[John Hudson Fuel and Shipping]] ya umarta. An kwantar da ita a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Birkenhead a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, 1973. <ref name="rfahistory" /> Bayan an fara gina jiragen ruwa uku daga cikin huɗu, John Hudson ya ga ba zai iya biyan kuɗinsu ba. <ref name="rfahistory" /> Cammell Laird ya kammala jigilar jiragen ruwa uku, inda ''Hudson Cavalier'' ya ƙaddamar da su a ranar 24 ga Yuli, 1975, kuma bayan an kammala gwaje-gwajen teku, an ajiye dukkan jiragen uku a tashar jiragen ruwa yayin da mai ginin jirgin ke neman hayar ko sayar da su. <ref name="rfahistory" /> A ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 1978, Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta nuna sha'awar hayar jiragen ruwa biyu, kuma bayan an canza su don amfani da su a matsayin jirgin ruwa mai cike da kaya, ''Hudson Cavalier'' ya fara aiki da RFA a ranar 8 ga Yuni, 1979 a matsayin RFA ''Appleleaf'' . <ref name="rfahistory" /> An sayi jirgin a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar shekaru goma ta jirgin ruwa mara ruwa . <ref name="rfahistory" /> == Tarihin aiki == === ''Appleleaf'' === A lokacin Yaƙin Falklands a shekarar 1982, ''Appleleaf'' tana ɗaya daga cikin jiragen ruwan Leaf class waɗanda suka shiga cikin samar da kayan aikin da aka tura zuwa kudu don sake kwace tsibiran. Daga baya jirgin ruwan ya sami lambar yabo ta yaƙi "Falkland Islands 1982" saboda shigarta cikin rikicin. <ref name="rfahistory" /> A watan Disamba na shekarar 1983, yayin da yake ziyara a New Zealand, an tuhumi wani ma'aikacin kamfanin jirgin da laifin kashe wata mata da kuma raunata wasu uku a wani hatsarin da aka yi da barasa. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} j31ou1wfcdtmmobh00uj58jevcrgypu 0 138292 906864 783134 2026-08-24T05:05:10Z BnHamid 12586 906864 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andrea Dovizioso''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1986) tsohon dan wasan babur ne na Italiya. Ya yi tsere tare da WithU Yamaha RNF MotoGP Team don kakar 2022 amma ya sanar da ritaya da ya yi niyya bayan zagaye na Misano a watan Satumba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2022 |title=Dovizioso quits MotoGP after Misano, Crutchlow replaces him at RNF |url=https://www.motorsport.com/motogp/news/dovizioso-quits-misano-crutchlow-rnf/10348513/ |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=www.motorsport.com}}</ref> Dovizioso ya kasance Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 125cc ta 2004, amma an fi saninsa da lokacinsa tare da Ducati Team a cikin rukunin MotoGP, wanda ya kammala matsayi na biyu a Marc Márquez na lokutan uku a jere a cikin 2017, 2018 da 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 9, 2020 |title=MotoGP, The Curious Case of Andrea Dovizioso |url=https://www.gpone.com/en/2020/11/09/motogp/the-curious-case-of-andrea-dovizioso-from-anti-marquez-to-early-retirement.html |website=GPOne.com}}</ref> Dovizioso yana daya daga cikin masu cin nasara na MotoGP na zamani tare da nasarori 15 da kuma matsayi 62. Dovizioso ya fara zama sananne ta hanyar lashe gasar zakarun duniya ta 125 cc a shekara ta 2004. Daga nan ya kammala na uku a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 250 cc a shekara ta 2005 kuma ya kasance sau biyu ga Jorge Lorenzo a shekara ta 2006 da 2007. Ya fara bugawa MotoGP a shekara ta 2008 kuma nan da nan ya kammala a matsayi na 5 a matsayin babban mahayin tauraron dan adam wanda ya sami damar zuwa ƙungiyar Factory Honda a shekara ta 2009. A cikin shekaru uku da ya yi tare da Repsol Honda, ya zira kwallaye 15, ciki har da nasarar MotoGP a Donington Park, kuma yana da matsayi mafi girma na 3rd a 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2022 |title=Dovizioso quits MotoGP after Misano, Crutchlow replaces him at RNF |url=https://www.motorsport.com/motogp/news/dovizioso-quits-misano-crutchlow-rnf/10348513/ |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=www.motorsport.com}}</ref> Ya koma Monster Yamaha Tech 3 a shekarar 2012 kuma ya gama a matsayi na 4 inda ya samu matsayi shida wanda ya ba shi damar zuwa kungiyar Factory Ducati a shekarar 2013. A cikin 2016 Dovizioso ya rubuta nasararsa ta farko a cikin shekaru bakwai a Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 9, 2020 |title=MotoGP, The Curious Case of Andrea Dovizioso |url=https://www.gpone.com/en/2020/11/09/motogp/the-curious-case-of-andrea-dovizioso-from-anti-marquez-to-early-retirement.html |website=GPOne.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 2017, ya sami karin saurin da ake buƙata don kalubalantar taken tare da nasarori shida a duk lokacin kakar, amma Marc Marquez, wanda shi ma ya sami nasarori shida, ya sami taken a zagaye na karshe a Valencia. Shekaru na 2018 da 2019 da suka biyo baya sun kasance marasa nasara, duk da cewa ya lashe tseren shida kuma ya kammala matsayi na biyu ga Marquez. Dovizioso ya bar Ducati bayan kakar 2020 saboda rushewar dangantaka da tawagar.&nbsp;&nbsp; Dovizioso ya gama a cikin manyan biyar a cikin 10 na farkon 13 na MotoGP kuma an dauke shi daya daga cikin mafi kyawun mahayan MotoGP da ba su lashe gasar zakarun duniya ta MotoGP ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2022 |title=Dovizioso quits MotoGP after Misano, Crutchlow replaces him at RNF |url=https://www.motorsport.com/motogp/news/dovizioso-quits-misano-crutchlow-rnf/10348513/ |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=www.motorsport.com}}</ref> Shi ne kawai mahayin a tarihi da ya lashe tseren MotoGP a cikin shekaru talatin daban-daban - 2000s, 2010s da 2020s. An ba shi lakabi da 'Farfesa' saboda tsarin da ya yi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 9, 2020 |title=MotoGP, The Curious Case of Andrea Dovizioso |url=https://www.gpone.com/en/2020/11/09/motogp/the-curious-case-of-andrea-dovizioso-from-anti-marquez-to-early-retirement.html |website=GPOne.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2022 |title=Dovizioso quits MotoGP after Misano, Crutchlow replaces him at RNF |url=https://www.motorsport.com/motogp/news/dovizioso-quits-misano-crutchlow-rnf/10348513/ |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=www.motorsport.com}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Farkon aiki === An haife shi a Forlimpopoli, ɗan Antonio Dovizioso, mai tseren babur na Sicilian, [1] [2] Doviziuso ya lashe 125cc Italian Aprilia Challenge a shekara ta 2000. A shekara ta 2001 Dovizioso ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai ta 125cc kuma ya shiga gasar zakarar duniya ta farko a Mugello, inda ya yi ritaya. A wannan shekarar ya yi aiki tare da Guido Mancini, tsohon mahayi da injiniya wanda, a baya, ya yi aiki da Valentino Rossi da Loris Capirossi. Fim din game da aikin Mancini, wanda darektan Jeffrey Zani ya fitar a shekarar 2016, ya ba da labarin wannan lokacin tseren. === Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 125cc === A shekara ta 2002, Dovizioso ya fafata a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 125cc tare da Team Scot Honda, inda ya kammala a matsayi na 16 a wasan karshe. Sakamakon da ya fi dacewa shine matsayi na 9 a Le Mans da Donington. Ya ci gaba tare da tawagar a shekara ta 2003, ya kammala a matsayi na 5 a matsayi na karshe kuma ya sami matsayi hudu. A shekara ta 2004 ya gan shi ya sami nasarori biyar da wasu matsayi shida a kan hanyarsa ta lashe gasar tare da maki 293. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hcsjr1eve2xm7jxmss9w6vqvbniazgc 0 138536 906804 827797 2026-08-24T01:33:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nicole Lapin''' (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga watan Maris, acikin shekara ta 1984) 'yar Amurka ce mai gabatar da labarai a talabijin, marubuciya, kuma 'yar kasuwa. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da labarai a CNBC, [[CNN]] da Bloomberg . Lapin ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin wakilin kuɗi ga ''Morning Joe'' a MSNBC <ref>{{Cite web |last=NicoleLapinCNBC |date=November 17, 2010 |title=CNBC's Nicole Lapin on MSNBC's "Morning Joe" 11-17-10 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605173205/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |archive-date=June 5, 2014 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=YouTube }}</ref> kuma ta ba da gudummawa ga ''The Today Show'' a [[NBC]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=TODAY Video Player |url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38393098#38393098 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124013124/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38393098#38393098 |archive-date=January 24, 2011 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=[[MSNBC]]}}</ref> Ita ce marubucin littafin ''Rich Bitch'', ''Boss Bitch'' da kuma ''Becoming Super Woman'', wanda ya bayyana a jerin littattafan ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]'' Best Seller. <ref name="Mediabistro">{{Cite web |title=Harlequin Signs Nicole Lapin for Rich Bitch |url=https://www.mediabistro.com/galleycat/harlequin-signs-nicole-lapin-for-rich-bitch_b81505 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409002108/https://www.mediabistro.com/galleycat/harlequin-signs-nicole-lapin-for-rich-bitch_b81505 |archive-date=April 9, 2014 |access-date=April 7, 2014 }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. </cite></ref> <ref name="adweek.com">{{Cite web |date=December 14, 2015 |title=Rich Bitch Author Inks Second Book Deal |url=http://www.adweek.com/galleycat/rich-bitch-author-inks-second-book-deal/113726 |access-date=January 19, 2016 |website=www.adweek.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.adweek.com/galleycat/rich-bitch-author-inks-second-book-deal/113726 "Rich Bitch Author Inks Second Book Deal"]. </cite></ref> An fitar da littafinta na huɗu, ''Miss Independent'', a shekarar 2022 kuma ya fito a jerin littattafan ''The Wall Street Journal'' mafi sayarwa a cikin rukunin "Hardcover Business". Lapin ta haɗu da shirya shirin gasar kasuwanci ''mai suna Hatched'' tare da Carter Reum a The CW Network, wanda ake watsawa a safiyar Asabar na tsawon yanayi biyu. <ref name="Archived copy">{{Cite web |title=Hatched – One Magnificent Morning |url=http://www.onemagnificentmorning.com/programs/hatched/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707090156/http://www.onemagnificentmorning.com/programs/hatched/ |archive-date=July 7, 2016 |access-date=July 23, 2016 }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. </cite></ref> <ref name="hatchedtv.com">{{Cite web |title=Hatched – Accelerating Consumer Brands Across America |url=http://hatchedtv.com/ |access-date=April 21, 2018 |website=hatchedtv.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://hatchedtv.com/ "Hatched – Accelerating Consumer Brands Across America"]. </cite></ref> Ta kuma fito a shirye-shirye kamar ''Good Morning America'', <ref name="GMA">{{Cite web |last=ABC News |date=August 3, 2012 |title=ABC "At Work with Tory Johnson" |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuNI7xtMVhI |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425122421/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuNI7xtMVhI&feature=player_embedded |archive-date=2025-04-25 |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=2026-01-14 }}</ref> [[CNN]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=NicoleLapinCNBC |date=November 17, 2010 |title=CNBC's Nicole Lapin on MSNBC's "Morning Joe" 11-17-10 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605173205/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |archive-date=June 5, 2014 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=YouTube }}</ref> ''Entertainment Tonight'', <ref>{{Cite web |title=TODAY Video Player |url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38393098#38393098 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124013124/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38393098#38393098 |archive-date=January 24, 2011 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=[[MSNBC]]}}</ref> The Kelly Clarkson Show, The Tamron Hall Show, <ref>{{Cite web |title=TODAY Video Player |url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38393098#38393098 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124013124/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38393098#38393098 |archive-date=January 24, 2011 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=[[MSNBC]]}}</ref> da The Drew Barrymore Show . <ref>{{Cite web |last=NicoleLapinCNBC |date=November 17, 2010 |title=CNBC's Nicole Lapin on MSNBC's "Morning Joe" 11-17-10 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605173205/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |archive-date=June 5, 2014 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=YouTube }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=NicoleLapinCNBC |date=November 17, 2010 |title=CNBC's Nicole Lapin on MSNBC's "Morning Joe" 11-17-10 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605173205/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |archive-date=June 5, 2014 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=YouTube }}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Access Hollywood Live |title=Nicole Lapin's Tips to Giving Kids an Allowance |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VeHV2bWVfdY |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322042005/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VeHV2bWVfdY |archive-date=2014-03-22 |website=[[YouTube]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAccess_Hollywood_Live">Access Hollywood Live. </cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=NicoleLapinCNBC |date=November 17, 2010 |title=CNBC's Nicole Lapin on MSNBC's "Morning Joe" 11-17-10 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605173205/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |archive-date=June 5, 2014 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=YouTube }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=TODAY Video Player |url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38393098#38393098 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124013124/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38393098#38393098 |archive-date=January 24, 2011 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=[[MSNBC]]}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, ta ƙaddamar da Money News Network (MNN), wata hanyar sadarwa ta podcast da ta mayar da hankali kan kasuwanci da kuɗi. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Littleton |first=Cynthia |date=2023-02-27 |title='Money Rehab' Podcaster Nicole Lapin Launches Money News Network |url=https://variety.com/2023/biz/news/nicole-lapin-money-rehab-news-network-nely-galan-1235536048/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> Tana ɗaukar nauyin shirin yau da kullun na "Money Rehab with Nicole Lapin" kuma tana ɗaukar nauyin shirin "Help Wanted" tare da babban editan Entrepreneur Jason Feifer . <ref>{{Cite web |last=NicoleLapinCNBC |date=November 17, 2010 |title=CNBC's Nicole Lapin on MSNBC's "Morning Joe" 11-17-10 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605173205/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |archive-date=June 5, 2014 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=YouTube }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Lapin kuma ta girma a [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]], ga masanin kimiyya kuma sarauniyar kyau, dukkansu 'yan asalin [[Yahudanci|Yahudawa]] ne. Sha'awarta ga aikin jarida ta taso ne yayin da take kallon labaran [[CNN]] game da Yaƙin Gulf, wani aiki da iyayenta suka fara takaitawa saboda abin da suka ɗauka a matsayin rashin tausayi da tashin hankali. Yayin da take makarantar sakandare, Lapin ta yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da labarai a wani gidan talabijin na talabijin mai amfani da jama'a . Tana da shekaru 15, ta shiga cikin shirye-shiryen rubutu a Harvard. <ref>{{Cite web |title=TODAY Video Player |url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38393098#38393098 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124013124/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38393098#38393098 |archive-date=January 24, 2011 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=[[MSNBC]]}}</ref> Lapin ta kammala karatunta a matsayin mai digiri na uku a fannin aikin jarida daga Makarantar Medill ta Aikin Jarida a Jami'ar Northwestern, inda ta kuma yi karatun digiri a [[Kimiyyar siyasa|fannin kimiyyar siyasa]] . <ref name="wired">{{Cite web |last=Eric Steuer |date=June 26, 2007 |title=CNN.com's Nicole Lapin Talks Up Citizen Journalists |url=https://www.wired.com/techbiz/people/magazine/15-07/st_cnn |access-date=February 23, 2008 |publisher=Wired}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=NicoleLapinCNBC |date=November 17, 2010 |title=CNBC's Nicole Lapin on MSNBC's "Morning Joe" 11-17-10 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605173205/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |archive-date=June 5, 2014 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=YouTube }}</ref> An bayyana ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatunsu. Ta kuma yi karatun siyasa a Tarayyar Turai a ''L'Institut d'études politiques de Paris'' . <ref name="Nicole Lapin" /> == Sana'a == Lapin ta fara aikinta a matsayin wakiliya a tashoshin CBS a [[South Dakota]] da [[Kentucky]] . Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na "I-Team" na KPSP-LP a Palm Springs, California . <ref name="atlantan" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=NicoleLapinCNBC |date=November 17, 2010 |title=CNBC's Nicole Lapin on MSNBC's "Morning Joe" 11-17-10 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605173205/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |archive-date=June 5, 2014 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=YouTube }}</ref> A lokacin da take wannan tashar, ta ba da rahoto kai tsaye daga gidan yarin San Quentin a lokacin da aka kashe Stanley Williams . <ref name="atlantan" /> Lapin ta kuma ba da rahoto daga bene na cibiyar sadarwa ta Chicago Mercantile Exchange for the ''First Business'' a Chicago. <ref>{{Cite web |title=TODAY Video Player |url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38393098#38393098 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124013124/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38393098#38393098 |archive-date=January 24, 2011 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=[[MSNBC]]}}</ref> Ta shiga CNN a shekarar 2005 kuma tana cikin matasan da suka kafa cibiyar sadarwa a wancan lokacin. <ref name="wired"/> A CNN ta kafa cibiyar watsa labarai game da abubuwan da suka faru kamar kisan kiyashin Virginia Tech, rikicin Isra'ila da Hezbollah, da kuma zaben shugaban kasa na 2008. Acikin shekarar 2009, Lapin ta ba da rahoto game da wurin da take a Los Angeles yayin bikin tunawa da [[Michael Jackson]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=NicoleLapinCNBC |date=November 17, 2010 |title=CNBC's Nicole Lapin on MSNBC's "Morning Joe" 11-17-10 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605173205/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |archive-date=June 5, 2014 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=YouTube }}</ref> Ta gudanar da hirarraki ciki har da ganawa da Gwamna [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] a lokacin rikicin kasafin kudi na California. <ref>{{Cite web |title=TODAY Video Player |url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38393098#38393098 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124013124/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38393098#38393098 |archive-date=January 24, 2011 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=[[MSNBC]]}}</ref> Tana cikin wadanda suka kafa cibiyar CNN Live, kuma tana fitowa akai-akai a CNN Headline News, [[CNN]], da CNN International . <ref name="wired" /> Lapin ta shiga CNBC a watan Janairun 2010 a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shirye a Worldwide Exchange da ke New York, tana aiki tare da Ross Westgate na CNBC Turai da Christine Tan na CNBC Asia . A watan Yunin 2010, ta ƙara ayyukan haɗin gwiwa a Rahoton Kudlow daga ƙarfe 7-8 na yamma na EST. A CNBC ta yi hira da shugabannin kamfanoni kuma ta rufe motsin kasuwa, gami da bayar da kyaututtukan jama'a na farko da ayyukan kafin kasuwa. Lapin ta yi aiki daga Washington, DC, yayin tattaunawar kasafin kuɗin Amurka na 2011 kuma ta samar da rahotanni kan batutuwan kuɗi na jiha. Ta shirya wani shiri kan ƙalubalen kuɗi na jiha mai taken "Jihohin Ciwo" kuma ta ba da rahoto kan batutuwa kamar yanayin masana'antu na cikin gida. Ta ba da gudummawa a shafi na yau da kullun akan CNBC.com kuma ta rubuta game da wasu jarin da suka bayyana a wasu kantuna, ciki har da USA Today . Yayin da take ba da gudummawa ga NBC, Lapin ta ba da rahoto game da kuɗaɗen kai na Today kuma ta ba da sabuntawar kasuwanci ta yau da kullun kan Morning Joe da MSNBC . Ta kuma ba da gudummawar sassan kasuwanci ga rassan NBC ciki har da KNBC da WNBC, kuma ta samar da rahotannin kasuwanci don shirin "Morning Drive" na The Golf Channel . <ref>{{Cite web |last=NicoleLapinCNBC |date=November 17, 2010 |title=CNBC's Nicole Lapin on MSNBC's "Morning Joe" 11-17-10 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605173205/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |archive-date=June 5, 2014 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=YouTube }}</ref> A watan Satumba na 2012, Lapin ta shiga Bloomberg Television a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shirye kuma [[Ɗan jarida|wakili na musamman]] . A Bloomberg ta gabatar da shirin "Bloomberg West" kuma ta yi bayani kan batutuwan fasaha da kasuwanci, tana yin hira da shugabannin kamfanoni kamar LinkedIn da Zappos . <ref>{{Cite web |title=TODAY Video Player |url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38393098#38393098 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124013124/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38393098#38393098 |archive-date=January 24, 2011 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=[[MSNBC]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=NicoleLapinCNBC |date=November 17, 2010 |title=CNBC's Nicole Lapin on MSNBC's "Morning Joe" 11-17-10 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605173205/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |archive-date=June 5, 2014 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=YouTube }}</ref> Ta kuma yi bayani kan aikace-aikacen fasaha a wasanni. <ref>{{Cite web |title=TODAY Video Player |url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38393098#38393098 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124013124/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38393098#38393098 |archive-date=January 24, 2011 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=[[MSNBC]]}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, an nada Lapin a matsayin wakili na musamman wanda ya mai da hankali kan harkokin nishaɗi ga ''omg!'' ''Insider'' and ''Entertainment Tonight'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=NicoleLapinCNBC |date=November 17, 2010 |title=CNBC's Nicole Lapin on MSNBC's "Morning Joe" 11-17-10 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605173205/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |archive-date=June 5, 2014 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=YouTube }}</ref> kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin da ke adana kuɗi ga ''The Wendy Williams Show'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=TODAY Video Player |url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38393098#38393098 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124013124/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38393098#38393098 |archive-date=January 24, 2011 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=[[MSNBC]]}}</ref> Lapin ta kafa wani kamfanin samar da kayayyaki wanda ya ƙirƙiri shafin labarai na kuɗi na Recessionista, wanda aka daidaita shi azaman shiri a Ora TV . <ref>{{Cite web |last=NicoleLapinCNBC |date=November 17, 2010 |title=CNBC's Nicole Lapin on MSNBC's "Morning Joe" 11-17-10 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605173205/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |archive-date=June 5, 2014 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=YouTube }}</ref> Ta sanar da wani shiri na AOL Originals mai taken ''I'll Never Forget My First'', wanda ta dauki nauyinsa kuma ta shirya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=TODAY Video Player |url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38393098#38393098 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124013124/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38393098#38393098 |archive-date=January 24, 2011 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=[[MSNBC]]}}</ref> Kamfaninta ya kuma ƙaddamar da wani samfuri mai sauƙin ɗauka, CASH Smartwatch, wanda aka tallata shi tare da abokin hulɗar dillalai na HSN . <ref>{{Cite web |last=NicoleLapinCNBC |date=November 17, 2010 |title=CNBC's Nicole Lapin on MSNBC's "Morning Joe" 11-17-10 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605173205/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |archive-date=June 5, 2014 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=YouTube }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=TODAY Video Player |url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38393098#38393098 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124013124/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38393098#38393098 |archive-date=January 24, 2011 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=[[MSNBC]]}}</ref> A shekarar 2014, Harlequin (wanda yanzu HarperCollins ce ) ta sanar da shirin buga littafin Lapin ''mai suna Rich Bitch'' . <ref name="Mediabistro"/> Littafin ya bayyana a jerin wadanda suka fi samun karbuwa a ''jaridar The New York Times'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=TODAY Video Player |url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38393098#38393098 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124013124/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38393098#38393098 |archive-date=January 24, 2011 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=[[MSNBC]]}}</ref> Daga baya Lapin ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar littafi da Crown Business for ''Boss Bitch'' kuma ta buga wasu kasidu ciki har da ''Becoming Super Woman'' . <ref name="adweek.com"/> A watan Oktoban 2020, ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar littattafai da dama tare da HarperCollins Leadership. <ref>{{Cite web |title=TODAY Video Player |url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38393098#38393098 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124013124/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38393098#38393098 |archive-date=January 24, 2011 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=[[MSNBC]]}}</ref> Mujallar ''Redbook'' ta sanya wa Lapin mai rubuta makalar kudi a shekarar 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=NicoleLapinCNBC |date=November 17, 2010 |title=CNBC's Nicole Lapin on MSNBC's "Morning Joe" 11-17-10 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605173205/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |archive-date=June 5, 2014 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=YouTube }}</ref> Haka kuma a shekarar 2015, ta kasance mai masaukin baki kuma alkali a shirin ''Hatched'', wani shirin gasa na kasuwanci a The CW Network . <ref name="Archived copy"/> An sabunta shirin don kakar wasa ta biyu a shekarar 2016 a [[CBS]] . <ref name="hatchedtv.com"/> A shekarar 2017, Lapin ta kasance alkali a gasar Miss America 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |last=NicoleLapinCNBC |date=November 17, 2010 |title=CNBC's Nicole Lapin on MSNBC's "Morning Joe" 11-17-10 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605173205/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |archive-date=June 5, 2014 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=YouTube }}</ref> A shekarar 2018, ta ƙaddamar da azuzuwan farko na kan layi mai taken "Makarantar Kuɗin Kuɗi" da "Makarantar Boss". A cikin shirin "Makarantar Boss", ta yi hira da shugabannin kasuwanci da waɗanda suka kafa ta. A shekarar 2019, an naɗa ta memba a ma'aikatar ilimi a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jack Welch da ke Jami'ar Strayer . <ref>{{Cite web |title=TODAY Video Player |url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38393098#38393098 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124013124/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38393098#38393098 |archive-date=January 24, 2011 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=[[MSNBC]]}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, ta sami karramawa daga Webby Awards saboda nau'ikan shirye-shiryen podcasting. <ref>{{Cite web |last=NicoleLapinCNBC |date=November 17, 2010 |title=CNBC's Nicole Lapin on MSNBC's "Morning Joe" 11-17-10 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605173205/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |archive-date=June 5, 2014 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=YouTube }}</ref> Ta bayar da rahotannin kuɗi da sassan ga Rachael Ray, The Kelly Clarkson Show, The Doctors da Access Hollywood . <ref name=":0"/> Lapin ta yi aiki a matsayin ƙwararriyar masaniyar kuɗi a shirye-shirye kamar GMA3 da E! Daily Pop kuma ta ba da gudummawa ga kantuna kamar Forbes, Entrepreneur da Thrive Online. <ref>{{Cite web |title=TODAY Video Player |url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38393098#38393098 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124013124/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38393098#38393098 |archive-date=January 24, 2011 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=[[MSNBC]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=NicoleLapinCNBC |date=November 17, 2010 |title=CNBC's Nicole Lapin on MSNBC's "Morning Joe" 11-17-10 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605173205/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |archive-date=June 5, 2014 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=YouTube }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=TODAY Video Player |url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38393098#38393098 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124013124/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38393098#38393098 |archive-date=January 24, 2011 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=[[MSNBC]]}}</ref> Shirye-shiryen da ke kan hanyar sadarwarta ta MNN sun haɗa da: "Money Rehab with Nicole Lapin", "Help Wanted with Jason Feifer and Nicole Lapin", "We Have Options with Dominque Broadway", "Money Maker with Nely Galán / Mi Mundo Rico con Nely Galán", "Filthy Rich with Hill Harper" da "Pitch Me with Jesse Draper". <ref name=":1"/> == Taimakon jama'a == Lapin ta yi aiki a ƙungiyoyin agaji da dama. Ta yi aiki a matsayin jakada ga Gidauniyar Yara ta Starlight Starbright kuma ta ƙirƙiri wani shiri na tattaunawa mai suna "Being Smart is Cool" wanda aka yi niyya don ilmantar da yara masu fama da rashin lafiya game da batutuwan duniya. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin jakada ga Points of Light <ref>{{Cite web |last=NicoleLapinCNBC |date=November 17, 2010 |title=CNBC's Nicole Lapin on MSNBC's "Morning Joe" 11-17-10 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605173205/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |archive-date=June 5, 2014 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=YouTube }}</ref> kuma ta ƙaddamar da kamfen na ranar haihuwa wanda ke da alaƙa da shirin "Girl Up" na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=TODAY Video Player |url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38393098#38393098 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124013124/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38393098#38393098 |archive-date=January 24, 2011 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=[[MSNBC]]}}</ref> An saka ta a cikin jerin "jakadan murmushi" tare da Jessica Simpson a cikin Operation Smile . <ref>{{Cite web |last=NicoleLapinCNBC |date=November 17, 2010 |title=CNBC's Nicole Lapin on MSNBC's "Morning Joe" 11-17-10 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605173205/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |archive-date=June 5, 2014 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=YouTube }}</ref> Tana da alaƙa da kwamitin ba da shawara na Step Up <ref>{{Cite web |title=TODAY Video Player |url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38393098#38393098 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124013124/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38393098#38393098 |archive-date=January 24, 2011 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=[[MSNBC]]}}</ref> kuma ta yi aiki a kwamitin Women in Need. <ref>{{Cite web |last=NicoleLapinCNBC |date=November 17, 2010 |title=CNBC's Nicole Lapin on MSNBC's "Morning Joe" 11-17-10 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605173205/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |archive-date=June 5, 2014 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=YouTube }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Lapin ta fito a shafin ''mujallar PowerGirls'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=NicoleLapinCNBC |date=November 17, 2010 |title=CNBC's Nicole Lapin on MSNBC's "Morning Joe" 11-17-10 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605173205/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |archive-date=June 5, 2014 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=YouTube }}</ref> da mujallar <nowiki><i id="mwAeg">Eliza</i></nowiki> . A shekarar 2008, ta sami kyautar "Power 30 under 30". <ref>{{Cite web |title=TODAY Video Player |url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38393098#38393098 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124013124/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/38393098#38393098 |archive-date=January 24, 2011 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=[[MSNBC]]}}</ref> Ta kasance alkali a bikin fina-finai na Tribeca a shekarar 2011 <ref>{{Cite web |last=NicoleLapinCNBC |date=November 17, 2010 |title=CNBC's Nicole Lapin on MSNBC's "Morning Joe" 11-17-10 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605173205/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |archive-date=June 5, 2014 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=YouTube }}</ref> da kuma Miss America a shekarar 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |last=NicoleLapinCNBC |date=November 17, 2010 |title=CNBC's Nicole Lapin on MSNBC's "Morning Joe" 11-17-10 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605173205/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |archive-date=June 5, 2014 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=YouTube }}</ref> A shekarar 2020, Lapin ta yi magana a bainar jama'a game da fuskantar zubar ciki kuma ta fara neman kamfanoni su amince da manufofin hutun zubar ciki. Ta kuma yi hira da Sanata Tammy Duckworth game da shawarar da aka gabatar don ba da damar hutu bayan rashin ciki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=NicoleLapinCNBC |date=November 17, 2010 |title=CNBC's Nicole Lapin on MSNBC's "Morning Joe" 11-17-10 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605173205/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |archive-date=June 5, 2014 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=YouTube }}</ref> A baya an ruwaito cewa ta yi soyayya da wanda ya kafa shafin Twitter, [[Jack Dorsey|Jack Dorsey.]] , kuma na zauna tare da ɗan kasuwa Michael G. Rubin tsawon shekaru huɗu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=NicoleLapinCNBC |date=November 17, 2010 |title=CNBC's Nicole Lapin on MSNBC's "Morning Joe" 11-17-10 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605173205/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dlUapuydpk |archive-date=June 5, 2014 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |publisher=YouTube }}</ref> == Littattafan tarihi == * 2016 - ''Rich Bitch: Tsarin Mataki 12 Mai Sauƙi Don Haɗa Rayuwar Kuɗinku...'' ''A ƙarshe <ref name="Mediabistro"/> <ref name="adweek.com"/>'' * 2017 - ''Boss Bitch: Tsarin Mataki 12 Mai Sauƙi Don Ɗauki Nauyin Aikinka'' <ref name="Mediabistro" /> <ref name="adweek.com" /> * 2019 – ''Zama Babbar Mace'' <ref name="KTLA">{{Cite web |last=KTLA |date=September 23, 2019 |title=Nicole Lapin Launches New Book |url=https://ktla.com/2019/09/23/a-plan-to-go-from-burnout-to-balance-with-becoming-super-woman-author-nicole-lapin/ |access-date=January 14, 2026 |archive-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209090541/https://ktla.com/2019/09/23/a-plan-to-go-from-burnout-to-balance-with-becoming-super-woman-author-nicole-lapin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 2019 - Jaridar Super Woman * 2022 – ''Miss Independent: Tsarin Mataki 12 Mai Sauƙi don Fara Zuba Jari da Haɓaka Arzikinka'' == Duba kuma == * 'Yan New York a fannin aikin jarida == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rlwsf39gia3kbvgwfsctx57ttq9ch68 3 139128 906791 787170 2026-08-23T23:33:28Z Deepfriedokra 13105 Deepfriedokra moved page [[Tattaunawar user:SCTJC]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Renamed user 1b50dda360d1f26e57f611e141ece2d2]] without leaving a redirect: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/SCTJC|SCTJC]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Renamed user 1b50dda360d1f26e57f611e141ece2d2|Renamed user 1b50dda360d1f26e57f611e141ece2d2]]" 787170 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, SCTJC! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/SCTJC|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 24 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) r2iqm512efgj58qncbz2jq8kawwb0k8 0 139523 906578 862488 2026-08-23T13:37:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Marta Cazañas Permuy''' (Satumba 22, 1938 - Oktoba 4, 2017) ta kasance mai tallata zane-zane na Cuba-Amurkawa, mai tattara zane-zane, mai kula da zane-zane, dillalin zane-zane, kuma mai tallata zane-zane da ke Coral Gables, Florida . Ta kasance mai tasiri a kafa kasuwar zane-zane ta Latin Amurka ta Kudancin Florida . Ta jagoranci kuma ta kafa Permuy Gallery, ɗaya daga cikin wurare na farko da aka keɓe don zane-zane na Cuba a Amurka. Ta kuma shirya wani gidan kayan fasaha na dogon lokaci inda zane-zane, adabi, kasuwanci, da siyasa na Kudancin Florida za su taru don tattauna zane-zane da al'adu. == Rayuwar farko == === Bayani da tarbiyya === [[Fayil:1957_La_Escuela_de_Escolapias_en_Cárdenas-1.jpg|thumb|Makarantar Madres Escolapias na Cárdenas, inda Marta Permuy daliba ce, kamar yadda aka yi hoto a 1957.]] An haifi Marta Teresita Cazañas y Díaz a ranar 22 ga Satumba, 1938, a Havana, ɗa na biyu na alkali na Cuban Pedro Pablo Cazañas da matarsa, Raquel María Díaz y Teresa. Iyayenta na fitattun iyalai ne na yankin Matanza . Marta da 'yan uwanta, Raquel da Eduardo, za a girma a gidan Buena Vista na dangin Cazañas a Cárdenas da ke iyaka da Varadero . Ita da babbar 'yar uwarta Raquel sun halarci makarantar Katolika ta Las Madres Escolapias de Cárdenas. Bayan kammala karatunsu, sun yi rajista a Jami'ar Havana suna nazarin shari'a da sinadarai. <ref> name="Obituary">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=29 May 2020 |title=Marta Cazañas Permuy – Obituary |url=https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/legacy/obituary.aspx?n=marta-cazaas-permuy&pid=196272287 |access-date= |website=Legacy.com}}</ref> A farkon shekarunta na matashiya a Cuba, Marta ta fara haɗuwa da fasahar Cuba ta hanyar zane-zane da fasahar gargajiya. Waɗannan haɗuwa sun haɓaka sha'awar farko na abin da daga ƙarshe zai zama babban aikinta a lokacin rayuwarta a gudun hijira. <ref> name="Marta Permuy Legacy Collection">{{Cite web |title=Marta Permuy Legacy Collection |url=https://nsuworks.nova.edu/nsudigital_permuycollection/ |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=nsuworks.nova.edu |publisher=NSU Alvin Sherman Library}}</ref> == Juyin Juya Halin Cuba == Da barkewar juyin juya halin Cuba da kuma yadda gwamnatin Castro ta ƙara samun daidaito da koyarwar Kwaminisanci da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Soviet]] ke goyon baya, Marta ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar kare dimokuraɗiyya mai rajin kare dimokuraɗiyya. Ta fara aiki sosai a cikin MRR (Movement to Recuperate the Revolution, ko Movement for Revolution Recovery), wani babban ɓangare na babban juriyar Castro wanda ya ƙunshi haɗin gwiwar ɗaliban Jami'ar Havana, manyan jami'an gwamnatin Castro, da kuma membobin ƙungiyar ƙwararrun Kiristoci masu tasiri ta Agrupación Católica Universitaria (ACU). <ref>name="Obituary">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=29 May 2020 |title=Marta Cazañas Permuy – Obituary |url=https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/legacy/obituary.aspx?n=marta-cazaas-permuy&pid=196272287 |access-date= |website=Legacy.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/legacy/obituary.aspx?n=marta-cazaas-permuy&pid=196272287 "Marta Cazañas Permuy – Obituary"]. ''Legacy.com''. 29 May 2020.</cite></ref> Yayin da shigarta cikin MRR ke ƙara zurfafa, Marta ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mata kaɗan da aka bai wa manyan mukamai a cikin jagorancin ƙungiyar kuma za ta kuma ɗauki wasu manyan jami'ai. <ref>name="Marta T. Permuy Day Proclamation Presentation">{{Cite web |date=24 August 2022 |title=City Commission Meeting - August 24, 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=qC5yAqnA-WU |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=www.youtube.com |publisher=Coral Gables Television}}</ref> <ref>name="Congressional Record page">{{Cite web |last=Rep. Maria Elvira Salazar |date=20 September 2022 |title=Congressional Record — Extension of Remarks |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2022-09-20/pdf/CREC-2022-09-20-pt1-PgE955-4.pdf |access-date=21 September 2022 |website=www.infogov.gov |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |page=E955}}</ref> Saboda haka, babbar 'yar'uwar Marta Raquel da mijinta, fitacciyar likitan tabin hankali kuma mai ra'ayin juyin juya hali na dimokuraɗiyya René de la Huerta, suma sun shiga cikin lamarin. De la Huerta, babban memba na ACU, a baya ya shiga cikin ƙoƙarin korar Fulgencio Batista tare da Jorge Agostini da sauran manyan masu adawa da Batista. <ref>name="Agostini Bio">{{Cite web |title=Agostini Bio |url=http://www.cubarte.cult.cu/periodico-cubarte/jorge-agostini-combatiente-de-la-libertad/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |archive-date=2025-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012004606/https://www.cubarte.cult.cu/periodico-cubarte/jorge-agostini-combatiente-de-la-libertad/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Agostini Bio 2">{{Cite web |date=11 June 2015 |title=Agostini Bio 2 |url=https://lahistoriabiencontada.wordpress.com/2015/06/10/jorge-agostini-cayo-por-la-dignidad-de-cuba/}}</ref> Za su taka rawa mai tasiri a cikin ƙungiyar a lokacin da aka kai ga mamaye da tsare-tsare na Bay of Pigs . A shekarar 1960 De La Huerta ya zama Sakataren Leken Asiri na MRR kuma Marta sau da yawa yakan zauna a gidansa na El Vedado tare da 'yar'uwarta a lokacin ayyukanta na MRR yayin da gidan ya kasance muhimmin sansanin jagorancin MRR na ɓoye. <ref> name="Obituary">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=29 May 2020 |title=Marta Cazañas Permuy – Obituary |url=https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/legacy/obituary.aspx?n=marta-cazaas-permuy&pid=196272287 |access-date= |website=Legacy.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/legacy/obituary.aspx?n=marta-cazaas-permuy&pid=196272287 "Marta Cazañas Permuy – Obituary"]. ''Legacy.com''. 29 May 2020.</cite></ref> Ta hanyar waɗannan ayyukan Marta ta haɗu da Jesús Permuy, Sakataren Tsaro na MRR a lokacin. Za a ba Marta aiki don taimaka masa a ayyukansa a matsayin hannun damansa ta hanyoyi daban-daban, waɗanda suka haɗa da ɗaga shi zuwa Mai Gudanar da Farar Hula kuma a ƙarshe Mai Gudanar da Ƙungiyar MRR ta Ƙasa. <ref name="Landmark Designation Report" /> Ayyukan Marta sun haɗa da shirya tarurruka, ɓoye hulɗa, da kuma daidaita tsakanin ƙwayoyin MRR tare da sunayen laƙabi don guje wa gano Castro da wakilan leƙen asiri na Soviet da masu kutse. <ref name="Obituary"/> <ref name="Landmark Designation Report" /> Da gazawar mamayar Bay of Pigs a watan Afrilun 1961 da kuma hare-haren da 'yan adawa suka kai, kamawa, da kuma kisa, Castro ya bayyana ga mutane da yawa a cikin adawar cewa babu wata dama ta samun nasara wajen kifar da gwamnatin Castro ko kuma tabbatar da [['Yancin Dan Adam a Cuba|kariyar dimokuradiyya]] . Daga nan Marta da Jesús suka yi amfani da huldar diflomasiyya don tserewa zuwa Venezuela a shekarar 1962 ta hanyar ofishin jakadancin Cuba na Venezuela. Sun zauna a Venezuela na tsawon watanni da dama kafin su koma Amurka daga baya a wannan shekarar don shiga cikin al'ummar 'yan Cuba da ke zaune a can suna gudun hijira. <ref name="Landmark Designation Report" /> <ref name="Marta Permuy Legacy Collection"/> === Matsar zuwa Amurka === Marta da Jesús sun yi aure a shekarar 1962 jim kaɗan bayan sun sake zama a [[Miami|Miami, Florida]] . Daga baya sun ƙaura zuwa Washington DC a shekarar 1966 inda Jesús Permuy ya sami digirinsa na biyu a fannin Tsarin Yanki da Birni (MRCP) daga Jami'ar Katolika ta Amurka kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mai tsara shirye-shirye na gundumar Anne Arundel . <ref name="Profile">{{Cite web |title=Permuy Architecture Profile – About Permuy Architecture |url=http://permuyarchitecture.com/profile/ |access-date=November 30, 2019 |publisher=Permuy Architecture}}</ref> Daga nan iyalan Permuy suka koma Kudancin Florida na dindindin a shekarar 1969 lokacin da aka naɗa Jesús Permuy a matsayin Mai Kula da Tsare-tsare na Ma'aikatar Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane ta Gundumar Dade (HUD). == Gidan Tarihi na Permuy == A farkon shekarun 1970, Permuys sun fara aiki a cikin al'ummar fasaha ta Cuba ta farko a Kudancin Florida. Shigansu na farko ya samo asali ne daga dangantakar da Jesús Permuy ya yi da masu fasaha a Cuba kamar José Mijares da Amelia Peláez, da kuma ta hanyar aikinsa na ƙwararru yayin da wasu masu fasaha na Cuba da dama suka yi aiki ko suka yi nazarin gine-gine, ciki har da Baruj Salinas, Miguel Jorge, da Rafael Consuegra . <ref name="Arts Coast Journal">{{Cite web |last=Hammond |first=Margo |title=The Permuys — A Legacy in Art |url=https://creativepinellas.org/magazine-items/the-permuys-a-legacy-in-art/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329114650/https://creativepinellas.org/magazine-items/the-permuys-a-legacy-in-art/ |archive-date=2020-03-29 |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=www.creativepinellas.org |publisher=Arts Coast Journal}}</ref> Wani muhimmin yanki na al'adu shi ne shigarsa cikin ACU, wanda yanzu ya koma Miami kuma ya haɗa da masu fasaha da yawa, masu gine-gine, da shugabannin kasuwanci. A cikin shekarun 1960, al'ummar fasaha ta Cuba da ke gudun hijira ta fuskanci matsaloli da dama, ciki har da rashin wuraren da za a nuna fasahar Cuba, da kuma rashin kuɗin shiga tsakanin masu tarawa don siyan fasahar fasaha a farashin da zai tallafa wa kasuwar fasaha ta Cuba da Latin Amurka mai dorewa. A shekarar 1969, Baruj Salinas ya gabatar da Permuys ga Juan González . <ref name="Baruj Salinas website">{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Art Reviews |url=https://barujsalinas.com/art-reviews/ |website=www.barujsalinas.com |publisher=Baruj Salinas |access-date=2026-02-03 |archive-date=2025-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422130259/https://www.barujsalinas.com/art-reviews/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Marta Permuy Legacy Collection"/> Ba da daɗewa ba, González, wanda a lokacin ya kammala karatunsa a fannin fasaha a Jami'ar Miami, ya kusaci Marta, wadda ita ma ta zama mai goyon bayan aikinsa na fasaha. A shekarar 1971, ta taimaka masa wajen samar masa da wurin studio a wani gida mai suna Coral Gables a titin Le Jeune Road na 1901, inda ya samar da ayyuka da yawa da suka kai ga nasarar aikinsa. <ref name="Obituary"/> <ref name="Marta T. Permuy Day Proclamation Presentation"/> <ref name="Marta Permuy Legacy Collection" /> A shekarar 1972, González ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Miami kuma yana shirin ƙaura zuwa [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] bayan an yi nasarar baje kolin kayan tarihi a Gidan Tarihi na Whitney da kuma Gidan Tarihi na Allan Stone . Sakamakon buƙatarsa ta ƙaura, Permuys ya yi shiri tare da González don ɗaukar hayar ɗakin zane-zanensa sannan daga baya ya mayar da shi wani gidan zane-zane mai kyau da aka keɓe don zane-zanen Cuba, wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin na farko a Amurka. <ref name="GC Magazine">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2022 |title=The Best Commercial Architects in Coral Gables, Florida |url=https://www.generalcontractors.org/the-best-commercial-architects-in-coral-gables-florida/ |access-date=11 July 2022 |website=www.generalcontractors.org |publisher=2022 General Contractors Magazine}}</ref> <ref name="Obituary" /> <ref name="Permuy House Designation">{{Cite web |date=10 May 2021 |title=City of Coral Gables designates the Permuy House a landmark |url=https://communitynewspapers.com/featured/city-of-coral-gables-designates-the-permuy-house-a-landmark/ |website=www.communitynewspapers.com |publisher=Miami's Community Newspapers}}</ref> <ref name="Baruj Salinas website" /> Wurin yana kusa da Miracle Mile, cibiyar Coral Gables ta tsakiyar gari, don haka baƙi suna iya isa gare shi cikin sauƙi. <ref name="GC Magazine" /> <ref name="Permuy House Designation" /> <ref name="Marta T. Permuy Day Proclamation Presentation" /> González ya kasance kusa da Marta bayan ƙaura zuwa New York kuma ya halarci nune-nunen gama gari a Permuy Gallery. <ref name="UDRB article">{{Cite web |date=23 May 2022 |title=Ignacio Permuy elected new chair of Miami Development Review Board |url=https://communitynewspapers.com/featured/ignacio-permuy-elected-new-chair-of-miami-development-review-board/ |access-date=8 July 2022 |website=www.communitynewspapers.com |publisher=Miami's Community News}}</ref> Gidan zane-zanen yana kusa da gidan mai zane na Cuban Miguel Jorge, wanda yake kusa da sauran masu fasaha na Cuban Lourdes Gomez Franca da Dionisio Perkins, kuma ya gabatar da su ga Permuys. <ref name="Obituary" /> Su ukun sun kafa ƙungiyar masu fasaha masu tasiri a Kudancin Florida waɗanda ke da himma sosai a cikin yankin Permuy Gallery. Da zarar an buɗe gidan tarihi, Marta ta zama manaja kuma ta kula da ayyukanta, ta shirya abubuwan da suka faru, kuma ta tsara abubuwan da ta shirya. <ref name="Permuy House Designation" /> Saboda haka, gidan tarihi ya kasance yana da alaƙa da ita kuma ta ƙulla dangantaka mai ɗorewa da masu fasaha da masu tattarawa da ke da alaƙa da ita. Duk da cewa ana gudanar da shi a matsayin gidan tarihi na fasaha na yau da kullun, Gidan Tarihi na Permuy shi ma ya shahara saboda bambancinsa da ƙa'idodin gidajen tarihi na fasaha na Amurka. Duk da yake yana da bango na gargajiya na fari, yana kuma haifar da wasu tasirin da ba a saba gani ba kamar tsire-tsire na cikin gida na wurare masu zafi da labulen tagogi masu kauri. <ref name="Obituary" /> An kuma tsara Gidan Tarihi na Permuy a cikin mako-mako maimakon juyawa na baje kolin kowane wata don ba da damar ci gaba da canzawa a cikin zane-zane da kuma don a nuna ƙarin masu fasaha. Manyan abubuwan da suka shafi Permuy Gallery sune Juma'a Gallery Nights (wanda aka fi sani da "los viernes" a cikin Sifaniyanci). <ref name="Marta T. Permuy Day Proclamation Presentation"/> <ref name="Marta Permuy Legacy Collection">{{Cite web |title=Marta Permuy Legacy Collection |url=https://nsuworks.nova.edu/nsudigital_permuycollection/ |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=nsuworks.nova.edu |publisher=NSU Alvin Sherman Library}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://nsuworks.nova.edu/nsudigital_permuycollection/ "Marta Permuy Legacy Collection"]. ''nsuworks.nova.edu''. NSU Alvin Sherman Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Waɗannan sun haɗa da buɗewar baje kolin giya da cuku don bayyana saitin baje kolin mako mai zuwa. Da yamma waɗannan za su rikide zuwa tarukan salon fasaha na Permuys waɗanda za su tattara shugabanni da fitattun mutane daga cikin al'ummar Kudancin Florida don tattauna fasaha, adabi, ruhaniya, siyasa, da sauran batutuwa a cikin wani yanayi wanda ya sauƙaƙa haɗin gwiwa da kuma ƙarfafa tunani. <ref name="Congressional Record text">{{Cite web |last=Salazar |first=Maria Elvira |date=20 September 2022 |title=Honoring The Life of Marta Permuy |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2022-09-20/html/CREC-2022-09-20-pt1-PgE955-4.htm |access-date=21 September 2022 |website=www.govinfo.gov |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |page=E955}}</ref> Wannan wata hanya ce mai mahimmanci ga masu fasaha da yawa don haɗuwa da masu tarawa na gaba kuma wasu sassan al'umma waɗanda ba su da hannu a cikin fasaha sun san su. Hakanan muhimmin wurin taron al'adu ne a cikin al'ummar 'yan gudun hijira ta Cuba a Miami da biranen da ke kewaye. <ref name="Cuban-American Art in Miami" /> Wani ɓangaren al'adun gallery shine ƙirƙirar fasaha ta asali da ke da alaƙa kai tsaye da wurin da kanta. Waɗannan sun haɗa da zane-zane da Jorge ya ƙirƙira wanda zai zama alamar "Rufe" ta gallery da kuma hoton Marta Permuy mai ra'ayin mazan jiya wanda Gomez Franca ya zana a gallery. <ref name="Arts Coast Journal"/> A cikin kimanin shekaru biyar da suka gabata, Permuy Gallery ta nuna fitattun mawakan Cuba da Latin Amurka da dama a cikin nunin mutane da rukuni. Fitattun mawakan sun hada da Lourdes Gomez Franca, Miguel ("Mickey") Jorge, Dionisio ("Dennis") Perkins da Juan González, Rafael Consuegra, Emilio Falero, Margarita Cano, da Gabriel Sorzano. <ref name="Marta T. Permuy Day Proclamation Presentation">{{Cite web |date=24 August 2022 |title=City Commission Meeting - August 24, 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=qC5yAqnA-WU |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=www.youtube.com |publisher=Coral Gables Television}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=qC5yAqnA-WU "City Commission Meeting - August 24, 2022"]. ''www.youtube.com''. Coral Gables, Florida: Coral Gables Television. 24 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Permuy Gallery Designated">{{Cite web |last=Permuy |first=Antonio |last2=Martinez Carbonell |first2=Karelia |date=8 December 2022 |title=Great Things Often Come From Humble Beginnings- Permuy Gallery Site Declared A Landmark |url=https://gablesinsider.com/opinion-great-things-often-come-from-humble-beginnings-permuy-gallery-site-declared-a-landmark/ |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=www.gablesinsider.com |publisher=Gables Insider |archive-date=9 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209204726/https://gablesinsider.com/opinion-great-things-often-come-from-humble-beginnings-permuy-gallery-site-declared-a-landmark/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wata muhimmiyar ƙungiyar mawakan da suka saba nunawa a cikin gallery kuma suka halarci bikin Juma'a ita ce Grupo GALA (GALA Group), ƙungiya ta farko ta ƙwararru ta nuna mawakan Latin a Kudancin Florida. <ref name="Enrique Riveron">{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Patricia |title=Patricia Lee: "Enrique Riveron" |url=http://www.wichitabeats.com/wichitabeats-2/memories-of-the-50s-wichita-beat-scene/patricia-lee-enrique-riveron/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124163008/https://www.wichitabeats.com/wichitabeats-2/memories-of-the-50s-wichita-beat-scene/patricia-lee-enrique-riveron/ |archive-date=2022-01-24 |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=www.wichitabeats.com |publisher=Wichita Beats}}</ref> <ref name="Marta T. Permuy Day Proclamation Presentation" /> GALA, wani taƙaitaccen bayani na Grupo de Artistas Latino Americanos (Rukunin Masu Fasaha na Latin Amurka) ya ƙunshi mawakan shida Baruj Salinas, Enrique Riverón, Rosana McAllister, José Mijares, Rafael Soriano, da Osvaldo Gutierrez, waɗanda yawancinsu sun riga sun shahara a Cuba. McAllister ita ce mace ɗaya tilo kuma ita ce kaɗai ba ’yar Cuba ba a cikin ƙungiyar, kasancewarta ’yar [[Argentina]] kuma ’yar asalin Ireland . Za ta zama wata abokiyar hulɗa ta dogon lokaci ta Marta Permuy wadda Permuy za ta riƙa wakilta a wajen gidan adana kayan tarihi. <ref name="Obituary"/> Wani babban rukuni na masu fasahar Cuba da aka nuna a cikin hoton shine shahararrun masu fasahar Cuban Vanguardia, ciki har da Víctor Manuel, [[René Portocarrero]], Amelia Peláez, Wifredo Lam da kuma shahararrun masu fasahar zamani a wajen Miami kamar Cundo Bermudez . <ref name="Marta T. Permuy Day Proclamation Presentation"/> Duk da cewa yawancin masu fasahar Vanguardia ko dai sun mutu ko kuma sun ci gaba da zama a Cuba bayan juyin juya halin Cuba, fitattun masu fasahar Cuba da yawa sun kawo ayyukansu daga Cuba zuwa Amurka kuma za su sayar da su ta hanyar gidan kayan tarihi ta hanyar ayyukan jigilar kayayyaki . <ref name="Obituary"/> Ayyukan waɗannan manyan masu fasahar tarihi za su zama babban abin jan hankali ga masu tarawa waɗanda a wannan lokacin ke neman sake kafa alaƙa da gadon al'adunsu yayin da ya bayyana a kan lokaci cewa komawa Cuba ba zai yiwu ba yayin da gwamnatin Cuba ke da wadata sosai. Manyan mahalarta a cikin ayyukan Marta a Permuy Gallery sun haɗa da magajin garin Miami na lokacin Maurice Ferre, mai sukar fasaha kuma mawakin Cuba Mauricio Fernández, mai kula da fasaha kuma malami na gaba Ricardo Pau-Llosa, da kuma mai tattara fasaha kuma mai kula da Latin Amurka Marcos Pinedo da matarsa ta gaba Josefina Camacho. <ref name="Permuy House Designation"/> Duk da cewa Permuy Gallery ya kasance abin lura a matsayin wani abu mai tarihi tun farkon kafa fasahar Latin Amurka a Kudancin Florida, za a sami wasu gidajen tarihi masu mayar da hankali kan Cuba da Latin Amurka waɗanda suka fara bayyana. A ƙarshen shekarun 1970 da farkon shekarun 1980, an kafa wani gidan tarihi mai bunƙasa na gidajen tarihi da dama na Cuba a kusa da cibiyar Coral Gables da sauran aljihunan da ke girma a yankin wanda ya ba da damar kasuwar fasaha ta Latin Amurka mai dorewa ta bunƙasa a Kudancin Florida a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya. A lokacin Permuy Gallery, Permuys sun kuma shiga cikin wasu ayyuka a cikin ƙira da haɓaka al'umma waɗanda aka haɗa da hanyar sadarwar su a gallery. A cikin 1973 sun ƙaddamar da kamfanin Permuy & Associates Inc. wanda zai zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan gine-gine na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na Jesús Permuy, tsare-tsaren birane, haɓakawa da ba da shawara. Marta ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kamfanin na farko yayin da lauyanta kuma wakilinta mai rijista ya kasance fitaccen mai tattara fasaha kuma Magajin Garin Coral Gables na gaba Raul Valdes-Fauli. <ref name="Permuy & Associates Inc.">{{Cite web |title=PERMUY & ASSOCIATES INC |url=http://search.sunbiz.org/Inquiry/CorporationSearch/SearchResultDetail?inquirytype=EntityName&directionType=Initial&searchNameOrder=PERMUYASSOCIATES%204329670&aggregateId=domp-432967-706c5aab-2612-4680-b868-4375f8f4dc83&searchTerm=Permuy&listNameOrder=PERMUY%20P010000224980 |website=www.sunbiz.org |publisher=Florida Department of State, Division of Corporations}}</ref> == Gidan Permuy == A shekarar 1976, Permuys ta sayi wani gida mai tarihi mai salon Farfaɗo da Bahar Rum a Coral Gables. An gina shi kusa da Otal ɗin Biltmore da Filin Golf a farkon zamanin Merrick na kafa birnin, an san kadarar da Alfred F. Schimek ya tsara ta kuma tana da wani ƙarin gini daga Alfred Browning Parker . Gidan ya zama sananne a matsayin Gidan Permuy saboda alaƙarsa da ayyukan fasaha na Marta Permuy a can. <ref name="Landmark Designation Report" /> Ƙarshen shekarun 1970 da farkon shekarun 1980 sun nuna wani lokaci mai cike da rudani a rayuwar Permuy. A shekarar 1977, an rufe gidan adana kayan tarihi na Permuy yayin da iyalin suka koma gidan Permuy kuma Marta ta ba da fifiko ga renon 'ya'yanta. <ref name="Obituary"/> <ref name="Congressional Record text"/> A shekarar 1978, mahaifinta, Pedro Pablo Cazañas, ya mutu a Miami. A shekarar 1981, Jesús da Marta sun sake aure. [[Fayil:ThePermuyHouse2020.jpg|thumb|Gidan Permuy, babban wurin da aka gudanar da ayyukan fasaha na Marta Permuy daga baya kuma wani wuri mai tarihi na Coral Gables, Florida, kamar yadda aka gani a shekarar 2020.]] A cikin shekarun 1980, Marta ta sake fara aikinta na fasaha gaba ɗaya, yanzu tana amfani da Gidan Permuy a matsayin tushen ayyukanta. Za ta ci gaba da ɗaukar nauyin tarurrukan salon da ta daɗe tana yi, ta gudanar da tarurruka da nune-nunen fasaha na sirri, da kuma kula da jadawalin tarurrukan zamantakewa na mako-mako tare da masu fasaha, kamar Perkins da Mijares, da masu tattarawa. Permuy kuma za ta wakilci wasu daga cikin masu fasaha da aka nuna a cikin Permuy Gallery, kamar Lourdes Gomez Franca, Perkins, da McAllister, da kuma tallafawa sabbin masu fasaha. An ambaci ayyukanta a Gidan Permuy a matsayin muhimmin wuri ga fasaha a Miami a cikin littafin Cuban-American Art in Miami: Exile, Identity and the Neo-Baroque . Ta kuma kasance mai ba da shawara mai tasiri ga Marcos Pinedo, inda ta taimaka masa wajen gina babban tarin Pinedo . Pinedo da matarsa Josefina yanzu sun yi soyayya ta farko a Permuy Gallery a watan Agusta na 1973, inda Pinedo ta fara haɗuwa da Permuy kuma ta fara haɗa shi da hanyar sadarwar masu fasaha. Tare da jagorancin Permuy, Pinedo ta zama fitacciyar mai tattara zane-zane ta Kudancin Florida a shekarun 1980 da 1990, sannan kuma mai kula da cibiyoyin tallafawa fasaha kamar Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Fort Lauderdale da Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Florida . <ref name="Obituary"/> <ref name="Museum of Art Fort Lauderdale Salinas">{{Cite web |title=Museum of Art Fort Lauderdale Salinas |url=https://collection.nsuartmuseum.org/mwebcgi/mweb.exe?request=record;id=18411;type=101}}</ref> <ref name="Museum of Art Fort Lauderdale Lam">{{Cite web |title=Museum of Art Fort Lauderdale Lam |url=https://collection.nsuartmuseum.org/mwebcgi/mweb.exe?request=record;id=9056;type=101}}</ref> A cikin shekarunta na baya, Permuy ta ci gaba da tallafawa masu fasaha da aka ware, waɗanda aka kafa, da kuma waɗanda suka fito daga Gidan Permuy da kuma abubuwan da suka faru a Kudancin Florida. Masu fasaha da Permuy ta tallafa wa a shekarunta na baya sun haɗa da Neith Nevelson, Ramon Unzueta, Carlos Navarro, Josevelio Rodriguez, da Carlos Acostaneyra. <ref name="Permuy Gallery Designated"/> <ref name="Marta Permuy Legacy Collection: Horses">{{Cite journal |last=Nevelson |first=Neith |date=20 September 2024 |title=Marta Permuy Legacy Collection: "Horses" |url=https://nsuworks.nova.edu/nsudigital_permuycollection/7/ |journal=Marta Permuy Legacy Collection |publisher=NSU Alvin Sherman Library |access-date=3 October 2024}}</ref> An sanya wa gidan suna a matsayin wurin tarihi na Coral Gables a shekarar 2021 saboda muhimmancinsa na al'adu da tarihi. <ref name="Permuy Gallery Designated" /> == Mutuwa da gado == Marta Permuy ta mutu a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, 2017, a Coral Gables. Taron tunawa da ita, wanda aka gudanar a Coral Gables' Church of the Little Flower, ya haɗa da manyan manyan fasaha na Kudancin Florida da kuma al'umma, ciki har da Emilio Falero, Marcos da Josefina Pinedo . <ref name="Obituary"/> Guillermo García-Tuñón SJ, Shugaban Belen Jesuit da Darakta na Agrupación Católica Universitaria ne ya jagoranci bikin, kuma ɗanta Pedro Pablo Permuy ya gabatar da yabon ta. <ref name="Obituary" /> Bayan rasuwarta, mutane da ƙungiyoyi da dama sun fahimci tasirin Permuy a fannin fasaha a Kudancin Florida da kuma fasahar da aka yi a ƙasar Cuba. A shekarar 2017, Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (FL-27) wadda ta daɗe tana wakiltar Majalisar Dokokin Kudancin Florida ta fitar da wata sanarwa a shafukanta na sada zumunta, inda ta ce Permuy "ta yi yaƙi da Castro da jarumtaka kuma ta kasance babbar jaruma a fannin Fasahar Cuban ta Miami" dangane da aikinta a gwagwarmayar Castro a lokacin juyin juya halin Cuba da kuma aikinta a fannin fasaha a Kudancin Florida. <ref name="Ileana Ros-Lehtinen Twitter">{{Cite web |title=Statement on Marta Permuy's Passing |url=https://twitter.com/roslehtinen/status/915678046794993664 |website=www.twitter.com |publisher=The Office of Congresswoman Ileana Ros-Lehtinen}}</ref> <ref name="Ileana Ros-Lehtinen Facebook">{{Cite web |title=Statement on Marta Permuy's Passing |url=https://www.facebook.com/286546974761109/posts/1528117210604073/ |website=www.facebook.com |publisher=Office of Congresswoman Ileana Ros-Lehtinen}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, Lynette Bosch, ƙwararriyar masaniyar fasaha kuma masaniyar tarihi ta Cuba ta ce "Wannan duniyar fasaha ta farko ba za ta faru ba tare da su ba (Marta da Jesús Permuy)." <ref name="Arts Coast Journal"/> Baya ga rawar da ta taka a matsayinta na mai zane-zane na Latin Amurka na farko da kuma dillalin zane-zane, Permuy ta bambanta da falsafar da ayyukanta na tallafawa ɗan adam. <ref name="Marta T. Permuy Day Proclamation Presentation"/> Wannan ya haɗa da tallafawa masu fasaha masu gwagwarmaya da tasowa ta hanyar ba su ɗakuna a cikin Gidan Permuy a matsayin wurin yin zane lokacin da ba su da damar shiga ɗakunan zane-zane, da kuma rage ko yafe kuɗin kwamishina daga tallace-tallacen zane-zane don ba wa masu fasaha mafi yawan riba. A cikin littafinta na ''Cuban-American Art in Miami'', Bosch ya rubuta "Gidan Permuy ya samar da wurin mafaka inda za su iya samun yanayi na ilimi wanda ke rage ƙishin motsin rai, tunani da al'adu." A cikin 2020 Marcos Pinedo, mamallakin Pinedo Collection, ya ce "Marta mutum ce mai ban mamaki kuma mai hankali, mai ilimi. Tana […] koyaushe tana taimaka wa wasu duk yadda za ta iya." <ref name="Obituary"/> An yaba wa daren Juma'a na gidan adana kayan tarihi na Permuy Gallery da kafa misali na farko na al'adar Gables Gallery Night da ke ci gaba da gudana a birnin (wanda yanzu ake gudanarwa a ranar Juma'a ta farko ta kowane wata), <ref name="Gables Gallery Night">{{Cite web |title=Gables Gallery Night |url=https://www.coralgables.com/events/gables-gallery-night |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=www.coralgables.com |publisher=City of Coral Gables}}</ref> da kuma taimakawa wajen fara haɓaka Coral Gables a matsayin babbar cibiyar gidajen adana kayan tarihi na Latin Amurka a Amurka a shekarun 1980. <ref name="Marta T. Permuy Day Proclamation Presentation" /> Tun daga shekarar 2018, shekara guda bayan rasuwarta, kamfanin Permuy Architecture na Coral Gables, karkashin jagorancin babban ɗan Marta Ignacio Permuy, ya fara ɗaukar nauyin baje kolin "Art + Architecture" na shekara-shekara don girmama gadon Permuy Gallery da tasirinsa ga fasahar Kudancin Florida. Waɗannan baje kolin sun ƙunshi ayyukan da wasu fitattun mawakan Permuy Gallery Marta ta kasance kusa da su, ciki har da Rafael Consuegra, Falero, Baruj Salinas, da Jose Mijares . <ref name="Art + Architecture Exhibition">{{Cite web |last=Releases |first=Community News |date=January 20, 2020 |title=Gables architecture firm combines holiday party with art exhibition |url=https://communitynewspapers.com/featured/gables-architecture-firm-combines-holiday-party-with-art-exhibition/ |website=Miami's Community News}}</ref> <ref name="Permuy Architecture The Arts">{{Cite web |title=The Arts |url=https://permuyarchitecture.com/the-arts/ |website=www.PermuyArchitecture.com |publisher=Permuy Architecture}}</ref> An rufe ayyukan Permuy Gallery da Marta Permuy da suka yi fice a fannin fasaha ta hanyar wallafe-wallafe da dama, ciki har da mujallar fasaha ta Latin American ''Resumen'', ''mujallar Arts Coast'' da ''Coral Gables News'', da kuma a cikin littattafai kamar ''Outside Cuba: Contemporary Cuban Visual Artists'', (1989) ''Breaking Barriers'', (1997) da kuma ''Cuban-American Art in Miami: Exile, Identity, da Neo-Baroque'' (2004) inda aka haɗa ta cikin waɗanda suka kafa al'ummar fasaha ta Cuban ta Miami. <ref name="Arts Coast Journal"/> A shekarar 2021, an sanya Gidan Permuy a matsayin wurin tarihi na Birnin Coral Gables kuma an saka shi a cikin Rijistar Wuraren Tarihi na Coral Gables <ref name="Coral Gables Historic Registry">{{Cite web |title=City of Coral Gables Locally Designated Properties: Coral Gables Register of Historic Places |url=https://www.coralgables.com/media/Historical%20Resources/Landmarks/CGRegister-thru%2012-01-2021.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227070047/https://www.coralgables.com/media/Historical%20Resources/Landmarks/CGRegister-thru%2012-01-2021.pdf |archive-date=2021-12-27 |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=www.coralgables.com |publisher=City of Coral Gables}}</ref> bisa ga al'adu da tarihi saboda kusancinsa da aikin Marta Permuy a matsayin babban tushen ayyukanta na fasaha tsawon sama da shekaru arba'in. <ref name="Historic Preservation Board Vote">{{Cite web |title=HP04212021 |url=https://coralgables.granicus.com/player/clip/1570?view_id=4&redirect=true |website=www.coralgables.granicus.com.com |publisher=City of Coral Gables}}</ref> A cikin Rahoton Alamar Alamar Gida na kadarar, Sashen Albarkatun Tarihi da Al'adu na Coral Gables ya ce "Marta ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tallafawa [...] ƙaddamar da tallafawa masu fasaha na Cuba. Gidan wani muhimmin abu ne da zai taimaka mana wajen tunawa da girmama ƙoƙarinta." Daga baya ''Coral Gables News'' ta rufe wannan sunan inda aka nuna shi a matsayin labarin farko na wannan fitowar. <ref name="Coral Gables News">{{Cite web |title=Coral Gables Designates Permuy House |url=https://en.calameo.com/read/002791721687c5956bf25?language=en&page=1&view=slide |website=www.en.calameo.com |publisher=Coral Gables News |access-date=2026-02-03 |archive-date=2022-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107200724/https://en.calameo.com/read/002791721687c5956bf25?language=en&page=1&view=slide |url-status=dead }}</ref> Birnin Coral Gables ya kuma fitar da wata sanarwa ta hukuma wacce ke bayyana mahimmancin Gidan Permuy ta hanyar gudummawar al'adu na Marta da Jesús Permuy. <ref name="Gables Insider July 2022">{{Cite web |date=20 July 2022 |title=The Permuy House At 1544 Sopera Earns Historic Designation: Official City of Coral Gables Press Release |url=https://gablesinsider.com/the-permuy-house-at-1544-sopera-earns-historic-designation/ |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=www.gablesinsider.com |publisher=© 2022 Gables Insider |archive-date=22 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722185602/https://gablesinsider.com/the-permuy-house-at-1544-sopera-earns-historic-designation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan an sanya masa suna mai muhimmanci, an yi amfani da gidan don nuna shirin adana tarihi na birnin kuma an buga shi a ''Gables Insider'' da kuma sashin eNews na birnin Coral Gables mai suna "Kiyaye Tarihinmu". <ref name="Coral Gables E-News July 20, 2022">{{Cite web |title=E-NEWS: July 20, 2022: Preserving our history |url=https://myemail.constantcontact.com/The-latest-news-for-you--The-hunt-for-air-potatoes--Volunteers-needed-for-a-restoration-project-at-Camp-Mahachee--and-more-.html?soid=1119517809358&aid=Fb4aoT-YXGM |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=www.myemail.constantcontact.com |publisher=City of Coral Gables 2022}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, an yi bukukuwa da dama da suka nuna cika shekaru 50 da kaddamar da Permuy Gallery da kuma cika shekaru biyar da mutuwarta. A ranar 24 ga Agusta, Magajin Garin Coral Gables Vince Lago da Hukumar Birnin sun gabatar da sanarwar Birni da ta ayyana ranar haihuwarta ta 22 ga Satumba a matsayin "Ranar Marta T. Permuy" a Coral Gables domin girmama tasirin al'adunta. <ref name="Marta T. Permuy Day Proclamation Presentation"/> A ranar 20 ga Satumba, 'Yar Majalisa Maria Elvira Salazar (FL-27) ta gabatar da wata sanarwa a cikin kundin tarihin Majalisar Dokokin Amurka mai taken "Girmama Rayuwar Marta Permuy," don girmama fafutukarta da gadonta. <ref name="Congressional Record page">{{Cite web |last=Rep. Maria Elvira Salazar |date=20 September 2022 |title=Congressional Record — Extension of Remarks |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2022-09-20/pdf/CREC-2022-09-20-pt1-PgE955-4.pdf |access-date=21 September 2022 |website=www.infogov.gov |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |page=E955}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRep._Maria_Elvira_Salazar2022">Rep. Maria Elvira Salazar (20 September 2022). [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2022-09-20/pdf/CREC-2022-09-20-pt1-PgE955-4.pdf "Congressional Record — Extension of Remarks"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''www.infogov.gov''. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Publishing Office. p.&nbsp;E955<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, Hukumar Kare Tarihi ta Coral Gables ta kada kuri'a baki daya don ayyana tsohon wurin da aka gina Permuy Gallery a matsayin wurin tarihi na Coral Gables saboda muhimmancinsa na Tarihi na Al'adu wajen girmama alaƙar fasaha da al'adu da ke da alaƙa da kadarori, musamman gudummawar da Permuy Gallery da ayyukan fasaha na Miguel Jorge da Marta Permuy suka bayar. <ref name="CG Historic Preservation Board 11-16-22">{{Cite web |date=16 November 2022 |title=Historic Preservation Board Meeting November 16, 2022 |url=https://coralgables.granicus.com/player/clip/1811?view_id=4&redirect=true&h=28e90e25b7ccd795720a77c4b4d4f103 |access-date=1 December 2022 |website=www.coralgables.granicus.com |publisher=City of Coral Gables |format=Digital}}</ref> A cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi a watan Mayun 2022, Ricardo Pau-Llosa ya yi magana game da gadon Permuy Gallery da tasirinsa, yana mai cewa "tashar farko ta farko ta abin da daga baya zai zama alamar Coral Gables: cibiyar fasahar Latin Amurka," da kuma "farkon, kuma ya gabatar da ra'ayin […] Miami a matsayin 'birni mai fadin hemispheric' - inda fasahar Arewacin Amurka, Turai, Latin Amurka, da Afirka suka haɗu a kan daidaito." <ref name="SFMN 1972">{{Cite web |last=Permuy |first=Antonio |last2=Cosio |first2=Leo |date=27 December 2022 |title=Revisiting 1972: the year that made modern Miami |url=https://sfmn.fiu.edu/dolphins-democratic-convention-1972-nixon-miami/ |access-date=27 December 2022 |website=www.sfmn.fiu.edu |publisher=South Florida Media Network}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, Shirin Vasari ya ƙirƙiri wani rumbun adana bayanai ga Marta Permuy saboda muhimmancin aikinta na fasaha ga Kudancin Florida da kuma al'ummar Cuba. <ref name="Vasari Project archives">{{Cite web |title=Permuy, Marta |url=https://mdpls.na.iiivega.com/search/card?id=375d73c4-487c-11ee-a464-c7945de0a4cc&entityType=Agent |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=www.mdpls.na.iiivega.com |publisher=Miami-Dade Public Library System}}</ref> Tsarin Laburaren Jama'a na Miami-Dade ne ke kula da Shirin Vasari don tattara bayanai masu mahimmanci game da yankin Gundumar Miami-Dade daga zamanin Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] zuwa yanzu don bincike, tallafin karatu, da kuma dalilai na kiyayewa. <ref name="Vasari Project">{{Cite web |title=The Vasari Project: A Compendium of Collections and Collecting in Miami |url=https://mdpls.org/vasari |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=www.mdpls.org |publisher=Miami-Dade Public Library System}}</ref> A cikin 2024, An kafa Tarin Marta Permuy Legacy a cikin Laburaren Alvin Sherman, ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma a cikin jihar Florida da wani ɓangare na Jami'ar Nova Southeast University, tare da gudummawar jikanta, Antonio Permuy . <ref name="Marta Permuy Legacy Collection"/> Tarin fasaha ya haɗa da ayyukan asali na Neith Nevelson, Pedro Hernandez, Mario Torroella, Margarita Cano, Edel Alvarez Galban, Adriano Nicot, Miguel Fleitas da sauransu. <ref name="Marta Permuy Legacy Collection" /> == Iyali da zuri'a == An haifi Marta Cazañas Permuy a cikin wasu fitattun iyalai 'yan Cuba. Mahaifiyarta, Raquel M. Díaz y Teresa de Cazañas, an haife ta ne a San Jose de los Ramos kuma 'yar José Lorenzo Díaz ce, memba na hukumar shari'a ta Cuba. Iyalinta kuma an san su a yankin da bayar da kuɗi don gina coci a babban yankin Colón don maye gurbin ƙaramin cocin da ya kasance wurin taron addini na al'umma. <ref name="Obituary">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=29 May 2020 |title=Marta Cazañas Permuy – Obituary |url=https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/legacy/obituary.aspx?n=marta-cazaas-permuy&pid=196272287 |access-date= |website=Legacy.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/legacy/obituary.aspx?n=marta-cazaas-permuy&pid=196272287 "Marta Cazañas Permuy – Obituary"]. ''Legacy.com''. 29 May 2020.</cite></ref> <ref name="Marta T. Permuy Day Proclamation Presentation"/> Marta ta kula da mahaifiyarta a Gidan Permuy a shekarunta na ƙarshe har zuwa rasuwarta a 1992. <ref name="Marta T. Permuy Day Proclamation Presentation" /> Mahaifinta alkali ne kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan ƙasar Cuba Pedro Pablo Cazañas daga cikin attajiran dangin Cazañas na masu filaye na yankin Matanzas. Kakar Marta ita ce mai son jama'a kuma mai arziki Enriqueta García Martín de Cazañas . Yawancin tarbiyyar Marta da 'yan'uwanta sun faru ne a gidajen iyalan Buena Vista da Dos Rosas a yankin Cárdenas ta hannun Varadero . Dangane da zuriyar mahaifinta, Marta ta fito ne daga dangin Peraza da Bobadilla na ƙasar Spain. Ɗan'uwan Marta, Eduardo Enrique Cazañas Díaz, shi ne mutum na farko a cikin danginsu da ya isa Amurka a shekarar 1959, inda ya zauna a Rhode Island da Florida. Yayin da Yaƙin Vietnam ya tsananta a cikin shekarun 1960, ya shiga rundunar sojojin Amurka da son rai tare da matsayin SP-4, ƙwararren mai binciken makamai. <ref name="Vietnam Memorial">{{Cite web |title=THE WALL OF FACES |url=http://www.vvmf.org/Wall-of-Faces/8544/EDWARDO-E-CAZANAS-DIAZ/ |website=Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund}}</ref> Ya mutu a yaƙi a ranar 7 ga Janairu, 1967, yana da shekaru 22. A matsayinsa na ɗan gudun hijira ɗan ƙasar Cuba kuma ɗan Pedro Pablo Cazañas, an ba da labarin mutuwarsa a kafafen yaɗa labarai na Ingilishi da Sifaniya, ciki har da ''Diario Las Americas'' . <ref name="Eduardo Cazanas article">{{Cite web |title=For adopted country: Cuban Gives Life |url=https://www.vvmf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Cazanas-Diasz-Edwardo-obit.jpg |website=www.vvmf.org |publisher=Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund}}</ref> Ya karɓi Purple Heart bayan mutuwarsa saboda ayyukansa kuma an haɗa shi cikin Taron Tunawa da Tsoffin Sojojin Vietnam a Washington DC <ref name="Vietnam Memorial" /> <ref>{{cite news |date=March 14, 1973 |title=Housing Official Quits And Joins Miami Firm |url=https://miamiherald.newsbank.com/doc/image/v2:114CF48AE24B9638@NGPA-FLMH-15FAA3F448E80B99@2441756-15F95C85C0915E01@27-15F95C85C0915E01@?search_terms=Jesus+Permuy&text=Jesus_Permuy&pub%5B0%5D=114CF48AE24B9638&page=1 |accessdate=October 8, 2018 |work=The Miami Herald |page=12BW}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024}}</ref> Yayin da yake renon 'ya'yanta, Marta za ta shirya tafiye-tafiyen iyali na Ranar Tunawa da Mutuwa ta shekara-shekara zuwa wurin tunawa da shi a Fort Lauderdale, Florida . <ref name="Obituary"/> Marta ta kasance surukar sanannen likitan kwakwalwa, marubuci, kuma shugaban Agrupación Católica Universitaria René de la Huerta (1920-2003) ta hanyar aurensa da 'yar'uwarta Raquel.[1] Saboda haka Marta mahaifiyar marubuciya ce kuma jagoran ruhaniya Christian de la Huerta, ɗansu. Marta ta haifi 'ya'ya bakwai a lokacin aurenta da Jesús Permuy . Ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yansu maza shine Pedro Pablo Permuy, tsohon babban mai ba da shawara ga [[Madeleine Albright]] kuma daga baya [[Bill Clinton|Shugaba Bill Clinton]] ya naɗa ta a matsayin Mataimakin Mataimakin Sakataren Tsaro a lokacin wa'adinsa na biyu . <ref>{{cite news |date=March 14, 1973 |title=Housing Official Quits And Joins Miami Firm |url=https://miamiherald.newsbank.com/doc/image/v2:114CF48AE24B9638@NGPA-FLMH-15FAA3F448E80B99@2441756-15F95C85C0915E01@27-15F95C85C0915E01@?search_terms=Jesus+Permuy&text=Jesus_Permuy&pub%5B0%5D=114CF48AE24B9638&page=1 |accessdate=October 8, 2018 |work=The Miami Herald |page=12BW}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024}}</ref> Ita kuma goggon mama ce ga wanda ya kafa MasTec Jorge Mas Canosa ta hanyar auren 'yarta. <ref name="Miami's Community Newspapers">{{Cite web |date=October 2018 |title=Ros-Lehtinen, other community leaders salute Jesús Permuy |url=https://communitynewspapers.com/coral-gables-news/ros-lehtinen-other-community-leaders-salute-jesus-permuy/ |website=www.communitynewspapers.com |publisher=Miami's Community News}}</ref> 'Ya'yanta sun ci gaba da himma a fannin fasaha a matsayin masu tattara fasaha da masu tallafawa kuma jikokinta sun haɗa da masu fasaha, masu kula da fasaha, da masu suka. <ref name="Congressional Record page"/> <ref name="The Crow's Nest">{{Cite web |last=Moore Jr |first=Michael |date=May 2, 2019 |title=Student leaves colorful legacy on campus – The Crow's Nest at USF St. Petersburg |url=https://crowsneststpete.com/2019/05/02/student-leaves-colorful-legacy-on-campus/}}</ref> <ref name="Florida State University">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=Sculpture 1 Students Show New Work at MoFA |url=https://art.fsu.edu/sculpture-1-students-show-new-work-at-mofa/ |website=www.art.fsu.edu |publisher=Florida State University Department of Art |access-date=3 February 2026 |archive-date=14 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114123938/https://art.fsu.edu/sculpture-1-students-show-new-work-at-mofa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="CAI Salinas review">{{Cite web |last=Permuy |first=Antonio |date=3 August 2022 |title=Baruj Salinas: A Focus on the Infinite |url=https://www.contemporaryartissue.com/baruj-salinas-a-focus-on-the-infinite/ |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=www.contemporaryartissue.com |publisher=Contemporary Art Issue, 2022}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Fasahar Cuba * Fasaha ta Latin Amurka * 'Yan Cuba a Miami == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2017]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8dlsb3lr4pheo6joqmdgyffowwx0fl3 0 140149 906875 792845 2026-08-24T05:14:58Z BnHamid 12586 906875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Elizabeth_I_of_England_Marcus_Gheeraerts_the_Elder.jpg|thumb|310x310px|''Hoton Elizabeth ta ɗaya ta Ingila'', 1578 <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=TOWN |first=EDWARD |date=2015 |title='A fête at Bermondsey': an English landscape by Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43858024 |journal=The Burlington Magazine |volume=157 |issue=1346 |pages=310 |issn=0007-6287 |jstor=43858024}}</ref>]] '''Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder''', '''Marc Gerard''' da '''Marcus Garret''' (kimanin 1520 - kimanin 1590) [[Painting|ƙwararren mai zane]] ne na Flemish, mai zane-zane, mai zane-zanen bugu da kuma mai zane wanda ya kasance mai himma a ƙasarsa ta Flanders da kuma Ingila. Ya yi aiki a nau'o'i daban-daban, ciki har da hotuna, zane-zanen addini, shimfidar wurare da jigogi na gine-gine. Ya tsara zane-zane da kayan ado na kaburbura. An san shi da ƙirƙirar wani bugu da ke nuna taswirar garinsu na Bruges da kuma zane-zane na wani littafi na harshen Holland wanda ke ba da labarin labarai daga Aesop's Tables . Hankalinsa ga cikakkun bayanai na halitta da kuma yadda yake zana dabbobi daga rayuwa don zane-zanensa sun yi tasiri mai mahimmanci ga zane-zanen littattafai na Turai. <ref name="thyb">Margot Thybaut, ''Marcus Gheeraerts de oude een monografie'', Master thesis, University of Ghent, Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte, vakgroep Kunst-, Muziek- en Theaterwetenschappen, voor het verkrijgen van de graad van Master, Promotor: prof. dr. Maximiliaan P.J. Martens {{In lang|nl}}</ref> Ɗansa Marcus the Younger ya zama fitaccen mai zane a kotun Ingila . == Rayuwa == An haifi Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder a Bruges, Flanders, a matsayin ɗan Egbert Gheeraerts da matarsa Antonine Vander Weerde. Egbert Gheeraerts mai zane ne wanda ya ƙaura daga wani wuri da ba a sani ba zuwa Bruges. Wasu masana suna ganin cewa sunan Gheeraerts yana nuna cewa wataƙila ya fito ne daga Arewacin Netherlands. A gefe guda kuma, matarsa Antonine 'yar asalin Bruges ce. Egbert ya zama babban magatakardar ƙungiyar Saint Luke ta Bruges a ranar 20 ga Janairu, 1516. <ref name="thyb">Margot Thybaut, ''Marcus Gheeraerts de oude een monografie'', Master thesis, University of Ghent, Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte, vakgroep Kunst-, Muziek- en Theaterwetenschappen, voor het verkrijgen van de graad van Master, Promotor: prof. dr. Maximiliaan P.J. Martens {{In lang|nl}}</ref> [[Fayil:Houghton_Typ_530.67.124_-_De_Dene,_72.jpg|left|thumb|260x260px|''Halin mai ban sha'awa yana da launi na dabba'', daga ''De warachtighe fabulen der dieren'', Bruges, 1567]] Ba a san ainihin ranar haihuwar Marcus Gheeraerts ba. Dangane da bayanan tarihi game da rayuwar mahaifinsa, za a iya cewa an haife shi tsakanin 1516 da 1521. <ref name="thyb">Margot Thybaut, ''Marcus Gheeraerts de oude een monografie'', Master thesis, University of Ghent, Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte, vakgroep Kunst-, Muziek- en Theaterwetenschappen, voor het verkrijgen van de graad van Master, Promotor: prof. dr. Maximiliaan P.J. Martens {{In lang|nl}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutuwar mijinta, mahaifiyar Marcus ta sake auri Simon Pieters, wanda shi ma mai zane ne kuma wataƙila ɗan asalin Arewacin Netherlands. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya shida waɗanda Marcus ya girma tare da su. Wannan ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa wani lokacin ake kiransa da Marcus Pieters. Bayan mutuwar uban gidansa Simon Pieters a farkon 1557, Marcus Gheeraerts ya zama mai kula da 'yan uwansa maza da mata. Mahaifiyar Marcus ta rasu a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1580. <ref name="thyb" /> [[Fayil:Marcus_Gheeraerts_I_-_The_lamentation_of_Christ.jpeg|thumb|301x301px|''Makokin Almasihu'']] Ba a san ko wanene ko kuma wanda ya yi fice a fannin Marcus Gheeraerts ba. Wanda ya fi bayyana a fili shine uban gidansa Simon Pieters. Masana tarihi na fasaha sun yi imanin cewa ya fara horonsa tare da Simon Pieters kuma daga baya ya yi aiki a wurin horar da mai kula da shi Albert Cornelis . Ana hasashen cewa yana da wasu masters amma babu wata yarjejeniya game da asalinsu. Wataƙila ya yi horo a wajen Bruges don koyon sana'ar sassaka, wanda ba a saba yin sa a babban mataki a Bruges ba. <ref name="thyb">Margot Thybaut, ''Marcus Gheeraerts de oude een monografie'', Master thesis, University of Ghent, Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte, vakgroep Kunst-, Muziek- en Theaterwetenschappen, voor het verkrijgen van de graad van Master, Promotor: prof. dr. Maximiliaan P.J. Martens {{In lang|nl}}</ref> Babu wani bayani game da Gheeraerts a cikin rajistar ƙungiyar Sint-Lucas da ke Bruges na tsawon lokacin daga 1522 zuwa 1549. An fassara wannan rashin zuwan a matsayin wata alama da ke nuna cewa ya bar garinsu don yin karatu a Antwerp ko kuma a ƙasashen waje. Daga 1558 zuwa gaba, wasu takardu sun nuna cewa Gheeraerts yana zaune a Bruges. A ranar 31 ga Yuli 1558, ya shiga ƙungiyar masu sana'a da masu yin sirdi ta Bruges a matsayin ƙwararren mai zane. A wannan shekarar, an zaɓe shi memba na biyu na kwamitin gudanarwa na ƙungiyar, wanda ke nuna cewa ya riga ya sami karɓuwa sosai a fannin ƙwararru. Daga Afrilu zuwa Satumba 1561 Gheeraerts shine memba na farko na kwamitin gudanarwa. A ranar 3 ga Yuni, 1558, Marcus Gheeraerts ya auri Johanna Struve. Ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya uku, waɗanda biyu daga cikinsu an san su da suna, ɗa ɗaya daga baya aka kira shi Marcus Ƙaramin da 'ya mace mai suna Esther. Yaro na uku ya mutu yana ƙarami kuma aka binne shi a shekara ta 1561. <ref name="thyb">Margot Thybaut, ''Marcus Gheeraerts de oude een monografie'', Master thesis, University of Ghent, Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte, vakgroep Kunst-, Muziek- en Theaterwetenschappen, voor het verkrijgen van de graad van Master, Promotor: prof. dr. Maximiliaan P.J. Martens {{In lang|nl}}</ref> Gheeraerts ya fara sana'ar zane, zane da kuma zane. Ya kasance mai himma a matsayin mai zane na zane mai ban mamaki. A ranar 10 ga Satumba, 1559, aka ba shi aikin samar da zane-zane na kaburburan Mary of Burgundy da Charles the Bold a Cocin Our Lady da ke Bruges. Ya zana zane-zane na kayan ado na ƙarfe masu tsada, riguna masu launuka da mala'iku biyu na tagulla waɗanda aka haɗa a gefen kaburburan. A shekara ta 1561, an ba Marcus Gheeraerts aikin kammala wani zane mai ban mamaki na Passion of Christ wanda fitaccen mai zane Bernard van Orley ya fara. Zane-zanen bai ƙare ba bayan mutuwar van Orley a shekara ta 1542. Da farko an yi shi ne don cocin gidan sufi na Brou kusa da Bourg-en-Bresse (sashen Ain, Faransa), wanda Margaret ta Austria ta gina, an mayar da shi zuwa Bruges bayan mutuwarta. Gheeraerts ta kammala shi. Daga baya Margaret ta Parma ta yanke shawarar sanya triptych a Cocin Our Lady da ke Bruges. <ref name="thyb">Margot Thybaut, ''Marcus Gheeraerts de oude een monografie'', Master thesis, University of Ghent, Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte, vakgroep Kunst-, Muziek- en Theaterwetenschappen, voor het verkrijgen van de graad van Master, Promotor: prof. dr. Maximiliaan P.J. Martens {{In lang|nl}}</ref> [[Fayil:Marcus_Gheeraerts_I_(Attr)_-_Composite_rotting_head_of_a_monk_representing_an_allegory_of_iconoclasm.jpg|left|thumb|324x324px|''Misalin Iconoclasm,'' kimanin shekaru 1560]] An ƙara ba Gheeraerts aikin a shekara ta 1561 don yin bugu wanda ke nuna taswirar garinsu. Ya kammala aikin a cikin shekara guda. Taswirar tana ɗaya daga cikin misalan farko na taswirar birni mai hangen nesa wanda aka nuna daidai. <ref name="thyb">Margot Thybaut, ''Marcus Gheeraerts de oude een monografie'', Master thesis, University of Ghent, Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte, vakgroep Kunst-, Muziek- en Theaterwetenschappen, voor het verkrijgen van de graad van Master, Promotor: prof. dr. Maximiliaan P.J. Martens {{In lang|nl}}</ref> A wannan lokacin ne Gheeraerts ya fi yiwuwa ya zana <nowiki><i id="mwbw">Kristi Mai Nasara</i></nowiki> (tarin gidan tarihi na Memling a Tsohon Asibitin St. John da ke Bruges). <ref name="thyb" /> Marcus Gheeraerts ya shiga cikin al'ummar Calvinist a Bruges kuma ya zama shugaban al'ummar cocin yankin. Yayin da aka fara jure wa Calvinism, tsananta wa Calvinist addini ya fara ne a shekarar 1567 da isowar sabon gwamnan ƙasashe masu ƙasƙanci, Duke na Alva . A shekara ta 1566 ya shiga zanga-zangar adawa da kama Calvinists a Bruges. Ya yi tunani a cikin fasaharsa game da rikicin addini da kuma gumaka na zamaninsa. A matsayinsa na Calvinist kuma mai zane, da alama yana da ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da gumakan ƙungiyar addininsa: ya yi Allah wadai da bautar gumaka amma bai yarda da lalata hotunan addini da Iconoclasts ke yi ba. A shekara ta 1566 ko jim kaɗan bayan haka, ya ƙirƙiri wani rubutu da ake kira ''Allegory of Iconoclasm'' wanda ke nuna wani babban kan wani sufi da ke ruɓewa. Kan ya bayyana yana tashi daga wani dutse da ya fito. Ƙananan siffofi da yawa sun yi ta yawo a kan duwatsu. Sun yi siffofi daban-daban guda 22 waɗanda a da ake nuna su da maɓallan haruffa waɗanda ba su tsira ba. A cikin bakin da ke buɗe, ana bikin ibada ta shaidan. A kan faifan rubutun, wani mutum mai kama da Paparoma yana zaune a ƙarƙashin rufin kan karagar mulki wanda bishop-bishop da sufaye suka kewaye. An liƙa addu'o'i da rosaries a kan sandunan kuma ana yin al'adu daban-daban da jerin gwano kuma ana yi musu lakabi da haruffa. A gaban masu bautar gumaka na Furotesta suna fasa bagadai, sassaka na addini, da sauran abubuwa da suka shafi coci suna jefa su cikin wuta. Buga rubutun ya yi Allah wadai da bautar gumakan Katolika a kowane fanni kuma yana nuna masu bin addinin Calvinist a matsayin masu tsarkake duniya daga wannan mugunta da ake gani. <ref name="duke" /> Ana kyautata zaton Gheeraerts sun bi wannan rubutun da bugu mai gurbata siyasa, wanda ya haifar da shari'ar 1568 saboda yin zane-zanen Paparoma, sarki da Katolika. <ref name="thyb">Margot Thybaut, ''Marcus Gheeraerts de oude een monografie'', Master thesis, University of Ghent, Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte, vakgroep Kunst-, Muziek- en Theaterwetenschappen, voor het verkrijgen van de graad van Master, Promotor: prof. dr. Maximiliaan P.J. Martens {{In lang|nl}}</ref> [[Fayil:Marcus_Gheeraerts_the_Elder_-_Festival_at_Bermondsey_c._1569.jpg|thumb|347x347px|''Fête a Bermondsey'', 1571 <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=TOWN |first=EDWARD |date=2015 |title='A fête at Bermondsey': an English landscape by Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43858024 |journal=The Burlington Magazine |volume=157 |issue=1346 |pages=310 |issn=0007-6287 |jstor=43858024}}</ref>]] Saboda tsoron cewa za a yanke masa hukuncin kisa a shari'ar da ake yi masa, Gheeraerts ya gudu a shekarar 1568 zuwa [[Ingila]] tare da ɗansa Marcus da mataimakinsa Philipus de la Valla. Matarsa da 'yarsa sun ci gaba da zama a Bruges. An yanke masa hukunci a shari'arsa a ƙarshen shekarar 1568. An yanke masa hukunci kuma hukuncin ya kasance korarsa na dindindin da kuma kwace dukiyarsa gaba ɗaya. Gheeraerts ya fara zama a Landan bayan ya isa Ingila a shekarar 1568. 'Yarsa ta haɗu da shi a watan Mayu na shekarar 1571 wataƙila bayan mahaifiyarta ta mutu. Bayan mutuwar matarsa a Bruges, mai zane ya auri matarsa ta biyu a Ingila, Sussanah de Critz. Matarsa 'yar'uwar mai zane-zanen [[Elizabeth I|Sarauniya Elizabeth ta]] Ɗaya ce, John de Critz, wani mai zane-zanen Flemish wanda ya gudu zuwa Ingila. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu da ɗa ɗaya. Sarah, ɗa ɗaya tilo da ta tsira har zuwa lokacin da ta girma, daga baya ta auri shahararren mai zane-zanen Ingilishi ɗan asalin Faransa Isaac Oliver . Kamar yadda ya faru a Bruges, Gheeraerts ya yi zane-zane da zane-zane kuma ya ci gaba da ayyukansa na zane-zane. Ganin cewa akwai buƙatar zane-zanen hoto a Ingila sosai, Gheeraerts ya fara zana hotuna, wanda bai yi ba tun yana Flanders. <ref name="thyb">Margot Thybaut, ''Marcus Gheeraerts de oude een monografie'', Master thesis, University of Ghent, Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte, vakgroep Kunst-, Muziek- en Theaterwetenschappen, voor het verkrijgen van de graad van Master, Promotor: prof. dr. Maximiliaan P.J. Martens {{In lang|nl}}</ref> Masana tarihin fasaha ba su yarda ko Gheeraerts ya koma ƙasarsa ta Flanders a kusa da 1577 don ci gaba da aikinsa a [[Birnin Antwerp|Antwerp]] ba. A shekara ta 1577, an yi wa wani ɗan zane mai suna 'Mercus Geeraert Fenter' rijista a matsayin babban ma'aikaci a ƙungiyar Saint Luke ta Antwerp kuma ya biya kuɗin rajista na shekarun 1585 da 1586. Ba a fayyace ko wannan Mercus ya ambaci Marcus the Elder ko kuma Marcus the Younger ba. Wasu masana tarihin fasaha sun yi imanin cewa Marcus the Elder ya yi rajista a ƙungiyar Antwerp domin ya sami damar yin aiki da firintocin Antwerp bisa doka don wallafe-wallafen da ya yi aiki a kansu. Wasu kuma sun yi imanin cewa ya yi aiki a Antwerp kuma sun nuna wallafe-wallafe daban-daban da aka buga a Antwerp waɗanda ya yi aiki tare a kansu. <ref name="thyb">Margot Thybaut, ''Marcus Gheeraerts de oude een monografie'', Master thesis, University of Ghent, Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte, vakgroep Kunst-, Muziek- en Theaterwetenschappen, voor het verkrijgen van de graad van Master, Promotor: prof. dr. Maximiliaan P.J. Martens {{In lang|nl}}</ref> Marcus Gheeraerts yana da ɗalibai daban-daban a lokacin aikinsa. A shekara ta 1563, Melchior d'Assoneville mai shekaru 13 ya zama ɗalibi a Gheeraerts a Bruges. Daga baya Melchior d'Assoneville ya zama mai sassaka da mai zane-zane na ado kuma yayin da yake zaune a Mechelen, shi ne ƙwararren Hendrik Faydherbe. Mataimakinsa na bitar Philipus de la Valla wanda ya gudu tare da shi zuwa Ingila wataƙila shi ma ɗalibi ne na Gheeraerts duk da cewa wani lokacin ana kiransa bawa a cikin tarihin zamani. Ba a tabbatar ko Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder shine malamin ɗansa Marcus the Younger ba. Akwai ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da wannan, amma da alama ya sami horo amma ɗansa kuma ya sami horo tare da wasu masu fasaha, waɗanda wataƙila sun haɗa da wasu 'yan gudun hijira na Flemish a Ingila, kamar Lucas de Heere da John de Critz . Ba a san ranar mutuwar Gheeraerts ba amma dole ne ya kasance kafin 1599. <ref name="thyb">Margot Thybaut, ''Marcus Gheeraerts de oude een monografie'', Master thesis, University of Ghent, Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte, vakgroep Kunst-, Muziek- en Theaterwetenschappen, voor het verkrijgen van de graad van Master, Promotor: prof. dr. Maximiliaan P.J. Martens {{In lang|nl}}</ref> [[Fayil:Marcus_Gheeraerts_I_-_Procession_of_the_Knights_of_the_Garter_(6).jpeg|thumb|330x330px|''Tawagar Jaruman Garter'', 1576]] Gheeraerts kwararren mai zane ne, mai zane-zane, mai zane-zanen rubutu, mai zane-zanen rubutu da kuma mai zane-zanen ado. Ganin cewa yawancin zane-zanensa sun ɓace sakamakon Iconoclasm na ƙarni na 16, yanzu an fi saninsa da aikinsa na mai buga takardu da mai zane-zanen rubutu. Ya kasance mai kirkire-kirkire kuma ya gwada yin zane-zane a lokacin da sassaka da sassaka suka zama manyan dabarun. Misali, an zana hotonsa na 1562 na garin Bruges a kan faranti 10 daban-daban, kuma taswirar da aka samu ta kai 100 x 177.&nbsp;cm. === Zane-zane === Zane-zane kaɗan ne aka danganta su da Gheeraerts da tabbas. Bai sanya hannu kan ko ɗaya daga cikin zane-zanensa ba. An rubuta cewa ya kammala zane-zanen Tritych na Passion of Christ wanda fitaccen mai zane Bernard van Orley ya fara. Daga baya an lalata tritych ɗin a lokacin Icoclasm kuma Frans Pourbus the Younger ya sake fenti a 1589 yayin aikin gyara. Ba a fayyace yanayin aikin a halin yanzu ba, waɗanne sassa aka zana da wanne mai zane. An yi hasashen cewa Bernard van Orley ya fara tsakiyar allon kuma Marcus Gheeraerts ya kammala wuraren waje. Kwafi na wurin <nowiki><i id="mwyA">Makokin Almasihu</i></nowiki> ya bayyana a kasuwar fasaha (sayar da Hampel Fine Art na 27 Yuni 2019, yanki na 551) kuma an danganta shi da Gheeraerts. Wani sigar Makoki kuma an danganta shi da Gheeraerts yana cikin Cocin Saint Amands na Geel . [[Fayil:Marcus_Gheeraerts_I_-_Map_of_Bruges_-_Peeing_woman.jpg|left|thumb|270x270px|''Mace mai fitsari'' (1562) daga taswirar Bruges]] An danganta kwamitin <nowiki><i id="mw1Q">Triumphant Christ</i></nowiki> (gidan tarihi na Memling a Tsohon Asibitin St. John da ke Bruges) da Marcus Gheeraerts. An danganta <nowiki><i id="mw1w">Lazarus da attajirin</i></nowiki> (Gidan Tarihi na Catharijneconvent da ke Utrecht) da Gheeraerts amma wannan bayanin ba a yi jayayya a kai ba. <ref name="thyb">Margot Thybaut, ''Marcus Gheeraerts de oude een monografie'', Master thesis, University of Ghent, Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte, vakgroep Kunst-, Muziek- en Theaterwetenschappen, voor het verkrijgen van de graad van Master, Promotor: prof. dr. Maximiliaan P.J. Martens {{In lang|nl}}</ref> An san Gheeraerts the Dattijon a matsayin mai zane-zanen hoto. Har yanzu ana jayayya game da batun Gheeraerts na <nowiki><i id="mw3g">Zane-zanen Elizabeth ta Ɗaya ta Ingila</i></nowiki>, wanda kuma ake kira da ''Zane-zanen Zaman Lafiya'' . Littafin "MGF" da ke kan hoton zai iya aiki ga Marcus Gheeraerts the Dattijon da ɗansa Marcus Ƙarami. Wasu masana tarihi na fasaha suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin uba da ɗansa Gheeraerts. An kuma danganta <nowiki><i id="mw4Q">Hoton Yarima William na Ɗaya na Orange</i></nowiki> ( Blair Castle, Scotland) ga Gheeraerts. <ref name="thyb">Margot Thybaut, ''Marcus Gheeraerts de oude een monografie'', Master thesis, University of Ghent, Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte, vakgroep Kunst-, Muziek- en Theaterwetenschappen, voor het verkrijgen van de graad van Master, Promotor: prof. dr. Maximiliaan P.J. Martens {{In lang|nl}}</ref> Ayyuka guda biyu da ke nuna bukukuwa, <nowiki><i id="mw6Q">bikin Fête a Bermondsey</i></nowiki> da <nowiki><i id="mw6w">bikin ƙauye na A</i></nowiki> ( Hatfield House, Herefordshire), Ingila), wanda a da aka danganta shi da mai zane na Flemish Joris Hoefnagel, an danganta shi da Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder a shekarar 2015. Wani rubutu a kan zanen farko ya nuna cewa ɗan kasuwar Flemish Jacob Hoefnagel ne ya zana shi bisa umarnin hukuma, ɗan'uwan Joris Hoefnagel kuma mazaunin Landan. Rubutun ya kuma ambaci cewa Jacob Hoefnagel yana son hoton ya nuna duk salon da ake gani a Ingila. Gheeraerts sun bi wannan umarni ta hanyar nuna siffofi a cikin kayan ado daga Ingila, Faransa, Venice da sauran ƙasashen Turai. Waɗannan kayan ado sun dogara ne akan wani littafi da ke nuna kayayyaki daban-daban da mai zane na Flemish émigré Lucas de Heere ya tattara kuma ya zana. Ana kyautata zaton zane-zanen biyu suna nuna bikin aure. Wurin ''Fête'' shine bakin kogin Thames yayin da ''bikin'' ke cikin yanayin ƙasa mai ban mamaki. A cikin duka zane-zanen, ana gudanar da jerin gwano daga dama zuwa hagu, inda mutane biyu ke ɗauke da manyan kek, masu goge biyu da kuma wani mutum da ke ɗauke da fure mai kama da rosemary da aka ɗaure da ribbons. Fuskokin siffofin an yi su da kyau kuma wataƙila hotunan membobin al'ummar Flemish a Ingila ne. Zane-zanen wataƙila an yi su ne don nuna mutunci da tsoron al'ummar Flemish da ke Ingila da kuma tabbatar da matsayinsu a ƙasar da suka karɓe ta. Ana kyautata zaton mutumin da ke kallon mai kallo da ke bayyana a cikin zane-zanen biyu hoton kansa ne na mai zane Gheeraerts. [[Fayil:Marcus_Gheeraerts_I_-_The_unfortunate_painter_and_his_family.jpg|thumb|300x300px|''Mai zane mara daɗi da iyalinsa'', 1577 <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=TOWN |first=EDWARD |date=2015 |title='A fête at Bermondsey': an English landscape by Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43858024 |journal=The Burlington Magazine |volume=157 |issue=1346 |pages=310 |issn=0007-6287 |jstor=43858024}}</ref>]] Karel van Mander ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa ''na Schilderboeck'' daga 1604 cewa Gheeraerts ƙwararren mai zane ne na shimfidar wuri, wanda "sau da yawa yana da dabi'ar haɗa mace mai tsugunnewa, tana yin fitsari a kan gada ko wani wuri." An ga irin wannan bayanin a cikin ɗaya daga cikin zane-zanen tatsuniyoyinsa da taswirar Bruges. Babu wani zane-zanen shimfidar wuri da Gheeraerts ya yi a halin yanzu da aka danganta shi da shi amma wasu daga cikin ayyukansa kamar ''Fête'', ''Bikin'' da kuma <nowiki><i id="mwAQ4">Kristi Mai Nasara sun</i></nowiki> ƙunshi muhimman abubuwan shimfidar wuri. <ref name="thyb">Margot Thybaut, ''Marcus Gheeraerts de oude een monografie'', Master thesis, University of Ghent, Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte, vakgroep Kunst-, Muziek- en Theaterwetenschappen, voor het verkrijgen van de graad van Master, Promotor: prof. dr. Maximiliaan P.J. Martens {{In lang|nl}}</ref> Bayanin tarin fasahar Cornelis van Hooghendorp da aka yi a ƙarshen ƙarni na 16 ya haɗa da zane-zane guda biyar da Gheeraerts ya yi. Waɗannan sun haɗa da shimfidar wuri mai shanu, wakilcin misali tare da "yanayin dare lokacin da shaidan ya shuka iri mara kyau", wakilcin ''Maryamu a kan jirgin sama zuwa Masar'' da zane-zane guda biyu a kan takarda. A shekara ta 1563, Marcus Gheeraerts ya kuma zana wani triptych don cocin friars minor recollect a Bruges. <ref name="thyb">Margot Thybaut, ''Marcus Gheeraerts de oude een monografie'', Master thesis, University of Ghent, Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte, vakgroep Kunst-, Muziek- en Theaterwetenschappen, voor het verkrijgen van de graad van Master, Promotor: prof. dr. Maximiliaan P.J. Martens {{In lang|nl}}</ref> Da farko Bernard van Orley ne ya yi tasiri a salon zanen Gheeraerts. Bayan shekara ta 1565, ya bi salon zanen fitaccen mai zane na tarihi na Antwerp Maerten de Vos na Italiya. Salon zanensa ya fi kusa da na Vincent Sellaer wanda ba a san shi sosai ba. === Kwafi === Gheeraerts ya kasance mai himma a matsayin mai buga takardu da mai tsara takardu a lokacin da yake Flanders da kuma a Ingila. Shahararrun ayyukan bugawa da ya ƙirƙira kafin ya tafi Ingila sune taswirar Bruges, ''Alamar Iconoclasm'' (duka an tattauna su a sama) da kuma littafin tatsuniyoyi mai suna ''De warachtighe fabulen der dieren'' ( ''Tatsuniyoyi na gaske na dabbobi'' ). <ref name="thyb">Margot Thybaut, ''Marcus Gheeraerts de oude een monografie'', Master thesis, University of Ghent, Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte, vakgroep Kunst-, Muziek- en Theaterwetenschappen, voor het verkrijgen van de graad van Master, Promotor: prof. dr. Maximiliaan P.J. Martens {{In lang|nl}}</ref> ==== De warachtighe fabulen der dieren ==== [[Fayil:Gheeraerts_satyr.jpg|thumb|260x260px|''Satyr and peasant'' (1567) daga ''De warachtighe fabulen der dieren'']] An buga wannan littafin a shekarar 1567 a Bruges ta hannun Pieter de Clerck. Marcus Gheeraerts ya zana shafin taken da zane-zane 107 na kowace tatsuniya da abokinsa, Edewaerd de Dene, ya rubuta a cikin baitin Flemish na yankinsa. Gheeraerts ya fara kuma ya ba da kuɗin buga littafin, wanda aka buga shi zuwa mafi girman matsayi na lokacinsa a matsayin abu mai tsada tare da rubutu uku daban-daban. Kowace tatsuniya tana ɗauke da shafuka biyu masu fuska biyu: a gefen hagu, an nuna hoton da ke ɗauke da karin magana ko magana da kuma wasu baiti a ƙarƙashinsa yayin da a hannun dama aka ba da labarin tatsuniya da ɗabi'unta. Shi ne littafin tatsuniya na farko mai alama kuma ya kafa yanayin littattafai makamantan haka. Babban tushen rubutun a cikin littafin shine ''Les tables du très ancien Ésope'' wanda masanin ɗan adam ɗan Faransa Gilles Corrozet ya rubuta kuma aka buga a Paris a 1542. Tushe na biyu shine ''Aesopi Phrygis et aliorum fabulae'', tarin tatsuniyoyi a Latin wanda aka buga a ma'aikatan bugawa na Antwerp na Christophe Plantin a bugu daban-daban tun daga 1660. Tushe na uku don rubuce-rubucen tatsuniyoyi na tarihin halitta kamar ''Der Naturen Bloeme'' (Fure (watau zaɓi) na Yanayi), kundin tarihin halitta na Tsakiyar Holland, wanda marubucin Flemish Jacob van Maerlant ya rubuta a ƙarni na 13 da kuma tarin tarihin halitta na harshen Holland ''Der Dieren Palleys'' (Fadar Dabbobi), wanda aka buga a Antwerp a 1520. Tushe na ƙarshe don tatsuniyoyi shine littattafan emblemata na zamani kamar ''Emblemata'' na Andrea Alciato da alamar Joannes Sambucus . Zane-zane da Bernard Salomon ya yi don bugun tatsuniyoyin Aesop da aka buga a Lyon a shekarar 1547 da kuma bugu na Jamusanci tare da bugu na Virgil Solis da aka buga a Frankfurt a shekarar 1566 su ne tushen manufofin Gheeraerts. Ya ba wa mutanensa ƙarin ilimin halitta fiye da waɗannan masu fasaha. Kimanin hotuna 30 ƙirƙira ne na Gheeraerts. Gheeraerts ya ƙara wasu zane-zane 18 da sabon shafin taken sigar Faransanci ta ''Fabulen'' wanda aka buga a shekarar 1578 ƙarƙashin taken ''Esbatement moral des animaux'' . <ref>Many name variations: Marcus I Garret, Marcus the elder Geeraerts, Marcus Gerard the Elder, Marcus I Gheeraerts, Marcus Garret the Elder, Marcus Gheeraerts, Marcus the Elder Gerard, Marcus Geeraerts the Elder, Marcus the elder Gheeraerts, Marc Gerard, Marcus I Gheeraerts, Marc Gerards, Marcus I Gerard, Marc Geerarts, Marcus I Geeraerts, Marcus Geerards, Marc Gheeraerts, Marcus the Elder Gerards, Marcus Gheeraerts (I), Marcus Garret (I), Marcus Garrett, Marcus Garrett (I), Marcus Geeraerts, Marcus Geeraerts (I), Marcus Geerarts, Marcus Geerarts (I), Marcus Gheerhaerts, Marcus Gheerhaerts (I), Marcus Gerard, Marcus Gerard (I), Marcus Gerards, Marcus Gerards (I), Marcus (The Elder) Geeraerts, Marcus Gheeraerts Elder, Marcus Elder Gheeraerts, m. gheeraedts the elder, Marcus Geraers</ref> An buga sigar Latin, ''Mythologia ethica'', a shekara mai zuwa tare da shafin taken da wataƙila ya dogara da zane na Gheeraerts. An yi amfani da faranti na tagulla a cikin littattafai har zuwa ƙarni na 18 kuma masu fasaha a duk faɗin Turai sun kwafi jerin tatsuniyoyi. Gheeraerts ya kuma zana jerin zane-zane 65 na littafin tatsuniyoyi ''na Apologi Creaturarum'', wanda aka buga a Antwerp a 1584. Duk da haka, zane-zanen sun yi ƙanƙanta fiye da na jerin farko kuma wannan littafin bai taɓa samun shahara kamar ta asali ba. An kuma yi amfani da hotunan Gheeraerts a cikin wallafe-wallafe har zuwa ƙarni na 18 a Jamhuriyar Holland, Jamus, Faransa da Bohemia. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kdg3ba8993lca52mswmfd7zxzanfqj9 0 140653 906995 900582 2026-08-24T11:13:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906995 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Al'ummar musulmin ƙasar na bikin '''Ramadan a Burtaniya''', wanda ya ƙunshi kusan kashi 6.0% na al'ummar ƙasar (kusan mutane miliyan 3.9), wanda hakan ya sanya Musulunci ya zama addini na biyu mafi girma a [[Birtaniya]] bayan Kiristanci. == Ganin wata == Ranakun watan Ramadan a Burtaniya suna bin [[Hijira kalanda|kalandar watan Musulunci]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2025 |title=Ramadan 2025: What is it and when does it start? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/articles/c0mwvg74gg8o |website=BBC Newsround}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2025 |title=Ramadan 2025: When does it start and what are the rules? |url=https://www.the-independent.com/life-style/ramadan-2025-moon-sighting-saudi-arabia-fasting-b2706355.html |website=The Independent}}</ref> An tabbatar da farkon ganin wata a cikin Burtaniya ta hanyar ƙungiyar New Cresent Society sau da yawa tare da haɗin gwiwar Royal Observatory Greenwich, <ref>{{Cite web |title=How to sight the new crescent Moon {{!}} Moon Sighting & Islamic calendar |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/space-astronomy/how-sight-new-crescent-moon |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=www.rmg.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eid Moonsighting LIVE 2024 {{!}} Royal Observatory Greenwich |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/whats-on/online/eid-moonsighting-live |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=www.rmg.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramadan New Crescent Moon Watch 2025 {{!}} Royal Observatory |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/whats-on/online/ramadan-moonsighting-live-28-february-2025 |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=www.rmg.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Seagrove |first=Paul |date=2023-03-23 |title=Changing month by the Moon |url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/stories/changing-month-by-the-moon |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=www.cam.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> kodayake wasu ƙananan al'ummomi sun dogara da sanarwa daga lissafin ilmin taurari na [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] duk da cewa ingancin wannan yana cikin Musuluncin Sunni. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2025 |title=This is when Ramadan 2025 starts in the UK as Muslims begin fasting |url=https://www.nationalworld.com/celebrations/ramadan-2025-saudi-arabia-sights-crescent-moon-for-muslims-to-begin-fasting-what-it-means-4990668 |website=NationalWorld}}</ref> <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=Butt |first=Maira |date=March 20, 2025 |title=Ramadan 2025: Muslims bring the centuries-old spiritual month down to Earth |url=https://religionmediacentre.org.uk/news/ramadan-2025-muslims-bring-the-centuries-old-spiritual-month-down-to-earth/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2025 |title=Eid 2025: UK experts challenge Saudi's 'impossible' Shawwal crescent sighting; Eid-ul-Fitr in KSA on Sunday, March 30 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/festivals/eid-2025-uk-experts-challenge-saudi-s-impossible-shawwal-crescent-sighting-eid-ul-fitr-in-ksa-on-sunday-march-31-101743262257490.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> == An yi hasashen kwanakin watan Ramadan a Burtaniya (1447-1457 AH) == Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna hasashen ranakun farawa na Ramadan da Eid al-Fitr a Burtaniya bisa ga bayanan ganin wata da [[HM Nautical Almanac Office|Ofishin HM Nautical Almanac]] ya buga, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Crescent Moon Visibility for late February and early March 2025 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/crescent-moon-visibility-for-late-february-and-early-march-2025 |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hm Nautical Almanac Office News and Announcements - Archived News |url=http://www.govwire.co.uk/archive/hm-nautical-almanac-office |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=www.govwire.co.uk |language=en |archive-date=2025-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251017231408/https://www.govwire.co.uk/archive/hm-nautical-almanac-office |url-status=dead }}</ref> kamar yadda ƙungiyar [[New Crescent Society]] (NCS), babbar ƙungiyar ganin wata ta Burtaniya ta yi amfani da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bentley |first=David |date=2025-02-28 |title=Ramadan 2025 start date for UK now confirmed by multiple moonsighting groups |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/uk-news/ramadan-2025-start-date-uk-31107710 |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=Birmingham Live |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-20 |title=How do we know when Ramadan starts and ends? It's up to the moon. |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/ramadan-sighting-of-the-moon |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=History |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Suffa Blog - How Do Muslims in the UK Decide the Start of a New Hijri Month? - By Muhammad Rusydi Azmi & Others |url=https://thesuffafoundation.org/blog/how-do-muslims-in-the-uk-decide-the-start-of-a-new-hijri-month |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=thesuffafoundation.org |language=en-GB }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Duk ranakun na wucin gadi ne kuma suna ƙarƙashin ganin wata na gida. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+An yi hasashen kwanakin watan Ramadan da Eid al-Fitr (UK, 1447-1457 AH) ! Shekarar Hijira ! Ranar fara azumin Ramadan (Birtaniya) ! Ranar fara Eid al-Fitr (Birtaniya) ! Matsayi |- | 1447 AH | 19 ga Fabrairu 2026 | 21 Maris 2026 | ''An annabta'' |- | 1448 AH | 8 ga Fabrairu 2027 | 10 Maris 2027 | ''An annabta'' |- | 1449 AH | 29 Janairu 2028 | 28 ga Fabrairu 2028 | ''An annabta'' |- | 1450 AH | 17 Janairu 2029 | 15 Fabrairu 2029 | ''An annabta'' |- | 1451 AH | 6 Janairu 2030 | 4 ga Fabrairu 2030 | ''An annabta'' |- | 1452 AH | 26 Disamba 2030 | 25 Janairu 2031 | ''An annabta'' |- | 1453 AH | 16 Disamba 2031 | 14 Janairu 2032 | ''An annabta'' |- | 1454 AH | 5 ga Disamba 2032 | 3 Janairu 2033 | ''An annabta'' |- | 1455 AH | 24 Nuwamba 2033 | 23 Disamba 2033 | ''An annabta'' |- | 1456 AH | 13 Nuwamba 2034 | 13 Disamba 2034 | ''An annabta'' |- | 1457 AH | 2 Nuwamba 2035 | 2 ga Disamba 2035 | ''An annabta'' |} == Ayyukan Addini == Musulmai suna kauracewa abinci, abin sha, da kuma ayyukan zunubi tun daga fitowar alfijir ( [[Sahur|Suhur]] ) har zuwa faduwar rana ( [[Iftar (Budar Baki)|Iftar]] ). Saboda tsawon sa'o'in rana na Birtaniya, azumi yana kaiwa har zuwa awanni 16-17 a lokacin rani. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 6, 2016 |title='Longest' Muslim holy month of Ramadan in 33 years begins |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-36459143 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Kamar sauran masallatai na Babban Masallacin London, ana gudanar da addu'o'in [[Sallah Tarawihi|Taraweeh]] na dare, tare da gasannin karatun Alqur'ani da fassara a cikin harshen kurame don haɗa kai. <ref name="auto2"/> Ana tunawa da " [[Lailatul ƙadari|Daren Ƙarfi]] " (Ramadan 27) da addu'o'i masu tsawo da karatun Alqur'ani. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Night of Power - Laylatul Qadr 2024 |url=https://www.islamic-relief.org.uk/giving/islamic-giving/ramadan/laylatul-qadr/ |website=Islamic Relief UK}}</ref> == Al'adun girki da Abincin Iftar == Bude azumi da [[Iftar (Budar Baki)|Iftar]] al'ada ce mai daraja. A Burtaniya, abincin Iftar galibi yana ɗauke da gaurayen abincin gargajiya daga al'adu daban-daban. Abubuwan da aka saba ci sun haɗa da dabino, miyar lentil, [[Samosa|samosas]], da [[Kebab|kebabs]] . Albarkatu kamar BBC Good Food suna ba da tarin girke-girke da aka tsara don Ramadan, tun daga zaɓin Suhoor mai ƙarfafawa zuwa abincin Iftar mai daɗi. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Barker |first=Sam |date=March 4, 2025 |title=This UK Charity Hosts Free Open Iftar Meals In Iconic Venues - Such As Shakespeare's Globe, The V&A, And More |url=https://secretldn.com/ramadan-tent-project-open-iftar/?utm_source=clipboard&utm_medium=web_share&utm_content=ramadan-tent-project-open-iftar |website=Secret London}}</ref> Gidajen cin abinci da manyan kantuna a Burtaniya galibi suna biyan buƙatun abincin halal da kayan abinci na musamman na Ramadan. <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=Jeraj |first=Samir |date=March 31, 2025 |title=Ramadan is worth up to £1.3bn to UK economy |url=https://hyphenonline.com/2025/03/31/ramadan-economy-growth-uk-1-3bn-equi/ |website=Hyphen}}</ref> == Ayyukan agaji da kuma hulɗar al'umma == Sadaka muhimmin ginshiki ne na Ramadan. A Burtaniya, shirye-shirye kamar [[Ramadan Tent Project|Aikin Tanti na Ramadan]] suna nuna wannan ruhin ta hanyar shirya bukukuwan buda baki kyauta a wurare masu tarihi kamar Trafalgar Square da Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert . Waɗannan tarurrukan suna da nufin haɓaka fahimtar al'adu daban-daban da haɗin kan al'umma ta hanyar gayyatar mutane daga kowane fanni don yin buda baki. <ref name="auto"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=UK charity host final Ramadan iftar in London as Eid approaches |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/uk-charity-host-final-ramadan-iftar-london-eid-approaches |access-date=2026-02-19 |archive-date=2026-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260329032845/https://www.newarab.com/news/uk-charity-host-final-ramadan-iftar-london-eid-approaches |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.ramadantentproject.com/ |website=Ramadan Tent Project &#124; RTP}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyi kamar Ƙungiyar Musulmi ta Duniya da ke [[Landan]] suna shirya liyafar cin abinci tsakanin addinai tare da shugabannin [[Kirista]], [[Yahudawa]], da [[Baha'i|Bahá'í]], wanda ke ƙarfafa haɗin kai tsakanin jama'a. <ref name="auto2"/> "Iftar da Maƙwabcinka" wani aiki ne da ke gayyatar masu neman mafaka da waɗanda ba Musulmi ba su ci abinci tare, yana mai jaddada haɗin kai. <ref name="auto2"/> Shugabannin siyasa, ciki har da Firayim Minista, suna gabatar da gaisuwar Ramadan, suna wayar da kan jama'a da kuma shirya liyafar buda baki . <ref>{{Cite web |last=O |first=Y. |date=May 11, 2019 |title=Ramadan messages from political leaders and MPs |url=https://londragazete.com/english/175566/ramadan-messages-from-political-leaders-and-mps/ |website=Londra Gazete }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 5, 2025 |title=In a first, UK's House of Commons hosts iftar, PM Keir Starmer attends |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/iftar-in-british-parliament-uks-house-of-commons-hosts-historic-party-for-the-first-time-ever-2689417-2025-03-05 |website=India Today}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 3, 2025 |title=Ramadan: 'Amazing atmosphere' at Windsor Castle Iftar event |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9849q3jd2po |website=www.bbc.com}}</ref> == Tasirin tattalin arziki ==   Kalmar "Ramadan Rush" ta fito ne a cikin 2011 don bayyana karuwar ayyukan sayarwa a lokacin Ramadan, wanda aka danganta da kwararar masu arziki na Gabas ta Tsakiya zuwa Burtaniya. Ramadan yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga tattalin arzikin Burtaniya, tare da kimantawa da ke nuna cewa jimillar tasirin tattalin arzikinsa ya kama daga fam miliyan 800 zuwa fam biliyan 1.3 a kowace shekara. Wannan ya haɗa da kashe kuɗi a kan abinci, tufafi, da kyaututtuka, da kuma gudummawar agaji. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2025 |title=Ramadan: Its value to British Society and the Economy |url=https://equi.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/EQUI-Ramadan-March-2025-Report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328104913/https://equi.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/EQUI-Ramadan-March-2025-Report.pdf |archive-date=2025-03-28}}</ref> Bangaren tafiye-tafiye da yawon buɗe ido kuma yana fuskantar ƙaruwa, yayin da Musulmai da yawa ke tafiya don ziyartar dangi da abokai ko kuma fara hutu a wannan lokacin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How does Ramadan affect Businesses in UK? |url=https://www.greaterbirminghamchambers.com/resource/how-does-ramadan-affect-businesses-in-uk-.html |website=www.greaterbirminghamchambers.com}}</ref> Rahotanni na baya-bayan nan sun nuna cewa tattalin arzikin Ramadan na Burtaniya ya bunƙasa cikin sauri a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, wanda ke nuna ƙaruwar ikon siye da tasirin Musulmai 'yan Burtaniya. <ref name="auto1"/> == Yaɗa labarai da fahimtar jama'a == Wakiltar kafofin watsa labarai game da Ramadan ta ga ci gaba mai mahimmanci. A shekarar 2025, [[BBC]] ta watsa sallar Idi kai tsaye daga [[Bradford Central Mosque|Babban Masallacin Bradford]] a karon farko. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Asbali |first=Nadeine |date=April 2, 2025 |title=As a child, I was afraid of my friends seeing me pray. Watching Eid live on the BBC was a huge moment |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2025/apr/02/eid-live-bbc-pray-british-muslims |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Duk da haka, hotunan kafofin watsa labarai na iya haifar da ce-ce-ku-ce; misali, Magajin Garin Landan [[Sadiq Khan]] ya fuskanci suka kan sakonsa na Idin yana magana ne game da rikice-rikicen duniya, wanda ya haifar da muhawara game da siyasantar da bukukuwan addini. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iqbal |first=Jawad |date=April 3, 2025 |title=Sadiq Khan's biased Eid message was political vanity |url=https://www.thetimes.com/comment/columnists/article/sadiq-khans-biased-eid-message-was-political-vanity-l0lsmrp8b |website=www.thetimes.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3wmb5zxwiq9e8arnx0dr0v8we0r5pl4 0 140744 906853 795852 2026-08-24T04:58:45Z BnHamid 12586 906853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} "'''''Chand Tara'''''" wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na soyayya na 2023 na Pakistan, wanda ya hada da ma'aurata na ainihi Danish Taimoor da Ayeza Khan a cikin manyan matsayi. Saima Akram Chaudhry ne ya rubuta shi, wanda Danish Nawaz ya jagoranta, kuma MD Productions ne ya samar da shi, jerin sun fara fitowa daga 23 ga Maris 2023 a lokacin Ramadan a Hum TV, kuma sun ƙare a ranar 21 ga Afrilu 2023 bayan aukuwa 30. Jerin ya kasance mai kyau amma bai kai matakin shahara ba idan aka kwatanta da rubutun Ramadan na baya na Chaudhry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2023 |title=Chand Tara Fails To Impress The Viewers |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/1078073/chand-tara-fails-to-impress-the-viewers/ |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=Daily Times}}</ref> Saboda manyan matsaloli a aiwatar da rubutun ta, ta sanar da hutu daga rubuce-rubucen Ramadan na musamman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2023 |title=Saima Akram Chaudhry takes a break from writing Ramazan dramas |url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Entertainment/715127-Saima-Akram-Chaudhry-takes-a-break-from-writing-Ramazan-dramas |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507030714/https://dunyanews.tv/amp/english/715127.php |archive-date=7 May 2023 |website=Dunya News}}</ref> == Farko == Makircin ya shafi Chand (wanda Danish Taimoor ya buga), injiniyan software wanda ke zaune a cikin iyali na hadin gwiwa kuma yana so ya rayu da kansa, da Tara (wanda Ayeza Khan ya buga), likitan mata wanda aka haife shi kadai kuma yana marmarin zama wani ɓangare na iyali na had hadin gwiwa. Yayin da labarin soyayyarsu ke tasowa, yanayi daban-daban sun taso tsakanin su da iyalansu, suna kwatanta rikice-rikice na rayuwa a cikin iyali mai haɗin gwiwa. Injiniyan software Sarim Gulzar (Danish Taimoor) da likitan da aka horar Naintara Jaffer (Ayeza Khan) suna son juna kuma suna so su yi aure. Koyaya, mahaifiyar Tara Dokta Raazia (Saba Faisal) tana adawa da wannan wasan tun lokacin da Sarim ya zauna a cikin iyali mai haɗin gwiwa kuma tana son ma'auratan su zauna a cikin tsarin nukiliya. Daga ƙarshe sun yi aure amma tare da karkatarwa. Sarim, wanda yake so ya bar iyalinsa, ya yi wa Dr. Raazia alkawarin cewa zai bar ƙasar da zaran sun yi aure. Amma Naintara ta bayyana a fili cewa ta auri Sarim don ta zauna a cikin yanayin da ake so wanda iyali mai haɗin gwiwa ke bayarwa saboda iyayenta sun rabu shekaru da yawa kuma tana marmarin haɗin iyali. Yayinda Tara ke so ta zauna a cikin iyali, Sarim yana so ya tafi. An kara da wannan 'yar'uwar Sarim Mala, dan uwan Hashir, kawunansu Safeeha da Mehnaaz, kawunsu Mateen da Saleem da mahaifinsa Gulzar Ahmed da abubuwan da suka dace. Nunin ya biyo bayan rikici tsakanin Sarim da Tara game da iyalin Sarim. == Masu ba da labari == === Hannun hannu === * Ayeza Khan a matsayin Dokta Naintara "Tara" Sarim (née Jaffer): 'yar Razia da Jaffer; matar Sarim. * Danish Taimoor a matsayin Sarim "Chand" Gulzar: ɗan Gulzar; ɗan'uwan Shumaila; mijin Tara. === Sauye-sauye === * Saba Faisal a matsayin Dokta Razia Jaffer: mahaifiyar Tara; matar Jaffer. * Behroze Sabzwari a matsayin Mir Jaffer: mahaifin Tara; mijin Razia. * Rehan Sheikh a matsayin Gulzar "Babu Bhaiyya" Ahmed: Sarim da mahaifin Shumaila; Manchu da ɗan'uwan Saleem. * Danish Nawaz a matsayin Mateen "Manchu" Ahmed: Gulzar da ɗan'uwan Saleem; mijin Mehnaz; mahaifin Palwasha. * Madiha Iftikhar a matsayin Mehnaz "Naaz" Mateen: matar Manchu; mahaifiyar Palwasha. * Adnan Jaffar a matsayin Saleem Ahmed: Gulzar da ɗan'uwan Manchu; mijin Safeera; mahaifin Hashir. * Ghazal Siddiqui a matsayin Safeera "Saffo" Saleem: matar Saleem; mahaifiyar Hashir. * Maha Hasan a matsayin Roomi Hashir: matar Hashir. * Ashir Wajahat a matsayin Hashir Saleem: Saleem da Safeera dan; mijin Roomi. * Mantasha Shahid a matsayin Palwasha "Pinky" Mateen: 'yar Manchu da Mehnaz. * Romaisa Khan a matsayin Shumaila "Maala" Gulzar: 'yar Gulzar; 'yar'uwar Chand. * Agha Talal a matsayin Mohid * Ayesha Khan * Syed Afzal * Fozia Nasir * Sara Meher * Ayesha Kamran == Fitarwa == A ranar 13 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2022, Saima Akram Chaudhry ta sanar da taken sabon jerin ta; ta bayyana cewa jerin za su fito daga hadin gwiwar da ta yi a baya tare da Danish Nawaz da Momina Duraid, saboda ba za a danganta manyan ma'aurata a matsayin 'yan uwan ko maƙwabta ba, kuma labarin soyayyarsu ba zai fara da fada ba. Ba da daɗewa ba, an ba da sanarwar cewa shahararrun ma'aurata Danish Taimoor da Ayeza Khan za su fito a wasan Ramadan na gaba.<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=galaxylollywood|title=Danish Taimoor and Ayeza Khan are all set to grace our screens in Hum TV's upcoming Ramadan play "Chaand Tara". The drama is written by Saima Akram Chaudhry and is a Danish Nawaz directorial|access-date=27 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Galaxy Lollywood |date=16 December 2022 |title=Exclusive: Danish Taimoor And Ayeza Khan To Star In Ramadan Play "Chaand Tara" #shorts #whatsthe411 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DP78jgIUHLQ |access-date=27 March 2023 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Khan ta tabbatar da kasancewarta a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu 2023 . Romaisa Khan ta tabbatar da kasancewarta a watan Janairu, yayin da Ghazal Siddiqui ta raba a watan Maris cewa wannan shine jerin ta farko bayan hutu na shekaru 11. An kawar da wasu daga cikin manyan halayen bayan an canza rubutun ta gidan samarwa saboda matsalolin kasafin kuɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=11 April 2023 |title=Writer Saima Akram Chaudhry faces obstacles with her drama 'Chand Tara' |url=https://www.samaaenglish.tv/news/40031452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517035836/https://www.samaaenglish.tv/news/40031452 |archive-date=17 May 2023 |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=Samaa English.tv}}</ref> Tameen Nizami ne ya yi fim din. Wajid Saeed ne ya ba da bayanan jerin, yayin da sauti na waƙoƙi biyu. {{Efn|Extracted from YouTube playlist by Hum TV}} == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Dubi kuma == * ''Chupke Chupke'' * ''Hum Tum'' * ''Mehar Posh'' == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|https://hum.tv/dramas/chand-tara}} c1zmvxyv5046fcqqlidpfasw412h62e 0 141136 906865 796968 2026-08-24T05:05:45Z BnHamid 12586 906865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Masallacin Mirpet wani masallaci ne da ke Meerpet, Hyderabad, a jihar Telangana, Indiya. An kammala masallacin ne a shekara ta 1019 bayan hijira (1610/1611 CE), kuma Mir Mu'min Astarabadi ne ya kaddamar da shi, wanda aka sanya wa unguwar suna[1]. == Gine-gine == Gine-ginen masallacin yayi kama da na Masallacin Saidabad, wanda Mir Mu'min ya kafa.<ref name="Sherwani-1967">{{Cite book|last3=Haroon Khan Sherwani}}</ref> Masallacin yana da babban farfajiyar, yana auna kimanin mita 84 da mita 66 (277 da 216 . Ana shiga farfajiyar ta hanyar babbar ƙofar a gabas.<ref name="Sherwani-1967">{{Cite book|last3=Haroon Khan Sherwani}}</ref> Gidan masallacin yana dauke da ƙofofi uku da ke kaiwa cikin ciki. Wani <nowiki><i id="mwJA">Alam</i></nowiki> yana sama da kowane baka. Sama da ƙofar ƙofar, wani bangare na ƙananan ƙofar goma sha biyar yana gudana tare da tsawon bangon.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Mohiuddin Qadri Zore}}</ref> Kowane ɗayan spandrels na ''[[mihrab]]'' yana ƙunshe da lambar yabo, wanda aka zana rubutun. Rubutun da ke kan lambobin yabo, wanda aka fassara zuwa Turanci, ya karanta: {{Blockquote|So said the prophet of the two worlds (left); the [[Mumin|mu'min]] is alive in this world and the hereafter, 1019. (right)}} Wannan wasa ne akan kalmomi, tare da "mu'min" ma'anar "mai imani" (wato, [[Musulmi]] na gaskiya), da kuma kasancewa sunan wanda ya kafa masallacin, Mir Mu'min Astarabadi . Medallion a dama kuma yana ba da ranar da aka gina masallacin a matsayin 1019 AH (1610/1611CE). <ref name="Sherwani-1967">{{Cite book|last3=Haroon Khan Sherwani}}</ref> == Dubi kuma ==   [[Fayil:Mirpet_Mosque_in_Mirpet,_Hyderabad,_built_by_Mir_Mu'min_Astarabadi_in_1610_(view_from_rear).png|thumb|Masallacin, wanda aka gani daga baya, a cikin 1941.]] * [[Musulunci a Indiya]] * Jerin masallatai a Indiya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Masallaci]] p6ppsnk975hmm59xf39t54iwfpmbht6 0 142856 906575 899190 2026-08-23T13:25:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906575 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Marble_collector_-_Flickr_-_smkybear.jpg|thumb|Gilashin marmara]] [[Fayil:Kids_playing_'Kancha'_Marble_(toy)_game_in_Nepal.jpg|thumb|Yara suna wasan wasan marmara 'kancha' kusa da Shambhunath Temple, Nepal]] '''Marmara''' ƙaramin abu ne mai siffar ƙwallo wanda galibi ana yin sa da gilashi, yumbu, ƙarfe, filastik, ko agate . Ana iya amfani da waɗannan kayan wasan don wasanni iri-iri da ake kira '''marbles''', haka kuma ana sanya su a cikin gudu ko tsere na marmara, ko kuma a ƙirƙira su azaman nau'in fasaha. Girman na iya bambanta, amma yawanci yana tsakanin kimanin {{Cvt|0.5 to 3.5|cm|1}} diamita. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Elvan |first=Mehmet |date=2023-07-25 |title=The Dimensions of a Marble A Small Wonder |url=https://www.tureks.com/the-dimensions-of-a-marble-a-small-wonder/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Tureks |language=en-US}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana tattara su, duka don tunawa da kuma launukan su na kyau. A arewacin Ingila, ana kiran wasan da abubuwa "taws", tare da manyan marmara ana kiransu "washers na kwalba", wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan amfani da marmara a cikin kwalaben Codd-neck . == Wasanni == === Tarihi === [[Fayil:Jeu_de_noix.jpg|thumb|Yara Romawa suna wasa da goro, sarcophagi na yara kimanin 270–300. Gidan Tarihi na Pio Clementino, Vatican]] A farkon karni na ashirin, an gano ƙananan ƙwallo na dutse daga kimanin 2500 KZ, waɗanda masu binciken tarihi suka gano a matsayin marmara, ta hanyar tonowa kusa da Mohenjo-daro, a cikin wani shafin da ke da alaƙa da wayewar Indus Valley. :{{Rp|553}} A Indiya ta zamani ana kiran wasan "kanche". Sau da yawa ana ambaton marbles a cikin wallafe-wallafen Romawa, kamar yadda a cikin waka ta Ovid "Nux" (wanda ya ambaci wasa da wasan tare da walnuts), kuma akwai misalai da yawa na marbles daga tono wuraren da ke da alaƙa da Kaldiyawa na [[Mesopotamia|Mesopotamiya]] da Masar ta dā. An yi su ne da yumɓu, dutse ko gilashi. Marbles sun isa Burtaniya, an shigo da su daga Low Countries, a zamanin da. : 19 {{Rp|19}} A shekara ta 1503, majalisar garin [[Nuremberg]], Jamus, ta takaita wasan marmara zuwa wani fili a wajen garin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=devcontent |date=2019-02-13 |title=Marvelous Marbles - Mishpacha Magazine |url=https://mishpacha.com/marvelous-marbles/ |access-date=2025-11-08 |language=en-US |archive-date=2026-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113153214/https://mishpacha.com/marvelous-marbles/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sunan "marmara", wanda ake amfani da shi don ƙananan ƙwallon kayan wasa, ya fito ne daga wannan yanki da zamanin, kuma yana nufin irin waɗannan ƙwallon da aka yi da marmara . A wannan lokacin, ana yin marmara a cikin niƙa da wuraren haƙa ta hanyar goge ƙananan gutsuttsuran dutse na gaske kamar marmara, agate, alabaster, farar ƙasa, har ma da tagulla. Ba a san inda aka fara ƙera marmara ba. Wani mai hura gilashi ɗan ƙasar Jamus ya ƙirƙiro almakashi na marmara, wata na'urar yin marmara, a shekarar 1846. {{Rp|148}}Marmarar [[Kayan Tangaran|yumbu]] sun shiga cikin samar da kayayyaki masu araha a cikin shekarun 1870. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Wasan ya shahara a duk faɗin Amurka da sauran ƙasashe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marble History |url=http://library.thinkquest.org/5236/Marble%20History.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017085947/http://library.thinkquest.org/5236/Marble%20History.html |archive-date=2013-10-17 |website=Thinkquest}}</ref> An yi wa dutsen farko na wasan yara (laka) da aka yi a Amurka a Akron, Ohio, ta hannun SC Dyke, a farkon shekarun 1890. Wasu daga cikin dutsen farko na gilashin da aka yi a Amurka an yi su ne a Akron ta hannun James Harvey Leighton. A shekara ta 1903, Martin Frederick Christensen - wanda shi ma ɗan Akron ne - ya yi dutsen farko na gilashin da aka yi a injin a kan injinsa mai lasisi. Kamfaninsa, MF Christensen & Son Co., ya ƙera miliyoyin kayan wasa da gilashin masana'antu har sai da suka daina aiki a shekara ta 1917. Kamfanin Amurka na gaba da ya shiga kasuwar dutsen shine Akro Agate. Akronites ne suka fara wannan kamfanin a shekara ta 1911, amma yana cikin Clarksburg, West Virginia . A yau, akwai masana'antar dutsen yara ɗaya kawai da ke Amurka: Marble King, a Paden City, West Virginia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marbles |url=https://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/1495 |access-date=12 November 2017 |website=WV Encyclopedia}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2023 |title=Marble King now only marble manufacturer that remains in U.S. |url=https://wvexplorer.com/2023/12/22/marble-king-wv-only-marble-manufacturer-in-us/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=West Virginia Explorer}}</ref> === Nau'ikan wasanni === [[Fayil:Karl_Witkowski_-_Game_of_Marbles.jpg|thumb|''Wasan Marbles'', Karol D. Witkowski]] [[Fayil:Marble_play,_a_game_of_India.jpg|thumb|Misali da ke nuna matsayin da mutum zai ɗauka lokacin da yake harba marmara a wasannin marmara na Indiya: yatsan da aka riƙe a baya yana riƙe marmara a kan ƙarshensa, tare da harba marmara bayan ya saki yatsan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kazi |first=Saad |date=2018-06-14 |title=Top 24 Most Popular Traditional Indian Games Gen Z Must Try |url=https://www.kreedon.com/traditional-indian-games/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Voice of Indian Sports - KreedOn |language=en-GB}}</ref>]] Ana iya yin wasanni daban-daban da marmara. Wani wasa da ya shahara a Burtaniya da Amurka shine zoben ring taw (ko "ringer"), inda aka zana zobe a ƙasa kuma aka sanya wasu ƙananan duwatsu a ciki. 'Yan wasa suna juyawa suna buga wani babban marmara mai "taw" a kan waɗannan duwatsun, suna ƙoƙarin fitar da su daga cikin zoben. <ref name="2016R">{{Cite web |date=2016-03-28 |title=British team defeats Germans to win World Marble Championship |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-world-marbles-championships-idUSKCN0WU1O1 |access-date=2021-11-03 |publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> A '''kanche''' (daga Kudancin Asiya), 'yan wasa {{Efn|Also known as kancha.}} suna shirin wasan ta hanyar tsayawa a bayan layi suna ƙoƙarin jefa marmararsu zuwa wani rami da aka keɓe, inda ɗan wasan da ya sami damar jefa marmarar da ke kusa da ramin ya sami damar shiga farko a wasan. Sannan ana sanya marmarar a tsakiyar da'ira, inda kowane ɗan wasa zai sami marmara ɗaya mai ban sha'awa da kuma damar jefa marmararsa a ƙoƙarin fitar da marmarar da'ira daga da'irar. Kowane marmarar da aka kora ta haka ne ɗan wasan zai samu, kuma da zarar an fitar da dukkan marmarar daga da'irar, ɗan wasan da ya fi kowanne marmarar ya lashe wasan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-04 |title="Kanche" - Let us rewind and revive the 'Desi' games of Rajasthan |url=https://udaipurtimes.com/sports/Desi-games-of-Rajasthan-Kanche/cid8441572.htm |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=udaipurtimes.com |language=hi}}</ref> Hakazalika, a '''pili goli''' (Kudancin Asiya), manufar wasan ita ce a buga wani marmara mai ban mamaki domin a jefa wasu marmara da aka shimfiɗa a kusa da filin zuwa ramukan da aka haƙa a ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-20 |title=Childhood memories come rolling back with marbles |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/childhood-memories-come-rolling-back-with-marbles-101634726000786.html |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zubair |first=Muhammad |date=2021-12-26 |title=A glimpse into our games: Numerous team sports including desi kushti, tent pegging and stone lifting are practiced in the region |url=https://www.bolnews.com/pakistan/2021/12/a-glimpse-into-our-games-numerous-team-sports-including-desi-kushti-tent-pegging-and-stone-lifting-are-practiced-in-the-region/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=BOL News |language=en-US}}</ref> {{Efn|A similar game is also known as 'goli pila'}} === Gasar cin kofin duniya === An gudanar da Gasar Cin Kofin Marmara ta Burtaniya da ta Duniya a Tinsley Green, West Sussex, Ingila, kowace shekara tun daga 1932. <ref name="InsideOut" /> <ref name="Collins88">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Collins|2007}}</ref> (An buga Marmara a Tinsley Green da kewaye tsawon ƙarni da yawa: <ref name="InsideOut">{{Cite web |date=9 June 2003 |title=Losing your Marbles |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/south/series3/marbles_world_championship.shtml |access-date=13 January 2010 |website=BBC Inside Out programme |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Mujallar ''[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]'' ta gano asalinta tun daga 1588. ) A al'ada, lokacin wasan marmara ya fara ne a ranar Ash Wednesday kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa tsakar rana a ranar Good Friday : ana tsammanin yin wasa bayan haka yana kawo sa'a. <ref name="Collins88" /> Kungiyoyi sama da 20 daga ko'ina cikin duniya suna shiga gasar, kowace Good Friday; ƙungiyoyin Jamus sun yi nasara sau da yawa tun daga 2000, <ref name="InsideOut" /> <ref name="TheTimes" /> kodayake ƙungiyoyin gida daga Crawley, Copthorne da sauran ƙauyukan Sussex da Surrey galibi suna shiga gasar; <ref name="InsideOut" /> <ref name="TIME" /> <ref name="Gwynne172">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Gwynne|1990}}</ref> Ellen Geary, wata ƙaramar yarinya daga Landan ce ta lashe gasar farko a 1932. === Kalmomin wasan kwaikwayo ===   * "Ƙulla ƙafa": matsayin da aka ɗauka a layin farko a farkon wasa. Ɗan wasan zai fara da gwiwarsa a ƙasa. * "Quitsies": yana bawa duk wani abokin hamayya damar dakatar da wasan ba tare da wani sakamako ba. 'Yan wasa za su iya samun "ƙunci" (iya dainawa) ko kuma "babu ƙunci". * "Keepsies" (ko "don riƙewa"): ɗan wasan yana riƙe duk kwallayen da ya ci. * "Giwaye": idan aka kira shi, yana bawa ɗan wasa damar taka matakin marmara da saman ƙasa, wanda hakan ke sa ya yi wa sauran 'yan wasa wahala su buge. * "Bombies": idan aka kira shi, yana bawa ɗan wasa damar ɗaukar matakai ɗaya ko biyu yayin da yake riƙe da marmararsa, sannan, yayin da yake rufe ido ɗaya, ya yi layi a kan ɗaya daga cikin marmarar abokin hamayyarsa ya jefar da marmarar yana ƙoƙarin buga marmarar a ƙasa. * "Jinkirin saman": idan aka kira shi, mai harbi yana jingina da hannunsa don ya yi amfani da shi a kan wani abu da ya wuce gona da iri a kan kowane irin wuri ko cikas. * "Taw" ko "mai harbi" gabaɗaya babban marmara ne da ake amfani da shi don harbi da shi, kuma "agwagwa" duwatsu ne da za a harba. * Sunaye daban-daban suna nufin girman marmara. Duk wani marmara da ya fi yawancin girma ana iya kiransa dutse, bonker, cosher, goen, masher, plumper, popper, shooter, thumper, smasher, goom, noogie, taw, bumbo, crock, bumboozer, bowler, tonk, tronk, godfather, tom bowler, fourer, giant, dobber, dobbert, hogger, biggie, jumbo ko toebreaker. Marmara da ta fi yawancin girma ita ce peawee, pewee ko mini. "Kaka" ita ce babbar marmara, girman ƙwallon billiard ko ƙwallon tennis. * Sunaye daban-daban na nau'ikan marmara daban-daban (magana game da filin wasa na yanki, [[Leicester]], UK): Marleys (marbles), prit (farin marmara), Kong (babban marmara), King Kong (ya fi bosser girma), ƙarfe (ƙwallon bearing-ball). Ana iya haɗa sunaye: misali prit-Kong (babban marmara fari). == Nau'ikan marmara == [[Fayil:Clay_marble.png|thumb|An samo wani marmara mai yumɓu a wani fili a Gabashin Midlands]] [[Fayil:Marble_toy_2009.JPG|thumb|Marmarar man goge baki mai launin lemu da fari]] [[Fayil:Marbles_from_Indonesia.jpg|thumb|Gilashin marmara daga Indonesia]] [[Fayil:Marble_(toy).jpg|thumb|Marmarar gilashin kore a Indiya]] Akwai nau'ikan marmara daban-daban, kuma sunaye sun bambanta daga wuri zuwa wuri. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Media |first=Cider Press |title=Kinds of Marbles – Antique, Vintage and Collectable Marbles |url=https://www.imarbles.com/kindsofmarbles.php |access-date=12 November 2017 |website=Imarbles.com}}</ref> * Aggie - an yi shi da agate ( ''aggie'' a takaice yana nufin ''agate'' ) ko gilashi mai kama da agate, tare da siffofi daban-daban kamar a cikin titi, wanda ya shahara a Turai da Amurka * Alley ko na gaske - an yi shi da marmara ko alabaster ( ''alley'' gajeriyar alama ce ta ''alabaster'' ), mai siffa mai launuka masu launuka masu launuka masu ban mamaki kamar su corkscrew, spiral, snake, ribbon, onyx, swirl, bumblebee, da malam buɗe ido ** Ade - zare mai launin fari mara haske, wanda ke yin lemun tsami, lemun tsami, orange, da sauransu. ** Idon kyanwa ko catseye – maƙallan ko ƙwayayen tsakiya masu launin ido kamar na tsakiya (an yi musu allura a cikin marmara) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vintage Cat's Eye Marbles |url=https://inkspotantiques.com/index.php?main_page=index&cPath=23_25_52 |access-date=2019-04-30 |website=inkspotantiques.com |archive-date=2019-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819033846/https://inkspotantiques.com/index.php?main_page=index&cPath=23_25_52 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *** Kwallon ƙafa ta Beachball - launuka uku da ƙananan zobe shida *** Idon Shaidan - ja da ido mai launin rawaya * Jajayen shaidanu - tsarin launi iri ɗaya da idon shaidan amma yana juyawa ** Clambroth – layukan da ba a iya gani ba daidai a kan tushen farin madara. Ƙwayoyin da ba a iya gani ba na iya samun gilashin tushe shuɗi ko baƙi. Matsakaicin ƙima ga tsoffin marmara; launin tushe mai wuya ya fi daraja. ** Lutz – wani tsohon zane na Jamusanci, wanda aka yi da hannu, wanda ke ɗauke da madaurin ƙyalli na jan ƙarfe masu kyau waɗanda ke walƙiya kamar zinariya. An yi tunanin cewa Nicholas Lutz ne ya ƙirƙira shi da kuskure. Matsakaicin ƙima ga duwatsun gargajiya, ya danganta da takamaiman nau'in ƙirar Lutz. ** Mai ko mai - mai haske tare da bakan gizo, ƙarewar walƙiya mai haske ** Fatar Albasa – kayan gargajiya na Jamusanci da aka yi da hannu, tare da launuka masu yawa na saman da aka cika sosai. Matsakaicin farashi don kayan tarihi na tarihi. ** Opaque - sanannen marmara wanda ke zuwa da launuka da yawa ** Jini na Ox - wani yanki mai tsini kamar jini ** Lu'u-lu'u - ba ya bayyana a launi ɗaya, tare da ƙarewar lu'u-lu'u ** Man goge baki - wanda kuma aka sani da ''plainsies'' a Kanada. Yawancin lokaci yana da launin ja, shuɗi, baƙi, fari, da lemu. ** Kunkuru - ratsi masu launin kore da rawaya * Bumblebee - marmara ta zamani, wacce aka yi da injina; galibi rawaya tare da layuka biyu baƙi a kowane gefe * China – porcelain mai gilashi, tare da siffofi daban-daban kama da marmara mai layi. Tsarin geometric suna da ƙarancin ƙima; furanni ko wasu abubuwa da za a iya gane su na iya samun farashi mai tsada. ** Filasta - wani nau'i na china wanda ba a saka shi a cikin gilashi ba * An yi shi da yumbu ko na gama gari - an yi shi da yumbu; launin halitta ko launin monochrome. An yi shi da adadi mai yawa a ƙarni na sha tara da farkon ƙarni na ashirin. ** Bennington - yumbu da ake amfani da shi a cikin murhu mai gishiri - yawanci launin ruwan kasa ne, sau da yawa shuɗi. Sauran launuka ba su da yawa. Ƙimarsu kaɗan ce. ** Crock - an yi shi da yumbun kayan kawa ( ƙasa ) * Croton alley ko jasper - gilashin gilashi mai haske da ba a saka ba, an yi masa ado da shuɗi * Crystal ko clearie ko purie – kowace gilashi mai launi mai haske – gami da “opals,” “glimmers,” “jini,” “rubies,” da sauransu. Waɗannan na iya samun sunaye iri-iri kamar “teku mai shuɗi mai zurfi”, “wata mai shuɗi”, “fatalwa kore”, “kwalba tagulla”, “Maryamu mai jini”. ** Gimbiya - lu'ulu'u mai launi ** Galaxy - marmara ta zamani, wacce aka yi da injina; an saka ɗigo da yawa don su yi kama da sararin taurari * Indiya - marmarar Jamus ta gargajiya, wadda aka yi da hannu; duhu da rashin haske, yawanci baƙi ne, tare da ƙungiyoyin launuka masu rufewa; yawanci fari, da launuka ɗaya ko fiye. Hakanan yana iya samun launuka da yawa kamar shuɗi, kore da ja. Matsakaicin farashi don marmarar gargajiya. * Mica - wani dutse na Jamus da aka yi da hannu; mai gilashi zuwa mai haske tare da zare ko faci na mica, daga haske zuwa hazo. Darajar ta dogara ne akan launin gilashi. * Karfe - an yi shi da ƙarfe; ana yin ƙarfe ta hanyar gargajiya daga wani yanki mai faɗi na ƙarfe da aka naɗe shi cikin wani yanki kuma yana nuna giciye inda kusurwoyin suka haɗu, amma sauran nau'ikan ƙarfe sune bearings na ƙarfe masu ƙarfi. * Sulphide - marmarar Jamus ta gargajiya, da aka yi da hannu; babba ( {{Convert|1.25|to|3|in|cm|0}} ko fiye) siffar gilashi mai haske mai ƙaramin mutum-mutumi ko siffar da ke ciki. Mafi yawan su ne dabbobin gida kamar karnuka, kuliyoyi, shanu, da sauransu; sannan dabbobin daji; siffofin ɗan adam ba su da yawa; abubuwa marasa rai kamar jirgin ƙasa ko agogon aljihu suna da matuƙar tsada kuma suna da tsada sosai. Hotunan ciki an yi su ne da farin yumbu ko kaolin, kuma suna kama da launin azurfa saboda hasken haske. Sulphide mai siffar gilashi mai launi, ko kuma mai siffar da aka fenti a ciki, shi ma yana da matuƙar wuya kuma yana kawo farashi mai tsada. Kamar sauran nau'ikan marmara na gargajiya, an sake haifar da sulphides kuma an yi su da yawa. * Swirly - marmara gama gari da aka yi da gilashi mai launin juyawa ɗaya * Mai harbi - kowane marmara amma a girman da ya fi girma * Damisa - bayyananne tare da ratsi masu launin orange-rawaya * Jariri - fari da launuka a bayyane a waje * Tom Bowler - babban marmara mai gilashi aƙalla ninki biyu na girman marmara na yau da kullun === Marbles na fasaha ===   Lu'ulu'u na fasaha lu'ulu'u ne masu inganci waɗanda ake tattarawa daga motsi na gilashin fasaha. Wani lokaci ana kiransu da lu'ulu'u na gilashi na zamani don bambanta su da lu'ulu'u na gargajiya da za a tattara, kuma su ne ayyukan gilashin fasaha masu siffar zagaye. Ana yin marmara na zamani da ake tattarawa galibi a Amurka ta hanyar masu fasaha daban-daban kamar Josh Simpson . Marmarar zane-zane yawanci suna da nisan {{Convert|50|mm}} a diamita (girman da aka fi sani da "mai karya ƙafa"), amma yana iya bambanta, ya danganta da mai zane da kuma rubutun. == Tattara marmara == [[Fayil:Historic_Marbles.jpg|left|thumb|Wasu daga cikin gine-ginen tarihi na marmara]] Masu wasan marmara galibi suna girma don tattara marmara bayan sun girma fiye da yadda ake tsammani. Ana rarraba marmara ta abubuwa da yawa, ciki har da yanayi, girma, nau'i, masana'anta/ [[Mai sana'a|masana'anta]], shekaru, salo, kayan aiki, ƙarancin kaya, da kuma wanzuwar marufi na asali (wanda aka ƙara ƙima dangane da yanayi). Darajar marmara galibi ana ƙayyade ta nau'i, girma, yanayi da jan hankali, tare da dokar wadata da buƙata. Ana iya kimanta marmara masu muni, amma marasa inganci kamar waɗanda ke da inganci sosai. Duk da haka, wannan shine banda, maimakon ƙa'ida, kuma yawanci "yanayi shine sarki" idan ana maganar marmara. Duk wani lalacewar saman (wanda aka gano ta hanyar gilashin da ya ɓace, kamar guntu ko ramuka) yawanci yana rage darajar littafin da kashi 50% ko fiye. Saboda kasuwa mai yawa, akwai kasuwanci da yawa da suka taso kamar littattafai da jagorori da yawa, shafukan yanar gizo da aka keɓe don gwanjon marmara kai tsaye, da kuma tarurrukan tattarawa. Bugu da ƙari, masu sana'ar gilashi da yawa suna samar da marmara na fasaha don kasuwar masu tattarawa kawai, wasu kuma suna sayarwa akan dubban daloli. == Masana'antu == [[Fayil:Marble_Machine,_at_House_of_Marbles_-_geograph.org.uk_-_506883.jpg|thumb|Babban injin yin marmara da aka yi a Amurka a Bovey Tracey, Devon, Ingila]] Ana yin marmara ta amfani da dabaru da dama. Ana iya rarraba su zuwa nau'i biyu na gama gari: na hannu da na injina. Asalin marmara an yi su ne da hannu. Ana iya yin marmara na dutse ko hauren giwa ta hanyar niƙa. Ana iya yin marmara na yumbu, tukwane, yumbu, ko porcelain ta hanyar naɗe kayan zuwa ƙwallo, sannan a bar su su bushe, ko kuma a harba su, sannan a bar su a zahiri, a fenti su, ko a yi musu fenti . Marmarar yumbu, wacce aka fi sani da ''marmara'' ko ''commies'' ( ''na kowa'' ), an yi ta ne da yumbu mai ɗan rami, wanda aka saba da shi daga yumbu na gida ko sauran kayan ƙasa ("kayan kasko"), an naɗe su zuwa ƙwallo, sannan a yi musu gilashi a wuta a ɗan zafi, suna ƙirƙirar wani yanki mara kyau wanda galibi ana sayar da shi azaman marmara "tsohuwar lokaci". Ana iya yin marmara na gilashi ta hanyar samar da sandunan gilashi waɗanda aka haɗa su wuri ɗaya don samar da tsarin da ake so, a yanka sandar zuwa guntu masu girman marmara ta amfani da almakashi na marmara, da kuma zagaye gilashin da har yanzu ba a iya canzawa ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Agates, Corkscrews, and Onionskins: Fun with Antique Marbles |url=https://www.collectorsweekly.com/articles/an-interview-with-antique-marble-collector-alan-basinet/ |access-date=12 November 2017 |website=Collectorsweekly.com}}</ref> Wata dabara ta injiniya ita ce a zuba gilashin da aka narke a cikin wani rami da aka yi da sukurori biyu masu layi daya. Yayin da sukurori ke juyawa, marmara tana tafiya tare da su, a hankali ana siffanta ta zuwa wani yanki yayin da take sanyaya. Ana ƙara launi a cikin babban gilashin da kuma ƙarin kwararar gilashi waɗanda aka haɗa su da babban rafi ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Misali, a cikin salon "idon kyanwa", ana allurar jijiyoyin gilashi masu launi a cikin babban rafi mai haske. Sanya gilashin launuka masu tsada a saman gilashin mai haske ko fari mai rahusa shi ma wata dabara ce da aka saba amfani da ita. A halin yanzu, babbar masana'antar yin amfani da marmara ita ce Vacor de Mexico. An kafa kamfanin a shekarar 1934, yanzu yana samar da kashi 90 cikin 100 na marmara na duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marbles by foreign manufacturers |url=https://www.marblecollecting.com/marble-reference/online-marble-id-guide/foreign-manufacturers/ |access-date=2020-01-28 |website=Marble collecting}}</ref> Ana samar da sama da miliyan 12 kowace rana. == A cikin al'adun jama'a == * A cikin jerin ''[[Squid Game|wasannin Squid]]'' [[Netflix|na Netflix]] na 2021, shi ne wasa na huɗu a gasar. Wasan mai hatsari ya ƙunshi 'yan wasa su zaɓi abokin tarayya ɗaya wanda za su yi wasan marmara da suka zaɓa, tare da kashe waɗanda suka sha kashi, kuma waɗanda suka yi nasara za su ci gaba zuwa wasa na gaba. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Masana'antun injin Amurka == * MF Christensen (1904-1917) <ref>{{Cite web |title=M. F. Christensen & Son Company |url=https://www.marblecollecting.com/marble-reference/online-marble-id-guide/m-f-christensen-son-co/ |access-date=August 25, 2022 |website=Marble Collectors Society of America}}</ref> * Kamfanin Akro Agate (1911-1951) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Akro Agate Company |url=https://www.marblecollecting.com/marble-reference/online-marble-id-guide/akro-agate-co/ |access-date=August 25, 2022 |website=Marble Collectors Society of America}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Akro Agate Company |url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Akro_Agate_Company |access-date=August 25, 2022 |website=Ohio History Central |archive-date=April 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418062043/https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Akro_Agate_Company |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Christensen Agate (1925–1933) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Christensen Agate Company |url=https://www.marblecollecting.com/marble-reference/online-marble-id-guide/christensen-agate-co/ |access-date=August 25, 2022 |website=Marble Collectors Society of America}}</ref> * Kamfanin Gilashin Peltier (1927–2002) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Peltier Glass Company |url=https://www.marblecollecting.com/marble-reference/online-marble-id-guide/peltier-glass-co/ |access-date=August 25, 2022 |website=Marble Collectors Society of America}}</ref> * Ravenswood (1928–1955) <ref name="other-marble-cos">{{Cite web |title=All Other American Marble Companies |url=https://www.marblecollecting.com/marble-reference/online-marble-id-guide/other-u-s-companies/ |access-date=August 25, 2022 |website=Marble Collectors Society of America}}</ref> * Alley Agate (1929–1947) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lawrence Alley Companies |url=https://www.marblecollecting.com/marble-reference/online-marble-id-guide/lawrence-alley-cos/ |access-date=August 25, 2022 |website=Marble Collectors Society of America}}</ref> * Gilashin Jagora (1930–1974) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Master Marble Company / Master Glass Company |url=https://www.marblecollecting.com/marble-reference/online-marble-id-guide/master-marble-glass-cos/ |access-date=August 25, 2022 |website=Marble Collectors Society of America}}</ref> * Kamfanin Vitro Agate (1932–2004) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vitro Agate Company |url=https://www.marblecollecting.com/marble-reference/online-marble-id-guide/vitro-agate-co/ |access-date=August 25, 2022 |website=Marble Collectors Society of America}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vitro Agate Marble Co. |url=http://www.mackeysclockrepair.com/vitro-agate_marble_co.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217180756/http://www.mackeysclockrepair.com/vitro-agate_marble_co.html |archive-date=December 17, 2013 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |website=Mackey's Antiques and Clock Repair}}</ref> * Kamfanin Gilashin Kokomo Opalescent (1939–1942) <ref name="other-marble-cos" /> * Alox (1930s zuwa 1940s) <ref name="other-marble-cos" /> * Kamfanin Jackson Marble (1945–1946) <ref name="other-marble-cos" /> * Kamfanin Playrite Marble and Novelty (1940–1947) <ref name="other-marble-cos" /> * Kamfanin Novelty na Alkahira (1946–1952) <ref name="other-marble-cos" /> * Kamfanin Heaton Agate (1946–1971) <ref name="heaton">{{Cite web |title=Heaton Glass Company |url=https://www.marblecollecting.com/marble-reference/online-marble-id-guide/heaton-bogard-jabo/ |access-date=August 25, 2022 |website=Marble Collectors Society of America}}</ref> * Davis Marble Works (1947–1948) <ref name="other-marble-cos" /> * Marble King (1949–current) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Berry Pink / Marble King |url=https://www.marblecollecting.com/marble-reference/online-marble-id-guide/marble-king-inc/ |access-date=August 25, 2022 |website=Marble Collectors Society of America}}</ref> * CE Bogard & Sons (1971-1986) <ref name="heaton" /> * Tsakiyar Tekun Atlantika ta Yammacin Virginia (1990–2004) <ref name="other-marble-cos" /> * JABO, Inc. (1991-2021) <ref name="heaton" /> * Sammy's Mountain Marbles (2012–na yanzu) * Dave's Appalachian Swirls (2014–yanzu) == Wasanni masu alaƙa == === Wasanin bidiyo === * ''Marble Madness'' (1984), wasan Atari inda 'yan wasa ke fafatawa da juna har zuwa layin ƙarshe * ''Oxyd'' (1991), wasan Amiga, Atari ST, da Macintosh * ''Marble Drop'' (1997), wasan kwamfuta inda 'yan wasa ke sanya marmara a cikin wani abu mai rikitarwa don ƙoƙarin warware wasanin gwada ilimi. * ''Lose Your Marbles'' (1997), wasan wasan PC inda 'yan wasa ke jera duwatsu masu launi iri ɗaya don ƙara duwatsu masu daraja a kan allon ɗayan ɗan wasan sannan daga ƙarshe su toshe allonsu. * ''Marble Blast Gold'' (2003), wasan mutum na uku "zuwa ƙarshe" don PC da Xbox ; wani wasan gaba, ''Marble Blast Ultra'' (2006), an sake shi daga baya don Xbox 360. * ''Balance'' (2004), wasa don PC * ''Switchball'' (2007), wasa ne na PC da Xbox 360 * ''Sirri'' (2007) * ''Duniya Ta Ƙare da Kai'' (2007) da ''Neo: Duniya Ta Ƙare da Kai'' (2021) wasanni ne masu taka rawa waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙaramin wasan kwaikwayo irin na marmara da aka buga tare da tambarin fil mai suna "Tin Pin Slammer" ko "Marble Slash" * ''[[Marbles on Stream]]'' (2018), wasan tsere na marmara wanda aka yi shi don a watsa shi kai tsaye akan ''Twitch (sabis)'' * ''Marble It Up'' (2018), magajin ruhaniya na ''Marble Blast Ultra'' === Wani === == Duba kuma == * Ƙwallon dutse da aka sassaka * duwatsun Cherokee * Sassaka ƙwallon birgima * Croquet * [[Zaben 2002 na Gambiya|Zaɓe a Gambia]] . Masu zaɓe sun yi watsi da ƙuri'ar zaɓen ɗan takara. * Jelle's Marble Runs, tashar YouTube da ke nuna tseren marmara da abubuwan da suka faru. * ''Ohajiki'', wani wasa makamancin haka na Japan == Bayanan kula == {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pwpbx4nfa5soaa81ho7fltnlfj4uj5c 0 144167 906979 901735 2026-08-24T09:11:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dame Polina Leopoldovna Bayvel''' (Russian: ; an haife ta a ranar 14 ga Afrilu 1966) injiniya ce kuma masanin kimiyya ta Burtaniya. A halin yanzu Farfesa ce a fannin Sadarwa da Networks a Sashen Injiniyan lantarki da Lantarki a Kwalejin Jami'ar London.<ref name="cf9c26">{{Cite web |title=Six IOP members are recognised in 2017 New Year Honours |url=http://www.iop.org/news/17/jan/page_68718.html |access-date=2017-01-03 |publisher=Institute of Physics }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta ba da gudummawa sosai ga bincike da ƙirar hanyar sadarwar gani mai tsawo.<ref name="frs">{{Cite web |last=Anon |year=2016 |title=Professor Polina Bayvel FREng FRS |url=https://royalsociety.org/people/polina-bayvel-12845/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429121052/https://royalsociety.org/people/polina-bayvel-12845/ |archive-date=2016-04-29 |publisher=[[Royal Society]]}} One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where: {{Blockquote|"All text published under the heading 'Biography' on Fellow profile pages is available under [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]." --{{cite web |url= https://royalsociety.org/about-us/terms-conditions-policies/ |title=Royal Society Terms, conditions and policies |access-date= 2016-03-09 |url-status= bot: unknown |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150925220834/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/terms-conditions-policies/ |archive-date=25 September 2015 |df=dmy-all }}}}</ref><ref name="ucl">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Prof Polina Bayvel |url=https://iris.ucl.ac.uk/iris/browse/profile?upi=PBAYV08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430225336/https://iris.ucl.ac.uk/iris/browse/profile?upi=PBAYV08 |archive-date=2016-04-30 |publisher=University College London}}</ref> == Ilimi da rayuwar farko == Bayvel an haife ta ne a cikin iyalin [[Yahudawa]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=All The News From Hampsted Garden Suburb Synagogue |url=http://hgss.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/NL-April-2017-1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016070551/http://hgss.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/NL-April-2017-1.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2017 |access-date=16 October 2017}}</ref> kuma ta girma a [[Kharkiv]] da Leningrad (yanzu [[Saint-Petersburg|St. Petersburg]]) har zuwa 1978. Mahaifinta masanin kimiyyar lissafi ne Leopold P. Bayvel, mahaifiyarta Raisa (Rachel) masanin fasaha ne / injiniya kuma daga baya ta buga karatu a tarihin Yahudawa na Gabashin Turai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bayvel |first=Rachel |date=1 January 2003 |title=Fifty Years On |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0449010X.2003.10703810 |journal=Jewish Quarterly |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=56–58 |doi=10.1080/0449010X.2003.10703810 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025}}</ref> Ta yi karatu a Ingila a Hasmonean High School for Girls da Kwalejin Jami'ar London inda aka ba ta digiri na farko a shekarar 1986 sannan ta sami digiri na biyu a shekarar 1990. A cikin 1990, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Royal Society Postdoctoral Exchange Fellowship a cikin Fibre Optics Laboratory a Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Soviet a Moscow . == Bincike da aiki == Binciken Bayvel ya mayar da hankali kan kara saurin da iyawar tsarin sadarwa na fiber na gani, da kuma mahimman nazarin ƙarancin ƙwarewar gani da rage su <ref name="frs"/> .<ref name="DuserBayvel2002">{{Cite journal |last=Duser |first=M. |last2=Bayvel |first2=P. |year=2002 |title=Analysis of a dynamically wavelength-routed optical burst switched network architecture |journal=Journal of Lightwave Technology |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=574–585 |bibcode=2002JLwT...20..574D |citeseerx=10.1.1.6.1412 |doi=10.1109/50.996576}}</ref><ref name="SavoryGavioli2007">{{Cite journal |last=Savory |first=Seb J. |last2=Gavioli |first2=Giancarlo |last3=Killey |first3=Robert I. |last4=Bayvel |first4=Polina |year=2007 |title=Electronic compensation of chromatic dispersion using a digital coherent receiver |journal=Optics Express |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=2120–6 |bibcode=2007OExpr..15.2120S |doi=10.1364/OE.15.002120 |pmid=19532448 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="BaroniBayvel1997">{{Cite journal |last=Baroni |first=S. |last2=Bayvel |first2=P. |year=1997 |title=Wavelength requirements in arbitrarily connected wavelength-routed optical networks |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-lightwave-technology_1997-02_15_2/page/242 |journal=Journal of Lightwave Technology |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=242–251 |bibcode=1997JLwT...15..242B |doi=10.1109/50.554330}}</ref> Ta ba da gudummawa sosai ga bincike da ƙirar manyan hanyoyin sadarwa na gani.<ref name="6674f8">{{Cite web |date=11 May 2016 |title=Three UCL scientists elected Fellows of the Royal Society |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/news-articles/0516/110516-royal-society-fellows |access-date=2016-05-11 |publisher=University College London |archive-date=2016-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521014220/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/news-articles/0516/110516-royal-society-fellows |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin na farko da ya nuna yiwuwar amfani da yankin wavelength don hanya a cikin hanyoyin sadarwar gani a kan kewayon nesa da lokaci. Ta kafa amfani da waɗannan sabbin ra'ayoyin gine-ginen cibiyar sadarwa, waɗanda aka aiwatar da su a ko'ina a cikin tsarin kasuwanci da cibiyoyin sadarwa. Wadannan tsarin da cibiyoyin sadarwa suna tallafawa Intanet, da kayan aikin sadarwa na dijital - kuma suna da mahimmanci ga ci gabanta.[1] Wani sabon aikin, aikin Farawa, yana da niyyar gwada fasahar da za ta sa haɗin intanet ya fi sauri da aminci, wanda Polina Bayvel ya nuna zai ba su damar gwada su a sikelin ƙasa.[2] Cibiyar Nazarin Injiniya da Kimiyya ta Jiki (EPSRC) ce ta ba da kuɗin bincikenta.[3] == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == Bayvel ya lashe lambar yabo da lambar yabo ta Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Clifford Paterson a shekara ta 2002. An kuma zabe ta Fellow na Royal Academy of Engineering a shekara ta 2002 kuma an ba ta lambar yabo ta Cibiyar Injiniyoyin Lantarki da Injiniyoyin Injiniya (IEEE) Photonic Society Engineering Achievement Award a shekara ta 2013. Bayvel ta sami lambar yabo ta Doctorate of Science a shekarar 2014 daga Jami'ar Kudancin Wales . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Honorary Awards 2014 |url=https://www.southwales.ac.uk/about/our-organisation/honorary-fellows/honorary-awards-2014/#:~:text=Professor%20Polina%20Bayvel%20was%20awarded,her%20contribution%20to%20scientific%20research. |access-date=2020-08-17 |website=www.southwales.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2014 ta gabatar da Lecture na Clifford Paterson kuma a shekarar 2015 an ba ta lambar yabo ta Royal Academy of Engineering Colin Campbell Mitchell . <ref name="patterson">{{YouTube|title=Communicating with Light: Clifford Paterson Lecture by Professor Polina Bayvel FREng}}</ref><ref name="frs" /> An zabe ta Fellow na Royal Society (FRS) a shekarar 2016 . <ref name="frs"/><ref name="6674f8"/> An nada Bayvel a matsayin [[Order of the British Empire|Kwamandan Order of the British Empire]] (CBE) a cikin Kyautar Sabuwar Shekara ta 2017 don hidimomi ga injiniya. <ref name="53b573">{{Cite web |title=Press release: New Year's Honours 2017 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-years-honours-2017 |access-date=2016-12-30 |publisher=Government UK}}</ref> A cikin 2019, an zabi Bayvel a cikin Kwamitin Daraktoci na The Optical Society, yana aiki na shekaru uku 2020-2022. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2019 |title=The Optical Society Elects Satoshi Kawata as 2020 Vice President - Novus Light Today |url=https://www.novuslight.com/the-optical-society-elects-satoshi-kawata-as-2020-vice-president_N9636.html |access-date=2019-09-18 |website=www.novuslight.com}}</ref> A cikin 2023, an ba Bayvel lambar yabo ta Royal Society Rumford Medal don gudummawa ta farko ga ilimin lissafi na asali da na gani, wanda ya ba da damar cimma babban damar, faɗin bandwidth, tsayi da yawa, tsarin sadarwa na gani waɗanda suka tallafa wa juyin juya halin fasahar bayanai. Ita ce mace ta farko da aka ba da wannan lambar yabo tun lokacin da aka kafa lambar yabo a cikin 1800. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rumford Medal |url=https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/rumford-medal/ |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=www.royalsociety.org}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Polina Bayvel tana da 'ya'ya maza biyu.<ref name="spouse">{{Cite web |title=Parent-Carer Scientist: Polina Bayvel |url=https://royalsociety.org/topics-policy/diversity-in-science/parent-carer-scientist/polina-bayvel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430220200/https://royalsociety.org/topics-policy/diversity-in-science/parent-carer-scientist/polina-bayvel/ |archive-date=2016-04-30 |publisher=Royal Society}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] hg8p0arh8vwzneuzb5b7zqbj4krs7iv 0 144273 906546 806452 2026-08-23T11:59:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maria Fitzgerald''' masanin kimiyyar kwakwalwa ce ta Burtaniya wacce farfesa ce a Sashen Neuroscience a Kwalejin Jami'ar London . <ref name="frs">{{Cite web |last=Anon |year=2016 |title=Professor Maria Fitzgerald FMedSci FRS |url=https://royalsociety.org/people/maria-fitzgerald-12865/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429121217/https://royalsociety.org/people/maria-fitzgerald-12865/ |archive-date=2016-04-29 |publisher=[[Royal Society]]}} One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where: {{Blockquote|"All text published under the heading 'Biography' on Fellow profile pages is available under [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]." --{{cite web|url=https://royalsociety.org/about-us/terms-conditions-policies/ |title=Royal Society Terms, conditions and policies |access-date=2016-03-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925220834/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/terms-conditions-policies/ |archive-date=2015-09-25 }}}}</ref> <ref name="Fitzgerald1983">{{Cite journal |last=Fitzgerald |first=Maria |year=1983 |title=Capsaicin and sensory neurones – a review |journal=Pain |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=109–130 |doi=10.1016/0304-3959(83)90012-X |pmid=6189047 |s2cid=29662320}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Maria Fitzgerald: The neural development of pain processing |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/npp/research/mfi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315210136/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/npp/research/mfi |archive-date=2016-03-15 |publisher=University College London}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Maria Fitzgerald a Hampstead, London . Mahaifiyarta ita ce marubuciya Penelope Fitzgerald, marubuciyar Blue Flower . Mahaifinta, Desmond Fitzgerald, ya kasance babban jami'in Irish Guards. Babban ɗan'uwanta, Edmund Valpy Fitzgerald, farfesa ne mai daraja a Ma'aikatar Ci gaban Duniya ta Oxford. Maria ta yi karatu a Makarantar Godolphin da Latymer da Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, inda ta yi karatun ilimin lissafi. An ba ta digiri na farko a 1975 daga [[Jami'ar Oxford]] . Ta horar da ilimin lissafi da kimiyyar jijiyoyi tare da Bruce Lynn da Patrick David Wall a Kwalejin Jami'ar London, inda aka ba ta PhD a shekarar 1978.<ref name="frs"/> Maria ta sami tallafin bincike na farko daga Majalisar Binciken Kiwon Lafiya a 1981, kuma MRC ta ci gaba da tallafawa bincikenta tun daga lokacin. An ba ta kyautar "sabon lacca na jini" a Sashen Anatomy a UCL a 1984 kuma yanzu Farfesa ne na Neurobiology na Ci Gaban a Sashen Neuroscience, Physiology da Pharmacology na UCL, kuma memba ne na UCL Neuroscience. == Bincike da aiki == Fitzgerald yana nazarin ilimin lissafi na ci gaba da neurobiology na da'irorin nociceptor [1] a cikin kwakwalwa da kashin baya. Ayyukanta sun yi babban tasiri a kan fahimtarmu game da yadda fahimtar zafi ke fitowa a farkon rayuwa da kuma yadda jin zafi na farko zai iya tsara jin zafi ga rayuwa.[2] Binciken Fitzgerald ya canza ra'ayi na asibiti ta hanyar nuna cewa ciwo a jariri yana buƙatar ma'auni da magani da ya dace kuma ya kamata a daidaita shi zuwa matakin ci gaban yaro.[3][4] === Kyaututtuka da girmamawa === Don nuna godiya ga aikinta Fitzgerald an ba ta lambar yabo ta Jeffrey Lawson don Advocacy in Children's Pain Relief daga American Pain Society a cikin 2011, masanin kimiyya na farko da ya karbi wannan lambar yabo. A shekara ta 2013 an zabe ta zuwa Faculty of Pain Medicine na Royal College of Anaesthetists don ci gaba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga maganin zafi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards and Recognition |url=https://fpm.ac.uk/about-us/awards-and-recognition |access-date=2026-03-09 |archive-date=2026-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260114124631/https://www.fpm.ac.uk/about-us/awards-and-recognition |url-status=dead }}</ref> An zabe ta Fellow na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiya (FMedSci) a shekara ta 2000 kuma Fellow na Royal Society (FRS) a shekara de 2016. <ref name="frs"/> An ba ta lambar yabo ta memba na girmamawa a cikin Ƙungiyar Duniya don Nazarin Ciwo (IASP), Ƙungiyar Ciwo ta Burtaniya, Ƙungiyar Duniya ta Ciwo ta Yara (ISPP) da Ƙungiyar Physiological Ana samun kwasfan fayiloli da ke kwatanta aikinta na bincike a kan Ciwon Bincike.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Honorary Membership 2017 Recipients &#124; News &#124; British Pain Society |url=https://www.britishpainsociety.org/mediacentre/news/honorary-membership-2017-recipients/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Congratulations to the 2021 Honorary Members |url=https://www.physoc.org/news_article/congratulations-to-the-2021-honorary-members/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2020 |title=Being Brave and Asking Questions: A Podcast with Maria Fitzgerald |url=https://www.painresearchforum.org/forums/interview/153682-being-brave-and-asking-questions-podcast-maria-fitzgerald |website=Pain Research Forum}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ahtosbd8e48vk3p2f5n5m7vb1i6glr1 0 144683 906894 894264 2026-08-24T06:16:40Z BnHamid 12586 added [[Category:Mutuwan 1982]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 906894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adolf Holzhaus''' (1892 - 6 Yuni 1982) ya kasance Esperantist kuma masanin tarihi na ƙungiyar [[Esperanto]] . Tsakanin 1959 da 1985, ya tattara tarihin rayuwar mahaliccin Esperanto L. L. Zamenhof da iyalinsa, mai gabatarwa na Esperanto Wilhelm Heinrich Trompeter, da sauransu. Ya shirya kuma ya buga takardu game da tarihin Esperanto, gami da ''Hillelism'' na Zamenhof da "Provo de gramatiko de novjuda lingvo kaj alvoko al judazirilaro". Holzhaus ya rubuta "Vivokuroj de esperantistoj" (Kwarewar Rayuwa ta Esperantists) a matsayin maye gurbin da aka nufa don [[Encyclopedia of Esperanto|Encyclopedia na Esperanto]] . Littafinsa, wanda bai buga ba, yanzu yana zaune a Gidan Tarihin Esperanto. == Ayyuka == * '''1969''':''Doktoro kaj lingvo Esperanto'' (1969) eldonis [[Fondumo Esperanto]] * '''1971'''/'''1973''': Wilhelm Heinrich Trompeter. Tarihin rayuwar Esperanto eldonis [[Esperanto-Ligo en Israelo|Esperanto-Ligo a Isra'ila]] 1971, 2-a eld 1973 * '''1973''':Granda Galerio Zamenhofa 1. Helsinki: Fondumo Esperanto 1973 (kolekto na 952 fotoj pri L.L. Zamenhof kaj ties. [[Boris Kolker]] jugxis na 2004-04-16: "Valorega kolekto, Þakhin da ke da kyau a cikin pensio. * '''1975''': Zamenhof; Leteroj. Helsinki: Fondumo Esperanto 1975 . * '''1978''': Granda Galerio Zamenhofa 2. Helsinki: Fondumo Esperanto 1978 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kerziouk |first=Olga |date=15 December 2015 |title=The Man who Hoped: Celebrating Esperanto Book Day |url=https://blogs.bl.uk/european/2015/12/the-man-who-hoped-celebrating-esperanto-book-day.html |access-date=2 October 2024 |website=British Library |archive-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518090736/https://blogs.bl.uk/european/2015/12/the-man-who-hoped-celebrating-esperanto-book-day.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1982]] lt557jlbadz382vbvxycviitn8pk8sv 0 144965 906982 808263 2026-08-24T09:36:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Priscilla Ikos Usiobaifo''' '[[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na]] [[Najeriya]] ce kuma mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin mata da ke mai da hankali kan [[Daidaiton jinsi|Adalci na jinsi]] da kawar da tashin hankali na jinsi a Najeriya. <ref name="vanguard2025">{{Cite web |last=Esther Onyegbula |date=6 April 2025 |title=The courage to change: Priscilla Usiobaifo’s bold fight for women, girls |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/04/the-courage-to-change-priscilla-usiobaifos-bold-fight-for-women-girls/ |access-date=20 February 2026 |website=Vanguard}}</ref> Ita ce ta kafa kuma babban darakta na BraveHeart Initiative for Youth and Women (BHI). A cikin 2021, an ambaci sunanta a cikin mutane 100 mafi tasiri na siyasa a cikin Manufofin Jima'i tare da Stella Nyanzi da [[Fatima Denton]] . <ref name="vanguard2025" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Apolitical's 100 Most Influential People in Gender Policy |url=https://apolitical.co/list/en/gender-equality-100 |access-date=20 February 2026 |website=Apolitical}}</ref> Har ila yau, a cikin 2024 ta sami lambar yabo ta Amurka ta Mace ta Najeriya don nuna godiya ga shawararta da tasirin ta. <ref name="vanguard2025" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Diplomatic Mission in Nigeria Confers “Woman of Courage” Award to Ms. Priscilla Ikos Usiobaifo |url=https://ng.usembassy.gov/u-s-diplomatic-mission-in-nigeria-confers-woman-of-courage-award-to-ms-priscilla-ikos-usiobaifo/ |access-date=20 February 2026 |website=U.S. Embassy & Consulate in Nigeria}}</ref><ref name="nationWomanOfCourage2024">{{Cite web |last=Evelyn Osagie |title=Meet US Mission 2024 Woman of Courage |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/meet-us-mission-2024-woman-of-courage/ |access-date=20 February 2026 |website=The Nation}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ayyukan bayar da shawarwari na Usiobaifo sun rinjayi bayyanarta ga rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi da tashin hankali da ke shafar mata da 'yan mata a cikin al'ummomin da ba su da kyau.<ref name="newNigerianGenderPolicy">{{Cite web |title=Celebrating the Hard Work of Women on Gender Policy |url=https://thenewnigerian.com/celebrating-the-hard-work-of-women-on-gender-policy/ |access-date=20 February 2026 |website=The New Nigerian}}</ref> Ta fara shiga cikin kokarin adalci na jinsi ya tsara ta daga baya kafa BHI. <ref name="premiumSGBV2024" /> <ref name="Emeka2016">{{Cite web |last=Emeka |first=Mazi |date=23 September 2016 |title=Impact365: You probably don’t know this NGO but it is changing life in Edo State |url=https://ynaija.com/impact365-probably-dont-know-ngo-changing-life-edo-state/ |access-date=21 February 2026 |website=YNaija}}</ref> Ta kafa kungiyar BraveHeart Initiative (BHI) a matsayin kulob din ci gaban matasa a 2002 a Igara, [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] . Daga baya aka kafa kungiyar a shekara ta 2009 kuma ta yi rajista a matsayin kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke aiki a kan lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa da kuma kawo karshen tashin hankali na jima'i (SGBV) a cikin yankunan karkara.<ref name="premiumSGBV2024" /><ref name="Emeka2016"/> == Shahararren aiki da kuma bayar da shawarwari == Usiobaifo ta hanyar BHI ya kasance yana da hannu sosai a cikin shari'ar Jacob Alonge, wanda aka yanke masa hukunci a shekarar 2019 saboda fyade na 'yarsa. Alonge ya tsere wa tsare a lokacin da aka yi garkuwa da shi a shekarar 2020 kuma an sake kama shi a watan Mayu 2024, bayan haka BHI ta yi kira ga tsaron tsaro mai karfi.<ref name="tellAlongeInterview">{{Cite web |last=Adekunbi Ero |title=Incestuous rape conviction of Jacob Alonge: Proof that justice is not evasive – Priscilla Usiobaifo (Interview) |url=https://tell.ng/incestuous-rape-conviction-of-jacob-alonge-proof-that-justice-is-not-evasive-priscilla-usiobaifo-interview/ |access-date=20 February 2026 |website=TELL Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2024 |title=Prison escapee who raped daughter rearrested in Edo |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2024/05/05/prison-escapee-who-raped-daughter-rearrested-in-edo/ |access-date=20 February 2026 |website=PM News Nigeria}}</ref> Bayani a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na kasa ya ambaci shari'ar don kwatanta haɗarin ga masu ba da shawara da kuma juriya da ake buƙata don tabbatar da adalci ga waɗanda suka tsira.<ref name="vanguardGiftAlonge">{{Cite web |last=Bisi Adeleye-Fayemi |date=May 2024 |title=Justice for Gift Alonge |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/05/justice-for-gift-alonge/ |access-date=20 February 2026 |website=Vanguard}}</ref><ref name="lawSocietyIncest">{{Cite web |title=Incestuous father rearrested after escaping from Edo prison |url=https://lawandsocietymagazine.com/incestuous-father-rearrested-after-escaping-from-edo-prison/ |access-date=20 February 2026 |website=Law & Society Magazine}}</ref><ref name="freeLibraryAlonge">{{Cite web |title=Re-arrest of fugitive Jacob Alonge victory for justice in Edo – BHI |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Re-arrest+of+fugitive+Jacob+Alonge+victory+for+justice+in+Edo+-+BHI.-a0792742515 |access-date=20 February 2026 |website=The Free Library}}</ref> Rahotanni na labarai sun bayyana Usiobaifo a matsayin babbar murya kan fafutukar yaki da fyade da karfafa tsarin al'umma a Najeriya, musamman a yankunan karkara na Jihar Edo.<ref name="vanguard2025"/><ref name="nationWomanOfCourage2024"/> A cikin jaridar yanki ta WANEP an amince da aikin Usiobaifo don tabbatar da hukunci a cikin shari'o'in SGBV da yawa da kuma samar da tallafi na mai tsira.<ref name="wanep2020">{{Cite web |date=June 2020 |title=Gender Connect – June 2020 |url=https://wanep.org/wanep/files/2020/Jul/Gender_Connect_JUNE_2020_final.pdf |access-date=20 February 2026 |website=WANEP (West Africa Network for Peacebuilding) |archive-date=10 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260410185613/https://wanep.org/wanep/files/2020/Jul/Gender_Connect_JUNE_2020_final.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kungiyoyi da ayyukan jama'a == A lokacin Kwanaki 16 na Gwagwarmaya a cikin 2022, Usiobaifo ya bayyana tare da Omowumi Ogunrotimi a cikin tattaunawar jama'a game da gwagwarmayar kawo karshen tashin hankali ga mata da 'yan mata.[1] Ta kuma shiga kokarin Gidauniyar Ford ta Yammacin Afirka don canza ka'idojin zamantakewa masu cutarwa, gami da abubuwan da aka gudanar a lokacin CSW don bikin cika shekaru 30 na Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, yana nuna rawar da shugabannin gargajiya, na addini da na al'umma ke takawa wajen hana GBV.[2][3][4] == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == * A watan Maris na shekara ta 2025, ta sami lambar yabo ta Empowerment Champion daga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Mata da Ci gaban Jama'a ta Jihar Edo, saboda ci gaba da aikinta a ilimi, jin daɗi, da daidaiton jinsi.<ref name="vanguard2025"/> * A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024, Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Najeriya ya ba Usiobaifo lambar yabo ta "Woman of Courage", inda ya ambaci shekaru ashirin na aiki don sake fasalin dokoki da kalubalanci ka'idojin zamantakewa da al'adu waɗanda ke ci gaba da GBV.<ref name="nationWomanOfCourage2024"/> * An lissafa ta cikin "Mutanen 100 mafi tasiri a cikin Manufofin Jima'i" na siyasa (wanda aka ruwaito a kafofin watsa labarai na Najeriya a cikin 2021). <ref name="newNigerianGenderPolicy"/> * A cikin shekara ta 2012, an zabi Usiobaifo don Kyautar Afirka ta gaba a cikin rukunin Mafi Amfani da Advocacy, tare da [[Olumide Makanjuola]] . <ref name="TFAA2012">{{Cite web |title=The Future Awards Africa 2012 Nominees |url=https://awards.thefutureafrica.com/tfaa-2012-nominees/ |access-date=20 February 2026 |website=The Future Awards Africa}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 8qrjnywj40wprgkca5wrcm9253l33nf 0 146070 906986 811608 2026-08-24T10:22:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rabīʿah ibn al-Ḥārith''' (Arabic)<ref>Other transliterations include "Rabah ibn al-Harith"</ref> (c.566-c.640) dan uwan farko ne kuma [[Sahabban Annabi|abokin]] annabin Musulunci [[Muhammad|Muhammadu SAW]]. == Tarihin rayuwa == Rabiʿa ibn al-Harith ibn ʿAbd al-Muttalib dan uwan Annabi [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]] ne, kuma ya fi kawunsa Abbas ibn Abd al-Mutalib shekaru biyu.<ref name="al-Dhahabi">[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=54&idfrom=58&idto=58&flag=0&bk_no=60&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0 Al-Dhahabi, ''Siyar Aʿlam al-Nubalaʾ'', Islamweb edition (archived 19 April 2017)]</ref> Kafin Islama ya yi aiki a matsayin dan kasuwa, wani lokacin tare da [[Usman Ibn Affan|Uthman ibn Affan]] .<ref>[https://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-9767/page-1075 Ibn Hajar, ''al-Isaba fi Tamyiz al-Sahaba'', vol. 3, p. 1075] (archived 19 April 2017)</ref> Bai shiga cikin [[Yaƙin Badar|Yaƙin Badr]] tare da Quraysh ba saboda ya tafi tafiya ta kasuwanci a Siriya. Rabiʿa ya rungumi Islama a lokacin [[Yaƙin gwalalo|Yaƙin Trench]], ya yi ƙaura zuwa Madina tare da kawunsa al-ʿAbbas da ɗan'uwansa Nawfal ibn al-Harith . A Khaybar, Muhammadu ya ba shi 100 wasqs na amfanin gona a kowace shekara kuma ya yaba masa, yana cewa: {{Blockquote|What an excellent servant is Rabiʿa ibn al-Harith, if only he would shorten his hair and raise his garment.}} Rabiʿa ya kasance a lokacin da aka ci Makka, kuma ya yi yaƙi tare da Muhammadu a [[Yakin Hunayn|Hunayn]] da Taʾif, inda yake daga cikin waɗanda suka tsaya tsayin daka.<ref name="IbnSaad2">[https://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-1686/page-1165 Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Tabaqat al-Kubra'', vol. 4, p. 1165] (archived 20 December 2016)</ref> Daga baya ya zauna a Madina kuma ya mutu a can a cikin 23 AH (644 AZ) a lokacin Khalifancin [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar ibn al-Khattab]] . Wasu rahotanni sun sanya mutuwarsa a baya, a cikin 13 AH.<ref name="al-Dhahabi" /> Rabiʿa yana da 'ya'ya da yawa, ciki har da: Muhammad, ʿAbd Allah, al-ʿAbbas, Umayya, ʿabd Shams, Abd al-Muttalib ibn RabiʿA ibn al-Harith, Arwa al-Kubra, da Hind, wanda mahaifiyarsa Umm al-Hakam bint al-Zubayr ibn ʿAbb; da Arwa al'Sughra, wanda mahaifiyarta ƙwaraƙwara ce.<ref name="IbnSaad1">[https://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-1686/page-1164 Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Tabaqat al-Kubra'', vol. 4, p. 1164] (archived 20 December 2016)</ref> == Iyali == Ya kasance ɗan Al-Harith ibn Abd al-Muttalib na dangin [[Banu Hashim|Hashim]] na [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] a [[Makkah|Makka]] <ref name=Tabari39>Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari. ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa'l-Muluk''. Translated by Landau-Tasseron, E. (1998). ''Volume 39: Biographies of the Prophet's Companions and Their Successors''. Albany: State University of New York Press.</ref>. : 62, 98 {{Rp|62,98}} Ya auri dan uwansa Umm al-Hakam bint [[Al-Zubayr bin Abdul-Muttalib|al-Zubayr]] kuma suna da 'ya'ya tara.</ref>{{rp|34}}<ref><ref name=Tabari39/> {{Rp|34}}: 198 {{Rp|198}} # Muhammadu. # Abd Allah. # Abbas, Yana da ɗa mai suna Abd al-Rahman wanda aka binne a Ahmed Pur Sial, Jhang . # Abd Allah. # Al-Harith. # Abd Shams. # Abd al-Muttalib, wanda ya ba da labarin hadisi daga Muhammadu kuma ya zauna a Siriya. : 63, 97<ref name=Tabari39/> {{Rp|63,97}} # Umayya # Wani ɗa, mai suna Adam, Tammam ko Iyas, wanda aka azabtar da shi.<ref name="Tabari39" /> : 62–63 {{Rp|62–63}} # Arwa "tsohon", daga wanda Rabi'ah ya ɗauki ''kunya'' '''Abu Arwa'''.<ref name="Tabari39" /> : 288 {{Rp|288}} == Juyowa zuwa Musulunci == An ce Rabi'ah bai yi yaƙi a [[Yaƙin Badar|Yaƙin Badr]] a cikin 624 ba saboda yana cikin Siriya a lokacin. : 62 {{Rp|62}}<ref name=Tabari39/> A cikin 627, a lokacin [[Yaƙin gwalalo|Yaƙin Trench]], ya tuba zuwa Islama kuma ya yi hijira zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]]. : 62 {{Rp|62}}<ref name=Tabari39/> == Shari'ar zubar da jini == Dan Rabi'ah Adam ƙaramin yaro ne da ke zaune tare da mahaifiyar mai kula daga kabilar Bakr. Bakr suna yaƙi da Hudhayl. Adam ya fita a gaban alfarwan kuma an kama shi a cikin wuta ta gaba. Wani dutse da wani mutumin Hudhayl ya jefa ya buge kuma ya murkushe kansa, wanda ya kashe shi. : 61, 98 {{Rp|61,98}} Rabi'ah ya yi niyyar neman kudi na jini ko kisan kai daga Hudhayl don mutuwar ɗansa. Kafin wannan ya faru, Muhammadu ya ci Makka. A wannan rana Muhammad ya soke duk bashin jini kuma ya kira shari'ar Rabi'ah a matsayin ta farko da za a soke. : 61, 98 Koyaya, Ibn Ishaq ya tabbatar da cewa an ayyana sokewar shekaru biyu bayan haka, a aikin hajji na 632. : 650–651 {{Rp|650–651}}<blockquote>Duk jinin da aka zubar a zamanin arna dole ne a bar shi ba tare da ramawa ba. Da'awar farko game da jini na soke ita ce ta Ibn Rabi'ah ibn al-Harith ibn Abd al-Muttalib . Shi ne jinin farko da aka zubar a zamanin arna wanda na magance shi. {{Rp|651}}: 61, 98 {{Rp|61,98}}</blockquote>Saboda haka Muhammad ya hana Rabi'ah yin fansa daga mai kisan. : 61, 98 {{Rp|61,98}} == Rayuwa ta baya == Rabī'ah da ɗan'uwansa [[Abu Sufyan bin al-Harith|Abū Sufyān]] suna cikin mutane goma da ba su gudu a [[Yakin Hunayn|Yaƙin Hunayn]] ba. {{Rp|569}}: 62 {{Rp|62}} He is involved in the [[Hadisin Goma da aka yi musu alkawarin Aljanna|Hadith of the ten promised paradise]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2016}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Rabi'ah ya mutu bayan 636 amma kafin 644. : 19, 21, 62, 98 {{Rp|19,21,62,98}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * http://www.renaissance.com.pk/maprspo98.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050118184859/http://www.renaissance.com.pk/maprspo98.html |date=2005-01-18 }} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sm7phpamne70mazsll0yde2z2v0um0x 0 146880 906625 817032 2026-08-23T17:23:14Z Zahrah0 14848 906625 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kamilah binti Haji Mohd Hanifah''' jami'ar diflomasiyya ce ta Brunei wadda ta zama jakadiyar [[Japan]] tun daga shekarar 2017, kuma tsohuwar jakada ce a [[Hong Kong]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-22 |title=Royal Brunei Airlines Celebrating 40 Years of Flight in Hong Kong |url=https://www.flyroyalbrunei.com/indonesia/en/royal-brunei-airlines-celebrating-40-years-of-flight-in-hong-kong/ |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=www.flyroyalbrunei.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == HAikin diflomasiyya == Kamilah babbar jami'a ce ta musamman a Sashen Haɗin Gwiwa na Tattalin Arziki na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje da Ciniki (MOFAT) a farkon aikinta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=ASEAN-China Centre |date=2016-01-26 |title=ACC Secretary-General Met with Minister at the Prime Minister's Office and Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade II of Brunei Darussalam |url=http://www.asean-china-center.org/english/2016-01/6178.html |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=www.asean-china-center.org}}</ref> Daga baya aka naɗa ta a matsayin jakada a Hong Kong. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Consulate General of Brunei Darussalam in Hong Kong SAR (People's Republic of China) |url=https://www.mfa.gov.bn/SitePages/Consulate%20General%20of%20Brunei%20Darussalam%20in%20Hong%20Kong%20SAR%20(People's%20Republic%20of%20China).aspx |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=www.mfa.gov.bn |language=en-GB}}</ref> Song Zhe ta haɗu da ita a ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2012, don tattauna ra'ayoyinsu kan dangantakar ƙasashen biyu da kuma musayar da haɗin gwiwar Hong Kong da Brunei. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-11 |title=Commissioner Song Zhe met with Consul General of Brunei Darussalam in Hong Kong |url=http://hk.ocmfa.gov.cn/eng/zjgs/tpyhd/201212/t20121211_7463166.htm |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=hk.ocmfa.gov.cn}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 2017, [[Al-Muhtadee Billah|Yarima Al-Muhtadee Billah]] ya amince ya gana da Kamilah da sauran jakadun da aka naɗa kwanan nan daga Brunei. Tun da farko a ranar 15 ga wata, ta sami Wasikar Naɗi daga [[Hassanal Bolkiah|Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohamad Azmi Awang Damit |date=2017-02-15 |title=DUTA BESAR BRUNEI DARUSSALAM |url=http://www.infofoto.gov.bn/main.php?g2_itemId=584259 |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=www.infofoto.gov.bn |language=ms}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Mayu, ta gabatar da takardun shaidarta ga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Japan. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-05-10 |title=駐日ブルネイ大使の信任状捧呈 |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/press/release/press4_004584.html |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=www.mofa.go.jp |language=ja}}</ref> Motohiko Kato da takardun diflomasiyyarta da ta sanya wa hannu a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 2018, a [[Tokyo]], don gyara alaƙar yarjejeniyar game da ayyukan jiragen sama domin ƙarfafa 'yancin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama tsakanin ƙasashen biyu. A lokacin jawabin rufe taron a ranar 1 ga Maris 2018, Kamilah, shugabar Cibiyar ASEAN -Japan, ta ambaci cewa ƙasashen membobin ASEAN suna yin haɗin gwiwa sosai da juna da kuma ƙawaye kamar Japan don ƙirƙirar yanki mai zaman lafiya, wadata, da haɗin kai. Ta kuma ce yayin da ASEAN ke ci gaba da tafiya zuwa ga buɗaɗɗen yanki kuma tana fuskantar ƙaruwar yanayin kariya a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa. == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] iixz73ez1y2t8a60vfjifhj2cvhkait 0 147161 906598 842436 2026-08-23T14:31:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mary Wanjugu Ngechu''' 'yar kasuwa ce ta Kenya kuma 'yar masana'antu ce. Ita ce manajan darakta na Line Plast Group, kamfanin masana'antu da ke [[Nairobi]], kuma mai kafawa da kuma mai kula da Gidauniyar TakaTaka Ni Mali, kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke mai da hankali kan gudanar da sharar gida da kuma shirye-shiryen tattalin arziki na zagaye.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-29 |title=Hard-edged entrepreneur believes success happens when one learns to hang on |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/news/gender/hard-edged-entrepreneur-believes-success-happens-when-one-learns-to-hang-on-246436 |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=Daily Nation |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New information hub, app to aid in waste management |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2022-11-17-new-information-hub-app-to-aid-in-waste-management |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=The Star |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2024, Shugaban Kenya [[William Ruto]] ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Moran na Order of the Burning Spear (MBS).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ntongai |first=Elijah |date=2024-12-16 |title=William Ruto Confers Burning Spear Award to Kenyan Industrialists Rajan Shah, Mary Ngechu - Tuko.co.ke |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/business-economy/572578-william-ruto-confers-burning-spear-award-kenyan-industrialists-rajan-shah-mary-ngechu/ |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.tuko.co.ke |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Ngechu ta yi karatun injiniyan sadarwa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Sadarwa ta Kenya daga 1994 zuwa 1996. Daga baya ta sami cancanta a fannin fasahar bayanai daga Jami'ar Aikin Gona da Fasaha ta Jomo Kenyatta tsakanin 2004 da 2006. Ta gudanar da horo na zartarwa a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Strathmore tsakanin 2015 da 2016. A cikin 2019, ta kammala karatun kan layi a cikin kasuwanci da [[Jami'ar Harvard]] ta bayar ta hanyar edX . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mary Ngechu: Social entrepreneur who values waste and wants it used to build circular economy |url=https://allianceforscience.org/blog/2023/06/mary-ngechu-social-entrepreneur-who-values-waste-and-wants-it-used-to-build-circular-economy/ |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=Alliance for Science |language=en-US |archive-date=2026-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106062553/https://allianceforscience.org/blog/2023/06/mary-ngechu-social-entrepreneur-who-values-waste-and-wants-it-used-to-build-circular-economy/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ngechu ita ce jagora a Line Art Solutions Limited, kamfanin buga labels da ta kafa a shekara ta 2006. A cikin 2017, an nuna Ngechu a cikin wata kasida ta Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya game da hanyoyin da take amfani da su wajen bunkasa ƙwarewa da hada ma'aikata.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-18 |title=Kenyan woman entrepreneur breaking gender barriers in a manufacturing production floor through training {{!}} International Labour Organization |url=https://www.ilo.org/resource/article/kenyan-woman-entrepreneur-breaking-gender-barriers-manufacturing-production |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.ilo.org |language=en}}</ref> Ngechu ta jagoranci shirin Mata a Masana'antu a karkashin Kungiyar Masana'antun Kenya har zuwa Satumba 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Mary Ngechu: Making space for the next generation of women in manufacturing |url=https://africabusinesscommunities.com/features/column-mary-ngechu-making-space-for-the-next-generation-of-women-in-manufacturing/ |access-date=2025-12-29 |website= |archive-date=2022-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428060526/https://africabusinesscommunities.com/features/column-mary-ngechu-making-space-for-the-next-generation-of-women-in-manufacturing/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kuma shugabanci sashen MSME a Kenya Private Sector Alliance a 2022 kuma a matsayin memba na kwamitin Majalisar Kasuwancin Gabashin Afirka tun daga 2019. Har ila yau, ta kasance memba na kwamitin daraktoci na Kungiyar Kula da Ayyuka ta Kenya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary Ngechu |url=https://meaningful.business/team-member/mary-ngechu/ |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=Meaningful Business |language=en-GB}}</ref> A shekara ta 2024, an nada ta a matsayin jakada a kungiyar International Solid Waste Association . == Gidauniyar TTNM == Ngechu ya kafa Gidauniyar TakaTaka Ni Mali a cikin 2017, don mayar da hankali kan rarrabewar sharar gida, sake amfani, da hanyoyin tattalin arziki a [[Kenya]], TakaTakaNi Mali na nufin Sharar gida ce Dukiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Takataka ni mali |url=https://takanimali.org/about/ |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=takanimali.org}}</ref> A cikin 2022, kungiyar ta ƙaddamar da aikace-aikacen hannu don haɗa gidaje tare da masu tara sharar gida, masu tarawa, da masu sake amfani.[1] A cikin 2023, TTNM ta ƙaddamar da Ecoloop, tsarin sarrafa fasaha wanda aka tsara don inganta sarrafa sharar gida da inganta ayyukan tattalin arziki na zagaye a Kenya.[2] Ngechu ta shiga cikin ƙaddamar da jerin abubuwan da suka faru a Afirka, taron kula da sharar gida na yanki wanda aka shirya ta hanyar Gidauniyar TakaTaka Ni Mali da abokan tarayya. Ya haɗu da masu tsara manufofi, masu ruwa da tsaki na masana'antu, da masu yin muhalli don tattaunawa game da kula da sharar gida a [[Gabashin Afirka]].<ref name=":0"/> == Karramawa == * 2017: Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Kenya Mutumin Shekara, wanda ya zo na biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-02 |title=BOLD WOMAN: Mary Ngechu |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/life-and-style/women-style/bold-woman-mary-ngechu-19782 |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=Daily Nation |language=en}}</ref> * 2018: EY Gabashin Afirka Dan kasuwa na Shekara - Mata mai cin nasara. * 2019: Zuri Awards, Mata a cikin Masana'antu. * 2024: Moran na Order of the Burning Spear (MBS). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] d2p4kr185jsvir0ax16q20azxsm6u03 0 147534 906749 839486 2026-08-23T21:55:50Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 906749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy Library (Ukrainian) shi ne tsarin ɗakin karatu na National University of Kiev-Mohyle Academy, wanda aka kafa a 1615, an rufe shi a 1817 kuma an farfado da shi a 1991. Babban hanyar ilimi ce da ke tallafawa koyarwa, ilmantarwa, da burin bincike na jami'ar; ɗalibai, malamai, da jama'a gaba ɗaya na iya samun kayan aikinta daban-daban. Kusan kashi 70% littattafai ne da littattafai na lokaci-lokaci, waɗanda mutane, cibiyoyi da kungiyoyi daga ko'ina cikin duniya suka ba da gudummawa. Laburaren ya ƙunshi wurare da yawa a duk faɗin harabar jami'a. Daga cikin tarin akwai abubuwa masu yawa masu ban sha'awa kamar ɗaya daga cikin kofe huɗu na The Travels of Macarius, Patriarch of Antakiya by Paul na [[Aleppo]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Petrova |first=Yulia |date=September 2015 |title=The Travels of Macarius: Return of the Forgotten Manuscript of A. Krymskiy |url=https://www.academia.edu/34623336 |journal=Revue des Études Sud-Est Européennes}}</ref> == Tarihi == Ba a san ranar da aka kirkirar tarin littattafan Kyiv Mohyla ba. Kimanin, ya fara aiki a lokutan Kyiv Brotherhood School, tun daga shekara ta 1615.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tysiachna |first=Nadia |title=An odd anniversary Kyiv-Mohyla Academy turns 395! |url=http://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/society/odd-anniversary |access-date=20 February 2018 |publisher=day.kyiv.ua}}</ref> Babban gudummawa ga kafa ɗakin karatu daga baya ya yi Petro Mohyla, wanda ya nuna damuwa ta musamman wajen wadatar da tarin ɗakin karatu. Ya ba da kyautar tarin littattafansa 'yan kwanaki kafin ya mutu. Amma mummunan gobarar da ta faru a shekara ta 1658 kusan ta lalata ɗakin karatu gaba daya. A karni na 18 ɗakin karatu ya tara littattafai 3,500 a cikin harsuna daban-daban, musamman a cikin Latin. A ƙarshen karni na 18 akwai abubuwa 12,000. A cikin karni na 19 an canja ɗakin karatu zuwa Kwalejin tauhidin Kyiv tare da jimlar tarin kusan abubuwa 150,000. Tun daga shekarun 1920 wani ɓangare na Laburaren an canja shi zuwa Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine . A cikin 1992 an buɗe ɗakin karatu a Jami'ar da aka sabunta. Da farko an samo shi ne a cikin Ikilisiyar Blagovischennia sannan kuma a cikin ɗakunan jami'ar da aka farfado. Rufewar Kwalejin tauhidi a farkon karni na 20 da abubuwan da suka biyo bayan juyin juya halin Oktoba, sun haifar da kusan lalacewar ɗakin karatu. A cikin shekarun mulkin kama karya, yawancin littattafan sun ɓace ko kuma an canja su zuwa wasu cibiyoyin. Littattafan da suka tsira yanzu suna cikin Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Library history |url=http://www.library.ukma.edu.ua/index.php?id=19&L=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221035645/http://www.library.ukma.edu.ua/index.php?id=19&L=1 |archive-date=21 February 2018 |access-date=20 February 2018}}</ref> == Wuraren karatu da wuraren aiki == === Laburaren Bincike === [[Fayil:Київ_-_Братський_монастир._Корпус_академічний_старий_P1060262.JPG|thumb|Laburaren Bincike ya kasance a cikin Tsohon Ginin Kwalejin har zuwa 2017]] Tsohon Ginin Ilimi yana ɗaya daga cikin alamun gine-gine na Kontraktova Ploscha wanda ke kan Podil, tsohuwar gundumar [[Kiev|Kyiv]]. Yana da tarihin rikitarwa na sake ginawa, duka masu aiki da kayan ado. An kammala ginin na asali mai hawa ɗaya a cikin 1703. An gina bene na biyu da Ikilisiyar Annunciation a gabashin gabashin ginin a cikin 1735-1740 ta Rafail Zaborovsky kuma bisa ga aikin gine-ginen Johann Schädel. Bayan babban gobara a Kyiv a cikin 1811 an sake gina ginin tare da sa hannun masanin gine-gine A. Melensky . A cikin shekarun 1860 an rufe tashoshin da aka bude. Tun daga rabi na biyu na ɗakin karatu na karni na 19 na Kwalejin tauhidin Kyiv (tsohuwar kwalejin Cocin Orthodox na Ukraine) an sanya shi a nan. Bayan da aka rufe Kwalejin a 1919, an shirya tarin littattafai masu ban sha'awa na Vernadsky Library a cikin Tsohon Ginin Kwalejin kuma ba a tura waɗannan tarin zuwa makarantar Kyiv-Mohyla ba bayan farfadowarta a shekarar 1992. A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] shafin ya ɗan lalace (rufin, kayan ado). A cikin 1947, 1968, 1980 Old Academy ginin ya sami sabuntawa. A watan Fabrairun 1992 shafin ya zo ƙarƙashin ikon Jami'ar Kasa ta Kyiv-Mohyla Academy da Jami'ar Kwalejin Kasa ta Kyivi-Mohyle sun fara tattara abubuwan da ke cikinta a nan. A cikin 2017 matakin farko na ginin da aka tsara tun da daɗewa. An sake komawa ɗakin karatu da ɗakunan ajiya zuwa wasu gine-gine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Old Academy (Mazepa) Building |url=http://restoration.ukma.kiev.ua/en/content/old-academy-building |access-date=20 February 2018 |website=Restoration project }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Laburaren Amurka na Viktor Kytasty === An sanya sunan ɗakin karatu na Amurka ne don tunawa da Victor Kytasty, wanda ya sadaukar da kansa ga ci gaba da ci gaban Jami'ar Kyiv-Mohyla ta Kasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://al.ukma.edu.ua/aboutal/history |access-date=2021-03-01 |website=al.ukma.edu.ua |archive-date=2021-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116171427/https://al.ukma.edu.ua/aboutal/history |url-status=dead }}</ref> Laburaren jama'a ne wanda aka kiyaye shi a matsayin sashen Jami'ar Kwalejin Kwalejin Kyiv-Mohyla. An buɗe shi bayan [[U.S. Embassy in Ukraine|Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Ukraine]] ya canja ɗakin karatu daga Gidan Amurka zuwa harabar Kwalejin Kyiv-Mohyla a shekarar 1998. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://al.ukma.edu.ua/aboutal/history |access-date=2021-03-01 |website=al.ukma.edu.ua |archive-date=2021-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116171427/https://al.ukma.edu.ua/aboutal/history |url-status=dead }}</ref> Laburaren yana ba masu karatu albarkatun harshen Ingilishi na zamani, littattafai ga yara da manya, damar Intanet kyauta, da abubuwan nishaɗi kamar nuna fina-finai na dare na Jumma'a. Adireshin: 8/5 Voloska str. , gini 4 dakin #116.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2016 |title=Top 3 Places to Find Books in Foreign Languages in Kiev |url=http://destinations.com.ua/shopping/top-3-places-to-find-books-in-foreign-languages-in-kiev |access-date=20 February 2018 |website=DestinationsUkraine }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2010 |title=Ambassador John Tefft opens renovated American Library |url=http://ukrweekly.com/archive/2010/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_2010-11.pdf |access-date=20 February 2018 |website=DestinationsUkraine }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin ɗakunan karatu a Ukraine == Manazarta == j3yygcmc9rzh6lnk25scz3cuz3xppbl 0 147704 906624 819109 2026-08-23T17:20:03Z Zahrah0 14848 906624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vcard" |- class="infobox-subheader" colspan="2" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;" |<div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Hamida Akbari</div> |- class="infobox-header" colspan="2" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;" | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;" |<div class="nickname" lang="prs"> حمیده اکبری </div> |- class="infobox-header" colspan="2" style="color: #202122; background:lavender" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" | |} '''Hamida Akbari''' ( Dari ) ƴar siyasa ce ƴar ƙasar Afghanistan wacce ta wakilci al'ummar lardin Maidan Wardak a wa'adi na 16 na Majalisar Dokokin Afghanistan . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |script-title=fa:حمیده اکبری |url=http://www.wolesi.website/pvd/showdoc.aspx?Id=3771 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424044936/http://www.wolesi.website/pvd/showdoc.aspx?Id=3771 |archive-date=2023-04-24 |access-date=2022-03-17 |language=prs}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |script-title=fa:زندگينامه نمايندگان مردم ميدان وردک در ولسى جرگه |url=http://www.elections.pajhwok.com/dr/content/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85-%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%DA%A9-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%89-%D8%AC%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%87 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502102932/https://elections.pajhwok.com/dr/content/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85-%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%DA%A9-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%89-%D8%AC%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%87 |archive-date=2021-05-02 |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=Pajhwok Elections |language=prs}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Hamida Akbari a shekarar alif 1974 a [[Kabul]] amma asalinta daga gundumar Behsud, lardin Maidan Wardak ne . Ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin injiniya daga Jami'ar Kabul . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |script-title=fa:حمیده اکبری |url=http://www.wolesi.website/pvd/showdoc.aspx?Id=3771 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424044936/http://www.wolesi.website/pvd/showdoc.aspx?Id=3771 |archive-date=2023-04-24 |access-date=2022-03-17 |language=prs}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20230424044936/http://www.wolesi.website/pvd/showdoc.aspx?Id=3771 <bdi lang="fa">حمیده اکبری</bdi>]. <bdi lang="fa">ولسی جرگه شورای ملی دولت جمهوری اسلامی افغانستان</bdi> (in Dari). Archived from [http://www.wolesi.website/pvd/showdoc.aspx?Id=3771 the original] on 24 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 uses Persian-language script (fa)]] [[Category:CS1 foreign language sources (ISO 639-2)|prs]]</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |script-title=fa:زندگينامه نمايندگان مردم ميدان وردک در ولسى جرگه |url=http://www.elections.pajhwok.com/dr/content/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85-%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%DA%A9-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%89-%D8%AC%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%87 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502102932/https://elections.pajhwok.com/dr/content/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85-%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%DA%A9-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%89-%D8%AC%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%87 |archive-date=2021-05-02 |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=Pajhwok Elections |language=prs}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210502102932/https://elections.pajhwok.com/dr/content/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85-%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%DA%A9-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%89-%D8%AC%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%87 <bdi lang="fa">زندگينامه نمايندگان مردم ميدان وردک در ولسى جرگه</bdi>]. ''Pajhwok Elections'' (in Dari). Archived from [http://www.elections.pajhwok.com/dr/content/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85-%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%DA%A9-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%89-%D8%AC%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%87 the original] on 2 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 uses Persian-language script (fa)]] [[Category:CS1 foreign language sources (ISO 639-2)|prs]]</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin mutanen Hazara == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Hazara_nationalism}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] te1vk9di6vpgprubi21qtgm2mickcog 0 148426 906802 824376 2026-08-24T01:07:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} New Cruse 92.7 FM tashar rediyo ce mai zaman kanta [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Ta Najeriya]] da ke [[Ikere|Ikere Ekiti]], [[Ekiti|Jihar Ekiti]] . Cif [[Wole Olanipekun]] [[Babban Lauyan Najeriya| (SAN)]] , tsohon shugaban [[Kungiyar Layoyi ta Najeriya|Kungiyar Lauyoyin Najeriya (NBA)]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-05-07|title=Olanipekun's exploits excite Ekiti community|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/olanipekuns-exploits-excite-ekiti-community/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2021-12-05|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> ne ke mallakar tashar. An fara watsa shirye-shiryen tashar a watan Maris na 2020,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ekiti gets new radio station, New Cruse 92.7 FM|date=15 April 2020|url=https://royalnews.com.ng/ekiti-gets-new-radio-station-new-cruse-92-7-fm/|access-date=2021-12-05|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205142727/https://royalnews.com.ng/ekiti-gets-new-radio-station-new-cruse-92-7-fm/|url-status=dead}}</ref> tare da cikakkun shirye-shiryen a ranar 14 ga Afrilu na wannan shekarar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2020 |title=Ekiti gets new radio station, New Cruse 92.7 FM |url=https://royalnews.com.ng/ekiti-gets-new-radio-station-new-cruse-92-7-fm/ |access-date=2021-12-05 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205142727/https://royalnews.com.ng/ekiti-gets-new-radio-station-new-cruse-92-7-fm/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> iqdzoz0cavpz1oor6bgrmyjukaapklc 0 148530 906623 859120 2026-08-23T17:18:25Z Zahrah0 14848 906623 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Haniifa Mohamed Ibrahim''' da aka fi sani da '''Hanifa Habsade''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Yuni shekarar alif 1991) ta kasance Ministan Mata da Ci gaban 'Yancin Dan Adam na Somalia. Daga baya ta shiga kwamitin Babban Bankin [[Somaliya]] . == Rayuwa == An haife ta a shekara ta 1991 kuma ta zama memba na majalisar dokokin Somaliya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Somali Federal Parliament |url=http://golahashacabka.parliament.gov.so/legislator/en/showMembers.php?legID=277&lang=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806160835/https://golahashacabka.parliament.gov.so/legislator/en/showMembers.php?legID=277&lang=1 |archive-date=2023-08-06 |access-date=2021-04-25 |website=golahashacabka.parliament.gov.so}}</ref> a shekara ta 2016. <ref name="bored">{{Cite web |title=Board of Directors – Central Bank of Somalia |url=https://centralbank.gov.so/board-of-directors/ |access-date=2026-03-16 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ita ce ta farko a cikin zaben mata yayin da kasar ta yi niyyar kara yawan mata zuwa kashi 30 cikin dari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South West State approaches final stages of voting for House of the People |url=https://unsom.unmissions.org/en/south-west-state-approaches-final-stages-voting-house-people |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=UNSOM |language=en |archive-date=2026-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260429100138/https://unsom.unmissions.org/en/south-west-state-approaches-final-stages-voting-house-people |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2017 ta kasance daga cikin manyan 'yan siyasa goma sha bakwai da aka samo daga ƙananan gidajen majalisa na Somalia waɗanda aikin su shine zabar shugaban Somalia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-25 |title=Somalia forms Presidential Election Committee |url=https://goobjoog.com/english/somalia-forms-presidential-election-committee/ |access-date=2021-04-25 |website=Goobjoog News English |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta zama Ministan Mata da Ci gaban Dan Adam a karkashin Firayim Minista [[Abdihakin Ashkir]] a Somalia.<ref name="centre">{{Cite web |title=Minister of Women and Human Development opens advocacy center in Mogadishu |url=https://sonna.so/en/somalia-minster-of-women-and-human-development-opens-womens-quota-advocacy-center-at-30/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806160355/https://sonna.so/en/somalia-minster-of-women-and-human-development-opens-womens-quota-advocacy-center-at-30/ |archive-date=2023-08-06 |access-date=2021-04-25 |website=Somali National News Agency |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2021 ta buɗe cibiyar a Mogadishu don tallafawa mata. Wannan ya kasance don tallafawa burin samun mata 30% a siyasa.<ref name="centre" /> A cikin tattaunawa tare da wakilin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] James C. Swan ta tayar da batun goyon bayan Majalisar Dinkinobho ga burin 30% a cikin 2021. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2025 Hanifa Mohamed Ibrahim, wanda ya kasance Babban Mai ba da shawara ga Kakakin Majalisar Tarayya ta Somalia, <ref name="bored"/> Majalisar Ministoci ta zabe shi don shiga kwamitin Babban Bankin Somaliya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-02 |title=Hanifa Appointed to Central Bank of Somalia's Board of Directors - Somali News today Live |url=https://www.ftlsomalia.com/hanifa-appointed-to-central-bank-of-somalias-board-of-directors/ |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=FTL Somalia |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] 7io0b43gpg0llg9w3mdqs6dldpqtt48 0 148687 906860 827493 2026-08-24T05:01:23Z BnHamid 12586 906860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:XXIII Memorial Quinocho (RC Celta vs Mainz 05) - 70 (cropped).jpg|thumb]] '''Bote Ridle Nzuzi Baku''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1998) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga ƙasar Jamus wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan tsakiya ko kuma ɗan baya na dama ga ƙungiyar [[VfL Wolfsburg]] a gasar Bundesliga. An san shi da saurin gudu, iya kai hari daga gefe, da kuma taimakawa wajen ƙirƙirar dama ga abokan wasansa. <ref>Bundesliga Player Profile</ref> == Rayuwar Farko == An haifi Ridle Baku a birnin Mainz na ƙasar Jamus, inda ya taso a cikin iyali mai asalin ƙasar Kongo. Tun yana ƙarami ya nuna sha'awa da ƙwarewa a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, abin da ya sa ya shiga makarantar horas da matasa ta ƙungiyar [[1. FSV Mainz 05]]. <ref>Mainz Youth Academy Records</ref> == Aikin Ƙwallon Ƙafa == === Mainz 05 === Baku ya fara buga wasa a matakin manya tare da ƙungiyar [[1. FSV Mainz 05]] a shekarar 2017. A farkon wasansa, ya taka rawa a matsayin ɗan tsakiya, amma daga baya aka fara amfani da shi a matsayin ɗan baya na dama saboda kwarewarsa a gudu da kare gida. <ref>Mainz Match Reports</ref> === VfL Wolfsburg === A shekarar 2020, Baku ya koma [[VfL Wolfsburg]] inda ya samu cigaba sosai a aikinsa. Ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasa a ƙungiyar, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kai hari da kuma taimakawa a bangaren tsaro. Ya kuma zura kwallaye masu muhimmanci a gasar Bundesliga. <ref>Wolfsburg Official Website</ref> == Ayyukan Ƙasa == Baku ya wakilci ƙasar Jamus a matakin matasa, ciki har da ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 (U-21). Ya kasance cikin tawagar da ta lashe gasar Turai ta U-21. Daga baya kuma ya samu damar buga wa babbar tawagar ƙasar Jamus wasa. <ref>Germany National Team Records</ref> == Salon Wasa == Ridle Baku yana daga cikin 'yan wasan da ke da yawa matsayi (versatile players), yana iya taka leda a matsayin ɗan tsakiya ko ɗan baya. Yana da saurin gudu, ƙwarewar kai hari daga gefe, da kuma iya dawo da ƙwallo lokacin tsaro. Wannan ya sa yake da amfani sosai ga kowace ƙungiya da yake bugawa. <ref>Player Analysis Reports</ref> == Nasarori == * Gasar Turai ta 'yan ƙasa da 21 (UEFA U-21 Championship): 2021 (tare da Jamus) <ref>UEFA Records</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1998]] 71s4ebeofxl07guq3w79y9uf9n42pui 0 149261 906812 889194 2026-08-24T03:13:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906812 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Noah Abraham Sewonet Abatneh (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 2004) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ne na Kanada wanda ke buga wa Atletico Ottawa a Gasar Firimiya ta Kanada. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife shi a Toronto, <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2, 2022 |title=Serie D Lamezia Terme, che colpi! In gialloblu gli under Kanoute e Abatneh |trans-title=Serie D Lamezia Terme, what a hit! Under yellow and blue Kanoute and Abatneh |url=https://vibosport.it/serie-d-lamezia-terme-che-colpi-in-gialloblu-gli-under-kanoute-e-abatneh/ |website=Vibo Sport |language=it}}</ref> Abatneh ya zauna a duka Philippines da Masar, kafin ya koma Kanada, ya koma Ottawa tun yana yaro. <ref name="kitch" /> Abatneh ya fara buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa yana da shekaru biyar tare da Kwalejin Ottawa St. Anthony Futuro, kuma yana wasa tare da Kwalar Ottawa Royals Futuro . <ref name="kitch" /> A shekara ta 2014 yana da shekaru tara, ya tafi Ingila don horar da makarantar Arsenal da makarantar Fulham, yana karɓar tayin shiga Fulham, amma ya zaɓi ya kasance a Kanada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 25, 2014 |title=Ottawa youth makes impression with Arsenal, Fulham soccer academies |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/ottawa-youth-makes-impression-with-arsenal-fulham-soccer-academies-1.2777442 |website=[[CBC Sports]]}}</ref> Ya sake komawa horo tare da kungiyoyin biyu a shekara mai zuwa.<ref name="kitch">{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2015 |title=Two young Westboro soccer players look ahead to a stellar year |url=https://kitchissippi.com/2015/01/12/westboro-soccer/ |website=Kitchissippi Times}}</ref> A shekara ta 2016, ya koma Italiya kuma ya shiga Sashin Matasan AS Roma, bayan gwaji na watanni uku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 11, 2016 |title=Noah Abatneh (2004) offered an official contract with AS Roma in the Italian Serie A |url=https://www.ottawastanthonyfuturo.com/achievements2016 |website=[[Ottawa St. Anthony Italia|Ottawa St. Anthony SC]] |access-date=May 5, 2026 |archive-date=March 6, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260306143831/https://www.ottawastanthonyfuturo.com/achievements2016/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga nan sai ya shiga shirin matasa na ASD Savio . A watan Yunin 2020, ya shiga Tsarin matasa na Lazio.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 16, 2020 |title=Abatneh e Formisano approdano alla Lazio |trans-title=Abatneh and Formisano join Lazio |url=https://www.saviocalcio.it/abatneh-e-formisano-approdano-alla-lazio/ |website=ASD Savio |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Steven |date=June 17, 2020 |title=Official: Lazio Sign ASD Savio Calcio's Noah Abatneh |url=https://thelaziali.com/2020/06/17/lazio-noah-abatneh-sign-transfer-savio/ |website=The Laziali}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == A watan Satumbar 2022, Lazio ta ba da rancensa ga kungiyar Jerin D Lamezia Terme . <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2022 |title=Noah Abatneh è un nuovo calciatore dell'F.C. Lamezia Terme |trans-title=Noah Abatneh is a new footballer of FC Lamezia Terme |url=https://www.lameziaterme.it/noah-abatneh-nuovo-calciatore-fc-lamezia-terme/ |website=Lamezia Terme |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 1, 2022 |title=Noah Abatneh è un calciatore gialloblu |trans-title=Noah Abatneh is a yellow-blue footballer |url=https://www.fclameziaterme.it/noah-abatneh-e-un-calciatore-gialloblu/ |website=[[F.C. Lamezia Terme]] |language=it}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga watan Janairun 2023, an ba da rancensa ga wani kulob din Serie D, Campodarsego .<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 31, 2023 |title=Noah Abatneh è un nuovo calciatore del Campodarsego Calcio |trans-title=Noah Abatneh is a new player of Campodarsego Calcio |url=https://www.campodarsegocalcio.it/2023/01/31/noah-abatneh-un-calciatore-del-campodarsego-calcio/ |website=[[A.C.D. Campodarsego]] |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Leo |first=Enrico |date=February 1, 2023 |title=Serie D, calciomercato: Campodarsego, per la fascia sinistra c'è Abatneh dalla Lazio |trans-title=Serie D, transfer market: Campodarsego, for the left wing there is Abatneh from Lazio |url=https://www.padovaoggi.it/sport/calcio/serie-d-calciomercato-campodarsego-abatneh-dalla-lazio-1-febbraio-2023.html |website=Padova Oggi |language=it}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2023, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda, tare da ƙarin zaɓin kulob din tare da kulob din Premier League na Kanada York United FC . <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 17, 2023 |title=York United FC announces signing of Canadian defender Noah Abatneh |url=https://yorkunitedfc.canpl.ca/article/york-united-fc-announces-signing-of-canadian-defender-noah-abatneh |website=[[York United FC]] |access-date=May 5, 2026 |archive-date=April 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421094144/https://yorkunitedfc.canpl.ca/article/york-united-fc-announces-signing-of-canadian-defender-noah-abatneh |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacques |first=John |date=April 17, 2023 |title=York United Adds Canada U-20 Defender Noah Abatneh |url=https://northerntribune.ca/york-united-noah-abatneh/ |website=Northern Tribune}}</ref> Tare da York United, an canza shi zuwa tsakiya bayan ya buga wasa a tsakiya da kuma dama a baya a cikin aikinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Healey |first=Joshua |date=August 16, 2024 |title=Why Noah Abatneh of York United could be next CanPL star to earn CanMNT considerations |url=https://onesoccer.ca/a/healey-why-noah-abatneh-of-york-united-could-be-next-canadian-premier-league-star-to-earn-can-mnt-considerations |website=[[OneSoccer]]}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga watan Mayu, ya fara bugawa kulob din wasa da HFX Wanderers . <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 25, 2022 |title=NASH: Time to replicate superb Halifax performance back at home this weekend |url=https://yorkunitedfc.canpl.ca/article/nash-time-to-replicate-superb-halifax-performance-back-at-home-this-weekend |website=[[York United FC]] |access-date=May 5, 2026 |archive-date=June 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621142657/https://yorkunitedfc.canpl.ca/article/nash-time-to-replicate-superb-halifax-performance-back-at-home-this-weekend |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya fara farawa a ranar 24 ga Yuni, a kan Cavalry FC.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Asante |first=Ridwan Ibrahim |date=June 26, 2023 |title=Analysis: Noah's Arc: Impressive Abatneh delivers big on first Nine Stripes start |url=https://yorkunitedfc.canpl.ca/article/analysis-noahs-arc-impressive-abatneh-delivers-big-on-first-nine-stripes-start |website=[[York United FC]] |access-date=May 5, 2026 |archive-date=October 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008233911/https://yorkunitedfc.canpl.ca/article/analysis-noahs-arc-impressive-abatneh-delivers-big-on-first-nine-stripes-start |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Mayu, 2024, ya zira kwallaye na farko a nasarar 3-1 a kan Valour FC.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tierney |first=Mitchell |date=May 10, 2024 |title=Match Analysis: York United complete comeback against Valour to secure victory in the CPL's 500th match |url=https://canpl.ca/article/match-analysis-york-united-valour-fc-cpl-500 |website=[[Canadian Premier League]]}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar 2024, an zabi shi don Kyautar 'yan wasan Kanada mafi kyau na kasa da shekara 21.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 29, 2024 |title=Noah Abatneh nominated for CPL's Best Canadian Under-21 Player |url=https://yorkunitedfc.canpl.ca/article/canada-soccer-best-young-player-noah-abatneh-york-united-canadian-premier-league |website=[[York United FC]] |access-date=May 5, 2026 |archive-date=March 21, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321073726/https://yorkunitedfc.canpl.ca/article/canada-soccer-best-young-player-noah-abatneh-york-united-canadian-premier-league |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 29, 2024 |title=Abatneh, Gazdov, Poku nominated for Canadian Premier League's Best Canadian Under-21 Player Award |url=https://canpl.ca/article/abatneh-gazdov-poku-nominated-for-canadian-premier-leagues-best-canadian-under-21-player-award |website=[[Canadian Premier League]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == An haifi Abatneh a Kanada ga mahaifin Habasha da mahaifiyar Kanada. A watan Janairun 2021, an kira shi zuwa Kanada U20 don sansani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meuti |first=Federico |date=December 16, 2021 |title=Lazio, dal Canada arriva la chiamata. Un'aquila convocata dalla nazionale biancorossa |trans-title=Lazio, the call comes from Canada. An eagle called up by the red and white national team |url=https://www.gazzettaregionale.it/nazionali/2021/12/16/news/lazio-dal-canada-arriva-la-chiamata-un-aquila-convocata-dalla-nazionale-biancorossa-125300/ |website=Gazzetta Regionale |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Zampilli |first=Valentina |date=December 16, 2021 |title=Nazionale – La chiamata arriva d'oltreoceano, Abatneh vola in America |trans-title=National – The call comes from overseas, Abatneh flies to America |url=https://piccoleaquile1900.altervista.org/nazionale-la-chiamata-arriva-doltreoceano-abatneh-vola-in-america/ |website=Picco Aquile |language=it |access-date=May 5, 2026 |archive-date=December 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225114601/https://piccoleaquile1900.altervista.org/nazionale-la-chiamata-arriva-doltreoceano-abatneh-vola-in-america/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An sake kiransa a watan Maris na shekara ta 2022 don wasannin sada zumunci biyu da Costa Rica U20. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 22, 2022 |title=Under 18: Abatneh convocato in Nazionale |trans-title=Under 18: Abatneh called up to the national team |url=https://www.sslazio.it/it/giovanili/news/66808-under-18-abatneh-convocato-in-nazionale |website=[[S.S. Lazio]] |language=it |access-date=May 5, 2026 |archive-date=April 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417223814/https://www.sslazio.it/it/giovanili/news/66808-under-18-abatneh-convocato-in-nazionale |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Zampilli |first=Valentina |date=March 9, 2022 |title=Nazionale – Abatneh vola in America, il Canada chiama la giovane aquila! |trans-title=National – Abatneh flies to America, Canada calls the young eagle! |url=https://piccoleaquile1900.altervista.org/nazionale-abatneh-vola-in-america-il-canada-chiama-la-giovane-aquila/?doing_wp_cron=1681768795.2375938892364501953125 |website=Picco Aquile |language=it |access-date=May 5, 2026 |archive-date=December 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225101955/https://piccoleaquile1900.altervista.org/nazionale-abatneh-vola-in-america-il-canada-chiama-la-giovane-aquila/?doing_wp_cron=1681768795.2375938892364501953125 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan haka, an kira shi zuwa tawagar gasar cin kofin CONCACAF U-20 ta 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fefè |first=Tommaso |title=Lazio, un giovane aquilotto protagonista dell'U20 del Canadadi |trans-title=Lazio, a young eagle protagonist of Canada's U20 |url=https://www.sololalazio.it/2022/06/17/lazio-un-giovane-aquilotto-protagonista-dellu20-del-canada/ |website=Solo Lalazio |language=it |access-date=2026-05-05 |archive-date=2024-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225103806/https://www.sololalazio.it/2022/06/17/lazio-un-giovane-aquilotto-protagonista-dellu20-del-canada/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Janairun 2026, an sanya masa suna zuwa Babban ƙungiyar Kanada a karo na farko, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tierney |first=Mitchell |date=January 6, 2026 |title='Dream come true': Abatneh, Coimbra on first CanMNT callups |url=https://www.canpl.ca/news/dream-come-true-abatneh-coimbra-on-first-canmnt-callups |website=[[Canadian Premier League]]}}</ref> don sansanin horo da abokantaka da Guatemala. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 6, 2026 |title=Atlético Ottawa defender Noah Abatneh called up to CANMNT squad |url=https://www.canpl.ca/atleticoottawa/news/atletico-ottawa-defender-noah-abatneh-called-up-to-canmnt-squad |website=[[Atlético Ottawa]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Healey |first=Josh |date=January 6, 2025 |title=CanMNT announces January squad, including Coimbra, Abatneh and Jimoh |url=https://www.hfxfootballpost.ca/canmnt-announces-january-squad-including-coimbra-abatneh-and-jimoh/ |website=HFX Football Post}}</ref> Ya bayyana a wasan da ya yi da Guatamala, duk da haka, kamar yadda aka sanya shi a matsayin abokantaka na matakin B, bai ƙidaya a matsayin babban jami'in ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 19, 2026 |title=Jimoh, Coimbra, Abatneh make CanMNT impact in friendly vs. Guatemala |url=https://www.canpl.ca/news/jimoh-coimbra-abatneh-make-canmnt-impact-in-friendly-vs-guatemala |website=[[Canadian Premier League]]}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Wasanni ! colspan="2" |Kofin Cikin Gida ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |Lazio |2022–23 |Jerin A |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- |Lamezia Terme (an ba da rancen) | rowspan="2" |2022–23 |Jerin D |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1 [ƙasa-alpha 1] |0 |5 |0 |- |Campodarsego (rashin kuɗi) |Jerin D |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |4 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |York United |2023 | rowspan="2" |Gasar Firimiya ta Kanada |12 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |12 |0 |- |2024 |22 |1 |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |23 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !34 !1 !0 !0 !1 !0 !0 !0 !35 !1 |- |Atletico Ottawa |2025 |Gasar Firimiya ta Kanada |23 |1 |2 |0 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - |29 |1 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !65 !2 !2 !0 !5 !0 !1 !0 !73 !2 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2004]] ei4fzlz3bd5sy642d1f1s17m4ezkn6b 0 149937 906882 832463 2026-08-24T05:19:39Z BnHamid 12586 906882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ricardo-Carvalho-2015-07.jpg|thumb]] '''Ricardo Alberto Silveira de Carvalho''' (an haife shi ranar 18 ga Mayu 1978) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga ƙasar :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} wanda ya yi suna a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu tsaron baya a zamaninsa. Ya shahara saboda iya kare ƙwallo, saurin karanta wasan abokan hamayya, da kuma iya fara gina hari daga baya. Carvalho ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a kungiyoyin da ya wakilta musamman a lokacin da yake bugawa ƙungiyar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com|title=Ricardo Carvalho Profile|publisher=FIFA}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Ricardo Carvalho a garin :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4} da ke arewacin Portugal. Tun yana ƙarami yake nuna sha’awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, inda ya fara buga wasa a ƙaramar ƙungiyar Amarante kafin daga baya ya shiga makarantar horaswa ta Porto. A lokacin yana matashi, masu horaswa sun lura da ƙwarewarsa wajen tsaron baya da natsuwarsa a cikin fili, abin da ya sa aka fara ganin yana da makoma mai kyau a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com|title=Ricardo Carvalho Biography|publisher=UEFA}}</ref> == Aikin ƙungiya == === Porto === Carvalho ya fara taka leda a babbar ƙungiyar Porto a ƙarshen shekarun 1990, amma kafin ya samu cikakken gurbi an tura shi aro zuwa ƙungiyoyin Leça da Vitória Setúbal domin samun ƙwarewa. Bayan dawowarsa Porto, ya zama ginshiƙin tsaron ƙungiyar tare da abokin wasansa Jorge Costa. A ƙarƙashin koci :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}, Porto ta samu manyan nasarori ciki har da lashe gasar Firimiya ta Portugal da kuma kofin Turai na UEFA Champions League a shekarar 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague|title=2004 UEFA Champions League Final|publisher=UEFA}}</ref> Carvalho ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan Porto a lokacin da ƙungiyar ta lashe kofin :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6} bayan doke Monaco a wasan ƙarshe. Salon wasansa ya haɗa da ƙarfi, iya sare ƙwallo, da kuma kyakkyawan matsayi a fili. Wannan nasara ta sa manyan ƙungiyoyin Turai suka fara neman sa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/UEFA-Champions-League|title=UEFA Champions League History|publisher=Britannica}}</ref> === Chelsea === A shekarar 2004 Carvalho ya koma ƙungiyar :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7} ta ƙasar :contentReference[oaicite:8]{index=8} tare da kocinsa José Mourinho. Ya taimaka sosai wajen gina ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun layin tsaro a tarihin gasar Firimiya ta Ingila. Chelsea ta lashe gasar Premier League sau biyu a jere a shekarun 2005 da 2006 tare da ƙarancin kwallayen da aka ci musu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com|title=Chelsea Title Winning Season|publisher=Premier League}}</ref> A lokacin da yake Chelsea, Carvalho ya haɗa kai da kyaftin ɗin ƙungiyar John Terry wajen kare baya. Haɗin gwiwarsu ya zama abin yabawa a Turai saboda ƙarfin tsaro da fahimtar juna. Ya kuma taimaka wa Chelsea wajen lashe kofin FA Cup da League Cup. Duk da yawan raunuka a wasu lokuta, har yanzu ana kallonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun masu tsaron baya da suka taka leda a Chelsea.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chelseafc.com|title=Ricardo Carvalho at Chelsea|publisher=Chelsea FC}}</ref> === Real Madrid === A shekarar 2010 Carvalho ya koma :contentReference[oaicite:9]{index=9} a ƙasar :contentReference[oaicite:10]{index=10} inda ya sake haɗuwa da José Mourinho. Duk da shekarunsa sun fara yawa a lokacin, ya nuna ƙwarewa sosai a kakarsa ta farko. Ya taimaka wa Real Madrid wajen lashe Copa del Rey da kuma gasar La Liga.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.realmadrid.com|title=Ricardo Carvalho Real Madrid Profile|publisher=Real Madrid}}</ref> Carvalho ya kasance jagora ga matasan ‘yan baya a Real Madrid saboda gogewarsa da kuma yadda yake tsara tsaro. Sai dai raunuka da gasa mai ƙarfi a cikin ƙungiyar sun rage yawan wasannin da yake bugawa a shekarunsa na ƙarshe a Madrid.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.laliga.com|title=Real Madrid Squad History|publisher=La Liga}}</ref> === Monaco === Bayan barin Real Madrid, Carvalho ya koma ƙungiyar :contentReference[oaicite:11]{index=11} ta Faransa a shekarar 2013. Duk da ya tsufa a lokacin, ya ci gaba da nuna ƙwarewa da jagoranci. Ya taimaka wajen haɓaka matasan ‘yan wasa da kuma dawo da Monaco cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin Faransa da Turai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ligue1.com|title=Ricardo Carvalho Monaco Career|publisher=Ligue 1}}</ref> == Aikin tawagar ƙasa == Carvalho ya wakilci tawagar ƙasar :contentReference[oaicite:12]{index=12} fiye da sau tamanin. Ya buga manyan gasa ciki har da UEFA Euro da FIFA World Cup. Ya kasance cikin tawagar Portugal da ta kai wasan ƙarshe na Euro 2004 kafin ta sha kashi a hannun ƙasar :contentReference[oaicite:13]{index=13}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history|title=UEFA Euro 2004|publisher=UEFA}}</ref> Har ila yau, ya shiga gasar :contentReference[oaicite:14]{index=14} ta 2006 inda Portugal ta kai matakin kusa da na ƙarshe. A tsawon shekarunsa a tawagar ƙasa, an yaba masa saboda ƙwarewarsa, natsuwa da kuma iya jagorantar tsaro.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup|title=2006 FIFA World Cup|publisher=FIFA}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Ana kallon Ricardo Carvalho a matsayin mai tsaron baya mai hankali da iya karanta wasa sosai. Ba wai kawai yana amfani da ƙarfi ba, har ma yana amfani da dabara wajen kwace ƙwallo daga abokan hamayya. Ya kuma kasance mai iya fara kai hari daga baya ta hanyar kyawawan dogayen pass da gina wasa cikin nutsuwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com|title=Best Defenders of Their Generation|publisher=FourFourTwo}}</ref> Masana ƙwallon ƙafa da dama sun kwatanta shi da wasu manyan masu tsaron baya na duniya saboda haɗa fasaha da ƙwarewar tsaro. Duk da cewa bai kasance mai tsayi sosai ba idan aka kwatanta da wasu masu tsaron baya, ya yi amfani da saurin tunani da matsayi wajen dakatar da hare-haren abokan hamayya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com|title=Ricardo Carvalho Analysis|publisher=Goal}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Porto === * Gasar Firimiya ta Portugal * UEFA Champions League: 2003–04 * UEFA Cup: 2002–03 * Taça de Portugal === Chelsea === * Premier League: 2004–05, 2005–06, 2009–10 * FA Cup * League Cup === Real Madrid === * La Liga * Copa del Rey === Portugal === * UEFA Euro 2004 – Matsayi na biyu == Bayan ritaya == Bayan ritayarsa daga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, Carvalho ya shiga harkokin horaswa da gudanarwa a wasu lokuta. Har yanzu ana tunawa da shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun masu tsaron baya da Portugal ta taɓa samarwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com|title=Football Legends: Ricardo Carvalho|publisher=FIFA}}</ref> [[Category: Haifaffun 1978]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Portuguese footballers]] [[Category:Chelsea F.C. players]] [[Category:Real Madrid CF players]] [[Category:FC Porto players]] [[Category:Portugal international footballers]] b1mtce0cxoccr3nnbik7tzzozm5haby 0 150332 906639 862633 2026-08-23T18:15:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Miguel Acosta Mateos''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1998) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Spain wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai ba da dama ga kulob din Segunda Federación Rayo Majadahonda . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife shi a Madrid, Spain, Acosta ya shiga makarantar Atlético Madrid a shekara ta 2010, inda ya kasance har zuwa shekara ta 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2021 |title=Atlético Ottawa Signs Spanish Right Back Miguel Acosta |url=https://atleticoottawa.canpl.ca/article/atletico-ottawa-signs-spanish-right-back-miguel-acosta |website=[[Atlético Ottawa]] |access-date=May 10, 2026 |archive-date=December 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205143735/https://atleticoottawa.canpl.ca/article/atletico-ottawa-signs-spanish-right-back-miguel-acosta |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2021 |title=Spanish fullback Miguel Acosta joins Atletico Ottawa |url=https://ottawasun.com/sports/soccer/mls/ottawa-fury-fc/spanish-fullback-miguel-acosta-joins-atletico-ottawa |website=[[Ottawa Sun]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == A ranar 29 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2017, ya fara buga wasan farko tare da Atletico Madrid B a Tercera División da Unión Adarve . <ref name="LP">{{Cite web |title=Miguel Acosta profile |url=https://www.lapreferente.com/J222223/getafe-cf-b/acosta.html |website=La Preferente}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2017, Acosta ya sanya hannu tare da ɗan'uwansa na Tercera División Getafe B . <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 3, 2017 |title=Miguel Acosta formará parte en la temporada 2017/18 del Getafe C.F. "B" |trans-title=Miguel Acosta will be part of Getafe CF "B" in the 2017/18 season |url=https://www.futmadrid.com/noticia/miguel-acosta-formara-parte-en-la-temporada-2017-slash-18-del-getafe-c-dot-f-b.html |website=Futmadrid |language=es }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A watan Agustan 2020, Acosta ya sanya hannu tare da Atletico Baleares a Segunda División B . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernández |first=Fernando |date=August 23, 2020 |title=El Atlético Baleares incorpora al lateral derecho Miguel Acosta |trans-title=Atlético Baleares incorporates the right-back Miguel Acosta |url=https://www.ultimahora.es/deportes/atletico-baleares/2020/08/23/1191031/atletico-baleares-ficha-miguel-acosta.html |website=[[Última Hora (Spain)|Última Hora]] |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bonet |first=Pedro |date=September 4, 2020 |title=El At.Balears presenta a sus dos últimos fichajes, Barrera y Acostas |trans-title=At.Balears presents its last two signings, Barrera and Acostas |url=https://www.elmundo.es/baleares/2020/09/04/5f51fe91fc6c8311348b4727.html |website=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]] |language=es}}</ref> Bayan kakar wasa daya, ya bar kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 14, 2021 |title=Miguel Acosta y Liam Ayad no seguirán en el Atlético Baleares |trans-title=Miguel Acosta and Liam Ayad will not continue at Atlético Baleares |url=https://www.diariodemallorca.es/atletico-balear/2021/05/14/miguel-acosta-liam-ayad-seguiran-51824770.html |website=[[Diario de Mallorca]] |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=El lateral Miguel Acosta emprende una nueva etapa en el fútbol de Canadá |trans-title=The winger Miguel Acosta begins a new stage in Canadian soccer |url=https://golsmedia.com/espanoles-por-el-mundo/2021/05/21/lateral-miguel-acosta-emprende-nueva-etapa-futbol-canada/ |website=Gols Media |language=es}}</ref> A watan Mayu 2021, Acosta ya sanya hannu tare da kungiyar Atletico Ottawa ta Premier League ta Kanada.<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Connor-Clarke |first=Charlie |date=May 20, 2021 |title=Atlético Ottawa signs Spanish fullback Miguel Acosta |url=https://canpl.ca/article/atletico-ottawa-signs-spanish-fullback-miguel-acosta |website=[[Canadian Premier League]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacques |first=John |date=May 20, 2021 |title=Atletico Ottawa Adds Spanish Full-Back Miguel Acosta |url=https://northerntribune.ca/atletico-ottawa-miguel-acosta/ |website=Northern Tribune}}</ref> Ya jagoranci league a cikin minti da aka buga a 2021, tare da 2,430, yana wasa cikakke 90 a kowane wasa, ban da wasa daya wanda aka dakatar da shi saboda tarin katin rawaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Connor-Clarke |first=Charlie |date=December 9, 2021 |title=CPL50 – 44. Miguel Acosta (Atlético Ottawa) |url=https://canpl.ca/article/cpl50-44-miguel-acosta-atletico-ottawa |website=[[Canadian Premier League]]}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2022, ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da kulob din har zuwa 2023, tare da zaɓi na kwangila na 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 13, 2022 |title=Miguel Acosta Extended! |url=https://atleticoottawa.canpl.ca/article/miguel-acosta-extended |website=[[Atlético Ottawa]] }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A watan Yulin 2022, an ba shi suna CPL Player of the Week na mako na 13. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2022 |title=Atlético Ottawa's Miguel Acosta named CPL Player of the Week for Week 13 |url=https://canpl.ca/article/atletico-ottawas-miguel-acosta-named-cpl-player-of-the-week-for-week-13 |website=[[Canadian Premier League]]}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar 2023, an ba shi suna Capital City Supporters Group "Mai kunnawa na Lokacin".<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 18, 2024 |title=Gracias Miguel! Re-live Acosta’s top moments for Ottawa |url=https://atleticoottawa.canpl.ca/article/gracias-miguel-re-live-acostas-top-moments-for-ottawa |website=[[Atlético Ottawa]] |access-date=May 10, 2026 |archive-date=January 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119012629/https://atleticoottawa.canpl.ca/article/gracias-miguel-re-live-acostas-top-moments-for-ottawa |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan kakar 2023, ya bar kulob din, bayan ya buga wasanni 85 (kuma dan wasan kulob din ne a lokacin). <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 18, 2024 |title=Atlético Ottawa parts way with all-time record appearance holder Miguel Acosta |url=https://atleticoottawa.canpl.ca/article/atletico-ottawa-parts-way-with-all-time-record-appearance-holder-miguel-acosta |website=[[Atlético Ottawa]] |access-date=May 10, 2026 |archive-date=January 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118180818/https://atleticoottawa.canpl.ca/article/atletico-ottawa-parts-way-with-all-time-record-appearance-holder-miguel-acosta |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacques |first=John |date=January 18, 2024 |title=Atletico Ottawa Bids Farewell To Appearance Leader Miguel Acosta |url=https://northerntribune.ca/atletico-ottawa-miguel-acosta-depart-2024/ |website=Northern Tribune}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin kasa{{Efn|Includes [[Canadian Championship]]}} ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |Atletico Madrid B |2016–17 |Sashe na Uku |8 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |8 |0 |- | rowspan="4" |Getafe B |2017–18 |Sashe na Uku |38 |2 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |38 |2 |- |2018–19 |Sashe na Uku |33 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Tercera División]] promotion playoffs}} |0 |34 |0 |- |2019–20 |Sashe na Biyu na B |17 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |17 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !88 !2 !0 !0 !1 !0 !89 !2 |- |Atletico Baleares |2020–21 |Sashe na Biyu na B |13 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |13 |0 |- | rowspan="4" |Atletico Ottawa |2021 |Gasar Firimiya ta Kanada |27 |2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |28 |2 |- |2022 |Gasar Firimiya ta Kanada |26 |1 |1 |0 |3{{Efn|Appearances in [[Canadian Premier League]] play-offs}} |0 |30 |1 |- |2023 |Gasar Firimiya ta Kanada |25 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |27 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !78 !4 !4 !0 !3 !0 !85 !3 |- |Nucía |2023–24 |Tarayyar ta Biyu |13 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |13 |0 |- |Zagłębie Sosnowiec |2024–25 |II liga |19 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |19 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !219 !6 !4 !0 !4 !0 !227 !6 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] <references /> 2x2p1xtt3aynm2b9zoaedycde09awb7 0 150949 906838 835100 2026-08-24T04:49:33Z BnHamid 12586 906838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hector Vazquez Muñiz''' ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na talabijin na Puerto Rico kuma ɗan jarida kuma mai shirya shirye-shiryen rediyo. Muñiz shine mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen wasanni a shirin Telemundo Puerto Rico mai suna "Telenoticias Fin de Semana" ("Television News Weekend Edition"), wanda ake watsawa a ranakun karshen mako da ƙarfe 5 na yamma da 10 na dare. <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Héctor Vázquez Muñiz |url=https://www.telemundopr.com/author/hector-vazquez-muniz/}}</ref> Mai gabatar da shirye-shirye mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce, an zarge shi, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, da nuna wariyar launin fata. <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=6 August 2018 |title=Suspendido Héctor Vázquez Muñiz por "comentarios ofensivos" |trans-title=Héctor Vázquez Muñiz suspended for "offensive comments" |url=https://www.elvocero.com/escenario/suspendido-h-ctor-v-zquez-mu-iz-por-comentarios-ofensivos/article_602fb37a-99a5-11e8-b227-7724308d707f.html |website=El Vocero de Puerto Rico |language=es}}</ref> Yana kuma da shirin tattaunawa na rediyo mai suna "A Swing Completo con Vazquez Muñiz". <ref name="auto1" /> Muñiz yana bayar da rahotanni kan wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa da ƙwallon raga [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|na ƙungiyar]] a talabijin na Puerto Rica, <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Héctor Vázquez Muñiz |url=https://www.telemundopr.com/author/hector-vazquez-muniz/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.telemundopr.com/author/hector-vazquez-muniz/ "Héctor Vázquez Muñiz"].</cite></ref> amma an fi saninsa da labaransa na ƙwallon baseball, kuma wasu daga cikin sanannun jimlolinsa sune "Y se va, y se va, y se fue!" ("Zai tafi! zai tafi! ya tafi!"), wanda yake furtawa kamar yadda Chris Berman ya furta a duk lokacin da wani ya bugi bugun gida, da kuma "Y se les esta haciendo tarde!" ("Yana gab da su") wanda yake faɗa lokacin da ƙungiyar ƙwallon baseball ta faɗi da yawan gudu a kan allon maki a ƙarshen wasan. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Hector Vazquez Muñiz a Caguas, Puerto Rico . Shi ɗan [[Héctor Rafael Vázquez]] ne, wanda shi ma ɗan wasan wasanni ne. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=22 May 2012 |title='Viva' la voz del beísbol |trans-title='Viva' the voice of baseball |url=https://www.pressreader.com/puerto-rico/el-nuevo-dia1/20120522/282235187700861 |publisher=[[El Nuevo Día]] |language=es |via=PressReader}}</ref> Mahaifinsa da kawunsa Johnny Vazquez su ne mamallakan ƙungiyar ƙwallon baseball ta Criollos de Caguas, <ref name="auto" /> ƙungiyar da ta fi samun nasara a gasar ƙwallon baseball a tarihin ƙwallon baseball ta Puerto Rico, kuma Vazquez Muñiz da kansa ya shiga daga baya a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen rediyo. Ya sami digirin farko a fannin sadarwa daga Jami'ar Sagrado Corazón . == Sana'a == Vazquez Muñiz has had a long career in Puerto Rican media. From 1993 to 2012, he worked as a sports news editor for WKAQ AM 580 radio.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-01-07 |title=Designan a Héctor Vázquez Muñiz como secretario de Recreación y Deportes |trans-title=Héctor Vázquez Muñiz appointed as Secretary of Recreation and Sports |url=https://www.telemundopr.com/noticias/puerto-rico/designan-a-hector-vazquez-muniz-como-secretario-de-reacreacion-y-deportes/2679259/ |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=Telemundo Puerto Rico |language=es}}</ref> By 1997, he had joined the staff of "Mira Que TVO", a Telemundo Internacional candid camera type of show, as a show host.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Héctor Vázquez Muñíz-"Mira que TVO" Retro Promoción Telemundo (Puerto Rico 1997) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zAUHMeuUYnA |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Vazquez Muñiz yana da wani shafi a cikin jaridar Primera Hora a Puerto Rico, mai suna "Se Prendió el Fogón" ("The Heat is On!"), Inda ya tattauna wasanni da yawa, musamman baseball. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2014 |title=Opinión &#124; Los retos de Manfredo |url=https://www.primerahora.com/opinion/hector-vazquez-muniz/columnas/los-retos-de-manfredo/ |website=Primera Hora}}</ref> He has also been a long-time Telemundo Puerto Rico sportscaster.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-01-07 |title=Designan a Héctor Vázquez Muñiz como secretario de Recreación y Deportes |trans-title=Héctor Vázquez Muñiz appointed as Secretary of Recreation and Sports |url=https://www.telemundopr.com/noticias/puerto-rico/designan-a-hector-vazquez-muniz-como-secretario-de-reacreacion-y-deportes/2679259/ |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=Telemundo Puerto Rico |language=es}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.telemundopr.com/noticias/puerto-rico/designan-a-hector-vazquez-muniz-como-secretario-de-reacreacion-y-deportes/2679259/ "Designan a Héctor Vázquez Muñiz como secretario de Recreación y Deportes"] &#x5B;Héctor Vázquez Muñiz appointed as Secretary of Recreation and Sports&#x5D;. ''Telemundo Puerto Rico'' (in Spanish). 2025-01-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-02-24</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> === Takaddama === A shekara ta 2004, an kori Vazquez Muñiz daga Telemundo Puerto Rico saboda bayyana ra'ayinsa game da wani kamfanin kera motoci a talabijin. An sake daukarsa aiki a tashar a shekara ta 2014. <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=6 August 2018 |title=Suspendido Héctor Vázquez Muñiz por "comentarios ofensivos" |trans-title=Héctor Vázquez Muñiz suspended for "offensive comments" |url=https://www.elvocero.com/escenario/suspendido-h-ctor-v-zquez-mu-iz-por-comentarios-ofensivos/article_602fb37a-99a5-11e8-b227-7724308d707f.html |website=El Vocero de Puerto Rico |language=es}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.elvocero.com/escenario/suspendido-h-ctor-v-zquez-mu-iz-por-comentarios-ofensivos/article_602fb37a-99a5-11e8-b227-7724308d707f.html "Suspendido Héctor Vázquez Muñiz por "comentarios ofensivos""] &#x5B;Héctor Vázquez Muñiz suspended for "offensive comments"&#x5D;. ''El Vocero de Puerto Rico'' (in Spanish). 6 August 2018.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> A lokacin wasannin Tsakiyar Amurka da Caribbean na 2018 a Barranquilla, Colombia, an ba Vazquez Muñiz aikin ɗaukar nauyin wasannin Telemundo Puerto Rico. A lokacin gasar lambar zinare ta judo tsakanin 'yar wasan Cuba, zakaran gasar Olympics ta London ta 2012 Idalys Ortiz da mai fafatawa a Puerto Rican Melissa Mojica, Vazquez Muñiz ya yi sharhi yana cewa "Yo babu sabia que en [[Cuba]] hay osos! Eso es un oso!" ("Ban san cewa Cuba tana da beyar ba! Wannan beyar ce!) yana nufin Ortiz, wanda baƙar fata ne. Yana da masu kare mutane da yawa, ciki har da Mojica, wacce ta shiga shafin Twitter ta bayyana cewa ta ji cewa bai yi amfani da kalmar beyar don ɓata mata ko abokin hamayyarta rai ba. "Ba nufinsa ba ne," ta bayyana a bainar jama'a. <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=6 August 2018 |title=Suspendido Héctor Vázquez Muñiz por "comentarios ofensivos" |trans-title=Héctor Vázquez Muñiz suspended for "offensive comments" |url=https://www.elvocero.com/escenario/suspendido-h-ctor-v-zquez-mu-iz-por-comentarios-ofensivos/article_602fb37a-99a5-11e8-b227-7724308d707f.html |website=El Vocero de Puerto Rico |language=es}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.elvocero.com/escenario/suspendido-h-ctor-v-zquez-mu-iz-por-comentarios-ofensivos/article_602fb37a-99a5-11e8-b227-7724308d707f.html "Suspendido Héctor Vázquez Muñiz por "comentarios ofensivos""] &#x5B;Héctor Vázquez Muñiz suspended for "offensive comments"&#x5D;. ''El Vocero de Puerto Rico'' (in Spanish). 6 August 2018.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Daga cikin sauran masu kare hakkin jama'a, akwai kuma [[Annabel Guillen]], shugabar wata ƙungiya da ke fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'ar Puerto Rico mai suna "Igualdad", wadda ta bayyana cewa "(Mun sami) isasshen abin da ya faru da masu ba da rahoto na jaridu da manyan mutane saboda fifita haƙƙin jama'a (ga Puerto Rico) a matakin kashin kai, kamar yawancin 'yan ƙasar (Puerto Rican)! Mun dawo da Vazquez Muñiz a matsayin ma'aikaci, shine abin da ya dace kuma daidai, in ba haka ba, muna kira ga membobin Igualdad da duk masu goyon bayan haƙƙin jama'a da su kauracewa tashar (Telemundo Puerto Rico) da duk shirye-shiryensu!" in ji ta a cikin wata sanarwa da ta fitar a bainar jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2018 |title=Exigen inmediata reincorporación de periodista a labores en Telemundo |url=https://www.metro.pr/pr/entretenimiento/2018/08/07/exigen-inmediata-reincorporacion-de-periodista-a-labores-en-telemundo.html |website=Metro Puerto Rico}}</ref> A cewar Guillen, Vazquez Muñiz mai goyon bayan manufar haƙƙin jama'a ga Puerto Rico ne. Daga ƙarshe, Telemundo Puerto Rico ya dawo da Vazquez Muñiz. === Sakataren Wasanni da Nishaɗi na Puerto Rico === == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] hfggn5tps21vswzys3al7ysgn6eas95 0 150978 906833 835212 2026-08-24T04:46:00Z BnHamid 12586 906833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Fercani.jpg|thumb]] '''Fercani Şener''' ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Turkiyya]] wanda ya taka leda a ƙungiyoyin [[Beşiktaş J.K.|Beşiktaş]] da Harbiye a shekarun 1920. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan wasan baƙar fata na farko a tarihin ƙwallon ƙafar Turkiyya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fercani_%C5%9Eener |title=Fercani Şener |website=Wikipedia |access-date=13 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwa da fara taka leda == Fercani Şener ya yi fice a lokacin da yake taka leda tare da Beşiktaş a farkon shekarun 1920. Ya kasance cikin tawagar da ta lashe gasar Pazar Ligi ta shekarar 1921–22 ba tare da an doke ta ba. Wasu bayanai sun nuna cewa ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan gaba masu zura ƙwallaye a lokacin.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wikipedia.tr-tr.nina.az/Fercani_%C5%9Eener.html |title=Fercani Şener |website=Nina.az |access-date=13 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 1924, ya koma ƙungiyar Harbiye inda ya ci gaba da taka rawar gani. A wannan shekarar Harbiye ta lashe Gasar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Turkiyya, kuma an ruwaito cewa Fercani ya taimaka sosai wajen samun nasarar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wikipedia.tr-tr.nina.az/Fercani_%25C5%259Eener.html |title=Fercani Şener |website=Nina.az |access-date=13 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa == Lokacin da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Turkiyya ke shirye-shiryen shiga gasar Olympics ta 1924, an kira Fercani Şener cikin ‘yan wasan da za su shiga tawagar. Sai dai daga baya an cire shi daga cikin jerin ‘yan wasan. A cewarsa, an cire shi ne saboda launin fatarsa. Wannan lamari ya sa aka riƙa ambatonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan wasan farko da suka fuskanci wariyar launin fata a tarihin ƙwallon ƙafar Turkiyya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fercani_%C5%9Eener |title=Fercani Şener |website=Wikipedia |access-date=13 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar soja == Baya ga ƙwallon ƙafa, Fercani Şener ya kasance soja. Ya yi aiki a rundunar sojin Turkiyya a lokacin Yaƙin ‘Yancin Kan Turkiyya. Bayan kafa dokar amfani da sunaye na iyali a Turkiyya, ya ɗauki sunan “Şener”. An kuma ruwaito cewa ya kai matsayin kwamandan runduna a shekarun 1950.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wikipedia.tr-tr.nina.az/Fercani_%C5%9Eener.html |title=Fercani Şener |website=Nina.az |access-date=13 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Beşiktaş === * Pazar Ligi: 1921–22<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wikipedia.tr-tr.nina.az/Fercani_%C5%9Eener.html |title=Fercani Şener |website=Nina.az |access-date=13 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === Harbiye === * Gasar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Turkiyya: 1924<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wikipedia.tr-tr.nina.az/Fercani_%25C5%259Eener.html |title=Fercani Şener |website=Nina.az |access-date=13 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Beşiktaş J.K.]] * [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Turkiyya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} svi46e58qezeo56p3l7yxn4qgqquplh 0 150988 906832 835223 2026-08-24T04:45:21Z BnHamid 12586 906832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Arif Erdem'13.jpg|thumb]] '''Arif Erdem''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Janairu, 1972 a birnin Istanbul na ƙasar Turkiyya) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma koci daga Turkiyya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin mai kai hari. Ya yi fice musamman a ƙungiyar [[Galatasaray S.K.]], inda ya shafe mafi yawan rayuwarsa ta ƙwallon ƙafa kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan ƙasar Turkiyya a shekarun 1990 zuwa farkon shekarun 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arif_Erdem |title=Arif Erdem |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-13}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Arif Erdem a Istanbul, babban birnin kasuwanci na Turkiyya. Ya fara buga ƙwallo tun yana ƙarami a ƙananan kungiyoyi na cikin gida kafin daga bisani ya shiga makarantar horaswa ta Zeytinburnuspor. Hazakarsa wajen zura ƙwallaye da motsi cikin sauri ya sa ya samu kulawa daga manyan kungiyoyi tun yana matashi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://turkipedia.com/Arif_Erdem |title=Arif Erdem - Turkipedia |website=Turkipedia |access-date=2026-05-13}}</ref> == Aikin ƙungiya == Arif Erdem ya fara taka leda a matakin ƙwararru tare da Galatasaray a shekarar 1991. A lokacin da yake tare da ƙungiyar, ya taimaka mata wajen lashe kofunan Süper Lig da dama da kuma Kofin Turkiyya. Ya kasance cikin tawagar Galatasaray da ta lashe kofin UEFA Cup a shekarar 2000, wanda shi ne babban nasarar da wata ƙungiyar Turkiyya ta taɓa samu a Turai a wancan lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arif_Erdem |title=Arif Erdem |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-13}}</ref> A shekarar 2000 ya koma ƙungiyar Real Sociedad ta ƙasar Spain, amma bai daɗe ba saboda ƙarancin damar buga wasa. Daga baya ya koma Galatasaray inda ya ci gaba da taka rawar gani har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya daga buga ƙwallo a shekarar 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arif_Erdem |title=Arif Erdem |website=Wikipedia Español |access-date=2026-05-13}}</ref> A tsawon rayuwarsa ta ƙwallon ƙafa, Arif Erdem ya buga wasanni sama da 340 a gasar lig kuma ya ci fiye da kwallaye 100. A kakar wasa ta 2001–02 ya zama wanda ya fi kowa cin kwallaye a Süper Lig tare da İlhan Mansız.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com.tr/arif-erdem/erfolge/spieler/3377 |title=Arif Erdem - Achievements |website=Transfermarkt |access-date=2026-05-13}}</ref> == Aikin tawagar ƙasa == Arif Erdem ya wakilci tawagar ƙasar Turkiyya daga shekarar 1994 zuwa 2003. Ya buga wasanni 60 tare da zura kwallaye 11. Ya kasance cikin tawagar Turkiyya da ta kai matsayi na uku a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta shekarar 2002, wanda shi ne mafi girman nasarar da Turkiyya ta samu a tarihin gasar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/arif-erdem/profil/spieler/3377 |title=Arif Erdem Profile |website=Transfermarkt |access-date=2026-05-13}}</ref> An san shi da iya kai hari cikin sauri, taimakawa wajen gina hare-hare da kuma haɗin kai da fitattun 'yan wasa kamar Hakan Şükür da Gheorghe Hagi a Galatasaray da tawagar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sportslib.net/football/feed_fbvods.php?idx_no=8179 |title=Arif Erdem Profile, Career, News & Videos |website=SportsLib |access-date=2026-05-13}}</ref> == Aikin horaswa == Bayan ritayarsa daga taka leda, Arif Erdem ya shiga harkar horaswa inda ya fara aiki a matsayin mataimakin koci a İstanbul Başakşehir. Daga baya ya zama babban kocin ƙungiyar tsakanin shekarar 2011 da 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://turkipedia.com/Arif_Erdem |title=Arif Erdem - Turkipedia |website=Turkipedia |access-date=2026-05-13}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Galatasaray === * Süper Lig: 1992–93, 1993–94, 1996–97, 1997–98, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2001–02 * Turkish Cup: 1992–93, 1995–96, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2004–05 * UEFA Cup: 1999–2000 * UEFA Super Cup: 2000<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com.tr/arif-erdem/erfolge/spieler/3377 |title=Arif Erdem Achievements |website=Transfermarkt |access-date=2026-05-13}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * {{Official website|}} * {{Soccerbase}} * {{Transfermarkt}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Erdem, Arif}} [[Category: Haifaffun 1972]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Turkish footballers]] [[Category:Galatasaray S.K. players]] [[Category:Real Sociedad footballers]] [[Category:Turkey international footballers]] [[Category:Football managers]] [[Category:People from Istanbul]] hnmiu4jmctapq8wy6ir6u9tudxnfofg 0 151077 906959 835482 2026-08-24T08:17:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906959 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Phila Portia Ndwandwe''' (2 Yuni 1965 - 1988), wadda aka fi sani da Zandile ko Zandi, ta kasance mayaƙan ƙungiyar Natal na [[Umkhonto we Sizwe|uMkhonto weSizwe]] (MK) wadda Muzi Ngwenya (Thami Zulu ko "TZ") ta kafa daga Swaziland. MK ita ce reshe mai dauke da makamai (Spear of the Nation) na [[Majalisar Tarayya ta Afirka|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka]] (ANC), wanda [[Nelson Mandela]] ya kirkira a 1961. Hers ita ce jikin farko da kwamishinan Gaskiya da Sulhu (TRC) ya gano. A lokacin sauraron TRC Jami'in da ya furta cewa yana cikin ƙungiyar da ta harbe ta ya jagoranci hukumomi zuwa wurin da ke gonar Elandkop inda suka binne ta.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Liberation Movements from 1960 to 1990 |url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report |publisher=[[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)]] |volume=2 |page=333 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2009 |access-date=6 May 2019 |quote=The consequence in these cases, such as the Magoo's Bar and the Durban Esplanade bombings, were gross violations of human rights in that they resulted in injuries to and the deaths of civilians.}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Maris, 1997, an gano kwarangwal na Ndwandwe a wani fili a KwaZulu-Natal kuma ɗanta mai shekaru 9 ya halarci jana'izarta tare da kakanninsa da Nelson Mandela.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2020 |title=Story of Female Liberation Fighter Who Was Killed by White-Apartheid Police (Phila Portia Ndwandwe) |url=https://libertywritersglobal.com/story-of-female-liberation-fighter-who-was-killed-by-white-apartheid-police-phila-portia-ndwandwe/ |website=Liberty Writers Global |access-date=13 May 2026 |archive-date=5 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251005103536/https://libertywritersglobal.com/story-of-female-liberation-fighter-who-was-killed-by-white-apartheid-police-phila-portia-ndwandwe/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An cire ta kuma an yi mata duka akai-akai a kokarin 'juya' mata amma ta ki yin magana. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kama ta ya bayyana ƙin yarda da ita a matsayin "mai ƙarfin zuciya, mai ƙarfin zuciya sosai. " Ba tare da wata hujja da za a iya tuhumar Zandi ba sai suka yanke shawarar kashe ta kuma su ɓoye jikinta, suna rufe shi da lime da takardar filastik.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Phila Portia Ndwandwe |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/phila-portia-ndwandwe |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010040010/https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/phila-portia-ndwandwe |archive-date=10 October 2016 |website=South Africa History Online}}</ref> Tsoffin mambobin jami'an tsaro 11 sun sami afuwa kuma ba a bayyana masu ba da labari da suka sace ta ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=11 former security police get amnesty |url=https://www.iol.co.za/travel/south-africa/11-former-security-police-get-amnesty-66860 |website=www.iol.co.za}}</ref> Mahaifinta, Nason Ndwandwe ya ji tsoron cewa ta zama 'Askari' mai haɗin gwiwa ko mai ba da labari ga mulkin wariyar launin fata lokacin da ba ta dawo tare da Nelson Mandela da ANC a 1993, don haka ya nemi TRC don bincike na yau da kullun. Mai binciken TRC Stephanie Miller ya sami shaidar 'yan sanda' da ke aiki a Durban kuma ya kawo matsin lamba don ɗaukar nauyin membobin.[1] A shekara ta 1997 wadanda suka nemi afuwa sun bayyana wa hukumar labarin sace ta da kuma kisan da ya biyo baya. Bayan bacewarta an gaya wa iyalinta cewa ta tsere zuwa Tanzania.[2] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] 6ztx5o28b3tey7d1qjxcw083phoy6m3 0 151116 906841 835620 2026-08-24T04:51:36Z BnHamid 12586 906841 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ümit Karan''' (an haife shi ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1976) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Turkiyya kuma mai horas da ƙungiya. Ya shahara sosai wajen taka leda a matsayin mai kai hari, musamman a ƙungiyar [[Galatasaray S.K.|Galatasaray]], inda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan gaba a gasar Süper Lig ta Turkiyya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cmit_Karan |title=Ümit Karan |website=Wikipedia |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Ümit Karan a Berlin ta Yamma, a ƙasar Jamus ta Yamma. Duk da cewa an haife shi a Jamus, asalinsa ɗan Turkiyya ne. Ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami a wasu ƙananan kungiyoyi na Jamus kamar SC Minerva 93 da Hertha Zehlendorf kafin ya shiga Türkiyemspor Berlin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/umit-karan/profil/spieler/3378 |title=Ümit Karan - Player profile |website=Transfermarkt |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Sana'ar ƙwallon ƙafa == === Gençlerbirliği === Ümit Karan ya fara haskawa sosai bayan komawarsa ƙungiyar [[Gençlerbirliği S.K.|Gençlerbirliği]] a shekarar 1996. A cikin shekaru biyar da ya yi a ƙungiyar, ya zura kwallaye masu yawa kuma ya taimaka wajen lashe Kofin Turkiyya na shekarar 2000–01. Hakan ya sa manyan kungiyoyi suka fara nuna sha'awar ɗaukarsa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cmit_Karan |title=Ümit Karan career statistics |website=Wikipedia |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === Galatasaray === A shekarar 2001, Ümit Karan ya koma [[Galatasaray S.K.|Galatasaray]]. A can ne ya fi samun daukaka, inda ya lashe kofunan Süper Lig sau da dama tare da ƙungiyar. Ya yi fice wajen cin kwallaye masu wahala, musamman bugun volley da kuma bicycle kick. A kakar wasa ta 2005–06, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu zura kwallaye a gasar bayan dawowarsa daga zaman aro da kuma murmurewa daga rauni.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.haberler.com/umit-karan/biyografisi/ |title=Ümit Karan Kimdir? |website=Haberler |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A lokacin da yake Galatasaray, Ümit Karan ya samu matsaloli da wasu masu horaswa kamar Gheorghe Hagi da Fatih Terim, amma duk da haka ya ci gaba da zama muhimmin ɗan wasa a ƙungiyar. Ya zura kwallonsa ta 100 a gasar Süper Lig a shekarar 2006 a wasan da suka buga da Beşiktaş.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cmit_Karan |title=Ümit Karan |website=Wikipedia |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === Ankaraspor da Eskişehirspor === A kakar wasa ta 2004–05, an bayar da Ümit Karan aro zuwa [[Ankaraspor]] saboda rashin jituwar da ya samu da mai horas da Galatasaray. Bayan dawowarsa, ya ci gaba da taka leda har zuwa shekarar 2009 kafin ya koma [[Eskişehirspor]]. Ya buga shekaru biyu a Eskişehirspor kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa a shekarar 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.transfermarkt.de/umit-karan/profil/spieler/3378 |title=Ümit Karan Karriereprofil |website=Transfermarkt |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Wasannin ƙasa == Ümit Karan ya wakilci tawagar ƙasar Turkiyya tsakanin shekarun 1999 zuwa 2007. Ya buga wasanni 10 tare da zura kwallaye uku ga tawagar ƙasar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cmit_Karan |title=Turkey national team statistics |website=Wikipedia |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Aikin horaswa == Bayan ritayarsa daga buga ƙwallo, Ümit Karan ya shiga harkar horas da ƙungiyoyi. Ya jagoranci ƙungiyar FK Shkupi ta Arewacin Macedonia daga shekarar 2018. Ya taimaka wajen kai ƙungiyar zuwa matakin neman cancantar Europa League kafin daga baya ya sake komawa kungiyar a shekarar 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cmit_Karan |title=Managerial career of Ümit Karan |website=Wikipedia |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Salon wasansa == Ümit Karan ya shahara wajen iya cin kwallaye masu kyau da kuma motsi a cikin akwatin bugun fanareti. Masu sharhi da dama sun yaba da iya bugun volley da bicycle kick dinsa, wanda ya sanya shi cikin jerin fitattun ‘yan wasan gaba a tarihin Galatasaray.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/galatasaray/comments/14sepz7/ |title=Galatasaray fans discussing Ümit Karan |website=Reddit |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Gençlerbirliği === * Kofin Turkiyya: 2000–01<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cmit_Karan |title=Ümit Karan honours |website=Wikipedia |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === Galatasaray === * Süper Lig: 2001–02, 2005–06, 2007–08 * Turkish Super Cup: 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cmit_Karan |title=Ümit Karan Palmarés |website=Wikipedia Español |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://www.tff.org/Default.aspx?pageId=30&kisiId=28144 Bayaninsa a TFF] * [https://www.transfermarkt.com/umit-karan/profil/spieler/3378 Ümit Karan a Transfermarkt] {{DEFAULTSORT:Karan, Umit}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1976]] [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Turkiyya]] [[Category:Masu horas da ƙwallon ƙafa]] [[Category:Mutanen Berlin]] [[Category:'Yan wasan Galatasaray]] r95iwcuatxnpxp246h9ipxwvs3jgsqg 0 151158 906822 835886 2026-08-24T04:32:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906822 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya}} {{Infobox football biography | name = Olorunleke Ojo | fullname = Olorunleke Ojo | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|5|17|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lagos]], Najeriya | position = [[Mai tsaron gida (ƙwallon ƙafa)|Mai tsaron gida]] | currentclub = [[Enyimba F.C.|Enyimba]] | clubnumber = 1 | years1 = 2019–2020 | clubs1 = [[Abia Comets F.C.|Abia Comets]] | years2 = 2020– | clubs2 = [[Enyimba F.C.|Enyimba]] | nationalyears1 = 2023– | nationalteam1 = [[Tawagar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya]] | nationalcaps1 = 1 | nationalgoals1 = 0 }} '''Olorunleke Ojo''' (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 1995) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga [[Najeriya]] wanda yake taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida ga ƙungiyar [[Enyimba F.C.|Enyimba]] da kuma [[Tawagar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya]]. Ya shahara saboda iya tare ƙwallo, saurin motsi a cikin raga, da kuma jagoranci a bayan fili.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/olorunleke-ojo/profil/spieler/851821 |title=Olorunleke Ojo Profile |publisher=Transfermarkt |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Olorunleke Ojo a birnin [[Lagos]] na Najeriya inda ya taso yana sha’awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami. Ya fara buga wasa a matakin matasa kafin daga baya ya mai da hankali kan matsayin mai tsaron gida saboda ƙwarewarsa wajen kare ƙwallaye.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng |title=Olorunleke Ojo Early Career |publisher=Goal Nigeria |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Sana'ar ƙungiya == === Abia Comets === Ojo ya fara samun suna ne lokacin da ya shiga [[Abia Comets F.C.|Abia Comets]], inda ya nuna bajinta sosai a gasannin cikin gida. Kyakkyawan aikinsa ya jawo hankalin manyan ƙungiyoyi a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/olorunleke-ojo/profil/spieler/851821 |title=Career History of Olorunleke Ojo |publisher=Transfermarkt |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === Enyimba === A shekarar 2020, Ojo ya koma [[Enyimba F.C.|Enyimba]], ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin Najeriya. Ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar wajen samun nasarori a gasar cikin gida tare da taka rawa a wasannin nahiyar Afirka. Haka kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu tsaron gida a gasar Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://enyimbafc.net |title=Enyimba FC Squad |publisher=Enyimba FC |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A lokacin da yake Enyimba, Ojo ya yi fice wajen hana abokan hamayya zura ƙwallaye, musamman a wasannin NPFL da CAF Confederation Cup. Kwarewarsa wajen tsayawa bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida ya sanya magoya baya suka yaba masa sosai.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/football |title=Ojo shines for Enyimba |publisher=Premium Times Nigeria |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Sana'ar ƙasa == Saboda ƙwarewarsa a matakin ƙungiya, an gayyaci Ojo cikin [[Tawagar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya]] a shekarar 2023. Ya kasance cikin ‘yan wasan da suka wakilci Najeriya a wasu wasannin sada zumunta da kuma shirye-shiryen manyan gasa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenff.com |title=Super Eagles Squad List |publisher=Nigeria Football Federation |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> An yaba masa saboda nutsuwa da jajircewa lokacin atisaye da kuma iya sadarwa da masu tsaron baya. Masana ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya sun bayyana shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin masu tsaron gida masu tasowa a ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.brila.net/ |title=Analysts praise Olorunleke Ojo performances |publisher=Brila FM |access-date=14 Mayu 2026 |archive-date=2019-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901224744/https://www.brila.net/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Salon wasa == Olorunleke Ojo ya shahara wajen saurin faɗawa ƙasa domin tare ƙwallo da kuma iya sarrafa yankin bugun fanareti. Haka kuma yana da ƙwarewa wajen fara gina hari daga baya ta hanyar bayar da dogayen ƙwallaye masu kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng |title=Analysis of Olorunleke Ojo style of play |publisher=Goal Nigeria |access-date=14 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Enyimba === * [[Nigeria Premier Football League]] * Gasar cin kofin Najeriya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.transfermarkt.com/olorunleke-ojo/profil/spieler/851821 Olorunleke Ojo a Transfermarkt] * [https://www.thenff.com Najeriya Football Federation] {{Tawagar Najeriya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ojo, Olorunleke}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:An haife su a 1995]] [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya]] [[Category:Masu tsaron gida na ƙwallon ƙafa]] [[Category:Mutanen Lagos]] [[Category:Yan wasan Enyimba F.C.]] p9l1wvwas78a8mb0iyq7s77pm9p1pxn 0 151349 906863 836396 2026-08-24T05:04:37Z BnHamid 12586 added [[Category:Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 906863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | clubname = Tradesafe FC | image = | fullname = Tradesafe Football Club | nickname = | founded = | ground = | capacity = | owner = | chairman = Ahmed Jamiu | manager = Ademola Adeshina | league = Nigeria National League | season = 2023–24 }} '''Tradesafe FC''' ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Najeriya wadda ke da hedikwata a jihar Lagos. Ƙungiyar ta yi suna a gasar ƙananan ƙungiyoyi a Najeriya, musamman bayan samun gurbin shiga gasar [[Nigeria National League]] (NNL), wato mataki na biyu a tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://independent.ng/tradesafe-fc-chairman-splashes-millions-of-naira-on-team-after-promotion-to-nnl/ |title=Tradesafe FC Chairman Splashes Millions Of Naira On Team After Promotion To NNL |website=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |date=28 May 2023 |access-date=15 May 2026}}</ref> Ƙungiyar ta samu daukaka sosai a shekarar 2023 bayan ta doke Lekki United da ci 1–0 domin samun tikitin shiga gasar NNL. Bayan nasarar, shugaban ƙungiyar Ahmed Jamiu ya sanar da bayar da kyautar kuɗi ga ‘yan wasa da masu horarwa domin nuna farin cikinsa da nasarar da suka samu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://independent.ng/tradesafe-fc-chairman-splashes-millions-of-naira-on-team-after-promotion-to-nnl/ |title=Tradesafe FC Chairman Splashes Millions Of Naira On Team After Promotion To NNL |website=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |date=28 May 2023 |access-date=15 May 2026}}</ref> A watan Satumban shekarar 2023, Tradesafe FC ta lashe gasar ''Lagos FA Pre-Season Tourney'' bayan ta doke Ikorodu City FC a wasan ƙarshe ta hanyar bugun fenariti da ci 11–10 bayan an tashi 2–2 a lokacin wasa. Kocin ƙungiyar Ademola Adeshina ya yabawa ‘yan wasansa saboda jajircewa da nuna ƙwazo a gasar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.africasport.net/article/football/tradesafe-fc-emerges-champion-of-maiden-lagos-fa-pre-season-tourney |title=Tradesafe FC emerges champion of maiden Lagos FA Pre-Season Tourney |website=Africa Sport Network |date=23 September 2023 |access-date=15 May 2026}}</ref> A kakar wasan 2023–24 ta NNL, ƙungiyar ta fuskanci matsaloli daban-daban da suka haɗa da matsalar kuɗi, matsalolin gudanarwa da kuma raunukan ‘yan wasa. Wadannan matsaloli ne suka sanya ƙungiyar ta sanar da janyewa daga gasar NNL kafin ƙarshen kakar wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/04/24/tradesafe-announce-withdrawal-from-nnl/ |title=Tradesafe announce withdrawal from NNL |website=Daily Post Nigeria |date=24 April 2024 |access-date=15 May 2026}}</ref> Bayan sanarwar janyewar, Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Jihar Lagos (LSFA) ta shiga tsakani domin taimakawa ƙungiyar wajen shawo kan matsalolin da take fuskanta. Shugaban LSFA, Hajji Gafar Liameed, ya bayyana cewa akwai bukatar ƙungiyar ta ƙarfafa tsarin gudanarwa da kuma bunkasa shirye-shiryen haɓaka matasa domin dawo da martabarta a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.africasport.net/article/football/lsfa-intervenes-in-lagos-based-tradesafe-fc-decision-to-quit-nnl |title=LSFA intervenes in Lagos-based Tradesafe FC decision to quit NNL |website=Africa Sport Network |date=27 April 2024 |access-date=15 May 2026}}</ref> Duk da matsalolin da ƙungiyar ta fuskanta, Tradesafe FC ta ci gaba da nuna ƙwarewa a gasannin cikin gida. A shekarar 2024, ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar ''Lagos Grassroots Cup'' bayan ta kayar da B. United da ci 6–5 a bugun fenariti bayan an tashi 2–2 a lokacin wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.africasport.net/article/football/tradesafe-fc-wins-lagos-grassroots-cup |title=Tradesafe FC wins Lagos Grassroots Cup |website=Africa Sport Network |date=3 December 2024 |access-date=15 May 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ``` [[Rukuni:Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa]] s9gjf52kqw97bo4t0z98vqjcctmlxhd 0 151731 906844 837914 2026-08-24T04:53:46Z BnHamid 12586 906844 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hannah Enakole Elaigwu''' alkalin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce daga ƙasar Najeriya wadda ke cikin jerin alkalan wasan da [[FIFA]] ta amince da su domin gudanar da wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa. Ta shahara wajen jagorantar wasannin mata da kuma wasu manyan wasannin cikin gida a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sports247.ng/fifa-releases-nigerias-2026-international-referees-list-as-30-officials-earn-global-approval/ |title=FIFA Releases Nigeria’s 2026 International Referees List As 30 Officials Earn Global Approval |publisher=Sports247 Nigeria |date=1 January 2026 |access-date=19 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Hannah Elaigwu a garin Zariya da ke jihar Kaduna, Najeriya. Ta yi makarantar firamare a Oki Primary School da ke Lagos kafin daga bisani ta koma Zariya domin ci gaba da karatun sakandare a Inter Chapel College. Daga baya ta samu National Diploma a fannin Accounting daga Interlink Polytechnic, Lagos sannan ta kammala digiri a fannin Accounting daga Jami'ar Abuja a shekarar 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://newspathfinder.com/2025/05/21/discipline-meets-passion-the-story-of-fifa-referee-hannah-elaigwu/ |title=Discipline Meets Passion: The Story Of FIFA Referee Hannah Elaigwu |publisher=News Pathfinder |date=21 May 2025 |access-date=19 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Aikin alkalanci == Elaigwu ta fara harkar alkalancin ƙwallon ƙafa a shekarar 2006 bayan samun ƙarfafawa daga tsohon mai horaswa Peter Emeteole. Ta samu horo daga manyan alkalai irin su marigayi Mr. Olowo da Dr. Omeiza wanda daga baya ya zama sakataren kungiyar alkalan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://newspathfinder.com/2025/05/21/discipline-meets-passion-the-story-of-fifa-referee-hannah-elaigwu/ |title=Discipline Meets Passion: The Story Of FIFA Referee Hannah Elaigwu |publisher=News Pathfinder |date=21 May 2025 |access-date=19 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Najeriya (NFF) ta zaɓe ta cikin alkalai da mataimakan alkalai da za su jagoranci gasar NPFL Super 4, inda ta kasance mace kaɗai cikin jerin alkalan wasan da aka zaɓa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/elaigwu-quadri-lead-referees-to-npfl-super4/ |title=Elaigwu, Quadri lead referees to NPFL Super4 |publisher=The Guardian Nigeria |date=6 December 2016 |access-date=19 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Ta samu lambar FIFA a matsayin alkalin wasa tun daga shekarar 2017, lamarin da ya ba ta damar jagorantar wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa ƙarƙashin FIFA da CAF.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://businessday.ng/sports/article/nff-to-decorate-30-referees-with-fifa-badges-for-2025/ |title=NFF to decorate 30 referees with FIFA badges for 2025 |publisher=BusinessDay Nigeria |date=26 February 2025 |access-date=19 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Elaigwu ta jagoranci manyan wasannin cikin gida da suka haɗa da wasannin mata na Federation Cup da sauran muhimman wasannin Najeriya. Ana yaba mata saboda tsauri, gaskiya da kuma iya sarrafa wasa cikin natsuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dailytrust.com/the-rise-of-female-referees-in-nigerian-football/ |title=The Rise Of Female Referees In Nigerian Football |publisher=Daily Trust |date=2026 |access-date=19 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Sauran ayyuka == Baya ga aikin alkalancin wasa, Hannah Elaigwu jami'a ce a hukumar '''Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps (NSCDC)''', inda take aiki a ƙarƙashin rundunar jihar Benue. Ta bayyana cewa aikin tsaro ya taimaka mata wajen samun ƙwarewa a shugabanci da yanke hukunci cikin adalci a filin wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://newspathfinder.com/2025/05/21/discipline-meets-passion-the-story-of-fifa-referee-hannah-elaigwu/ |title=Discipline Meets Passion: The Story Of FIFA Referee Hannah Elaigwu |publisher=News Pathfinder |date=21 May 2025 |access-date=19 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Karramawa da tasiri == Ana kallon Hannah Elaigwu a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mata alkalan wasa a Najeriya. Nasarorin da ta samu sun ƙarfafa gwiwar mata masu sha'awar shiga harkar alkalancin ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya da nahiyar Afirka baki ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sportingtribune.com/nigerias-most-recognised-football-referees/ |title=Nigeria’s most recognised football referees |publisher=Sporting Tribune |date=30 October 2025 |access-date=19 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Alkalan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Mata 'yan Najeriya]] [[Category:Masu aikin FIFA]] os4z6bqc060vkz7lysmjx3bffkhming 0 151793 906836 838069 2026-08-24T04:47:30Z BnHamid 12586 906836 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Manas''' (pron: [ˈmʌnəs]), wanda aka sani a Bhutan a matsayin Drangme Chhu, kogi ne mai wuce iyaka a cikin tsaunin Himalayan tsakanin kudancin Bhutan, Indiya, da China.  Ita ce mafi girma daga cikin manyan kogin guda huɗu na Bhutan, tare da sauran ukun sune kogin Amo Chu ko Torsa, Wang Chu ko Raidak, da Puna Tshang Chu ko Sankosh.  Yana haɗuwa da wasu manyan koguna guda uku kafin ya sake komawa Indiya a yammacin Assam.  Kogin yana gudana tsawon kilomita 400 (mili 250), gami da Tibet mai tsawon kilomita 24 (15 mi), Bhutan na tsawon kilomita 272 (169 mi), da Assam na tsawon kilomita 104 (65 mi) kafin ya shiga babban kogin Brahmaputra da ke Jogighopa.  Babban yankin kogin Manas, Kogin Aie, ya haɗu da shi a Assam a Bangpari..<ref name="fao">{{Cite web |title=Physiological Survey |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/L8853E/L8853E02.htm |access-date=2010-03-07 |publisher=FAO Corporate Document Repository}}</ref> Kwarin kogin Manas yana da manyan gandun daji guda biyu, wato Royal Manas National Park (kadada 43,854 (kadada 108,370), wanda aka kafa a cikin 1966) a Bhutan da Gidan Namun daji na Manas (wanda aka kafa a kadada 391,000, da kadada 970,500 zuwa 970,500 a cikin 970,000) hectare (kadada 230,000) a cikin Disamba 1985), wanda ya ƙunshi wani yanki na Project Tiger, ajiyar giwaye da ajiyar halittu, wanda ya zama Cibiyar Tarihin Duniya ta UNESCO da aka ayyana a cikin Disamba 1985. . <ref name="Bhutan">{{Cite web |title=Royal Manas National Park, Bhutan |url=http://www.panda.org/who_we_are/wwf_offices/bhutan/projects/index.cfm?uProjectID=BT0010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091107044212/http://www.panda.org/who_we_are/wwf_offices/bhutan/projects/index.cfm?uProjectID=BT0010 |archive-date=2009-11-07 |publisher=WWF Global}}</ref><ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web |title=Bhutan |url=http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/Bhutan.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728175522/http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/Bhutan.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-28 |access-date=2010-03-07 |publisher=Ramsar. Wetlands.org}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Kogin Manas yana zubar da kilomita 41,350 (15,970 sq na gabashin Bhutan da arewa maso gabashin Indiya. Yana da manyan rassa guda uku: Drangme Chhu, Mangde Chhu, da [[Bumthang valley|Bumthang]]_River" id="mwQw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Bumthang River">Bumthang (Chamkhar) Chhu waɗanda ke rufe mafi yawan gabashin Bhutan, tare da [[Mangde valley|Trongsa]] da kwarin Bumthang suma suna cikin ɓangaren. Yankin da aka zubar a cikin yankin Bhutan yana da 18,300 km<sup>2</sup> kuma yana da iyaka da daidaitattun ƙasa 26°13′01′′N 90°37′59′′E / 26.217°N 90.633°E / 26.21.717; 90.633. <ref name="Manas">{{Cite web |title=Manas river |url=http://www.tageo.com/index-e-bt-v-00-d-m3206481.htm?Manas+river |access-date=2010-03-06}}</ref><ref name="Drangme">{{Cite web |title=River Systems |url=http://countrystudies.us/bhutan/16.htm |access-date=2010-03-06 |publisher=US Liba raray of Congress}}</ref> Wani ɓangare na babban tushe na kogin ya tashi a kudancin Tibet a tsawo na mita 4,500 (14,800 kafin ya shiga Indiya a [[Bum La Pass]] a kusurwar arewa maso yammacin [[Arunachal Pradesh]] . &nbsp; Kogin yana gudana ta hanyar gorges masu siffar V a cikin kudu maso yamma tsakanin kewayon biyu na Lower Himalayas a Bhutan kuma ya shiga [[Assam]] a kudancin tsakiyar tuddai na Himalayas. Kwarin ya fadada a cikin tuddai, inda aka yi alama da kafa maras kyau da maras kyau a cikin kogin. Yankin da ke sama yafi cike da dusar ƙanƙara yayin da tsakiya da ƙananan wuraren da ke da gandun daji. [[Fayil:Transparent_flow.jpg|right|thumb|Ruwa mai tsabta na Kogin Manas a cikin wuri mai tsarki]] Jimlar haɗewar tsayin dukkan magudanan ruwa na tsarin kogin a Bhutan ya kai nisan kilomita 3,200 (mile 2,000). Babban tushen kogin, Tawang Chu, ya samo asali ne daga gundumar Tawang na Arunachal Pradesh a Indiya kuma bayan ya gudana ta hanyar kudu maso yamma ya shiga Bhutan kusa da Trashigang. A Duksum a Trashi Yangtse, Tawang Chu yana tare da Kholong Chu, wanda ke tasowa a cikin kewayon dusar ƙanƙara ta arewacin Himalaya na Bhutan. Daga ƙasa, Gamri Chu, wanda ke gangarowa daga Sakten, ya haɗa shi. A Trashigang, fadin kogin yana da kusan mita 550 (1,800 ft) kuma tsayin kogin ya kai mita 606 (1,988 ft). Lhobrak, ko Kuri Chhu, shine babban yankin tsakiyar yankin Manas. Shine kogin daya tilo wanda ya taso arewa da Babban Himalayas kuma ya hade da Manas a Gongri Zomsa tsakanin gundumomin Mongar da Pema Gatshel. Daga baya, a Panbang a gundumar Zhemgang, rafin da ke hade tare da Mangde Chhu. Anan hawan kogin ya kai mita 121 (397 ft). An kafa Mangde Chu ta koguna biyu, wato Mangde Chu, wanda ke tasowa a arewacin Bhutan kusa da Kula Kangri Peak inda tsayin ya kai mita 5,666 (18,589 ft), da kogin Bumthang, wanda kuma ake kira Chamkhar Chu. . <ref name="fao">{{Cite web |title=Physiological Survey |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/L8853E/L8853E02.htm |access-date=2010-03-07 |publisher=FAO Corporate Document Repository}}</ref> Bayan ya gudana a cikin kudu maso yammacin gabaɗaya na kimanin kilomita 29 (18 <span a="" data-mw-i18n="{&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;lang&quot;:&quot;x-page&quot;,&quot;key&quot;:&quot;red-link-title&quot;,&quot;params&quot;:[&quot;Agrong&quot;]}}" href="./Agrong" rel="mw:WikiLink">Ƙara-ve-ignore=""><span data-ve-ignore="">mi) </span> </span> a Bhutan, Kogin Aie, wanda aka fi sani da Kogin Mow a Gundumar Sarpang a Bhutan، ya haɗu da Manas a Gundumar Goalpara ta Assam a ƙauyen Agrong . Daga nan, yana biye da hanya mai laushi na kimanin kilomita 75 (47 kuma yana kwarara cikin Brahmaputra kusa da Jogighopa. Kogin Aie, wanda ke tashi a cikin Black Mountains a tsawo na kimanin mita 4,915 (16,125 kusa da ƙauyen Bangpari, yana da kimanin kilomita 110 (68 a tsawon. Jimlar tsawon Manas, kamar yadda aka auna tare da mafi tsawo mai ba da gudummawa Kur, yana da kilomita 376 (234 , daga cikinsu kimanin kilomita 104 (65 yana cikin Indiya. Kimanin kilomita 270 (170 mi) na wannan tsawon suna cikin tsaunuka ko tsaunuka, tare da ma'auni a cikin filayen.<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web |title=Bhutan |url=http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/Bhutan.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728175522/http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/Bhutan.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-28 |access-date=2010-03-07 |publisher=Ramsar. Wetlands.org}}</ref> Kogin Manas shine mafi girman bakin teku na arewacin Brahmaputra, tare da matsakaicin rikodin mita 7,641, kuma yana ba da gudummawa 5.48% na jimlar matsakaicin Brahmaputre.&nbsp; Kwarin kogi a cikin tuddai yana kewaye da ƙananan ciyawa da ke tsakanin tuddai masu gandun daji tare da koguna da yawa, rafi da tashoshin ruwa na halitta da suka danganci tsarin kogi. A cikin ƙananan kogin, akwai wurare masu santsi masu santsi da ke cike da itatuwa.<ref name="Niva">{{Cite web |title=What to See – Manas National Park |url=http://www.nivalink.com/bansbari/facilities.html |access-date=2010-03-06 |publisher=Nivalink}}</ref> Yankunan da ke arewacin haɗuwa da Brahmaputra, wanda aka sani da Terai ko Duars (kalmar [[Sanskrit]] da ke nufin "tafiyewa" ko "ƙofofin"), sun ƙunshi kilomita 15-30 (9.3-18.6 na tsaunuka masu ban sha'awa kuma suna da kyau sosai. Kowane Duar (tare da tsawo daban-daban daga mita 100 (330 zuwa kusa da matakin teku yayin da suka shiga Brahmaputra) ana kiransa bayan rafi ko kewaye tsakanin rafi biyu. An haɓaka ƙasashe masu kyau zuwa wuraren shayi da filayen paddy. == Ilimin ruwa == Gidan Manas kusan dukkanin tsaunuka ne, yana tashi a cikin sararin kilomita 140 (87 daga tsawo na kimanin mita 100 (330 kusa da iyakar Indiya zuwa manyan tsaunuka na Himalayan sama da mita 7,500 (24,600 tare da babban yankin Himalayan da ke kan iyaka da Bhutan da Tibet. Babban tsawo da yanayin yanayi daban-daban suna nunawa a cikin wadatattun bambancin fauna da flora na yankin.<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web |title=Bhutan |url=http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/Bhutan.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728175522/http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/Bhutan.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-28 |access-date=2010-03-07 |publisher=Ramsar. Wetlands.org}}</ref> == Yanayi == Yanayi a gefen kogi ya bambanta sosai, daga yanayin zafi, mai zafi a kudu zuwa sanyi, yanayin busassun alpine a arewa. Daga Mayu zuwa Oktoba, ruwan sama na kudu maso yamma yana kawo ruwan sama mai yawa - fiye da 4,000 millimeters (160 in) a yankin kudu - kuma akwai lokacin fari hunturu. Bugu da ƙari a arewa, ruwan sama gabaɗaya ba shi da yawa, na tsari na 600 zuwa 700 millimeters (24 zuwa 28 in) da aka rubuta daga Yuni zuwa Agusta.<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web |title=Bhutan |url=http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/Bhutan.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728175522/http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/Bhutan.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-28 |access-date=2010-03-07 |publisher=Ramsar. Wetlands.org}}</ref> Bambanci tsakanin matsakaicin da mafi ƙarancin kogin a lokacin damina da lokacin fari an ce ya kai sau 20.<ref name="Ramsar" /> [[Fayil:Hanging_bridge_from_bottom.jpg|right|thumb|Babbar gada a fadin Kogin Manas a cikin wani yanki na wurin shakatawa]] Daga cikin babban kwarin kogin, an sanya yankuna masu kariya da yawa ko wuraren ajiya musamman, a cikin Bhutan da Indiya, waɗanda aka ayyana wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa ko wuraren tsarki. Gidajen daji guda biyu da wuraren ajiyar namun daji sun rufe yanki na kilomita 9,938.54 (3,837.29 sq , kusan kashi 24% na jimlar yankin 'i kilomita 41,350 (15,970 sq na tafkin Manas. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Gidan shakatawa na Royal Manas === Gidan gandun dajin na Royal Manas a kudancin Bhutan, wanda aka yi la'akari da al'adun gargajiya na Bhutan, an fara ayyana shi a matsayin mafakar namun daji sannan daga baya ya kai matsayin wurin shakatawa na kasa a shekarar 1993. Tsarin muhalli na Himalayan. [an ambaci] Gidan shakatawa yana iyaka da arewa ta Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park kuma zuwa kudu ta Manas Tiger Reserve a Indiya. A cikin Bhutan, hanyoyin nazarin halittu da ke da alaƙa da wurin shakatawa sun haɗa da wurin shakatawa na Phrumsengla a arewa, Phibsoo Wildlife Sanctuary a yamma, da Jomotsangkha Wildlife Sanctuary a gabas. [Abin da ake buƙata] Wurin shakatawa yana da ɗimbin ɗimbin ciyayi na wurare masu zafi, dazuzzukan dazuzzuka masu ɗanɗano, ciyayi mai tsayi, da ciyayi. [abubuwan da ake buƙata] Daban-daban na flora da fauna da aka gano a cikin wurin shakatawa sune nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa 45, nau'ikan tsuntsaye 366, da nau'ikan tsire-tsire na jijiyoyi 900. Asusun namun daji na duniya (WWF) yana aiki tuƙuru kan tsarin kula da kiyayewa tare da haɗin gwiwar hukumomin namun daji na gida don adanawa da kuma kare wannan al'adun gargajiyar. salvanius), kurege (Caprolagus hispidus), rhinoceros masu ƙaho ɗaya mafi girma (Rhinoceros unicornis), da buffalo na ruwa na Asiya (Bubalus arnee). Akwai nau'ikan tsuntsaye guda 362, daga cikinsu an rubuta nau'ikan kaho guda huɗu (wuyan-wuya, da wreathed, pied, da babban Indiyawa). Baya ga dolphin kogin Ganges (Platanista gangetica) wasu nau'ikan ruwa da aka gano a cikin kogin Manas sune mahseer mai zurfi (Tor tor), mahseer na zinariya (Tor putitora), da cakulan mahseer ko katle (Acrossocheilus hexangonolepis). Mutane dubu biyar suna zaune a cikin iyakokin wuraren shakatawa a kauyuka da yawa. Tigers, dabbar da aka fi girmamawa a Bhutan, an kiyasta adadinta ya kai kusan 100 kuma galibi an killace su a wannan wurin shakatawa na kasa da makwabciyarta Manas National Park a Indiya..{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2024}}{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2024}}{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2024}}{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2024}} Dabbobin da ba su da yawa a duniya, langur mai zinariya, wanda ke bunƙasa a cikin gandun daji masu yawa tare da dogon wutsiya tare da tassel a ƙarshen, ana samun su a duka Bhutan da Indiya, a cikin wuraren tsarkake gandun daji guda biyu. Wadannan birai, waɗanda aka samo a cikin rukuni, ba su da gashi a fuskarsu amma suna da ruff na zinariya mai karimci a jikin su. Ana samun su a cikin adadi mai yawa - kusan 180 a Indiya da 1,200 a Bhutan, kamar yadda ƙididdigar da aka yi a 1978 da 1980 bi da bi. === Gidan Tsaro na Dajin Manas === [[Fayil:Way_to_Panbang_through_Manas.jpg|right|thumb|Gidan Tsaro na Manas a cikin kwarin Manas]] Gidan Tsaro na Manas, wanda ke cikin Assam, an dauke shi daya daga cikin "mafi kyawun wuraren ajiyar namun daji na Asiya" kuma yana cikin [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Gidan Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO]]. Yana da alaƙa da Royal Manas National Park na Bhutan zuwa arewacinsa. Yanzu ya ƙunshi ajiyar halittu, ajiyar tiger, da kuma ajiyar giwa. Gidan shakatawa yana da gandun daji sosai kuma ya ƙunshi wuraren ciyawa da marshes. A cikin 1928, an sanya ainihin yankin a matsayin wuri mai tsarki kuma a cikin 1978 an ayyana shi a matsayin ajiyar tiger. Kogin Manas da mahaɗanta Hakua suna gudana ta wurin wuri mai tsarki. Wani nau'i mai zurfi na alluvium shine mafi yawan ƙasa ƙasa. A karkashin yanayin yanayi na subtropical (tare da {{Convert|30|C|F}} millimeters (1.2 in) na ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da zafin jiki ya bambanta tsakanin matsakaicin 30 ° C (86 ° F) da mafi ƙarancin {{Convert|5|C|F}} ° C (41 ° F)), gandun daji ya ƙunshi tsire-tsire na gandun daji tare da gauraye deciduous, littorals, da maras kyau, kuma an haɗa su da bamboo da cane. Ambaliyar ruwa tana faruwa a manyan sassan bioreserve. Ana gudanar da wurin shakatawa a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyoyin kula da kiyayewa da yawa kamar su Core Zone, Yankin Buffer, da Yankin Tattalin Arziki. An san wurin shakatawa saboda namun daji da ba su da yawa kuma masu haɗari kamar su damisa da giwaye, da kuma kunkuru mai rufin Assam, kuren da aka yi wa rufin, kuren zinariya da langurs, pygmy hog, rhinoceros mai ƙaho ɗaya, buffalo na Asiya, barewa, barewa, damisa, damisa mai ruɗi, damisa mai duhu, damisa mai duhu, damisa mai duhu, damisa mai duhu, damisa mai duhu, damisa mai duhu. da dolphin kogin. Gidan shakatawa na gida ne ga nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa guda 22 da ke cikin hatsari. Dabbobi masu rarrafe sun hada da dawa, crocodiles na Indiya na yau da kullun, gharial, macizai na yau da kullun, maciji na cat, da sauran nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan iri. Tsuntsaye sun haɗa da ƙaho, cranes na gama gari, jajayen jakunkuna na yau da kullun, katako na Eurasian, gaggafa gaggafa, masu dusar ƙanƙara masu baƙar fata, ƙananan grebes, nau'ikan herons, black ibises, Eurasian sparrowhawks, tabo-babban mikiya, da sauran su. Nau'in kifi sun haɗa da katli, jurraha, chenga, telliah, labeo, da mahseer. An dauki matakan kiyayewa don hana farautar farauta, kamun kifi da yawa, cin zarafi, da sauran batutuwa masu yawa. Waɗannan matakan suna nufin rage tsoma bakin ɗan adam a cikin yanki mai rauni, don ba da damar ƙirƙirar bayanan bayanai, da gudanar da bincike kan yawan dabbobi da shuka don ingantaccen kiyaye yanayin muhalli.. A shekara ta 1980, wurin shakatawa ya kasance tsakiya ga tashin hankali na Bodoland na Assam yayin da Bodos da ke mamaye yankin suka nemi mafaka a cikin wuri mai tsarki. Bodos suna neman cin gashin kansu ko kuma wata jiha ta daban ta kansu a kan dalilan cewa an sanya ƙasashensu cikin Assam a lokacin mulkin Burtaniya. == Batutuwan muhalli == [[Fayil:Album_Pose.jpg|right|thumb|Haikali na Brahma a kwarin Manas a Kokrajhar a [[Assam]]]] Kogin Manas sau da yawa ya kasance a tsakiyar rikice-rikicen muhalli, musamman a cikin shekarun 1980. An gabatar da madatsun ruwa guda biyu a gefen Bhutanese na kogin don samar da wutar lantarki da kuma sarrafa kwararar Brahmaputra a bakin arewacinsa da kuma samar da hanyar tsarin ban ruwa. Koyaya, ba kawai akwai damuwa na cikin gida ba amma na ƙasa da na duniya tsakanin masu kula da muhalli game da shawarwarin, waɗanda suka ba da isasshen tallafi don tabbatar da cewa an sauke shawarwarin madatsar ruwa a 1986. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1989, kungiyar All Bodo Students Union (ABSU) ta mamaye wurin shakatawa kuma ta kashe masu kula da masu gadi da yawa, suna ba da izinin shigar da masu farauta da masu katako waɗanda suka haifar da barazana ga namun daji na wurin shakatawa da koginsa. Barazanar ambaliyar ruwa ta kasance kamar yadda ta kasance a cikin 2010.<ref name="iucn" /> Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan ci gaba da aka tsara a baya a kan Kogin Manas ya yi la'akari da kula da ambaliyar ruwa a cikin Kogin Brahmaputra da haɓaka kwarara a cikin tsarin kogin Ganga ta hanyar gina madatsar ruwa a kan Manas a kan iyakar Indo-Bhutan. Ruwan da aka adana a bayan tafkin an ba da shawarar a canja shi ta hanyar dogon tsarin tashar ta hanyar tuddai na Himalayas (skirting Bangladesh), ƙetare manyan koguna 25 da ƙananan koguna, daga cikinsu manyan koguna Sankosh, Raidak, Amo (Torsa), Karatoya, Teesta, Atrai da Mahananda suna gudana ta Arewacin Bengal, kuma a ƙarshe zuwa Kogin Kosi a Arewacin Bihar. Ba a ci gaba da aikin ba saboda mummunan ra'ayi na jama'a da damuwa game da muhalli.<ref name="River">{{Cite web |title=River-Linking and Assam's Interests |url=http://www.thesouthasian.org/archives/2003/riverlinking_and_assams_intere.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825070855/http://www.thesouthasian.org/archives/2003/riverlinking_and_assams_intere.html |archive-date=25 August 2009 |access-date=2010-04-04 |publisher=The South Asian}}</ref> Wani shawara da aka gabatar a cikin 1970s na gina dam akan kogin don amfani da damammaki na wuta, ban ruwa, da kuma shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa a Assam ya ƙunshi magudanar ruwa mai tsawon kilomita 100 (62 mi) daga tafki na Manas zuwa wani tafki a kan kogin Sankosh. Kamar yadda magudanar ruwa za ta ratsa ta yankin Tiger na Manas, Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Dazuzzuka ta Gwamnatin Indiya ta nuna rashin amincewa da shawarar bisa dalilan da ke haifar da illa ga yanayin ruwa da muhalli na yankin da zai faru saboda dam din. Wannan ra'ayi kuma ya sami goyon bayan kwamitin UNESCO na UNESCO. Marigayi Firayim Ministan Indiya Rajiv Gandhi ya amince da ƙin yarda kuma ya yanke shawarar dakatar da aikin. Yana da wuya a farfado. An gabatar da shawarar azaman aikin haɗin gwiwa na Indiya da Bhutan. Rahoton da aka riga aka shirya don wannan aikin Manas multipurpose aikin ya yi hasashen samar da wutar lantarki na MW 2800. Wani aikin haɗin gwiwa a kan Mangde Chu, wani yanki na Manas a tsakiyar Bhutan, ya yi hasashen samar da wutar lantarki na 360/600 MW, wanda aka shirya cikakken rahoton aikin (DPR).<ref name="Power">{{Cite web |title=Intercountry Cooperation in Development of Hydropower |url=http://www.powermin.nic.in/whats_new/pdf/India-Cooperation%20with%20neighbouring%20countries.pps#10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410030353/http://powermin.nic.in/whats_new/pdf/India-Cooperation%20with%20neighbouring%20countries.pps#10 |archive-date=10 April 2009 |access-date=2010-04-04 |website=Indi-Bhutan Cooperation Projects |publisher=National Informatics Centre |page=11 |format=ppt}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 3uccsggjxjkda0u0g0xofflgjymeu7n 0 152212 906927 840109 2026-08-24T07:57:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Peter Olayinka Oladeji''' (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 1995) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] ko na gaba ga APOEL da [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya]] . == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikina === Olayinka ya fara aikinsa da (Baba Boss) a Ibadan a watan Janairun 2012, kafin ya koma Bylis a Kategoria Superiore, inda ya fara shiga ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19 saboda yana ɗan shekara 17 kacal a lokacin. An ɗaukaka shi zuwa ƙungiyar manyan 'yan wasa a ƙarƙashin Agim Canaj a kakar wasa ta 2012-13, kuma ya fara buga wasa a ranar 20 ga Oktoban 2012 a wasan Kategoria Superiore da Luftëtari, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Jetmir Sefa a minti na 84 a wasan da suka ci 2-0. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bylis vs. Luftëtari Gjirokastër - 20 October 2012 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/10/20/albania/super-league/ks-bylis-ballsh/ks-luftetari-gjirokaster/1306004/ |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> Da tafiyar Canaj da kuma zuwan Naci Şensoy a matsayin koci a watan Nuwamba, Olayinka ya sami ƙarin lokacin wasa a ƙarƙashin Şensoy wanda ya nuna imani da matashin ɗan wasan. Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ranar 3 ga Fabrairun 2013 a kan Teuta a wasan cin kofin Albania wanda ya ƙare da kunnen doki 2-2. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Teuta Durrës vs. Bylis - 4 February 2013 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/02/04/albania/cup/ks-teuta-durres/ks-bylis-ballsh/1410265/ |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> Ya sake zura kwallo bayan wata daya a ranar 3 ga Maris a wasansu da Laçi a wasan da suka sha kashi a waje da ci 3-2. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laçi vs. Bylis - 6 March 2013 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/03/06/albania/cup/kf-laci/ks-bylis-ballsh/1410270/ |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> Ya sake zura kwallo a gasar cin kofin Albania a zagayen farko na wasan kusa da na karshe da Skënderbeu, inda ya zura kwallo ta farko a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 a filin wasa na Skënderbeu . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Skënderbeu Korçë vs. Bylis - 3 April 2013 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/04/03/albania/cup/ks-skenderbeu-korce/ks-bylis-ballsh/1460526/ |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> Ya buga wasanni 14 a gasar lig a kakar wasa ta 2012-13 ba tare da ya zura kwallo ba, kuma ya taimaka wa kungiyarsa ta kauce wa faduwa zuwa Kategoria e Parë, inda ya fara wasanni 6 sannan ya kammala dukkan mintuna 90 a wasanni biyu. Ya zura kwallo uku a gasar cin kofin Albania a wasanni 10, yayin da kungiyarsa ta kai wasan karshe a karon farko a tarihinta. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan karshe da Laçi amma an maye gurbinsa da shi a karshen lokaci, kafin Laçi ya kwace wasan ta hannun Emiliano Çela wanda ya ci kwallo a minti na 119. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laçi vs. Bylis - 17 May 2013 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/05/17/albania/cup/kf-laci/ks-bylis-ballsh/1470538/ |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> === Yenicami Ağdelen === Bayan ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2012-13, ya jawo hankalin ƙungiyoyi daga cikin Albania da ƙasashen waje, kuma an ruwaito cewa ƙungiyar FC Porto ta Portugal ta ba Bylis €500,000 don ayyukansa amma an ƙi tayin. Olayinka ya bar ƙungiyar a lokacin bazara na 2013, kuma ya nemi hukumar kula da ƙwallon ƙafa [[FIFA|ta FIFA]] ta sallame shi daga kwangilarsa da ƙungiyar, amma Bylis ya kuma tuntuɓi FIFA, wanda daga ƙarshe ya yanke hukunci kan ƙungiyar saboda har yanzu yana ƙarƙashin kwangila. Daga nan Bylis ya ɗauki zaɓin sabunta kwangilarsa, ma'ana ba zai iya bugawa wata ƙungiya wasa ba tare da izininsu ba, amma don shawo kan wannan ya koma ƙungiyar Yenicami Ağdelen [[Arewacin Cyprus|ta Arewacin Cyprus]] a kakar wasa ta 2013-14 saboda FIFA ba ta amince da gasar North Cyprus Süper Lig a hukumance ba. Ya zira kwallaye 8 a gasar lig a wasanni 21 don taimakawa ƙungiyar lashe gasar Süper Lig a karon farko cikin shekaru 20. Ya kuma zura kwallaye 6 a wasanni 5 na Federasyon Kupası yayin da aka doke kungiyarsa a wasan karshe, wanda hakan ya kawo jimillar kwallayen da ya zura zuwa 14 a wasanni 26 da ya buga wa kungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=OLAYINKA PETER OLADEJI Informations |url=http://www.ktff.org/InfoBank/PlayerDetails/13416 |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=ktff.net}}</ref> === Skënderbeu === An yi zargin cewa Olayinka ya amince da yarjejeniyar da Kukësi amma a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2014 ya amince da yarjejeniyar da zakarun Albania masu ci Skënderbeu, kuma an gan shi a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Pero Pejić wanda ya koma Kukësi kwanan nan. Kukësi da shugabanta Safet Gjici sun yi jayayya sosai kan komawarsa Skënderbeu, wanda shi ma ya daukaka kara zuwa ga Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Albania kuma ya kai karar dan wasan ga 'yan sanda. Duk da haka, Olayinka ya shiga tare da sauran 'yan wasan Skënderbeu kafin kakar wasa ta 2014-15, kuma ya buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 a Apolonia a ranar 19 ga Satumba, inda ya buga dukkan mintuna 90. [1] [2] Ya koma Albania a watan Agusta kafin fara kakar wasa ta 2015–16 Kategoria Superiore, sannan ya koma Skënderbeu, inda aka ba shi damar sake buga wasa bayan ya kammala dakatarwar da aka yi masa. A ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2015, Olayinka ya zura kwallayensa na farko a gasar a kakar wasa ta 2015–16 a kan sabuwar ƙungiyar Tërbuni, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka tashi 0-2 a waje. === Gent === Olayinka ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku da KAA Gent kan Yuro miliyan 1.1. Ya koma ƙungiyar Czech First League Dukla Prague a matsayin aro na tsawon shekara guda a watan Yulin 2016. === Slavia Prague === [[Fayil:Peter_Olayinka,_FCB-SLAVIA_30092018.jpg|thumb|Olayinka tare da Slavia Prague a 2018]] A ranar 21 ga Yulin 2018, Slavia Prague ta sayi Olayinka a kan kwantiragin shekaru huɗu daga Gent kan Yuro miliyan 3,200,000. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2018 |title=Velká posila: Do Slavie příchází Peter Olayinka! |url=https://www.slavia.cz/clanek.asp?id=Velka-posila-Do-Slavie-prichazi-Peter-Olayinka-15753 |access-date=22 July 2018 |website=slavia.cz |publisher=SK Slavia Prague |language=cs |archive-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722213537/https://www.slavia.cz/clanek.asp?id=Velka-posila-Do-Slavie-prichazi-Peter-Olayinka-15753 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Tauraron Red Star Belgrade === Da yammacin ranar 9 ga Janairu 2023, [[Red Star Belgrade]] da Olayinka sun amince kan canja wurin, wanda zai fara aiki bayan ƙarshen kwangilar Peter da Slavia Prague. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Питер Олањинка у Звезди! |url=http://www.crvenazvezdafk.com/scc/vest/14402/Piter-Olanjinka-u-Zvezdi}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Saboda baiwar da yake da ita, hukumar kwallon kafa ta Albania ta yi yunƙurin sanya Olayinka a matsayin ɗan wasan Afirka na farko da zai buga wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Albania wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olayinka mund të "shqiptarizohet" |url=http://borozani.com/artikulli/olayinka-mund-te-shqiptarizohet |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222102658/http://borozani.com/artikulli/olayinka-mund-te-shqiptarizohet |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=Borozani.com |language=sq-AL}}</ref> A wancan lokacin Olayinka da kansa ya ce yana son bugawa ƙasar Albania wasa idan ya sami fasfo ɗin Albania. <ref>{{Cite web |title=E pabesueshme: Nigeriani dëshiron të luajë për Shqipërinë |url=http://m.telegrafi.com/sport/e-pabesueshme-nigeriani-deshiron-te-luaje-per-shqiperine-5-0-60543.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222105848/http://m.telegrafi.com/sport/e-pabesueshme-nigeriani-deshiron-te-luaje-per-shqiperine-5-0-60543.html |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=17 December 2015}}</ref> Duk da haka, a watan Satumba na 2019, an zaɓe shi don buga wasan sada zumunci tsakanin Najeriya da Brazil. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Busari |first=Niyi |date=27 September 2019 |title=Brazil Vs Nigeria: Olayinka secures first Eagles call up, as Azeez return to the team |url=https://bsnsports.com.ng/brazil-vs-nigeria-olayinka-secures-first-eagles-call-up-as-azeez-return-to-the-team/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927130120/https://bsnsports.com.ng/brazil-vs-nigeria-olayinka-secures-first-eagles-call-up-as-azeez-return-to-the-team/ |archive-date=27 September 2019 |access-date=27 September 2019 |website=BSN Sports}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2019, ya buga wasanni huɗu ga [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya]] . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]] hbncwq1kwn7f95lh9gyhp04mmbqeety 0 152367 906745 906080 2026-08-23T21:54:48Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 906745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwa na Laberiya''' ('''LWSC''') shine kamfanin gwamnati na kasa wanda ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da ayyukan tsabta a Laberiya. An kafa shi a cikin 1973 ta hanyar Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, kamfanin yana da alhakin ci gaba, aiki, da kuma kula da samar da ruwa na jama'a da tsarin shara, tare da babban yankin aiki a babban birnin, [[Monrovia]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About the LWSC – The Liberia Water and Sewer Corporation |url=https://lwsc.gov.lr/about-the-lwsc/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026 |archive-date=February 4, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260204004502/https://lwsc.gov.lr/about-the-lwsc/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa ta 1973 ta Laberiya ta kafa Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwa na Laberiya a matsayin magaji ga hukumomin ruwa na jama'a da ke da alhakin samar da ruwa a birane. Halitta ta tsara alhakin gwamnati na tsakiya na ruwa da ayyukan shara, musamman a Monrovia da sauran manyan cibiyoyin jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Resettlement Action plan (Section Two) |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/579431468299084972/pdf/RP15140v20REVI000PUBLIC00Box379871B.pdf |website=[[Worldbank]]}}</ref> A lokacin yakin basasar Liberia (1989-2003), yawancin kayan aikin ruwa na kasar sun lalace ko kuma sun zama marasa aiki. Bayan karshen rikici, LWSC ya zama babban ma'aikata a kokarin sake ginawa na kasa, gudanar da gyaran gaggawa da kuma farfado da tsire-tsire na dogon lokaci na tsire-tire na tsabtace ruwa, cibiyoyin rarrabawa, da tashoshin famfo tare da tallafi daga masu ba da gudummawa na duniya da hukumomin ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Supply and Sanitation in Liberia |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/469d440b-908c-5303-94d0-11e6de75170a/content |website=[[Worldbank]]}}</ref> == Gudanarwa da tsari == Baya ga aikin aiki na LWSC, an tsara bangaren ruwa na Laberiya ta hanyar kokarin majalisa don karfafa mulki, tsari, da ka'idojin sabis. A cikin 2017, Majalisar Dattijai da Majalisar Dokoki ta Liberia sun zartar da Dokar Bayar da Ruwa da Wuriyar da ke kafa tsarin tsarin mulki na kasa wanda aka nufa don kula da samar da ruwa da ayyukan tsabta, gami da tsarin farashi, lasisi, da ka'idojin sabis, kodayake cikakken aiwatar da hukumar kula da ruwa ya samo asali a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberian Senate passes Water Supply and Sanitation Act |url=https://stockholmwaterfoundation.org/latest/liberian-senate-passes-water-supply-sanitation-act/ |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref> A karkashin wannan tsarin, Hukumar Ruwa, Sanitation & Hygiene ta Laberiya daga baya ta kafa ta doka don ingantawa da tsara ruwa, tsabtace tsabtace tsabta da ci gaban bangaren tsabta da daidaitawa a fadin ma'aikatun gwamnati, LWSC, da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WASH Commission Act |url=https://www.undp.org/liberia/publications/wash-commission-act |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref> == Infrastructure da ayyuka == Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwa na Laberiya (LWSC) yana aiki da tsarin kula da ruwa na tsakiya da farko don yankin Monrovia mafi girma, yayin da yawancin mazauna, musamman a cikin yankunan da ke fadada cikin birane, sun dogara da cibiyar sadarwa ta hanyoyin da ba a sani ba.<ref name="vuawater.com">{{Cite web |title=How a City Gets its Drinking Water - A Case Study - Capital City of Monrovia, Liberia |url=https://vuawater.com/Case-Study-Files/Urban_Groundwater_Based_WS/Liberia_Monrovia_Abstract_Final-2012.pdf |website=vuawater.com}}</ref> Babban tushen ruwa na Monrovia shine [[Saint Paul River (Liberia)|Kogin St. Paul]], wanda Dutsen Kofi ya rufe shi. Jirgin mai nisan kilomita 5, mai nisan mita ɗaya yana isar da ruwa daga tafkin madatsar ruwa zuwa White Plains Water Treatment Plant a [[Louisiana]], Montserrado County . <ref name="LWSCPipeline">{{Cite web |title=LIBERIA: a 5 km pipeline supplies the White Plains drinking water plant |url=https://lwsc.gov.lr/wp-portfolio/liberia-a-5-km-pipeline-supplies-the-white-plains-drinking-water-plant/ |access-date=29 January 2026 |website=Liberia Water and Sewer Corporation (LWSC) |archive-date=17 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260117141152/https://lwsc.gov.lr/wp-portfolio/liberia-a-5-km-pipeline-supplies-the-white-plains-drinking-water-plant/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An sake gyara wannan bututun kuma an sake ba da izini a cikin 2019 tare da tallafin dala miliyan 18 daga Millennium Challenge Account (MCA), maye gurbin layin da aka gina a cikin 1990. Sabon abin sha yana jawo ruwa daga sama a cikin tafkin don kauce wa shigar saline wanda ya shafi tsohuwar abin sha.<ref name="LWSCPipeline" /> Kamfanin White Plains yana da ƙirar magani na mita cubic 68,100 a kowace rana (matakin da aka samu a cikin shekarun 1970s). <ref name="LWSCPipeline"/> Bayan magani, ana adana ruwa a cikin rijiyoyi masu tsabta a wurin tare da haɗin ƙarfin kusan lita miliyan 2.5 (lita miliyan 9.5) kafin a watsa shi zuwa birni ta hanyar bututun 36-inch da 16-inch. A watan Yulin 2023, Manajan Darakta na LWSC, Alphonso Gaye ya jagoranci babban tsaftacewa na kwana biyar, disinfection, da kuma aikin kulawa a masana'antar don inganta ingancin ruwa da daidaito na aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=FPA Staff |date=Jul 6, 2023 |title=Water Treatment Plant Gets Major Boost As MD Gaye Leads Major Endeavors |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/water-treatment-plant-gets-major-boost-as-md-gaye-leads-major-endeavors/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026}}</ref> === Ayyuka masu ci gaba da sabuntawa === A watan Yulin 2025, LWSC ta kaddamar da aikin haɗin ruwa na gaggawa na dala miliyan 1.48 da nufin samar da ruwa mai bututu ga gidaje 2,500 da ba a kula da su ba a Greater Monrovia, wanda [[Bankin Duniya]] ya ba da kuɗin a ƙarƙashin Laberiya Urban Resilience Project (LURP). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Boayue |first=Francis G. |date=Jul 3, 2025 |title=Liberia: LWSC, Public Works Launch $1.4M Emergency Water Connection Project in Montserrado |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-lwsc-public-works-launch-1-4m-emergency-water-connection-project-in-montserrado/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026}}</ref> A watan Oktoban 2025, LWSC ta ƙaddamar da wani aikin samar da ruwa na dala miliyan 2 na Amurka don faɗaɗa ayyukanta zuwa yankin kudu maso gabashin Liberia, musamman a Pleebo, Gundumar [[Maryland]] da Zwedru, Gundumar Grand Gedeh . Bangaren Pleebo ya ƙunshi haƙa rijiyoyi uku da gina tsarin amfani da hasken rana, gami da {{Convert|350|m3}} hasumiyar ruwa da {{Convert|10|km}} na bututun mai, wanda ke da nufin fara amfanar mazauna 30,000. Bangaren Zwedru ya mayar da hankali kan gyara gidaje sama da {{Convert|10|km}} na layukan rarrabawa da suka lalace don sake haɗa gidaje kusan 600. An kuma sanar da wani ɓangare na uku na Greenville, gundumar Sinoe . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jr |first=Peter P. Toe |date=Oct 30, 2025 |title=Liberia: LWSC Launches US$2 Million Water Projects in Pleebo and Zwedru to Boost Access to Clean Water |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-lwsc-launches-us2-million-water-projects-in-pleebo-and-zwedru-to-boost-access-to-clean-water/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == 3ymke2kh9ct4qzqstx7lh8hmrr2i56g 0 152486 906754 901500 2026-08-23T21:57:59Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 906754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''''''WaSH'''''' (ko '''WatSan''', WaSH; wanda ya samo asali ne daga haruffa na farko na "[[Samar da Ruwa|ruwa]], [[Tsafta|tsabta]] da tsabta") wani bangare ne na hadin gwiwar ci gaba, ko a cikin [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]], wanda ke ba da ruwa, tsabta, da sabis na tsabta ga al'ummomi. Babban manufar samar da damar yin amfani da ayyukan WASH shine don cimma nasarar kiwon lafiya na jama'a, aiwatar da [[Haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli|Hakkin ɗan adam ga ruwa da tsabta]], rage nauyin tattara ruwan sha ga mata, da inganta ilimi da sakamakon kiwon lafiya a makarantu da wuraren kiwon lafiya. Samun dama ga ayyukan WASH wani muhimmin bangare ne na [[Tsaro na ruwa]].<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> Duniyar duniya, mai araha, da kuma samun dama mai ɗorewa ga WASH babban batu ne a cikin ci gaban kasa da kasa, kuma shine mayar da hankali ga manufofi biyu na farko na Ci gaba mai ɗorewar Ci gaba 6 (SDG 6). <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=2017-11-17 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org |language=en}}</ref> Manufofin 6.1 da 6.2 suna da niyyar samun ruwa mai daidaituwa da tsabta ga kowa. A cikin 2017, an kiyasta cewa mutane biliyan 2.3 suna rayuwa ba tare da kayan aikin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] ba, kuma mutane miliyan 844 suna rayuwa ba ba tare da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da tsabta ba. Ƙididdigar WASH tana amfani da ita sosai ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da hukumomin agaji a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]]. An yi nazarin nauyin cutar da raunin da ake samu a WASH sosai. Cututtuka da yanayin da ke da alaƙa da rashin WASH sun haɗa da [[Gudawa/Zawo|zawo]], [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], da raguwa, ban da Cututtukan da aka yi watsi da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burden of disease |url=https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/water-sanitation-and-health/burden-of-disease |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Akwai ƙarin haɗarin kiwon lafiya ga mata, alal misali, yayin [[Juna biyu|ciki]] da haihuwa, ko kuma dangane da kula da tsabtace haila.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Padma |last2=Baker |first2=Kelly K. |last3=Dutta |first3=Ambarish |last4=Swain |first4=Tapoja |last5=Sahoo |first5=Sunita |last6=Das |first6=Bhabani Sankar |last7=Panda |first7=Bijay |last8=Nayak |first8=Arati |last9=Bara |first9=Mary |last10=Bilung |first10=Bibiana |last11=Mishra |first11=Pravas Ranjan |last12=Panigrahi |first12=Pinaki |last13=Cairncross |first13=Sandy |last14=Torondel |first14=Belen |date=30 June 2015 |title=Menstrual Hygiene Practices, WASH Access and the Risk of Urogenital Infection in Women from Odisha, India |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=6 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1030777D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0130777 |pmc=4488331 |pmid=26125184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin ciki na yau da kullun na iya samun mummunar tasiri na dogon lokaci a kan yara dangane da ci gaban jiki da fahimta.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation & Hygiene: Strategy Overview |url=http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Water-Sanitation-and-Hygiene |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation}}</ref> Duk da haka, tattara takamaiman shaidar kimiyya game da sakamakon kiwon lafiya wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen damar zuwa WASH yana da wahala saboda dalilai masu rikitarwa. Masana sun ba da shawarar buƙatar nazarin dogon lokaci game da ingancin fasaha, ƙarin bincike game da tsoma baki na tsabta, da kuma nazarin tasirin haɗuwa da yawa don inganta nazarin sakamakon kiwon lafiya na WASH.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Waddington H, Snilstveit B, White H, Fewtrell L |date=2012 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to combat childhood diarrhoea in developing countries |url=http://3ieimpact.org/evidence-hub/publications/systematic-reviews/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-interventions-combat |journal=Journal of Development Effectiveness |doi=10.23846/sr0017 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana buƙatar samun damar zuwa WASH ba kawai anayin sa bane a matakin gida ba har ma a cikin saitunan da ba na gida ba kamar makarantu, wuraren kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki, kurkuku, saitunan amfani na wucin gadi da kuma ga yawan mutanen da suka rabu.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last=Cronk |first=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003 |pmid=25836758}}</ref> A makarantu, wuraren wanke hannu na rukuni na iya inganta tsabta. Rashin wuraren WASH a makarantu sau da yawa yakan sa ɗaliban mata kada su halarci makaranta, don haka rage nasarorin da suka samu a ilimi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Introduction |url=http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_3951.html |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=UNICEF}}</ref> Yana da wahala a samar da ayyukan WASH masu sarrafawa cikin aminci a cikin ƙauyuka na birane. Tsarin WASH na iya kasawa ba da daɗewa ba bayan shigarwa (misali, [[Tsarin rarraba ruwa]] mai leki). Ƙarin ƙalubale sun haɗa da tushen ruwa mai gurɓata da [[Tsaro na ruwa|Tasirin]] [[Canjin yanayi]] akan tsaro na ruwa. Hanyoyin tsarawa don samun dama mai aminci da daidaito ga WASH sun haɗa da, alal misali, shirye-shiryen WASH na ƙasa da saka idanu, Ƙarfafa mata, da inganta yanayin yanayi na ayyukan WASH. Kyakkyawan iyawa a cikin tsarin kula da ruwa na iya taimakawa wajen shawo kan wasu tasirin abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi da kara karfin yanayi.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> : 25 Masu ruwa da tsaki a ma'auni daban-daban, alal misali, daga ƙananan kayan aiki na birane zuwa gwamnatocin ƙasa, suna buƙatar samun damar samun bayanai masu aminci game da yanayin yankin da duk wani canje-canje da ake tsammani saboda canjin yanayi. Tunanin WASH ya haɗa bangarori daban-daban na samar da [[Samar da Ruwa|Ruwa]], gami da samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwan sha, tsaftacewa, da [[Tsafta|tsabta]] saboda tasirin raunin a kowane yanki ya mamaye sosai. [[Fayil:Water_Lebuje_camp,_Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata sun yi layi a rami don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Kitgum District, Northern Region of Uganda) Yankin Arewacin Uganda) ]] [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] state that a safe drinking water service is one that is located in an accessible location, available when needed, and uncontaminated. Additionally, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] use the terms [[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|improved water source]] and unimproved water source as a water quality monitoring tool. The term "improved water source" refers to piped water on premises. Examples include a piped household water connection located inside the user's dwelling plot or yard, and other improved drinking water sources such as public taps or [[Famfon titi mai tsayi|standpipes]], [[Ruwa mai zurfi|tube wells]] or [[Rijiyar burtsatse|boreholes]], protected dug [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|wells]], protected [[Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa)|springs]], and [[Girbi ruwan sama|rainwater collection]]. Samun damar ruwan sha an haɗa shi a cikin Manufar 6.1 na Ci Gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa Manufar 6 (SDG 6), wanda ya ce: "Zuwa 2030, cimma damar samun ruwa mai kyau da kuma daidaito ga kowa da kowa. " <ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement |website=United Nations |id=A/RES/71/313 |quote=Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development}}</ref> Wannan alamar manufa guda ɗaya, Mai nuna 6.1.1, wanda ya bayyana "Rashin yawan jama'a ta amfani da ayyukan ruwa mai sarrafawa". <ref name="Ritchie_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina |date=2018 |title=Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. (SDG 6) |url=https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation |journal=SDG-Tracker.org}}</ref> A cikin 2017, mutane miliyan 844 har yanzu ba su da sabis na ruwan sha na asali. : 3 A cikin 2019, an ruwaito cewa mutane miliyan 435 sun yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba a inganta su ba don ruwan sha, kuma miliyan 144 har yanzu suna amfani da ruwan sama, kamar tabkuna da rafi. Ana iya samun ruwan sha daga tushen ruwa masu zuwa: ruwa na sama, [[Ruwa na kasa|Ruwa na ƙasa]], ko ruwan sama, a kowane hali bayan tattarawa, magani, da rarrabawa. Rashin ruwa mai tsabta shine wani tushen ruwa mai kyau. Mutanen da ba su da damar samun amintaccen, abin dogaro, samar da ruwa na cikin gida suna fuskantar karancin [[Tsaro na ruwa]] a takamaiman lokuta a ko'ina cikin shekara saboda sauye-sauye na sake zagayowar ruwa ko inganci.<ref>{{Cite book|ref=6}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Taye |first=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |date=22 August 2019 |title=Ethiopia's future is tied to water -- a vital yet threatened resource in a changing climate |url=http://theconversation.com/ethiopias-future-is-tied-to-water-a-vital-yet-threatened-resource-in-a-changing-climate-121844 |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> Misali, inda ba a samun damar samun ruwa a cikin gida ba, [[ingancin ruwa]] sha a wurin amfani (PoU) na iya zama mafi muni idan aka kwatanta da inganci a wurin tattarawa (PoC). Ayyukan gida masu kyau game da tsabta, ajiya, da magani suna da mahimmanci. Akwai hulɗa tsakanin yanayi, tushen ruwa, da gudanarwa, kuma waɗannan su ma suna tasiri ga lafiyar ruwan sha.<ref name="Katrina20222">{{Cite journal |last=Charles |first=Katrina J. |last2=Howard |first2=Guy |last3=Villalobos Prats |first3=Elena |last4=Gruber |first4=Joshua |last5=Alam |first5=Sadekul |last6=Alamgir |first6=A.S.M. |last7=Baidya |first7=Manish |last8=Flora |first8=Meerjady Sabrina |last9=Haque |first9=Farhana |last10=Hassan |first10=S.M. Quamrul |last11=Islam |first11=Saiful |date=2022 |title=Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=813 |bibcode=2022ScTEn.81351876C |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876 |pmid=34826465 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ayyukan tsaftacewa ba za su cika ba tare da ingantaccen sarrafa laka ba (FSM), wanda shine ajiya, tattarawa, sufuri, magani, da kuma amfani da ƙarshen aminci ko zubar da laka. : 3 An bayyana laka na Fecal sosai kamar yadda abin da ke tarawa a cikin tsarin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace wuri]] (misali latrines, tankuna da mafita na kwantena) kuma musamman ba a jigilar shi ta hanyar datti.<ref name=":73" /> : Ma'aikatan [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] 5 su ne mutanen da ake buƙata don tsaftacewa, kiyayewa, aiki, ko zubar da fasahar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] a kowane mataki na sarkar tsabtace muvalangi. == Sassa == Ra’ayin WASH yana haɗa fannoni daban-daban na samar da ruwa, ciki har da samun ruwan sha, tsafta da kuma tsabtar jiki saboda tasirin kowanne bangare yana da alaƙa da juna. === Ruwan sha === [[File:Water Lebuje camp, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata suna layi a rijiyar burtsatse don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Uganda)]] WHO da UNICEF sun bayyana cewa ruwan sha mai aminci shi ne wanda yake a wurin da ake iya zuwa, yana samuwa a lokacin da ake buƙata, kuma ba ya gurɓata.<ref name="WHO_UNICEF_Progress_2017">{{cite report |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/258617/9789241512893-eng.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene |date=2014 |publisher=JMP, WHO and UNICEF |isbn=978-92-4-151289-3 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Ana bambance tsakanin “ingantaccen tushen ruwa” da “tushen da ba a inganta ba” a matsayin hanyar sa ido kan ingancin ruwa.<ref name="ourworldindata_Hannah_2018">{{citation |title=Water Access, Resources & Sanitation |url=https://ourworldindata.org/water-access-resources-sanitation#access-to-improved-water-sources |work=OurWorldInData.org |year=2018 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Manufar SDG 6.1 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da sauƙi ga kowa da kowa.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{cite web | work = United Nations | date = 2017 | title = Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane miliyan 844 ba su da ma ko ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":7" /> A 2019, mutane miliyan 435 suna amfani da tushen ruwa da ba a inganta ba, kuma miliyan 144 suna amfani da ruwan saman ƙasa kamar tafkuna da koguna.<ref name=":13">{{cite report |title=Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017 |date=2019 |publisher=UNICEF and WHO}}</ref> === Ruwan ƙasa === Ruwan ƙasa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci musamman a yankunan da ba su da isasshen ruwan saman ƙasa.<ref name=":19">{{cite journal |title=Divergent effects of climate change on future groundwater availability |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |date=2020}}</ref> Fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ruwan da ake amfani da shi a duniya yana fitowa daga ƙasa. Amma sauyin yanayi da yawan jama’a suna ƙara matsin lamba kan wannan albarkatun.<ref name=":19" /> Ruwan ƙasa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Observed controls on resilience of groundwater to climate variability in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Nature |volume=572 |date=2019}}</ref> Amma yawanci ana ɗaukar ruwan ƙasa ba tare da tacewa ba, wanda ke iya ɗauke da gurɓatattun sinadarai kamar fluoride, arsenic, nitrate da salinity.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=904 |date=2023}}</ref> === Tsafta === Tsarin tsafta yana da matakai daga mafi ƙasa zuwa mafi inganci: buɗaɗɗen bayan gida, mara inganci, iyakantacce, na asali, da kuma wanda aka sarrafa lafiya.<ref name="WHO_2017">{{cite web |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO and UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> Ingantaccen bayan gida yana nufin wanda aka ƙera don raba najasa daga hulɗar ɗan adam.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> Manufar SDG 6.2 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun tsafta da tsabtar jiki ga kowa da kowa, tare da kulawa ga mata da ’yan mata da masu rauni.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/3132">{{cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane biliyan 4.5 ba su da bayan gida mai aminci a gidajensu.<ref name=":74">{{Cite book |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO, UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> ==== Gudanar da najasa da ma’aikatan tsafta ==== Gudanar da najasa yana nufin tara, jigila, tacewa da kuma zubar da najasa cikin aminci.<ref name=":73">{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> Ma’aikatan tsafta su ne waɗanda ke tsaftacewa, kula da bayan gida da tsarin tsafta.<ref name=":0a">World Bank, ILO, WaterAid, and WHO (2019). Health, Safety and Dignity of Sanitation Workers.</ref> === Tsabtar jiki === [[File:Pupil_washes_hands_during_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana.jpg|thumb|Daliba tana wanke hannu a Ghana]] Tsabtar jiki yana nufin halaye da yanayi da ke taimakawa wajen kiyaye lafiya da hana yaduwar cututtuka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hygiene: Overview |url=https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/hygiene |publisher=WHO}}</ref> A cikin WASH, wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. “Tsabtar jiki na asali” shi ne inda ake da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa a gida.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> A 2017, rahoto ya nuna cewa kashi 25% na mutane a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi ne kawai ke da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida; a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara kashi 14% ne kawai.<ref name=":7" /> A duniya, mata da ’yan mata miliyan 500 ba su da wuraren tsafta da aminci don kula da al’ada.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Menstrual Hygiene Management Enables Women and Girls to Reach Their Full Potential |work=World Bank |date=2018}}</ref> Kusan kashi 40% na mutanen duniya ba su da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida.<ref name="UN-Water">{{Cite web |title=Handwashing/Hand hygiene |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/handhygiene/ |website=UN-Water}}</ref> == Tasirin rashin WASH == [[File:Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), OWID.svg|thumb|Yawan mace-mace da ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa, tsafta da tsabtar jiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/mortality-rate-attributable-to-wash |access-date=5 March 2020 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref>]] [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|“F-diagram” (najasa, yatsu, ƙwari, filaye, ruwa, abinci), yana nuna hanyoyin yaduwar cututtukan da najasa ke haifarwa.]] === Rukunin tasirin lafiya === Tasirin rashin tsafta da ruwan sha mai aminci ya kasu gida uku:<ref name="WHOHealth2018">{{Cite book |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241514705 |title=Guidelines on sanitation and health |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2018}}</ref> # Tasirin kai tsaye: cututtuka da najasa ke haifarwa kamar gudawa, helminthiasis da cututtukan ƙwari. # Tasirin sakamako: kamar nakasar girma, ƙarancin nauyi, matsalar haihuwa, raunin kwakwalwa, ciwon huhu da anemia. # Tasirin rayuwa gaba ɗaya: damuwa, cin zarafi, rashin zuwa makaranta, talauci, raguwar tattalin arziki da juriya ga magunguna.<ref name="WHOHealth2018" /> === Nauyin cututtuka da rauni da WASH ke haifarwa === WHO ta bincika yawan mace-mace da cututtuka da rashin WASH ke haifarwa. Sun mai da hankali kan gudawa, cututtukan huhu, rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis.<ref name=":32" /> A 2019, amfani da WASH mai aminci zai iya hana mutuwar mutane miliyan 1.4 da DALYs miliyan 74.<ref name=":32" /> Gudawa ce ta fi yawa, fiye da mutuwar miliyan 1 da DALYs miliyan 55.<ref name=":32" /> Cututtukan huhu su ne na biyu, sai rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis. Yawan mace-mace ya fi yawa a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi.<ref name=":32" /> Yankunan Afirka da Asiya ta Kudu sun fi shafa. Rashin tsafta kamar buɗaɗɗen bayan gida yana da alaƙa da gudawa da cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="UN2015">{{cite web |title=Call to action on sanitation |url=http://sanitationdrive2015.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/DSG_Sanitation_Fast-Facts_final.pdf |access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref> Rahoton WHO na 2016 ya nuna cewa WASH ya haifar da kashi 3.3% na mutuwar duniya da kashi 4.6% na DALYs.<ref name=":17" /> A 2002, an kiyasta mutuwar mutane miliyan 5 a shekara daga cututtukan da za a iya kaucewa.<ref>{{cite report |date=2002 |title=Dirty Water: Estimated Deaths from Water-Related Diseases 2000–2020 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}</ref> === Jerin cututtuka === Aƙalla akwai cututtuka guda goma sha biyu da ke yawaita idan babu WASH:<ref name=":17">{{cite book |title=Safer Water, Better Health |publisher=WHO |year=2019}}</ref> * Gudawa * Cututtukan huhu * Helminthiasis * Malaria * Trachoma * Schistosomiasis * Lymphatic filariasis * Onchocerciasis * Dengue * Japanese encephalitis * Rashin abinci mai gina jiki * Nutsewa Akwai kuma wasu cututtuka da ake danganta da rashin WASH kamar arsenicosis, fluorosis, legionellosis, leptospirosis, hepatitis A da E, guba daga cyanobacteria, guba daga gubar ƙarfe, scabies, raunin kashin baya, polio, matsalolin jarirai da uwa, da sauran cututtuka.<ref name=":17" /> === Gudawa, rashin abinci da nakasar girma === Gudawa yawanci tana yaduwa ta hanyar hulɗar najasa da abinci. A 2011, gudawa ta haifar da mutuwar yara miliyan 0.7 ƙasa da shekaru biyar.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea |journal=Lancet |date=2013}}</ref> Wannan ya yi daidai da mutuwar yara 2000 a rana.<ref>{{cite web|title=WHO Diarrhoeal disease|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/}}</ref> Yara masu gudawa suna fi saurin zama ƙarancin nauyi da nakasar girma.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Open defecation and childhood stunting in India |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2013}}</ref> Nazarin WHO ya nuna cewa kusan rabin matsalolin rashin abinci mai gina jiki a yara ƙasa da shekaru biyar suna da alaƙa da gudawa ko cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="WHO2008Bartram">{{cite report |title=Safer water, better health |publisher=WHO |year=2008}}</ref> === Cututtukan da aka manta (NTDs) === WASH yana taimakawa wajen hana cututtukan da aka manta kamar helminthiasis.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |title=Challenges and opportunities associated with neglected tropical disease |journal=BMC Public Health |year=2015}}</ref> Fiye da mutane biliyan 2 suna da cutar ƙwari ta ƙasa.<ref>{{cite report |title=Soil-transmitted helminth infections |publisher=WHO |year=2014}}</ref> WHO ta ƙaddamar da dabarar haɗa WASH da NTDs tun 2015.<ref>{{cite report |title=Water Sanitation and Hygiene for accelerating and sustaining progress on Neglected Tropical Diseases |publisher=WHO |year=2015}}</ref> === Ƙarin haɗarin lafiya ga mata === Mata suna fuskantar haɗarin cututtuka saboda ƙarancin WASH.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Vulnerability of women to climate change |journal=Journal of Arid Environments |year=2018}}</ref> Mata masu juna biyu suna fuskantar matsaloli wajen zuwa wurin tara ruwa. Rashin tsafta na al’ada yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Menstrual hygiene in South Asia |journal=Gender & Development |year=2010}}</ref> === Haɗarin lafiya ga ma’aikatan tsafta === Ma’aikatan tsafta suna fuskantar haɗarin lafiya daga najasa da suke kula da ita.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> === Tasirin sauyin yanayi === Sauyin yanayi yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka da dama.<ref name=":32" /> === Ingancin shirin WASH === Akwai muhawara kan tasirin shirin WASH. Nazarin ya nuna cewa wanke hannu da sabulu yana rage haɗarin gudawa da kashi 40%.<ref name="Fewtrell">{{cite journal |title=Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions |journal=The Lancet |year=2005}}</ref> Haka kuma, amfani da chlorine wajen tsabtace ruwa ya rage yawan cholera da kashi 75%.<ref name="Taylor">{{cite journal |title=The Impact of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions to Control Cholera |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2015}}</ref> == Bangarorin jinsi na rashin ayyukan WASH == Mata da 'yan mata ne suka fi fuskantar kalubale saboda rashin ingantattun ayyukan WASH.<ref name=":34"/><ref name=":35">{{Cite journal |last1=Bisung |first1=Elijah |last2=Dickin |first2=Sarah |date=2019 |title=Concept mapping: Engaging stakeholders to identify factors that contribute to empowerment in the water and sanitation sector in West Africa |journal=SSM - Population Health |language=en |volume=9 |article-number=100490 |doi=10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100490 |pmc=6978480 |pmid=31993485 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] An kwashe rubutun ne daga wannan madogara, wacce ke da lasisin [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Rashin isasshen agaji na samun ruwa da tsafta na shafar mata da 'yan mata ta hanyoyi da dama saboda al'adun da ke akwai a wasu al'ummomi da ke sanya su a matsayin manyan masu dibar ruwa da kula da gida, rashin samun damar yin fitsari cikin sauki a wajen ban daki mara tsafta ko kuma inda babu ban daki a kusa, da kuma sakamakon jinin al'ada da ke farawa lokacin balaga. Wadannan illolin sun hada da karancin shiga kasuwar kwadago da ayyukan al'umma, mummunan sakamako ga lafiya (biomedical), matsin lamba na tunani da zamantakewa (psychosocial), da kuma karancin sakamako a fannin ilimi.<ref name=":35" /> Yawancin lokaci mata da 'yan mata ne ke fuskantar babban kalubale na lafiya da zamantakewa da ke tattare da rashin tsaron ruwa da tsafta fiye da maza da yara maza, kamar yawan kamuwa da cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa, kyamar al'ada, da rashin samun damar gudanar da ayyukan tattalin arziki.<ref name=":34" /> === Lokacin da ake bukata don dibar ruwa === [[File:Niger,_Margou_(13),_water_well_with_tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Mata da yara suna dibar ruwa daga rijiya a Jamhuriyar Nijar.]] [[File:DRAWING WATER TO QUENCH THURST.jpg|alt=Mace tana dibar ruwa a Kenya.|thumb|Mace tana dibar ruwa a Kenya.]]Rashin samun wadataccen ruwa mai tsafta, mai saukin kudi kuma kusa, yana da mummunan tasiri musamman ga mata a kasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="Yadav 4–17" /> An kiyasta cewa mutane miliyan 263 a duniya suna amfani da sama da mintuna 30 a kowace tafiya don dibar ruwa daga ingantacciyar madogara.<ref name=":7" />{{rp|3}} A yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara (sub-Saharan Africa), mata da 'yan mata suna daukar kwanukan ruwa suna tafiya ta tazarar mil uku a matsakaicin kowace rana, inda suke amfani da sa'o'i biliyan 40 a kowace shekara wajen dibar ruwa (tafiya zuwa wurin ruwa, jiran layi, da dawowa gida).<ref>{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene - A Pathway to Realizing Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women and Girls |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3664 |work=WaterAid Canada}}</ref>{{rp|14}} Lokacin dibar ruwa na iya zama sanadin rashin samun ilimi, ayyukan samar da kudin shiga, shiga harkar al'adu da siyasa, da samun lokacin hutu da nishadi.<ref name="Diverting">{{Cite book |url=https://www.ircwash.org/resources/diverting-flow-resource-guide-gender-rights-and-water-privatization |title=Diverting the flow: a resource guide to gender, rights and water privatization |vauthors=Sidhu G, Grossman A, Johnson N |date=2003 |publisher=Woman's Environment and Development Organization (WEDO) |isbn=978-0-9746651-0-8 |location=New York, NY, USA}}</ref>{{rp|2}} Alal misali, a yankunan matalauta na birnin [[Nairobi]], mata suna daukar kwanukan ruwa masu nauyin fam 44 zuwa gidajensu, wanda ke daukar tsawon sa'a guda zuwa sa'o'i da dama suna jiran layi da dibar ruwan.<ref name="Crow10">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Crow B, Odaba E |date=November 2010 |title=Access to Water in a Nairobi Slum: Women's Work and Institutional Learning |url=https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt7h52n89v/qt7h52n89v.pdf |journal=Water International |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=733–747 |doi=10.1080/02508060.2010.533344 |bibcode=2010WatIn..35..733C |s2cid=153289383}}</ref>{{rp|733}} A wurare da dama na duniya, samo ruwa da samar da shi ana daukarsa a matsayin "aikin mata," saboda haka akwai alaka mai karfi tsakanin jinsi da samun ruwa.<ref name="Keefer15">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Keefer N, Bousalis R |date=January 2015 |title=How Do You Get Your Water? Structural Violence Pedagogy and Women's Access to Water |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_social-studies_the-social-studies_july-december-2015_106_4-6/page/256 |journal=Social Studies |volume=106 |issue=6 |pages=256–263 |doi=10.1080/00377996.2015.1072793 |s2cid=143162763}}</ref>{{rp|256}} Tara ruwa da samar da shi ga iyalai ya kasance babban aikin mace a kasashen da ba su ci gaba sosai ba inda ake daukar dibar ruwa a matsayin babban aikin gida.<ref name="Keefer15" />{{rp|256}} Wannan aikin ruwan yawanci aikin gida ne da ba a biyan kudi akansa wanda ya ginu a kan tsarin jinsi na sarautar maza (patriarchal) kuma galibi yana da alaka da ayyukan gida, kamar wanki, girki da renon yara.<ref name="Koolwal10" />{{rp|5}} Yankunan da suka dogara ga mata wajen dibar ruwa sun hada da kasashe a Afirka, Kudancin Asiya da kuma Gabas Ta Tsakiya.<ref name="Koolwal10" />{{rp|4}} === Rikici da cin zarafin mata === {{Further|Violence against women}} Yawancin lokaci mata da 'yan mata ne ke da alhakin dibar ruwa, wanda galibi aiki ne mai cin lokaci da wahala, sannan yana iya zama hadari a gare su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gender |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/gender/ |access-date=21 February 2020 |website=UN-Water}}</ref> Mata da 'yan mata da ke dibar ruwa na iya fuskantar duka da fyade ko cin zarafi na jima'i a kan hanya (rikici da cin zarafin mata).<ref name=":23">{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Violence, Gender and WASH: A Practitioner's Toolkit - Making water, sanitation and hygiene safer through improved programming and services |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2098 |publisher=WaterAid/SHARE |vauthors=House S, Ferron S, Sommer M, Cavill S, Violence G |location=London, UK}}</ref> Wannan ya hada da kasada ta fuskantar fyade lokacin dibar ruwa daga wurare masu nisa, duka a cikin gida saboda yawan ruwan da aka diba, da kuma fada a kan karancin ruwa da ake da shi.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sommer M, Ferron S, Cavill S, House S |date=2015 |title=Violence, gender and WASH: spurring action on a complex, under-documented and sensitive topic |journal=Environment and Urbanization |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=105–116 |doi=10.1177/0956247814564528 |bibcode=2015EnUrb..27..105S |issn=0956-2478 |s2cid=70398487}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Indiya, alal misali, ya gano cewa mata suna fuskantar tsananin tsoron cin zarafi na jima'i lokacin amfani da ayyukan ruwa da ban daki.<ref name="washfunders.org">{{Cite web |title=Improving WASH, Reducing Vulnerabilities to Violence |url=https://washfunders.org/improving-wash-reducing-vulnerabilities-to-violence |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=WASHfunders |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani bincike makamancin haka a [[Uganda]] shi ma ya gano cewa mata sun bayar da rahoton cewa suna jin fargaba ga tsaron lafiyarsu lokacin tafiya ban daki, musamman da daddare.<ref name="washfunders.org" /> === Al'adun jinsi a fannin sana'o'i === Al'adun jinsi na iya yin tasiri mara kyau ga yadda maza da mata ke samun ruwa ta hanyar irin wadannan tsammanin hali na banbancin jinsi—alal misali, lokacin da dibar ruwa ya zama aikin mace, maza masu dibar ruwa na iya fuskantar kyamata saboda yin abin da ake ganin aikin mata ne.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Why gender matters - A tutorial for water managers - Resources • SuSanA |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3777 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=www.susana.org}}</ref> Mata na iya fuskantar tarnaki wajen shiga harkar kamfanonin samar da ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa saboda "al'adun zamantakewa sun tsara cewa fanni ne na aiki da bai dace da su ba ko kuma ba za su iya gudanar da shi da kyau ba".<ref name=":16">{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Women in Water Utilities - Breaking Barriers |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3779 |publisher=World Bank |location=Washington, DC}}</ref>{{rp|13}} Duk da haka, wani bincike da Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank) ya gudanar a shekarar 2019 ya gano cewa yawan mata masu sana'a a fannin ruwa ya karu a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata.<ref name=":16" />{{rp|x}} A cikin al'ummomi da dama, aikin gyara da share ban daki yana fadowa ne a kan mata ko yara, wanda hakan zama silar kara jefa su cikin hadarin kamuwa da cututtuka.<ref name=":12" />{{rp|19}} == A wuraren da ba na gida ba == Wuraren da ba na gida ba don ayyukan WASH sun hada da ire-ire guda shida masu zuwa: makarantu, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki (gami da gidajen yari), wuraren amfani na wucin gadi, wuraren taron jama'a, da kuma sansanin 'yan gudun hijira.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last1=Cronk |first1=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003|pmid=25836758 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C }}</ref> === A makarantu === [[File:School toilets - WASH in schools (Bangladesh) (37720260454).jpg|thumb|Ban dukan makaranta a makarantar sakandaren gwamnati ta Shaheed Monumia, Tejgaon, Dhaka, Bangladesh)]] [[File:School toilet 2 - WASH in schools (Bangladesh) (38403428742).jpg|thumb|Ban dakunan makaranta a kwaleji da makarantar IPH, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh)]] [[File:Handwashing stands - WASH in schools - India (37547981435).jpg|thumb|Wuraren wanke hannu a wata makaranta a gundumar Mysore, Karnataka, Indiya]] {{Further|School hygiene}}Sama da rabin dukkan makarantun firamare a kasashe masu tasowa da ke da wadatar bayanai ba su da isassun ababen more rayuwa na ruwa kuma kusan kashi biyu cikin uku ba su da isassun ban dakuna.<ref name=":1">{{cite report |url=http://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2521 |title=Raising Even More Clean Hands: Advancing Learning, Health and Participation through WASH in Schools |date=2012 |publisher=UNICEF, United Nations Children's Fund |location=New York}}</ref> Ko da a inda ababen more rayuwar suke, galibi suna cikin mummunan yanayi ne. Yara suna samun damar shiga makaranta sosai kuma su fi gane karatu lokacin da aka inganta hanyoyin samun ruwa.<ref name="Koolwal10">{{Cite book |url=http://repositorio.minedu.gob.pe/bitstream/handle/123456789/1356/Access%20to%20Water%2C%20Women%E2%80%99s%20Work%20and%20Child%20Outcomes.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Access to Water, Women's Work and Child Outcomes |vauthors=Koolwal G, Van de Walle D |date=May 2010 |publisher=The World Bank |archive-date=2018-04-16 |access-date=2020-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073708/http://repositorio.minedu.gob.pe/bitstream/handle/123456789/1356/Access%20to%20Water%2C%20Women%E2%80%99s%20Work%20and%20Child%20Outcomes.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y }}</ref>{{rp|24}} Rashin ababen more rayuwa na WASH na iya hana dalibai zuwa makaranta, musamman dalibai mata.<ref name=":4"/> Tsauraran kyamar al'ada game da jinin al'ada, wadanda ke akwai a cikin al'ummomi da dama, tare da rashin ayyukan Kula da Tsaftar Jinin Al'ada (Menstrual Hygiene Management) a makarantu, na sanya 'yan mata kin zuwa makaranta lokacin da suke jinin al'ada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Puberty Education and Menstrual Hygiene Management |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002267/226792e.pdf |website=UNESCO}}</ref> Dalilan rashin ko rashin kula da ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsafta a makarantun kasashe masu tasowa sun hada da rashin hadin kai tsakanin sassa daban-daban; rashin hadin gwiwa tsakanin makarantu, al'ummomi da matakai daban-daban na gwamnati; da kuma rashin jagoranci da gaskiya wajen gudanar da aiki.<ref name=":2">{{cite report |url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2677 |title=Managing WASH in Schools: Is the Education Sector Ready? |date=2016 |publisher=Sustainable Sanitation Alliance |location=Germany |vauthors=Dauenhauer K, Schlenk J, Langkau T |work=A Thematic Discussion Series hosted by GIZ and SuSanA.}}</ref> ==== Sakamako daga inganta WASH a makarantu ==== Ayyukan WASH a makarantu, wanda wani lokaci ake kira SWASH ko WinS, yana rage cututtuka masu alaka da tsafta sosai, yana kara yawan halartar dalibai makaranta sannan yana taimakawa wajen samar da kima da daidaiton jinsi.<ref name=":1" /> Ayyukan WASH a makarantu na taimakawa wajen samar da ingantaccen yanayin makaranta mai cike da koshin lafiya da tsaro. Haka kuma zai iya sa yara su zama masu kawo canji wajen inganta dabi'un amfani da ruwa, tsafta, da kiyaye lafiya a cikin iyalansu da al'ummominsu.<ref name=":1" /> Alal misali, an yi nazari kan bayanai daga makarantu sama da 10,000 a kasar Zambiya a shekarar 2017 kuma an tabbatar da cewa inganta samar da ababen more rayuwa na tsafta a makarantu yana da alaka da yawan rajistar dalibai mata idan aka kwanta da maza, da kuma rage yawan maimaita aji da dainawa makaranta, musamman ga 'yan mata.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Agol D, Harvey P, Maíllo J |date=2018-03-01|title=Sanitation and water supply in schools and girls' educational progression in Zambia|journal=Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=53–61|doi=10.2166/washdev.2017.032|bibcode=2018JWSHD...8...53A |issn=2043-9083|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== Hanyoyin inganta WASH a makarantu ==== Hanyoyin inganta yanayin samar da ababen more rayuwa na WASH a makarantu sun hada da, a matakin manufofi: fadada mayar da hankali ga fannin ilimi, kafa tsarin tabbatar da inganci, rarraba da amfani da kudade cikin hikima.<ref name=":2" /> Sauran shawarwari masu amfani sun hada da: kasancewa da bayyananniyar dabara ta hada kan jama'a, tallafawa fannin ilimi don karfafa gwiwar abokan tarayya na sassa daban-daban, kafa tsari na dindindin na sanya idanu wanda ke karkashin fannin ilimi, ilimantar da malamai da kuma hadin gwiwa da hukumar gudanarwar makaranta.<ref name=":2" /> Tallafin da hukumomin raya kasa (development agencies) ke baiwa gwamnati a matakin kasa, jiha da gundumomi yana da amfani wajen samar da abin da aka saba kira da ''yanayi mai taimakawa'' don ayyukan WASH a makarantu.<ref name="India">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: India country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Pakistan">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Pakistan country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> Nasarar hakan kuma ya dogara ne da jagoranci a matakin gida da kuma sadaukarwar gaba daya ta masu ruwa da tsaki na makaranta wajen bunkasa makarantar. Wannan ya shafi dalibai da kungiyoyinsu, shugaban makaranta, malamai da iyaye. Bugu da kari, dole ne a sanya sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin tsarin tasirinsu kai tsaye, kamar: mambobin al'umma, kungiyoyin al'umma, jami'an ilimi, da hukumomin gida.<ref name="Nepal">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Nepal country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Bangladesh">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Bangladesh country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> ==== Wanke hannu a rukuni ==== [[File:In_Rwanda_build_where_everyone_can_wash_hand_in_prevention_of_covid-19.jpg|thumb|Wurin wanke hannu na al'umma a kasar Ruwanda mai dauke da wuraren wanke hannu ga mutane masu tsayi daban-daban. Lokacin annobar COVID-19 a Ruwanda wanke hannu yana daya daga cikin tsare-tsaren kiwon lafiyar jama'a da aka karfafa don rage yaduwar cutar.]] Sanya idanu wajen wanke hannu na rukuni na yau da kullum a makarantu dabara ce mai tasiri don gina kyawawan dabi'un tsafta, tare da yuwuwar kawo kyakkyawan sakamako na lafiya da ilimi ga yara.<ref name="UNICEF2016">{{cite report | publisher = UNICEF, GIZ | date = 2016 | url = http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2641 | title = Scaling up group handwashing in schools - Compendium of group washing facilities across the globe. | location = New York, US; Eschborn, Germany }}</ref> Wannan alal misali an aiwatar da shi ne a cikin "Shirin Kula da Lafiya na Musamman" ta Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta kasar Philippines.<ref name="UNICEF2012">{{cite report | publisher = UNICEF | date = 2012 | url = http://www.unicef.org/wash/schools/files/Raising_Even_More_Clean_Hands_Web_17_October_2012(1).pdf | title = Raising Even More Clean Hands: Advancing Health, Learning and Equity through WASH in Schools, Joint Call to Action }}</ref> Tsaftace ciki daga tsutsotsi (Mass deworming) sau biyu a shekara, tare da wanke hannu kullum da sabulu da kuma goge hakora kullum da maganin hakori mai dauke da fluoride, shine babban jigon wannan shiri na kasa. Haka kuma an yi nasarar aiwatar da shi a kasar [[Indonesiya]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1513|title=School Community Manual - Indonesia (formerly Manual for teachers), Fit for School.|date=2014|publisher=GIZ Fit for School, Philippines|isbn=978-3-95645-250-5}}</ref><ref name="Fit for school1">{{cite book|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2074|title=Field Guide: Hardware for Group Handwashing in Schools|publisher=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), Philippines|isbn=978-3-95645-057-0}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> === A cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya === [[File:Unsafe drinking water 03.jpg|thumb|Wata mace tana cika gora da ruwan sha mara kyau a rijiyar Boromata da ke Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya.]] Samar da wadataccen ruwa, tsafta da kiyaye lafiya muhimmin bangare ne na samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya na yau da kullum a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya. Ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya suna taimakawa wajen hana yaduwar cututtuka masu yauki sannan kuma suna kare ma'aikata da marasa lafiya. A halin yanzu ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin lafiya a kasashe masu tasowa galibi rashi gare su.<ref name="WHO2015">{{Cite web |date=2015-03-20 |title=WHO {{!}} Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities |url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-health-care-facilities/en/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123231/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-health-care-facilities/en/ |archive-date=2015-03-20 }}</ref> A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (World Health Organization), bayanai daga kasashe 54 a yankuna masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin kudin shiga wadanda ke wakiltar cibiyoyin lafiya 66,101 sun nuna cewa kashi 38% na cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ba su da ingantacciyar madogara ta ruwa, kashi 19% ba su da ingantattun ban dakuna yayin da kashi 35% ba su da damar samun ruwa da sabulu don wanke hannu. Rashin wadannan muhimman ababen more rayuwa na WASH yana rage ingancin samar da ayyukan yau da kullum sannan yana kawo cikas ga ikon hanawa da shawo kan cututtuka. Samar da ruwa a cibiyoyin lafiya ya fi karanci a Afirka, inda kashi 42% na cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ba su da ingantacciyar madogara ta ruwa a cikin rukunin ginin ko kuma a kusa. Samar da ingantacciyar tsafta kuma ya fi karanci a yankunan Amurka inda kashi 43% na cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ba su da wadatattun ayyuka.<ref name="WHO2015" /> A shekarar 2019, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta kiyasta cewa: "Cibiyar kiwon lafiya daya cikin hudu ba ta da muhimman ayyukan samar da ruwa, sannan daya cikin biyar ba ta da ayyukan tsafta na ban daki – wanda hakan ke shafar mutane biliyan 2.0 da biliyan 1.5 bi da bi." Haka kuma, an kiyasta cewa "cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a kasashe masu karamin kudin shiga sun ninka akalla sau uku rashin samun ayyukan ruwa idan aka kwanta da cibiyoyin da ke yankunan da ke da wadatattun albarkatu". Ana ganin hakan yana taimakawa wajen sanya cututtukan da mata ke kamuwa da su bayan haihuwa (maternal sepsis) ninka sau biyu a kasashe masu tasowa fiye da yadda yake a kasashe masu dukiya da kudin shiga na gaba-gaba (high income countries).<ref name=":18">{{cite report | url = https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-in-health-care-facilities/en/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190418063506/https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-in-health-care-facilities/en/ | archive-date = 18 April 2019 | title = Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities: practical steps to achieve universal access | location = Geneva | publisher = World Health Organization | date = 2019 | quote = Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO }}</ref>{{rp|vii}} Tarnaki ga samar da ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya sun hada da: Tsare-tsaren da ba su kammala ba, rashin isasshen sanya idanu, tsara kasafin kudin da ya shafi takamaiman cututtuka kawai, ma'aikatan da ba su da iko ko goyon baya (disempowered), da kuma rashin kyawun ababen more rayuwa na WASH.<ref name=":18" />{{rp|14}} Inganta matakan WASH a cikin cibiyoyin lafiya yana bukatar jagorancin manufofi da ka'idoji na kasa, gami da ware kasafin kudi don inganta da kuma kula da ayyukan.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Akwai mafita da dama da za su iya inganta lafiya da amincin marasa lafiya da ma'aikatan lafiya a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya sosai:<ref name="WHO16">{{cite report |url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/coverage/wash-in-hcf-core-questions.pdf?ua=1 |title=Monitoring WASH in Health Care Facilities. |date=2016 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="WaterAid">{{cite report |url=http://www.wateraidamerica.org/publications/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-in-health-care-facilities-in-asia-pacific |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities in Asia and the Pacific. |date=2015 |access-date=3 October 2017 |work=WaterAid |archive-date=4 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004085536/http://www.wateraidamerica.org/publications/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-in-health-care-facilities-in-asia-pacific |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Samun gurbataccen ruwa mai aminci don sha, da kuma amfani da shi yayin tiyata (surgery) da karbar haihuwa, shirya abinci, da wanka: Akwai bukatar inganta tsarin famfo da injinan jawo ruwa a cikin cibiyoyin lafiyar. * Dole ne a aiwatar da ingantattun dabi'un wanke hannu a tsakanin ma'aikatan lafiya. Wannan yana bukatar samar da wuraren wanke hannu masu aiki a wurare masu muhimmanci na duba marasa lafiya da kuma kusa da ban dakuna. * Kula da tsarin zubar da shara: Kyakkyawan tsarin kula da sharar cibiyoyin lafiya da kuma zubar da bayan gida (excreta) da ruwan shara cikin aminci yana da matukar muhimmanci don hana yaduwar cututtuka. * Karfafa dabi'un tsafta (hygiene) ga marasa lafiya, masu ziyara da ma'aikata. * Ban dakuna masu tsafta da saukin shiga, wadanda aka raba su ta jinsi (na maza daban na mata daban), a cikin adadin da ya wadanci ma'aikata, marasa lafiya da masu ziyara. Inganta damar samun wuraren wanke hannu da ban dakuna a wuraren kiwon lafiya zai rage yawan kamuwa da cututtuka da mace-mace sosai, musamman a fannin lafiyar uwa da jinjiri.<ref name="UN-Water" /> === A gidajen yari === A kasashe masu tasowa, gine-gineden gidajen yari galibi suna cunkushe da mutane da yawa sannan kuma sun tsufa sosai.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Habitat in Prisons |url=https://www.icrc.org/en/publication/0823-water-sanitation-hygiene-and-habitat-prisons |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=International Committee of the Red Cross |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12}} Wani rahoto da Kwamitin Red Cross na Duniya (ICRC) ya fitar ya bayyana cewa "Matakan da ke hana mutane 'yancinsu kada su kasance, ta kowane hali, masu tsananta musu ta hanyar wulakanci ko sanya su a cikin yanayin tsarewa da ke tauye kima da hakkokin dan adam."<ref name=":11" />{{rp|12}} Tsarin samar da ruwa da ababen more rayuwa na tsafta a gidajen yari galibi ba su da isasshen da zai biya bukatun mutanen da ke tsare a lokutan da adadin fursunonin ya wuce kima da karfin da gidan yarin zai iya dauka.<ref name=":11" /> Yawan amfani da wadannan ababen more rayuwa fiye da kima yana haifar da lalacewarsu cikin sauri. Kasafin kudin da jiha ke ware wa gidajen yari galibi bai wadatar da zai biya bukatun fursunonin ba ta fannin abinci da kulawar likitanci, balle kuma a fannin kula da gyaran ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsafta.<ref name=":11" />{{rp|12}} Duk da haka, ko da tare da karancin kudade, yana yuwuwa a kula da ko a gyara ababen more rayuwa da ke lalacewa ta hanyar amfani da dabarun tsare-tsare masu kyau da zabar hanyoyin samar da ruwa da tsafta masu saukin kudi. == Kalubale wajen aiwatar da WASH == === Samun daidaiton shiga tsarin samar da ruwan sha === Akwai rashin daidaito wajen samun damar shiga ayyukan ruwa, tsafta da kiyaye lafiya.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|11}} Irin wannan rashin daidaiton alal misali yana da alaka da matakin kudin shiga da kuma jinsi. A shekarar 2019 a cikin kasashe 24 da ake da bayanan da aka rarrabe, damar samun ruwa na yau da kullum a tsakanin rukunin masu arziki ya ninka akalla sau biyu idan aka kwanta da rukunin matalauta fiye da kima.<ref name=":13" /> Alal misali, a kasar [[Bangladesh]], kabilun tsirarru (minority ethnic groups) suna da karancin samun damar ayyukan WASH idan aka kwanta da sauran al'ummar Bengali.<ref name=":29">{{Cite journal |last=Alam |first=Md Zakiul |date=2022 |title=Ethnic inequalities in access to WASH in Bangladesh |journal=The Lancet Global Health |language=en |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=e1086–e1087 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00232-7 |pmid=35839804 |s2cid=250514173 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda "wariya ta tsarin launin fata" a Bangladesh.<ref name=":29" /> Damar samun ayyukan WASH kuma ya bambanta a cikin gida a cikin kasashe dangane da yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa (socioeconomic status), ikon siyasa, da matakin ci gaban birane (urbanization). A shekarar 2004 an gano cewa gidajen da ke birane sun fi samun damar amfani da ingantattun madogarar ruwa da tsafta da kashi 30% da kashi 135% bi da bi, idan aka kwanta da yankunan karkara.<ref name=":8" /> Hakkokin dan adam na samun ruwa da tsafta sun hana nuna bambanci a kan dalilai na "launin fata, jinsi, harshe, addini, ra'ayin siyasa ko wani ra'ayi daban, asalin kasa ko zamantakewa, dukiya, haihuwa, nakasa ko wani yanayi daban". Wadannan duka fannoni ne na rashin daidaito a cikin ayyukan WASH.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|13}} === Yankunan birane masu karamin kudin shiga === [[File:Distributing jerrycans to help people store clean drinking water in the Philippines (11252748734).jpg|thumb|Ana amfani da gora (jerrycans) don adana ruwan sha mai tsafta a kasar Philippines]]Akwai manyan tarnaki guda uku wajen inganta ayyukan birane a yankunan marasa galihu (slums): Na farko, rashin isasshen samar da ababen more rayuwa, musamman na tsarin sadarwa na raga (networked services). Na biyu, yawanci akwai matsalolin bukata da ke takaita damar mutane na samun wadannan ayyuka (alal misali saboda karancin sha'awar biyan kudi).<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Abellán J, Alonso JA |date=2022|title=Promoting global access to water and sanitation: A supply and demand perspective|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358066020|journal=Water Resources and Economics|language=en|volume=38|issue=|article-number=100194|doi=10.1016/j.wre.2022.100194|s2cid=246261266|doi-access=|bibcode=2022WRE....3800194A }}</ref> Na uku, akwai matsaloli na hukumomi da ke hana talakawa samun wadataccen ayyukan birane.<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Duflo E, Galiani S, Mobarak M|title=Improving Access to Urban Services for the Poor: Open Issues and a Framework for a Future Research Agenda|date=October 2012|publisher=Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab|location=Cambridge, MA|page=5|url=http://www.povertyactionlab.org/sites/default/files/publications/USI%20Review%20Paper.pdf|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=8 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708150227/https://www.povertyactionlab.org/sites/default/files/publications/USI%20Review%20Paper.pdf}}</ref> === Madogaran ruwa masu guba ko datti === [[File:Washing Utensils And Vegetables.png|thumb|Mata a wani babban tafki na kauye a Matlab, Bangladesh: Matar da ke hagu tana sanya tsumman tacewa (sari filter) a jikin tukunyar dibar ruwa (ko kalash) don tace ruwan sha.|alt=]] Madogaran samar da ruwa sun hada da ruwan sama (surface water) da kuma ruwan karkashin kasa (groundwater). Wadannan muhimman albarkatun ruwa galibi suna fuskantar kasadar gurbatawa ko amfani da su fiye da kima. {{excerpt|water pollution|paragraphs=1|file=no}} {{excerpt|groundwater pollution|paragraphs=1|file=no}} === Lalacewar tsarin WASH cikin lokaci === {{Further|Failures of WASH systems}} [[File:Existing pit latrines of the schools (5324341452).jpg|thumb|Ban dakin rami (pit latrine) da ba a kula da shi da kyau ba a wata makaranta a lardin Nyanza, Kenya]] Lalacewa da gazawar tsarin samar da ruwa (kamar wuraren taba ruwa, rijiyoyi da ramin burtsatse) da tsarin tsafta an rubuta su da kyau a cikin bincike daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Currents: Learning from Failures |url=https://www.globalwaters.org/resources/assets/water-currents-learning-failures |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411002721/https://www.globalwaters.org/resources/assets/water-currents-learning-failures |url-status=usurped |archive-date=April 11, 2021 |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=Water Currents: Learning from Failures {{!}} Globalwaters.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last1=Vernon |first1=Naomi |last2=Myers |first2=Jamie |date=2021 |title=Acknowledging and Learning from Different Types of Failure |journal=Environmental Health Insights |volume=15 |issue=1 |article-number=11786302211018095 |doi=10.1177/11786302211018095 |pmc=8186116 |pmid=34158799 |bibcode=2021EnvHI..1510180V |s2cid=235593971}}</ref> An danganta wannan ga tsadar kudi, rashin isasshen horo na fasaha don gudanarwa da kulawa, rashin kyawun amfani da sabbin ababen more rayuwa da dabi'un da aka koyar, da kuma rashin shigar al'umma da mallakar abubuwan da kansu.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Carter RC, Tyrrel SF, Howsam P |date=August 1999|title=The Impact and Sustainability of Community Water Supply and Sanitation Programmes in Developing Countries| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_water-and-environment-journal_1999-08_13_4/page/292 |journal=Water and Environment Journal|volume=13|issue=4|pages=292–296|doi=10.1111/j.1747-6593.1999.tb01050.x|bibcode=1999WaEnJ..13..292C |s2cid=16993732 |issn=1747-6585}}</ref> Mafi yawancin talakawa ba su da ikon biyan kudaden da ake bukata don gudanarwa da kuma kula da ababen more rayuwa na WASH, wanda hakan ke hana su amfana ko da kuwa tsarin yana nan akwai.<ref name=":8">{{cite journal | vauthors = Moe CL, Rheingans RD | title = Global challenges in water, sanitation and health | journal = Journal of Water and Health | volume = 4| issue = S1 | pages = 41–57 | date = July 2006 | pmid = 16493899 | doi = 10.2166/wh.2006.0043 | bibcode = 2006JWH.....4S..41M | doi-access = free }}</ref> Gurbacewar ruwa a cikin tsarin rarraba ruwa (distribution systems) babban kalubale ne kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen yaduwar cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa.<ref name=":8" /> === Yanayin aikin ma'aikatan tsafta === {{excerpt|Sanitation worker|paragraphs=1-2}} == Fannoni na sauyin yanayi == === Fitar da iskar gas mai dumama duniya === Ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsafta suna taimakawa wajen fitar da iskar gas mai dumama duniya. An raba wadannan abubuwa da ake fitarwa zuwa gida uku a cikin yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa ta iskar gas mai dumama duniya: fitarwa kai-tsaye, da kuma manyan hanyoyi biyu na fitarwa ta kaikaice (duba kasa).<ref>{{Cite book |title=The greenhouse gas protocol: a corporate accounting and reporting standard. |date=2004 |publisher=World Business Council for Sustainable Development |others=World Business Council for Sustainable Development, World Resources Institute |isbn=1-56973-568-9 |edition=Rev.|location=Geneva, Switzerland |oclc=55049070}}</ref><ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|9}} ==== Fitarwa ta kai-tsaye (Scope 1) ==== Scope 1 ya hada da "fitarwa ta kai-tsaye da ke fitowa dumu-dumu daga gudanar da aiki". A fannin WASH, wannan shi ne fitar da iskar methane da nitrous oxide yayin sarrafa ruwan datti da lakar kashi na ban daki. Ayyukan tsafta suna samar da kashi 2–6% na iskar methane ta duniya da mutane ke haddasawa.<ref name=":24">Isabella Montgomery, Kory Russel, Roshni Dave, Lauren Harroff (2020) Supporting the Shift to Climate Positive Sanitation POLICY BRIEF August 2020 Emissions calculator demonstrates reduced climate impact with container-based sanitation. CSBA and WSSCC.</ref> Rijiyoyin burtsatse na tsohon yayi, ban dakunan rami, tafkunan sarrafa datti ba tare da iska ba, da injinan rurrushe datti duka tsari ne na bazuwar datti ba tare da iska ba wadanda ke fitar da iskar methane wanda za a iya kamawa ko kuma kada a kama shi (a yanayin rijiyoyin burtsatse yawanci ba a kamawa). An kiyasta, ta hanyar amfani da bayanai na shekarar 2012 da 2013, cewa "sarrafa ruwan datti a manyan cibiyoyi na tsakiya kadai yana taimakawa da kusan kashi 3% na iskar nitrous oxide na duniya da kuma kashi 7% na iskar methane da mutane ke haddasawa".<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|11}} Bayanai na shekarar 2023 daga manyan matatun sarrafa ruwan datti na tsakiya a Amurka sun nuna cewa iskar methane da ake fitarwa ta ninka kimantawa da IPCC ta bayar a shekarar 2019 kusan sau biyu, wato 10.9 ± 7.0 idan aka kwanta da 4.3-6.1 MMT (miliyan metric tons) CO2-eq/yr.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Song |first1=Cuihong |last2=Zhu |first2=Jun-Jie |last3=Willis |first3=John L. |last4=Moore |first4=Daniel P. |last5=Zondlo |first5=Mark A. |last6=Ren |first6=Zhiyong Jason |date=2023-02-14 |title=Methane Emissions from Municipal Wastewater Collection and Treatment Systems |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |language=en |volume=57 |issue=6 |pages=2248–2261 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.2c04388 |pmid=36735881 |s2cid=256577352 |issn=0013-936X|pmc=10041530 |bibcode=2023EnST...57.2248S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IPCC |date=2019 |title=2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Vol. 5. Waste. Chapter 6 Wastewater Treatment and Discharge |url=https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/pdf/5_Volume5/19R_V5_6_Ch06_Wastewater.pdf}}</ref> Hanyoyin yanzu na kimanta hayakin tsafta sun rage muhimmancin fitar da iskar methane daga tsarin tsafta da ba na sewer ba (NSSS).<ref name=":111" /> Wannan yana faruwa ne duk da cewa irin wadannan tsarin tsafta sun yadu sosai a kasashe da dama.<ref name=":111">{{Cite journal |last1=Cheng |first1=Shikun |last2=Long |first2=Jinyun |last3=Evans |first3=Barbara |last4=Zhan |first4=Zhe |last5=Li |first5=Tianxin |last6=Chen |first6=Cong |last7=Mang |first7=Heinz-Peter |last8=Li |first8=Zifu |date=2022 |title=Non-negligible greenhouse gas emissions from non-sewered sanitation systems: A meta-analysis |journal=Environmental Research |language=en |volume=212 |issue=Pt D |article-number=113468 |doi=10.1016/j.envres.2022.113468 |pmc=9227720 |pmid=35597295 |bibcode= 2022ER....21213468C|doi-access=free}} Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</ref> NSSS suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kula da lakar kashi cikin aminci kuma suna daukar kusan rabin duk wani tsarin samar da tsafta da ke akwai. An kiyasta cewa jimillar iskar methane da ake fitarwa daga NSSS a duniya a shekarar 2020 ya kai 377 Mt CO2e/shekara ko kashi 4.7% na iskar methane ta duniya da mutane ke haddasawa. Wannan yana da kwatankwacin iskar gas mai dumama duniya da ke fitowa daga matatun sarrafa ruwan datti na al'ada.<ref name=":111" /> Saboda haka, fitar da GHG daga tsarin tsafta da ba na sewer ba wani tushe ne da ba za a iya kauce masa ba. Kasashen Indiya da China suna ba da gudunmawa sosai wajen fitar da iskar methane na NSSS saboda yawan jama'arsu da kuma yawan amfani da NSSS.<ref name=":111" /> ==== Fitarwa ta kaikaice da ke da alaka da makamashin da ake bukata (Scope 2) ==== Scope 2 ya hada da "fitarwa ta kaikaice da ke da alaka da makamashin da aikin ke bukata". Kamfanonin da ke hulda da ayyukan ruwa da ruwan datti suna bukatar makamashi don tsari daban-daban. Suna amfani da rabe-raben makamashi (energy mix) da ke akwai a kasar. Idan yawan man fetur ko kwal (fossil fuels) ya karu a cikin rabe-raben makamashin, to fitar da GHG a karkashin Scope 2 zai yi yawa ma dumu-dumu.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|12}} Hanyoyin da ke bukatar makamashi sun hada da: janyo ruwa (misali famfo ruwan karkashin kasa), adana ruwan sha, jigilar ruwa, tace ruwa, rarraba ruwa, sarrafa ruwan datti, amfani da ruwa na karshe (misali dumama ruwa), cire gishiri a ruwan teku da kuma sake amfani da ruwan datti.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20–24}} Alal misali, ana bukatar makamashin wutar lantarki don tura ruwan datti da kuma sanya iska ta hanyar injina a matatun sarrafa laka mai rai (activated sludge treatment plants). Lokacin duban hayaki daga fannin tsafta da ruwan datti yawancin mutane suna mai da hankali ne kan tsarin sarrafawa, musamman matatun sarrafawa. Wannan saboda matatun sarrafawa suna bukatar babban shigarwar makamashi kuma an kiyasta suna cinye kashi 3% na wutar lantarkin duniya baki daya.<ref name=":30">{{Cite journal |last1=Dickin |first1=Sarah |last2=Bayoumi |first2=Moustafa |last3=Giné |first3=Ricard |last4=Andersson |first4=Kim |last5=Jiménez |first5=Alejandro |date=25 May 2020 |title=Sustainable sanitation and gaps in global climate policy and financing |journal=npj Clean Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=24 |doi=10.1038/s41545-020-0072-8 |issn=2059-7037 |s2cid=218865175|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020npjCW...3...24D }} Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</ref> Wannan yana da ma'ana ga kasashe masu dukiya sosai, inda sarrafa ruwan datti shi ne mafi girman mai cin makamashi idan aka kwanta da sauran ayyukan fannin ruwa.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|23}} Tsarin sanya iska da ake amfani da shi a cikin yawancin hanyoyin sarrafawa na biyu yana da tsananin cin makamashi (yana cinye kusan kashi 50% na jimillar makamashin da ake bukata don sarrafawa).<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|24}} Adadin makamashin da ake bukata don sarrafa ruwan datti ya dogara da abubuwa da dama: yawa da ingancin ruwan datti (wato yaya yawansa da kuma yaya gurbacensa yake), matakin sarrafawa da ake bukata wanda shi kuma ke tasiri ga nau'in tsarin sarrafawa da za a zaba.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|23}} Ingantaccen amfani da makamashi na tsarin sarrafawa wani lamari ne daban.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|23}} {| class="wikitable" |+Amfani da makamashi da wutar lantarki ta ayyukan ruwa da ruwan datti a karkashin Scope 2 na hanyar kididdigar carbon (Fitarwa ta kaikaice da ke da alaka da makamashi) !Ma'auni !Adadi !Karin bayani !Tushe !Shekarar kimantawa |- |Jimillar makamashin da fannin ruwa ke amfani da shi a duniya |1400 TWh | |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Kason jimillar makamashin da aka amfani da shi azaman wutar lantarki |60% |Mafi yawanci don famfo ruwan karkashin kasa don shayar da gonaki. |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Kason jimillar makamashin da aka amfani da shi azaman makamashin zafi |40% | |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Kashi na amfani da wutar lantarki na duniya da fannin ruwa ke amfani da shi |4% |Ba a hada da makamashi don amfani da ruwa ta masu amfani na karshe ba (misali dumama ruwa). |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Rarraba amfani da wutar lantarki da aka cinye don samar da ruwa |Janyo ruwa: 40% Sarrafa ruwan datti: 25% Rarraba ruwa: 20% Cire gishiri a ruwan teku: 5% | |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Kashi na amfani da wutar lantarki na duniya da aka amfani da shi don matatun sarrafa ruwan datti |3% | |<ref name=":30" /> |2020 |} ==== Fitarwa ta kaikaice mai alaka da aikin amma kungiyoyi daban suka haddasa shi (Scope 3) ==== Scope 3 ya hada da "fitarwa ta kaikaice mai alaka da aikin amma kungiyoyi daban suka haddasa shi". Fitarwa ta kaikaice a karkashin Scope 3 tana da wuyar aunawa ta tsarin bai-daya. Sun hada da misali hayaki daga gina ababen more rayuwa, daga kera sinadarai da ake bukata a tsarin sarrafawa da kuma daga kula da lakar datti da aka samar azaman kayan karshe.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|12}} ==== Rage fitar da iskar gas mai dumama duniya ==== Akwai mafita don rage fitar da iskar gas mai dumama duniya na ayyukan ruwa da tsafta.<ref name=":110" /> Wadannan mafita sun kasu kashi uku wadanda ke dan hadewa da juna: Na farko "rage amfani da ruwa da makamashi ta hanyar hanyoyi masu sauki da inganci"; na biyu "rungumar tattalin arziki na rawaya (circular economy) don samar da makamashi da kayayyaki masu daraja"; da kuma na uku ta hanyar "tsara tsare-tsare don rage fitar da GHG ta hanyar shawarwari na dabara".<ref name="IWAbook2022">{{Cite book |title=Reducing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Water and Sanitation Services: Overview of emissions and their potential reduction illustrated by utility know-how |date=2022 |publisher=IWA Publishing |isbn=978-1-78906-317-2 |editor-last=Alix |editor-first=Alexandre |language=en |doi=10.2166/9781789063172 |s2cid=250128707 |editor-last2=Bellet |editor-first2=Laurent |editor-last3=Trommsdorff |editor-first3=Corinne |editor-last4=Audureau |editor-first4=Iris}}</ref>{{rp|28}} Ambaton ''hanyoyi masu sauki da inganci'' sun hada da misali lalubo hanyoyin rage asarar ruwa daga hanyoyin sadarwar ruwa da kuma rage kwararar ruwan sama ko ruwan karkashin kasa zuwa cikin magudanun ruwa na sewer.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|29}} Haka kuma, za a iya ba da kwarin gwiwa don karfafa gwiwar gidaje da masana'antu su rage amfani da ruwansu da kuma bukatun makamashinsu na dumama ruwa.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|31}} Akwai wata hanyar kuma ta rage bukatun makamashi don sarrafa danyen ruwa don yin ruwan sha daga gare shi: kare ingancin ruwan tushe mafi kyau.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|32}} Hanyoyin da suka shiga karkashin rukunin ''tattalin arziki na rawaya'' sun hada da: Sake amfani da ruwa, sinadaran abinci (nutrients) da kayayyaki; Samar da makamashi mai karancin carbon (misali amfani da hasken rana a saman rufin gine-ginen amfanitallahi, dawo da barnar zafi daga ruwan datti, samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa ta hanyar girka injunan micro-turbines, samar da makamashi daga biosolids da lakar datti.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|33–37}} Shawarwari na dabara game da rage fitar da GHG sun hada da: wayar da kai da ilimantarwa, gudanarwa da ke goyon bayan canza dabi'un aiki, samar da kwarin gwiwa na tattalin arziki don adana ruwa da rage amfani da shi, kuma a karshe zabar makamashi da kayayyaki masu karancin carbon.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|38–39}} === Mummunan tasiri na sauyin yanayi === {{Further|Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change on human health}} Tasirin sauyin yanayi na iya samun mummunan tasiri a kan ayyukan tsafta da ke akwai ta hanyoyi da dama, alal misali ta hanyar lalacewa da asarar ayyuka daga ambaliyar ruwa da rage karfin daukar nauyin ruwa da ke karbar ruwan datti.<ref name=":110">{{Cite journal |last1=Howard |first1=Guy |last2=Calow |first2=Roger |last3=Macdonald |first3=Alan |last4=Bartram |first4=Jamie |date=2016 |title=Climate Change and Water and Sanitation: Likely Impacts and Emerging Trends for Action |journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources |language=en |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=253–276 |doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085856 |bibcode=2016ARER...41..253H |issn=1543-5938 |doi-access=free |s2cid=155259589}}</ref><ref name=":31" /><ref name=":32">WHO (2023) Burden of disease attributable to unsafe drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene, 2019 update. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.</ref>{{rp|23}} Al'amuran da suka shafi yanayi da sauyin yanayi (sauye-sauye, lokuta da matsanancin yanayi) koyaushe suna da tasiri a kan samar da ayyukan tsafta.<ref>SWA (2020) Adapting to climate change and fostering a low carbon water and sanitation sector. Sanitation and Water for All (SWA)</ref>{{rp|3}} Amma yanzu, matsanancin yanayi, kamar ambaliyar ruwa da fari, gaba daya suna karuwa a yawa da tsanani saboda sauyin yanayi a yankuna da dama.<ref name=":182">Douville, H., K. Raghavan, J. Renwick, R.P. Allan, P.A. Arias, M. Barlow, R. Cerezo-Mota, A. Cherchi, T.Y. Gan, J. Gergis, D. Jiang, A. Khan, W. Pokam Mba, D. Rosenfeld, J. Tierney, and O. Zolina, 2021: Water Cycle Changes. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1055–1210, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.010</ref>{{rp|1157}} Suna shafar ayyukan samar da ruwa, magudanun ruwan sama da ababen more rayuwa na sewer, da matatun sarrafa ruwan datti.<ref name=":62">{{Cite book |last=Sinisi, L. |title=Guidance on Water Supply and Sanitation in Extreme Weather Events. |date=2011 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn=978-92-890-0259-2 |location=Geneva |oclc=870244396}}</ref> Canje-canje a cikin yawa da tsananin matsanancin yanayi na iya rurrita kalubalen yanzu yayin da samun ruwa ke zama mai wuyar tabbatarwa, kuma kasadar lafiya na karuwa saboda gurbatattun madogaran ruwa. Tasirin sauyin yanayi na iya haifar da raguwar samun ruwa, karuwar bukatar ruwa, lalacewar wuraren WASH, da kuma karuwar gurbacewar ruwa daga abubuwan gurbatawa.<ref name=":31">{{Cite web |date=December 2020 |title=Climate Change Response for Inclusive WASH: A guidance note for Plan International Indonesia, Guidance Note |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/climate-change-response-inclusive-wash-guidance-note-plan-international-indonesia |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en |location=Indonesia}}</ref><ref name=":32" />{{rp|23}} Saboda wadannan tasiri, sauyin yanayi na iya "tsananta kasada da cututtuka da yawa masu alaka da WASH".<ref name=":32" />{{rp|23}} Sauyin yanayi yana kawo karancin aminci ga tsarin WASH, musamman a yankin Saharar Afirka inda damar samun ingantacciyar tsafta ta yau da kullum ke da karanci sosai. A wancan yankin, tsarin WASH da ba a kula da su da kyau ba, alal misali a matsugunan da ba na ka'ida ba (informal settlements), su ne ke sanya mutane kasancewa cikin kasada ga tasirin sauyin yanayi fiye da mutane a wasu wuraren. Dangane da tsarin zagayowar ruwa (water cycle), sauyin yanayi na iya shafar adadin kutsawar ruwa a cikin kasa, zurfafawar tacewa, saboda haka da kuma sake cika ruwan karkashin kasa. Haka kuma, hauhawar zafin jiki yana kara bukatar tirorwar ruwa (evaporative demand) a kan kasa, wanda ke takaita adadin ruwan da zai sake cika ruwan karkashin kasa. ====Tasirin sauyin yanayi a kan cututtukan da ake dauka ta ruwa==== {{excerpt|Climate change and infectious diseases|paragraphs=1-3}} === Daidaitawa da sauyin yanayi === {{Further|Climate change adaptation}} Kokarin daidaitawa a fannin WASH sun hada da misali kare albarkatun ruwa na gida (kamar yadda wadannan albarkatu ke zama tushen ruwa don samar da ruwan sha) da kuma bincika inganta tsarin samar da ruwa da dabarun adana shi. Haka kuma yana iya zama dole a daidaita tsare-tsare da ayyukan kamfanonin amfanitallahi.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|41}} Manufofin daidaitawa da sauyin yanayi suna bukatar la'akari da kasadar da ke tattare da matsanancin yanayi. Matakan daidaitawa da ake bukata suna bukatar la'akari da matakai don fari da kuma wadanda na ambaliyar ruwa.<ref name=":26">Sinisi, L & Aertgeerts, R. (2011). Guidance on water supply and sanitation in extreme weather events. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe.</ref>{{rp|61}} Matakan daidaitawa don fari sun hada da misali: rage yoyon ruwa cikin hikima, sanar da takunkumin amfani da ruwa ga masu amfani. Matakan daidaitawa don ambaliyar ruwa sun hada da misali: Bincika wuraren da aka gina matatun ruwa da na ruwan datti a wuraren da ke fuskantar ambaliya, rage tasirin ruwan ambaliya a kan kayan aiki na yau da kullum.<ref name=":26" />{{rp|61}} Mafita na dabi'a (Nature-based solutions - NbS) na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa ga hanyoyin daidaitawa da sauyin yanayi na ayyukan ruwa da tsafta. Wannan ya hada da dawo da tsarin halitta na muhalli (wanda zai iya inganta kutsawar ruwa sannan kuma ya rage ambaliyar ruwa), injiniyan muhalli don sarrafa ruwan datti, ababen more rayuwa na kore don kula da ruwan sama, da matakai don rike ruwa na dabi'a.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|45}} Mafi yawancin Tsare-tsaren Daidaitawa na Kasa da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sauyin Yanayi (UN Framework Convention for Climate Change) ta fasa gari sun hada da matakan inganta tsafta da kiyaye lafiya. Injiniyoyi da masu tsara shirye-shirye suna bukatar su daidaita mizanin tsare-tsare na tsarin ruwa da tsafta don yin bayani kan canjin yanayin yanzu. In ba haka ba, wadannan tsare-tsare na ababen more rayuwa za su kasance masu rauni sosai a nan gaba. Haka kuma lamarin yake ga sauran muhimman tsarin ababen more rayuwa kamar sufuri, makamashi da sadarwa. == Hanyoyin tsare-tsare da aiwatarwa == === Tsare-tsaren WASH na kasa da sanya idanu === UN-Water tana gudanar da shirin bincike na "Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS)". Wannan aiki yana bincikar "matakin da kasashe ke haɓakawa da kuma aiwatar da manufofi da tsare-tsare na kasa don WASH, gudanar da sanya idanu na yau da kullum, daidaitawa da daukar matakan gyara kamar yadda ake bukata, da kuma daidaita wadannan tsare-tsare na parallel tare da isassun albarkatun kudi da tallafi daga manyan hukumomin kasa."<ref name=":15">{{cite web | date = 2019 | url = https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3705 | title = UN-Water Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS) 2019 Report - National systems to support drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene - Global status report 2019 | publisher = World Health Organization (WHO) | location = Geneva, Switzerland }}</ref> Tsare-tsaren WASH na kasashe da yawa ba su da tallafin kudi da na ma'aikata da ake bukata. Wannan yana kawo cikas ga aiwatar da su da kuma sakamakon da ake tsammani don isar da ayyukan WASH.<ref name=":15" /> Ya zuwa shekarar 2022, yana zama ruwan dare ga kasashe su hada da "hanyoyin shirye-shiryen sauyin yanayi" a cikin tsare-tsarensu na WASH na kasa. Shirye-shirye (Preparedness) a cikin wannan mahallin yana nufin yin aiki a kan rage tasiri, daidaitawa da juriya na tsarin WASH.<ref name=":28">WHO (2022) Strong systems and sound investments: evidence on and key insights into accelerating progress on sanitation, drinking-water and hygiene. The UN-Water global analysis and assessment of sanitation and drinking-water (GLAAS) 2022 report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.</ref>{{rp|11}} Duk da haka, mafi yawan manufofin kasa game da ayyukan WASH ba su bayyana yadda za a magance kasadar yanayi ba da kuma yadda za a kara juriyar ababen more rayuwa da gudanarwa.<ref name=":28" />{{rp|vii}} == Tarihi == Tarihin samar da ruwa da tsafta jigo ne na wani rukunin labarin daban. An fara amfani da gajertaccen sunan ''WASH'' ne daga shekarar 1988 zuwa sama a matsayin gajeruwar kalma (acronym) ga tsarin ''Water and Sanitation for Health Project'' na Hukumar Amurka don Ci gaban Kasa da Kasa (USAID).<ref>{{Cite web|date=1988|title=WASH Technical Report No 37 |url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnaaz336.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403061318/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnaaz336.pdf|archive-date=April 3, 2009|access-date=2015-12-30|publisher=USAID}}</ref> A wancan lokacin, harafin "H" yana wakiltar ''health'' ne (wato lafiya), ba ''hygiene'' ba (wato kiyaye tsafta). Haka kuma, a kasar Zambiya an yi amfani da kalmar WASHE a cikin wani rahoto na shekarar 1987 wanda ke wakiltar ''Water Sanitation Health Education''.<ref>{{cite web | work = WASHE (Water Sanitation Health Education) | date = 1987 | url = https://wedc-knowledge.lboro.ac.uk/details.html?id=5438 | title = Participatory health education: ready for use materials: design and production WASHE programme | publisher = WASHE | location = Western Province, Zambia | access-date = 11 March 2016 }}</ref> Akwai ma wani tsohon rahoton ''WASH project report'' na USAID da ya samo asali tun farkon shekarar 1981.<ref>{{cite report | id = WASH Technical Report No 7 | date = 1981 | url = https://wedc-knowledge.lboro.ac.uk/details.html?id=2360 | title = Facilitation of community organization: an approach to water and sanitation programs in developing countries (WASH Task No 94): prepared for USAID. | publisher = USAID/WASH | location = Washington DC, USA | access-date = 11 March 2016 }}</ref> Daga kusan shekarar 2001 zuwa sama, kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da ke fafutuka a fannin samar da ruwa da tsafta, kamar su Majalisar Hadin Gwiwa ta Samar da Ruwa da Tsafta (Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council) da Cibiyar Ruwa da Tsafta ta Kasa da Kasa (IRC) a kasar [[Holand|Netherlands]] sun fara amfani da ''WASH'' a matsayin babban lafazi na hadin gwiwa ga ruwa, tsafta, da kiyaye tsafta.<ref>{{cite report | vauthors = de Jong D | date = 2003 | url = http://www.ircwash.org/resources/advocacy-water-environmental-sanitation-and-hygiene | title = Advocacy for water, environmental sanitation and hygiene - Thematic overview paper | publisher = IRC | location = The Netherlands }}</ref> Tun daga wancan lokacin, an amshi kalmar ''WASH'' ko'ina a matsayin gajertaccen lafazi mai sauki ga ruwa, tsafta, da kiyaye tsafta a cikin mahallin ci gaban kasa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2005|title=Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion|url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/sanhygpromo.pdf|access-date=2015-12-17|website=WHO.int}}</ref> An kuma yi amfani da kalmar ''WatSan'' na wani lokaci, musamman a fannin ba da agajin gaggawa kamar a Hukumar Red Cross ta Duniya (IFRC) da Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNHCR),<ref>{{cite web | publisher = UNHCR Division of Operational Services | date = 2008 | url = http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/search?page=search&docid=49d080df2&query=water | title = A Guidance for UNHCR Field Operations on Water and Sanitation Services. | location = Geneva, Switzerland | access-date = 11 March 2016 }}</ref> amma bai shahara sosai kamar WASH ba. == Al'umma da al'ada == === Manufofin duniya === {{Further|Manufar Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa ta 6|Shirin Sanya Idanu na Hadin Gwiwa kan Samar da Ruwa da Tsafta}} [[File:Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities, OWID.svg|thumb|300x300px|Taswirar duniya don Manuniya 6.2.1a a shekarar 2022: Kason yawan jama'a da ke amfani da ababen more rayuwa na tsafta da ake gudanarwa cikin aminci<ref name="Ritchie_2018" />]] Tun daga shekarar 1990, Shirin Sanya Idanu na Hadin Gwiwa kan Samar da Ruwa da Tsafta (JMP) na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da UNICEF yake fitar da kiyasin ci gaban WASH na duniya a kai-a kai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reports {{!}} JMP |url=https://washdata.org/reports |access-date=2022-07-07 |website=washdata.org}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Transforming our world the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: A/RES/70/1 |date=2015 |publisher=United Nations, Division for Sustainable Development |oclc=973387855}}</ref> Shirin na JMP shi ne ke da alhakin sanya idanu kan Manufar Ci Gaban Karni na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (MDG) Target 7.C, wando ke da nufin "raba gida biyu, nan da shekarar 2015, kason mutanen da ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai aminci da ingantacciyar tsafta mai dorewa".<ref>{{cite web |title=Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability |url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/environ.shtml |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=United Nations Millennium Development Goals website}}</ref> An sauya wannan a shekarar 2015 da Manufar Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa ta 6 (SDG 6), wacce ita ce "tabbatar da samuwa da kuma gudanarwa mai dorewa na ruwa da tsafta ga kowa da kowa" nan da shekarar 2030.<ref name=":14" /> Don samar da masgala (reference point) da za a iya sanya idanu kan ci gaban cimma nasarar SDGs, shirin na JMP ya fitar da rahoton "Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines".<ref name=":7" /> Fadada kewayon WASH da sanya idanu a wuraren da ba na gida ba kamar makarantu, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, da wuraren aiki, yana cikin Manufar Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa ta 6.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cronk |first1=R. |last2=Slaymaker |first2=T. |last3=Bartram |first3=J. |year=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003 |pmid=25836758|bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C }}</ref> Hukumar WaterAid International kungiya ce mai zaman kanta (NGO) wacce ke aiki kan inganta samun ruwan sha mai aminci a wasu kasashen da suka fi fama da talauci a duniya.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 October 2011 |title=Where we work |url=http://www.wateraid.org/international/what_we_do/where_we_work/default.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121212941/http://www.wateraid.org/international/what_we_do/where_we_work/default.asp |archive-date=21 November 2011 |access-date=5 December 2011 |publisher=WaterAid}}</ref> Hadin gwiwar Sanitation and Water for All wata kawance ce da ke tara gwamnatocin kasashe, masu ba da taimako, hukumomin MDD, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da sauran abokan hulda na ci gaba. Suna aiki ne don inganta damar samun tsafta da samar da ruwa mai dorewa.<ref>United Nations Children's Fund. UNICEF's engagement in Sanitation and Water for All (2012-07). [http://www.unicef.org/partners/Partnership_profile_2012_Water_and_Sanitation_for_All_V5.pdf "UNICEF's engagement in Sanitation and Water for All"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103153136/http://www.unicef.org/partners/Partnership_profile_2012_Water_and_Sanitation_for_All_V5.pdf|date=3 January 2015}}.</ref> A shekarar 2014, kasashe 77 sun riga sun cika burin tsafta na MDG, 29 suna kan hanya, yayin da 79 ba sa kan karena.<ref name="WHO_UNICEF_Progress_2017"/> === Lambobin yabo === Muhimman lambobin yabo ga daidai-da-daiku ko kungiyoyin da ke aiki a fannin WASH sun hada da Kyautar Ruwa ta Stockholm (Stockholm Water Prize) tun daga shekarar 1991 da kuma Lambar Yabo ta Tsafta ta Sarphati (Sarphati Sanitation Awards) tun daga shekarar 2013, don harkar kasuwancin tsafta. === Hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya === * UNICEF - Tsarin da UNICEF ta ayyana shi ne "cimma daidaitacciyar dama ga kowa na samun ruwan sha mai aminci kuma mai saukin kudi ga kowa".<ref>{{cite report | title = UNICEF Strategy for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene 2016-2030 | date = August 2016 | location = New York | publisher = UNICEF | url = https://www.unicef.org/wash/files/UNICEF_Strategy_for_WASH_2016-2030.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171004135458/https://www.unicef.org/wash/files/UNICEF_Strategy_for_WASH_2016-2030.pdf | archive-date = 4 October 2017 }}</ref> UNICEF ta hada da shirye-shiryen WASH a cikin ayyukansu da makarantu a kasashe sama da 30.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water, sanitation and education &#124; Water, Sanitation and Hygiene &#124; UNICEF|work=UNICEF |url=https://www.unicef.org/wash/index_schools.html}}</ref> * UN-Water - wata kafa ce ta hadin gwiwar hukumomi da ke "daidaita ayyukan hukumomin MDD da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da ke aiki kan batutuwan ruwa da tsafta".<ref>{{Cite web |title=About UN-Water |url=https://www.unwater.org/about-unwater/ |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=UN-Water |language=en-US}}</ref> [[File:GHWWSD.JPG|thumb|Bikin Ranar Wanke Hannu ta Duniya (Global Handwashing Day) a kasar Indonesia]] === Wayar da kai ta hynar kwanakin biki === Shekarar Tsafta ta Kasa da Kasa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekarar 2008 ta taimaka wajen kara mai da hankali ga samar da kudaden tallafi na tsafta a cikin shirye-shiryen WASH na masu ba da gudunmawa da dama. Alal misali, Gidauniyar Bill da Melinda Gates ta kara yawan kudaden tallafinsu ga ayyukan tsafta tun daga shekarar 2009, tare da ba da muhimmanci sosai ga sake amfani da kashi.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = von Muench E, Spuhler D, Surridge T, Ekane N, Andersson K, Fidan EG, Rosemarin A | date = 2013 | url = http://www.susana.org/_resources/documents/default/2-2042-ssp-17okt20134-10-about-the-gates-sanitation-grants-on-forum.pdf | title = Sustainable Sanitation Alliance members take a closer look at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation's sanitation grants | journal = Sustainable Sanitation Practice Journal | issue = 17 | pages = 4–10 | archive-date = 2016-11-30 | access-date = 2015-04-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161130222401/http://www.susana.org/_resources/documents/default/2-2042-ssp-17okt20134-10-about-the-gates-sanitation-grants-on-forum.pdf }}</ref> Ana gudanar da ayyukan wayar da kai game da mahimmancin WASH ta hynar kwanakin biki na kasa da kasa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daban-daban, wadanda suka hada da Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya (World Water Day), Ranar Tsaftar Haila (Menstrual Hygiene Day), Ranar Ban Daki ta Duniya (World Toilet Day), da kuma Ranar Wanke Hannu ta Duniya (Global Handwashing Day). == Manazarta == h0c1uqlzdpqhv22aooqp6fjrh2bemnh 0 153433 906828 843338 2026-08-24T04:41:59Z BnHamid 12586 removed [[Category:1975 births]]; added [[Category:Haifaffun 1975]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 906828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ndubuisi Ekekwe | image = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|7}} | birth_place = Ovim, Isuikwuato, Abia State, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Farfesa, injiniya, ɗan kasuwa, marubuci | known_for = Fasahar semiconductor, kirkire-kirkire, Tekedia, Fasmicro | alma_mater = Federal University of Technology Owerri; Johns Hopkins University; Tuskegee University; University of Calabar | website = https://www.tekedia.com }} '''Ndubuisi Ekekwe''' (an haife shi a watan Yuli 1975) ɗan Najeriya ne wanda ya shahara a matsayin farfesa, injiniya, mai kirkire-kirkire, marubuci, kuma ɗan kasuwa. Ya fi shahara a fannin fasahar kwamfuta (semiconductor), kirkirar na’urorin lantarki, da jagoranci a harkokin kasuwancin fasaha a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndubuisi_Ekekwe |title=Ndubuisi Ekekwe |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Ekekwe a garin Ovim, Isuikwuato, jihar Abia da ke kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. Ya fito daga kabilar Igbo. Ya yi karatunsa na sakandare a Secondary Technical School inda ya yi fice sosai a jarabawar WASC.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/07/prof-ndubuisi-ekekwe-from-village-boy-to-silicon-valley-tech-genius/ |title=From village boy to Silicon Valley tech genius |website=Vanguard Nigeria |date=2019-07-03 |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> Ya samu digirin farko (B.Eng) a Electrical Engineering daga Federal University of Technology Owerri (FUTO), inda ya kammala a matsayin ɗalibi mafi ƙwazo. Daga baya ya ci gaba da karatu har ya samu: * M.Tech daga Federal University of Technology Akure * MBA daga University of Calabar * MSc daga Tuskegee University, Amurka * PhD daga Johns Hopkins University, Amurka (Electrical & Computer Engineering)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://engineering.jhu.edu/ece/news/johns-hopkins-education-set-ndubuisi-ekekwe-phd-09-on-entrepreneurial-journey-in-africa/ |title=Johns Hopkins education set Ndubuisi Ekekwe PhD ‘09 on entrepreneurial journey in Africa |publisher=Johns Hopkins University |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Aikin fasaha da kasuwanci == Ekekwe ya shahara a fannin injiniyan semiconductor da kirkirar fasahar microelectronics. Ya kafa kamfanin '''First Atlantic Semiconductors & Microelectronics (Fasmicro)''', wanda ke aiki da fasahar na’urorin lantarki a Afirka. A lokacin aikinsa, an danganta shi da: * Taimakawa ƙirƙirar sensor da ake amfani da shi a wasu na’urorin zamani * Aiki a kamfanin Analog Devices wajen ƙera na’urorin inertial sensors * Yin aiki a fannin robotics da biomedical engineering<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.itnewsafrica.com/2011/10/ndubuisi-ekekwe-technology-is-not-it/ |title=Technology is not IT |website=IT News Africa |date=2011-10-28 |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Gudummawa ga kasuwanci da kirkire-kirkire a Afirka == Ekekwe ya kafa kuma ya jagoranci cibiyoyi da dama da suka shafi bunkasa kasuwanci da ilimi a Afirka, ciki har da: * African Institution of Technology (AFRIT) * Tekedia Institute * Tekedia Capital Ya kuma kasance mai saka hannun jari a wasu kamfanonin fasaha a Najeriya, ciki har da BeepTool, wanda ke samar da hanyoyin sadarwa ga yankunan karkara.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://disruptafrica.com/2019/08/15/nigerian-connectivity-startup-beeptool-raises-funding-from-ndubuisi-ekekwe/ |title=Nigerian connectivity startup BeepTool raises funding |publisher=Disrupt Africa |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce da ra’ayoyi == Ekekwe yana rubuce-rubuce akai-akai a mujallar Harvard Business Review, inda yake nazari kan: * Tattalin arzikin Afirka * Fasahar AI da robotics * Tsarin kasuwanci na “stakeholder capitalism” a Afirka Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun ra’ayoyinsa shi ne cewa “robots da AI su ne manyan masu fafatawa da Afirka a nan gaba wajen masana’antu”.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hbr.org/2021/05/a-nigerian-model-for-stakeholder-capitalism |title=A Nigerian Model for Stakeholder Capitalism |website=Harvard Business Review |date=2021-05-19 |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Girmamawa da kyaututtuka == An karrama Ekekwe da lambobin yabo da dama, ciki har da: * World Economic Forum Young Global Leader * IBM Global Entrepreneur Award * TED Fellow * Lambar yabo daga The Guardian Nigeria a jerin “Nigerians Making Impact”<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/ |title=The Guardian Nigeria recognition list |publisher=The Guardian |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Tasiri == Ndubuisi Ekekwe ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masana fasaha daga Najeriya da ke haɗa ilimin injiniya da kasuwanci, tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa sabbin kamfanoni da fasahohin Afirka. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1975]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Nigerian engineers]] [[Category:Nigerian businesspeople]] [[Category:Nigerian academics]] [[Category:People from Abia State]] [[Category:University of Ibadan alumni]] [[Category:Johns Hopkins University alumni]] ```0 d6zsos9q6t6oezjrdaerinlvri6ix9e 906829 906828 2026-08-24T04:42:30Z BnHamid 12586 removed [[Category:Living people]]; added [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 906829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ndubuisi Ekekwe | image = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|7}} | birth_place = Ovim, Isuikwuato, Abia State, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Farfesa, injiniya, ɗan kasuwa, marubuci | known_for = Fasahar semiconductor, kirkire-kirkire, Tekedia, Fasmicro | alma_mater = Federal University of Technology Owerri; Johns Hopkins University; Tuskegee University; University of Calabar | website = https://www.tekedia.com }} '''Ndubuisi Ekekwe''' (an haife shi a watan Yuli 1975) ɗan Najeriya ne wanda ya shahara a matsayin farfesa, injiniya, mai kirkire-kirkire, marubuci, kuma ɗan kasuwa. Ya fi shahara a fannin fasahar kwamfuta (semiconductor), kirkirar na’urorin lantarki, da jagoranci a harkokin kasuwancin fasaha a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndubuisi_Ekekwe |title=Ndubuisi Ekekwe |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Ekekwe a garin Ovim, Isuikwuato, jihar Abia da ke kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. Ya fito daga kabilar Igbo. Ya yi karatunsa na sakandare a Secondary Technical School inda ya yi fice sosai a jarabawar WASC.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/07/prof-ndubuisi-ekekwe-from-village-boy-to-silicon-valley-tech-genius/ |title=From village boy to Silicon Valley tech genius |website=Vanguard Nigeria |date=2019-07-03 |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> Ya samu digirin farko (B.Eng) a Electrical Engineering daga Federal University of Technology Owerri (FUTO), inda ya kammala a matsayin ɗalibi mafi ƙwazo. Daga baya ya ci gaba da karatu har ya samu: * M.Tech daga Federal University of Technology Akure * MBA daga University of Calabar * MSc daga Tuskegee University, Amurka * PhD daga Johns Hopkins University, Amurka (Electrical & Computer Engineering)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://engineering.jhu.edu/ece/news/johns-hopkins-education-set-ndubuisi-ekekwe-phd-09-on-entrepreneurial-journey-in-africa/ |title=Johns Hopkins education set Ndubuisi Ekekwe PhD ‘09 on entrepreneurial journey in Africa |publisher=Johns Hopkins University |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Aikin fasaha da kasuwanci == Ekekwe ya shahara a fannin injiniyan semiconductor da kirkirar fasahar microelectronics. Ya kafa kamfanin '''First Atlantic Semiconductors & Microelectronics (Fasmicro)''', wanda ke aiki da fasahar na’urorin lantarki a Afirka. A lokacin aikinsa, an danganta shi da: * Taimakawa ƙirƙirar sensor da ake amfani da shi a wasu na’urorin zamani * Aiki a kamfanin Analog Devices wajen ƙera na’urorin inertial sensors * Yin aiki a fannin robotics da biomedical engineering<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.itnewsafrica.com/2011/10/ndubuisi-ekekwe-technology-is-not-it/ |title=Technology is not IT |website=IT News Africa |date=2011-10-28 |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Gudummawa ga kasuwanci da kirkire-kirkire a Afirka == Ekekwe ya kafa kuma ya jagoranci cibiyoyi da dama da suka shafi bunkasa kasuwanci da ilimi a Afirka, ciki har da: * African Institution of Technology (AFRIT) * Tekedia Institute * Tekedia Capital Ya kuma kasance mai saka hannun jari a wasu kamfanonin fasaha a Najeriya, ciki har da BeepTool, wanda ke samar da hanyoyin sadarwa ga yankunan karkara.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://disruptafrica.com/2019/08/15/nigerian-connectivity-startup-beeptool-raises-funding-from-ndubuisi-ekekwe/ |title=Nigerian connectivity startup BeepTool raises funding |publisher=Disrupt Africa |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce da ra’ayoyi == Ekekwe yana rubuce-rubuce akai-akai a mujallar Harvard Business Review, inda yake nazari kan: * Tattalin arzikin Afirka * Fasahar AI da robotics * Tsarin kasuwanci na “stakeholder capitalism” a Afirka Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun ra’ayoyinsa shi ne cewa “robots da AI su ne manyan masu fafatawa da Afirka a nan gaba wajen masana’antu”.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hbr.org/2021/05/a-nigerian-model-for-stakeholder-capitalism |title=A Nigerian Model for Stakeholder Capitalism |website=Harvard Business Review |date=2021-05-19 |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Girmamawa da kyaututtuka == An karrama Ekekwe da lambobin yabo da dama, ciki har da: * World Economic Forum Young Global Leader * IBM Global Entrepreneur Award * TED Fellow * Lambar yabo daga The Guardian Nigeria a jerin “Nigerians Making Impact”<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/ |title=The Guardian Nigeria recognition list |publisher=The Guardian |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Tasiri == Ndubuisi Ekekwe ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masana fasaha daga Najeriya da ke haɗa ilimin injiniya da kasuwanci, tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa sabbin kamfanoni da fasahohin Afirka. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1975]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Nigerian engineers]] [[Category:Nigerian businesspeople]] [[Category:Nigerian academics]] [[Category:People from Abia State]] [[Category:University of Ibadan alumni]] [[Category:Johns Hopkins University alumni]] ```0 gjjtramdjwv79ff2w54tu6l37axs6xd 906830 906829 2026-08-24T04:43:42Z BnHamid 12586 /* Manazarta */ 906830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ndubuisi Ekekwe | image = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|7}} | birth_place = Ovim, Isuikwuato, Abia State, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Farfesa, injiniya, ɗan kasuwa, marubuci | known_for = Fasahar semiconductor, kirkire-kirkire, Tekedia, Fasmicro | alma_mater = Federal University of Technology Owerri; Johns Hopkins University; Tuskegee University; University of Calabar | website = https://www.tekedia.com }} '''Ndubuisi Ekekwe''' (an haife shi a watan Yuli 1975) ɗan Najeriya ne wanda ya shahara a matsayin farfesa, injiniya, mai kirkire-kirkire, marubuci, kuma ɗan kasuwa. Ya fi shahara a fannin fasahar kwamfuta (semiconductor), kirkirar na’urorin lantarki, da jagoranci a harkokin kasuwancin fasaha a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndubuisi_Ekekwe |title=Ndubuisi Ekekwe |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Ekekwe a garin Ovim, Isuikwuato, jihar Abia da ke kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. Ya fito daga kabilar Igbo. Ya yi karatunsa na sakandare a Secondary Technical School inda ya yi fice sosai a jarabawar WASC.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/07/prof-ndubuisi-ekekwe-from-village-boy-to-silicon-valley-tech-genius/ |title=From village boy to Silicon Valley tech genius |website=Vanguard Nigeria |date=2019-07-03 |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> Ya samu digirin farko (B.Eng) a Electrical Engineering daga Federal University of Technology Owerri (FUTO), inda ya kammala a matsayin ɗalibi mafi ƙwazo. Daga baya ya ci gaba da karatu har ya samu: * M.Tech daga Federal University of Technology Akure * MBA daga University of Calabar * MSc daga Tuskegee University, Amurka * PhD daga Johns Hopkins University, Amurka (Electrical & Computer Engineering)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://engineering.jhu.edu/ece/news/johns-hopkins-education-set-ndubuisi-ekekwe-phd-09-on-entrepreneurial-journey-in-africa/ |title=Johns Hopkins education set Ndubuisi Ekekwe PhD ‘09 on entrepreneurial journey in Africa |publisher=Johns Hopkins University |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Aikin fasaha da kasuwanci == Ekekwe ya shahara a fannin injiniyan semiconductor da kirkirar fasahar microelectronics. Ya kafa kamfanin '''First Atlantic Semiconductors & Microelectronics (Fasmicro)''', wanda ke aiki da fasahar na’urorin lantarki a Afirka. A lokacin aikinsa, an danganta shi da: * Taimakawa ƙirƙirar sensor da ake amfani da shi a wasu na’urorin zamani * Aiki a kamfanin Analog Devices wajen ƙera na’urorin inertial sensors * Yin aiki a fannin robotics da biomedical engineering<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.itnewsafrica.com/2011/10/ndubuisi-ekekwe-technology-is-not-it/ |title=Technology is not IT |website=IT News Africa |date=2011-10-28 |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Gudummawa ga kasuwanci da kirkire-kirkire a Afirka == Ekekwe ya kafa kuma ya jagoranci cibiyoyi da dama da suka shafi bunkasa kasuwanci da ilimi a Afirka, ciki har da: * African Institution of Technology (AFRIT) * Tekedia Institute * Tekedia Capital Ya kuma kasance mai saka hannun jari a wasu kamfanonin fasaha a Najeriya, ciki har da BeepTool, wanda ke samar da hanyoyin sadarwa ga yankunan karkara.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://disruptafrica.com/2019/08/15/nigerian-connectivity-startup-beeptool-raises-funding-from-ndubuisi-ekekwe/ |title=Nigerian connectivity startup BeepTool raises funding |publisher=Disrupt Africa |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce da ra’ayoyi == Ekekwe yana rubuce-rubuce akai-akai a mujallar Harvard Business Review, inda yake nazari kan: * Tattalin arzikin Afirka * Fasahar AI da robotics * Tsarin kasuwanci na “stakeholder capitalism” a Afirka Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun ra’ayoyinsa shi ne cewa “robots da AI su ne manyan masu fafatawa da Afirka a nan gaba wajen masana’antu”.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hbr.org/2021/05/a-nigerian-model-for-stakeholder-capitalism |title=A Nigerian Model for Stakeholder Capitalism |website=Harvard Business Review |date=2021-05-19 |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Girmamawa da kyaututtuka == An karrama Ekekwe da lambobin yabo da dama, ciki har da: * World Economic Forum Young Global Leader * IBM Global Entrepreneur Award * TED Fellow * Lambar yabo daga The Guardian Nigeria a jerin “Nigerians Making Impact”<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/ |title=The Guardian Nigeria recognition list |publisher=The Guardian |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Tasiri == Ndubuisi Ekekwe ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masana fasaha daga Najeriya da ke haɗa ilimin injiniya da kasuwanci, tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa sabbin kamfanoni da fasahohin Afirka. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1975]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Nigerian engineers]] [[Category:Nigerian businesspeople]] [[Category:Nigerian academics]] [[Category:People from Abia State]] [[Category:University of Ibadan alumni]] [[Category:Johns Hopkins University alumni] gu2ts97enpmxj0l5ni2q852j45f4ejo 906831 906830 2026-08-24T04:43:55Z BnHamid 12586 /* Manazarta */ 906831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ndubuisi Ekekwe | image = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|7}} | birth_place = Ovim, Isuikwuato, Abia State, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Farfesa, injiniya, ɗan kasuwa, marubuci | known_for = Fasahar semiconductor, kirkire-kirkire, Tekedia, Fasmicro | alma_mater = Federal University of Technology Owerri; Johns Hopkins University; Tuskegee University; University of Calabar | website = https://www.tekedia.com }} '''Ndubuisi Ekekwe''' (an haife shi a watan Yuli 1975) ɗan Najeriya ne wanda ya shahara a matsayin farfesa, injiniya, mai kirkire-kirkire, marubuci, kuma ɗan kasuwa. Ya fi shahara a fannin fasahar kwamfuta (semiconductor), kirkirar na’urorin lantarki, da jagoranci a harkokin kasuwancin fasaha a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndubuisi_Ekekwe |title=Ndubuisi Ekekwe |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Ekekwe a garin Ovim, Isuikwuato, jihar Abia da ke kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. Ya fito daga kabilar Igbo. Ya yi karatunsa na sakandare a Secondary Technical School inda ya yi fice sosai a jarabawar WASC.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/07/prof-ndubuisi-ekekwe-from-village-boy-to-silicon-valley-tech-genius/ |title=From village boy to Silicon Valley tech genius |website=Vanguard Nigeria |date=2019-07-03 |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> Ya samu digirin farko (B.Eng) a Electrical Engineering daga Federal University of Technology Owerri (FUTO), inda ya kammala a matsayin ɗalibi mafi ƙwazo. Daga baya ya ci gaba da karatu har ya samu: * M.Tech daga Federal University of Technology Akure * MBA daga University of Calabar * MSc daga Tuskegee University, Amurka * PhD daga Johns Hopkins University, Amurka (Electrical & Computer Engineering)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://engineering.jhu.edu/ece/news/johns-hopkins-education-set-ndubuisi-ekekwe-phd-09-on-entrepreneurial-journey-in-africa/ |title=Johns Hopkins education set Ndubuisi Ekekwe PhD ‘09 on entrepreneurial journey in Africa |publisher=Johns Hopkins University |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Aikin fasaha da kasuwanci == Ekekwe ya shahara a fannin injiniyan semiconductor da kirkirar fasahar microelectronics. Ya kafa kamfanin '''First Atlantic Semiconductors & Microelectronics (Fasmicro)''', wanda ke aiki da fasahar na’urorin lantarki a Afirka. A lokacin aikinsa, an danganta shi da: * Taimakawa ƙirƙirar sensor da ake amfani da shi a wasu na’urorin zamani * Aiki a kamfanin Analog Devices wajen ƙera na’urorin inertial sensors * Yin aiki a fannin robotics da biomedical engineering<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.itnewsafrica.com/2011/10/ndubuisi-ekekwe-technology-is-not-it/ |title=Technology is not IT |website=IT News Africa |date=2011-10-28 |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Gudummawa ga kasuwanci da kirkire-kirkire a Afirka == Ekekwe ya kafa kuma ya jagoranci cibiyoyi da dama da suka shafi bunkasa kasuwanci da ilimi a Afirka, ciki har da: * African Institution of Technology (AFRIT) * Tekedia Institute * Tekedia Capital Ya kuma kasance mai saka hannun jari a wasu kamfanonin fasaha a Najeriya, ciki har da BeepTool, wanda ke samar da hanyoyin sadarwa ga yankunan karkara.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://disruptafrica.com/2019/08/15/nigerian-connectivity-startup-beeptool-raises-funding-from-ndubuisi-ekekwe/ |title=Nigerian connectivity startup BeepTool raises funding |publisher=Disrupt Africa |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce da ra’ayoyi == Ekekwe yana rubuce-rubuce akai-akai a mujallar Harvard Business Review, inda yake nazari kan: * Tattalin arzikin Afirka * Fasahar AI da robotics * Tsarin kasuwanci na “stakeholder capitalism” a Afirka Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun ra’ayoyinsa shi ne cewa “robots da AI su ne manyan masu fafatawa da Afirka a nan gaba wajen masana’antu”.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hbr.org/2021/05/a-nigerian-model-for-stakeholder-capitalism |title=A Nigerian Model for Stakeholder Capitalism |website=Harvard Business Review |date=2021-05-19 |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Girmamawa da kyaututtuka == An karrama Ekekwe da lambobin yabo da dama, ciki har da: * World Economic Forum Young Global Leader * IBM Global Entrepreneur Award * TED Fellow * Lambar yabo daga The Guardian Nigeria a jerin “Nigerians Making Impact”<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/ |title=The Guardian Nigeria recognition list |publisher=The Guardian |access-date=2026-05-30}}</ref> == Tasiri == Ndubuisi Ekekwe ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masana fasaha daga Najeriya da ke haɗa ilimin injiniya da kasuwanci, tare da taimakawa wajen bunƙasa sabbin kamfanoni da fasahohin Afirka. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1975]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Nigerian engineers]] [[Category:Nigerian businesspeople]] [[Category:Nigerian academics]] [[Category:People from Abia State]] [[Category:University of Ibadan alumni]] [[Category:Johns Hopkins University alumni]] 6fnrvbx56jc482poyzsfo0vdvn2sdaa 0 153603 906983 843702 2026-08-24T09:58:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Qalyubia''' ( Arabic ''{{Transl|ar|Moḥāfaẓat El Qalyubiyya&nbsp;}}'' ) ɗaya ce daga cikin gwamnonin Masar, wacce ke a yankin Ƙasa na Masar . Tana arewacin [[Kairo|Alkahira]] a yankin Nile Delta . Babban birninta shine [[Banha]] . == Suna == An samo Qalyubia daga birnin Qalyub, wanda sunansa ya samo asali ne daga Calliope <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Calliope {{!}} Greek Muse |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Calliope-Greek-Muse |access-date=2021-06-15 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> ( Tsohon Girkanci : Καλλιόπη, <small>an fassara shi zuwa romanized</small> : ''Kalliópē'' ), Gidan Tarihi na waƙoƙin gargajiya a cikin tatsuniyoyi na Girka. == Yanayin ƙasa == Banha da wasu matsugunan da dama sun haɗu zuwa maƙwabciyar Gomnatin Alkahira ; sakamakon haka, ana ɗaukar sassan Qalyubia (musamman Shubra El Kheima ) a matsayin wani ɓangare na [[Greater cairo|babban birnin Alkahira]] (tare da gwamnan Alkahira, birnin [[Giza]] da kuma birnin 6 ga Oktoba ). == Sassan ƙananan hukumomi == An raba gundumar zuwa waɗannan sassan ƙananan hukumomi don dalilai na gudanarwa, tare da jimlar yawan jama'a da aka kiyasta tun daga Janairu 2024 na [https://www.capmas.gov.eg/Pages/populationClock.aspx 6,217,766] . A wasu lokutan akwai markaz da kism mai suna iri ɗaya. {| class="sortable wikitable plainrowheaders" |+ Municipal Divisions !Anglicized name !Native name !Arabic transliteration !Population<br /><br /><small>(January 2023 Est.)</small> !Type |- |Khanka | style="text-align:right;" |{{Lang|ar|قسم الخانكه}} |{{Transl|ar|Al-Khānkah}} | style="text-align:right;" |83,420 |Kism (fully urban) |- |Khanka | style="text-align:right;" |{{Lang|ar|مركز الخانكة}} |{{Transl|ar|Al-Khānkah}} | style="text-align:right;" |618,189 |Markaz |- |Khusus | style="text-align:right;" |{{Lang|ar|قسم الخصوص}} |{{Transl|ar|Al-Khuṣūṣ}} | style="text-align:right;" |499,514 |Kism (fully urban) |- |El Qanater El Khayreya | style="text-align:right;" |{{Lang|ar|مركز القناطر الخيرية}} |{{Transl|ar|Al-Qanāṭir al-Khayriyah}} | style="text-align:right;" |546,560 |Markaz |- |El Ubour | style="text-align:right;" |{{Lang|ar|قسم العبور}} |{{Transl|ar|Al-'Ubūr}} | style="text-align:right;" |142,003 |Kism (fully urban) |- |Banha | style="text-align:right;" |{{Lang|ar|مركز بنها}} |{{Transl|ar|Banhā}} | style="text-align:right;" |519,640 |Markaz |- |Banha 1 | style="text-align:right;" |{{Lang|ar|قسم اول بنها}} |{{Transl|ar|Banhā 1}} | style="text-align:right;" |116,113 |Kism (fully urban) |- |Banha 2 | style="text-align:right;" |{{Lang|ar|قسم ثان بنها}} |{{Transl|ar|Banhā 2}} | style="text-align:right;" |70,105 |Kism (fully urban) |- |Kafr Shukr<ref name="Google Map-Markaz Kafr Shukr">{{Cite web |title=Markaz Kafr Shukr |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Markaz+Kafr+Shukr,+Madinet+Kafr+Shokr,+Kafr+Shokr,+Al+Qalyubia+Governorate,+Egypt/@30.5458944,31.2469512,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x0:0x0!2zMzDCsDMxJzAwLjAiTiAzMcKwMjEnMDAuMCJF!3b1!8m2!3d30.516667!4d31.35!3m4!1s0x14f7e764343e4f79:0x9309ecf95c056054!8m2!3d30.5489568!4d31.2655449?hl=en |website=Google Map}}</ref> | style="text-align:right;" |{{Lang|ar|مركز كفر شكر}} |{{Transl|ar|Kafr Shukr}} | style="text-align:right;" |203,522 |Markaz |- |Qaha | style="text-align:right;" |{{Lang|ar|قسم قها}} |{{Transl|ar|Qahā}} | style="text-align:right;" |51,917 |Kism (urban and rural parts) |- |Qalyub | style="text-align:right;" |{{Lang|ar|قسم قليوب}} |{{Transl|ar|Qalyūb}} | style="text-align:right;" |159,760 |Kism (fully urban) |- |Qalyub | style="text-align:right;" |{{Lang|ar|مركز قليوب}} |{{Transl|ar|Qalyūb}} | style="text-align:right;" |603,868 |Markaz |- |Shubra El Kheima 1 | style="text-align:right;" |{{Lang|ar|قسم أول شبرا الخيمة}} |{{Transl|ar|Shubrā al-Khaymah 1}} | style="text-align:right;" |525,812 |Kism (fully urban) |- |Shubra El Kheima 2 | style="text-align:right;" |{{Lang|ar|قسم ثان شبرا الخيمة}} |{{Transl|ar|Shubrā al-Khaymah 2}} | style="text-align:right;" |741,395 |Kism (fully urban) |- |[[Shibin El Qanater]] | style="text-align:right;" |{{Lang|ar|مركز شبين القناطر}} |{{Transl|ar|Sibīn al-Qanāṭir}} | style="text-align:right;" |581,892 |Markaz |- |Tukh | style="text-align:right;" |{{Lang|ar|مركز طوخ}} |{{Transl|ar|Ṭūkh}} | style="text-align:right;" |639,329 |Markaz |} == Yawan Jama'a == A bisa kididdigar yawan jama'a, a shekarar 2015, yawancin mazauna yankin suna zaune ne a yankunan karkara, inda yawan mazauna yankin ya kai kashi 44.7% kacal. Daga cikin kimanin mutane 5,105,972 da ke zaune a yankin, mutane 2,825,045 ne ke zaune a yankunan karkara sabanin 2,280,927 kacal a yankunan birane. <ref name="pop">{{Cite web |title=Population Estimates By Sex & Governorate 1/1/2015 |url=http://www.msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg/pdf/EgyptinFigures2015/EgyptinFigures/Tables/PDF/1-%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86/pop.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019093240/http://www.msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg/pdf/EgyptinFigures2015/EgyptinFigures/Tables/PDF/1-%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86/pop.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-19 |access-date=23 October 2016 |website=CAPMAS}}</ref> == Birane == Birane a cikin Hakimin Qalyubia sune: * [[Banha]] * El-Khankah * [[Qaha]] * Qalyub * [[Shibin El Qanater]] * Shubra El Kheima * Tukh * El Qanater El Khayreya * [[Kafr Shukr]] * [[Obour (birni)|Birnin Obour]] * Khusus == Yankunan masana'antu == A cewar Hukumar Kula da Zuba Jari da Yankunan 'Yanci (GAFI), waɗannan yankunan masana'antu suna cikin Qalyubiyya: <ref name="IndustrialZones">{{Cite web |title=Industrial Zones of Governorate |url=http://www.gafi.gov.eg/English/StartaBusiness/InvestmentZones/Pages/Industrial-Zones.aspx |access-date=18 March 2025 |website=Ministry of Investment Egypt |archive-date=23 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123201111/http://www.gafi.gov.eg/English/StartaBusiness/InvestmentZones/Pages/Industrial-Zones.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == i32bbau2s8ml9s0bd1pun1j5a04te5c 0 153744 906756 883653 2026-08-23T21:58:51Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 906756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''KLBK-TV''' (channel 13) Tashar talabijin ce a Lubbock, [[Texas]], [[Amurka]], tana da alaƙa da [[CBS]]. Kamfanin Nexstar Media Group ne ke mallakarta, wanda ke ba da wasu ayyuka ga ƙungiyar [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] KAMC (channel 28) a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar tallace-tallace ta gida (LMA) tare da watsa shirye-shiryen Ofishin Jakadancin. Tashoshin biyu suna da ɗakunan karatu a kan Jami'ar Jami'ar a kudancin Lubbock, inda kuma mai watsawa na KLBK-TV yake. == Tarihi == Tashar ta fara aikin watsa shirye-shiryenta a matsayin KDUB-TV, wanda marigayi dan wasan talabijin W. D. "Dub" Rogers, Jr ya kafa, ya sanya tashar a cikin iska a karo na farko a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 1952. Ita ce tashar talabijin ta farko da ke da lasisi a cikin matsakaici zuwa ƙaramin kasuwa. A cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa, Rogers ya sanya hannu a kan KPAR-TV a Abilene (yanzu KTXS-TV), KEDY-TV a Big Spring (yanzu KCWO-TV) da KVER-TV a Clovis, [[New Mexico]] (yanzuKVIH-TV, tauraron dan adam na KVII-TV a Amarillo). Wadannan tashoshin sun hada da West Texas Television Network, cibiyar talabijin ta yanki ta farko a Amurka. Asalin tashar kuma ta ɗauki [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] a matsayin haɗin gwiwa har zuwa 1969 lokacin da KSEL-TV (yanzu KAMC) ya zama haɗin ABC na farko. Har ila yau, tashar ta ɗauki alaƙa da DuMont a farkon shekarun 1950.<ref name="ARN">{{cite news | title = Wednesday TV Log| work = Abilene Reporter-News| place = Abilene, TX| pages = 7B| date = December 29, 1954}}</ref> Grayson Enterprises (mai suna Sidney Grayson amma bayan 1964 ba mallakar ba) sun mallaki KDUB-TV da KPAR-TV a 1961 kuma sun canza haruffa kiran KDUB zuwa KLBK-TV na yanzu. A cikin shekaru, Grayson ya sami wasu tashoshin da yawa, gami da KVKM-TV a Monahans (daga baya KMOM kuma yanzu KWES-TV). Koyaya, Grayson Enterprises sun shiga cikin matsalar sabunta lasisi a 1968, 1971, 1974, da 1977 ga wasu tashoshin sa. Wadannan tashoshin an zarge su da yin amfani da takardun kudi, shirye-shirye da kirkirar rikodin watsawa, manyan laifuka na studio, gazawar yin gwaje-gwaje na fasaha da ake buƙata, da sauran batutuwa. An jinkirta sabuntawa kuma an ba da umarnin sauraron a sakamakon haka. An warware shari'ar a cikin abin da aka bayyana a matsayin "sayar da wahala", inda aka raba tashoshin Grayson kuma aka sayar da su ga kungiyoyin da ke karkashin ikon 'yan tsiraru (yanzu da aka sani da kungiyoyin da ba a amfani da su a tarihi ba) a farashi mai rahusa. An bayyana sigogi na irin wannan sayarwa ta wannan sayarwa. A sakamakon haka, an sauya KMOM da KWAB zuwa ƙungiyar da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Hispanic, yayin da KLBK da KTXS suka tafi Prima, Inc. (wanda shugabannin su ne Ba'amurke). Sauran tashoshin da ke cikin Cibiyar sadarwa ta Yammacin Texas an sayar da su ga wasu masu mallakar. Woods ya sayar da KLBK tare da uku daga cikin tashoshinsa - KARD a West Monroe, Louisiana, KDEB-TV (yanzu KOZL-TV) a Springfield, [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]], da WTVW a Evansville, Indiana - ga Banam Broadcasting, reshe na [[Bankin Amurka|BankAmerica]] a 1993. A cikin 1995, Banam ya sayar da KLBK, tare da KARD, WTVW, da KDEB-TV, ga Petracom Broadcasting. Petracom kuma ta sayar da shi ga Quorum Broadcasting a shekarar 1998. An samo KLBK a ƙarshen shekara ta 2003 a matsayin wani ɓangare na sayen Nexstar Broadcasting Group na Quorum Broadcasting. Tashar ta sabunta tambarin ta da labarai a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2007, ta watsar da lambar tashar daga alamar ta (tun da KLBK ke ɗauka a tashoshi daban-daban a dandamali daban-daban na talabijin). KLBK na ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan tashoshin da ke cikin ƙasar don sanya hannu (tare da KAMC), suna yin hakan da sassafe Asabar da safe a 2:35 da safe kuma ranar Lahadi da safe a 1:05 na safe, suna komawa cikin iska a karfe 5:30 na safe. Waɗannan tashoshin suna watsa yanayin yanayi a lokacin dare. == Ayyukan labarai == Labaran labarai na KLBK suna kewaye da birnin Lubbock da kuma fadin yankin Kudancin Filayen na Yammacin Texas. Tashar tana samar da sama da sa'o'i 19 na labarai a kowane mako. Labaran labarai suna watsawa a karfe 6 na safe, tsakar rana, 6 na yamma da 10 na yamma a ranakun mako. Labaran daren Asabar suna watsawa a karfe 6 da 10 na yamma. Labaran labarai guda daya ne kawai ke watsawa a daren Lahadi a karfe 10 na yamma tashar kwanan nan ta sauke labarai na yammacin mako a cikin 2012 kuma ta fadada labarai na karfe 6 na yamma zuwa cikakken sa'a. A ranar 17 ga Yuni, 2013, tashar ta zama aikin labarai na uku a Lubbock don fara watsa shirye-shiryen labarai a cikin babban ma'ana. A wannan rana tashar ta gabatar da sabbin abubuwan da aka gina, sabuntawa da hoto da sabon tsarin zane-zane na yanayi daga WSI. A watan Agustan 2013, KLBK ta gabatar da sabon salon rayuwa na rabin sa'a da ake kira Trends & Friends, daren mako a karfe 5 na yamma.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; === Shahararrun tsoffin ma'aikatan === Daga 1988 zuwa 1990, Michael Sommermeyer ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da labarai na yamma a KLBK . Bayan ya bar KLBK, ya koma garin zuwa KCBD kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na wannan tashar kafin ya bar KCBD a shekarar 1992. Koyaya, da'awar Sommermeyer na shahara ta zo kusan shekaru ashirin bayan ya kasance a KLBK, yayin da yake aiki a matsayin jami'in bayanan kotuna na Clark County, Nevada, a lokacin gwajin fashi na tsohon tauraron NFL O. J. Simpson.<ref>See, for example, Brian Eckhouse, "Six questions for Michael Sommermeyer," Las Vegas Sun, September 8, 2008, https://lasvegassun.com/news/2008/sep/08/six-questions-michael-sommermeyer/</ref> == Bayani na fasaha == === Ƙananan tashoshin === Alamar tashar tana da yawa: {| class="wikitable" |+Subchannels na KLBK-TV <ref>{{Cite web |title=RabbitEars TV Query for KLBK |url=http://www.rabbitears.info/market.php?request=station_search&callsign=KLBK#station |access-date=April 29, 2026 |website=RabbitEars}}</ref> ! scope="col" |Tashar ! scope="col" |Rashin. ! scope="col" |Sunan gajeren lokaci ! scope="col" |Shirye-shiryen |- ! scope="row" |13.1 |1080i |KLBK-HD |[[CBS]] |- ! scope="row" |13.2 | rowspan="3" |480i |Rashin ganuwa |Kotun Talabijin |- ! scope="row" |13.3 |TANNA |Antenna TV |- ! scope="row" |13.4 |Rashin cin nasara |Rewind TV |} === Canjin analog zuwa dijital === KLBK-TV ta rufe siginar analog, a kan tashar VHF 13, a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 2009, ranar da aka yi niyya ta asali wacce tashoshin talabijin masu cikakken iko a Amurka za su sauya daga analog zuwa watsa shirye-shiryen dijital a karkashin umarnin tarayya (wanda daga baya aka tura shi zuwa 12 ga Yuni, 2009). Alamar dijital ta tashar ta kasance a kan tashar UHF ta 40 kafin canji, ta amfani da tashar 13 mai kama da juna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DTV Tentative Channel Designations for the First and the Second Rounds |url=http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829004251/http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf |archive-date=August 29, 2013 |access-date=March 24, 2012 |format=PDF}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|https://www.everythinglubbock.com/}} * [https://texasarchive.org/taxonomy/term/117087 KLBK Collection a Texas Archive of the Moving Image] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 12w6wt7yzoxemfmjimxefjwko5csik6 0 153954 906837 844782 2026-08-24T04:48:56Z BnHamid 12586 +Category 906837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Amari Omaka Chukwu | birth_place = Amasiri, Afikpo North, Jihar Ebonyi, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Lauya, Farfesan Shari'a, Malami, Jami'in Gwamnati | known_for = Babban Lauyan Najeriya (SAN), Farfesan Dokar Muhalli | alma_mater = Jami'ar Najeriya (UNN), Jami'ar Legas | title = Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN) }} '''Amari Omaka Chukwu''' lauya ne ɗan Najeriya, farfesan shari'a kuma Babban Lauyan Najeriya (Senior Advocate of Nigeria – SAN). Ya shahara a fannin dokokin muhalli, albarkatun ruwa da dokokin albarkatun ƙasa. Haka kuma ya taɓa zama shugaban ƙungiyar malaman shari'a ta Najeriya da kuma shugaban sashen koyar da doka a Jami'ar Jihar Ebonyi. A shekarar 2016 ya zama mutum na farko daga Jihar Ebonyi da ya samu muƙamin SAN.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amari_Omaka_Chukwu |title=Amari Omaka Chukwu |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=1 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/belonging-to-cult-group-not-prerequisite-to-achieving-san-prof-omaks/ |title=Belonging to cult group not prerequisite to achieving SAN — Prof Omaka |work=Nigerian Tribune |date=8 November 2024}}</ref> == Rayuwar Farko da Karatu == An haifi Amari Omaka Chukwu a garin Amasiri da ke ƙaramar hukumar Afikpo North a Jihar Ebonyi, Najeriya. Ya yi karatun digirinsa na farko a fannin shari'a (LL.B) a Jami'ar Najeriya (University of Nigeria). Daga bisani ya samu digirin digirgir na biyu (LL.M) daga Jami'ar Legas sannan ya kammala digirin digirgir (Ph.D) a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amari_Omaka_Chukwu |title=Amari Omaka Chukwu |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=1 June 2026}}</ref> == Aiki == Amari Omaka Chukwu ya yi suna a matsayin masani kuma malami a fannin dokokin muhalli, ruwa da albarkatun ƙasa. Ya koyar a Jami'ar Jihar Ebonyi (Ebonyi State University), inda ya kai matsayin Farfesa sannan ya zama shugaban tsangayar shari'a. Haka kuma ya kasance farfesa mai ziyara a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu (ESUT).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://resources.gaje.org/amari-omaka-2/ |title=Amari Omaka |publisher=Global Alliance for Justice Education}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://resources.gaje.org/amari-omaka-chukwu/ |title=Amari Omaka Chukwu |publisher=Global Alliance for Justice Education}}</ref> Ya kafa '''Ebonyi State University Law Clinic''', wata cibiyar da ke taimakawa wajen wayar da kan jama'a game da haƙƙoƙinsu na shari'a tare da bayar da tallafin doka ga marasa galihu. Har ila yau ya kasance shugaban '''National Association of Law Teachers (NALT)''' a Najeriya, kuma ya shiga ƙungiyoyin ilimin shari'a na ƙasa da ƙasa da dama.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://resources.gaje.org/amari-omaka-2/ |title=Amari Omaka |publisher=Global Alliance for Justice Education}}</ref> == Muƙamin SAN == A shekarar 2016, an ba shi muƙamin '''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)''', wanda shi ne mafi girman matsayi da lauya zai iya samu a Najeriya. Wannan ya sa ya zama mutum na farko daga Jihar Ebonyi da ya samu wannan karramawa. A hirarraki daban-daban da ya yi, ya bayyana cewa samun muƙamin SAN yana buƙatar ƙwarewa, gaskiya da kuma jajircewa a aikin shari'a.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://weekendersmagazine.com/part-one-to-become-a-san-is-an-achievable-task-prof-amari-omaka/ |title=To become a SAN is an achievable task – Prof Amari Omaka |work=Weekenders Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/belonging-to-cult-group-not-prerequisite-to-achieving-san-prof-omaks/ |title=Belonging to cult group not prerequisite to achieving SAN — Prof Omaka |work=Nigerian Tribune |date=8 November 2024}}</ref> == Ayyukan Gwamnati == Baya ga aikin koyarwa da shari'a, Amari Omaka Chukwu ya shiga harkokin gwamnati. Ya riƙe muƙamin Kwamishinan Ilimin Manyan Makarantu na Jihar Ebonyi (Commissioner for Tertiary Education), inda ya jagoranci manufofi da shirye-shiryen bunƙasa ilimin manyan makarantu a jihar.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/belonging-to-cult-group-not-prerequisite-to-achieving-san-prof-omaks/ |title=Belonging to cult group not prerequisite to achieving SAN — Prof Omaka |work=Nigerian Tribune |date=8 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/omari-omaka |title=Omari Omaka |publisher=LeaderBox Africa}}</ref> == Ra'ayoyi kan Shari'a == Amari Omaka Chukwu ya yi fice wajen bayyana ra'ayoyinsa kan 'yancin shari'a da tsarin mulki. A shekarar 2016 ya soki yadda Hukumar Tsaro ta DSS ta kama wasu alkalai, yana mai cewa akwai hanyoyin doka da ya kamata a bi wajen hukunta alkalai maimakon kai tsaye kama su. Ya bayyana cewa kare martabar tsarin shari'a yana da muhimmanci ga dimokuraɗiyya da mulkin doka.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://guardian.ng/news/dss-has-no-right-to-arrest-judges-says-law-professor/ |title=DSS has no right to arrest judges, says law professor |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=14 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://dailypost.ng/2016/10/11/dss-no-right-arrest-judge-prof-omaka/ |title=DSS has no right to arrest any judge – Prof Omaka |work=Daily Post Nigeria |date=11 October 2016}}</ref> == Wallafe-wallafe da Bincike == A matsayin masani, Amari Omaka Chukwu ya wallafa littattafai da muƙalu masu yawa a fannin dokokin muhalli, dokokin ruwa da haƙƙin ɗan Adam. Ya gabatar da takardun bincike a tarukan ilimi na duniya a Afirka, Turai, Asiya da Amurka, kuma ana ambaton ayyukansa a binciken shari'a na ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://resources.gaje.org/amari-omaka-chukwu/ |title=Amari Omaka Chukwu |publisher=Global Alliance for Justice Education}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://independent.academia.edu/AmariOmaka |title=Amari Omaka |publisher=Academia.edu}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Lauyoyin Najeriya]] ca9zxejr262mk6glp7ouljd9abhir9c 0 153955 906892 882469 2026-08-24T06:08:47Z BnHamid 12586 added [[Category:Haifaffun 1960]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 906892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Abiodun Layonu | image = | birth_name = Abiodun Ishola Layonu | birth_date = 24 Disamba 1960 | birth_place = Jihar Osun, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | education = Jami'ar Ife; London School of Economics | occupation = Lauya, mai shiga tsakani (arbitrator) | known_for = Babban Lauyan Najeriya (SAN) | title = Senior Advocate of Nigeria }} '''Abiodun Ishola Layonu''' lauya ne ɗan Najeriya kuma mai riƙe da muƙamin '''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)'''. Ya shahara a fannonin dokokin kasuwanci, shari'o'in gine-gine, dokokin kadarori, sulhu da sasanci (arbitration), da kuma harkokin dawo da basussuka da gyaran kasuwanci. Ya kasance babban abokin hulɗa (Principal Partner) na kamfanin lauyoyi na '''Abiodun Layonu (SAN) & Co'''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://layonuandco.com/principal.html |title=Meet Our Principal – Dr. Abiodun Layonu SAN |publisher=Abiodun Layonu & Co. |access-date=2026-06-01 |archive-date=2026-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260121231342/http://layonuandco.com/principal.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Abiodun Ishola Layonu a ranar 24 ga Disamba 1960 a Jihar Osun, Najeriya. Ya yi karatun sakandare a '''Olivet Baptist High School, Oyo''' tsakanin shekarun 1972 zuwa 1976. Bayan haka ya samu digirin LL.B (Hons) daga '''Jami'ar Ife''' (yanzu '''Obafemi Awolowo University''') a shekarar 1981. Daga bisani ya samu digirin LL.M daga '''London School of Economics and Political Science''' a shekarar 1984, sannan ya kammala digirin digirgir (PhD) a fannin shari'a a shekarar 1989. An kira shi zuwa Bar na Najeriya a shekarar 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.medianigeria.com/biography-of-abiodun-ishola-layonu-san/ |title=Biography Of Abiodun Ishola Layonu, SAN |publisher=Media Nigeria |date=2018-06-07 |access-date=2026-06-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://layonuandco.com/principal.html |title=Meet Our Principal – Dr. Abiodun Layonu SAN |publisher=Abiodun Layonu & Co. |access-date=2026-06-01 |archive-date=2026-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260121231342/http://layonuandco.com/principal.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Aikin lauya == Bayan kammala karatunsa, Layonu ya yi aiki tare da kamfanin lauyoyi na '''Kusamotu, Olojo & Co.''' a Legas. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin jami'in shari'a a '''London Borough of Southwark''' a Birtaniya, tare da koyar da darussan shari'a a matsayin malami na ɗan lokaci a '''Willesden College of Technology''' da ke Landan. Daga baya ya kafa kuma ya jagoranci kamfanin lauyoyi na '''Abiodun Layonu (SAN) & Co.''', wanda ke ba da hidimomi a fannoni daban-daban na shari'a ciki har da dokokin kamfanoni, harkokin banki, kadarori, da kuma dokokin teku (admiralty law).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://layonuandco.com/principal.html |title=Meet Our Principal – Dr. Abiodun Layonu SAN |publisher=Abiodun Layonu & Co. |access-date=2026-06-01 |archive-date=2026-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260121231342/http://layonuandco.com/principal.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://layonuandco.com/about.html |title=About Abiodun Layonu & Co. |publisher=Abiodun Layonu & Co. |access-date=2026-06-01 |archive-date=2025-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250905180743/http://layonuandco.com/about.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Muƙamai da ƙwarewa == Layonu ya yi aiki a hukumomi da kwamitoci daban-daban na gwamnati a Jihohin Oyo da Osun, ciki har da '''Land Use and Allocation Committee''' da kuma '''Local Government Service Commission'''. Haka kuma ya kasance memba kuma ɗan ƙwararre a '''Chartered Institute of Arbitrators'''. Ya kasance shugaban '''Business Recovery and Insolvency Practitioners Association of Nigeria (BRIPAN)''', ƙungiyar da ke kula da harkokin dawo da kamfanoni da warware matsalolin rashin biyan bashi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.medianigeria.com/biography-of-abiodun-ishola-layonu-san/ |title=Biography Of Abiodun Ishola Layonu, SAN |publisher=Media Nigeria |date=2018-06-07 |access-date=2026-06-01}}</ref> == Kamfanoni da shugabanci == Baya ga aikin lauya, Layonu ya kasance darekta a kamfanoni da dama a Najeriya. Daga cikin kamfanonin da aka ambace shi a matsayin darekta akwai '''Stabilini Visinoni Ltd''' da kuma '''Bi-Courtney Ltd''', kamfanin da ke da alhakin gudanar da Terminal 2 na filin jirgin saman Murtala Muhammed da ke Legas. Wannan ya nuna rawar da yake takawa wajen haɗa ilimin shari'a da gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://layonuandco.com/principal.html |title=Meet Our Principal – Dr. Abiodun Layonu SAN |publisher=Abiodun Layonu & Co. |access-date=2026-06-01 |archive-date=2026-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260121231342/http://layonuandco.com/principal.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Shahararrun shari'o'i == A shekarar 2025, Layonu ya samu karɓuwa a kafafen yaɗa labarai bayan ya wakilci '''General Hydrocarbons Limited (GHL)''' a wata shari'a da ta shafi '''Asset Management Corporation of Nigeria (AMCON)'''. Kotun Tarayya da ke Legas ta tabbatar da shi a matsayin halastaccen lauya mai wakiltar kamfanin bayan wata takaddama da ta taso kan wanda ke da ikon wakiltar GHL a kotu.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://guardian.ng/news/court-bars-amcon-lawyer-from-representing-ghl-for-violating-order/ |title=Court bars AMCON lawyer from representing GHL for violating order |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=2025-12-09 |access-date=2026-06-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://punchng.com/court-to-rule-on-counsel-dispute-in-general-hydrocarbons-case/ |title=Court to rule on counsel dispute in general hydrocarbons case |work=Punch Newspapers |date=2025-12-04 |access-date=2026-06-01}}</ref> Har ila yau, ya bayyana a wasu manyan shari'o'i na kasuwanci da kadarori a Najeriya, inda ya wakilci mutane da kamfanoni a gaban manyan kotuna. A shekarar 2025, ya wakilci ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ake tuhuma a wata shari'ar da gwamnatin Jihar Legas ta shigar kan zargin jabun takardun fili da rushe kadarori a yankin Lekki.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.legalnigeria.com/two-lawyers-estate-developer-arraigned-for-forgery-demolition/ |title=Two lawyers, estate developer arraigned for forgery, demolition |work=Legal Nigeria |date=2025-06-17 |access-date=2026-06-01}}</ref> == Lambobin yabo da girmamawa == An ba Layonu muƙamin '''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)''' a shekarar 2009, wanda shi ne ɗaya daga cikin manyan karramawa da ake bai wa lauyoyi a Najeriya saboda ƙwarewa da gudummawar da suka bayar ga harkar shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.medianigeria.com/biography-of-abiodun-ishola-layonu-san/ |title=Biography Of Abiodun Ishola Layonu, SAN |publisher=Media Nigeria |date=2018-06-07 |access-date=2026-06-01}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1960]] ct8wvibdbwmk0yp702n7yc7hax3ychv 0 154438 906938 897351 2026-08-24T08:02:15Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 906938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}    <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>Haɗa kan ƙasar Sin, wanda kuma aka sani da haɗin kan yankin Cross-Strait ko sake haɗa kan ƙasar Sin, yana iya zama haɗin kan yankunan da [[Sin|Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin]] ("China" ko "Babban yankin China") da Jamhuriyar China ("Taiwan") ke iko da su a halin yanzu, ko kuma suke da'awar cewa za su kasance ƙarƙashin wata ƙungiya ta siyasa ɗaya, wataƙila kafa haɗin kan siyasa tsakanin jamhuriyoyin biyu. Tare da cikakken 'yancin kai na Taiwan, haɗin kan yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan shawarwari don magance tambayoyi kan matsayin siyasa na Taiwan, wanda shine babban abin da dangantakar Cross-Strait ke mayar da hankali a kai. == Tarihi == A shekara ta 1895, daular Qing ta Manchu ta kasar Sin ta yi rashin nasara a yakin Sino da [[Japan]] na farko, inda aka tilastawa mika Taiwan da Penghu ga daular Japan bayan sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Shimonoseki.  A shekara ta 1912, an hambarar da daular Qing, kuma Jamhuriyar Sin (ROC) ta gaje shi.  Bisa ka'idar maye gurbin kasashe, ROC da farko ta yi ikirarin cewa daukacin yankin daular Qing ne a lokacin rugujewarta, sai dai Taiwan, wadda ROC ta amince da ita a matsayin mallakar daular Japan a lokacin.  ROC ta yi nasarar samun karbuwa sosai a matsayin halastacciyar jihar da za ta gaji daular Qing a cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan faduwar daular Qing.> {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2024}} A cikin shekara ta 1945, ROC ta yi nasara a yakin Sino-Japan na biyu, wanda ya hada da yakin duniya na biyu, kuma ya karbi ikon Taiwan a madadin kasashen kawance, bayan da Japanawa suka mika wuya.  Nan da nan ROC ta tabbatar da da'awar ta ga Taiwan a matsayin "Lardin Taiwan, Jamhuriyar Sin", bisa la'akari da sanarwar Potsdam da kuma sanarwar Alkahira.  A daidai wannan lokaci, ROC ta soke yarjejeniyar Shimonoseki, inda ta bayyana ta a matsayin daya daga cikin "yarjejeniyoyin da ba su dace ba" da aka sanya wa kasar Sin a lokacin abin da ake kira "karni na wulakanci".  A lokacin, Kuomintang (KMT) ita ce jam'iyya mai mulki ta ROC, kuma an amince da ita a matsayin halaltacciyar wakiliyarta, musamman saboda hadin gwiwar shugabanta Chiang Kai-shek da kasashen kawance. Duk da haka, a cikin yawancin mulkin ROC, kasar Sin ta rabu cikin gida a lokacin da ake kira zamanin Warlord.  Bisa labarin da aka yi na gama-gari, an raba ROC zuwa wasu gungu-gungu na mulki daban-daban da kuma jahohin ‘yan aware, wadanda ke ci gaba da fafutuka a kai a kai sakamakon rashin iko da aka samu bayan kifar da daular Qing.  A cikin wannan lokaci, a ƙarshe ƙungiyõyin mulki guda biyu sun fito a saman;  na KMT, da Amurka ke marawa baya, da na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta China (CCP), wacce Tarayyar Soviet ke marawa baya.  Fadan mulki tsakanin wadannan musamman jam'iyyun siyasa guda biyu an san shi da yakin basasar kasar Sin.  An yi yakin basasa na kasar Sin kai-tsaye a tsawon tarihin ROC;  Yaƙin Sino-Japan na biyu ya katse shi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D;</sup>Bayan kammala yakin Sino-Japan na biyu, yakin basasar kasar Sin ya sake komawa, kuma cikin sauri CCP ya samu babbar fa'ida akan KMT (mai mulkin ROC).  A cikin 1949, KMT ta kori gwamnatinta, sojojinta, da kuma 'yan kasa masu aminci kusan miliyan 1.2-2 zuwa Taiwan, wanda KMT ke mulki kusan shekaru hudu a wannan lokacin.  A baya can babban yankin kasar Sin, CCP ta shelanta "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (PRC)", ta samar da gaskiya ga Sinawa biyu.  Bayan da aka kirkiro Sinawa guda biyu, jam'iyyar PRC ta fara yakin diplomasiyya da ROC kan Taiwan kan amincewa da kasar Sin a hukumance a matsayin halaltacciyar gwamnatin kasar Sin.  A ƙarshe, PRC (mafi yawa) ta yi nasara a wannan yaƙin, kuma ta hau matsayin "China" a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a 1971, ta kori ROC daga wannan matsayi. A sakamakon haka, ROC har yanzu tana mulkin Taiwan amma ba a amince da ita a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba.  A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, zama memba a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zama kusan muhimmin cancantar zama ƙasa.  Yawancin jihohin da ke da iyakacin sanin ko kaɗan ba a san su a yawancin gwamnatoci da ƙungiyoyin gwamnatoci.  Duk da haka, ROC wani lamari ne na musamman, ganin cewa har yanzu ya sami nasarar samun babban matsayi na amincewa da kasa da kasa ba bisa ka'ida ba, kodayake yawancin ƙasashe ba su amince da ita a matsayin ƙasa mai 'yanci a hukumance ba.  Wannan dai ya samo asali ne sakamakon yadda a baya aka amince da ROC a matsayin halaltacciyar gwamnatin kasar Sin, tare da samar da wani babban tsari na gudanar da huldar diflomasiyya da ba a hukumance ba tsakanin ROC da sauran kasashe.  A cikin shekaru da suka biyo bayan komawarsa da ROC ta yi zuwa kasar Taiwan, Taiwan ta bi wasu muhimman sauye-sauye na zamantakewa, siyasa, tattalin arziki da al'adu, wanda ya karfafa rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin Taiwan da babban yankin kasar Sin. Wannan ya kara dagula al'amura a tarihin Taiwan a matsayinta na mulkin mallaka na Daular Japan, wanda ya kai ga kafa wata kasa ta Taiwan ta musamman da kuma sha'awar samun 'yancin kai na Taiwan. Yunkurin 'yancin kai na Taiwan ya kara karfi sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kuma musamman ya zama wani karfi mai karfi a tsibirin tun bayan da ROC ta mika mulki ga tsarin jam'iyyu da yawa, a lokacin abin da aka fi sani da Demokradiyya. Taiwan PRC ba ta taɓa amincewa da ikon mallakar Taiwan ba.  PRC ta tabbatar da cewa ROC ta daina wanzuwa a cikin shekara ta 1949 lokacin da aka ayyana PRC.  A hukumance, PRC tana nufin yankin da Taiwan ke sarrafawa a matsayin yankin Taiwan, da kuma gwamnatin Taiwan a matsayin hukumomin Taiwan.  PRC na ci gaba da ikirarin Taiwan a matsayin lardinta na 23, kuma yankunan Fujian da har yanzu ke karkashin ikon Taiwan a matsayin sassan lardin Fujian.  PRC ta kafa ka'idar kasar Sin guda daya domin ta fayyace manufarta.  CCP ta ware masu goyon bayan 'yancin kai na Taiwan a matsayin daya daga cikin Guba Biyar..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Dan |date=16 March 2005 |title=US House Criticizes China Bill on Taiwan Secession |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/2005-03-16-voa60.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050402022813/http://voanews.com/english/2005-03-16-voa60.cfm |archive-date=2005-04-02 |access-date=2005-03-17 |website=[[Voice of America]]}}</ref> Yawancin mutanen Taiwan suna adawa da shiga PRC saboda dalilai daban-daban, gami da tsoron asarar [[Dimokaraɗiyya|Dimokuradiyya]] ta Taiwan, haƙƙin ɗan adam, da kishin ƙasa na Taiwan. Masu adawa ko dai suna son kiyaye matsayin Jamhuriyar Sin da ke gudanar da Taiwan ko neman 'yancin Taiwan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=政治大學 選舉研究中心 |url=http://esc.nccu.edu.tw/pic.php?img=167_b20ec575.jpg&dir=news&title=%E5%9C%96%E7%89%87 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140507082609/http://esc.nccu.edu.tw/pic.php?img=167_b20ec575.jpg&dir=news&title=%E5%9C%96%E7%89%87 |archive-date=7 May 2014 |access-date=30 June 2019}}</ref> Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Sin ya bayyana cewa yankinta ya haɗa da babban yankin, amma manufofin hukuma na gwamnatin Taiwan sun dogara da wane hadin gwiwa yake a halin yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taiwan (Republic of China)'s Constitution of 1947 with Amendments through 2005 |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Taiwan_2005.pdf?lang=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107165943/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Taiwan_2005.pdf?lang=en |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=1 November 2017}}</ref> Matsayin Pan-Blue Coalition, wanda ya ƙunshi Kuomintang, Jam'iyyar Jama'a ta Farko da Sabon Jam'iyyar shine a ƙarshe su haɗa ƙasar cikin ROC, yayin da matsayin Pan-Green Coalition (DPP) da Taiwan Solidarity Union, shine neman 'yancin Taiwan. A cikin 2024, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta ba da umarni ga kotuna da ke nuna cewa za a iya gwada masu goyon bayan 'yancin kai "mai tsanani" ba tare da an yanke musu hukuncin kisa ba. === Babban yankin kasar Sin === An kirkiro manufar hadin kan kasar Sin a cikin shekarun 1970s a matsayin wani ɓangare na dabarun CCP don magance "Matsalar Taiwan" yayin da kasar Sin ta fara daidaita Dangantakar kasashen waje tare da kasashe da dama ciki har da Amurka da Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S.-China Relations |url=https://www.cfr.org/report/us-china-relations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107165851/https://www.cfr.org/report/us-china-relations |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=7 November 2017 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en}}</ref> A cewar cibiyar yada labarai ta Intanet ta kasar Sin, a shekarar 1979, majalisar wakilan jama'ar kasar Sin ta buga sakon ga 'yan uwa a Taiwan (告台湾同胞书) wanda ya hada da kalmar "sake hadewar kasar Sin" a matsayin manufa ta dangantakar dake tsakanin mashigin tekun.  A shekarar 1981, shugaban zaunannen kwamitin majalisar wakilan jama'ar kasar Sin Ye Jiany ya sanar da "manufofin Sin guda tara" game da matsayin kasar Sin kan dangantakar dake tsakaninta da mashigin teku, tare da "hadin kai cikin lumana na kasar Sin" (祖国和平统一) a matsayin tsarin farko na kasar Sin, bisa ga tsarin kasar Sin guda biyu.  An jaddada sake hadewa" a kowane taron kasa na jam'iyyar kwaminisanci ta kasar Sin a matsayin ka'idojin tunkarar Hong Kong, Macau da Taiwan.  "Ƙasa ɗaya, Tsari Biyu" musamman game da manufofin kasar Sin game da Hong Kong da Macao bayan mulkin mallaka, kuma "haɗin kai na kasar Sin" ya shafi Taiwan musamman.[3]  An kuma ba wa Taiwan ƙudurin "Ƙasa ɗaya, Tsari Biyu". === Taiwan === Taiwan tana da tarihin rikitarwa na kasancewa aƙalla wani ɓangare kuma ana gudanar da shi ta manyan iko ciki har da Kamfanin Dutch East [[Indiya|India]], Masarautar Tungning (yana nufin ci gaba da Kudancin Ming), daular Qing da Daular Japan. Taiwan ta fara zama karkashin ikon kasar Sin kai tsaye lokacin da daular Qing da ke karkashin jagorancin Manchu ta mamaye ta a shekara ta 1683. Tsibirin ya kasance a ƙarƙashin mulkin Qing har zuwa 1895 lokacin da aka ba da shi ga Daular Japan a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Shimonoseki . Bayan da aka ci Axis a yakin duniya na biyu a 1945, Jamhuriyar Sin da Kuomintang ke jagoranta ta sami iko da Taiwan. Wasu 'yan Taiwan sun yi tsayayya da mulkin ROC a cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan yakin duniya na biyu. ROC ta yi ta'addanci da wannan juriya wanda ya ƙare a cikin abin da ya faru a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu a shekarar 1947. A ƙarshen yakin basasar kasar Sin a shekarar 1950, KMT da gwamnatin CCP sun fuskanci juna a fadin Strait, tare da kowannensu yana da niyyar mamayewar soja na ɗayan. Daga 1928 zuwa 1942, CCP ta ci gaba da cewa Taiwan wata al'umma ce daban.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Hsiao |first=Frank S. T. |last2=Sullivan |first2=Lawrence R. |date=1979 |title=The Chinese Communist Party and the Status of Taiwan, 1928-1943 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pacific-affairs_fall-1979_52_3/page/446 |journal=[[Pacific Affairs]] |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=446 |doi=10.2307/2757657 |jstor=2757657}}</ref> A wata hira da Edgar Snow a shekara ta 1937, [[Mao Zedong]] ya bayyana cewa "za mu ba su (Koriya) taimakonmu mai himma a gwagwarmayar samun 'yancin kai. Haka kuma ya shafi Taiwan. "<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=van der Wees |first=Gerrit |date=3 May 2022 |title=When the CCP Thought Taiwan Should Be Independent |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/05/when-the-ccp-thought-taiwan-should-be-independent/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108053621/https://thediplomat.com/2022/05/when-the-ccp-thought-taiwan-should-be-independent/ |archive-date=8 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Labarin irredentist da ke jaddada muhimmancin yankin Greater China, wanda ake zaton ya hada da Taiwan, ya tashi a cikin Kuomintang da CCP a cikin shekaru a lokacin da kuma bayan yakin basasa. Ga PRC, da'awar yankin Greater China wani bangare ne na gardamar kasa don amincin yankin. A cikin shekarun yakin basasa ya ware ƙungiyar kwaminisanci daga ROC, wanda ya rasa Manchuria, asalin kakannin sarakunan Qing, zuwa Japan a cikin 1932. ==== Tashin Tangwai da kishin kasa na Taiwan ==== Daga ƙarshen Yaƙin basasar kasar Sin a cikin 1950 har zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1970s manufar hadin kai ba shine babban batun tattaunawa tsakanin gwamnatocin PRC da ROC ba. Kuomintang ta yi imanin cewa za su, watakila tare da taimakon Amurka, wata rana za su sake karbar kasar Sin, yayin da mulkin kwaminisanci na Mao Zedong zai rushe a cikin wani shahararren tashin hankali kuma za a maraba da sojojin Kuomintang. A cikin shekarun 1970s, mulkin kama-karya na soja na Kuomintang a Taiwan, karkashin jagorancin dangin Chiang, ya zama kasa da kasa saboda shaharar kungiyar Tangwai da kishin kasar Taiwan. A shekara ta 1970, mataimakin firaministan lokacin, Chiang Ching-kuo ya tsallake rijiya da baya a wani yunƙurin kisan gilla da Cheng Tzu-tsai da Peter Huang, dukkansu mambobi ne na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya ta Ƙaddamar da 'Yancin Kai. A cikin 1976, Wang Sing-nan ya aika da wani bam na wasiku zuwa ga gwamnan lardin Taiwan na lokacin Hsieh Tung-min, wanda ya samu munanan raunuka a hannayen biyu a sakamakon haka.] Babban zaluncin da Kuomintang ta yi a cikin lamarin Kaohsiung, da zargin hannu a kisan gillar dangin Lin da kisan gillar Chen Wen-chen da Henry Liu, da kuma kona kan Cheng Nan-jung ya sanya al'ummar Taiwan shiga cikin harkokin siyasa kuma daga karshe ya haifar da mulkin mallaka da dimokiradiyya a Taiwan. Ma'anar hadin kai ta maye gurbin manufar 'yanci ta PRC a cikin 1979 yayin da ta fara, bayan mutuwar Mao, a kan sake fasalin tattalin arziki kuma ta bi manufofin kasashen waje masu amfani. A Taiwan, yiwuwar ROC ta sake dawo da kasar Sin ta zama mai nisa a cikin shekarun 1970s, musamman bayan korar ROC daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a 1971, kafa dangantakar diflomasiyya tsakanin PRC da Amurka a 1979, da kuma mutuwar Chiang Kai-shek a 1975. ==== Gwamnatin mafi rinjaye a Taiwan ==== Bayan kawo karshen mulkin kama-karya a cikin shekarun 1980, an sami sauyi a mulki a cikin KMT daga bangaren da suka raka Chiang zuwa Taiwan.  Mutanen Taiwan wadanda suka girma a karkashin mulkin Jafan, wadanda ke da fiye da kashi 85% na al'ummar kasar, sun sami karin tasiri, kuma KMT ta fara ficewa daga akidarta ta hada kai.  Bayan fallasa kisan kiyashin Lieyu na shekarar 1987 a watan Yuni, daga karshe an dage dokar soja a Taiwan a ranar 15 ga Yuli 1987. Bayan yunkurin daliban Wild Lily, shugaba Lee Teng-hui ya sanar a shekarar 1991 cewa gwamnatinsa ba ta sake yin sabani a kan tsarin mulkin CCP a kasar Sin ba, wanda ya kai ga tattaunawar zaman lafiya ta wucin gadi (wanda ya jagoranci abin da za a kira shi a matsayin Yarjejeniya ta biyu).  PRC ta katse waɗannan tattaunawar a cikin 1999 lokacin da Shugaba Lee ya kwatanta dangantaka da PRC a matsayin "dangantaka ta musamman tsakanin jihohi da jihohi". Har zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1990s, magoya bayan hadin kai a Taiwan sun yi tsayayya da CCP. Tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1990s, an sami karuwar zafin dangantakar da ke tsakanin CCP da magoya bayan hadin kan Taiwan, yayin da dukansu ke adawa da ƙungiyar 'yancin Taiwan. Wannan ya haifar da zargin cewa magoya bayan hadin kai suna ƙoƙarin sayar da Taiwan. Sun amsa da cewa dangantaka ta kusa da kasar Sin, musamman alaƙar tattalin arziki, tana cikin sha'awar Taiwan. ==== Tashin Jam'iyyar Democrat Progressive ==== Bayan zaben shugaban kasar Taiwan na shekara ta 2000, wanda ya kawo wa dan takarar jam'iyyar Demokradiyar Progressive Party mai ra'ayin 'yancin kai, shugaba Chen Shui-bian, Kuomintang, ya fuskanci komawarsa jam'iyyar People First Party, ta kori Lee Teng-hui da magoya bayansa, tare da sake mayar da jam'iyyar zuwa hadewa.  A sa'i daya kuma, jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin ta kawar da yunkurinta na hadewa daga barazanar soji (wanda ta kau da kai amma ba ta yi watsi da ita ba) kan ingiza bunkasuwar tattalin arziki da aka tsara don karfafa gwiwar 'yan kasuwan Taiwan da su zuba jari a babban yankin kasar Sin da nufin samar da wata kungiya mai goyon bayan Beijing a cikin al'ummar Taiwan. A cikin Taiwan, masu goyon bayan haɗin kai suna kallon "Kasar Sin" a matsayin babbar al'adu da yakin basasa na kasar Sin ya raba zuwa jihohi ko gwamnatoci daban-daban a cikin kasar.  Bugu da kari, masu goyon bayan suna kallon asalin Taiwan a matsayin wani yanki na babban asalin kasar Sin maimakon a matsayin wata asalin al'adu daban-daban.  Duk da haka, magoya bayansa suna adawa da kawar da ra'ayin gurguzu irin wanda aka gani a lokacin juyin juya halin al'adu, tare da kokarin jaddada sunan Taiwan wanda ya bambanta da na kasar Sin.  A lokacin zaben shugaba Ma Ying-jeou na shekarar 2008, KMT ta amince da ka'idar Sin daya tak, amma ta ayyana shi a matsayin jamhuriyar Sin ta jagoranci maimakon jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin. === Ayyukan soja === [[Fayil:Bailey_bridge_barge.webp|thumb|3D zane na tashar jirgin ruwa ta bailey da China ke haɓaka don iya mamaye Taiwan]] Rikicin soja tsakanin bangarorin biyu sun hada da Rikicin Taiwan Na farko, Na biyu da na uku. === Ɗaya daga cikin China, Tsarin Biyu === Deng Xiaoping ya kirkiro ka'idar kasa daya, tsari guda biyu dangane da Hong Kong, Macau, da Taiwan.[1]: 176  Bisa shawarar 1995 da Sakatare Janar na CCP kuma babban jigo Jiang Zemin ya bayyana, Taiwan za ta rasa 'yancin kai da 'yancin cin gashin kai, amma za ta ci gaba da rike sojojinta a matsayin shugabar gwamnatin tsakiya. Don haka, a karkashin wannan shawara, jamhuriyar Sin za ta zama ta ruguje. <nowiki>''</nowiki>Yan Taiwan kadan ne ke goyon bayan manufofin kasa daya, tsarin tsarin biyu, yayin da wasu masu goyon bayan hadin kan kasar suka yi iƙirarin tabbatar da matsayin da ake da shi, har zuwa lokacin da babban yankin Sin ya sami bunƙasa tsarin demokraɗiyya da bunƙasa masana'antu zuwa matsayi ɗaya da Taiwan. A zaben shugaban kasa na shekara ta 2000, dan takara mai zaman kansa James Soong ya ba da shawarar kulla alaka irin ta Tarayyar Turai da babban yankin kasar Sin (haka Hsu Hsin-liang ya yi daidai da wannan a cikin 2004) tare da yarjejeniyar rashin cin zali. A zaben shugaban kasa na shekara ta 2004, Lien Chan ya ba da shawarar kulla dangantaka irin ta tarayya. Beijing ta nuna adawa da shirin, tana mai cewa Taiwan ta riga ta kasance cikin kasar Sin, kuma ba kasa ba ce, don haka ba za ta iya kulla alaka da shi ba. Abubuwan da ke faruwa a Hong Kong sun sa al'ummar Taiwan a cikin 'yan shekarun nan sun gano "Kasar Sin Daya, Tsari Biyu" a matsayin "marasa ra'ayi, rashin amincewa, har ma da rashin amincewa.".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Chong |first=Ja Ian |date=February 20, 2023 |title=The Many "One Chinas": Multiple Approaches to Taiwan and China |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2023/02/the-many-one-chinas-multiple-approaches-to-taiwan-and-china?lang=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503074117/https://carnegieendowment.org/2023/02/09/many-one-chinas-multiple-approaches-to-taiwan-and-china-pub-89003 |archive-date=3 May 2023 |access-date=31 March 2024}}</ref> === Stasis === Ba a gabatar da shawarwarin hadin kai a Taiwan ba kuma batun ya kasance mai rikitarwa a karkashin Shugaba Chen Shui-bian, wanda ya ki karɓar tattaunawa a ƙarƙashin yanayin Beijing. A karkashin gwamnatin PRC ta [[Hu Jintao]], hada Taiwan ya rasa girmamawa a cikin gaskiyar cewa shugabancin DPP a Taiwan zai kasance karkashin jagorancin 'yancin kai Shugaba Chen har zuwa 2008. Maimakon haka, an mayar da hankali ga tarurruka tare da 'yan siyasa da ke adawa da' yancin kai. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Jerin manyan ziyara a shekarar 2005 zuwa kasar Sin ta shugabannin jam'iyyun pan-Blue Coalition guda uku an gan su a matsayin amincewa da halin da gwamnatin PRC ta dauka. Musamman, tafiyar shugaban Kuomintang Lien Chan ta kasance alama ce ta hanyar ɗaukar jawabinsa da yawon shakatawa (da kuma wasu ƙarin sharhin da suka dace) ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai da ke karkashin ikon gwamnati da tarurruka tare da manyan jami'ai ciki har da Hu Jintao. Irin wannan magani (ko da yake alama ce da ƙarancin muhimmancin tarihi da kuma kulawar kafofin watsa labarai) an ba da shi yayin ziyarar da shugaban PFP James Soong da New Party shugaban Yok Mu-ming suka biyo baya. Jam'iyyun CCP da Pan-Blue Coalition sun jaddada alakarsu a cikin sabuntawa a karkashin yarjejeniyar 1992, bude Lines Uku, da kuma adawa da 'yancin Taiwan. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> PRC ta zartar da Dokar Rarrabawar Ba da daɗewa ba kafin tafiyar Lien. Duk da yake Pan-Green Coalition ta gudanar da taro don nuna rashin amincewa da yin amfani da rundunar soja don sake dawo da Taiwan, Pan-Blue Coalition ya yi shiru sosai. Harshen Dokar Anti-Secession an yi amfani da shi a bayyane ga masu goyon bayan 'yancin kai a Taiwan (wanda ake kira "'yancin kai na Taiwan' a cikin doka) kuma an tsara shi don ya zama ɗan karɓa ga Pan-Blue Coalition. Ba ta bayyana Taiwan a bayyane a matsayin wani ɓangare na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin ba amma a maimakon haka ta yi amfani da kalmar "China" da kanta, ta ba da damar sassauci. Ya yi maimaitawa na inganta hadin kan kasa cikin lumana amma ya watsar da manufar "ƙasa ɗaya, tsarin biyu" kuma ya yi kira ga tattaunawa a cikin "matakai da matakai kuma tare da sassauci da hanyoyi daban-daban" don fahimtar manufar ƙarshe maimakon haɗuwa da Taiwan nan da nan. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A karkashin duka biyun shugaba Chen da shugaba Ma Ying-jeou, manyan sauye-sauyen siyasa a cikin dangantakar dake tsakanin su sun hada da kulla alaka ta kud-da-kud da tattalin arziki da karuwar kasuwanci da tafiye-tafiye. Irin wannan yunƙurin dai ya samu cin karo da ƴan adawa na asali irin su ƙungiyar dalibai na Sunflower, wadda ta yi nasarar rusa yarjejeniyar cinikayyar ba da hidima ta Cross-Strait a shekarar 2014. Shugaba Ma Ying-Jeou ya ba da shawarar sake farfado da al'adun Sinawa, kamar yadda yake a cikin sake shigar da Sinanci na gargajiya a cikin rubuce-rubucen da aka yi amfani da su a kasar Sin a Taiwan da kuma tarihi a kasar Sin. Ya bayyana niyyar ba da damar yin amfani da sauƙaƙan Sinanci a cikin rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun. [abubuwan da ake bukata]]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Matsayin hukuma na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin == Jam'iyyar CCP ta yi amfani da kalmar "sake hadewa" a maimakon "hadin kai" wajen jaddada ikirarinta na cewa tsibirin Taiwan na kasar Sin ne a ko da yaushe, ko kuma a ce tsibirin Taiwan ya dade yana cikin kasar Sin, kuma a halin yanzu yana cikin jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin, amma a halin yanzu ana ci gaba da mamaye shi a wani lokaci da ake zargin 'yan aware da ke goyon bayan 'yancin Taiwan..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wang |first=Amber |date=2022-07-07 |title=China puts Taiwan 'reunification' effort at heart of national revival plans |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3184502/china-puts-taiwan-reunification-strategy-heart-national-revival |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709165529/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3184502/china-puts-taiwan-reunification-strategy-heart-national-revival |archive-date=9 July 2022 |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en}}</ref> "Yanci na Taiwan " kalma ce da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin PRC don samun ra'ayi na jama'a don haɗin kai tare da Jamhuriyar Sin a Taiwan, yana ba da shawarar amfani da ƙarfin soja don cimma shi. A shekara ta 1956, Mao Zedong ya fara gabatar da kalmar, wanda aka fassara shi da ma'anar "zaman lafiya" hanyar hada kai da Jamhuriyar Sin. Duk da wannan, gwamnatocin biyu sun sami rikice-rikicen soja na dogon lokaci. CCP ta kafa hadin kan kasar Sin a matsayin babban burin siyasa tun lokacin da aka kafa PRC. A watan Janairun 1979, Kwamitin Dindindin na Majalisar Jama'a ta Kasa ya ba da roko na farko ga KMT, wanda ya nuna farkon dabarun "haɗin kai" na PRC.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hsiao |first=Russell |date=January 12, 2009 |title=Hu Jintao's 'Six-Points' Proposition to Taiwan |url=https://jamestown.org/program/hu-jintaos-six-points-proposition-to-taiwan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702020150/https://jamestown.org/program/hu-jintaos-six-points-proposition-to-taiwan/ |archive-date=2 July 2024 |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=[[Jamestown Foundation]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2005, Majalisar Jama'a ta Kasa ta 10 ta zartar da Dokar Anti-Secession da ta ba da izinin rundunar soja don hadin kai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bellows |first=Thomas J. |date=December 2005 |title=The anti-secession law, framing, and political change in Taiwan |journal=Asian Journal of Political Science |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=103–123 |doi=10.1080/02185370508434260 |issn=0218-5377}}</ref> A cikin 2019, Babban Sakataren CCP [[Xi Jinping]] ya ba da shawarar "sake haɗuwa da zaman lafiya" bisa ga ƙasa ɗaya, tsarin tsarin biyu. Gwamnatin ROC karkashin jagorancin Shugaba Tsai Ing-wen ta ki amincewa da shawarar. PRC ba ta la'akari da ROC a matsayin ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta a yau, a maimakon haka ta yi imani da kanta ta zama magajin ROC bayan kafa PRC a 1949.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bush |first=Richard C. |author-link=Richard C. Bush |date=January 24, 2013 |title=Thoughts on the Republic of China and its Significance |url=https://www.brookings.edu/on-the-record/thoughts-on-the-republic-of-china-and-its-significance/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913163456/https://www.brookings.edu/on-the-record/thoughts-on-the-republic-of-china-and-its-significance/ |archive-date=13 September 2022 |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=[[Brookings Institution]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=White Paper: The Taiwan Question and China's Reunification in the New Era (Full Text) |url=http://munich.china-consulate.gov.cn/ger/xwdt/202208/t20220810_10740335.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913163641/http://munich.china-consulate.gov.cn/ger/xwdt/202208/t20220810_10740335.htm |archive-date=13 September 2022 |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=munich.china-consulate.gov.cn}}</ref> A cikin 2024, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta ba da umarni ga kotuna da ke nuna cewa za a iya gwada masu rabuwa da "mai ƙarfi" ba tare da an yanke musu hukuncin kisa ba. === Taiwan da Penghu === == Matsayin hukuma na Jamhuriyar Sin == Siyasa a Jamhuriyar Sin ta kasu kashi biyu, Pan-Blue da Pan-Green Coalitions. Tsohon sansanin yana da alaƙa da kishin ƙasa na kasar Sin da ROC, yayin da sansanin na ƙarshe ke da alaƙa ta Taiwan. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Tushen hukuma na ROC sun lura cewa sojojin Qing sun mamaye tsibirin yammacin Taiwan da arewacin gabar teku daga 1683, kuma an ayyana Taiwan a lardin Qing a 1885. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Affairs |first=Ministry of Foreign |date=11 June 2019 |title=History of Taiwan |url=http://www.taiwan.gov.tw/content_3.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524182955/https://www.taiwan.gov.tw/content_3.php |archive-date=24 May 2019 |access-date=11 June 2019 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |language=en}}</ref> === Fassarar Pan-Blue === <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D;</sup>Kayan aikin Jafananci na mika wuya (1945) sansanin Pan-Blue yana ganin yana halasta da'awar China na ikon mallakar tsibirin Taiwan wanda aka yi tare da sanarwar Alkahira na 1943 da sanarwar Potsdam (1945).[1]  Ra'ayin Pan-Blue na kowa yana nuna cewa an mayar da tsibirin Taiwan zuwa kasar Sin a shekara ta 1945. Masu kishin kasa a yanayi, wadanda suka mallaki wannan ra'ayi galibi suna ganin cewa ranar sake dawowa ita ce karshen ci gaba da gwagwarmayar sake hadewa a bangarorin biyu na mashigin, wanda ya dade daga 1895, shekarar da aka mika tsibirin Taiwan zuwa Japan, har zuwa karshen yakin duniya na biyu.  Don haka, akwai ra'ayi daya a tsakanin sansanin Pan-Blue cewa, tsibirin Taiwan ko da yaushe wani yanki ne na kasar Sin da Japan ta mamaye kuma ba ta Japan ba, ba bisa ka'ida ko a ruhi ba.  Ana ganin sanarwar Alkahira, sanarwar Potsdam, da kayan aikin mika kai na kasar Japan a matsayin shaidun cewa an soke yarjejeniyar Shimonoseki gaba dayanta a shekarar 1945, don haka ya tabbatar da cewa tsibirin Taiwan na kasar Sin ne a kodayaushe a tsawon wadannan shekaru hamsin na gwagwarmayar sake hadewa.  Jim kadan bayan wadannan al'amura, tsibirin Taiwan ya sake ballewa daga babban yankin kasar Sin, bisa ga ra'ayin Pan-Blue gama gari, wanda ke nuna mafarin sake hadewa.  Har ila yau, sansanin na Pan-Blue ya dauki Taiwan da babban yankin kasar Sin a matsayin a halin yanzu suna karkashin ikon kasar Sin, inda rabe-raben da ke tsakanin tsibirin Taiwan da babban yankin kasar Sin na cikin gida ne kawai, maimakon kai tsaye sakamakon wuce gona da iri;  Ana nuna wannan ra'ayi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya ta 1992, wanda wasu ke zargin cewa, yarjejeniya ce tsakanin jami'an jam'iyyar Kuomintang da CCP a shekarar 1992. Tunanin da aka cimma a shekarar 1992 shi ne cewa akwai kasar Sin daya, kuma tsibirin Taiwan wani bangare ne na kasar Sin, amma ana iya fassara gwamnatin halaltacciyar kasar Sin ta bangarori biyu na mashigin ruwa.  [ana ruwan hujja][citation need Mawallafin ROC [[Teresa Teng]] ta yi aiki a kasashe da yawa a duniya, amma ba a taɓa yin hakan a kasar Sin ba. A lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na TTV na 1980, lokacin da aka tambaye ta game da irin wannan yiwuwar, ta amsa ta hanyar bayyana cewa ranar da ta yi a kan nahiyar za a aiwatar da ka'idoji uku na mutane a can - dangane da ko dai neman dimokuradiyya na kasar Sin ko sake haɗuwa a ƙarƙashin tutar ROC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=鄧麗君逝世20週年 追憶天使美聲 |url=http://www.cna.com.tw/project/201505_teresa_teng/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129141634/http://www.cna.com.tw/project/201505_teresa_teng/ |archive-date=2018-01-29 |access-date=2017-04-25 |website=www.cna.com.tw |publisher=[[Central News Agency (Taiwan)]]}}</ref> === Fassarar Pan-Green === === Tibet da Mongoliya ta waje === ROC tana da ikirarin tarihi ga Tibet da Outer Mongolia. Dalai Lama ne ke mulkin yankin kudu maso yammacin Tibet daga 1912 zuwa 1951 a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta maimakon Ganden Phodrang.  Gwamnatin ROC ta tabbatar da cewa, "An sanya Tibet karkashin ikon kasar Sin" lokacin da daular Qing (1644-1912) ta kawo karshen mamayar kasar Nepal (1788-1792) na sassan Tibet a c.  1793.[1]  yayin da gwamnatin Tibet a gudun hijira ta bayyana cewa Tibet kasa ce mai cin gashin kanta har sai da PRC ta mamaye Tibet a shekarar 1949/1950.[2][3]  Ya zuwa wannan lokaci, matsayin Jamhuriyar Sin game da Tibet ya zama kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin jawabin bude taron kasa da kasa kan 'yancin dan Adam na Tibet a ranar 8 ga watan Satumban shekarar 2007, ta hanyar samun 'yancin kai na Taiwan, sannan shugaban ROC, Chen Shui-bian, wanda ya bayyana cewa, ofisoshinsa sun daina daukar 'yan Tibet da ke gudun hijira a matsayin 'yan kasar Sin.[4]  A yau, yankin na karkashin ikon yankin Tibet mai cin gashin kansa na PRC tare da wasu sassan lardin Xikang da ke da'awar ROC. A yankin arewa, Mongoliya Mongoliya, wanda yanzu ke karkashin ikon Mongoliya mai cin gashin kanta da kuma Jamhuriyar Tuva ta Rasha, ta shelanta 'yancin kai daga daular Qing a shekarar 1911 yayin da kasar Sin ta ci gaba da rike ikonta a yankin tare da sake tabbatar da ikonta a wajen Mongoliya a shekarar 1919. A sakamakon haka, Mongoliya ta nemi goyon bayan Rasha don kwato 'yancinta.  A shekara ta 1921, sojojin Red Army na Tarayyar Soviet da sojojin Mongolian masu goyon bayan Soviet sun fatattaki sojojin Sin da na Rasha na Rasha.  A cikin 1924, an kafa Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Mongoliya.[1]  Matsin lamba na Tarayyar Soviet ya tilastawa kasar Sin amincewa da 'yancin kai na Mongoliya a shekarar 1946, amma ROC ta sake tabbatar da da'awar zuwa Mongoliya ta waje a 1953. Duk da haka, an yi watsi da wannan da'awar a 2002 yayin da ma'aikatar harkokin waje ta ROC ta bude ofishin wakilci a Mongoliya a 2002 tare da amsa daga Mongoliya a ROC a 2003..<ref>{{Cite web |title=代表處簡介 – 代表處簡介 – 駐蒙古代表處 |url=http://www.roc-taiwan.org/MN/ct.asp?xItem=100800&CtNode=8877&mp=641&xp1= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105180925/http://www.roc-taiwan.org/MN/ct.asp?xItem=100800&CtNode=8877&mp=641&xp1= |archive-date=2013-11-05 |access-date=2014-03-22 |website=Taipei Trade and Economic Representative Office in Ulaanbaatar}}</ref> == Ra'ayin jama'a == === Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin === A cikin 2019, kashi 89% na Taiwanese sun yi adawa da hadin kan 'Ƙasa ɗaya, Tsarin Biyu' tare da PRC, fiye da ninki biyu na adawa a farkon karni, lokacin da kuri'un da aka yi a kai a kai suka sami kashi 30% zuwa 40% na duk mazauna sun yi adaba, har ma da ƙarin jiyya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mainland Affairs Council: MAC Press Release No. 94 |date=2019 |title=Growing Majority in Taiwan Reject the CCP's "One Country, Two Systems" and Oppose Beijing's Military and Diplomatic Suppression |url=https://www.mac.gov.tw/en/News_Content.aspx?n=2BA0753CBE348412&sms=E828F60C4AFBAF90&s=FCC754F2C0A6E0B9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329011855/https://www.mac.gov.tw/en/News_Content.aspx?n=2BA0753CBE348412&sms=E828F60C4AFBAF90&s=FCC754F2C0A6E0B9 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |access-date=29 March 2024 |website=Mainland Affairs Council}}</ref> A wannan lokacin yawancin sun goyi bayan abin da ake kira "yanayin yanzu". <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2009 |title=Mainland Affairs Council-How Taiwan People View Cross-Strait Relations (2000–02) |url=https://www.mac.gov.tw/en/cp.aspx?n=509551B32E5A1640&Create=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108095148/https://www.mac.gov.tw/en/cp.aspx?n=509551B32E5A1640&Create=1 |archive-date=8 November 2017 |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=[[Mainland Affairs Council]]}}</ref> Duk da yake yana mai da hankali kan kasa da kasa kan siyasar Taiwan, hadin kai ba batun yanke shawara ba ne a cikin kamfen din siyasa da zaɓuɓɓuka na Taiwan. Yawancin jama'a suna goyon bayan halin da ake ciki, galibi don kauce wa rikici na soja da PRC, amma adadi mai yawa yana goyon bayan kamfen ɗin gyaran sunan. Masu adawa da "Ƙasa ɗaya, Tsarin Biyu" sun ambaci aiwatar da ita a Hong Kong, inda duk da alkawuran manyan matakan cin gashin kansu, gwamnatin PRC a hankali ta kara yawan ikonta a Hong Kong ta hanyar ƙuntata zaɓe da haɓaka iko akan kafofin watsa labarai da manufofi. Dokar Tsaro ta Kasa da kuma irin wannan rikice-rikicen sun kara rage goyon bayan Taiwan ga irin wannan tsarin.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Chong |first=Ja Ian |date=February 20, 2023 |title=The Many "One Chinas": Multiple Approaches to Taiwan and China |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2023/02/the-many-one-chinas-multiple-approaches-to-taiwan-and-china?lang=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503074117/https://carnegieendowment.org/2023/02/09/many-one-chinas-multiple-approaches-to-taiwan-and-china-pub-89003 |archive-date=3 May 2023 |access-date=31 March 2024}}</ref> 'Yan tsiraru masu goyon bayan hadin kai na Taiwan a wasu lokuta sun kasance masu magana a kafofin watsa labarai da siyasa. Don zaben shugaban kasa na shekara ta 2004 batun hadin kai ya sami kulawa yayin da jam'iyyun siyasa daban-daban ke tattauna batun. Jerin zanga-zangar, wasu daga cikinsu an shirya su ne ta hanyar 'yan tsiraru masu goyon bayan hadin kai, sun sami kulawa mai mahimmanci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Corcuff |first=Stéphane |date=1 May 2004 |title=The Supporters of Unification and the Taiwanisation Movement |journal=[[China Perspectives]] |language=en |volume=2004 |issue=3 |doi=10.4000/chinaperspectives.2942 |issn=2070-3449 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin wannan lokacin, rabon da ke goyon bayan 'yancin kai ya karu dan kadan daga 46.5% zuwa 48.9%, kuma waɗanda ke goyon bayan hadin kai sun fadi daga 20.0% zuwa 6.9% a 2024. A cikin waɗanda ke goyon bayan 'yancin kai, rabon yana goyon bayan' yancin kai da wuri-wuri ya faɗi. Wadanda ke goyon bayan kiyaye halin da ake ciki har abada sun karu daga 9.8% zuwa 34.1%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taiwan Independence vs. Unification with the Mainland(1994/12~2024/12) |url=https://esc.nccu.edu.tw/PageDoc/Detail?fid=7801&id=6963 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026231952/https://esc.nccu.edu.tw/PageDoc/Detail?fid=7801&id=6963 |archive-date=26 October 2021 |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=esc.nccu.edu.tw |language=zh-TW}}</ref> Binciken wayar 2019 da aka gudanar a manyan birane tara ya gano cewa 53.1% na masu amsa sun goyi bayan karfin soja don hadewa (武统; wu tong) tare da Taiwan yayin da 39.1% ya bayyana cewa za su yi adawa da karfin soja don hadewa a kowane yanayi. Rundunar soja don haɗin kai.[2]: 46  Mazaunan Xiamen da Guangzhou (a bakin teku) masu ra'ayin siyasa, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa, da kuma masu ba da amsa masu zurfin fahimta game da Taiwan, sun kasance mafi kusantar tallafawa rundunar soja don haɗin kai.<ref name=":1222">{{Cite book|last=Suisheng Zhao}}</ref> : 46 : 46  [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ogskmw32wmv4gp64csu11kz2ik4r5my 0 154459 906606 846016 2026-08-23T14:59:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Overpeck_Corporate_Center_Ridgefield_Pk_NJ_jeh.jpg|thumb|Ginin Hartz Mountain a cikin Ridgefield Park, New Jersey]] Hartz Mountain Industries ('''HMI''') kamfani ne mai zaman kansa mai mallakar iyali da kuma aiki wanda aka sani da mallakar dukiyarsa a cikin New York / New Jersey Metropolitan Area . Tsohon iyayenta, Hartz Mountain Corporation, wanda ya shahara da samfuran dabbobi, 'yan kasuwa Max Stern da Gustav Stern ne suka kafa shi. Leonard N. Stern shine mai shi, shugaban, kuma Shugaba. Ya kasance a 500 Plaza Drive a Secaucus, New Jersey, a cikin Plaza a Harmon Meadow retail complex a cikin Meadowlands. == Tarihi == Max and Gustav Stern emigrated from Germany to the [[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]] in 1926 with five thousand singing canaries (Harz Roller), and began manufacturing bird food under the Hartz Mountain brand in 1932. They later sold pets such as canaries, parakeets, hamsters, tropical fish, and associated supplies throughout the U.S. and [[Kanada|Canada]], and eventually introduced pet supply departments into supermarkets in [[Amurka ta Arewa|North America]] and the [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Known as Hartz Mountain Corporation (HMC), this pet products side of the Hartz empire, which had been owned and operated by the Stern family for 75 years, was sold to investment group J.W. Childs along with select HMC management in 2000, although for goodwill purposes it still retains the HMC name. HMC's new owners opted to retain its longtime Secaucus offices, so that HMC is now a tenant of the owners of the building, Hartz Mountain Industries (HMI). HMC was sold to the Sumitomo Corporation of Japan in 2004. In December 2011, the Japanese pet and household products maker Unicharm acquired 51% ownership of HMC from Sumitomo.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Hartz Mountain Industries, which started as a real estate hobby for the Sterns, began construction of its first speculative industrial building in Bayonne, New Jersey in 1966, and made its first major land acquisition with a {{Convert|750|acre|ha}} tract of land in the New Jersey Meadowlands. HMI currently owns more than {{Convert|1,800|acre}} of land close to Manhattan{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2016}} and its real estate activities account for most of its business.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Among the properties it owns are the studios for MLB Network (formerly used by MSNBC) and the land on which WWOR-TV's broadcast facilities sat prior to consolidating with sister station WNYW in Manhattan. Dan Max, Leonard N. Stern, wanda ya shiga kamfanin a shekarar 1959, shine Shugaba yanzu kuma Shugaba.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Tognini |first=Giacomo |title=The Richest Real Estate Billionaires On The 2021 Forbes 400 List |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/giacomotognini/2021/10/05/the-richest-real-estate-billionaires-on-the-2021-forbes-400-list/ |website=Forbes}}</ref> Constantino T. Milano shi ne shugaban kasa kuma COO, kuma dansa Edward Stern yana aiki ga kamfanin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constantino Milano '81 |url=https://www.montclair.edu/distinguished-graduates/constantino-milano-81/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya zuwa Oktoba 2021, Dutsen Hartz yana da kadarori sama da 250 a duk faɗin New Jersey da Gabashin Gabas.<ref name="auto" /> tdra2226mdwgxak7f91kz7sgr3pqp1l 0 154677 906929 900484 2026-08-24T07:58:17Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 906929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cutar rashin kulawa ta hankali''' ('''CDS''') cuta ce da ke nuna rashin daidaituwa, rashin inganci, da kuma ci gaba da matakan sarrafa hankali daga yanayin waje da ke gudana da kuma sakamakon hypoactivity. Alamomin sau da yawa suna bayyana a cikin matsaloli tare da kallon, ɓarkewar hankali, rashin tunani, rikicewar hankali, da rashin daidaituwa tare da jinkirin motsi, ko jinkirin motci.<ref name=":12" /> Ga masana kimiyya a fagen, ya kai ƙofar shaidu da ganewa a matsayin cuta ta musamman.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=Stephen P. |last2=Willcutt |first2=Erik G. |last3=Leopold |first3=Daniel R. |last4=Fredrick |first4=Joseph W. |last5=Smith |first5=Zoe R. |last6=Jacobson |first6=Lisa A. |last7=Burns |first7=G. Leonard |last8=Mayes |first8=Susan D. |last9=Waschbusch |first9=Daniel A. |last10=Froehlich |first10=Tanya E. |last11=McBurnett |first11=Keith |last12=Servera |first12=Mateu |last13=Barkley |first13=Russell A. |date=June 2023 |title=Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (CDS) |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=629–645 |doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.821 |issn=0890-8567 |pmc=9943858 |pmid=36007816}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 1798, wallafe-wallafen kiwon lafiya game da cututtukan kulawa sun bambanta tsakanin akalla nau'o'i biyu: ɗayan rikicewar jan hankali, rashin kulawa mai ɗorewa, da ƙarancin hanawa (wanda yanzu aka sani da [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|ADHD]]), ɗayan kuma rikicewar ƙarancin iko, farkawa, ko kulawa / zaɓaɓɓu (wanda yanzu ake kira CDS). Kodayake rashin kulawa yana da alaƙa da yanayin biyu, CDS ya bambanta da ADHD. Ba kamar ADHD ba, wanda shine sakamakon rashin aiki na zartarwa da kuma kula da kai,<ref>{{Citation|journal=Jack A.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cecil CA, Nigg JT |date=November 2022 |title=Epigenetics and ADHD: Reflections on Current Knowledge, Research Priorities and Translational Potential |journal=Molecular Diagnosis & Therapy |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=581–606 |doi=10.1007/s40291-022-00609-y |pmc=7613776 |pmid=35933504}}</ref> CDS yana gabatar da matsaloli a cikin farkawa, mafarki mara kyau, da daidaitawa ko kulawa mai zaɓaɓɓu (banbanta abin da ke da mahimmanci daga rashin mahimmanci a cikin bayanan da dole ne a sarrafa su da sauri), kamar yadda ya saba da rashin daidaituwa ko kulawa mai ɗorewa, hanawa, da kuma aikin zartarwa gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362840930}}</ref> A cikin saitunan ilimi, CDS yana haifar da raguwar daidaito na aiki, yayin da ADHD ke lalata yawan aiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=Stephen P. |last2=Willcutt |first2=Erik G. |last3=Leopold |first3=Daniel R. |last4=Fredrick |first4=Joseph W. |last5=Smith |first5=Zoe R. |last6=Jacobson |first6=Lisa A. |last7=Burns |first7=G. Leonard |last8=Mayes |first8=Susan D. |last9=Waschbusch |first9=Daniel A. |last10=Froehlich |first10=Tanya E. |last11=McBurnett |first11=Keith |last12=Servera |first12=Mateu |last13=Barkley |first13=Russell A. |date=2023-06-01 |title=Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=629–645 |doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.821 |issn=0890-8567 |pmc=9943858 |pmid=36007816}}</ref> CDS kuma na iya faruwa a matsayin cuta tare da ADHD a wasu mutane, wanda ke haifar da raunin da ya fi girma fiye da lokacin da kowanne yanayin ya faru shi kaɗai. A cikin kimiyya ta zamani a yau, a bayyane yake cewa wannan saitin alamomi yana da mahimmanci saboda yana da alaƙa da raunin musamman, sama da bayan ADHD. CDS da kansa yana da mummunar tasiri akan aiki (kamar rage ingancin rayuwa, <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Martha A. Combs |display-authors=etal |year=2014 |title=Impact of SCT and ADHD Symptoms on Adults' Quality of Life |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258406568 |journal=Applied Research in Quality of Life |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=981–995 |doi=10.1007/s11482-013-9281-3 |s2cid=49480261}}</ref> karuwar damuwa, da halayyar kashe kansa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=Stephen P. |last2=Holdaway |first2=Alex S. |last3=Luebbe |first3=Aaron M. |date=2018 |title=Suicidal Behaviors in College Students: Frequency, Sex Differences, and Mental Health Correlates Including Sluggish Cognitive Tempo |journal=Journal of Adolescent Health |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=181–188 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.02.013 |pmc=6118121 |pmid=30153929}}</ref> da kuma karamin ilimi da matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ). CDS yana da dacewa a asibiti kamar yadda gwaje-gwaje masu sarrafawa na asibiti (RCTs) da yawa suka nuna cewa ba ya amsawa sosai ga methylphenidate.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Fırat |first=Sumeyra |date=2020 |title=An Open-Label Trial of Methylphenidate Treating Sluggish Cognitive Tempo, Inattention, and Hyperactivity/Impulsivity Symptoms Among 6- to 12-Year-Old ADHD Children: What Are the Predictors of Treatment Response at Home and School? |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1087054720902846 |journal=Journal of Attention Disorders |volume=25 |issue=9 |pages=1321–1330 |doi=10.1177/1087054720902846 |pmid=32064995 |s2cid=211134241 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Froehlich |first=Tanya E. |last2=Becker |first2=Stephen P. |last3=Nick |first3=Todd G. |last4=Brinkman |first4=William B. |last5=Stein |first5=Mark A. |last6=Peugh |first6=James |last7=Epstein |first7=Jeffery N. |date=2018 |title=Sluggish Cognitive Tempo as a Possible Predictor of Methylphenidate Response in Children With ADHD: A Randomized Controlled Trial |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=79 |issue=2 |doi=10.4088/JCP.17m11553 |issn=1555-2101 |pmc=6558969 |pmid=29489078}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barkley |first=R. A. |last2=DuPaul |first2=G. J. |last3=McMurray |first3=M. B. |date=April 1991 |title=Attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity: clinical response to three dose levels of methylphenidate |journal=Pediatrics |volume=87 |issue=4 |pages=519–531 |doi=10.1542/peds.87.4.519 |issn=0031-4005 |pmid=2011430}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Concentration Deficit Disorder (Sluggish Cognitive Tempo) |url=https://www.peterraabe.ca/docs/SCT_Barkley.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525100100/http://www.peterraabe.ca/docs/SCT_Barkley.pdf |archive-date=2018-05-25}}</ref> Da farko, an yi tunanin CDS yana wakiltar kusan mutum ɗaya cikin uku tare da gabatarwar ADHD, <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Caryn Carlson, Miranda Mann |year=2002 |title=Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Predicts a Different Pattern of Impairment in the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Predominantly Inattentive Type |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11514939 |journal=Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=123–129 |doi=10.1207/S15374424JCCP3101_14 |pmid=11845644 |s2cid=6212568}}</ref> a matsayin kuskuren ganewar asali, kuma ba zai dace da hyperactivity ba. Bincike na gaba ya tabbatar da cewa yana iya zama tare da ADHD - kuma yana cikin mutane ba tare da ADHD ba. Sabili da haka, kuma saboda wasu layin shaidu da yawa, akwai [[Yarjejeniyar kimiyya]] cewa yanayin cuta ce ta musamman.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=Stephen P. |last2=Willcutt |first2=Erik G. |last3=Leopold |first3=Daniel R. |last4=Fredrick |first4=Joseph W. |last5=Smith |first5=Zoe R. |last6=Jacobson |first6=Lisa A. |last7=Burns |first7=G. Leonard |last8=Mayes |first8=Susan D. |last9=Waschbusch |first9=Daniel A. |last10=Froehlich |first10=Tanya E. |last11=McBurnett |first11=Keith |last12=Servera |first12=Mateu |last13=Barkley |first13=Russell A. |date=June 2023 |title=Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (CDS) |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=629–645 |doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.821 |issn=0890-8567 |pmc=9943858 |pmid=36007816}}</ref> Idan CDS da ADHD suna tare, matsalolin suna da ƙari: waɗanda ke da yanayin biyu suna da matakan raunin da rashin kulawa fiye da manya da ke da ADHD kawai <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Silverstein |first=Michael J. |date=2019 |title=The Characteristics and Unique Impairments of Comorbid Adult ADHD and Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: An Interim Analysis |url=https://journals.healio.com/doi/10.3928/00485713-20190905-01 |journal=Psychiatric Annals |volume=49 |issue=10 |pages=457–465 |doi=10.3928/00485713-20190905-01 |s2cid=208396893 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> kuma suna iya zama marasa aure, ba tare da aiki ba, ko kuma suna da'awar fa'idodin nakasa. CDS kadai yana cikin yawan jama'a kuma yana iya zama mai rauni sosai a cikin saitunan ilimi da sana'a, koda kuwa ba shi da rauni sosai kamar ADHD. Nazarin kan jiyya yana da iyaka. Koyaya, bincike ya nuna cewa atomoxetine<ref name="Report of a Work Group on Sluggish">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Becker SP, Willcutt EG, Leopold DR, Fredrick JW, Smith ZR, Jacobson LA, Burns GL, Mayes SD, Waschbusch DA, Froehlich TE, McBurnett K, Servera M, Barkley RA |date=June 2023 |title=Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=629–645 |doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.821 |pmc=9943858 |pmid=36007816}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |vauthors=McBurnett K, Clemow D, Williams D, Villodas M, Wietecha L, Barkley R |date=February 2017 |title=Atomoxetine-Related Change in Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Is Partially Independent of Change in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Inattentive Symptoms |journal=Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=38–42 |doi=10.1089/cap.2016.0115 |pmid=27845858}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bleazard |first=Ryan |last2=Leclercq |first2=Sébastien |last3=Perry |first3=William |last4=Holtmann |first4=Lee |last5=Devaraj |first5=Alan |last6=Powner |first6=Daniel |display-authors=1 |date=January 2024 |title=Response to Ribeiro et al. (2023) – the analysis is in fact flawed |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380153312}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wietecha L, Williams D, Shaywitz S, Shaywitz B, Hooper SR, Wigal SB, Dunn D, McBurnett K |date=November 2013 |title=Atomoxetine improved attention in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and dyslexia in a 16 week, acute, randomized, double-blind trial |journal=Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology |volume=23 |issue=9 |pages=605–613 |doi=10.1089/cap.2013.0054 |pmc=3842866 |pmid=24206099}}</ref> da lisdexamfetamine<ref name="Report of a Work Group on Sluggish" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adler |first=Lenard A. |last2=Leon |first2=Terry L. |last3=Sardoff |first3=Taylor M. |last4=Krone |first4=Beth |last5=Faraone |first5=Stephen V. |last6=Silverstein |first6=Michael J. |last7=Newcorn |first7=Jeffrey H. |date=2021-06-29 |title=A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Lisdexamfetamine in the Treatment of Comorbid Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and Adult ADHD |url=https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/a-placebo-controlled-trial-of-lisdexamfetamine-in-the-treatment-of-comorbid-sluggish-cognitive-tempo-and-adult-adhd/ |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |language=English |volume=82 |issue=4 |page=34965 |doi=10.4088/JCP.20m13687 |issn=0160-6689 |pmid=34232582 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> yadda ya kamata su rage alamun sa kuma ta haka ne za a iya amfani da su don magance CDS. A baya an kira yanayin sluggish cognitive tempo ('''SCT'''). Kalmomin rikice-rikice na maida hankali ('''CDD''') ko ciwon rikice-rikicen hankali ('''CDS''') kwanan nan an fi son su zuwa SCT saboda sun fi dacewa da kuma bayyana yanayin daidai kuma ta haka ne suka kawar da rikicewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=Stephen |last2=Willcutt |first2=Erik |last3=Leopold |first3=Daniel |last4=Fredrick |first4=Joseph |last5=Smith |first5=Zoe |last6=Jacobson |first6=Lisa |last7=Burns |first7=G Leonard |last8=Mayes |first8=Susan |last9=Waschbusch |first9=Daniel |last10=Froehlich |first10=Tanya |last11=McBurnett |first11=Keith |last12=Servera |first12=Mateu |last13=Barkley |first13=Russell |date=21 August 2022 |title=Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome |journal=[[Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry]] |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=S0890–8567(22)01246-1 |doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.821 |pmc=9943858 |pmid=36007816 |s2cid=251749516 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Alamomi da alamomi == {| class="wikitable" ! style="background-color: #CCEEEE;" |Alamun CDS (Manufar bincike na ''Farko'') [ana buƙatar ambaton]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2025}} |- |<templatestyles src="Col-begin/styles.css" />{{Col-begin}} | width="50%" align="left" valign="top" style="border:0"| * Prone to daydreaming * Easily confused or mentally foggy * Spacey or inattentive to surroundings * Mind seems to be elsewhere * Stares blankly into space * Underactive, slow moving or sluggish * Lethargic or less energetic | width="50%" align="left" valign="top" style="border:0"| * Trouble staying awake or alert * Has drowsy or sleepy appearance * Gets lost in own thoughts * Apathetic or withdrawn, less engaged in activities * Loses train of thought or cognitive set * Processes information less quickly or accurately {{Col-end}} |} === Halin zamantakewa === A hanyoyi da yawa, waɗanda ke da bayanin martaba na CDS suna da waje alamun da suka saba da waɗanda ke da yawanci hyperactive-impulsive ko haɗuwa da gabatarwar ADHD: maimakon kasancewa mai saurin aiki, mai saurin kai, mai saukin kai, da masu ɗaukar haɗari, waɗanda ke fama da CDS suna yawo, marasa hankali, marasa hankali. Suna jin kamar suna "a cikin haɗe" kuma suna kama da "daga ciki". Matsalolin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa sau da yawa suna da alaƙa da CDS galibi suna cikin nau'ikan ciki, kamar damuwa, rashin farin ciki, ko baƙin ciki.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Caryn Carlson, Miranda Mann |year=2002 |title=Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Predicts a Different Pattern of Impairment in the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Predominantly Inattentive Type |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11514939 |journal=Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=123–129 |doi=10.1207/S15374424JCCP3101_14 |pmid=11845644 |s2cid=6212568}}</ref> Mafi daidaituwa a duk faɗin karatu shine tsari na jinkiri da janyewar zamantakewa a cikin hulɗa tare da takwarorinsu. Yanayensu na jin kunya da jinkirin amsawa sau da yawa ana fassara su da kuskure a matsayin nisantawa ko rashin son kai daga wasu. A cikin hulɗar ƙungiyoyin jama'a, waɗanda ke da CDS ana iya watsi da su kuma an yi watsi da su. Mutanen da ke da ADHD na gargajiya suna iya ƙin yarda da su a cikin waɗannan yanayi saboda tsinkaye na zamantakewa ko halayensu na tashin hankali. Idan aka kwatanta da yara da ke da CDS, suna iya nuna halayen rashin [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|mutunci]] kamar cin zarafin miyagun ƙwayoyi, rikicewar adawa, ko rikicewar halayyar (ƙaryaci, sata, fada da sauransu). Da ya dace, dangane da halin mutum, ADHD da alama ana danganta shi da hankali ga lada da neman nishaɗi yayin da CDS na iya danganta shi le hankali ga azabtarwa. <ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stephen P. Becker |display-authors=etal |year=2013 |title=Reward and punishment sensitivity are differentially associated with ADHD and sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms in children |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256287832 |journal=Journal of Research in Personality |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=719–727 |doi=10.1016/j.jrp.2013.07.001}}</ref> === Rashin kulawa === Mutanen da ke da alamun CDS na iya nuna nau'ikan ƙarancin hankali daban-daban wanda ya fi dacewa da matsalar sarrafa bayanai ta gaskiya; kamar rashin mai da hankali kan cikakkun bayanai ko ikon rarrabe muhimmancin bayanai da sauri. Sabanin haka, mutanen da ke fama da ADHD suna da matsaloli tare da ci gaba da kulawa da aiki ga manufofi tare da rashin juriya ga mayar da hankali ga abubuwan da ke jan hankali. Ba kamar CDS ba, waɗanda ke da ADHD na gargajiya suna da matsaloli tare da hanawa amma ba su da wahalar zaɓar da tace shigarwar ji.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weiler |first=Michael David |last2=Bernstein |first2=Jane Holmes |last3=Bellinger |first3=David |last4=Waber |first4=Deborah P. |year=2002 |title=Information Processing Deficits in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Inattentive Type, and Children with Reading Disability |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-learning-disabilities_september-october-2002_35_5/page/449 |journal=Journal of Learning Disabilities |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=449–462 |doi=10.1177/00222194020350050501 |pmid=15490541 |s2cid=35656571}}</ref> Wasu suna tunanin cewa CDS da ADHD suna haifar da nau'ikan rashin kulawa daban-daban: Duk da yake waɗanda ke da ADHD na iya mai da hankali amma sun kasa ci gaba da shi a tsawon lokaci, mutanen da ke da CDS suna da wahalar mai da hankali ga takamaiman aiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mary V. Solanto |year=2007 |title=Neurocognitive Functioning in AD/HD, Predominantly Inattentive and Combined Subtypes |journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=729–44 |doi=10.1007/s10802-007-9123-6 |pmc=2265203 |pmid=17629724 |quote=Differences between subtypes in cognitive tempo point to potentially important differences in the qualitative features of inattention, which suggest differences in etiology. Thus, whereas children with predominantly inattentive type (PI) appear to be slow to orient and slow to respond to cognitive and social stimuli in their immediate surroundings, children with combined type (CB) rapidly orient to novel external stimuli regardless of relevance. A series of studies in children who would now be classified as CB failed to identify deficits in the stimulus input stages of information-processing (Sergeant, 2005). The observably more sluggish orientation and response style of the child with PI by contrast, does suggest deficits in these early attentional processes.}}</ref> Dangane da haka, an sami ikon daidaita hankali a cikin CDS.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Kiho |date=2020 |title=Normal executive attention but abnormal orienting attention in individuals with sluggish cognitive tempo |journal=International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=S1697260020300673 |doi=10.1016/j.ijchp.2020.08.003 |pmc=7753035 |pmid=33363582 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dukkanin cututtukan suna tsoma baki sosai tare da aikin ilimi amma suna iya yin hakan ta hanyoyi daban-daban. CDS na iya zama mafi matsala tare da daidaito na aikin da yaro ke yi a makaranta kuma yana haifar da yin ƙarin kurakurai. Sabanin haka, ADHD na iya shafar yawan aiki wanda ke wakiltar yawan aikin da aka yi a wani lokaci. Yara da ke da CDS suna da wahalar tunawa da abubuwan da aka koya a baya kuma suna yin kurakurai a gwajin dawo da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya fiye da yara da ke da ADHD. An gano cewa suna yin mafi muni a kan gwaje-gwaje na tunanin mutum wanda ya shafi saurin motsi ko daidaitawa da sauri. Har ila yau, suna da tsarin tunani mai rikitarwa, mafi girman matsayi na rashin daidaituwa, kuma sun rasa abubuwa cikin sauƙi. Hadarin ƙarin nakasa na ilmantarwa yana da kama da juna a cikin ADHD da CDS (23-50%), amma rikice-rikicen lissafi na iya zama mafi yawa a cikin ƙungiyar CDS. Babban halayyar halayyar waɗanda ke da alamun CDS shine cewa suna iya bayyana ba su da motsawa kuma suna iya samun mafi girman yawan bacci na rana.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stephen P. Becker |display-authors=etal |year=2014 |title=Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Dimensions and Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Symptoms in Relation to College Students' Sleep Functioning |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260153858 |journal=Child Psychiatry & Human Development |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=675–685 |doi=10.1007/s10578-014-0436-8 |pmid=24515313 |s2cid=39379796}}</ref> Suna da alama ba su da kuzari don magance ayyukan duniya kuma saboda haka za su nemi su mai da hankali kan abubuwan da ke motsa hankali watakila saboda Yanayin da ba shi da kyau. A madadin haka, CDS na iya haɗawa da nau'in cututtukan da ke wuce gona da iri. == Binciken ganewa == An haɗa CDS, tare da sunansa na baya na saurin fahimta, a matsayin mai bayyana bincike a cikin rarraba cututtukan duniya (ICD) na yanzu da aka saki a 2022 a ƙarƙashin [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO). <ref>{{Cite web |title=ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics |url=https://icd.who.int/browse/2024-01/mms/en#821852937}}</ref> Koyaya, ba a haɗa shi a matsayin rikice-rikice daban a cikin ICD ko Manual na Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) (2013) kodayake yana iya kasancewa a cikin bugu na gaba; ga masana kimiyya a fagen, ya kai ƙofar shaidu da ganewa a matsayin cuta ta musamman <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=Stephen P. |last2=Willcutt |first2=Erik G. |last3=Leopold |first3=Daniel R. |last4=Fredrick |first4=Joseph W. |last5=Smith |first5=Zoe R. |last6=Jacobson |first6=Lisa A. |last7=Burns |first7=G. Leonard |last8=Mayes |first8=Susan D. |last9=Waschbusch |first9=Daniel A. |last10=Froehlich |first10=Tanya E. |last11=McBurnett |first11=Keith |last12=Servera |first12=Mateu |last13=Barkley |first13=Russell A. |date=June 2023 |title=Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (CDS) |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=629–645 |doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.821 |issn=0890-8567 |pmc=9943858 |pmid=36007816}}</ref> kuma wasu ayyukan ƙwararru sun gano shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome Program {{!}} ADHD Center |url=https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/service/c/adhd/services/cds#:~:text=CDS%20includes%20a%20different%20set,slower%20to%20complete%20daily%20activities. |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=www.cincinnatichildrens.org}}</ref> An kirkiro kayan aikin tantancewa don tantance alamun CDS. Kodayake wasu alamun wasu yanayi suna da alaƙa da CDS, yanayi ne daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=Stephen P. |last2=Willcutt |first2=Erik G. |last3=Leopold |first3=Daniel R. |last4=Fredrick |first4=Joseph W. |last5=Smith |first5=Zoe R. |last6=Jacobson |first6=Lisa A. |last7=Burns |first7=G. Leonard |last8=Mayes |first8=Susan D. |last9=Waschbusch |first9=Daniel A. |last10=Froehlich |first10=Tanya E. |last11=McBurnett |first11=Keith |last12=Servera |first12=Mateu |last13=Barkley |first13=Russell A. |date=June 2023 |title=Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=629–645 |doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.821 |issn=1527-5418 |pmc=9943858 |pmid=36007816}}</ref> == Magani == Ba a bincika maganin CDS sosai ba. An yi nazarin farko na magunguna ne kawai tare da maganin ADHD methylphenidate, har ma da yara waɗanda aka gano a matsayin ADD ba tare da hyperactivity ba (ta amfani da ka'idodin DSM-III) kuma ba musamman ga CDS ba. Binciken da alama ya gano cewa yawancin yara da ke da ADD (Rashin kulawa) tare da Hyperactivity (a halin yanzu haɗin haɗin ADHD) sun amsa da kyau a matsakaici zuwa manyan allurai. Koyaya, yawancin yara da ke da ADD ba tare da hyperactivity ba (a halin yanzu gabatarwar rashin kulawa ta ADHD, saboda haka sakamakon na iya amfani da CDS) ba su sami fa'ida sosai daga methylphenidate ba, kuma lokacin da suka amfana, yana da ƙananan sashi. Koyaya, wani binciken da kuma nazarin tarihin kiwon lafiya sun gano cewa kasancewar ko rashin alamun CDS ba su da bambanci wajen mayar da martani ga methylphenidate a cikin yara da ke da ADHD-I.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Henrique T. Ludwig |year=2009 |title=Do Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Symptoms Predict Response to Methylphenidate in Patients with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder–Inattentive Type? |journal=Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=461–465 |doi=10.1089/cap.2008.0115 |pmid=19702499}}</ref> Wadannan binciken ba su bincika takamaiman ba kuma a bayyane suke nazarin tasirin maganin akan alamun CDS a cikin yara. Ana iya amfani da Atomoxetine don magance CDS, kamar yadda gwaje-gwaje masu sarrafawa na asibiti (RCTs) da yawa suka gano cewa magani ne mai tasiri.<ref name="Report of a Work Group on Sluggish">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Becker SP, Willcutt EG, Leopold DR, Fredrick JW, Smith ZR, Jacobson LA, Burns GL, Mayes SD, Waschbusch DA, Froehlich TE, McBurnett K, Servera M, Barkley RA |date=June 2023 |title=Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=629–645 |doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.821 |pmc=9943858 |pmid=36007816}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |vauthors=McBurnett K, Clemow D, Williams D, Villodas M, Wietecha L, Barkley R |date=February 2017 |title=Atomoxetine-Related Change in Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Is Partially Independent of Change in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Inattentive Symptoms |journal=Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=38–42 |doi=10.1089/cap.2016.0115 |pmid=27845858}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wietecha L, Williams D, Shaywitz S, Shaywitz B, Hooper SR, Wigal SB, Dunn D, McBurnett K |date=November 2013 |title=Atomoxetine improved attention in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and dyslexia in a 16 week, acute, randomized, double-blind trial |journal=Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology |volume=23 |issue=9 |pages=605–613 |doi=10.1089/cap.2013.0054 |pmc=3842866 |pmid=24206099}}</ref> Sabanin haka, wasu RCTs da yawa sun nuna cewa ba ya amsawa sosai ga methylphenidate.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fırat S, Gul H, Aysev A |date=July 2021 |title=An Open-Label Trial of Methylphenidate Treating Sluggish Cognitive Tempo, Inattention, and Hyperactivity/Impulsivity Symptoms Among 6- to 12-Year-Old ADHD Children: What Are the Predictors of Treatment Response at Home and School? |journal=Journal of Attention Disorders |volume=25 |issue=9 |pages=1321–1330 |doi=10.1177/1087054720902846 |pmid=32064995 |s2cid=211134241}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Froehlich TE, Becker SP, Nick TG, Brinkman WB, Stein MA, Peugh J, Epstein JN |date=2018 |title=Sluggish Cognitive Tempo as a Possible Predictor of Methylphenidate Response in Children With ADHD: A Randomized Controlled Trial |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=79 |issue=2 |doi=10.4088/JCP.17m11553 |pmc=6558969 |pmid=29489078}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Barkley RA, DuPaul GJ, McMurray MB |date=April 1991 |title=Attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity: clinical response to three dose levels of methylphenidate |journal=Pediatrics |volume=87 |issue=4 |pages=519–531 |doi=10.1542/peds.87.4.519 |pmid=2011430 |s2cid=23501657}}</ref> Bincike daya ne kawai ya bincika amfani da hanyoyin gyaran halayyar a gida da makaranta ga yara da ke da alamun CDS kuma ya sami nasara mai kyau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Linda Pfiffner |year=2007 |title=A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Integrated Home-School Behavioral Treatment for ADHD, Predominantly Inattentive Type |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-american-academy-child-adolescent-psychiatry_2007-08_46_8/page/1041 |journal=J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry |volume=46 |issue=8 |pages=1041–1050 |doi=10.1097/chi.0b013e318064675f |pmid=17667482}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2014, [[New York Times|The New York Times]] ta ba da rahoton cewa jinkirin hankali shine batun gwajin maganin asibiti na kamfanin magunguna, gami da wanda Eli Lilly ya ba da shawarar cewa ɗayan manyan magungunan sayarwa, Strattera, za a iya ba da umarni don magance alamun da aka tsara na jinkirin hankali. Sauran masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa babu ingantaccen magani ga CDS. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] k0yypdghrp96e3u1g6apgmh7zkc32y6 0 155788 906861 851142 2026-08-24T05:03:46Z BnHamid 12586 906861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Elijah Oludele Abina''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Yuni, 1935) malamin addinin Kirista ne ɗan Najeriya kuma Babban Mai Kula (General Overseer) na cocin '''The Gospel Faith Mission International (GOFAMINT)'''. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunƙasa harkar Kiristancin Pentecostal a Najeriya, kuma yana daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa '''Pentecostal Fellowship of Nigeria (PFN)'''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why Nigeria has not disintegrated, by Pastor Abina, PFN founding father |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/10/nigeria-not-disintegrated-pastor-abina-pfn-founding-father/ |work=Vanguard Newspaper |date=9 Oktoba 2016 |access-date=7 Yuni 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Abina a garin Aradagun da ke yankin Badagry na Jihar Legas. Iyayensa su ne Abraham Akowanu Abina da Omoloto Abina. Tun yana matashi ya nuna sha'awar harkokin addini, kuma daga baya ya canza sunansa na tsakiya daga ''Ogundele'' zuwa ''Oludele'' saboda dalilan addini.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pastor Elijah Abina Biography |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/people/16182/elijah-abina |website=Manpower Nigeria |access-date=7 Yuni 2026}}</ref> == Aiki da hidima == Kafin shiga cikakkiyar hidimar addini, Abina ya yi aiki a kamfanin Arbico Limited da ke Apapa, Legas. A shekarar 1962 ya bar aikinsa domin mayar da hankali gaba ɗaya ga aikin wa'azi da hidimar coci.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pastor Elijah Abina Biography |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/people/16182/elijah-abina |website=Manpower Nigeria |access-date=7 Yuni 2026}}</ref> Ya yi hidima a majami'u daban-daban na GOFAMINT kafin a naɗa shi Mataimakin Babban Mai Kula na cocin. Bayan rasuwar wanda ya kafa cocin, Fasto Reuben A. George, a shekarar 1987, an zaɓi Abina a matsayin shugaban cocin, kuma aka naɗa shi Babban Mai Kula a hukumance a ranar 8 ga Janairu 1988.<ref>{{cite web |title=Worldwide Leadership – Pastor (Dr.) Elijah O. Abina |url=https://gofamintna.org/about-us/leadership/worldwide-staff/member-detail/1592288 |website=GOFAMINT North America |access-date=7 Yuni 2026}}</ref> A ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, GOFAMINT ta faɗaɗa ayyukanta zuwa ƙasashe daban-daban a Afirka, Turai, Arewacin Amurka da sauran yankuna na duniya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Worldwide Leadership – Pastor (Dr.) Elijah O. Abina |url=https://gofamintna.org/about-us/leadership/worldwide-staff/member-detail/1592288 |website=GOFAMINT North America |access-date=7 Yuni 2026}}</ref> == Matsayi a Kiristancin Najeriya == Abina yana daga cikin fitattun jagororin Pentecostal a Najeriya. Ya kasance cikin waɗanda suka taimaka wajen kafa kungiyar '''Pentecostal Fellowship of Nigeria (PFN)''', wadda ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin Kiristoci a ƙasar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why Nigeria has not disintegrated, by Pastor Abina, PFN founding father |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/10/nigeria-not-disintegrated-pastor-abina-pfn-founding-father/ |work=Vanguard Newspaper |date=9 Oktoba 2016 |access-date=7 Yuni 2026}}</ref> A lokuta daban-daban ya yi magana kan batutuwan haɗin kan Najeriya, shugabanci nagari, tsaro da rawar da coci ke takawa wajen gina ƙasa.<ref>{{cite news |title=Threat To Secede, Meaningless, Distractive – Abina |url=https://independent.ng/threat-secede-meaningless-distractive-abina/ |work=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |date=30 Yuli 2017 |access-date=7 Yuni 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=GOFAMINT General Overseer advises Tinubu on governance |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/gofamint-general-overseer-advises-tinubu-on-governance/ |work=The Nation |date=30 Yuni 2024 |access-date=7 Yuni 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Abina ya auri Felicia Akinremi (wacce daga baya aka sani da Felicia Abina) a ranar 30 ga Maris 1961. Aurensu ya haifar da yara shida. Matarsa ta rasu a shekarar 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pastor Elijah Abina Biography |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/people/16182/elijah-abina |website=Manpower Nigeria |access-date=7 Yuni 2026}}</ref> == Girmamawa == An san Abina a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin shugabannin cocin Pentecostal a Najeriya, inda ya shafe sama da shekaru sittin yana hidimar addini.<ref>{{cite news |title=10 Oldest Pastors in Nigeria and Their Years in Ministry |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/lifestyle/oldest-pastors-in-nigeria-2025101515521004056/ |work=Pulse Nigeria |access-date=7 Yuni 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category: Haifaffun 1935]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Nigerian Pentecostal pastors]] [[Category:Nigerian Christian clergy]] [[Category:People from Lagos State]] [[Category:GOFAMINT]] fsrraqyo3mwj0gbsxs0rzk84fe047nk 0 155916 906662 897493 2026-08-23T19:07:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''kiba da abinci ke haifarwa''' ( '''samfurin DIO''' ) samfurin dabba ne da ake amfani da shi don nazarin [[kiba]] ta amfani da dabbobin da ke da kiba sakamakon cin abinci mai yawan kitse ko abinci mai yawan kitse. <ref name="shuyu">{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Shuyu |last2=Zhang |first2=Hong-Yan |last3=Hu |first3=Charlie C. |last4=Lawrence |first4=Frank |last5=Gallagher |first5=Kelly E. |last6=Surapaneni |first6=Anupama |last7=Estrem |first7=Shawn T. |last8=Calley |first8=John N. |last9=Varga |first9=Gabor |date=2008-04-01 |title=Assessment of Diet-induced Obese Rats as an Obesity Model by Comparative Functional Genomics |journal=Obesity |language=en |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=811–818 |doi=10.1038/oby.2007.116 |issn=1930-739X |pmid=18239588 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An yi nufin yin kwaikwayon abin da ya fi haifar da kiba a cikin mutane. Yawanci ana amfani da beraye, beraye, karnuka, ko birai marasa ɗan adam a cikin waɗannan samfuran. Ana iya amfani da waɗannan dabbobin don yin nazarin kiba ''a cikin jiki'', cututtukan kiba, da sauran cututtuka masu alaƙa. Masu amfani da irin waɗannan samfuran dole ne su yi la'akari da tsawon lokaci da nau'in abincin da ake ci (misali gels masu ruwa da ruwa da ƙuraje busassu) da kuma [[Yanayi na halitta|yanayin muhalli]] da shekarun dabbobin, domin kowannensu na iya haɓaka nauyin jiki daban-daban, k'''Tsarin'''aso mai yawa, ko halaye . <ref name="Reuter 3–8">{{Cite journal |last=Reuter |first=Tanja Y. |date=2007-01-01 |title=Diet-induced models for obesity and type 2 diabetes |journal=Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models |series=Metabolic disorders |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=3–8 |doi=10.1016/j.ddmod.2007.09.004}}</ref> Saboda annobar kiba a duniya, musamman a ƙasashen Yamma, tsarin DIO ya kasance mai matuƙar muhimmanci wajen fahimtar alaƙar da ke tsakanin abinci mai yawan kiba/mai yawan kiba da kuma kiba, gami da gano Akt da mTOR, sigina a cikin jiki da ke da alaƙa da kiba da juriyar insulin . Duk da haka, yayin da fahimta da yawa game da sarrafa kiba ta fito ne daga gwaje-gwaje tun lokacin da aka gabatar da ita a 1949, amfani da samfuran dabbobi yana iyakance ikonmu na bayyana abubuwan da aka gano ga mutane. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hariri |first=Niloofar |last2=Thibault |first2=Louise |year=2010 |title=High-fat diet-induced obesity in animal models |journal=Nutrition Research Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=270–99 |doi=10.1017/S0954422410000168 |pmid=20977819 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tarihi == An ƙirƙiro samfurin DIO ne saboda damuwar da ake da ita game da illolin kiba a lafiya, da kuma saurin karuwar kiba a ƙasashe a faɗin duniya. Saboda haka, an ƙirƙiro samfurin ne domin ƙirƙirar yanayi mai kyau don nazarin yadda kiba ke tasowa, da kuma tasirinsa. An yi amfani da samfurin tun farkon 1949, kuma ya faɗaɗa sosai a amfani da shi da manufofinsa. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Hariri |first=Niloofar |last2=Thibault |first2=Louise |year=2010 |title=High-fat diet-induced obesity in animal models |journal=Nutrition Research Reviews |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=270–299 |doi=10.1017/s0954422410000168 |pmid=20977819 |doi-access=free}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" |Kwanan wata ! scope="col" | Taron |- | style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;" | Satumba 1978 | style="vertical-align: top;" | An gwada bincike na farko don gano alaƙa tsakanin kiba da abinci mai daɗi mai yawan kitse da lipids, amma ba a cimma matsaya ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Faust |first=I. M. |last2=Johnson |first2=P. R. |last3=Stern |first3=J. S. |last4=Hirsch |first4=J. |year=1978 |title=Diet-induced adipocyte number increase in adult rats: a new model of obesity. |journal=The American Journal of Physiology |volume=235 |issue=3 |pages=E279–86 |doi=10.1152/ajpendo.1978.235.3.E279 |pmid=696822 |s2cid=7744250}}</ref> |- | style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;" | 1982 | An yi nazari kan tasirin kiba a kan tsarin juyayi na beraye, wato hawan jini. An gano cewa kiba tana da tasiri mai motsa jiki, tana ƙara hawan jini da kuma ƙara haɗarin hawan jini. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Young |first=James B. |last2=Landsberg |first2=Lewis |year=1982 |title=Diet-induced changes in sympathetic nervous system activity: Possible implications for obesity and hypertension |journal=Journal of Chronic Diseases. Hypertension and Obesity: Epidemiologic, Physiologic and Therapeutic Considerations |volume=35 |issue=12 |pages=879–886 |doi=10.1016/0021-9681(82)90118-7 |pmid=6816809}}</ref> |- | style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;" | 1995 | An gudanar da wani bincike domin nazarin yadda kwayar halittar beraye ke bayyana a cikin kyallen beraye ta hanyar sarrafa abincinsu. Binciken ya kuma duba tasirin ciwon suga a kan yadda kwayar halittar ke bayyana. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=Dominique J. |last2=Ongemba |first2=Lumbe N. |last3=Brichard |first3=Vincent |last4=Henquin |first4=Jean-Claude |last5=Brichard |first5=Sonia M. |year=1995 |title=Diet- and diabetes-induced changes of ob gene expression in rat adipose tissue |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_febs-letters_1995-09-11_371_3/page/324 |journal=FEBS Letters |volume=371 |issue=3 |pages=324–328 |bibcode=1995FEBSL.371..324B |doi=10.1016/0014-5793(95)00943-4 |pmid=7556621 |s2cid=32625237}}</ref> |- | style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;" | Yuni 2002 | Nazarin "matukin jirgi" na Göttingen minipig : takarda da aka buga akan gwaji na tsawon watanni uku wanda aka gwada samfurin da ba na beraye ba don ganin ko za a iya karɓar sakamako a cikin binciken DIO ko kuma a kwatanta shi da sakamakon waɗannan nazarin inda aka gwada beraye. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Olholm Larsen |first=Marriane |last2=Rolin |first2=Bidda |last3=Wilkin |first3=Michael |last4=Carr |first4=Richard David |last5=Svendsen |first5=Ove |date=June 2002 |title=High-Fat High-Energy Feeding Impairs Fasting Glucose and Increases Fasting Insulin Levels in the Göttingen Minipig |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=967 |issue=1 |pages=414–423 |bibcode=2002NYASA.967..414L |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04297.x |pmid=12079869 |s2cid=538440}}</ref> |- |- | style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;" | 2007 | Ci gaba da binciken kiba da abinci ke haifarwa ya haifar da nazarin beraye a matsayin abin da za a iya amfani da shi a matsayin samfurin da za a iya amfani da shi. Wannan binciken da aka yi bisa ga kwayoyin halitta ya haifar da kiba a cikin beraye sannan daga baya ya yi nazarin ƙananan ƙwayoyin RNA don gano martanin metabolism na beraye da kuma tasirin insulin a jiki. <ref name="shuyu"/> |- | style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;" | 2009 | Ana amfani da wannan samfurin don ƙalubalantar imani game da abubuwan da ke haifar da kiba a cikin al'umma, yayin da ƙungiyar masana kimiyya ta yanke shawarar gwada ra'ayin cewa kiba sakamakon yawan abinci mai gina jiki ne kuma ana iya sarrafa shi ta hanyar iyakance girman abinci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Furnes |first=M. W. |last2=Zhao |first2=C. M. |last3=Chen |first3=D. |year=2009 |title=Development of obesity is associated with increased calories per meal rather than per day. A study of high-fat diet-induced obesity in young rats. |journal=Obesity Surgery |volume=19 |issue=10 |pages=1430–1438 |doi=10.1007/s11695-009-9863-1 |pmid=19506986 |s2cid=10986098}}</ref> |- | style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;" | 2010 | Ta hanyar ci gaba da amfani da samfurin wajen tantance musabbabin kiba, ƙungiyar masu bincike ta lura da canje-canje a cikin abincin da wasu Amurkawa ke ci, kuma ta gudanar da gwaji don fahimtar dalilin da yasa kiba ta ƙaru lokacin da aka rage yawan shan kiba. Don haka, suna bincika alaƙar da ke tsakanin nau'ikan kitse, lokutan cin abinci da girma, da ƙaruwar nauyi da kuma yadda kiba ke shafar abincin da aka ci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Niloofar |first=Hariri |last2=Thibault |first2=Louise |title=High-fat diet-induced obesity in animal models |journal=Nutrition Research Reviews |volume=23}}</ref> |- | style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;" | Yuli 2011 | Abubuwan da ke ƙara wa beraye kuzari: An gwada abincin da ya bambanta daga abincin da ke ɗauke da sinadarin lipoic, mai yawan kalori, mai yawan cholesterol, da kuma abincin da ke cikin cafeteria a kan beraye don ganin wanne ne ya fi tasiri ga girman jiki da kuma tantance bambance-bambance tsakanin martanin metabolism a cikin beraye da mutane. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Campos Rosini |first=Tiago |last2=Sanchez Ramos de Silva |first2=Adelino |last3=de Moraes |first3=Camila |date=February 10, 2012 |title=Diet-induced obesity: rodent model for the study of obesity-related disorders |journal=Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=383–7 |doi=10.1016/S0104-4230(12)70211-7 |pmid=22735233 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |- | style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;" | 2012 | Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2012 ya ƙara bincika yuwuwar tsarin kiba da abinci ke haifarwa ta hanyar gwada beraye da dama don sake amsawa ga abincin da ke ɗauke da yawan kalori. Bayanan da aka samu sun nuna cewa wasu beraye (linzamin B6) sun mayar da martani ga kiba da abinci ke haifarwa kamar yadda yake ga mutane dangane da sigogi da dama, ciki har da yawan kitse, girman gabobi, da kuma tsarin jiki gaba ɗaya. |- |} == Wasu dalilai na kiba == === Ma'aunin zamantakewa === Abubuwan da ke haifar da kiba a zamantakewa da muhalli suma na iya haifar da fara kiba. Matsayin zamantakewa na iya shafar damar mutum ya sami ingantaccen ilimin abinci mai gina jiki kuma yana iya hana ikon mutum na yin zaɓin rayuwa mai kyau. Bugu da ƙari, an nuna cewa samfuran mata da yara masu ƙarancin kuɗi suna da yawan kiba saboda damuwa. Fuskantar gurɓatattun abubuwa kamar hayaki da hayakin da aka yi amfani da shi na hannu suma sun nuna alaƙa kai tsaye da kiba. === Bacteria na hanji === Nazarin da aka yi kan alaƙar da ke tsakanin masu kamuwa da cuta da kuma ƙaruwar nauyi ya nuna cewa wasu nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji na iya shafar hanyoyin rayuwa. Wannan alaƙar tana haɗa waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji da rashin iya narke polysaccharides masu rikitarwa. An nuna cewa wasu ƙwayoyin cuta, musamman adenovirus na AD-36, suna ƙara kitse a jiki a cikin dabbobin dakin gwaje-gwaje. === Rayuwa mai natsuwa === [[Fayil:Cushing's_syndrome.png|thumb|Alamomin Ciwon Cushing]] Rayuwar zaman kashe wando na ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da kiba. Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, sama da kashi 30% na mutanen duniya ba sa samun isasshen motsa jiki. === Kiba bisa ga kwayoyin halitta === Sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta zuwa kwayoyin halitta da ke lura da metabolism da sha'awar abinci suna sa mutane su kamu da kiba. Matsaloli daban-daban da ke haifar da bambancin kwayoyin halitta suna haifar da kiba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Poirier |first=P |last2=Giles |first2=TD |last3=Bray |first3=GA |last4=Hong |first4=Y |last5=Stern |first5=JS |last6=Pi-Sunyer |first6=FX |last7=Eckel |first7=RH |year=2006 |title=Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_arteriosclerosis-thrombosis-and-vascular-biology_2006-05_26_5/page/968 |journal=Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=968–76 |citeseerx=10.1.1.508.7066 |doi=10.1161/01.ATV.0000216787.85457.f3 |pmid=16627822 |s2cid=6052584}}</ref> Misalan da aka saba gani sune: Ciwon Prader-Willi, Ciwon Bardet-Biedl, Ciwon Cohen, da Ciwon MOMO . === Wasu cututtuka === Cututtukan kwakwalwa da na jiki da yawa, tare da wasu magungunan da ke magance irin waɗannan cututtuka na iya ƙara haɗarin kiba ga wani. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rosén |first=T |last2=Bosaeus |first2=I |last3=Tölli |first3=J |last4=Lindstedt |first4=G |last5=Bengtsson |first5=BA |year=1993 |title=Increased body fat mass and decreased extracellular fluid volume in adults with growth hormone deficiency |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-endocrinology_1993-01_38_1/page/63 |journal=Clin. Endocrinol. |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2265.1993.tb00974.x |pmid=8435887 |s2cid=25725625}}</ref> Wasu misalan wasu cututtuka sun haɗa da hypothyroidism, [[Ciwon Cushing|Cushing's syndrome]], da rashin sinadarin hormone na girma . == Iyakoki == [[Fayil:Integ_bio_Diagram_2.jpg|thumb|263x263px|Iyakoki daban-daban na tsarin kiba da abinci ke haifarwa. An samo daga M Lai, PC Chandrasekera da ND Barnard siffa ta 1. <ref>{{Cite journal |title=Nutrition & Diabetes – Figure 1 for article: You are what you eat, or are you[quest] The challenges of translating high-fat-fed rodents to human obesity and diabetes |url=http://www.nature.com/nutd/journal/v4/n9/fig_tab/nutd201430f1.html#figure-title |volume=4 |access-date=2016-11-10}}</ref>]] Kiba tana shafar "matsin muhalli, yanayin halitta, da kuma yanayin zamantakewa ", <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Giles |first=Erin D. |last2=Jackman |first2=Matthew R. |last3=MacLean |first3=Paul S. |date=2016-01-01 |title=Modeling Diet-Induced Obesity with Obesity-Prone Rats: Implications for Studies in Females |journal=Frontiers in Nutrition |volume=3 |page=50 |doi=10.3389/fnut.2016.00050 |pmc=5121240 |pmid=27933296 |doi-access=free}}</ref> saboda haka ana iya fahimtar cewa an kafa iyakoki da dama lokacin fassara sakamako tsakanin sakamakon samfurin kiba da abinci ke haifarwa a dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma mutane. Duk da cewa samfura hanya ce mai mahimmanci ta bincika tasirin kiba da gwajin magunguna, yana da mahimmanci a fahimci iyakokin ikon samfurin gaba ɗaya na kama da ilimin cututtukan obesogenic na ɗan adam. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Lai |first=M. |last2=Chandrasekera |first2=P. C. |last3=Barnard |first3=N. D. |date=2014-09-08 |title=You are what you eat, or are you? The challenges of translating high-fat-fed rodents to human obesity and diabetes |journal=Nutrition & Diabetes |language=en |volume=4 |issue=9 |pages=e135 |doi=10.1038/nutd.2014.30 |pmc=4183971 |pmid=25198237}}</ref> Irin waɗannan iyakoki za a iya raba su zuwa manyan rukuni uku - bambance-bambancen halittu, abinci da gwaji - abubuwan da suka haɗa da, amma ba'a iyakance ga ba, tsarin kwayoyin halitta na nau'in ko nau'in, yanayin da aka riƙe samfurin (zafin jiki, haske, adadin dabbobi), shekaru, [[Jima'i|jinsi]], tsawon lokacin gwajin, da kuma yanayin ko nau'in abincin da aka ciyar wa dabbobi. <ref name="Reuter 3–8"/> === Halitta === Ana ma la'akari da hanyoyi da dama na bambancin halittu a cikin beraye kafin a fassara sakamakon ga mutane. Misali, shekarun da beraye suka fara cin abinci mai yawan kitse suna da tasiri sosai ga tasirin metabolism. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=de Castro |first=Uberdan Guilherme Mendes |last2=dos Santos |first2=Robson Augusto Souza Augusto Souza |last3=Silva |first3=Marcelo Eustáquio |last4=de Lima |first4=Wanderson Geraldo |last5=Campagnole-Santos |first5=Maria José |last6=Alzamora |first6=Andréia Carvalho |date=2013-01-01 |title=Age-dependent effect of high-fructose and high-fat diets on lipid metabolism and lipid accumulation in liver and kidney of rats |journal=Lipids in Health and Disease |volume=12 |doi=10.1186/1476-511X-12-136 |issn=1476-511X |pmc=3849586 |pmid=24044579 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin nau'in beraye da aka fi amfani da su don samfuran DIO, C57BL/6J, beraye waɗanda suka fara cin abinci suna da makonni 10 sun nuna ƙarancin ƙaruwa a cikin nauyin jiki da cholesterol fiye da beraye waɗanda suka fara a makonni 54, duk da irin abincin da tsawon lokacin da aka ci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Korou |first=Laskarina-Maria A. |last2=Doulamis |first2=Ilias P. |last3=Tzanetakou |first3=Irene P. |last4=Mikhailidis |first4=Dimitri P. |last5=Perrea |first5=Despina N. |date=2013-10-01 |title=The effect of biological age on the metabolic responsiveness of mice fed a high-fat diet |journal=Laboratory Animals |language=en |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=241–244 |doi=10.1177/0023677213480768 |issn=0023-6772 |pmid=23760563 |doi-access=}}</ref> Hakazalika, beraye masu makonni 6 ba su kamu da ciwon suga na nau'in ba, yayin da beraye masu watanni 7-8 suka kamu da ciwon suga saboda bambance-bambance a cikin ayyukan β-cell . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tschen |first=Shuen-Ing |last2=Dhawan |first2=Sangeeta |last3=Gurlo |first3=Tatyana |last4=Bhushan |first4=Anil |date=2009-06-01 |title=Age-Dependent Decline in β-Cell Proliferation Restricts the Capacity of β-Cell Regeneration in Mice |url=http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/58/6/1312 |journal=Diabetes |language=en |volume=58 |issue=6 |pages=1312–1320 |doi=10.2337/db08-1651 |issn=0012-1797 |pmc=2682690 |pmid=19228811}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, nau'in beraye da jinsinsu suna shafar martanin samfurin. Wasu nau'in beraye da aka saba gani suna nuna manyan bambance-bambance a matakin juriyarsu ga kiba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=West |first=D. B. |last2=Boozer |first2=C. N. |last3=Moody |first3=D. L. |last4=Atkinson |first4=R. L. |date=1992-06-01 |title=Dietary obesity in nine inbred mouse strains |journal=The American Journal of Physiology |volume=262 |issue=6 Pt 2 |pages=R1025–1032 |doi=10.1152/ajpregu.1992.262.6.R1025 |issn=0002-9513 |pmid=1621856 |s2cid=21973667}}</ref> Ana ganin ƙarin bambanci lokacin da aka haɗa jinsi; mazan nau'in S5B/P1 sun nuna ƙaruwar nauyi da kashi 12%, yayin da mata ba su sami nauyi kwata-kwata ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schemmel |first=R. |last2=Mickelsen |first2=O. |last3=Gill |first3=J. L. |date=1970-09-01 |title=Dietary obesity in rats: Body weight and body fat accretion in seven strains of rats |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-nutrition_1970-09_100_9/page/1041 |journal=The Journal of Nutrition |volume=100 |issue=9 |pages=1041–1048 |doi=10.1093/jn/100.9.1041 |issn=0022-3166 |pmid=5456549}}</ref> Ko da a cikin nau'in beraye guda ɗaya, ana iya ganin bambancin da yawa a cikin yanayin, duk da cewa kowane beraye yana da asalin kwayoyin halitta iri ɗaya, wanda ke hana sake haihuwa sosai. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lai |first=M. |last2=Chandrasekera |first2=P. C. |last3=Barnard |first3=N. D. |date=2014-09-08 |title=You are what you eat, or are you? The challenges of translating high-fat-fed rodents to human obesity and diabetes |journal=Nutrition & Diabetes |language=en |volume=4 |issue=9 |pages=e135 |doi=10.1038/nutd.2014.30 |pmc=4183971 |pmid=25198237}}</ref> Wannan ya haifar da wasu bincike da aka yi amfani da nau'in beraye iri ɗaya da aka kammala da cewa nau'in yana iya zama mai kiba a wani bincike kuma yana da juriya a ɗayan binciken. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Andrikopoulos |first=Sofianos |last2=Massa |first2=Christine M. |last3=Aston-Mourney |first3=Kathryn |last4=Funkat |first4=Alexandra |last5=Fam |first5=Barbara C. |last6=Hull |first6=Rebecca L. |last7=Kahn |first7=Steven E. |last8=Proietto |first8=Joseph |date=2005-10-01 |title=Differential effect of inbred mouse strain (C57BL/6, DBA/2, 129T2) on insulin secretory function in response to a high fat diet |journal=Journal of Endocrinology |language=en |volume=187 |issue=1 |pages=45–53 |doi=10.1677/joe.1.06333 |issn=0022-0795 |pmid=16214940 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fearnside |first=Jane F. |last2=Dumas |first2=Marc-Emmanuel |last3=Rothwell |first3=Alice R. |last4=Wilder |first4=Steven P. |last5=Cloarec |first5=Olivier |last6=Toye |first6=Ayo |last7=Blancher |first7=Christine |last8=Holmes |first8=Elaine |last9=Tatoud |first9=Roger |date=2008-02-27 |title=Phylometabonomic Patterns of Adaptation to High Fat Diet Feeding in Inbred Mice |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=3 |issue=2 |bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.1668F |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0001668 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=2244706 |pmid=18301746 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Don haka, duk da cewa bambancin yana bayyana a fili a cikin mutane, bambancin beraye yana sake yin illa ga sake haifar da sakamakon da aka samu daga samfurin kiba da abinci ya haifar. <ref name=":0"/> Idan aka yi amfani da tsarin kwayoyin halitta masu aiki, akwai ƙarancin abubuwan da suka yi kama da juna tsakanin bayyanar kwayar halittar DIO da beraye masu iko da kuma mutanen da ba su da kiba. <ref name="shuyu"/> <ref name=":0"/> Wannan gaskiya ne musamman a yanayin daidaita glucose, wanda ke kawo cikas ga ikon amfani da sakamakon samfurin DIO ga mutane, musamman don haɓaka magunguna . <ref name="shuyu" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chandrasekera |first=P. Charukeshi |last2=Pippin |first2=John J. |date=2014-01-01 |title=Of rodents and men: species-specific glucose regulation and type 2 diabetes research |journal=ALTEX |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=157–176 |doi=10.14573/altex.1309231 |issn=1868-596X |pmid=24270692 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akwai gwaje-gwajen abinci mai yawan kitse da aka yi wa beraye waɗanda suka fahimci wahalar fassara abubuwan da ke cikin wallafe-wallafen abincin mai yawan kitse zuwa ainihin gwaji. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gajda |first=Angela M. |title=Obesity |url=http://www.researchdiets.com/opensource-diets/diet-induced-disease-models/obesity |access-date=14 November 2016 |website=www.researchgate.net |publisher=Research Diets inc.}}</ref> Tare da hanyoyi daban-daban da nau'ikan kitse, bincike ya nuna sarkakiyar fayyace samfurin abinci mai yawan kitse wanda zai iya kama da abincin ɗan adam kuma ya auna abubuwan da ke cikin sinadarai daidai. A gaskiya ma, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya fi son amfani da sinadaran da aka tsarkake don gwada tasirin kowace abinci akan metabolism na beraye da yanayin su. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gadja |first=Angela M. |last2=Pellizzon |first2=Michael A. |last3=Ricci |first3=Matthew R. |last4=Ulman |first4=Edward A |date=30 April 2008 |title=Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Rodent Models |url=https://www.alnmag.com/article/2008/04/diet-induced-metabolic-syndrome-rodent-models |access-date=14 November 2016 |website=ALN |publisher=Advantage Business Media |archive-date=16 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116015201/https://www.alnmag.com/article/2008/04/diet-induced-metabolic-syndrome-rodent-models |url-status=dead }}</ref> Akwai bambanci mai mahimmanci a sakamakon da ke bayyana a cikin beraye na gwaji waɗanda aka ciyar da su da abinci mai yawan kitse da aka yi daga sinadarai daban-daban da kuma daga sinadaran da aka tsarkake. Bugu da ƙari, tushen kitse ya bambanta daga man shanu, naman sa, da man alade, zuwa man kayan lambu da kifi. <ref name=":3"/> Tasirin ƙaruwar nauyi ga beraye lokacin ciyar da waɗanda ke da yawan kitse ya ninka sau 1.38 fiye da ciyar da su da man canola . <ref name=":3" /> Bugu da ƙari, ana iya samun su duka a cikin abincin beraye da na mutane. Masu bincike sun ƙirƙiri samfuran binciken yawan carbohydrates da furotin mai yawa. Duk da haka, bambancin sakamakon waɗannan samfuran ya haifar da wahalar fassara da gano alaƙar da ke tsakanin yanayin ɗan adam. A cewar wani bita kan Gina Jiki & Abinci, akwai bincike da yawa da suka yi watsi da bambance-bambancen abubuwan da ke cikin sinadarai tsakanin abinci mai sarrafawa da yawan mai, amma kwatanta yanayin bayyanar waɗannan ƙungiyoyin biyu don kammala tasirin abincin da ke ɗauke da kalori mai yawa wajen haifar da kiba. <ref name=":3"/> Kamar kitse ( lipid ), tushen furotin da carbohydrate suma suna da matukar muhimmanci ga sakamakon abinci mai yawan kitse da kuma rukunin beraye masu rage kiba. Misali, casein yana haifar da karin nauyi idan aka kwatanta da waken soya. <ref name=":3"/> Bugu da ƙari, nau'ikan beraye daban-daban na iya bayyana sakamako masu karo da juna, duk da cewa dukkansu ana ciyar da su da rabon furotin da carbohydrate iri ɗaya. <ref name=":3" /> Baya ga furotin, Fructose, carbohydrate, yana da tasiri akan ajiyar kitse, insulin plasma, leptin, thyroid, estradiol, da corticosterone, lipogenesis, da lipolysis a cikin kyallen adipose na bera. <ref name=":3" /> Duk da haka, "Abincin da aka yi da sukari da sukari," bai haifar da tasiri mai mahimmanci kamar "abincin da aka yi da sukari da fructose" wajen haɓaka adipose na visceral, ƙara nauyi, katse haɗin lipid, da lalata tsarin sake gina lipoprotein. <ref name=":3" /> Ganin bambancin abincin ɗan adam da kuma ƙarfin metabolism na kowane mutum, sakamakon gwajin abincin da ke haifar da [[kiba]] a cikin beraye yana da iyaka dangane da yadda za a iya fassara shi . Bugu da ƙari, abubuwan da ke cikin abinci za su samar da sakamako iri-iri domin nau'ikan abinci guda biyu, ɗaya da aka haɗa da sinadaran - "abincin cafeteria" da kuma ɗaya da aka riga aka ƙayyade, za su canza tasirin metabolism na jiki daban-daban. <ref name=":3"/> === Gwaji === Sakamakon gwaje-gwajen ciki da na ciki na iya bambanta saboda bambancin abubuwan gwaji kamar tsarin da aka yi amfani da shi, wurin zama, zafin jiki, zagayowar haske/duhu da tsawon lokacin binciken. <ref name=":3"/> Zafin dakin gwaje-gwaje wanda yawanci yakan kasance (18-22)&nbsp;°C) sun yi ƙasa da yanayin zafi na ƙwayoyin halitta kamar beraye waɗanda suke kusan 30&nbsp;°C. Wannan zai iya haifar da hyperphagia a cikin kwayoyin halitta don ƙoƙarin haɓaka metabolism ɗinsu don samar da makamashin zafi ga jiki. Wannan matakin damuwa na zafi kuma yana iya yin tasiri mara ƙima akan sauran hanyoyin metabolism na kwayoyin halitta. <ref name=":3"/> [[Fayil:Limitation_factors.jpg|thumb|Iyakokin da ke akwai yayin gudanar da abinci suna haifar da samfurin kiba ga dabbobi daban-daban. An daidaita daga Tanja Y. Reuter Tebur 1. <ref name="Reuter 3–8">{{Cite journal |last=Reuter |first=Tanja Y. |date=2007-01-01 |title=Diet-induced models for obesity and type 2 diabetes |journal=Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models |series=Metabolic disorders |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=3–8 |doi=10.1016/j.ddmod.2007.09.004}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFReuter2007">Reuter, Tanja Y. (2007-01-01). "Diet-induced models for obesity and type 2 diabetes". ''Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models''. Metabolic disorders. '''4''' (1): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>8. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ddmod.2007.09.004|10.1016/j.ddmod.2007.09.004]].</cite></ref> Bayanin Nematode. Bayanin Primate. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harwood |first=H James |last2=Listrani |first2=Paul |last3=Wagner |first3=Janice D |date=2012-05-01 |title=Nonhuman Primates and Other Animal Models in Diabetes Research |journal=Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=503–514 |doi=10.1177/193229681200600304 |issn=1932-2968 |pmc=3440045 |pmid=22768880}}</ref>]] Bugu da ƙari, tsarewar sarari a cikin halittun gidaje na iya shafar sinadaran kwakwalwa a cikin halittun zamantakewa kamar beraye da beraye, wanda hakan ke sa su zama masu saurin kamuwa da ci gaban kwakwalwa da kuma rashin daidaituwa saboda rashin mu'amala ta zamantakewa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Balcombe |first=J. P. |date=2006-07-01 |title=Laboratory environments and rodents' behavioural needs: a review |journal=Laboratory Animals |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=217–235 |doi=10.1258/002367706777611488 |issn=0023-6772 |pmid=16803640 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tasirin tunani na iya haifar da ƙarin rashin daidaituwa a cikin binciken da ke sa ya yi wuya a samar da bayanai masu dacewa kuma yana ƙara hana yiwuwar sake maimaita irin waɗannan gwaje-gwajen a cikin mutane. Beraye suna cin abinci da daddare kuma galibi suna cin abinci da daddare, a wurin da suke zama na halitta. Canje-canje a cikin zagayowar haske/duhu na dakunan gwaje-gwaje na iya canza yanayin circadian ɗinsu wanda zai iya shafar metabolism ɗinsu. Bayan haka, bincike da yawa sun yi amfani da samfuran beraye da aka gyara ta hanyar halitta waɗanda suka rage kwayar halittar circadian rhythmicity. Waɗannan lamuran sun haifar da ƙaruwar ciwon metabolism a cikin samfuran beraye da kuma haifar da [[kiba]] . <ref name=":5" /> Canjin yanayin na iya zama sakamakon sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta na circadian clock gene, cin abinci mai yawan kitse, rushewar zagayowar circadian ta hanyar canje-canje a cikin zagayowar haske da duhu, ko haɗuwa da dukkan abubuwan. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Eckel-Mahan |first=Kristin |last2=Sassone-Corsi |first2=Paolo |date=2016-11-13 |title=Metabolism and the Circadian Clock Converge |journal=Physiological Reviews |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=107–135 |doi=10.1152/physrev.00016.2012 |issn=0031-9333 |pmc=3781773 |pmid=23303907}}</ref> Ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don gano ainihin dalilin. Dalilin [[Nau'in ciwon sukari na 2|ciwon suga na nau'in 2]] a cikin mutane ya fi rikitarwa fiye da cin abinci mai yawan kitse kawai. Abubuwan da ke haifar da tunani, motsin rai da al'adu tare da juriyar insulin da hyperphagia suna ƙara yawan kamuwa da ciwon suga na nau'in 2 a cikin mutane. <ref name=":3"/> Duk da haka, ana shigar da ciwon suga na nau'in 2 a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta ta hanyar tiyatar pancreas na ɓangare ko gaba ɗaya, ko amfani da sinadarai kamar streptozotocin . Streptozotocin yana hana ikon ƙwayoyin β na pancreas don samar da insulin, kuma dangane da adadin da aka yi amfani da shi, sakamakon na iya zama na ɗan lokaci ko na cikakken tsari. Hakanan yana iya tsoma baki tare da sauran hanyoyin siginar ƙwayoyin halitta da kuma shafar abubuwan da ke cikin wasu isozymes a cikin gabobin jiki kamar hanta, kwakwalwa da koda. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=King |first=Aileen JF |date=2016-11-13 |title=The use of animal models in diabetes research |journal=British Journal of Pharmacology |volume=166 |issue=3 |pages=877–894 |doi=10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01911.x |issn=0007-1188 |pmc=3417415 |pmid=22352879}}</ref> Rashin wakilcin da ya dace na aikin gwajin na iya haifar da ciwon suga na nau'in 2, amma ya kasa nuna hanyar da waɗannan cututtukan ke faruwa a cikin mutane. == Nau'in samfura == === Beraye === [[Fayil:Fatmouse.jpg|thumb|Linzamin kiba da linzamin kwamfuta mai nauyin yau da kullun]] Masana kimiyya suna amfani da [[Bera|beraye]] a matsayin samfuran kiba da abinci ke haifarwa a gwaje-gwaje saboda suna da tsarin halittar dabbobi masu shayarwa irin na [[Ɗan Adam|mutane]] . Haka kuma ana iya kiwo su ko kuma a ƙera su ta hanyar halitta don su iya jure wa wasu cututtuka, waɗanda za su iya zama mahimmanci ga nazarin waɗannan cututtuka da/ko tasirinsu akan wasu tsarin halittu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Spencer |first=Geoff |title=Background on Mouse as a Model Organism |url=https://www.genome.gov/10005834/background-on-mouse-as-a-model-organism/ |access-date=November 13, 2016 |website=Genome.gov |publisher=National Human Genome Research Institute}}</ref> Masana kimiyya sun yi amfani da [[Bera|beraye]] don nazarin tasirin lymphotoxins akan metabolism . [[Bera|Beraye]] marasa lymphotoxin alpha, lymphotoxin beta, ko lymphotoxin beta receptor ba su da kyau a cikin microbiota, wanda hakan ya sa suka zama masu juriya ga [[kiba]] . [[Bera|Beraye]] marasa lymphotoxin alpha, lymphotoxin beta, ko lymphotoxin beta receptor sun sami ƙarancin nauyi akan abinci mai yawan kiba fiye da [[Bera|berayen]] daji, koda bayan sun ci gaba da cin abinci mai yawan kiba na dogon lokaci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Upadhyay |first=Vaibhav |last2=Poroyko |first2=Valeriy |last3=Kim |first3=Tae-jin |last4=Devkota |first4=Suzanne |last5=Fu |first5=Sherry |last6=Liu |first6=Donald |last7=Tumanov |first7=Alexei |last8=Koroleva |first8=Ekaterina |last9=Deng |first9=Liufu |date=26 August 2012 |title=Lymphotoxin regulates commensal responses to enable diet-induced obesity |journal=Nature Immunology |volume=13 |issue=10 |pages=947–953 |doi=10.1038/ni.2403 |pmc=3718316 |pmid=22922363}}</ref> Ana amfani da [[Bera|beraye]] don nazarin mahimmancin wasu sinadarai akan [[kiba]] . Misali, an sanya [[Bera|beraye]] a cikin abinci mai yawan kiba, amma an ba su ruwan famfo, shayin kore, ko shayin Goishi don sha. [[Bera|Berayen]] da suka sha shayin Goishi sun sami ƙarancin nauyi kuma suna da ƙarancin sukari a cikin jininsu fiye da [[Bera|beraye]] waɗanda suka sha ruwan famfo da [[Green tea (Shayi)|shayin kore]] . Masu binciken sun gano cewa shayin Goishi ya hana haɓakar adipocytes kuma ya hana canje-canje da tumor necrosis factor alpha da interleukin 6 ke haifarwa lokacin da [[Bera|beraye]] ke cin abinci mai yawan kiba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kohei |first=Jobu |last2=Junko |first2=Yokota |last3=Saburo |first3=Yoshioka |last4=Hironori |first4=Moriyama |last5=Shuzo |first5=Murata |last6=Masao |first6=Ohishi |last7=Hiroyuki |first7=Ukeda |last8=Mitsuhiko |first8=Miyamura |date=November 2013 |title=Effects of Goishi tea on diet-induced obesity in mice |journal=Food Research International |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=324–329 |doi=10.1016/j.foodres.2013.07.037}}</ref> Wani sinadari da aka yi nazari a kansa don gano tasirin [[kiba]] shine propolis . Domin nazarin tasirin naman gwari, masana kimiyya sun yi masa allurar a cikin [[Bera|beraye]] yayin da suke cin abinci mai yawan kitse ba tare da iyakancewa ba . Masu binciken sun gano cewa [[Bera|beraye]] da aka yi wa allurar propolis ba su da sinadarin kitse mai yawa, glucose, da cholesterol fiye da [[Bera|beraye]] da ba a ba su propolis ba. An ga irin wannan tasirin a cikin [[Bera|beraye]] da aka saka musu propolis a hankali yayin da suke cin abinci mai yawan kitse. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Koya-Miyata |first=Satomi |last2=Arai |first2=Norie |last3=Mizote |first3=Akiko |last4=Taniguchi |first4=Yoshifumi |last5=Ushio |first5=Shimpei |last6=Iwaki |first6=Kanso |last7=Fukuda |first7=Shigeharu |date=December 2009 |title=Propolis Prevents Diet-Induced Hyperlipidemia and Mitigates Weight Gain in Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/32/12/32_12_2022/_pdf |journal=Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin |volume=32 |issue=12 |pages=2022–2028 |doi=10.1248/bpb.32.2022 |pmid=19952422 |access-date=November 7, 2016 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Karnuka === Ana amfani da karnuka don bincike saboda ana iya kula da su a gida, kuma saboda an yi amfani da su a cikin bincike game da ciwon suga a baya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dogs |url=https://ori.hhs.gov/education/products/ncstate/dog.htm |access-date=Nov 14, 2016 |website=Office of Research Integrity |archive-date=November 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107035214/http://ori.hhs.gov/education/products/ncstate/dog.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Misali, an yi amfani da karnuka a matsayin mutane a cikin wani bincike kan tasirin kiba da abinci ke haifarwa kan yaduwar insulin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kolka |first=C. M |last2=Harrison |first2=L. N |last3=Lottati |first3=M |last4=Chiu |first4=J. D |last5=Kirkman |first5=E. L |last6=Bergman |first6=R. N |year=2009 |title=Diet-Induced Obesity Prevents Interstitial Dispersion of Insulin in Skeletal Muscle |url=http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/59/3/619 |journal=Diabetes |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=619–26 |doi=10.2337/db09-0839 |pmc=2827487 |pmid=19959760}}</ref> A cikin wannan gwajin, an gano cewa cin abinci mai yawan kitse yana haifar da juriya ga insulin, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, ciwon daji, da ciwon suga na nau'in 2. == An gudanar da bincike tare da samfurin == [[Fayil:Methodology_of_a_study_on_diet_induced_obesity_in_mice.png|thumb|Takaitaccen bayani game da yadda aka gudanar da wani bincike kan abinci da ke haifar da kiba a cikin beraye ]] [[Fayil:The_effects_of_high-fat_diet_on_weight_loss.png|thumb|Sakamakon wani bincike kan tasirin abinci mai gina jiki ga kiba a cikin mutane <ref name="Bray 549–555">{{Cite journal |last=Bray |first=George A. |last2=Paeratakul |first2=Sahasporn |last3=Popkin |first3=Barry M. |date=2004-12-30 |title=Dietary fat and obesity: a review of animal, clinical and epidemiological studies |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_physiology-behavior_2004-12-30_83_4/page/549 |journal=Physiology & Behavior |series=Dietary Fat and Energy Balance-Myths and Facts |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=549–555 |doi=10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.08.039 |pmid=15621059 |s2cid=16321725}}</ref>]] === Hanyar === ==== Hanyar gabaɗaya ==== Kamar yadda yake a yawancin gwaje-gwajen kimiyya, kyakkyawan gwaji ta amfani da samfurin kiba da abinci ke haifarwa yana da ƙungiyar gwaji da kuma ƙungiyar kulawa. Ana ba wa ƙungiyar kulawa abinci mai ƙarancin kashi na jimlar kuzari daga mai (misali 10%), yayin da ƙungiyar gwaji ake ba wa abinci mai yawan kashi na jimlar kuzari daga mai (misali 60%). Ana ƙididdige tasirin abincin ta amfani da matakan da aka bayyana a ƙasa . Sau da yawa, gwajin yana nufin ganin yadda kiba ke shafar wasu sakamako na jiki ko na ɗabi'a, don haka ana iya ɗaukar wasu matakai. Irin waɗannan matakan da aka saba ɗauka sun haɗa da damuwa (duka na jiki da na tunani ), canje-canje a cikin hormones, da insulin . ==== Matakan kiba ==== Ma'aunin sakamakon kiba yawanci shine ko dai karuwar nauyin jiki ko kitsen jiki. Ana auna karuwar nauyin jiki ta amfani da bambancin da ke cikin nauyin dabbar ko kuma a cikin ma'aunin Lee (ma'aunin da yayi kama da BMI a cikin mutane). Ana auna karuwar kitsen jiki ko dai a kaikaice ta hanyar karuwar nauyi, ko kuma kai tsaye ta amfani da na'urar daukar hoton X-ray mai amfani da makamashi biyu . Lokacin nazarin tasirin kiba akan ciwon suga, ana kuma yin gwajin sukari na jini na azumi kafin da kuma bayan cin abinci. ==== Abinci ==== Masana kimiyya sun yi nasarar haifar da kiba ga dabbobi ta amfani da nau'ikan abinci iri-iri. Duk da cewa galibi ana ɗaukar abincin da ke ɗauke da fiye da kashi 30% na jimlar kuzari daga mai a matsayin sanadin kiba, masana kimiyya sun haifar da kiba tare da abinci mai ɗauke da kashi 13% zuwa 85% na jimlar kuzari daga mai. Abincin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin abincin ya bambanta a cikin bincike, tun daga Crisco zuwa man shanu zuwa [[Manja|man dabino]] . Wasu masu bincike sun nuna cewa abincin dabbobi ya fi kama da abincin Yammacin duniya (watau abinci mai yawan kitse, sukari mai yawa, gishiri mai yawa, da ƙarancin fiber) ya fi tasiri wajen haifar da kiba da cututtukan da suka shafi kiba fiye da abincin gargajiya mai yawan kitse. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bortolin |first=R C |last2=Vargas |first2=A R |last3=Gasparotto |first3=J |last4=Chaves |first4=P R |last5=Schnorr |first5=C E |last6=Martinello |first6=Kd B |last7=Silveira |first7=A K |last8=Rabelo |first8=T K |last9=Gelain |first9=D P |last10=Moreira |first10=J C F |date=3 October 2017 |title=A new animal diet based on human Western diet is a robust diet-induced obesity model: comparison to high-fat and cafeteria diets in term of metabolic and gut microbiota disruption |journal=International Journal of Obesity |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=525–534 |doi=10.1038/ijo.2017.225 |pmid=28895587 |s2cid=4380085 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Canje-canje a Halayya === Ƙarfafa ji daga abinci mai yawan kitse yana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin ɗabi'a a cikin tsarin kiba da abinci ke haifarwa—haɓakar jijiyoyin ɗan adam da beraye don yanayin abinci mai yawan kitse yana ƙarfafa "zaɓi, cin abinci, narkewa da sha" <ref name=":4"/> na waɗannan abincin. A cewar wasu bincike, lokaci, mita, da adadin ciyarwa wasu abubuwa ne na ɗabi'a a cikin tsarin DIO. Wasu bincike sun nuna cewa cin abinci da dare, ƙarancin yawan cin abinci, da kuma yawan abinci mai yawa na iya taimakawa wajen haifar da kiba da abinci ke haifarwa. Baƙin ciki da damuwa na dogon lokaci suma an ruwaito hanyoyin da ke taimakawa wajen kiba ta hanyar ƙara yawan cin abinci. <ref name=":4" /> === Canje-canje a fannin jiki === Karin nauyi shine babban tasirin kiba da abinci ke haifarwa, amma akwai wasu ƙarin illolin jiki daban-daban. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan illa shine jiki yana samun ƙarin ƙwayoyin mai . Ƙara yawan ƙwayoyin mai yana ci gaba ko da bayan abincin ya zama ƙasa da kitse. Ana ƙara nauyi yayin cin abinci mai yawan mai shi ma yana ci gaba da dorewa. <ref name="Bray 549–555">{{Cite journal |last=Bray |first=George A. |last2=Paeratakul |first2=Sahasporn |last3=Popkin |first3=Barry M. |date=2004-12-30 |title=Dietary fat and obesity: a review of animal, clinical and epidemiological studies |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_physiology-behavior_2004-12-30_83_4/page/549 |journal=Physiology & Behavior |series=Dietary Fat and Energy Balance-Myths and Facts |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=549–555 |doi=10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.08.039 |pmid=15621059 |s2cid=16321725}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBrayPaeratakulPopkin2004">Bray, George A.; Paeratakul, Sahasporn; Popkin, Barry M. (2004-12-30). "Dietary fat and obesity: a review of animal, clinical and epidemiological studies". ''Physiology & Behavior''. Dietary Fat and Energy Balance-Myths and Facts. '''83''' (4): <span class="nowrap">549–</span>555. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.08.039|10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.08.039]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15621059 15621059]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16321725 16321725].</cite></ref> Canje-canje a cikin abun da ke cikin jiki yana tare da canje-canjen hormonal. Ana samar da yawan leptin da insulin ; a lokaci guda, jiki yana zama mai juriya ga duka biyun. Musamman juriyar insulin ana ciyar da shi ta hanyar ƙara ƙarin ƙwayoyin mai. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] g6tbu5iubr1p641zeudyo1pnyt2ccch 0 156188 906750 899575 2026-08-23T21:56:17Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 906750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Arline Geronimus ya rubuta game da ra'ayin yanayi a farkon shekarun 1990 don lissafin bambancin kiwon lafiya na jarirai da uwaye masu haihuwa saboda shekarun da suka gabata da tsararraki na wariyar launin fata da zalunci na zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, da siyasa. An rubuta da kyau cewa mutanen launin fata da sauran al'ummomin da aka ware suna da mummunar sakamako na kiwon lafiya fiye da fararen mutane.<ref name="Riley">{{Cite journal |last=Riley |first=Wayne J. |date=2012 |title=Health Disparities: Gaps in Access, Quality and Affordability of Medical Care |journal=Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association |volume=123 |pages=167–174 |issn=0065-7778 |pmc=3540621 |pmid=23303983}}</ref> Wannan ya faru ne saboda damuwa da yawa ciki har da nuna bambanci, warewar zamantakewa, nuna bambanci ga hukumomi, zalunci na siyasa, ware tattalin arziki, da nuna bambancin launin fata.<ref name="Williams 2009">{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=David R. |last2=Mohammed |first2=Selina A. |date=2009 |title=Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research |journal=Journal of Behavioral Medicine |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=20–47 |doi=10.1007/s10865-008-9185-0 |issn=1573-3521 |pmc=2821669 |pmid=19030981}}</ref> Tunanin yanayin yanayi ya ba da shawarar cewa nauyin waɗannan abubuwan damuwa yayin da mutane ke tsufa shine "yanayi", kuma karuwar yanayin da kungiyoyin 'yan tsiraru suka samu idan aka kwatanta da wasu na iya haifar da bambance-bambance a sakamakon kiwon lafiya.<ref name="Morello-Frosch">{{Cite journal |last=Morello-Frosch |first=Rachel |last2=Shenassa |first2=Edmond D. |date=2008 |title=The Environmental "Riskscape" and Social Inequality: Implicationsfor Explaining Maternal and Child Health Disparities |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=114 |issue=8 |pages=1150–1153 |doi=10.1289/ehp.8930 |issn=0091-6765 |pmc=1551987 |pmid=16882517 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, masana kimiyyar zamantakewa sun bincika gaskiyar ilimin halitta na ra'ayin yanayi a cikin binciken da ke kimanta tasirin ilimin lissafi na masu damuwa na zamantakewa, muhalli da siyasa tsakanin al'ummomin da aka ware.<ref name="Geronimus 2010">{{Cite journal |last=Geronimus |first=Arline T. |last2=Hicken |first2=Margaret T. |last3=Pearson |first3=Jay A. |last4=Seashols |first4=Sarah J. |last5=Brown |first5=Kelly L. |last6=Cruz |first6=Tracey Dawson |date=2010 |title=Do US Black Women Experience Stress-Related Accelerated Biological Aging? |journal=Human Nature |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=19–38 |doi=10.1007/s12110-010-9078-0 |issn=1936-4776 |pmc=2861506 |pmid=20436780}}</ref> An yarda da ra'ayin yanayi a ko'ina a matsayin tsari don bayyana bambancin kiwon lafiya bisa ga bambancin bambancin bambance-bambance ga masu damuwa da launin fata.<ref name="Keene 2011">{{Cite journal |last=Keene |first=Danya E. |last2=Geronimus |first2=Arline T. |date=2011 |title='Weathering' HOPE VI: The Importance of Evaluating the Population Health Impact of Public Housing Demolition and Displacement |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-urban-health_2011-06_88_3/page/417 |journal=Journal of Urban Health |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=417–435 |doi=10.1007/s11524-011-9582-5 |issn=1099-3460 |pmc=3126923 |pmid=21607787}}</ref> Masu bincike sun kuma gano alamu da ke haɗa yanayin yanayi zuwa abubuwan da suka shafi damuwa da tsufa, kamar nauyin allostatic, epigenetics, gajarta telomere, da hanzarta tsufa na kwakwalwa.<ref name="Geronimus 2013">{{Cite journal |last=Geronimus |first=Arline T. |date=2013 |title=Deep Integration: Letting the Epigenome Out of the Bottle Without Losing Sight of the Structural Origins of Population Health |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=103 |issue=S1 |pages=S56–S63 |doi=10.2105/ajph.2013.301380 |pmc=3786760 |pmid=23927509}}</ref><ref name="Holzman 2009">{{Cite journal |last=Holzman |first=Claudia |last2=Eyster |first2=Janet |last3=Kleyn |first3=Mary |last4=Messer |first4=Lynne C. |last5=Kaufman |first5=Jay S. |last6=Laraia |first6=Barbara A. |last7=O'Campo |first7=Patricia |last8=Burke |first8=Jessica G. |last9=Culhane |first9=Jennifer |last10=Elo |first10=Irma T. |date=2009 |title=Maternal Weathering and Risk of Preterm Delivery |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=99 |issue=10 |pages=1864–1871 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2008.151589 |issn=0090-0036 |pmc=2741514 |pmid=19696383 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Riggan 2020">{{Cite journal |last=Riggan |first=Kirsten |last2=Gilbert |first2=Anna |last3=Allyse |first3=Megan |date=2020 |title=Acknowledging and Addressing Allostatic Load in Pregnancy Care |journal=Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=69–79 |doi=10.1007/s40615-020-00757-z |issn=2197-3792 |pmc=7647942 |pmid=32383045}}</ref> == Asalin == Arline Geronimus ne ya fara tsara ra'ayin yanayi don bayyana mummunar Lafiyar uwa da sakamakon haihuwa na matan Afirka na Amurka waɗanda ta lura a cikin wasiƙa tare da karuwar shekaru. Yayinda take aiki na ɗan lokaci a makarantar matasa masu juna biyu a Trenton, [[New Jersey]], Geronimus ta fara lura da cewa matasa da suka zo makarantar suna da matsalolin kiwon lafiya fiye da abokan karatunta a Jami'ar Princeton. Ta haka ne ta fara mamakin ko yanayin lafiyar matasa a wannan asibitin na iya haifar da mahallinsu. Bincike na gaba game da bambancin lafiyar uwa tsakanin mata na Afirka da fararen mata ya jagoranci Geronimus don gabatar da ra'ayin yanayi. Ta ba da shawarar cewa tara al'adu, zamantakewa da rashin amfanin tattalin arziki na iya haifar da lalacewar lafiya a tsakanin matan Afirka na Amurka idan aka kwatanta da wadanda ba na Hispanic ba, fararen takwarorinsu.<ref name="Geronimus 1992">{{Cite journal |last=Geronimus |first=Arline |date=1992 |title=The weathering hypothesis and the health of African-American women and infants: evidence and speculations |journal=Ethnicity & Disease |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=207–221 |pmid=1467758 |via=Europe PMC}}</ref> Geronimus musamman ta zaɓi kalmar weathering a matsayin kwatanci don tasirin da ta fahimci cewa fuskantar damuwa yana da shi a kan lafiyar mutanen da aka ware.<ref name="Demby" /> Duk da yake an fara gabatar da ra'ayin yanayi bisa ga lura da alamu a cikin lafiyar uwa, masana kimiyya sun fadada aikace-aikacensa a matsayin tsari don bincika wasu bambance-bambance na kiwon lafiya.<ref name="Williams 2009" /> === Binciken Geronimus === Yayinda yake gudanar da bincike a Ma'aikatar Manufofin Lafiya da Gudanarwa a matsayin dalibi mai digiri a Jami'ar Michigan a shekarar 1992, Geronimus ya lura da yanayin bambance-bambance tsakanin haihuwa na matan Afirka da fari.<ref name="Geronimus 1996">{{Cite journal |last=Geronimus |first=Arline T. |date=1996 |title=Black/white differences in the relationship of maternal age to birthweight: A population-based test of the weathering hypothesis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_social-science-medicine_1996-02_42_4/page/589 |journal=Social Science & Medicine |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=589–597 |doi=10.1016/0277-9536(95)00159-X |issn=0277-9536 |pmid=8643983}}</ref> Ta lura cewa, a matsakaita, 'yan mata da mata masu farin suna fuskantar yawan haihuwa mafi girma da kuma mafi ƙarancin haɗarin rikitarwa na ciki ko Mutuwar jarirai a cikin shekaru 20 da 30, amma matan Afirka na Amurka ba su yi ba. Maimakon haka, 'yan mata da mata na Afirka, matasa suna da yawan haihuwa da ciki mai kyau. Bayanan sun nuna karuwar bambanci a cikin [[Mutuwar jarirai]] masu fata da fari yayin da shekarun uwa ke ƙaruwa. Daga baya, Geronimus ta ba da shawarar "tsarin yanayi", wanda da farko ta ɗauka a matsayin mai yiwuwa bayani game da alamu na bambancin launin fata a cikin mutuwar jarirai tare da karuwar shekarun uwa.<ref name="Geronimus 1992">{{Cite journal |last=Geronimus |first=Arline |date=1992 |title=The weathering hypothesis and the health of African-American women and infants: evidence and speculations |journal=Ethnicity & Disease |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=207–221 |pmid=1467758 |via=Europe PMC}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGeronimus1992">Geronimus, Arline (1992). "The weathering hypothesis and the health of African-American women and infants: evidence and speculations". ''Ethnicity & Disease''. '''2''' (3): <span class="nowrap">207–</span>221. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1467758 1467758] &#x2013; via Europe PMC.</cite></ref> == Bambancin kiwon lafiya == A cikin mahallin ra'ayi na yanayi, lafiyar mutum tana da ƙarfi kuma an tsara ta tsawon lokaci ta hanyar zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, da tasirin muhalli. Wadannan Abubuwan da ke tattare da zamantakewa suna nuna abin da ke tattara yawan jama'a daban-daban yayin da suke girma da tsufa.<ref name="Morello-Frosch">{{Cite journal |last=Morello-Frosch |first=Rachel |last2=Shenassa |first2=Edmond D. |date=2008 |title=The Environmental "Riskscape" and Social Inequality: Implicationsfor Explaining Maternal and Child Health Disparities |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=114 |issue=8 |pages=1150–1153 |doi=10.1289/ehp.8930 |issn=0091-6765 |pmc=1551987 |pmid=16882517 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMorello-FroschShenassa2008">Morello-Frosch, Rachel; Shenassa, Edmond D. (2008). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1551987 "The Environmental "Riskscape" and Social Inequality: Implicationsfor Explaining Maternal and Child Health Disparities"]. ''Environmental Health Perspectives''. '''114''' (8): <span class="nowrap">1150–</span>1153. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1289/ehp.8930|10.1289/ehp.8930]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-6765 0091-6765]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1551987 1551987]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16882517 16882517].</cite></ref> [[Wariya|nuna bambanci]] da nuna bambanci sune takamaiman abubuwan zamantakewa guda biyu waɗanda suka kafa tushe ga rashin daidaito na tsarin samun dama da motsi sama. Wannan karfafa rashin daidaito na zamantakewa yana da tasiri ga 'yan tsiraru da al'ummomin launi, waɗanda ke cikin yanayin talauci waɗanda ke da damuwa sosai fiye da waɗanda suka fi arziki, galibi fararen al'ummomi.<ref name="Morello-Frosch" /> Wadannan damuwa - da nauyin da ke tattare da su na jimrewa da su - suna bayyana a matsayin martani na jiki wanda ke da mummunar tasiri ga lafiyar mutum, sau da yawa yana haifar da mummunara bayyanar cututtukan da ba su da kyau da kuma gajeren rayuwa a cikin al'ummomin 'yan tsiraru.<ref name="Geronimus 2020">{{Cite journal |last=Geronimus |first=Arline T. |last2=Pearson |first2=Jay A. |last3=Linnenbringer |first3=Erin |last4=Eisenberg |first4=Alexa K. |last5=Stokes |first5=Carmen |last6=Hughes |first6=Landon D. |last7=Schulz |first7=Amy J. |date=2020 |title=Weathering in Detroit: Place, Race, Ethnicity, and Poverty as Conceptually Fluctuating Social Constructs Shaping Variation in Allostatic Load |journal=The Milbank Quarterly |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=1171–1218 |doi=10.1111/1468-0009.12484 |issn=1468-0009 |pmc=7772642 |pmid=33135829 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nazarin kabilanci da yawa sun samar da muhimman bayanai da ke nuna cewa yanayin yanayi - haɗarin kiwon lafiya da aka tara saboda matsalolin zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da muhalli - alama ce ta rarraba zamantakewar al'umma wanda ke tasiri ga bambancin lafiya da mutuwa tsakanin al'ummomin da suka fi rinjaye da 'yan tsiraru.<ref name="Williams">{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=David R. |date=2012 |title=Miles to Go before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health |journal=Journal of Health and Social Behavior |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=279–295 |doi=10.1177/0022146512455804 |issn=0022-1465 |pmc=3712789 |pmid=22940811}}</ref> === Lafiyar uwa === [[Mutuwar uwa]] ta ninka sau uku zuwa hudu ga uwaye baƙar fata fiye da uwaye fari a Amurka.<ref name="Braithwaite">{{Cite web |last=Braithwaite |first=Patia |date=September 30, 2019 |title=The Stress of Racism Is Killing Black Mothers |url=https://www.self.com/story/weathering-and-its-deadly-effect-on-black-mothers |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=Self}}</ref> Har ila yau, [[Mutuwar jarirai]] ya ninka sau biyu ga jarirai da aka haifa ga matan Black da ba 'yan asalin [[Ispaniya|Spain]] ba idan aka kwatanta da jarirai da suka haifa ga uwaye masu farin da ba 'Yan Spain ba.<ref name="Riggan 2021">{{Cite journal |last=Riggan |first=Kirsten A. |last2=Gilbert |first2=Anna |last3=Allyse |first3=Megan A. |date=2021 |title=Acknowledging and Addressing Allostatic Load in Pregnancy Care |journal=Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=69–79 |doi=10.1007/s40615-020-00757-z |issn=2197-3792 |pmc=7647942 |pmid=32383045}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, akwai bambancin launin fata don sakamakon haihuwa mara kyau kamar ƙananan nauyin haihuwa, wanda aka gano yana tasiri ga haɗarin mutuwar jarirai da sakamakon ci gaba bayan haihuwa, da haihuwa mara kyau. <ref name="Braithwaite" /> <ref name="Fishman">{{Cite journal |last=Fishman |first=Samuel |date=2020 |title=An extended evaluation of the weathering hypothesis for birthweight |journal=Demographic Research |volume=43 |issue=31 |pages=929–968 |doi=10.4054/DemRes.2020.43.31 |issn=1435-9871 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A duk mata, shekarun haihuwa masu tsufa suna da alaƙa da ƙimar waɗannan sakamako marasa kyau yayin daukar [[Juna biyu|ciki]], amma binciken ya ci gaba da gano cewa ƙimar ta tashi da sauri ga mata baƙi fiye da mata fararen fata.<ref name="Fishman" /><ref name="Forde 2019">{{Cite journal |last=Forde |first=Allana T. |last2=Crookes |first2=Danielle M. |last3=Suglia |first3=Shakira F. |last4=Demmer |first4=Ryan T. |date=2019 |title=The weathering hypothesis as an explanation for racial disparities in health: a systematic review |journal=Annals of Epidemiology |volume=33 |pages=1–18.e3 |doi=10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.02.011 |issn=1047-2797 |pmc=10676285 |pmid=30987864 |s2cid=109370791}}</ref> Tunanin yanayi ya ba da shawarar cewa tarawar damuwa ta launin fata akan rayuwar mata baƙar fata yana ba da gudummawa ga wannan tsarin da aka lura na bambancin launin fata a cikin Lafiyar uwa da sakamakon haihuwa wanda ke ƙaruwa tare da shekarun uwa.<ref name="Forde 2019" /> Bincike ya ci gaba da gano alaƙa tsakanin haihuwar haihuwa da ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa a cikin mata baƙi da damuwa ta uwa da ta haifar da abubuwan da suka faru na wariyar launin fata, nuna bambanci, rashin fa'ida ga zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, unguwanni masu rarrabewa, da kuma yawan aikata laifuka masu tsanani.<ref name="Riggan 2021" /> Akwai shaidar halittu game da yanayin yanayi, gami da gano cewa matan baƙar fata suna da gajeren telomers, alamar rayuwa ta shekaru, idan aka kwatanta da fararen mata na wannan shekarun lokaci.<ref name="Riggan 2021" /> Kodayake karuwar Matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki yana aiki ne a matsayin abin kariya daga mummunan sakamakon haihuwa ga iyaye mata masu fararen fata wadanda ba na Hispanic ba, an sami ƙimar haihuwa da ba ta dace ba da kuma ƙananan nauyin haihuwa ga iyaye matan da ba na Hispanc ba a kowane matakin ilimi da samun kudin shiga.<ref name="Riggan 2021" /> An kuma yi amfani da ra'ayin yanayi don bayyana wannan yanayin saboda motsi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki yana da alaƙa da karuwar nuna bambanci ga mata masu launin fata.<ref name="Riggan 2021" /> Akwai shaidu masu ladabi da ke tallafawa tasirin yanayi a kan uwaye daga wasu kungiyoyin 'yan tsiraru, gami da sakamakon nauyin haihuwa tsakanin matan Indiyawan Amurka / [[Alaska]].<ref name="Dennis">{{Cite journal |last=Dennis |first=Jeff A. |date=2018 |title=Birth weight and maternal age among American Indian/Alaska Native mothers: A test of the weathering hypothesis |journal=SSM - Population Health |volume=7 |pages=004–4 |doi=10.1016/j.ssmph.2018.10.004 |issn=2352-8273 |pmc=6289957 |pmid=30560195}}</ref> Bincike ya fara bincika ko ra'ayin yanayi na iya bayyana bambancin launin fata a cikin sakamakon fasahar haihuwa, amma ya zuwa yanzu binciken ba daidai ba ne.<ref name="Tierney">{{Cite journal |last=Tierney |first=Katherine |date=2020 |title=Is there evidence of weathering among women seeking fertility treatments?: Evidence and insights |journal=Social Science & Medicine |volume=247 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112816 |issn=0277-9536 |pmid=32014735 |s2cid=211025195 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == mxy13bu53496m9z1aw5s60c96x299so 0 156238 906627 899212 2026-08-23T17:27:17Z Zahrah0 14848 906627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lafiyar mata ta haihuwa a Amurka''' tana nufin tarin matsalolin jiki, tunani, da zamantakewa da suka shafi lafiyar mata a Amurka .Ya haɗa da haƙƙin mata a Amurka na isasshen lafiyar jima'i, hanyoyin hana ɗaukar ciki, da kuma maganin cututtukan da ake yaɗawa ta hanyar jima'i. Yaɗuwar matsalolin lafiyar mata a al'adun Amurka ya samo asali ne daga ra'ayin mata na biyu a Amurka. <ref name="Overview of Women's Health since 1960s">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rosser SV |date=December 2002 |title=Overview of Women's Health in the U.S. Since the Mid-1960s |journal=History and Technology |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=355–369 |doi=10.1080/0734151022000023802 |s2cid=144004991}}</ref> Sakamakon wannan motsi, matan Amurka sun fara yin tambayoyi game da tsarin kula da lafiya wanda maza suka fi rinjaye kuma sun nemi haƙƙin samun bayanai kan batutuwan da suka shafi ilimin halittarsu da tsarin jikinsu. [ <ref name="Overview of Women's Health since 1960s" /> Gwamnatin Amurka ta yi manyan ci gaba don gabatar da mafita, kamar ƙirƙirar Shirin Lafiyar Mata ta Ofishin Bincike kan Lafiyar Mata a 1991. <ref name="Overview of Women's Health since 1960s" /> Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai batutuwa da yawa da suka shafi samun damar kula da lafiyar haihuwa da kuma ƙyama da cece-kuce da ke tattare da lafiyar jima'i, hana ɗaukar ciki, da cututtukan da ake yaɗawa ta hanyar jima'i. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Borrero S, Schwarz EB, Creinin M, Ibrahim S |date=2008-12-15 |title=The impact of race and ethnicity on receipt of family planning services in the United States |journal=Journal of Women's Health |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=91–96 |doi=10.1089/jwh.2008.0976 |pmc=2743980 |pmid=19072728}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Wellons MF, Fujimoto VY, Baker VL, Barrington DS, Broomfield D, Catherino WH, Richard-Davis G, Ryan M, Thornton K, Armstrong AY |date=August 2012 |title=Race matters: a systematic review of racial/ethnic disparity in Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology reported outcomes |journal=Fertility and Sterility |volume=98 |issue=2 |pages=406–409 |doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.05.012 |pmc=3409320 |pmid=22698638}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta ƙirƙiro wata ma'ana ga lafiyar jima'i a Amurka bisa ga ma'anar [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] game da lafiyar jima'i. Lafiyar jima'i yanayi ne na jin daɗi dangane da jima'i a tsawon rayuwa wanda ya shafi fannoni na jiki, motsin rai, tunani, zamantakewa da ruhaniya. Lafiyar jima'i wani muhimmin bangare ne na lafiyar ɗan adam kuma ya dogara ne akan kyakkyawar hanyar da ta dace, adalci, da girmamawa ga jima'i, dangantaka, da haihuwa, wacce ba ta da tilastawa, tsoro, wariya, kyama, kunya, da tashin hankali. Gwamnatin Amurka ta fahimci cewa jinsi wani abu ne da ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a lafiyar jima'i. Mata a Amurka, waɗanda suka fuskanci wani ɓangare na tasirin mata a matsayin waɗanda suka fi rinjaye a tsarin kiwon lafiya na maza, suna kuma neman ƙarin bayani da 'yancin kai a kan jikinsu. Shirye-shirye kamar Shirin Lafiyar Mata sun inganta wayar da kan jama'a da bincike, duk da haka, har yanzu akwai manyan shingaye. Waɗannan shingaye sun haɗa da ƙarancin damar samun ayyukan haihuwa, ƙyama da ke tattare da lafiyar jima'i, hana haihuwa, da kuma cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i. == Lafiyar jinsi da haihuwa == A Amurka, akwai rashin daidaito a fannin lafiyar haihuwa tsakanin mata fararen fata da tsiraru. Cin zarafi da gwaje-gwajen da kwararrun likitoci suka yi wa mata baƙaƙe sun haifar da rashin yarda da al'ummar likitoci. Bugu da ƙari, nuna wariya a tsakanin launin fata da ma'aikatan lafiya ke nunawa a yanzu yana shafar kula da lafiyar mata Baƙaƙe da tsiraru. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Black Mothers Keep Dying After Giving Birth. Shalon Irving's Story Explains Why |url=https://www.npr.org/2017/12/07/568948782/black-mothers-keep-dying-after-giving-birth-shalon-irvings-story-explains-why |access-date=2021-04-29 |website=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> Idan aka kwatanta da mata fararen fata, yawan kamuwa da cutar HIV yana da yawa sosai a cikin mata Baƙaƙe da Hispanic. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna ɗauke da kashi 75% na kamuwa da cuta a tsakanin mata. <ref name=":1" /> Akwai kuma gibi a amfani da maganin hana haihuwa tsakanin mata fararen fata da baƙi. Waɗannan bambance-bambancen wani ɓangare ne na rashin inshorar lafiya da kuɗaɗen kuɗi. <ref name=":1" /> Kula da lafiyar mata gabaɗaya na iya taimakawa rage yawan kamuwa da cutar HIV a cikin mata tsiraru da kuma ƙara yawan amfani da maganin hana haihuwa. [ <ref name=":1" /> Rashin lafiyar haihuwa wani abu ne da ke taimakawa wajen ƙaruwar mace-macen mata masu juna biyu a Amurka tsakanin mata tsiraru, musamman tsakanin mata Baƙaƙe . Mata baƙaƙe suna da yuwuwar mutuwa sau 3.3 fiye da mata fararen fata daga dalilai masu alaƙa da juna biyu. <ref name=":1" /> Wannan wani ɓangare ne saboda rashin inshora kafin daukar ciki da kuma ƙaruwar cututtuka masu tsanani, kamar kiba da ciwon suga. <ref name=":5" /> Bugu da ƙari, akwai rashin daidaito a amfani da nasarar ART tsakanin ƙungiyoyin ƙabila da tattalin arziki saboda tsadar da ake kashewa, ƙarancin damar shiga, da kuma amfani da su iri-iri. Wani bita da aka yi kan dukkan nazarin Amurka wanda ya yi la'akari da launin fata da ƙabila yayin bayar da rahoton nasarar ART, ya gano cewa mata fararen fata suna da mafi girman adadin nasara, sai kuma matan Hispanic da Asiya, da kuma matan Baƙar fata 'yan Amurka. <ref name=":4" /> Matan Baƙar fata 'yan Amurka ba sa samun irin wannan magani kamar mata fararen fata saboda shekarun da aka gano su a ciki, kuɗin shiga na gida, da kuma takamaiman wurin kula da lafiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parham |first=Groesbeck P. |last2=Hicks |first2=Michael L. |date=September 2005 |title=Racial Disparities Affecting the Reproductive Health of African-American Women |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_medical-clinics-of-north-america_2005-09_89_5/page/935 |journal=Medical Clinics of North America |volume=89 |issue=5 |pages=935–943 |doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2005.04.001 |issn=0025-7125 |pmid=16129105}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta Amurka ta gano manufofin lafiyar haihuwa na ƙasa, ciki har da rage yawan daukar ciki ba tare da an yi niyya ba. <ref name="Inapprop Use of CHC">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yu J, Hu XH |date=July 2013 |title=Inappropriate use of combined hormonal contraceptives for birth control among women of reproductive age in the United States |journal=Journal of Women's Health |volume=22 |issue=7 |pages=595–603 |doi=10.1089/jwh.2012.3955 |pmid=23789583}}</ref> Daga cikin dukkan daukar ciki da aka ruwaito a Amurka, rabi ba su da tsari. Daga cikin mata miliyan 62 a Amurka da ke da damar haihuwa, bakwai cikin goma daga cikin waɗannan mata suna da sha'awar jima'i amma ba sa son yin ciki. <ref name="Inapprop Use of CHC" /> [[Kulawar haihuwa|Maganin hana daukar ciki]] babban batu ne na lafiyar mata. Kashi 86% na mata masu sha'awar jima'i suna yin wani nau'in hana daukar ciki kuma kashi 30% na wadannan mata suna amfani da wani nau'in hana daukar ciki na hormone. <ref name="Inapprop Use of CHC" /> Mata a Amurka suna da 'yanci wajen yanke shawara kan amfani da magungunan hana daukar ciki a tsakanin sauran kasashen duniya, idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashen duniya. Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka (CDC) tana da babban tasiri kan tsarin yanke shawara da mata za su yi yayin zabar nau'ikan hana daukar ciki daban-daban. Matan Amurka har yanzu suna dogara ga masu ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya don mafi yawan bayanan da suke samu game da amfani da hana daukar ciki. Domin taimakawa masu samar da kiwon lafiya su samar da kulawar tsarin iyali mai <ref name="Inapprop Use of CHC"/> CDC ta buga Ka'idojin Cancanta na [[Kulawar haihuwa|Lafiya]] na Amurka don Amfani da Hana ... === Hanyoyin hana haihuwa masu juyawa === * Na'urar T ta cikin mahaifa ta Copper (IUD) ko kuma tsarin ciki na levonorgestrel (LNG IUD) <ref name="CDC Contraception">{{Cite web |last=Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion |title=Contraception |url=https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/UnintendedPregnancy/Contraception.htm |access-date=25 October 2014 |website=www.cdc.gov}}</ref> * Hanyoyin Hormonal ** Dashen ** Allura ** Haɗaɗɗen maganin hana haihuwa ta baki ** Kwayar Progestin kawai ** Faci ** Zoben hana ɗaukar ciki na farji na hormone ** Tsarin hana haihuwa na gaggawa * Hanyoyin shinge ** Diaphragm ko murfin mahaifa ** Kwaroron roba na maza ** Kwaroron roba na mata ** Maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta * Hanyoyin wayar da kan jama'a game da haihuwa ** Tsarin iyali ** Sanin haihuwa ** Kauracewa <ref name="CDC Contraception" /> === Hanyoyin hana haihuwa na dindindin === * Yin amfani da maganin hana haihuwa ga mata <ref name="CDC Contraception"/> * Yin tiyatar cire mahaifa <ref name="CDC Contraception" /> === Maganin hana haihuwa na hormone === Tsarin hana daukar ciki na hormone shine hanyar da ta fi shahara a tsakanin mata a Amurka. Mata 'yan ƙasa da shekara talatin sun fi amfani da tsarin hana daukar ciki na hormone a matsayin hanyar da suka fi so. Tsarin hana daukar ciki na hormones na iya zama kusan 100% idan aka yi amfani da shi daidai, <ref name="Urban Family Medicine IUC">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rubin SE, Winrob I |date=April 2010 |title=Urban female family medicine patients' perceptions about intrauterine contraception |journal=Journal of Women's Health |publisher=Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=735–740 |doi=10.1089/jwh.2009.1549 |pmid=20201700}}</ref> amma a mafi yawan lokuta ana amfani da shi ba daidai ba. Tsarin hana daukar ciki na hormonal yana da kashi 8% na gazawarsa. <ref name="Urban Family Medicine IUC" /> Shahararren tsarin hana daukar ciki na hormonal a tsakanin mata yana canzawa a cikin shekara guda inda kashi 32% na mata suka yanke shawarar daina amfani da tsarin hana daukar ciki na hormonal bayan shekara guda da aka saba amfani da shi. <ref name="Urban Family Medicine IUC" /> === Tsarin hana haihuwa ta cikin mahaifa === Akwai babban abin kunya a tsakanin mata kan batun amfani da na'urar hana ɗaukar ciki (IUD) a matsayin hanyar hana ɗaukar ciki. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Nau'ikan IUD guda biyu da ake da su don amfani da maganin hana haihuwa a yanzu sune Copper T 380A da levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system ko Mirena. Mata a Amurka ba sa amfani da IUD sosai, inda kashi 2% ne kawai na mata ke amfani da IUD a matsayin maganin hana haihuwa mai inganci. <ref name="Urban Family Medicine IUC"/> An bayyana ingancin maganin hana haihuwa ta hanyar amfani da shi yadda ya kamata da kuma amfani da shi na yau da kullun. IUD ya bambanta da yawancin nau'ikan maganin hana haihuwa, domin yana da tasiri 100% a duka lokuta biyu na amfani. <ref name="Urban Family Medicine IUC" /> Ba zai yiwu a yi amfani da IUD ba daidai ba ko ba daidai ba saboda dole ne a saka su a cikin mahaifa. Mata a Amurka suna da tsoro da yawa game da amfani da IUD, wanda hakan ya sa ba a san su da tsarin hana haihuwa ba. <ref name="Urban Family Medicine IUC" /> Ga mata da yawa a Amurka, IUD zaɓi ne kawai lokacin da aka yi amfani da wasu hanyoyin hana haihuwa na gargajiya (maganin hana haihuwa na hormones, hanyoyin shinge, da sauransu) ko kuma lokacin da mace ta riga ta haifi 'ya'ya. <ref name="Urban Family Medicine IUC" /> Tsoron da ke tattare da amfani da IUD ya samo asali ne daga rashin ingantaccen ilimi kan duk hanyoyin hana daukar ciki da ake da su ga mata a Amurka. Mata sun ambaci tsoron ingancin na'urar, suna sanya na'urar a cikin jikinsu da son rai, da kuma lokacin da ake buƙata don riƙe na'urar a wurin. <ref name="Urban Family Medicine IUC" /> Akwai ƙarancin ilimi game da yanayin jikin mace da rigakafin daukar ciki, har ma a tsakanin matan Amurka. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shedlin M, Amastae J, Potter JE, Hopkins K, Grossman D |date=April 2013 |title=Knowledge and beliefs about reproductive anatomy and physiology among Mexican-Origin women in the USA: implications for effective oral contraceptive use |journal=Culture, Health & Sexuality |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=466–479 |doi=10.1080/13691058.2013.766930 |pmc=3690341 |pmid=23464742}}</ref> === Samfurin wayar da kan jama'a game da haihuwa === Hanyoyin wayar da kan mata game da haihuwa sun ƙunshi hanyoyin hana haihuwa waɗanda ba na hormones ba ne ko kuma waɗanda suka mamaye su. [ <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Festin MP |date=July 2020 |title=Overview of modern contraception |journal=Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology |volume=66 |pages=4–14 |doi=10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2020.03.004 |pmid=32291177 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=":12" /> ɗaukar siffar yin jima'i ne kawai lokacin da mace ba ta da haihuwa, don haka guje wa yin jima'i yayin ovulation. <ref name=":12" /> Mata za su iya sa ido kan yanayin zagayowar jinin al'ada ta amfani da hanyoyin kalanda ko hanyoyin da suka dogara da alamun cutar. [1] Hanya mafi inganci ta kalanda ita ce Hanyar Kwanaki ta yau da kullun, hanyar da mace ba ta yin jima'i a ranakun 8-19 na zagayowarta. <ref name=":12" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the Standard Days Method? {{!}} Ovulation Calculator |url=https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/fertility-awareness/whats-standard-days-method |access-date=2021-04-07 |website=www.plannedparenthood.org |language=en}}</ref> Hanya ɗaya ta dogara da alamun cutar ita ce Hanyar Kwanaki Biyu, hanyar da mace ke duba fitar maniyyi sau biyu a rana kuma idan ta yi fitar maniyyi a ranar ko ranar da ta gabata, za ta iya ɗaukar ciki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=TwoDay Method® |url=https://irh.org/projects/fam_project/twoday-method/ |access-date=2021-04-07 |website=Institute for Reproductive Health |language=en |archive-date=2021-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414101037/https://irh.org/projects/fam_project/twoday-method/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hanya ta biyu ta dogara da alamun cutar ita ce hanyar Sympto-thermal, wadda ke haɗa lurar mace game da fitar maniyyi a farjinta da amfani da na'urar sa ido kan haihuwa ta lantarki wadda ke gano hormones na fitsari. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fertility Awareness-Based Methods of Family Planning |url=https://www.acog.org/en/womens-health/faqs/fertility-awareness-based-methods-of-family-planning |access-date=2021-04-07 |website=www.acog.org |language=en}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin fa'idodin amfani da hanyar wayar da kan mata game da haihuwa ita ce babu wata illa ko matsalolin lafiya saboda ba a amfani da magunguna ko dashen jiki. <ref name=":12" /> == Lafiyar kwakwalwa ta haihuwa == Lafiyar kwakwalwa ta mata ta mayar da hankali kan batutuwan lafiyar kwakwalwa da ake fuskanta saboda ko kuma ta ƙara ta'azzara ta hanyar sauye-sauye a cikin zagayowar haihuwa ta mata. Wannan fanni wani ɓangare ne na lafiyar kwakwalwa ta mata, wanda ya haɗa da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa da mata ke fuskanta a kowane lokaci a rayuwarsu. Lafiyar kwakwalwa ta haihuwa ta fi mayar da hankali kan sauye-sauyen haihuwa a rayuwar mata. Waɗannan sun haɗa da balaga, haila, ciki, rashin haihuwa, lokacin haihuwa da kuma lokacin da mace ta haihu, zubar da ciki, da ƙari. <ref name=":6" /> Waɗannan sauye-sauyen, waɗanda canje-canjen hormonal suka haifar, na iya haifar da alamun motsin rai da na jiki a wasu mata. Yayin da tsananin ya bambanta daga mutum zuwa mutum, an ruwaito cewa sama da kashi 75% na mata masu zagayowar haila akai-akai suna ba da rahoton alamun jiki ko na tunani marasa daɗi, kafin haila. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reproductive Psychiatry - Psychiatry |url=https://www.nyp.org/psychiatry/womens-mental-health/reproductive-psychiatry |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=NewYork-Presbyterian |language=en}}</ref> Ilimin halin ƙwaƙwalwa na haihuwa shine ɓangaren da ke mai da hankali kan magance waɗannan matsalolin. Waɗannan likitocin ƙwararru ne da aka horar a cikin ganewar asali da magance alamun yanayi da damuwa da ke faruwa a cikin waɗannan zagayowar a cikin haihuwar mata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Johns Hopkins Center for Women's Reproductive Mental Health |url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/psychiatry/specialty_areas/moods/patient_information/clinic_women.html |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=www.hopkinsmedicine.org |language=en |archive-date=2022-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901143619/https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/psychiatry/specialty_areas/moods/patient_information/clinic_women.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wannan fanni yana ƙaruwa yayin da gibin da ke akwai a lafiyar kwakwalwa wanda aka mayar da hankali musamman kan mata kuma ana ganin yadda nazarin waɗannan batutuwan zai iya zama mai tasiri. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Lafiyar jima'i da hana haihuwa === Lafiyar jima'i ta haɗa da ci gaban jima'i da lafiyar haihuwa, ikon samun kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin mutane, girmama jikin mutum, mu'amala mai kyau da jinsi biyu, da kuma bayyana ƙauna, ƙauna, da kusanci ta yadda ya dace da dabi'un mutum. <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Straw |first=Fiona |last2=Porter |first2=Charlotte |date=October 2012 |title=Sexual health and contraception |journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood: Education and Practice Edition |volume=97 |issue=5 |pages=177–184 |doi=10.1136/archdischild-2011-301250 |issn=1743-0593 |pmid=22983512 |s2cid=25898993}}</ref> Lafiyar jima'i ta haɗa da jima'i wanda "ya dace, ba cin zarafi ba, gaskiya, jin daɗi, kuma an kare shi daga ciki da cututtukan da ake kamuwa da su ta hanyar jima'i" a cewar sanarwar da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta fitar a shekarar 2008. <ref name=":8" /> Ga yawancin matasa, sha'awar jima'i tana farawa ne a lokacin balaga kuma akwai shaidar cewa waɗanda suka sami bayanai game da lafiyar jima'i daga iyayensu sun fi son fara jima'i daga baya fiye da waɗanda suka sami shi daga takwarorinsu duk da cewa wasu matasa sun fi son samun bayanai daga ƙwararru. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brody |first=Barbara |title=Birth Control that Prevents STIs |url=https://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/birth-control-to-prevent-stis-and-pregnancy |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=WebMD |language=en}}</ref> Ana amfani da maganin hana daukar ciki don hana daukar ciki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Birth Control |url=https://medlineplus.gov/birthcontrol.html |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=medlineplus.gov}}</ref> Ita ce hanyar da mutane za su iya tsara iyali ta yadda za su sami adadin 'ya'yansu da suka dace da tazara da ake so. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Contraception |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/contraception |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> A cewar WHO, maganin hana daukar ciki yana taimakawa wajen rage rashin lafiyar uwa da kuma yawan mace-mace da ke da alaƙa da daukar ciki. Hakanan yana rage zubar da ciki mara aminci kuma yana rage yaduwar cutar HIV tsakanin uwa da yara. A cewar CDC, ma'aurata suna buƙatar la'akari da aminci, inganci, samuwa, da kuma karɓuwa lokacin zabar nau'in maganin hana daukar ciki. <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-13 |title=Contraception {{!}} Reproductive Health {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/contraception/index.htm |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> Wasu nau'ikan maganin hana daukar ciki kamar amfani da kwaroron roba na maza suma suna taimakawa wajen rage yaduwar cutar HIV da sauran cututtukan da ke shafar haihuwa yayin da wasu nau'ikan maganin hana daukar ciki kamar na'urorin ciki (IUDs) ba sa yi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brody |first=Barbara |title=Birth Control that Prevents STIs |url=https://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/birth-control-to-prevent-stis-and-pregnancy |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=WebMD |language=en}}</ref> Na'urorin ciki (IUDs) nau'in hana haihuwa ne da za a iya canzawa kuma ya haɗa da sanya ƙaramin na'urar T mai siffar T da aka yi da jan ƙarfe a cikin mahaifa. Yana fitar da ƙaramin adadin progestin kowace rana don kada mace ta yi ciki. Zai iya kasancewa daga shekaru 3-6 kuma yana da ƙarancin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar. <ref name=":9"/> Hanyoyin hana haihuwa na hormones sun haɗa da dashen hannu wanda ke fitar da progestin kuma ana iya amfani da shi na tsawon shekaru biyar, allura sau ɗaya a cikin watanni uku, haɗakar magungunan hana haihuwa ta baki, ƙwayar progestin kawai, faci, da zoben hana haihuwa ta hanyar farji. [ <ref name=":9" /> Hanyoyin hana haihuwa sun haɗa da diaphragm ko murfin mahaifa, soso, robar roba ta maza da mata, da kuma ƙwayoyin maniyyi. Ba za a yi amfani da maganin hana haihuwa na gaggawa akai-akai ba kuma yana hana daukar ciki bayan jima'i. Ya haɗa da maganin hana haihuwa ta jan ƙarfe da magungunan hana haihuwa na gaggawa. A ƙarshe, hanyoyin hana haihuwa na dindindin sune hana haihuwa ta mata da ake kira bututun ɗaurewa da kuma hana haihuwa ta maza da ake kira vasectomy. <ref name=":9" /> === Maganin hana haihuwa === Kwayoyin hana haihuwa (BC) ƙwayoyin hormones ne da ake sha ta baki waɗanda ke hana ƙwai na mace fitowa daga mahaifa yayin da take yin ovulation. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (July 2023)">Ana buƙatar ambaton likita</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Illolin magungunan hana haihuwa sun haɗa da kuraje, zubar jini ko tabo tsakanin al'ada, kumburi, hawan jini, baƙin ciki, gajiya, jiri, riƙe ruwa, ciwon kai, ƙaruwar ci, rashin barci, melasma, canjin yanayi, tashin zuciya, ciwon nono da taushi, amai, da kuma ƙaruwar nauyi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (July 2023)">Ana buƙatar ambaton likita</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Haɗarin lafiya da ke tattare da BC sun haɗa da toshewar jini, cututtukan gallbladder, bugun zuciya, hawan jini, ciwon hanta, da bugun jini duk da cewa waɗannan ba kasafai ake samun su ba a cewar Planned Parenthood. <ref>{{Cite web |title=What Are the Side Effects of Birth Control Pills? |url=https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/birth-control-pill/what-are-the-disadvantages-of-the-pill |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=www.plannedparenthood.org |language=en}}</ref> Kwayoyin da ke ɗauke da Estrogen kuma suna ƙara yiwuwar samun toshewar jijiyoyin jini idan aka kwatanta da ƙwayoyin da ke ɗauke da progestin kawai. Suna ƙara haɗarin daga aukuwar toshewar jijiyoyin jini 2 zuwa 10 a cikin kowace mata 10,000 - shekaru zuwa aukuwar toshewar jijiyoyin jini 7 zuwa 10 a cikin kowace mata 10,000 - shekaru. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Teal |first=Stephanie |last2=Edelman |first2=Alison |date=2021-12-28 |title=Contraception Selection, Effectiveness, and Adverse Effects: A Review |journal=JAMA |volume=326 |issue=24 |pages=2507–2518 |doi=10.1001/jama.2021.21392 |issn=0098-7484 |pmid=34962522 |s2cid=245557522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Hana haihuwa na iya shafar lafiyar kwakwalwa kuma akwai shaidar da ke nuna alaƙa tsakanin amfani da maganin hana haihuwa da kuma matsalolin yanayi. Wasu bincike sun gano alaƙa tsakanin amfani da maganin BC da kuma gano ɓacin rai a cikin matasa a rayuwa. Ana tsammanin tasirin yanayi ya faru ne saboda amsawar da ke tsakanin estrogen da progestin da sauran magungunan neurotransmitters masu alaƙa da yanayi kamar serotonin da dopamine. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kelli Stidham |last2=Steinberg |first2=Julia R. |last3=Cwiak |first3=Carrie A. |last4=Allen |first4=Rebecca H. |last5=Marcus |first5=Sheila M. |date=June 2015 |title=Contraception and Mental Health: A Commentary on the Evidence and Principles for Practice |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=212 |issue=6 |pages=740–746 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2014.12.010 |issn=0002-9378 |pmc=4457595 |pmid=25511241}}</ref> Bincike ya gano cewa masu amfani da maganin hana haihuwa na hormone suna da yawan baƙin ciki, damuwa, gajiya, alamun jijiyoyi, rikicewar jima'i, tilas, fushi, da mummunan tasirin haila. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=Stephen A. |last2=Dowell |first2=Matt |last3=Pedulla |first3=Dominic |last4=McCauley |first4=Larry |date=2004 |title=Do the emotional side-effects of hormonal contraceptives come from pharmacologic or psychological mechanisms? |journal=Medical Hypotheses |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=268–273 |doi=10.1016/j.mehy.2004.02.013 |issn=0306-9877 |pmid=15236788}}</ref> Ga mata masu fama da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa, yana da kyau a yi magana da likitan tabin hankali kafin shan magungunan BC. <ref name=":6" /> Mata kuma za su iya amfana ta hanyar yin magana da mai ba da shawara. <ref name=":11" /> === Zubar da ciki === Alaƙar da ke tsakanin zubar da ciki da lafiyar kwakwalwa ta zama batun siyasa mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce da kuma rikici a Amurka. Wasu mutane suna da'awar cewa zubar da ciki yana haifar da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa yayin da wasu kuma suka yarda cewa babu wata shaidar kimiyya da za ta goyi bayan wannan da'awar. Kalmar "ciwon zubar da ciki bayan zubar da ciki" an ƙirƙiro ta ne don nuna mummunan tasirin tunani bayan zubar da ciki. Alamomin sun dogara ne akan matsalar damuwa bayan tashin hankali; duk da haka, wannan ganewar ba ta cikin Ƙungiyar Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka ba kuma ba ta cikin DSM. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-27 |title=Post-abortion syndrome: Symptoms, myths, and more |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/post-abortion-syndrome |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}</ref> An tura wannan matsalar ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin masu goyon bayan rayuwa da Cibiyoyin Kula da Ciki na Crisis, waɗanda aka tsara don magance mata daga zubar da ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kelly K |date=February 2014 |title=The spread of 'Post Abortion Syndrome' as social diagnosis |journal=Social Science & Medicine |volume=102 |pages=18–25 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.11.030 |pmid=24565137}}</ref> An gudanar da bincike da yawa don bincika alaƙar da ke tsakanin lafiyar kwakwalwa da zubar da ciki. Yawancin waɗannan nazarin suna da iyaka, kuma ba sa la'akari da tasirin canje-canje masu rikitarwa, ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa da suka riga suka kasance kafin zubar da ciki. Wani bita na tsari ya gano wani yanayi bayyananne da ke haɗa mafi kyawun bincike tare da sakamakon da ya nuna alaƙar tsaka tsaki, kuma binciken da aka fi yi yana gano alaƙa tsakanin zubar da ciki da mummunan tasirin lafiyar kwakwalwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Charles VE, Polis CB, Sridhara SK, Blum RW |date=December 2008 |title=Abortion and long-term mental health outcomes: a systematic review of the evidence |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_contraception_2008-12_78_6/page/n9 |journal=Contraception |language=English |volume=78 |issue=6 |pages=436–450 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2008.07.005 |pmid=19014789}}</ref> Waɗannan binciken sun zama ruwan dare a cikin binciken da aka yi a baya kuma aka duba abubuwan da aka gano a baya kuma aka yi nazarin hanyoyinsu da sakamakonsu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Binciken Turnaway shi ne bincike na farko da ya yi nazari sosai kan tasirin hana mata zubar da ciki. Mahalarta taron sun haɗa da mata kusan 100 da ke neman zubar da ciki daga wurare 30 a faɗin ƙasar. An gudanar da hirarraki tsawon shekaru 5, kuma an kwatanta matan da aka yi wa zubar da ciki da waɗanda aka kora saboda sun wuce ƙa'idar shekarun ɗaukar ciki a asibitoci. <ref name=":7" /> Wannan binciken bai sami wata alaƙa tsakanin zubar da ciki da mummunan tasirin lafiyar kwakwalwa ba. A zahiri, ya gano cewa kashi 95% na mata sun ba da rahoton cewa shawarar ita ce ta dace a gare su tsawon shekaru 5 bayan tiyatar. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=The Turnaway Study |url=https://www.ansirh.org/research/ongoing/turnaway-study |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=ANSIRH |language=en}}</ref> Wannan binciken ya kuma nuna mummunan tasirin hana zubar da ciki da ake yi a fili ga lafiyar mata da kuma yanayin rayuwarsu. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan mummunan tasirin sun haɗa da kasancewa da yuwuwar zama tare da abokan hulɗa masu cin zarafi, kasancewa da yuwuwar fuskantar damuwa da rashin girman kai, da kuma mummunan tasiri ga yaran da aka haifa ta hanyar ɗaukar ciki da ba a so da kuma yaran da ke cikin iyali, idan akwai. <ref name=":7" /> === Lokacin bayan haihuwa === Lokacin haihuwa yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman adadin matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa da ke da alaƙa da shi, inda kashi 85% na mata ke fuskantar matsalar yanayi. <ref name=":0"/> Rukunin cututtuka guda uku na yanzu da suka shafi haihuwa sun haɗa da ciwon mara bayan haihuwa, ciwon damuwa bayan haihuwa da kuma ciwon kwakwalwa bayan haihuwa. <ref name=":0" /> Yawancin mata suna fuskantar abin da aka sanya wa suna blues na bayan haihuwa, wanda galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai sauƙi da gajere fiye da sauran cututtuka da ke da alaƙa da lokacin haihuwa. <ref name=":0"/> A lokacin blues na bayan haihuwa, mutum na iya fuskantar damuwa, rashin jin daɗi da canjin yanayi. <ref name=":13"/> Blues na bayan haihuwa ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin sakamako na yau da kullun kuma na al'ada na haihuwa, musamman a ƙasashen yamma inda akwai rashin tallafin al'umma da na iyali. <ref name=":13" /> Ana tsammanin damuwar haihuwa tare da canje-canje a matakan hormones yana taimakawa ga blues na bayan haihuwa da mutane da yawa ke fuskanta bayan haihuwa. <ref name=":13" /> Ana tsammanin blues na bayan haihuwa sun zama ruwan dare; duk da haka, idan sun wuce fiye da makonni 2, mutane na iya fuskantar haɗarin kamuwa da cututtuka masu tsanani na bayan haihuwa. <ref name=":13" /> Baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa (PDD) wata cuta ce ta tabin hankali da ake gani a lokacin haihuwa. PDD na iya faruwa a kowane lokaci bayan haihuwa amma galibi yana farawa watanni 2-3 bayan haihuwa. PDD kusan ba a iya bambance ta da baƙin ciki na yau da kullun; duk da haka, a cikin PDD, tunani da ji marasa kyau galibi suna kan jariri. <ref name=":13"/> Alamomin PDD sun haɗa da jin laifi da rashin iyawa, ƙarancin yanayi, gajiya, rashin maida hankali, damuwa da tunanin kashe kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=MGH Center for Women's Mental Health |date=22 February 2008 |title=Postpartum Psychiatric Disorders |url=https://womensmentalhealth.org/specialty-clinics/postpartum-psychiatric-disorders/ |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=MGH Center for Women's Mental Health |language=en-US}}</ref> Canjin hormones, rashin gamsuwar aure, da rashin tallafin zamantakewa duk abubuwan ne da ke ba da gudummawa ga abubuwan da suka faru na PPD. <ref name=":0" /> Waɗanda ke da tarihin matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa, kamar babban rashin kwanciyar hankali da rashin lafiya na bipolar, su ne suka fi fuskantar haɗarin kamuwa da PDD bayan haihuwa. <ref name=":0" /> Ciwon kwakwalwa bayan haihuwa (PP) shine cuta mafi wuya kuma mai tsanani da za a iya samu a lokacin haihuwa. <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rai S, Pathak A, Sharma I |date=July 2015 |title=Postpartum psychiatric disorders: Early diagnosis and management |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=57 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S216–S221 |doi=10.4103/0019-5545.161481 |pmc=4539865 |pmid=26330638 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ciwon PP yana faruwa ba zato ba tsammani kuma yawanci ana lura da shi a cikin aƙalla makonni biyu na farko bayan haihuwa, kuma alamun na iya farawa da wuri kamar awanni 24-48 bayan haihuwa. <ref name=":0"/> Sauye-sauyen yanayi mai tsanani, kamar yadda ake gani a cikin matsalar bipolar, yawanci ana lura da su, da kuma halaye marasa kyau, ruɗani da imani na ruɗani game da jariri. Hakanan ana iya samun mafarkin ji wanda aka umurci uwa ta cutar da kanta ko ɗanta. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":13" /> Waɗanda ke da PP suna cikin haɗarin kashe kansu da kuma yiwuwar kashe jarirai kuma dole ne a yi musu magani a asibiti. Akwai albarkatu da ake da su ga waɗanda suka tsira daga PP da kuma waɗanda ke fama da PP. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MGH Postpartum Psychosis Project (MGHP3) |url=https://www.mghp3.org/ |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=Massachusetts Genera |language=en}}</ref> Sauran cututtukan bayan haihuwa sun haɗa da OCD bayan haihuwa, takamaiman matsalolin damuwa, da PTSD bayan haihuwa. Ana siffanta OCD bayan haihuwa da tunani mai zurfi da tilastawa game da lafiyar jariri da kuma [[Tunanin da ba a yarda da shi ba|tunanin da ke tsoma baki]] game da cutar da yaron. <ref name=":13"/> Ana kuma tsammanin cewa kashi 5.6% na mata suna nuna alamun PTSD bayan haihuwa, wanda za a iya siffanta shi da tunawa da haihuwa, mafarkai masu ban tsoro da tashin hankali kuma yana iya faruwa lokacin da aka sake ɗaukar ciki. <ref name=":13" /> Ciwon daji na haihuwa wani lamari ne mai yuwuwa da ke da alaƙa da lokacin bayan haihuwa, inda uwaye ke cikin damuwa sosai kuma suna damuwa game da lafiya da amincin ɗansu. <ref name=":13" /> === Lokacin haila da kuma lokacin menopause === Perimenopause shine lokacin da jinin haila na wata-wata na mace ya fara raguwa a ƙarshen shekarunta na 40 da farkon shekarunta na 50. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mental Health Concerns During the Perimenopause {{!}} UPMC in Central Pa. |url=https://www.upmc.com/services/south-central-pa/women/services/behavioral-health/conditions/perimenopause |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=UPMC {{!}} Life Changing Medicine |language=en}}</ref> Perimenopause yana ƙara haɗarin alamun da ke shafar lafiyar kwakwalwa kuma yana iya ƙara ta'azzara cututtukan kwakwalwa da aka gano a baya. Babban shaida shine sake dawowa da wanzuwar baƙin ciki. Bincike ya kuma gano cewa mata masu fama da matsalar bipolar sun fi fuskantar yanayin damuwa a lokacin perimenopause. Perimenopause kuma yana faruwa ne lokacin da mata ke fuskantar haɗarin kamuwa da cutar schizophrenia. Wasu mata kuma suna nuna ƙaruwar alamun damuwa. <ref name=":6" /> Menopause shine lokacin da jinin mace ya tsaya kuma ba zai iya ɗaukar ciki ba ta hanyar halitta. Wannan yana faruwa ne lokacin da ƙwai na mace suka tsufa kuma ba su iya samar da hormones da ake buƙata don haihuwa ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Menopause |url=https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/explore-mental-health/a-z-topics/menopause |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=www.mentalhealth.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin menopause, yawan baƙin ciki yana ninkawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-01 |title=Menopause and mental health |url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/womens-health/menopause-and-mental-health |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=Harvard Health |language=en}}</ref> Akwai wasu shaidu da ke nuna cewa mata suna da yuwuwar samun hare-haren tsoro a lokacin menopause. Duk da haka, akwai wasu matsaloli wajen bambance hare-haren tsoro da walƙiya mai zafi waɗanda sune alamun gama gari na menopause. Mata da yawa kuma suna fuskantar matsalolin barci. <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Menopause and your mental wellbeing |url=https://www.nhsinform.scot/healthy-living/womens-health/later-years-around-50-years-and-over/menopause-and-post-menopause-health/menopause-and-your-mental-wellbeing |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=www.nhsinform.scot |language=en}}</ref> Zaɓuɓɓukan magani sun haɗa da magungunan rage radadi idan an gano suna da baƙin ciki. Sauran zaɓuɓɓukan da ke taimakawa sune cin abinci mai kyau, motsa jiki da kuma yin yoga. <ref name=":14" /> === Rashin daidaito a fannin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa === Ba wai kawai akwai bambancin jinsi ba idan ana maganar matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa - mata sun ninka yiwuwar kamuwa da cututtukan kwakwalwa fiye da maza, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Weissman MM, Olfson M |date=August 1995 |title=Depression in women: implications for health care research |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1995-08-11_269_5225/page/799 |journal=Science |volume=269 |issue=5225 |pages=799–801 |bibcode=1995Sci...269..799W |doi=10.1126/science.7638596 |pmid=7638596 |s2cid=21510901}}</ref> amma akwai kuma rashin daidaito tsakanin mata fararen fata da mata fararen fata idan ana maganar samun kulawar lafiyar kwakwalwa. A shekarar 2017, mata masu launin fata sun ba da rahoton jin rashin amfani, rashin bege da baƙin ciki kusan sau biyu fiye da mata fararen fata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mental and Behavioral Health - African Americans - The Office of Minority Health |url=https://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/mental-and-behavioral-health-blackafrican-americans |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=www.minorityhealth.hhs.gov}}</ref> Akwai yiwuwar a gano mutanen da ba su da launin fata da kuma mata masu launin fata ba daidai ba musamman kuma a rubuta musu magungunan rage radadi a mafi yawan lokuta, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Aggarwal NK, Rosenheck RA, Woods SW, Sernyak MJ |date=April 2012 |title=Race and long-acting antipsychotic prescription at a community mental health center: a retrospective chart review |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=73 |issue=4 |pages=513–517 |doi=10.4088/JCP.11m07161 |pmc=3885178 |pmid=22579151}}</ref> saboda wariyar launin fata da kuma nuna wariya a tsarin kiwon lafiya na Amurka <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bridges KM |date=2017 |title=Implicit Bias and Racial Disparities in Health Care |url=https://www.americanbar.org/groups/crsj/publications/human_rights_magazine_home/the-state-of-healthcare-in-the-united-states/racial-disparities-in-health-care/ |journal=Human Rights |publisher=American Bar |volume=43 |page=73 |access-date=2022-08-10}}</ref> Wariyar launin fata mata masu launin fata ita ma ta ƙara wa wannan rashin daidaiton, tare da ra'ayin "mata baƙar fata masu ƙarfi <nowiki>"</nowiki> wanda ke haifar da shinge ga mutane da yawa waɗanda za su amfana daga magungunan lafiyar kwakwalwa. <ref name=":22">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=For Women of Color, Getting Proper Mental Health Treatment Is a Challenge |url=https://www.shondaland.com/live/body/a36410342/for-women-of-color-getting-proper-mental-health-treatment-is-a-challenge/ |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=Shondaland |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003134409/https://www.shondaland.com/live/body/a36410342/for-women-of-color-getting-proper-mental-health-treatment-is-a-challenge/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> 'Yan Asiya Amurka suma suna fuskantar shinge, kuma an nuna cewa ba su da sau uku da za su nemi maganin lafiyar kwakwalwa fiye da takwarorinsu fararen fata a Amurka <ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian American / Pacific Islander Communities and Mental Health |url=https://www.mhanational.org/issues/asian-american-pacific-islander-communities-and-mental-health |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=Mental Health America |language=en}}</ref> Wani abin da ke ƙara rashin daidaito a kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa shine rashin masu samar da POC. Bayanan APA da aka buga a 2020 sun nuna cewa ƙasa da kashi 5% na masu samar da lafiyar kwakwalwa baƙar fata ne, 4% 'yan Asiya Amurka ne kuma 4% 'yan Hispanic ne kuma kashi 2% ne kawai na masu tabin hankali baƙar fata ne. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=American Psychological Association |date=2020 |title=Psychology's workforce is becoming more diverse. |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2020/11/datapoint-diverse |journal=APA Monitor on Psychology |volume=51 |pages=11–19 |access-date=2022-08-10}}</ref> Bayanan launin fata na masu samar da magunguna bai yi daidai da bambancin launin fata na Amurka ba wanda ke ƙara wa rashin daidaito da son zuciya na mutanen da ba su da launin fata musamman mata masu launin fata za su iya fuskanta lokacin ƙoƙarin neman taimakon lafiyar kwakwalwa. <ref name=":22" /> == Matsalolin haihuwa == === Matsalolin da ke tattare da ciki ga mata masu PCOS === Ɗaya daga cikin mata goma da suka kai shekarun haihuwa a Amurka tana fama da cutar Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). <ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2016-11-29 |title=Polycystic ovary syndrome |url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/polycystic-ovary-syndrome |access-date=2021-04-21 |website=womenshealth.gov |language=en}}</ref> Matan da ke da wannan yanayin suna cikin haɗarin fuskantar matsaloli yayin daukar ciki. <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Palomba S, de Wilde MA, Falbo A, Koster MP, La Sala GB, Fauser BC |date=2015-09-01 |title=Pregnancy complications in women with polycystic ovary syndrome |journal=Human Reproduction Update |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=575–592 |doi=10.1093/humupd/dmv029 |pmid=26117684 |doi-access=free}}</ref> PCOS cuta ce ta lafiya wacce ta ƙunshi hyperandrogegism, gazawar ovarian da kuma polycystic ovary morphology (PCOM). <ref name=":02" /> Rashin daidaiton hormonal da PCOS ke haifarwa na iya sa ƙwai ya girma yadda ya kamata ko kuma ya sake shi kamar yadda zai faru a lokacin ovulation a cikin kyakkyawan zagayowar al'ada. <ref name=":72" /> A baya, binciken PCOS ya mayar da hankali kan ganewar asali, alamu, da tasirin kamar rashin haihuwa . <ref name=":02" /> Ba a yi bincike sosai game da rikitarwa ba fiye da yadda mace mai PCOS za ta iya haifarwa idan ta yi ciki. <ref name=":02" /> Wannan yanayi ne mai matukar muhimmanci da za a magance domin yana iya yin babban tasiri ga rayuwar waɗanda aka gano suna da PCOS. <ref name=":02" /> A halin yanzu, a Amurka yana iya kashe kusan dala miliyan huɗu na tsarin kiwon lafiya don kula da mata masu PCOS, saboda wasu cututtuka da PCOS zai iya haifarwa, ciki har da: [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini]] ; [[Hawan jini|hawan]] jini da ke haifar da ciki da kuma pre-eclampsia ; [[Barin ciki|zubar da ciki]] ; rashin haihuwa; da kuma [[Nau'in ciwon sukari na 2|ciwon suga na nau'in 2.]] <ref name=":02" /> ] An kuma gudanar da wasu bincike game da sakamakon lafiyar 'ya'yan da aka haifa ga uwaye masu fama da PCOS. Sakamakon ya tabbatar da cewa ya haɗa da juna, amma ana tsammanin suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da [[Cutar zuciya|matsalar zuciya da jijiyoyin jini]] da kuma matsalar endocrine . <ref name=":02" /> === Fasahar haihuwa mai taimako === Rashin haihuwa matsala ce da ke ƙara zama ruwan dare a tsakanin mata masu shekaru na haihuwa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Szamatowicz M |date=2016 |title=Assisted reproductive technology in reproductive medicine - possibilities and limitations |journal=Ginekologia Polska |volume=87 |issue=12 |pages=820–823 |doi=10.5603/GP.2016.0095 |pmid=28098933 |doi-access=free}}</ref> CDC ta kiyasta cewa kashi 6% na mata masu shekaru 15 zuwa 44 a Amurka ba za su iya ɗaukar ciki ba bayan shekara guda da suka yi gwaji. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2019-06-06 |title=Infertility {{!}} Reproductive Health {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/infertility/index.htm |access-date=2021-04-07 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> Tare da magani da tiyata, wata hanyar da ake bi wajen magance rashin haihuwa ita ce fasahar haihuwa mai taimako (ART). ART ta bayyana kowace hanya da ake amfani da ƙwai da amfrayo a wajen jikin mace, wanda hadi a cikin fitsari (IVF) shine nau'in da ya fi yawa. <ref name=":3" /> A shekarar 2015, kashi 1.7% na dukkan haihuwa da rai a Amurka sakamakon ART ne. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hilbert SM, Gunderson S |date=May 2019 |title=Complications of Assisted Reproductive Technology |journal=Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=239–249 |doi=10.1016/j.emc.2019.01.005 |pmid=30940369 |s2cid=92997874}}</ref> Duk da cewa wannan hanyar ɗaukar ciki tana ƙara zama ruwan dare, har yanzu batu ne mai sarkakiya da muhawara. <ref name=":2" /> ART tana da alaƙa da sakamako masu illa da yawa na lafiya, gami da ƙaruwar haɗarin lahani na haihuwa, da kuma ƙaruwar haɗarin preeclampsia na mata da kashi 1.71. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zhao J, Yan Y, Huang X, Li Y |date=January 2020 |title=Do the children born after assisted reproductive technology have an increased risk of birth defects? A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=322–333 |doi=10.1080/14767058.2018.1488168 |pmid=30189770 |s2cid=52167625}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Almasi-Hashiani A, Omani-Samani R, Mohammadi M, Amini P, Navid B, Alizadeh A, Khedmati Morasae E, Maroufizadeh S |date=May 2019 |title=Assisted reproductive technology and the risk of preeclampsia: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s12884-019-2291-x |pmc=6498659 |pmid=31046710 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yawan nasarar ART yana inganta amma ya bambanta sosai kuma ya dogara ne da shekaru. <ref name=":3" /> Misali, ga mata 'yan ƙasa da shekara 35, matsakaicin nasarar da aka samu a fannin ART a shekara ta 2015 ya kasance kashi 31% idan aka kwatanta da kashi 16% ga waɗanda suka kai shekaru 38-40, da kuma kashi 3% ga waɗanda suka haura shekaru 44. <ref name=":3" /> === Rashin haihuwa, rashin ciki, raunin haihuwa, da kuma haihuwar 'ya'ya === Rashin haihuwa yanayi ne na lafiya wanda mace ba za ta iya ɗaukar ciki ba bayan shekara guda ta yi ƙoƙari, ko kuma watanni 6 ga mace mai shekaru sama da 35. Mata kuma za a iya ɗaukar su marasa haihuwa idan sun yi ciki amma ba za su iya ɗaukar ciki ba. Wannan yanayin yana shafar kusan kashi 10 cikin 100 na mata a Amurka. Baya ga waɗannan matan, maza kuma suna fuskantar matsala da rashin haihuwa. A cewar Ofishin Lafiyar Mata "Kashi ɗaya bisa uku na matsalolin haihuwa suna faruwa ne saboda namiji." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anon |title=Infertility |url=https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/infertility |website=womenshealth.org |publisher=Office on Women's Health}}</ref> Dangane da ko rashin haihuwa ya faru ne ta hanyar namiji ko mace kuma yana canza dalilin da yasa rashin haihuwa ke faruwa. Akwai dalilai daban-daban da ke sa rashin haihuwa ke faruwa. Ga yawancin mata rashin haihuwa yana faruwa ne sakamakon matsalolin ovulation, shekaru, matsalolin bututu, matsalolin ovaries, matsalolin mahaifa, da fibroids na mahaifa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Infertility |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infertility |website=who.int |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> Yawancin maza suna fuskantar dalilai kamar varicocele, ƙirƙirar maniyyi kaɗan ko babu, matsalolin hormonal, da motsi ko siffar maniyyi. Babban abin da ke ƙara haifar da rashin haihuwa shine shekaru. Mata da yawa suna zaɓar jira kafin su yi ciki har zuwa shekaru 30 zuwa 40. Wannan shine dalilin rashin haihuwa saboda ƙwai da mace ke da shi na iya zama marasa lafiya kuma adadin ƙwai da mace ta bari ƙanana ne kafin shekaru 35. Dangane da dalilin rashin haihuwa, ana iya magance yawancin lokuta. Illolin rashin haihuwa da dama, rashin ciki, raunin haihuwa, da haihuwa suna haifar da matsaloli iri-iri na lafiya ga mata. A Amurka, kimanin mutum 1 cikin 5 (19%) ba sa iya ɗaukar ciki bayan shekara guda da ƙoƙarin ɗaukar ciki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-03 |title=Infertility {{!}} Reproductive Health {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/infertility/index.htm |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> Wani bincike mai inganci a Iran ya tantance sakamakon motsin rai da tunani na rashin haihuwa kuma ya kammala da cewa ya haifar da damuwa ta tunani kuma ya haifar da baƙin ciki a cikin wani ɓangare na mata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seyede Batool Hasanpoor-Azghdy |year=2014 |title=The emotional-psychological consequences of infertility among infertile women seeking treatment: Results of a qualitative study |journal=NCBI |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=131–138 |pmc=4009564 |pmid=24799871}}</ref> Wani bincike mai ƙima da Jami'ar Penn ta gudanar ya danganta alaƙar da ke tsakanin rashin haihuwa da mace-mace. Binciken ya nuna cewa mata masu tarihin rashin haihuwa suna da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansa da kashi 20 cikin ɗari, gami da haɗarin mutuwa daga cutar kansar mama da ciwon suga. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 1, 2017 |title=Infertility Linked to Higher Risk of Death Among Women |url=https://www.pennmedicine.org/news/news-releases/2017/november/infertility-linked-to-higher-risk-of-death-among-women |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=www.pennmedicine.org |archive-date=2023-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326003441/https://www.pennmedicine.org/news/news-releases/2017/november/infertility-linked-to-higher-risk-of-death-among-women |url-status=dead }}</ref> rashin ciki ko zubar da ciki na iya haifar da haɗarin matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa da/ko na jiki. Rashin haihuwa na iya haifar da haɗarin hawan jini, cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, da ciwon suga na nau'in 2. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kelvin Okoth |year=2022 |title=Long term miscarriage-related hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Evidence from a United Kingdom population-based cohort study |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=17 |issue=1 |bibcode=2022PLoSO..1761769O |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0261769 |pmc=8782476 |pmid=35061706 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kimanin kashi 3% kuma suna fama da cututtuka bayan zubar ciki. Damuwa da rikice-rikicen damuwa sune manyan matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa da ke tasowa bayan rashin juna biyu. A yanayin haihuwa, wasu raunuka na iya faruwa. Wasu mata da suka fuskanci mummunan yanayi a lokacin daukar ciki suna fuskantar matsalar damuwa bayan haihuwa (PTSD) wanda ake daukarsa a matsayin wani nau'in matsalar damuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PTSD and birth trauma |url=https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/types-of-mental-health-problems/postnatal-depression-and-perinatal-mental-health/ptsd-and-birth-trauma/ |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=www.mind.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> Idan aka haifi 'ya'ya daidai gwargwado, wasu matsalolin lafiya na iya tasowa. Kimanin kashi 16% na ciki a shekarar 2019 suna da matsalar hawan jini. Jimillar mace-macen ciki yana karuwa a tsawon lokaci kuma adadin mace-macen da suka shafi daukar ciki ga mata bakar fata ya ninka na mata fararen fata sau uku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-23 |title=Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System {{!}} Maternal and Infant Health {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternal-mortality/pregnancy-mortality-surveillance-system.htm |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> Manyan dalilai guda 5 da ke haifar da mutuwar ciki sun hada da cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini (16.2%), kamuwa da cuta ko sepsis (13.9%), ciwon zuciya (12.5%), zubar jini (11.0%), toshewar huhu ko wasu embolism (9.4%). Jimillar mace-macen ciki, rauni, haihuwa, da rashin haihuwa na iya samun matsaloli iri-iri na tunani da na jiki. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Maganin rashin haihuwa na iya zama mai sauƙi ko mai yawa. Wasu mata suna buƙatar magani ɗaya ko biyu kawai yayin da wasu kuma na iya buƙatar magani mai yawa wanda zai iya ɗaukar watanni. Maganin mata sun haɗa da magungunan haihuwa, yin haihuwa a cikin mahaifa, da tiyata don dawo da hadi. Maganin maza na iya haɗawa da canje-canje a salon rayuwa, magunguna, tiyata, ko hanyoyin dawo da maniyyi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Infertility |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infertility/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354322 |website=mayoclinic.org |publisher=Mayo Clinic}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin taimako shine Hadin In Vitro. Wannan tsari ya haɗa da dawo da ƙwai, yin taki a wajen mahaifa, sannan a mayar da shi cikin mahaifa don haɓaka girma. Akwai ƙaruwar adadin wannan nau'in taimakon a Amurka kowace shekara. == Cututtukan da ake kamuwa da su ta hanyar jima'i == Manufar lafiyar gwamnatin Amurka ta hanyar Hukumar Lafiyar Jama'a ta Amurka ita ce rage yawan kamuwa da [[Cutar da ake kamuwa ta jima'i|cututtukan da ake dauka ta hanyar jima'i]] daga shekarun 1980 zuwa yau. <ref name="Testing for STDs">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mosher WD, Aral SO |date=October 1991 |title=Testing for sexually transmitted diseases among women of reproductive age: United States, 1988 |journal=Family Planning Perspectives |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=216–221 |doi=10.2307/2135756 |jstor=2135756 |pmid=1743274}}</ref> Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ita ce ke da alhakin bincike da yawa kan batun Cututtukan da ake dauka ta hanyar jima'i da kuma tasirin Cututtukan da ake dauka ta hanyar jima'i ga mata da 'yan mata. <ref name="Something we'd not talk about">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Friedman AL, Bloodgood B |date=October 2010 |title="something we'd rather not talk about": findings from CDC exploratory research on sexually transmitted disease communication with girls and women |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1235277 |journal=Journal of Women's Health |volume=19 |issue=10 |pages=1823–1831 |doi=10.1089/jwh.2010.1961 |pmid=20929416}}</ref> CDC ta bayyana cututtukan da ake dauka ta hanyar jima'i a matsayin "cututtukan da za ku iya samu daga yin jima'i da wanda ke dauke da cutar". <ref name="CDC Women's Reproductive Health" /> Akwai nau'ikan cututtukan da ake dauka ta hanyar jima'i sama da ashirin da ake iya ganowa ta hanyar kwayoyin cuta, kwayoyin cuta, ko ƙwayoyin cuta. <ref name="CDC Women's Reproductive Health">{{Cite web |last=Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion |title=Women's Reproductive Health |url=https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/WomensRH/index.htm |access-date=25 October 2014 |website=www.cdc.gov}}</ref> A cikin shekara guda a Amurka akwai kimanin mutane miliyan 12 da ke kamuwa da cututtukan da ake dauka ta hanyar jima'i. Daga cikin wadannan mutane miliyan 12 akwai mutane miliyan 1.5 da ke kamuwa da cutar gonorrhea, mutane 500,000 da ke kamuwa da cutar herpes ta al'aura, da kuma mutane 110,000 da ke kamuwa da cutar syphilis. <ref name="Testing for STDs" /> Mata da maza a Amurka suna fama da annobar cututtukan da ake dauka ta hanyar jima'i. Duk da haka, mata suna da mummunan martani ga wasu cututtukan da ake dauka ta hanyar jima'i fiye da maza. Mummunan tasirin STDs ga mata ga lafiyarsu na iya haɗawa da cutar kumburin ƙashin ƙugu (PIV), ciki mai kama da mahaifa, ciwon ƙashin ƙugu na yau da kullun, rashin haihuwa, kamuwa da cuta ta tayi da haihuwa, rikitarwa ga ciki, asarar tayi, ciwon mahaifa, da ƙaruwar haɗarin ɗaukar ciki a cikin mahaifa, jinkirin girma a cikin mahaifa da haihuwa kafin lokacin haihuwa. <ref name="Testing for STDs" /> <ref name="Something we'd not talk about" /> Mata a Amurka ba sa neman magani ga STDs saboda dalilai daban-daban. Wasu STDs ba sa nuna alamun rashin lafiya ga mata <ref name="Testing for STDs" /> don haka mata ba sa neman magani ga STDs fiye da maza. Kamar yawancin batutuwan lafiya, akwai gibi da ke akwai wajen fahimtar cututtukan cututtuka a cikin mata idan aka kwatanta da maza. Mata ba sa samun isasshen bayani game da yawan kamuwa da STDs da kuma alamun STDs. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Kamar yadda yake a cikin tsarin hana haihuwa a Amurka, akwai wata kyama da ke hana mata koyo game da duk wani nau'in cututtukan da za a iya kamuwa da su ta hanyar jima'i da kuma maganinsu. Wani bincike da Mujallar Lafiyar Mata ta gudanar ya gano cewa cututtukan da za a iya kamuwa da su ta hanyar jima'i a matsayin wani batu da mata ba za su so su yi magana a kai ba. <ref name="Something we'd not talk about"/> <ref name="Something we'd not talk about" /> Ƙyamar da ke tattare da cututtukan da za a iya kamuwa da su ta hanyar jima'i a Amurka tana hana mata tattauna batun ko da a tsakanin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, abokai na kud da kud, abokan hulɗa, da dangi. Mata matasa ba su fahimci haɗarin da cututtukan da za a iya kamuwa da su ta hanyar jima'i za su iya haifar musu ba. Misali, Chlamydia yana ɗaya daga cikin cututtukan da suka fi shafar mata da maza a Amurka. <ref name="pmid4020783">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Judson FN |date=March 1985 |title=Assessing the number of genital chlamydial infections in the United States |journal=The Journal of Reproductive Medicine |volume=30 |issue=3 Suppl |pages=269–72 |doi= |pmid=4020783}}</ref> Mata ba sa bin shawarar da aka bayar cewa a yi wa mutane gwajin cutar Chlamydia aƙalla sau ɗaya a shekara. <ref name="Something we'd not talk about" /> Yawancin mata ba su ma san wani bayani game da Chlamydia a matsayin STD ba banda gaskiyar cewa ana iya warkar da shi. <ref name="Something we'd not talk about" /> Gwajin STD ya fi tasiri wajen gano cututtukan STD a cikin mata, amma mata a Amurka ba sa amfani da shi sosai ta hanyar samun damar zuwa asibitocin tsara iyali, yana ƙara yiwuwar mata su nemi da kuma amfani da gwajin STD. <ref name="Testing for STDs"/> Gwajin wani nau'i ne na gwada mutanen da ke da lafiya ko waɗanda ke da alamun cutar STD don tantance yawan kamuwa da cutar STD. Ƙungiyar Kula da Yara ta Amurka ta Planned Parenthood Federation of America tana da asibitoci a faɗin Amurka don manufar tantance cututtukan STD da sauran ayyukan tsara iyali. Planned Parenthood ta ba da shawarar cewa mata masu jima'i su gwada cututtukan STD aƙalla kowace shekara. <ref name="Testing for STDs" /> Wani bincike da Jaridar Lafiya ta Mata ta gudanar ya gano buƙatar yaƙin neman ilimi kan gwajin STD da ke niyya ga mata matasa masu jima'i. <ref name="Something we'd not talk about"/> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pr3zo6nybf2brurs8341hjnapqu75c7 0 156246 906944 899141 2026-08-24T08:04:06Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 906944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A fannin kiwon lafiya, mutanen [[Maɗigo|'yan madigo]], 'yan luwadi, masu bisexual, masu transgender, da kuma 'yan queer ( [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBQ]] ) suna fuskantar ƙalubale da wahalhalu na musamman waɗanda ke sa samun damar kiwon lafiya ya zama ƙasa da adalci. A cewar Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta 'Yan Luwadi da 'Yan Madigo [[Tarayyar Amurka|ta Amurka]] (GLMA), wasu daga cikin batutuwan da suka fi shafar '''lafiyar LGBTQ''' sune HIV / [[Kanjamau|AIDS]], ciwon daji [[Sankaran Nono|na nono]] da [[Ciwon daji na mahaifa|mahaifa]], [[Ciwon Hanta|ciwon hanta]], lafiyar kwakwalwa, matsalolin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, shan barasa, shan taba, [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki]], samun kulawar mutanen da suka canza jinsi, batutuwan da suka shafi [[Aure na jinsi ɗaya|aure]] da gane iyali, [[Magani na juyawa|maganin juyowa]], dokokin ƙin yarda, da kuma dokokin da aka yi niyya don "yi wa ƙwararrun kula da lafiya rigakafi daga ɗaukar alhakin nuna wariya ga mutanen da ba su amince da su ba." <ref name="About GLMA">{{Cite web |title=About GLMA |url=http://www.glma.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=Page.viewPage&pageId=532 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119215650/http://www.glma.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=Page.ViewPage |archive-date=2020-11-19 |access-date=2008-12-28 |publisher=Gay and Lesbian Medical Association}}</ref> Waɗannan munanan ra'ayoyin zamantakewa da matsin lamba da kafofin watsa labarai ke gabatarwa suna da alaƙa da ƙaruwar mummunan hoton jiki da raguwar darajar kai, wanda zai iya haɗuwa da haɓakar matsalolin cin abinci da kuma tasirin kiba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Body Image |url=https://login.lmunet.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=OVIC&u=tel_a_lmu&id=GALE%7CPC3010999221&v=2.1&it=r&sid=bookmark-OVIC&asid=cd0964ec |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=login.lmunet.idm.oclc.org}}</ref> Mutanen LGBTQ na iya fuskantar cikas ga samun kulawar lafiya bisa ga yanayin jima'i da/ko [[asalin jinsi]] ko bayyanarsa. <ref name="Elk 2021">{{Cite journal |date=July 2021 |editor-last=Ramalingam |editor-first=Suresh S. |title=The intersection of racism, discrimination, bias, and homophobia toward African American sexual minority patients with cancer within the health care system |journal=[[Cancer (journal)|Cancer]] |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] on behalf of the [[American Cancer Society]] |volume=127 |issue=19 |pages=3500–3504 |doi=10.1002/cncr.33627 |lccn=50001289 |oclc=01553275 |pmid=34287834 |s2cid=236158145 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mutane da yawa suna gujewa ko samun kulawa mara kyau saboda ƙin jinin 'yan luwaɗi, ƙin jinin transsexual, ko wariya daga masu samar da kiwon lafiya da cibiyoyi. <ref name="Elk 2021" /> <ref name="Guidelines">{{Cite web |title=Guidelines for care of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender patients |url=http://ce54.citysoft.com/_data/n_0001/resources/live/GLMA%20guidelines%202006%20FINAL.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060826192204/http://ce54.citysoft.com/_data/n_0001/resources/live/GLMA%20guidelines%202006%20FINAL.pdf |archive-date=August 26, 2006 |access-date=2008-12-28 |publisher=Gay and Lesbian Medical Association}}</ref> A wata ma'anar, abubuwan da suka faru na rashin kyau na mutum, ko tsoron fuskantar wariya na iya hana waɗannan mutane samun kulawa. == Matsalolin lafiya na gabaɗaya da ke shafar mutanen LGBTQ == A cewar Kwamitin Kula da Matsalolin Lafiya na 'Yan Madigo, 'Yan Luwadi, Masu Juna Biyu da Masu Canza Sheka da Damar Bincike, akwai matsaloli da dama wajen gudanar da binciken lafiya kan al'ummar LGBTQ. Waɗannan ƙalubalen sun haɗa da sarkakiyar bayyana yanayin jima'i da rashin bin ƙa'ida ga jinsi, da kuma jinkirin amsa tambayoyi game da waɗannan batutuwa. Sauran ƙalubalen da aka fuskanta sun haɗa da ƙalubalen dabaru da na kuɗi na ɗaukar isassun samfura don yin nazari mai ma'ana, idan aka yi la'akari da wahalar ƙaramin adadin mutanen LGBTQ a tsakanin al'umma gabaɗaya. Sau da yawa ana haɗa 'yan madigo, 'yan luwadi, masu bisexual, da kuma masu canza jinsi a cikin bincike da tattaunawa. Wannan na iya zama matsala saboda kowannensu ƙungiyoyi ne daban-daban waɗanda ba su haɗa dukkan waɗanda ba 'yan madigo ba ko kuma waɗanda ba su dace da jinsi ba. A wasu nazarin, an haɗa mutanen 'yan madigo, 'yan luwadi, masu bisexual, da masu biquer a ƙarƙashin lakabin "ba 'yan madigo ba", yayin da a cikin binciken HIV, mahalarta za a iya haɗa su wuri ɗaya a cikin rukunoni waɗanda suka haɗa da asali daban-daban. <ref name=":03" /> Yawancin bincike sun fi mai da hankali kan mata 'yan madigo da maza 'yan madigo, tare da ƙarancin kulawa ga mutanen bisexual, masu transgender, masu intersex, masu asexual, da sauran mutanen queer, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin matakan wariya. <ref name=":03" /> Waɗannan bambance-bambancen a cikin bincike da ra'ayoyin LGBTQ a matsayin monolith yana share keɓancewar kowane asali. Wani bita da aka yi a Arewacin Amurka ya gano cewa mutanen LGBTQ galibi suna ba da rahoton rashin lafiyar da suka fi dacewa da kansu, ƙarin alamun lafiyar jiki, da kuma ƙaruwar wasu yanayi na lafiya, ciki har da ciwon suga, asma da hawan jini, idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da maza da mata. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Bränström |first=Richard |last2=Hatzenbuehler |first2=Mark L. |last3=Pachankis |first3=John E. |date=February 2016 |title=Sexual orientation disparities in physical health: age and gender effects in a population-based study |journal=Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology |language=en |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=289–301 |doi=10.1007/s00127-015-1116-0 |issn=0933-7954 |pmc=4747986 |pmid=26298574}}</ref> Waɗannan bambance-bambancen sun fi bayyana a tsakanin matasa da matasa, tare da ƙananan bambance-bambance tsakanin tsofaffin ƙungiyoyi. An gano cewa abubuwan da suka shafi lafiyar jiki da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi wariya, cin zarafi, da tashin hankali tsakanin tsirarun jinsi suna taimakawa wajen haifar da waɗannan bambance-bambancen a lafiyar jiki. <ref name=":4" /> Lafiyar kwakwalwa ta fi muni a tsakanin mutanen LGBTQ fiye da na sauran jama'a, inda baƙin ciki, damuwa, cutar da kai, da kuma tunanin kashe kai suka fi yawa fiye da na sauran jama'a. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=A. Jess |last2=Jones |first2=Christopher |last3=Arcelus |first3=Jon |last4=Townsend |first4=Ellen |last5=Lazaridou |first5=Aikaterini |last6=Michail |first6=Maria |date=2021 |title=A systematic review and meta-analysis of victimisation and mental health prevalence among LGBTQ+ young people with experiences of self-harm and suicide |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1645268W |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0245268 |pmc=7822285 |pmid=33481862 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan ya samo asali ne daga wariya ta zamantakewa, son zuciya, da kuma wariya da suke fuskanta. <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Shaikh |first=Aman |last2=Kamble |first2=Prafull |last3=Daulatabad |first3=Vandana |last4=Singhal |first4=Anish |last5=Madhusudhan |first5=U. |last6=John |first6=Nitin Ashok |date=September 2024 |title=Mental health challenges within the LGBTQ community: A societal imperative |journal=Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care |language=en-US |volume=13 |issue=9 |pages=3529–3535 |doi=10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_321_24 |issn=2249-4863 |pmc=11504819 |pmid=39464965 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kimanin kashi 30 cikin 100 na dukkan kashe kai da aka kammala an danganta su da rikicin asalin jima'i. Daliban da suka faɗa cikin ƙungiyoyin asali na 'yan luwaɗi, masu bisexual, 'yan madigo ko masu jinsi daban-daban sun ba da rahoton cewa sun fi fuskantar yiwuwar rashin zuwa makaranta sau biyar saboda suna jin rashin tsaro bayan an zalunce su saboda yanayin jima'insu. Waɗannan bambance-bambancen lafiyar kwakwalwa kuma suna bayyana a cikin matasan LGBTQ+, inda kashi 65% na matasan LGBQ da kashi 46% na matasan [https://www.abct.org/fact-sheets/transgender-and-gender-nonconforming-youth/ TGNC] suka ruwaito suna cutar da kansu. <ref name=":5" /> Bincike ya nuna cewa akwai wasu shinge da ke raba marasa lafiya da ƙwararrun LGBTQ da kwararrun likitoci, wanda wataƙila ya faru ne saboda ƙiyayya ga 'yan luwaɗi, zato game da rashin jituwa tsakanin maza da mata, da kuma rashin ilimi game da mutanen LGBTQ da buƙatunsu. An kuma gano cewa akwai shinge a cikin cibiyoyi a matsayin illa ga kiwon lafiya na LGBTQ, gami da batutuwa kamar isar da sako mara dacewa, rashin sirrin marasa lafiya, dakatar da kulawa, rashin takamaiman kiwon lafiya na LGBTQ, da kuma rashin horon ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da ya dace da jima'i. <ref name="UCL">{{Cite journal |last=King |first=Michael B |last2=Semlyen |first2=Joanna |last3=See Tai |first3=Sharon |last4=Killaspy |first4=Helen |last5=Osborn |first5=David |last6=Popelyuk |first6=Dmitri |last7=Nazareth |first7=Irwin |date=September 2008 |title=Mental disorders, suicide, and deliberate self harm in lesbian, gay and bisexual people: a systematic review of the literature |journal=BMC Psychiatry |publisher=Department of Mental Health Sciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=70 |doi=10.1186/1471-244X-8-70 |pmc=2533652 |pmid=18706118 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bincike ya nuna matsalolin da aka fuskanta tun suna ƙanana, kamar 'yan tsiraru masu jinsi da jinsi da ake kai wa hari, cin zarafi, da [[wariya]], a matsayin abubuwan da ke taimakawa sosai ga baƙin ciki, [[Kisan kai|kashe kai]] da sauran matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa a lokacin balaga. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Warner |first=James |last2=Mckeown |first2=Éamonn |last3=Griffin |first3=Mark |last4=Johnson |first4=Katherine |last5=Ramsay |first5=Angus |last6=Cort |first6=Clive |last7=King |first7=Michael |date=December 2004 |title=Rates and predictors of mental illness in gay men, lesbians and bisexual men and women: Results from a survey based in England and Wales |journal=British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=185 |issue=6 |pages=479–485 |doi=10.1192/bjp.185.6.479 |pmid=15572738 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="RIVERS1">{{Cite journal |last=Rivers |first=I |year=2001 |title=The bullying of sexual minorities at school: Its nature and long-term correlates. |journal=Educational and Child Psychology |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=32–46 |doi=10.53841/bpsecp.2001.18.1.32 |s2cid=164869191}}</ref> <ref name="RIVERS2">{{Cite journal |last=Rivers |first=I |year=2004 |title=Recollections of Bullying at School and Their Long-Term Implications for Lesbians, Gay Men, and Bisexuals |journal=Crisis |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=169–175 |doi=10.1027/0227-5910.25.4.169 |pmid=15580852 |s2cid=32996444}}</ref> Binciken zamantakewa ya nuna cewa mutanen LGBTQ suna fuskantar ayyukan wariya wajen samun kulawar lafiya. <ref name="WILT2">{{Cite journal |last=Wilton |first=Tamsin |year=1999 |title=Towards an understanding of the cultural roots of homophobia in order to provide a better midwifery service for lesbian clients |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_midwifery_1999-09_15_3/page/154 |journal=Midwifery |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=154–164 |doi=10.1016/s0266-6138(99)90060-8 |pmid=10776240}}</ref> <ref name="WILT3">{{Cite journal |last=Wilton |first=T. |last2=Kaufmann |first2=T. |year=2001 |title=Lesbian mothers' experiences of maternity care in the UK |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_midwifery_2001-09_17_3/page/203 |journal=Midwifery |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=203–211 |doi=10.1054/midw.2001.0261 |pmid=11502140}}</ref> Hanya ɗaya da mutanen LGBTQ suka yi ƙoƙarin magance matsalolin kiwon lafiya masu wariya ita ce ta hanyar neman masu ba da kiwon lafiya masu "sauƙi". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hudak |first=Nicole |last2=Bates |first2=Benjamin R. |date=3 July 2019 |title=In Pursuit of 'queer-friendly' Healthcare: An Interview Study of How Queer Individuals Select Care Providers |journal=Health Communication |volume=34 |issue=8 |pages=818–824 |doi=10.1080/10410236.2018.1437525 |pmid=29482359 |s2cid=3584158}}</ref> === Dalilan da ke haifar da rashin daidaiton lafiya tsakanin LGBTQ === Bincike ya bayyana cewa bambancin kiwon lafiya a tsakanin mutanen LGBTQ yana iya faruwa ne saboda damuwa ta tsiraru . <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Akanksha |last2=Dandona |first2=Anu |last3=Sharma |first3=Vibha |last4=Zaidi |first4=S. Z. H. |date=January 2023 |title=Minority Stress in Emotion Suppression and Mental Distress Among Sexual and Gender Minorities: A Systematic Review |journal=Annals of Neurosciences |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=54–69 |doi=10.1177/09727531221120356 |issn=0972-7531 |pmc=10259152 |pmid=37313338}}</ref> <ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Hughes |first=Tonda L. |last2=Bochicchio |first2=Lauren |last3=Drabble |first3=Laurie |last4=Muntinga |first4=Maaike |last5=Jukema |first5=Jan S. |last6=Veldhuis |first6=Cindy B. |last7=Bruck |first7=Sunčica |last8=Bos |first8=Henny |date=2023-12-18 |title=Health disparities in one of the world's most progressive countries: a scoping review of mental health and substance use among sexual and gender minority people in the Netherlands |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=23 |issue=1 |page=2533 |doi=10.1186/s12889-023-17466-x |issn=1471-2458 |pmc=10729573 |pmid=38110908 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last=Layland |first=Eric K |last2=Carter |first2=Joseph A |last3=Perry |first3=Nicholas S |last4=Cienfuegos-Szalay |first4=Jorge |last5=Nelson |first5=Kimberly M |last6=Bonner |first6=Courtney Peasant |last7=Rendina |first7=H Jonathon |date=2020-10-12 |title=A systematic review of stigma in sexual and gender minority health interventions |journal=Translational Behavioral Medicine |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=1200–1210 |doi=10.1093/tbm/ibz200 |issn=1869-6716 |pmc=7549413 |pmid=33044540}}</ref> 'Yan tsiraru suna nufin nauyin fuskantar munanan halaye na al'umma da martanin da suka shafi jinsi da asalin mutum. Ya haɗa da damuwa da ke tattare da wariya ta zamantakewa da kyama, wanda ke haifar da mummunan tasirin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Ka'idar damuwa ta tsiraru ta bayyana yadda abubuwan da suka faru na cin zarafi da suka shafi jinsi da rashin bin ka'ida ta jima'i ke taimakawa ga matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa da ta kwakwalwa tsakanin mutanen LGBT. <ref name=":12" /> <ref name=":32" /> Wannan damuwa ta samo asali ne daga mu'amalar zamantakewa mara kyau kuma, idan ta daɗe, tana iya yin tasiri sosai ga lafiyar kwakwalwa, wanda ke haifar da halaye kamar shan muggan kwayoyi, tunanin kashe kai, rashin sadarwa mai kyau, da ayyukan da ba a yi niyya ba. Bincike ya nuna sakamako mara kyau daban-daban na lafiyar kwakwalwa da ke da alaƙa da abubuwan da suka faru na damuwa ta tsiraru. <ref name=":12" /> 'Abin da Muka Sani' ya yi bitar dubban nazarin da aka yi wa takwarorinsa kuma ya gano alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin wariya da cutarwa ga lafiyar mutanen LGBT. <ref>{{Cite web |title=What does the scholarly research say about the effects of discrimination on the health of LGBT people? |url=https://whatweknow.inequality.cornell.edu/topics/lgbt-equality/what-does-scholarly-research-say-about-the-effects-of-discrimination-on-the-health-of-lgbt-people/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604154442/https://whatweknow.inequality.cornell.edu/topics/lgbt-equality/what-does-scholarly-research-say-about-the-effects-of-discrimination-on-the-health-of-lgbt-people/ |archive-date=2021-06-04 |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=What We Know |language=en-US}}</ref> Binciken ya nuna cewa kasancewar wariya, kyama, da kuma nuna wariya yana haifar da yanayi na zamantakewa mai cike da ƙiyayya wanda ke ƙara haɗarin rashin lafiyar hankali da ta jiki, har ma ga waɗanda ba a fallasa su kai tsaye ga wariyar ba. Wani bincikai da'akiyi mai zurfi kan hanyoyin samun damar kula da lafiya ga mutanen LGBTQ ya gano cewa sau da yawa suna fama da rashin sadarwa da masu samar da kiwon lafiya saboda tsoron zato da kuma kunya game da yanayin jima'i. Wannan, tare da ƙin jinin 'yan luwaɗi a fannin kiwon lafiya, yana haifar da wariya da wariya, yana rage halartarsu da shiga cikin kula da jiki da shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya na rigakafi. <ref name=":23"/> A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, ƙungiyar LGBTQ a Amurka da ma duniya baki ɗaya ta ba da gudummawa ga ƙaruwar fahimtar jama'a da karɓuwa ga al'umma. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-25 |title=Views of Homosexuality Around the World |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701105248/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ |archive-date=2022-07-01 |access-date=2020-11-13 |website=Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Attitudes toward Homosexuality and Gay Rights across Time and Countries |url=https://www.norc.org/PDFs/PubAttExecSumm.pdf}}</ref> Rahotanni daga Cibiyar Magunguna, Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Ƙasa ta Amurka da sauran ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun yi kira da a magance gibin da ke cikin horo da ilimi ga ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na LGBT. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health {{!}} Healthy People 2020 |url=https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender-health?topicid=25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114003737/https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender-health?topicid=25 |archive-date=2020-11-14 |access-date=2020-11-13 |website=www.healthypeople.gov}}</ref> Binciken da ake yi a yanzu ya nuna cewa mutanen LGBT suna fuskantar rashin daidaito idan aka kwatanta da takwarorinsu na maza da mata da kuma na mata dangane da samun damar zuwa wuraren kiwon lafiya, halaye, da sakamakon magani. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hswen |first=Yulin |last2=Sewalk |first2=Kara C. |last3=Alsentzer |first3=Emily |last4=Tuli |first4=Gaurav |last5=Brownstein |first5=John S. |last6=Hawkins |first6=Jared B. |date=October 2018 |title=Investigating inequities in hospital care among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals using social media |journal=Social Science & Medicine |volume=215 |pages=92–97 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.08.031 |pmid=30219749 |s2cid=52308985}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bonvicini |first=Kathleen A. |date=December 2017 |title=LGBT healthcare disparities: What progress have we made? |journal=Patient Education and Counseling |volume=100 |issue=12 |pages=2357–2361 |doi=10.1016/j.pec.2017.06.003 |pmid=28623053}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aleshire |first=Mollie E. |last2=Ashford |first2=Kristin |last3=Fallin-Bennett |first3=Amanda |last4=Hatcher |first4=Jennifer |date=March 2019 |title=Primary Care Providers' Attitudes Related to LGBTQ People: A Narrative Literature Review |journal=Health Promotion Practice |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=173–187 |doi=10.1177/1524839918778835 |pmid=29947564 |s2cid=206741186}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana nuna cewa dalilin hakan shine rashin jituwa tsakanin jinsi daban-daban a fannin kula da lafiya da bincike. {{Blockquote|"Heterosexism can be purposeful (decreased funding or support of research projects that focus on sexual orientation) or unconscious (demographic questions on intake forms that ask the respondent to rate herself or himself as married, divorced, or single). These forms of discrimination limit medical research and negatively impact the health care of LGB individuals. This disparity is particularly extreme for lesbians (compared to homosexual men) because they have a double minority status, and experience oppression for being both female and homosexual."<ref>{{cite journal |title=Lesbian perinatal depression and the heterosexism that affects knowledge about this minority population |author=S. Trettin |author2=E. L. Moses-Kolko |author3=K. L. Wisner |url=https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/lesbian-perinatal-depression-and-the-heterosexism-that-affects-kn |journal=Archives of Women's Mental Health |date=March 2006 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=67–73 |doi=10.1007/s00737-005-0106-8 |pmid=16172835 |s2cid=9552331 |access-date=April 26, 2021 |archive-date=April 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426235133/https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/lesbian-perinatal-depression-and-the-heterosexism-that-affects-kn |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} === Cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da tallafin zamantakewa na LGBTQ === Sakamakon lafiyar LGBTQ+ yana da tasiri sosai ta hanyar hanyoyin tallafawa zamantakewa, takwarorinsu, da iyali. Misali ɗaya na hanyar sadarwa ta tallafi da ake da ita yanzu ga wasu matasan LGBTQ+ sun haɗa da Gay-Straight Alliances (GSAs), waɗanda ƙungiyoyi ne da ke aiki don inganta yanayin matasa LGBTQ+ a makarantu da kuma ilmantar da ɗalibai da ma'aikata game da matsalolin da al'ummar LGBTQ+ ke fuskanta. Bincike ya nuna cewa ɗaliban da ke zuwa makarantu tare da GSAs suna da sakamako mafi kyau ga lafiyar gaba ɗaya, musamman lafiyar kwakwalwa, ga matasan LGBTQ+. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heck |first=Nicholas C. |last2=Flentje |first2=Annesa |last3=Cochran |first3=Bryan N. |date=August 2013 |title=Offsetting risks: High school gay-straight alliances and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth. |journal=Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity |volume=1 |issue=S |pages=81–90 |doi=10.1037/2329-0382.1.s.81}}</ref> Binciken ya kuma nuna cewa ɗaliban LGBTQ+ waɗanda ke da damar shiga GSA suna jin daɗin kasancewa tare da su. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heck |first=Nicholas C. |last2=Flentje |first2=Annesa |last3=Cochran |first3=Bryan N. |date=August 2013 |title=Offsetting risks: High school gay-straight alliances and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth. |url=https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/2329-0382.1.S.81 |journal=Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity |language=en |volume=1 |issue=S |pages=81–90 |doi=10.1037/2329-0382.1.S.81 |issn=2329-0390 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Hanyoyin lafiyar kwakwalwa na matasan LGBTQ+ suna da alaƙa sosai da hanyoyin sadarwar iyali da zamantakewa da suke da su. Kin amincewa da iyali sakamakon wani matashin LGBTQ+ da ya fito yana da yuwuwar haifar da mummunan sakamako ga lafiya. A gaskiya ma, matasan LGBTQ+ da suka fuskanci kin amincewa da iyali sun fi saurin yunƙurin kashe kansu, sau 5.9 sun fi fuskantar ƙarin damuwa, kuma sau 3.4 sun fi fuskantar haɗarin shan miyagun ƙwayoyi fiye da matasan LGBTQ+ waɗanda 'yan uwa suka karɓe su. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ryan |first=Caitlin |last2=Huebner |first2=David |last3=Diaz |first3=Rafael M. |last4=Sanchez |first4=Jorge |date=1 January 2009 |title=Family Rejection as a Predictor of Negative Health Outcomes in White and Latino Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Young Adults |journal=Pediatrics |volume=123 |issue=1 |pages=346–352 |doi=10.1542/peds.2007-3524 |pmid=19117902 |s2cid=33361972}}</ref> Kin amincewa da iyali wani lokacin yana sa matasa su gudu daga gida ko kuma a kore su daga gidajensu, wanda ke da alaƙa da yawan rashin matsuguni da matasan LGBTQ+ ke fuskanta. A gefe guda kuma, rashin matsuguni yana da alaƙa da wasu sakamako marasa kyau na lafiya waɗanda wani lokacin ke faruwa ne sakamakon ƙaruwar shigar matasan LGBTQ+ marasa matsuguni cikin [[karuwanci]] da [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7334079/#:~:text=Survival%20sex%20trading%20(SST)%20has,1999%3B%20Whyte%2C%202006). jima'i] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saewyc |first=Elizabeth M. |date=March 2011 |title=Research on Adolescent Sexual Orientation: Development, Health Disparities, Stigma, and Resilience |journal=Journal of Research on Adolescence |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=256–272 |doi=10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00727.x |pmc=4835230 |pmid=27099454}}</ref> Wani bincike na tsawon lokaci da aka yi kan matasa 248 a cikin shekaru 5.5 ya gano cewa matasan LGBTQ+ waɗanda ke da ƙarfin goyon bayan iyali da takwarorinsu suna fuskantar ƙarancin damuwa a kowane lokaci idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ke da ƙarancin goyon bayan iyali da takwarorinsu. A tsawon lokaci, damuwar tunanin da matasan LGBTQ+ ke fuskanta ta ragu, ba tare da la'akari da adadin goyon bayan iyali da takwarorinsu da suka samu a lokacin samartaka ba. Duk da haka, raguwar damuwa ta fi girma ga matasa waɗanda ke da ƙarancin goyon bayan takwarorinsu da iyalansu fiye da waɗanda ke da babban tallafi. A shekaru 17, waɗanda ba su da tallafin iyali amma suna da babban goyon bayan takwarorinsu sun nuna mafi girman matakan damuwa, amma wannan matakin damuwa ya ragu zuwa kusan matakin da waɗanda ke ba da rahoton babban tallafi a cikin 'yan shekaru. Waɗannan matasan LGBTQ+ waɗanda ba su da tallafin iyali amma tare da babban goyon baya daga takwarorinsu sun ba da rahoton ƙaruwar tallafin iyali tsawon shekaru duk da cewa sun ba da rahoton mafi ƙarancin tallafin iyali a lokacin da suka kai shekaru 17. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=McConnell |first=Elizabeth A. |last2=Birkett |first2=Michelle |last3=Mustanski |first3=Brian |date=December 2016 |title=Families Matter: Social Support and Mental Health Trajectories Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youth |journal=Journal of Adolescent Health |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=674–680 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.07.026 |pmc=5217458 |pmid=27707515}}</ref> Hakazalika, wani bincike da aka yi kan matasa 232 'yan LGBTQ+ tsakanin shekaru 16-20 ya gano cewa waɗanda ke da ƙarancin goyon bayan iyali da zamantakewa sun ba da rahoton yawan rashin bege, kaɗaici, baƙin ciki, damuwa, son zuciya, [[Kisan kai|kashe kai]], tsananin duniya, da alamun [[Babban rashin damuwa|babban rashin jin daɗi]] (MDD) fiye da waɗanda suka sami tallafi mai ƙarfi na iyali da wanda ba na iyali ba. Akasin haka, waɗanda suka sami tallafin da ba na iyali ba kawai sun ba da rahoton mummunan sakamako ga duk sakamakon lafiya da aka auna sai dai damuwa da rashin bege, wanda babu wani bambanci a cikinsu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=McConnell |first=Elizabeth A. |last2=Birkett |first2=Michelle A. |last3=Mustanski |first3=Brian |date=March 2015 |title=Typologies of Social Support and Associations with Mental Health Outcomes Among LGBT Youth |journal=LGBT Health |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=55–61 |doi=10.1089/lgbt.2014.0051 |pmc=4855776 |pmid=26790019}}</ref> Wasu bincike sun gano cewa rashin sakamako mafi muni ga lafiyar kwakwalwa ga mutanen da ke da luwaɗi da 'yan madigo, wanda a wani mataki za a iya danganta shi da rashin karɓuwa da kuma tabbatar da wannan al'umma a ciki da wajen al'ummar LGBTQ. Waɗanda suka gane kansu a matsayin masu luwaɗi galibi suna ba da rahoton jin kamar matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwansu za a iya gano su ne ta hanyar wariya da ƙin yarda da juna da ke da alaƙa kai tsaye da asalinsu na masu luwaɗi. <ref name="ler">{{Cite journal |last=Ross |first=Lori E. |last2=Dobinson |first2=Cheryl |last3=Eady |first3=Allison |date=March 2010 |title=Perceived Determinants of Mental Health for Bisexual People: A Qualitative Examination |journal=American Journal of Public Health |language=en |volume=100 |issue=3 |pages=496–502 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2008.156307 |issn=0090-0036 |pmc=2820049 |pmid=20075326}}</ref> Mutane da yawa suna ba da rahoton jin kamar don a gan su a matsayin masu inganci a cikin al'ummomin LGBTQ ko kuma a gane asalinsu ta hanyar masu luwaɗi, dole ne su yi aiki da son rai ɗaya kawai, ko kuma sha'awar jinsi ɗaya kawai. <ref name="ler" /> Wannan ra'ayi za a iya danganta shi da gogewar maza da mata, ko kuma sanya wa mutanen da ke da luwaɗi lakabi da waɗanda ke da abubuwan da ba su dace ba na LGBT, wanda hakan ke sa su ji kamar ba a gani. <ref name="hs">{{Cite journal |last=Stewart |first=Heather |date=December 2021 |title=We're Here, We're ... Queer? On the Enduring Harms of Bisexual Erasure |journal=Dialogue |language=en |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=423–433 |doi=10.1017/S0012217321000287 |issn=0012-2173 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan gogewar na iya bayyana a cikin nau'in ƙananan zalunci, ko maganganu ko maganganu marasa ma'ana waɗanda a zahiri ke haifar da mummunar illa ga al'umma ko ƙungiyar da aka ware da ake niyya. <ref name="hs" /> Waɗannan ra'ayoyin al'umma na iya zama abubuwan da suka faru akai-akai ko ra'ayoyi waɗanda daga ƙarshe ke bayyana a ciki, suna yin mummunan tasiri ga amincewar mutum da girman kansa na masu luwaɗi. <ref name="hs" /> Domin magance matsalolin karɓuwa da kai, mahalarta sun ba da shawarar rungumar ruhaniya, motsa jiki, fasaha, da sauran ayyukan da ke haɓaka lafiyar motsin rai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ross |first=Lori E. |last2=Dobinson |first2=Cheryl |last3=Eady |first3=Allison |date=March 2010 |title=Perceived Determinants of Mental Health for Bisexual People: A Qualitative Examination |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=100 |issue=3 |pages=496–502 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2008.156307 |pmc=2820049 |pmid=20075326}}</ref> === Fasahar haihuwa da aka taimaka === Mutane LGBTQ+ suna fuskantar matsaloli na musamman wajen samun 'ya'yan halitta waɗanda maza da mata masu jinsi ɗaya ba su fuskanta ba. A al'ada, sau da yawa ana ganin iyaye a matsayin abin da ba zai yiwu ba ga ma'aurata masu jinsi ɗaya kuma ana ƙarfafa ɗaukar LGBT a matsayin mai yiwuwa, amma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, masana ilimin halittu na ci gaba suna bincike da haɓaka dabarun da za su sauƙaƙa haihuwar jinsi ɗaya, wanda zai iya ba da damar ma'aurata masu jinsi ɗaya su zama iyaye na halitta tare. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2010 |title=Breakthrough raises possibility of genetic children for same-sex couples |url=http://www.gizmag.com/possibility-of-genetic-children-from-same-sex-couples/17228/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409194948/http://www.gizmag.com/possibility-of-genetic-children-from-same-sex-couples/17228/ |archive-date=9 April 2016 |access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Timeline of same-sex procreation scientific developments |url=http://www.samesexprocreation.com/timeline.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208053033/http://samesexprocreation.com/timeline.htm |archive-date=2011-02-08 |access-date=2021-10-20 |publisher=samesexprocreation.com}}</ref> == Matsalolin da ke shafar mata 'yan madigo == === Lafiyar haihuwa da jima'i === Mata 'yan madigo, masu bisexual, da kuma masu biquar suna da buƙatu iri ɗaya na lafiyar haihuwa da ta jima'i kamar mata masu maza da mata. Duk da haka, mata masu biquar suna fuskantar rashin daidaito idan ana maganar lafiyar haihuwa da ta jima'i. Wannan na iya kasancewa saboda ƙarancin matsayin tattalin arziki da ƙarancin inshora, musamman ga mutanen da ke bisexual. Bugu da ƙari, ilimin jima'i (a Amurka) galibi yana da alaƙa da juna kuma yana iya ba da bayanai masu dacewa ga mutanen LGBTQ (duba ilimin jima'i na LGBTQ ). Masu ba da kiwon lafiya na iya ba su da isasshen ilimi game da yanayin jima'i, don haka ƙila ba sa ba wa marasa lafiyarsu ayyukan da suka dace da kuma waɗanda ake buƙata. A cikin wani bincike da aka yi wa mazauna Ob/Gyn, kashi 50% sun ba da rahoton jin rashin shiri don kula da marasa lafiya 'yan madigo ko masu bisexual kuma kashi 92% sun ba da rahoton sha'awar ƙarin ilimi kan yadda za a samar da kiwon lafiya ga marasa lafiya na LGBTQ. <ref name="Guerrero-Hall Muscanell Garg et al 2021">{{Cite journal |last=Guerrero-Hall |first=Karla Daniela |last2=Muscanell |first2=Rebecca |last3=Garg |first3=Namrata |last4=Romero |first4=Iris L. |last5=Chor |first5=Julie |date=April 2021 |title=Obstetrics and Gynecology Resident Physician Experiences with Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer Healthcare Training |journal=Medical Science Educator |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=599–606 |doi=10.1007/s40670-021-01227-9 |pmc=8368479 |pmid=34457914}}</ref> ==== Ciwon daji na mahaifa ==== Rashin gwajin cutar kansar mahaifa yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi bayyana kuma mafi haɗari ga mata 'yan madigo, masu bisexual, da kuma masu biquer wajen haifar da cutar kansar mahaifa a ƙarshen mataki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-21 |title=LGBT health care discrimination (& other rainbow health concerns) |url=https://www.urevolution.com/blogs/magazine/lgbt-health-care-discrimination |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001182657/https://www.urevolution.com/blogs/magazine/lgbt-health-care-discrimination |archive-date=2023-10-01 |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=Uncomfortable Revolution |language=en-US}}</ref> Mata 'yan madigo, masu bisexual, da masu biquer ba su da damar samun gwajin da ya dace don cutar kansar mahaifa fiye da mata masu maza da mata, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waterman |first=Lindsay |last2=Voss |first2=Joachim |date=16 January 2015 |title=HPV, cervical cancer risks, and barriers to care for lesbian women |journal=The Nurse Practitioner |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=46–53 |doi=10.1097/01.NPR.0000457431.20036.5c |pmid=25437384 |s2cid=205414490}}</ref> wanda ke haifar da gano cutar kansar mahaifa daga baya. ==== Maganin hana haihuwa ==== Mata 'yan madigo, masu bisexual, da kuma masu biquer suna buƙatar samun damar yin amfani da hanyoyin hana daukar ciki, duka don hana daukar ciki da kuma don fa'idodi daban-daban waɗanda ba sa ɗauke da maganin hana daukar ciki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Noncontraceptive Benefits of Birth Control Pills |url=https://www.reproductivefacts.org/news-and-publications/patient-fact-sheets-and-booklets/documents/fact-sheets-and-info-booklets/noncontraceptive-benefits-of-birth-control-pills/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913013344/https://www.reproductivefacts.org/news-and-publications/patient-fact-sheets-and-booklets/documents/fact-sheets-and-info-booklets/noncontraceptive-benefits-of-birth-control-pills/ |archive-date=2022-09-13 |access-date=2020-07-28 |website=www.reproductivefacts.org}}</ref> Kiyasi ya nuna cewa mata miliyan 3.8 'yan madigo, masu bisexual da kuma masu biquer na iya amfani da hanyoyin hana daukar ciki a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reproductive Health Care and LBT Adults |url=https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/lbt-reproductive-health/ |access-date=2020-07-28 |website=Williams Institute |language=en-US}}</ref> Duk da haka, mata 'yan madigo, masu bisexual, da masu biquer ba sa amfani da hanyoyin hana daukar ciki, koda kuwa suna yin jima'i wanda zai iya haifar da ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charlton |first=Brittany M. |last2=Corliss |first2=Heather L. |last3=Missmer |first3=Stacey A. |last4=Rosario |first4=Margaret |last5=Spiegelman |first5=Donna |last6=Austin |first6=S. Bryn |date=2013 |title=Sexual orientation differences in teen pregnancy and hormonal contraceptive use: an examination across 2 generations |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |language=en |volume=209 |issue=3 |pages=204.e1–204.e8 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2013.06.036 |pmc=3758403 |pmid=23796650}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Everett |first=Bethany G. |last2=Higgins |first2=Jenny A. |last3=Haider |first3=Sadia |last4=Carpenter |first4=Emma |date=January 2019 |title=Do Sexual Minorities Receive Appropriate Sexual and Reproductive Health Care and Counseling? |journal=Journal of Women's Health |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=53–62 |doi=10.1089/jwh.2017.6866 |pmc=6343198 |pmid=30372369}}</ref> ==== Zubar da ciki ==== Mata 'yan madigo, masu bin maza biyu, masu luwaɗi, da kuma waɗanda suka yi kama da 'yan tsiraru suna neman kulawar zubar da ciki. Cibiyar Guttmacher ta kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 5% na marasa lafiya da ke zubar da ciki a Amurka suna bayyana kansu a matsayin 'yan madigo, masu bin maza biyu, ko kuma masu luwaɗi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Rachel K. |last2=Jerman |first2=Jenna |last3=Charlton |first3=Brittany M. |date=September 2018 |title=Sexual Orientation and Exposure to Violence Among U.S. Patients Undergoing Abortion |journal=Obstetrics & Gynecology |volume=132 |issue=3 |pages=605–611 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000002732 |pmc=10552916 |pmid=30095763 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nazarin da aka yi kan matakan zubar da ciki da kansu ya nuna cewa zubar da ciki ya zama ruwan dare a rayuwar mata 'yan luwaɗi. Matasa masu luwaɗi biyu sun fi iya dakatar da ciki fiye da takwarorinsu na maza biyu, wani bambanci da ke ci gaba har zuwa girma. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tornello |first=Samantha L. |last2=Riskind |first2=Rachel G. |last3=Patterson |first3=Charlotte J. |date=2014 |title=Sexual Orientation and Sexual and Reproductive Health Among Adolescent Young Women in the United States |journal=Journal of Adolescent Health |language=en |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=160–168 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.08.018 |pmid=24157195}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Everett |first=Bethany G. |last2=McCabe |first2=Katharine F. |last3=Hughes |first3=Tonda L. |date=2017 |title=Sexual Orientation Disparities in Mistimed and Unwanted Pregnancy Among Adult Women: Sexual Orientation and Unintended Pregnancy |journal=Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health |language=en |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=157–165 |doi=10.1363/psrh.12032 |pmc=5819992 |pmid=28598550}}</ref> A tsawon rayuwarsu, matan da ke nuna kansu a matsayin 'yan tsiraru sun fi fuskantar ciki da ba a so ko kuma sun daina daukar ciki fiye da mata masu jinsi ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charlton |first=Brittany M. |last2=Everett |first2=Bethany G. |last3=Light |first3=Alexis |last4=Jones |first4=Rachel K. |last5=Janiak |first5=Elizabeth |last6=Gaskins |first6=Audrey J. |last7=Chavarro |first7=Jorge E. |last8=Moseson |first8=Heidi |last9=Sarda |first9=Vishnudas |last10=Austin |first10=S. Bryn |date=March 2020 |title=Sexual Orientation Differences in Pregnancy and Abortion Across the Lifecourse |journal=Women's Health Issues |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=65–72 |doi=10.1016/j.whi.2019.10.007 |pmc=7071993 |pmid=31810786}}</ref> === Kula da lafiyar mata masu juna biyu ga 'yan madigo === Kula da mata masu juna biyu 'yan madigo wani batu ne da ake yawan mantawa da shi a fannin kiwon lafiya. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ana samun karuwar bincike da bincike da aka gudanar domin masu kula da lafiya su sami kayan aiki mafi kyau don kula da wadannan marasa lafiya. An gudanar da wani bincike game da abubuwan da suka faru na kula da lafiyar mata masu juna biyu 'yan madigo a shekarar 2009 a [[Sweden]]. Mahalarta binciken sun so masu kula da lafiyarsu su tabbatar kuma su gane iyayen biyu, ba kawai uwa ba. Sun kuma so masu kula da lafiyarsu su yi tambayoyi game da "salon rayuwarsu" don nuna bayyanannen ra'ayinsu game da jima'i. Yawancin matan da ke cikin binciken sun yi tsokaci cewa suna da kyawawan gogewa game da kiwon lafiya. Duk da haka, ilimin haihuwa ya fi mayar da hankali kan yanayin uwa da uba. Siffofin da aka yi amfani da su kuma sun fi mayar da hankali kan bambancin jinsi (duba Heterosexism ), suna ba da damar gane uwa da uba kawai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Larsson |first=Anna-Karin |last2=Dykes |first2=Anna-Karin |date=December 2009 |title=Care during pregnancy and childbirth in Sweden: Perspectives of lesbian women |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_midwifery_2009-12_25_6/page/682 |journal=Midwifery |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=682–690 |doi=10.1016/j.midw.2007.10.004 |pmid=18222576}}</ref> Don yin la'akari da waɗannan bambance-bambancen, mai binciken, Singer, ta ƙirƙiri takarda game da yadda za a inganta kula da mata 'yan madigo a lokacin daukar ciki a Amurka. Ta gano cewa sha'awar jima'i ga majiyyaci na iya ɗaukar alƙawari, wani lokacin yana sanya majiyyaci cikin yanayin da za su iya ilmantar da mai ba da sabis. Don zama mai haɗaka, Singer ta ba da shawarar cewa masu kula da lafiya su ƙara haɗaka a cikin tattaunawarsu ta farko ta hanyar tambayar matar yadda ta yi ciki. Masu kula da lafiya, a cewar Singer, ya kamata, a cewar Singer, su yi amfani da harshe mai haɗaka wanda za a iya amfani da shi ga kowane nau'in marasa lafiya. Masu kula da lafiya ba su san nawa ne kudin kula da lafiyar haihuwa ga ma'aurata 'yan madigo ba, kuma ya kamata su fahimci wannan matsalar a fili ga marasa lafiyar 'yan madigo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singer |first=Randi Beth |date=October 2012 |title=Improving Prenatal Care for Pregnant Lesbians |journal=International Journal of Childbirth Education |location=Minneapolis |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=37–40 |id={{ProQuest|1095482667}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Masu bincike Pharris, Bucchio, Dotson, da [[Al-Uzza|Davidson]] sun kuma bayar da shawarwari kan yadda za a tallafa wa ma'aurata 'yan madigo a lokacin daukar ciki. Ya kamata masu koyar da haihuwa su guji ɗauka cewa iyaye maza da mata ne ko kuma ma'aurata marasa aure. Sun ba da shawarar yin amfani da harshe mai tsaka-tsaki lokacin da ake tattaunawa kan abubuwan da iyaye ke so. Fom, aikace-aikace, da sauran bayanai da aka rarraba ya kamata su haɗa da iyayen 'yan madigo. Sun ba da shawarar amfani da kalmomi kamar "uwa mara haihuwa, uwa ɗaya, uwa ɗaya, uwa ɗaya da uwa ta biyu". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pharris |first=Angela |last2=Bucchio |first2=Justin |last3=Dotson |first3=Carmelita |last4=Davidson |first4=Wanda |date=July 2016 |title=Supporting Lesbian Couples During Pregnancy |journal=International Journal of Childbirth Education |location=Minneapolis |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=23–24 |id={{ProQuest|1819099907}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Baya ga ƙaruwar bincike ga mata masu juna biyu 'yan madigo, ungozoma da Doulas sun yi tasiri a tsakanin mata a cikin al'ummar 'yan luwaɗi don ƙoƙarinsu na inganta kula da ma'aurata masu juna biyu 'yan madigo, suna ilmantar da kansu ta hanyar horo musamman ga waɗannan mutane. An ɗauki ungozoma a matsayin masu ba da shawara masu taimako tare da sauran masu samar da kiwon lafiya da suka haɗu da su. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ross |first=Lori E. |last2=Steele |first2=Leah S. |last3=Epstein |first3=Rachel |date=June 2006 |title=Service Use and Gaps in Services for Lesbian and Bisexual Women During Donor Insemination, Pregnancy, and the Postpartum Period |journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=505–511 |doi=10.1016/S1701-2163(16)32181-8 |pmid=16857118}}</ref> Ungozoma kuma sun tattauna ra'ayoyinsu. Röndahl, Bruhner, da Lindhe sun gudanar da wani bincike a shekarar 2009 game da abubuwan da suka faru a cikin mata masu juna biyu a [[Norway]]. Sun gano cewa ungozoma su ne ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar sarari don tattauna jima'i. Duk da haka, ungozoma a cikin binciken sun ji cewa ba su da isasshen kayan aikin sadarwa don ƙirƙirar wannan sararin. Bugu da ƙari, masu binciken sun gano cewa ana ganin ma'aurata 'yan madigo daban-daban idan aka kwatanta da ma'aurata madaidaiciya. Abokan hulɗa suna da jin daɗin ƙauna da abota. An kuma ga bambance-bambancen su lokacin da ake ƙoƙarin nemo matsayin uwayen 'yan madigo (uwaye marasa ilimin halitta), saboda harshe da tambayoyin da aka yi ba su dace da matsayinsu ba. A ƙarshe, masu binciken sun gano cewa akwai buƙatar a sami daidaito na yin tambayoyi da kuma yin tsayin daka. Ungozoma za su iya yin tambayoyi game da jima'i na marasa lafiya, amma yin tambayoyi da yawa yana haifar da rashin jin daɗi ga marasa lafiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Röndahl |first=Gerd |last2=Bruhner |first2=Elisabeth |last3=Lindhe |first3=Jenny |date=November 2009 |title=Heteronormative communication with lesbian families in antenatal care, childbirth and postnatal care |url=https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-20809 |journal=Journal of Advanced Nursing |volume=65 |issue=11 |pages=2337–2344 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.05092.x |pmid=19737324}}</ref> === Ciwon nono === A wani bita na tsari da aka gudanar a shekarar 2013 a Burtaniya da Amurka, wanda ya duba bincike tara, ya gano cewa gaba daya babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a yawan kamuwa da cutar kansar mama a tsakanin mata 'yan madigo da maza masu bibiyar mata idan aka kwatanta da mata masu jinsi daya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meads |first=Catherine |last2=Moore |first2=David |date=December 2013 |title=Breast cancer in lesbians and bisexual women: systematic review of incidence, prevalence and risk studies |journal=BMC Public Health |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=1127 |doi=10.1186/1471-2458-13-1127 |issn=1471-2458 |pmc=3890640 |pmid=24313963 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da haka, akwai kuma takardun manufofi daga Birtaniya da Gwamnatin Amurka waɗanda suka bayyana cewa akwai yiwuwar samun ƙaruwar cutar kansar mama a tsakanin mata 'yan madigo da masu luwaɗi duk da rashin isassun shaidu. A cikin wani rahoto na 2009 da ƙungiyar 'yan majalisa ta Burtaniya All Party Group on Cancer's Inquiry in Inequalities in Cancer, an bayyana cewa "Masu luwaɗi na iya samun ƙarin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar mama". === Damuwa da damuwa === Ana tsammanin damuwa da damuwa suna shafar 'yan madigo a mafi girma fiye da na sauran jama'a. Wani lokaci ana tattauna waɗannan batutuwan lafiyar kwakwalwa kamar suna da kamanceceniya a tsakanin mata daban-daban a cikin al'umma, kodayake matan 'yan madigo suna fuskantar wani nau'in baƙin ciki da damuwa na musamman saboda abubuwan da suka fuskanta a matsayin mata 'yan luwaɗi. Abubuwan da suka fuskanta na musamman ne saboda ba wai kawai suna fuskantar wahalhalun da ke tattare da gane mace a cikin al'umma ba, har ma suna jure wahalhalun da ke tattare da gane mace a matsayin 'yar madigo. Wannan na iya ƙara tsananta waɗannan damuwar lafiyar kwakwalwa tsakanin mata 'yan madigo, ganin cewa suna da shingaye da yawa da ake tilasta musu su shawo kansu idan aka ware su a cikin al'umma. <ref name="Routledge" /> === Matsalar amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi === 'Yan madigo galibi suna da yawan shan ƙwayoyi, ciki har da magungunan nishaɗi, barasa da taba. Bincike ya nuna cewa mata 'yan madigo da masu luwaɗi suna da yuwuwar shan taba kashi 200% fiye da sauran mata. <ref name="Guidelines"/> Waɗannan yawan shan ƙwayoyi na iya zama hanyar magance matsalolin da ke tattare da su a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun da kuma a fannin kiwon lafiya. <ref name=":9"/> == Matsalolin da suka shafi jinsin maza == === Damuwa, damuwa, da kashe kai === Maza 'yan luwaɗi sun fi fuskantar matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa fiye da sauran a cikin al'ummar LGBT. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Slimowicz |first=Joseph |last2=Siev |first2=Jedidiah |last3=Brochu |first3=Paula M. |date=28 February 2020 |title=Impact of Status-Based Rejection Sensitivity on Depression and Anxiety Symptoms in Gay Men |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=17 |issue=5 |page=1546 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17051546 |pmc=7084542 |pmid=32121193 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bincike ya nuna cewa baƙin ciki da damuwa suna shafar maza 'yan luwaɗi fiye da sauran jama'a. <ref name="10 men">{{Cite web |title=TEN THINGS GAY MEN SHOULD DISCUSS WITH THEIR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS |url=http://www.glma.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=Page.viewPage&pageID=690 |access-date=2008-12-28 |publisher=Gay and Lesbian Medical Association}}</ref> <ref name="Depression">{{Cite web |title=Depression in the Gay Community |url=http://www.gay.com/news/roundups/package.html?sernum=1355&navpath=/channels/health/special/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907050524/http://www.gay.com/news/roundups/package.html?sernum=1355&navpath=%2Fchannels%2Fhealth%2Fspecial%2F |archive-date=2008-09-07 |access-date=2008-12-28 |publisher=Gay.com News |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa na iya zama mafi bayyana a cikin mazan 'yan luwaɗi waɗanda ba su da isasshen tsarin tallafawa zamantakewa ko waɗanda ba su bayyana jima'i ga abokai ko dangi ba. [[Samartaka|Matasa]] da matasa na iya kasancewa cikin haɗarin [[Kisan kai|kashe kansu]] musamman saboda waɗannan damuwar. Ayyukan kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa masu la'akari da al'ada waɗanda aka keɓe musamman ga mazan 'yan luwaɗi na iya zama mafi tasiri wajen rigakafi, gano da wuri, da kuma magance waɗannan yanayi. <ref name="10 men"/> Masu bincike a Jami'ar California da ke [[San Francisco]] sun gano cewa manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da baƙin ciki a cikin mazan 'yan luwaɗi da masu luwaɗi sun haɗa da gogewar da aka samu kwanan nan na [[Rikicin da aka yi wa mutanen LGBTQ|tashin hankali ko barazanar hana 'yan luwaɗi]], rashin bayyana kansu a matsayin 'yan luwaɗi, ko jin bare daga al'ummar 'yan luwaɗi. <ref name="Depression"/> Sakamakon wani bincike da Stonewall Scotland ta gudanar a farkon shekarar 2012 ya nuna cewa kashi 3% na maza 'yan luwadi sun yi yunkurin kashe kansu a cikin shekarar da ta gabata. <ref name="news.stv.tv">{{Cite web |date=April 25, 2012 |title=Suicide rates among gay men eight times higher |url=http://news.stv.tv/scotland/304764-suicide-rates-among-gay-men-eight-times-higher/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615022546/http://news.stv.tv/scotland/304764-suicide-rates-among-gay-men-eight-times-higher/ |archive-date=June 15, 2013 |website=STV}}</ref> Duk da ci gaba a fannin kare hakkin LGBT a duniya, maza 'yan luwadi suna ci gaba da fuskantar yawan kadaici da damuwa bayan sun fito fili. <ref name="Hobbes2017">{{Cite web |last=Hobbes |first=Michael |date=2017-03-01 |title=Together Alone: the Epidemic of Gay Loneliness |url=https://highline.huffingtonpost.com/articles/en/gay-loneliness/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617191417/https://highline.huffingtonpost.com/articles/en/gay-loneliness/ |archive-date=2020-06-17 |access-date=2019-12-03 |website=The Huffington Post Highline}}</ref> Yawan kashe kai tsakanin maza a cikin dangantakar jinsi daya ya ragu sosai a Sweden da [[Denmark]] bayan halatta [[Aure na jinsi ɗaya|auren jinsi daya]] . Mai bincike Annette Erlangsen ta ba da shawarar cewa tare da sauran dokokin kare hakkin 'yan luwadi, auren jinsi daya na iya rage jin kyamar da ake nunawa a tsakanin wasu 'yan luwadi kuma damar yin aure na iya inganta yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin wannan al'umma. === HIV/AIDS === Maza da ke yin jima'i da maza sun fi saurin kamuwa da kwayar cutar HIV sau sittin a Yammacin Duniya ta zamani, [[Japan]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics from the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare |url=http://www.japanetwork.org/aidsnews/stats/06jul-sep.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081213003434/http://www.japanetwork.org/aidsnews/stats/06jul-sep.html |archive-date=2008-12-13}}</ref> Indiya, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Go |first=Vivian F. |last2=Srikrishnan |first2=Aylur K. |last3=Sivaram |first3=Sudha |last4=Murugavel |first4=G. Kailapuri |last5=Galai |first5=Noya |last6=Johnson |first6=Sethulakshmi C. |last7=Sripaipan |first7=Teerada |last8=Solomon |first8=Suniti |last9=Celentano |first9=David D. |date=1 March 2004 |title=High HIV Prevalence and Risk Behaviors in Men Who Have Sex With Men in Chennai, India |journal=Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=314–319 |doi=10.1097/00126334-200403010-00014 |pmid=15076248 |s2cid=26020807 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Taiwan, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Hsin-Chun |last2=Ko |first2=Nai-Ying |last3=Lee |first3=Nan-Yao |last4=Chang |first4=Chia-Ming |last5=Ko |first5=Wen-Chien |date=1 May 2008 |title=Seroprevalence of Viral Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted Disease Among Adults with Recently Diagnosed HIV Infection in Southern Taiwan, 2000–2005: Upsurge in Hepatitis C Virus Infections Among Injection Drug Users |journal=Journal of the Formosan Medical Association |volume=107 |issue=5 |pages=404–411 |doi=10.1016/S0929-6646(08)60106-0 |pmid=18492625 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hung |first=C. C. |last2=Ji |first2=D. D. |last3=Sun |first3=H. Y. |last4=Lee |first4=Y. T. |last5=Hsu |first5=S. Y. |last6=Chang |first6=S. Y. |last7=Wu |first7=C. H. |last8=Chan |first8=Y. H. |last9=Hsiao |first9=C. F. |last10=Liu |first10=W. C. |last11=Colebunders |first11=R. |date=February 27, 2008 |title=Increased Risk for Entamoeba histolytica Infection and Invasive Amebiasis in HIV Seropositive Men Who Have Sex with Men in Taiwan |journal=PLOS Negl. Trop. Dis. |volume=27 |issue=2 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0000175 |pmc=2254204 |pmid=18301730 |doi-access=free}}</ref> da sauran ƙasashe masu ci gaba fiye da na sauran jama'a a Amurka. <ref name="FDA">{{Cite journal |last=Research |first=Center for Biologics Evaluation and |date=2019-04-11 |title=Questions about Blood - Revised Recommendations for Reducing the Risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission by Blood and Blood Products - Questions and Answers |url=https://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/BloodBloodProducts/QuestionsaboutBlood/ucm108186.htm |journal=FDA |access-date=2026-06-09 |archive-date=2016-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330080857/https://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/BloodBloodProducts/QuestionsaboutBlood/ucm108186.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kiyasta cewa kashi 62% na maza 'yan Amurka manya da matasa da ke zaune tare da HIV/AIDS sun kamu da cutar ta hanyar saduwa da wasu maza. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2008 |title=Estimated numbers of persons living with HIV/AIDS at the end of 2006, by race/ethnicity, sex, and transmission category—33 states with confidential name-based HIV infection reporting |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/reports/2006report/table9.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504153154/https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/reports/2006report/table9.htm |archive-date=May 4, 2008 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Ƙazanta da ke da alaƙa da HIV tana da alaƙa da rashin lafiyar jiki da ta hankali a cikin PLHIV (mutanen da ke zaune tare da HIV). Sunan farko da aka gabatar don abin da yanzu aka sani da "AIDS" shine ''ƙarancin garkuwar jiki da ke da alaƙa da 'yan luwaɗi'', ko ''GRID'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The History of AIDS and ARC |url=http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/Books/lbb/x590.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709142045/http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/Books/lbb/x590.htm |archive-date=July 9, 2011 |access-date=May 6, 2021}}</ref> An gabatar da wannan sunan a cikin 1982, bayan da masana kimiyyar lafiyar jama'a suka lura da tarin Kaposi's sarcoma da <nowiki><i id="mwAgw">Pneumocystis</i></nowiki> pneumonia tsakanin maza 'yan luwaɗi a [[California]] da [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] . <ref name="CDC1">{{Cite journal |last=Centers for Disease Control (CDC) |date=18 June 1982 |title=A cluster of Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among homosexual male residents of Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California. |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001114.htm |url-status=live |journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |volume=31 |issue=23 |pages=305–307 |pmid=6811844 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224023702/http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001114.htm |archive-date=24 February 2008 |access-date=9 September 2017}}</ref> Wasu maza 'yan luwadi ba za a yi musu gwajin cutar HIV/AIDS ba saboda tsoron kin amincewa da jima'i, rashin sanin inda ko yadda za a yi musu gwajin, da kuma tsoron abokai/iyali su nisanta kansu bayan an gano cutar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Iott |first=Bradley E. |last2=Loveluck |first2=Jimena |last3=Benton |first3=Akilah |last4=Golson |first4=Leon |last5=Kahle |first5=Erin |last6=Lam |first6=Jason |last7=Bauermeister |first7=José A. |last8=Veinot |first8=Tiffany C. |date=9 March 2022 |title=The impact of stigma on HIV testing decisions for gay, bisexual, queer and other men who have sex with men: a qualitative study |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=471 |doi=10.1186/s12889-022-12761-5 |pmc=8908600 |pmid=35264132 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da cewa adadin maza 'yan luwadi da ke kamuwa da cutar HIV ya fi na sauran al'ummomi yawa, yawancin bincike da bincike kan cutar HIV sun dogara ne kawai akan yawan 'yan luwadi maimakon manyan ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Murchu |first=Eamon O. |last2=Marshall |first2=Liam |last3=Teljeur |first3=Conor |last4=Harrington |first4=Patricia |last5=Hayes |first5=Catherine |last6=Moran |first6=Patrick |last7=Ryan |first7=Mairin |date=2022-05-01 |title=Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to prevent HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical effectiveness, safety, adherence and risk compensation in all populations |url=https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/5/e048478 |journal=BMJ Open |language=en |volume=12 |issue=5 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048478 |issn=2044-6055 |pmc=9096492 |pmid=35545381 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Rigakafin kamuwa da cutar HIV, ko "PrEP", magunguna ne da ake amfani da su wajen hana kamuwa da cutar HIV a cikin mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar, kamar manya masu yin jima'i ko mutanen da ke yin allurar magunguna. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring: recommendations for a public health approach |url=https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789240031593 |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Sau da yawa, ana shan waɗannan magungunan ta baki a matsayin haɗin tenofovir da emtricitabine. <ref name=":3"/> An nuna cewa PrEP yana da tasiri sosai, yana rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar HIV ta hanyar jima'i har zuwa kashi 99% da kuma ta hanyar amfani da allurar magani da kashi 74% idan aka yi amfani da shi kamar yadda aka umarta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-08 |title=Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) {{!}} HIV Risk and Prevention {{!}} HIV/AIDS |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/risk/prep/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113224839/https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/risk/prep/index.html |archive-date=2019-11-13 |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> Yana da tasiri musamman ga maza suna yin jima'i da maza. Duk da haka, wannan tasiri ya dogara ne akan bin ƙa'ida. A cewar wasu bincike, raguwar kashi 10% a bin ƙa'ida ya rage ingancin PrEP da kashi 13% <ref name=":3" /> Waɗannan matsalolin bin ƙa'ida sun haifar da rashin bayanai kan ingancin PrEP ga mutanen da ke da jinsi ɗaya. Duk da cewa MSM tana cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar HIV, tallan irin waɗannan magungunan yana iyakance ilimin kan albarkatun lafiyar jima'i kuma yana ci gaba da nuna wariya ga gwajin HIV da rigakafinsa ga maza masu luwaɗi. Akwai kuma rashin bayanai kan sauran mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kamar masu aikin jima'i, mata masu canza jinsi (kashi 1% na mahalarta a wani bincike da aka gano a matsayin mata masu canza jinsi <ref name=":3" /> ), da kuma ma'aurata masu bambancin jinsi (a cikin binciken da aka yi, akwai rashin bin ƙa'ida sosai <ref name=":3" /> ) === Sauran cututtukan da ake dauka ta hanyar jima'i (STIs) === Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Amurka ta ba da shawarar a yi gwajin cutar [[Tunjere|syphilis]], [[Ciwon sanyi|gonorrhea]], HIV da chlamydia a kowace shekara ga mazan da ke yin jima'i da maza. <ref name="Guidelines"/> Maza baƙaƙe 'yan luwaɗi suna da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar HIV da sauran cututtukan da suka shafi jima'i fiye da maza fararen 'yan luwaɗi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wolitski |first=Richard J. |last2=Fenton |first2=Kevin A. |date=April 2011 |title=Sexual Health, HIV, and Sexually Transmitted Infections among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men in the United States |journal=AIDS and Behavior |volume=15 |issue=S1 |pages=9–17 |doi=10.1007/s10461-011-9901-6 |pmid=21331797 |s2cid=31770928}}</ref> Duk da haka, adadin da aka ruwaito na yin jima'i ta dubura ba tare da kariya ba ya yi kama da na mazan da ke yin jima'i da maza (MSM) na wasu ƙabilu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fields |first=Errol L. |last2=Bogart |first2=Laura M. |last3=Smith |first3=Katherine C. |last4=Malebranche |first4=David J. |last5=Ellen |first5=Jonathan |last6=Schuster |first6=Mark A. |date=March 2012 |title=HIV Risk and Perceptions of Masculinity Among Young Black Men Who Have Sex With Men |journal=Journal of Adolescent Health |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=296–303 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.07.007 |pmc=3281559 |pmid=22325136}}</ref> Maza da ke yin jima'i da maza suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar hepatitis, kuma ana ba da shawarar yin allurar rigakafin [[Cutar hanta A|hepatitis A]] da [[hepatitis B]] ga duk mazan da ke yin jima'i da maza. Jima'i mai aminci a halin yanzu shine kawai hanyar rigakafi ga [[Hepatitis C|hepatitis C.]] <ref name="10 men"/> [[Human papillomavirus infection|Kwayar cutar papilloma ta ɗan adam]], wadda ke haifar da kurajen dubura da al'aura, tana taka rawa wajen ƙaruwar yawan kamuwa da cutar kansar dubura a cikin maza masu luwaɗi, kuma wasu ƙwararrun masana kiwon lafiya yanzu suna ba da shawarar a yi gwajin dubura akai-akai don gano cutar kansar da wuri. <ref name="10 men"/> Maza suna da yawan kamuwa da cutar HPV ta baki fiye da mata. Cutar HPV ta baki tana da alaƙa da cutar kansar oropharyngeal mai kama da HPV . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Matsalolin cin abinci da kuma yanayin jiki === Kalmar "siffar jiki" tana nufin yadda mutum yake fahimtar kamanninsa na zahiri, wanda a ƙarshe zai iya shafar yadda yake ji. <ref name="Body Image">{{Cite web |title=Body Image |url=https://login.lmunet.idm.oclc.org/login?qurl=https://go.gale.com%2fps%2fi.do%3fp%3dOVIC%26u%3dtel_a_lmu%26id%3dGALE%257CPC3010999221%26v%3d2.1%26it%3dr%26sid%3dbookmark-OVIC%26asid%3dcd0964ec |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=login.lmunet.idm.oclc.org}}</ref> Matsalolin siffar jiki galibi suna tasowa a cikin shekarun ƙuruciyar mutum, lokacin da sanin kansa ya shiga cikin jiki kuma sanin kansa yana ƙaruwa. <ref name="Body Image" /> Iyaye ne ke koyar da waɗannan ra'ayoyin, kuma ana iya rinjayar su da kyau ko mara kyau bisa ga hulɗar iyaye da salo. <ref name="Body Image" /> Bincike ya gano cewa mata galibi suna fuskantar mummunan tunanin siffar jiki, amma duka jinsi suna da tasiri sosai a lokacin balaga tare da mummunan tunani game da nauyi da kwatanta kansu da takwarorinsu. <ref name="Body Image" /> Nau'in jinsi na maza da mata na gargajiya suna ci gaba da tantance ma'aunin mace da namiji a cikin al'ummar yau. Mummunan hoton jiki na iya haifar da ci gaban matsalolin cin abinci, gami da ƙuntatawa ko kuma waɗanda suka dogara da yawan cin abinci. Ciwon cin abinci mai yawa shine matsalar cin abinci da aka fi samu a Amurka kuma ya haifar da hauhawar yawan [[kiba]] . <ref name="Brownley 409–420">{{Cite journal |last=Brownley |first=Kimberly A. |last2=Berkman |first2=Nancy D. |last3=Peat |first3=Christine M. |last4=Lohr |first4=Kathleen N. |last5=Cullen |first5=Katherine E. |last6=Bann |first6=Carla M. |last7=Bulik |first7=Cynthia M. |date=2016-09-20 |title=Binge-Eating Disorder in Adults |url=https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M15-2455 |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=165 |issue=6 |pages=409–420 |doi=10.7326/M15-2455 |issn=0003-4819}}</ref> Ciwon cin abinci mai yawa ana samunsa a cikin mata idan aka kwatanta da maza, musamman waɗanda ke da kiba, waɗanda aka ayyana a matsayin ma'aunin nauyin jiki (BMI) wanda aka rubuta sama da 30. <ref name="Brownley 409–420" /> <ref name="Obesity">{{Cite web |title=Obesity |url=https://login.lmunet.idm.oclc.org/login?qurl=https://go.gale.com%2fps%2fi.do%3fp%3dOVIC%26u%3dtel_a_lmu%26id%3dGALE%257CPC3010999129%26v%3d2.1%26it%3dr%26sid%3dbookmark-OVIC%26asid%3d41c690fa |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=login.lmunet.idm.oclc.org}}</ref> Ana auna BMI ta hanyar yin rikodin tsayi da nauyin mutum, da kuma kwatanta su da lafiyar jama'a gaba ɗaya. <ref name="Obesity" /> Mutanen da ke canza jinsi suna yawan yin rikodin matakan kiba mafi girma da kuma yin kiba fiye da mutanen da ke da jinsi saboda amfani da maye gurbin hormone da dakatar da hanyoyin magance kiba wanda zai iya shafar ƙaruwar nauyi. <ref name="Obesity" /> Ciwon ya ƙunshi nau'ikan sharuɗɗa da dama da dole ne mutum ya faɗi ƙarƙashinsu don a gano shi da wannan yanayin, kamar: cin abinci fiye da yadda wasu ke ci a cikin yanayi ɗaya, cin abinci a takamaiman lokaci, jin ƙyamar kai bayan cin abinci, cin abinci mai yawa lokacin da ba ya jin yunwa, ko jin rashin iko game da abinci ko yanayi da abinci ya samo asali. <ref name="Brownley 409–420" /> Mutanen da aka gano kuma aka yi musu lakabi da masu kiba galibi suna fuskantar cin zarafi a wuraren kiwon lafiya kuma suna da yawan damuwa da damuwa, kuma idan suna da yanayin jima'i daban, hakan na iya ƙara ta'azzara lamarin. <ref name="Obesity" /> An yi rikodin cewa yanayin jima'i yana da hannu wajen tantance kiba a fannin likitanci da kuma yiwuwar a gano ta a matsayin kiba. Matan da ke bayyana kansu a matsayin 'yan madigo ko masu bisexual suna da matsayi mafi girma da kuma haɗarin zama masu kiba/kiba fiye da mata madaidaiciya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Semlyen |first=J |last2=Curtis |first2=T J |last3=Varney |first3=J |date=2019-02-21 |title=Sexual orientation identity in relation to unhealthy body mass index: individual participant data meta-analysis of 93 429 individuals from 12 UK health surveys |url=https://academic.oup.com/jpubhealth/article/42/1/98/5346731 |journal=Journal of Public Health |language=en |volume=42 |issue=1 |doi=10.1093/pubmed/fdy224 |issn=1741-3842 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416222535/https://academic.oup.com/jpubhealth/article/42/1/98/5346731 |archive-date=2021-04-16}}</ref> Kabila da ƙabila suma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance kiba bisa ga BMI, inda mata masu launin fata da waɗanda ba su da jinsi mai yawa, waɗanda suka bambanta da maza masu bisexual, suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da kiba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Newlin Lew |first=Kelley |last2=Dorsen |first2=Caroline |last3=Melkus |first3=Gail D. |last4=Maclean |first4=Monika |date=August 2018 |title=Prevalence of Obesity, Prediabetes, and Diabetes in Sexual Minority Women of Diverse Races/Ethnicities: Findings From the 2014-2015 BRFSS Surveys |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29808733 |journal=The Diabetes Educator |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=348–360 |doi=10.1177/0145721718776599 |issn=1554-6063 |pmid=29808733}}</ref> Maza masu luwaɗi sun fi maza madaidaiciya yuwuwar kamuwa da matsalolin cin abinci kamar bulimia ko anorexia nervosa . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Feldman MB, Meyer IH |year=2007 |title=Eating disorders in diverse lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations |journal=Int J Eat Disord |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=218–26 |doi=10.1002/eat.20360 |pmc=2080655 |pmid=17262818}}</ref> Har yanzu ba a fahimci dalilin wannan alaƙar ba, amma ana hasashen cewa tana da alaƙa da manufofin siffar jiki da ke yaɗuwa a cikin al'ummar LGBT. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Smith AR, Hawkeswood SE, Bodell LP, Joiner TE |year=2011 |title=Muscularity versus leanness: an examination of body ideals and predictors of disordered eating in heterosexual and gay college students |journal=Body Image |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=232–6 |doi=10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.03.005 |pmc=3124584 |pmid=21561818}}</ref> [[Kiba]], a gefe guda, tana shafar maza 'yan luwaɗi da masu bisexual kaɗan fiye da maza madaidaiciya. === Amfani da abu === David McDowell na Jami'ar Columbia, wanda ya yi nazarin shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ga maza 'yan luwaɗi, ya rubuta cewa shan ƙwayoyi a kulob yana da matuƙar shahara a mashaya da wuraren shaƙatawa na 'yan luwaɗi. Bincike ya gano sakamako daban-daban kan yawan shan taba a tsakanin maza 'yan luwaɗi da maza masu luwaɗi idan aka kwatanta da maza masu luwaɗi, inda wani bincike ya gano cewa kashi 50% na maza marasa rinjaye masu jima'i sun fi yawa, <ref name="Guidelines"/> wani kuma bai gamu da wani bambanci ba a tsakanin yanayin jima'i. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Susan D. Cochran |last2=Frank C. Bandiera |last3=Vickie M. Mays |year=2013 |title=Sexual Orientation–Related Differences in Tobacco Use and Secondhand Smoke Exposure Among US Adults Aged 20 to 59 Years: 2003–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=103 |issue=10 |pages=1837–1844 |doi=10.2105/ajph.2013.301423 |pmc=3780743 |pmid=23948019}}</ref> == Matsalolin da ke shafar mutane masu bisexual == Yawanci, ba a yin nazarin mutanen da ke da alaƙa da maza da mata da kuma lafiyarsu ba tare da la'akari da 'yan madigo da 'yan luwaɗi ba. Don haka, akwai ƙarancin bincike kan batutuwan lafiya da ke shafar mutanen da ke da alaƙa da maza da mata. Yana da mahimmanci a yi la'akari da cewa yawancin mutanen da ke da alaƙa da maza da mata suna da daidaito da lafiya, duk da cewa suna da mafi yawan matsalolin lafiya fiye da mutanen da ke da alaƙa da maza da mata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Russell S. T. |last2=Joyner K. |year=2001 |title=Adolescent sexual orientation and suicide risk: Evidence from a national study |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=91 |issue=8 |pages=1276–1281 |doi=10.2105/ajph.91.8.1276 |pmc=1446760 |pmid=11499118}}</ref> === Siffar jiki da matsalolin cin abinci === Mutane masu zaman kansu gabaɗaya suna da yuwuwar kamuwa da matsalar cin abinci ko kuma nuna halaye masu alaƙa da matsalar cin abinci. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Cao |first=Zhangqi |last2=Cini |first2=Erica |last3=Pellegrini |first3=Dario |last4=Fragkos |first4=Kostantinos C. |date=2023 |title=The association between sexual orientation and eating disorders-related eating behaviours in adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=European Eating Disorders Review |language=en |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=46–64 |doi=10.1002/erv.2952 |issn=1099-0968 |pmc=10100331 |pmid=36367345}}</ref> Akwai yawan kamuwa da cututtukan da ke shafar jinsi tsakanin mutane masu zaman kansu idan aka kwatanta da mutanen da ke da alaƙa da jinsi ɗaya. <ref name=":11" /> Ga maza masu zaman kansu, kwatanta zamantakewa, sha'awar tsoka, da shiga cikin al'umma tsakanin maza masu zaman kansu duk suna haifar da ƙarin alamun a tsakanin wannan rukunin. Mata masu zaman kansu sun nuna irin wannan abin ƙarfafawa, ban da sha'awar tsoka. <ref name=":11" /> Mata masu zaman kansu sun ninka yiwuwar kamuwa da matsalar cin abinci sau biyu fiye da 'yan madigo, kuma, idan sun kasance masu zaman kansu a fili, za su ninka yiwuwar kamuwa da matsalar cin abinci sau biyu fiye da mata masu zaman kansu. <ref name="Koh, A. S. 2006">{{Cite journal |last=Koh A. S. |last2=Ross L. K. |year=2006 |title=Mental health issues: A comparison of lesbian, bisexual and heterosexual women |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-homosexuality_2006_51_1/page/33 |journal=Journal of Homosexuality |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=33–57 |doi=10.1300/j082v51n01_03 |pmid=16893825 |s2cid=30991404}}</ref> === Lafiyar kwakwalwa da kashe kansa === Mata masu jinsi biyu sun fi son kashe kansu, matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa da kuma magance matsalar lafiyar kwakwalwa fiye da maza masu jinsi biyu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mathy R. |last2=Lehmann B. |last3=Kerr D. |year=2003 |title=Bisexual and Transgender Identities in a Nonclinical Sample of North americans: Suicidal Intent, Behavioral Difficulties, and Mental Health Treatment |journal=Journal of Bisexuality |volume=3 |issue=3–4 |pages=93–110 |doi=10.1300/j159v03n03_07 |s2cid=142011889}}</ref> A wani bincike da Stonewall Scotland ta gudanar, kashi 7% na maza masu jinsi biyu sun yi yunkurin kashe kansu a shekarar da ta gabata. <ref name="news.stv.tv"/> Mata masu jinsi biyu sun fi mata masu jinsi biyu saurin kai rahoton tunanin kashe kansu idan sun bayyana sha'awarsu ta jima'i ga yawancin mutane a rayuwarsu; waɗanda ba a bayyana su ba sun fi sau uku saurin kai harin. <ref name="Koh, A. S. 2006"/> Mutane masu jinsi biyu suna da yawan tunanin kashe kansu da yunƙurinsu fiye da maza masu jinsi biyu, kuma sun fi halayen cutar da kansu fiye da maza masu jinsi biyu da 'yan madigo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Balsam K. F. |last2=Beauchaine T. P. |last3=Mickey R. M. |author-link3=Ruth Mickey |last4=Rothblum E. D. |year=2005 |title=Mental health of lesbian, gay, bisexual and heterosexual siblings: Effects of gender, sexual orientation, and family |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-abnormal-psychology_2005-08_114_3/page/471 |journal=Journal of Abnormal Psychology |volume=114 |issue=3 |pages=471–476 |citeseerx=10.1.1.530.9976 |doi=10.1037/0021-843x.114.3.471 |pmid=16117584}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2011 ya gano cewa kashi 44% na ɗaliban makarantar sakandare da sakandare masu jinsi biyu sun yi tunanin kashe kansu a cikin watan da ya gabata. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Forrest |first=Sharita |title=News Bureau - ILLINOIS |url=http://news.illinois.edu/news/11/1013teens_DorothyEspelage_JosephRobinson.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230185629/https://news.illinois.edu/news/11/1013teens_dorothyespelage_josephrobinson.html |archive-date=2019-12-30 |access-date=2013-12-02}}</ref> === Amfani da abu === Matasa mata da ke bayar da rahoton alaƙa da abokan zama na jinsi ɗaya da na wasu jinsi suna da yawan shan barasa mai haɗari da kuma matsalolin shan ƙwayoyi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Udry J. R. |last2=Chantala K. |year=2002 |title=Risk assessment of adolescents with same-sex relationships |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-adolescent-health_2002-07_31_1/page/84 |journal=Journal of Adolescent Health |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=84–92 |doi=10.1016/s1054-139x(02)00374-9 |pmid=12090969}}</ref> Wannan ya haɗa da yawan shan wiwi da sauran shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eisenberg M. E. |last2=Wechsler H. |year=2003 |title=Substance use behaviors among college students with same-sex and opposite-sex experience: Results from a national study |journal=Addictive Behaviors |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=1913–1923 |doi=10.1016/s0306-4603(01)00286-6 |pmid=12788264}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ford J. A. |last2=Jasinski J. L. |year=2006 |title=Sexual orientation and substance use among college students |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_addictive-behaviors_2006-03_31_3/page/404 |journal=Addictive Behaviors |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=404–413 |doi=10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.05.019 |pmid=15970397}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Russell S. T. |last2=Driscoll A. K. |last3=Truong N. |year=2002 |title=Adolescent same-sex romantic attractions and relationships: Implications for substance use and abuse |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=92 |issue=2 |pages=198–202 |doi=10.2105/ajph.92.2.198 |pmc=1447042 |pmid=11818291}}</ref> Mata masu ɗabi'a da kuma waɗanda suka san kansu suna da yuwuwar shan sigari kuma sun kasance masu shan ƙwayoyi tun suna ƙanana fiye da mata masu ɗabi'a. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCabe S. E. |last2=Hughes T. L. |last3=Bostwick W. |last4=Boyd C.J. |year=2005 |title=Assessment of difference in dimensions of sexual orientation: Implications for substance use research in a college-age population |journal=Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs |volume=66 |issue=5 |pages=620–629 |doi=10.15288/jsa.2005.66.620 |pmc=3156552 |pmid=16331847}}</ref> === Ciwon daji === Mata masu jinsi biyu sun fi fuskantar barazanar kamuwa da cutar nono, kiba da kiba, suna da yawan shan taba da shan barasa fiye da mata masu jinsi biyu, duk waɗannan abubuwan haɗari ne ga ciwon nono. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Case |first=Patricia |last2=Austin |first2=S. Bryn |last3=Hunter |first3=David J. |last4=Manson |first4=Joann E. |last5=Malspeis |first5=Susan |last6=Willett |first6=Walter C. |last7=Spiegelman |first7=Donna |date=December 2004 |title=Sexual orientation, health risk factors, and physical functioning in the nurses' health study II |journal=[[Journal of Women's Health]] |volume=13 |issue=9 |pages=1033–1047 |doi=10.1089/jwh.2004.13.1033 |pmid=15665660}}</ref> Maza masu jinsi biyu da ke yin jima'i ta dubura suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar dubura da cutar papillomavirus ta ɗan adam (HPV) ke haifarwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Daling J. R. |last2=Madeleine M. M. |last3=Johnson L. G. |last4=Schwartz S. M. |last5=Shera K. A. |last6=Wurscher M. A. |last7=Carter J. J. |last8=McDougall J. K. |year=2004 |title=Human papillomavirus, smoking, and sexual practices in the etiology of anal cancer |journal=Cancer |volume=101 |issue=2 |pages=270–80 |doi=10.1002/cncr.20365 |pmid=15241823 |s2cid=1841043 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === HIV/AIDS da lafiyar jima'i === Yawancin bincike kan cutar HIV/AIDS sun fi mayar da hankali kan maza masu luwaɗi da maza masu luwaɗi fiye da mata masu luwaɗi da mata masu luwaɗi. Shaidar da ke nuna halayen jima'i masu haɗari a cikin maza masu luwaɗi sun kasance masu karo da juna. Maza masu luwaɗi da maza masu luwaɗi galibi suna amfani da kwaroron roba a daidai gwargwado kamar maza masu luwaɗi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jeffries |first=William L. |last2=Dodge |first2=Brian |date=July 2007 |title=Male bisexuality and condom use at last sexual encounter: Results from a national Survey |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sex-research_2007-08_44_3/page/278 |journal=[[Journal of Sex Research]] |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=278–289 |doi=10.1080/00224490701443973 |pmid=17879171 |s2cid=44962530}}</ref> Maza masu luwaɗi da maza da mata ba su da yuwuwar kamuwa da cutar HIV ko yin jima'i ta dubura ba tare da kariya ba, amma sun fi yiwuwa maza masu luwaɗi su kamu da cutar HIV fiye da maza masu luwaɗi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zule W. A. |last2=Bobashev G. V. |last3=Wechsberg W. M. |last4=Costenbader E. C. |last5=Coomes C. M. |year=2009 |title=Behaviorally bisexual men and their risk behaviors with men and women |journal=[[Journal of Urban Health]] |volume=86 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=48–62 |doi=10.1007/s11524-009-9366-3 |pmc=2705485 |pmid=19513854}}</ref> Duk da cewa babu tabbacin kamuwa da cutar HIV da aka yada daga mace zuwa mace, matan da suka yi jima'i da maza da mata suna da yawan kamuwa da cutar HIV fiye da mata masu luwaɗi ko mata masu luwaɗi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cbjhs8v7u5iscjs98lutkzfiw9ppzsg 0 156266 906985 852735 2026-08-24T10:18:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Needle sharing''' is the practice of intravenous drug-users by which a needle or syringe is shared by multiple individuals to administer intravenous drugs such as heroin, steroids, and hormones.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-23 |title=Sharing needles to inject drugs, and HIV |url=https://www.avert.org/hiv-transmission-prevention/injecting-drugs |access-date=2019-11-14 |website=Avert |language=en |archive-date=2019-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117225734/https://www.avert.org/hiv-transmission-prevention/injecting-drugs |url-status=dead }}</ref> This is a primary vector for blood-borne diseases which can be transmitted through blood (blood-borne pathogens).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2019-07-01 |title=Access to clean syringes {{!}} Health Impact in 5 Years {{!}} Health System Transformation {{!}} AD for Policy {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/policy/hst/hi5/cleansyringes/index.html |access-date=2019-11-14 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> People who inject drugs (PWID) are at an increased risk for [[Hepatitis C]] (HCV) and HIV due to needle sharing practices.<ref>{{Cite web |title=People who inject drugs |url=https://www.who.int/hiv/topics/idu/en/ |access-date=2017-10-31 |website=World Health Organization |language=en-GB}}</ref> From 1933 to 1943, malaria was spread between users in the [[New York (birni)|New York City]] area by this method. Afterwards, the use of quinine as a cutting agent in drug mixes became more common.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}</ref> Harm reduction efforts including safe disposal of needles, supervised injection sites, and public education may help bring awareness on safer needle sharing practices. == Cutar == Ana yaduwar cututtukan jini lokacin da mutum mai saukin kamuwa da cutar ya yi amfani da allurar da mutumin da ya kamu da waɗannan cututtukani ya yi amfani dashi a baya; saboda haka, raba allurar tare da wasu mutane ba aikin lafiya ba ne. Yana ɗaukar ƙuƙwalwar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta guda ɗaya don sanya wani cikin haɗarin samun Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, ko kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau tare da Hepatitis V kasancewa mafi sauƙin yin kwangila, sannan Hepatitis c sannan HIV.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Health-care waste |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs253/en/}}</ref> Mutanen da ke amfani da allurar da aka yi amfani da ita a baya suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan jini kamar HIV, HBV, da HCV, da kuma yada cututtukani ga wasu.<ref name="fda.gov">{{Cite web |date=2019-06-15 |title=Safely Using Sharps (Needles and Syringes) at Home, at Work and on Travel |url=https://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProcedures/HomeHealthandConsumer/ConsumerProducts/Sharps/default.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109160453/http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProcedures/HomeHealthandConsumer/ConsumerProducts/Sharps/default.htm |archive-date=November 9, 2011 |website=[[Food and Drug Administration]]}}</ref> Baya ga HIV, HBV, da HCV, wasu cututtukan da aka kamu da su ta hanyar jima'i (STIs) za a iya watsa su ga mutanen da ba su kamu da cutar ba saboda ayyukan allurar rigakafi masu haɗari.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fu R, Gutfraind A, [[Margaret Brandeau|Brandeau ML]] |date=March 2016 |title=Modeling a dynamic bi-layer contact network of injection drug users and the spread of blood-borne infections |journal=Mathematical Biosciences |volume=273 |pages=102–13 |doi=10.1016/j.mbs.2016.01.003 |pmc=5154253 |pmid=26775738}}</ref> A cewar CDC, a cikin 2013, raba allurar shine dalilin kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau a cikin 3,096 daga cikin marasa lafiya 47,352 da aka gano da cutar a Amurka.<ref name=":2"/> Dangane da binciken da shirin musayar allurar New Haven Connecticut ya yi, kashi 67.5% na allurar da aka dawo da ita sun gurɓata da kwayar cutar kanjamau.<ref name="pmid1403641">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kaplan EH, Heimer R |year=1992 |title=A model-based estimate of HIV infectivity via needle sharing |journal=Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes |volume=5 |issue=11 |pages=1116–8 |pmid=1403641}}</ref> Tunanin su shine cewa mutanen da ke kawo "nudu na titi" an raba su tsakanin wasu mutane kafin su kawo su cikin shirin.<ref name="pmid1403641" /> Kusan kashi 50% na mutanen da ke shiga cikin IVDU suna da Hepatitis C.<ref>{{Cite journal |author-link11=Lisa Maher |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Platt L, Minozzi S, Reed J, Vickerman P, Hagan H, French C, Jordan A, Degenhardt L, Hope V, Hutchinson S, Maher L, Palmateer N, Taylor A, Bruneau J, Hickman M |date=September 2017 |title=Needle syringe programmes and opioid substitution therapy for preventing hepatitis C transmission in people who inject drugs |url=https://www.cochrane.org/CD012021/ADDICTN_interventions-reducing-hepatitis-c-infection-people-who-inject-drugs |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2017 |issue=9 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD012021.pub2 |pmc=5621373 |pmid=28922449}}</ref> Ba wai kawai cututtukan da ke cikin jini sun wuce ta hanyar raba allura ba, amma haka kuma cututtuken ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda zasu iya haifar da [[sepsis]].<ref name=":1"/> Bugu da ƙari, zubar da allurar asibiti mara kyau na iya fallasa kwayoyin da ke tsayayya da miyagun ƙwayoyi ga yanayin waje.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Fernandes RM, Cary M, Duarte G, Jesus G, Alarcão J, Torre C, Costa S, Costa J, Carneiro AV |date=April 2017 |title=Effectiveness of needle and syringe Programmes in people who inject drugs - An overview of systematic reviews |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=17 |issue=1 |page=309 |doi=10.1186/s12889-017-4210-2 |pmc=5387338 |pmid=28399843 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Abubuwan haɗari don raba allura == An yi bincike mai yawa game da abubuwan haɗari waɗanda zasu iya sa mutum ya raba allurar a ƙoƙarin inganta tasirin Shirye-shiryen musayar allura (NEPs) da sauran shirye-shirye na rage lahani don PWID. Shingen da ke ba da gudummawa ga ƙimar raba allurar sun haɗa da rashin samun dama ga allurar tsabta da ilimi game da amfani da allurar lafiya.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin kowace ƙasa, ra'ayoyin gwamnati da al'adu game da PWID da NEPs suna da tasiri a kan albarkatun da ake samu kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar binciken da aka yi a China, Faransa, Vietnam, da Indiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Chen X, Zhu L, Zhou YH, Liu FL, Li H, Yao ZH, Duo L, Pang W, Ye M, Zheng YT |date=August 2016 |title=Factors associated with needle sharing among people who inject drugs in Yunnan, China: a combined network and regression analysis |journal=Infectious Diseases of Poverty |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=73 |doi=10.1186/s40249-016-0169-y |pmc=4977866 |pmid=27502491 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Guichard A, Guignard R, Lert F, Roy E |date=2015 |title=Risk Factors Associated with Unsafe Injection Practices at the First Injection Episode among Intravenous Drug Users in France: Results from PrimInject, an Internet Survey |journal=Journal of Addiction |volume=2015 |doi=10.1155/2015/507214 |pmc=4609460 |pmid=26504609 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hien NT, Giang LT, Binh PN, Devillé W, van Ameijden EJ, Wolffers I |date=2001 |title=Risk factors of HIV infection and needle sharing among injecting drug users in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam |url=https://www.nivel.nl/nl/publicaties/2803 |journal=Journal of Substance Abuse |volume=13 |issue=1–2 |pages=45–58 |doi=10.1016/S0899-3289(01)00059-1 |pmid=11547623}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chakrapani V, Newman PA, Shunmugam M, Dubrow R |date=May 2011 |title=Social-structural contexts of needle and syringe sharing behaviours of HIV-positive injecting drug users in Manipur, India: a mixed methods investigation |journal=Harm Reduction Journal |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=9 |doi=10.1186/1477-7517-8-9 |pmc=3120658 |pmid=21569478 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin Amurka, halayyar raba allurar tana da alaƙa da mutane waɗanda ke da matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, ƙasa da shekaru 45, namiji, da marasa aikin yi.<ref name="pmid8203687">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mandell W, Vlahov D, Latkin C, Oziemkowska M, Cohn S |date=June 1994 |title=Correlates of needle sharing among injection drug users |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=84 |issue=6 |pages=920–3 |doi=10.2105/ajph.84.6.920 |pmc=1614968 |pmid=8203687}}</ref> An gano cewa abin da ya faru na raba allurar ya fi yawa a cikin maza masu luwadi da maza masu lubuuto idan aka kwatanta da mata da maza masu jima'i, musamman a cikin al'ummomin 'yan tsiraru.<ref name="pmid8203687" /> Mutanen da ke da kabilanci ko kabilanci galibi suna cikin haɗarin raba allurar, mai yiwuwa saboda ƙananan matakan ilimin kiwon lafiya.<ref name=":0" /> == Tsaro mai aminci na allurar == Kashe allurai a cikin shara na yau da kullun yana sanya yara, dabbobi, masu tsabta, da ma'aikatan kula da sharar gida cikin haɗari; sabili da haka, ya kamata a zubar da allurai yadda ya kamata a cikin akwati mai kaifi na FDA wanda ke da tsayayya da puncture- da leak-resistant.[1] Yana da mahimmanci a zubar da allurar da aka yi amfani da ita yadda ya kamata saboda yana iya zama da wahala a faɗi idan an taɓa amfani da allurar a baya. Ta hanyar rashin zubar da allurai a hanya mai aminci, masu amfani na iya fallasa wasu ko kansu ga raunin allurar.[2] Idan ba a sami akwati mai kaifi ba, ana iya kawo allurai sau da yawa ga masu tilasta bin doka, asibitoci, ko shagunan miyagun ƙwayoyi don tattarawa da zubar da su. Bugu da kari, ana iya aika allurai a cikin kwantena na musamman zuwa shirin dawo da wasiku don zubar da lafiya.[3] Bugu da ƙari, ana iya amfani da allurai kuma a zubar da su yadda ya kamata a wuraren allurar da aka kula. A cikin yanayin kiwon lafiya, amfani da allurai na ƙarshe na iya rage haɗarin raunin allurar.[4] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5ixv0u9u7nn5b5a7g3bgebr18jbwe3f 0 156271 906740 896855 2026-08-23T21:52:23Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 906740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" |- class="infobox-full-data" colspan="2" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc; color:inherit;" |Ciwon Vestibulocerebellar |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Gehirn,_basal_-_beschriftet_lat.svg|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" | Ra'ayi na asali game da kwakwalwar ɗan adam, gami da cerebellum |} '''Ciwon Vestibulocerebellar''', wanda aka fi sani da vestibulocerebellar ataxia, cuta ce mai ci gaba da ke haifar da matsalolin lafiya iri-iri. Da farko alamun suna bayyana a matsayin hare-hare na lokaci-lokaci na motsin ido mara kyau amma yana iya ƙaruwa zuwa ga rashin ƙarfin motsi na dogon lokaci. An gano wannan matsalar a cikin vestibulocerebellum, musamman lobe na flocculononodular . <ref name="pmid2926446">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Theunissen EJ, Huygen PL, Verhagen WI |date=February 1989 |title=Familial vestibulocerebellar dysfunction: a new syndrome? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-neurological-sciences_1989-02_89_2-3/page/149 |journal=[[Journal of the Neurological Sciences]] |volume=89 |issue=2–3 |pages=149–55 |doi=10.1016/0022-510x(89)90016-6 |pmid=2926446 |s2cid=31498395}}</ref> Alamomin ciwon vestibulocerebellar na iya bayyana a farkon ƙuruciya amma cikakken bayyanar alamun jijiyoyi ciki har da nystagmus (motsi ido ba da son rai ba), ataxia (rashin daidaituwar tsoka da son rai), da [[tinnitus]] (fahimtar sauti idan babu motsawar waje) ba ya faruwa har sai lokacin girma. <ref name="Vance">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Damji KF, Allingham RR, Pollock SC, etal |date=April 1996 |title=Periodic vestibulocerebellar ataxia, an autosomal dominant ataxia with defective smooth pursuit, is genetically distinct from other autosomal dominant ataxias |journal=[[Archives of Neurology]] |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=338–44 |doi=10.1001/archneur.1996.00550040074016 |pmid=8929156}}</ref> Zuwa yanzu, an gano ciwon vestibulocerebellar a cikin iyalai uku kawai amma ya shafi tsararraki da yawa a cikinsu. Dangane da asalin iyali, an siffanta shi a matsayin cuta mai iko ta autosomal, kodayake ba a gano ainihin wurin kwayoyin halitta ba. <ref name="Vance" /> <ref name="Ocular">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Small KW, Pollock SC, Vance JM, Stajich JM, Pericak-Vance M |date=June 1996 |title=Ocular motility in North Carolina autosomal dominant ataxia |journal=J Neuroophthalmol |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=91–5 |doi=10.1097/00041327-199606000-00002 |pmid=8797163 |s2cid=39897382 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An gano cewa ya bambanta da sauran nau'ikan cututtukan jijiyoyi kamar episodic ataxia nau'in 1 da 2. Duk da haka, saboda ƙarancin sa, ba a san komai game da takamaiman bayanai game da cututtukan ko zaɓuɓɓukan magani na dogon lokaci ba. <ref name="Vance" /> A halin yanzu babu maganin cutar vestibulocerebellar, kodayake wasu magungunan magunguna sun yi tasiri wajen rage takamaiman alamun cutar. [[Fayil:Gray703.png|thumb|Kallon gaba na cerebellum yana nuna flocculus da nodulus na vestibulocerebellum.]] == Alamomin == Alamomin ciwon vestibulocerebellar sun bambanta tsakanin marasa lafiya amma yawanci haɗuwa ce ta musamman ta rashin lafiyar ido, ciki har da nystagmus, rashin kyawun bin abin da ke motsi ko rashinsa (ikon idanu na bin abu mai motsi), strabismus (rashin daidaiton idanu), diplopia (gani biyu), oscillopsia (jin cewa abubuwa marasa motsi a fagen gani suna juyawa) da kuma rashin daidaituwar vestibulo-ocular reflex (daidaitawa ido don daidaita kallo yayin motsi kai). <ref name="Ragge">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ragge NK, Hartley C, Dearlove AM, Walker J, Russell-Eggitt I, Harris CM |date=January 2003 |title=Familial vestibulocerebellar disorder maps to chromosome 13q31-q33: a new nystagmus locus |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=37–41 |doi=10.1136/jmg.40.1.37 |pmc=1735258 |pmid=12525540}}</ref> Gaze-paretic nystagmus, ɗaya daga cikin alamomin da aka fi sani a tsakanin marasa lafiya yana haifar da rashin kyawun riƙe ido saboda rashin aikin haɗin jijiyoyi. Hakanan ana samun sake-sake nystagmus tare da gaze-paretic nystagmus kuma yana da halayyar matsalar cerebellar. <ref name="pmid8355816">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Harris CM, Walker J, Shawkat F, Wilson J, Russell-Eggitt I |date=June 1993 |title=Eye movements in a familial vestibulocerebellar disorder |journal=Neuropediatrics |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=117–22 |doi=10.1055/s-2008-1071526 |pmid=8355816 |s2cid=19694620}}</ref> Waɗannan motsin ido marasa kyau galibi sune alamun farko na wannan matsalar kuma suna iya bayyana a lokacin ƙuruciya. Lokacin da alamun suka fara bayyana gaba ɗaya, gami da matsalolin motsi, ya kama daga shekaru 30 zuwa 60. Da farko, alamun suna bayyana a matsayin hare-haren episodic daban-daban amma suna faruwa akai-akai akan lokaci kuma daga ƙarshe suna iya zama yanayi na dindindin. <ref name="Vance" /> Tare da matsalolin ido, marasa lafiya suna fuskantar hare-haren vertigo, [[tinnitus]], da ataxia lokaci-lokaci waɗanda ke da alaƙa da canje-canje kwatsam a matsayin kai. <ref name="Ocular" /> An ga hare-haren sun bambanta a tsawon lokaci daga 'yan mintuna zuwa watanni a cikin mutane daban-daban kuma galibi suna tare da tashin zuciya da [[amai]]. <ref name="Farmer">{{Cite journal |vauthors=FARMER TW, MUSTIAN VM |date=May 1963 |title=Vestibulocerebellar ataxia. A newly defined hereditary syndrome with periodic manifestations |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=8 |pages=471–80 |doi=10.1001/archneur.1963.00460050021002 |pmid=13944410}}</ref> A lokacin wani hari na yau da kullun, marasa lafiya sun ba da rahoton cewa suna da tafiya ta rashin ƙarfi tare da saurin faɗuwa zuwa kowane gefe yayin da ba su da ikon tafiya da ƙafafu zuwa ƙafa. <ref name="Farmer" /> Tare da ƙarin hare-hare masu tsanani, marasa lafiya dole ne su zauna saboda rashin kwanciyar hankali. Ƙwarewar motsa jiki, kamar rubutu da maɓallan tufafi, sun lalace yayin hari. Duk da haka, magana ba ta shafi ba. Hare-haren ba su haifar da asarar sani ba kuma ba su dame aikin kwakwalwa ba. <ref name="Farmer" /> Da zarar harin ya ƙare, oscillopsia ya ɓace kuma ƙarfin nystagmus ya ragu. <ref name="pmid8355816" /> Duk da cewa waɗannan hare-haren suna kama da episodic ataxia, marasa lafiya da ke da vestibulocerebellar syndrome ba sa rasa ikon motsa jiki gaba ɗaya a hannuwa da ƙafafu ko kuma suna fuskantar [[dysarthria]] (rashin kyawun magana), kamar yadda marasa lafiya da episodic ataxia ke yi. <ref name="pmid3489454">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Farris BK, Smith JL, Ayyar DR |date=October 1986 |title=Neuro-ophthalmologic findings in vestibulocerebellar ataxia |journal=[[Archives of Neurology]] |volume=43 |issue=10 |pages=1050–3 |doi=10.1001/archneur.1986.00520100056015 |pmid=3489454}}</ref> Matsalolin da ke tattare da aikin vestibular yayin hare-haren lokaci-lokaci sune babban bambanci tsakanin ciwon vestibulocerebellar da sauran cututtukan jijiyoyi makamantan su. Waɗannan yanayi ba sa haifar da alamun jiri da nakasa ido da aka gano a cikin vestibulocerebellum akai-akai, wanda hakan ya sa masu bincike suka kwatanta ciwon vestibulocerebellar a matsayin wata cuta ta musamman. == Dalilai == [[Fayil:Simple_vestibulo-ocular_reflex.PNG|thumb|Tsarin aikin vestibulo-ocular reflex.]] Ciwon Vestibulocerebellar yana faruwa ne sakamakon gazawar aikin flocculus na vestibulocerebellum, ɗaya daga cikin manyan sassa uku na cerebellum . Gabaɗaya, cerebellum tana da alhakin daidaita umarnin motsi. Babban aikin vestibulocerebellum shine karɓar shigarwar ji daga vestibular nuclei a cikin tushen kwakwalwa da kuma daidaita daidaito, daidaito, da kuma vestibulo-ocular reflex daidai da haka. Reflex na vestibulo-ocular, ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren da cutar vestibulocerebellar ta shafa, shine ke da alhakin daidaita juyiwar idanu a martanin motsin kai. Wannan yana ba da damar kallo ya tsaya cak a kan wani takamaiman wuri. Rashin nasara a cikin wannan reflex yana haifar da nau'ikan matsalolin motsin ido, kamar waɗanda aka nuna a cikin cutar vestibulocerebellar. An rarraba cutar Vestibulocerebellar a matsayin cutar da ke da alhakin sarrafa motsin ido, kodayake ba a san takamaiman tasirin da ke kan vestibulocerebellum ba. Yana yiwuwa gado yana haifar da rashin daidaituwa a cikin flocculus ko a cikin tsarin da ke fitowa cikin flocculus don kiyaye daidaiton hoton retina na abubuwan gani marasa motsi ko masu motsi. <ref name="Ragge">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ragge NK, Hartley C, Dearlove AM, Walker J, Russell-Eggitt I, Harris CM |date=January 2003 |title=Familial vestibulocerebellar disorder maps to chromosome 13q31-q33: a new nystagmus locus |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=37–41 |doi=10.1136/jmg.40.1.37 |pmc=1735258 |pmid=12525540}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRaggeHartleyDearloveWalker2003">Ragge NK, Hartley C, Dearlove AM, Walker J, Russell-Eggitt I, Harris CM (January 2003). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1735258 "Familial vestibulocerebellar disorder maps to chromosome 13q31-q33: a new nystagmus locus"]. ''J. Med. Genet''. '''40''' (1): <span class="nowrap">37–</span>41. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jmg.40.1.37|10.1136/jmg.40.1.37]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1735258 1735258]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12525540 12525540].</cite></ref> Alamomin cututtuka na wannan cuta na iya bayyana a cikin shekaru 1-2 na farko na rayuwa, kodayake lokacin farawa ya bambanta sosai a tsakanin marasa lafiya. Tsananin alamun yawanci yana ci gaba da girma. Ba a san ainihin dalilin wannan cuta da tasirinta na pathogenic akan flocculus ba. Duk da haka, an gano wurin kwayoyin halitta guda ɗaya, mai mahimmanci a cikin hanyoyin sarrafa motsin ido na farko akan chromosome 13q31-q33. Wannan wurin na iya shiga cikin wasu matsalolin ido da ke faruwa a cikin mutanen da abin ya shafa. Duk da haka, ba a ga Chromosome 13q31-q33 yana dacewa da kowace kwayar halitta ko wurin da aka sani da ke da alhakin haifar da nystagmus na haihuwa ba, ɗaya daga cikin manyan alamun cutar vestibulocerebellar, ko kuma ga cerebellar ataxias da aka fahimta sosai. <ref name="Ragge" /> Ciwon Vestibulocerebellar yana da kamanceceniya ta asibiti da autosomal dominant ataxias, musamman episodic ataxia nau'i na 1 da 2. Waɗannan kamanceceniya sun haɗa da nystagmus mai kama da ido da kuma sake dawowa da vertigo. Bugu da ƙari, alamun suna bayyana suna ci gaba akan lokaci. <ref name="Jen">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jen J, Kim GW, Baloh RW |date=January 2004 |title=Clinical spectrum of episodic ataxia type 2 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurology_2004-01-13_62_1/page/17 |journal=Neurology |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=17–22 |doi=10.1212/01.wnl.0000101675.61074.50 |pmid=14718690 |s2cid=28147381}}</ref> An tabbatar da tushen kwayoyin halitta na waɗannan sauran cututtuka sosai kuma a wasu lokuta an gano wurin kwayoyin halitta. Duk da kamanceceniya tsakanin alamun episodic ataxia da vestibulocerebellar syndrome, nazarin mutanen da abin ya shafa ya nuna cewa cutar ta bambanta da sauran yanayin jijiyoyi iri ɗaya. Zuwa yanzu, tushen kwayoyin halitta na ciwon vestibulocerebellar har yanzu ba a fayyace shi ba. <ref name="Vance">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Damji KF, Allingham RR, Pollock SC, etal |date=April 1996 |title=Periodic vestibulocerebellar ataxia, an autosomal dominant ataxia with defective smooth pursuit, is genetically distinct from other autosomal dominant ataxias |journal=[[Archives of Neurology]] |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=338–44 |doi=10.1001/archneur.1996.00550040074016 |pmid=8929156}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDamjiAllinghamPollock1996">Damji KF, Allingham RR, Pollock SC, et&nbsp;al. (April 1996). "Periodic vestibulocerebellar ataxia, an autosomal dominant ataxia with defective smooth pursuit, is genetically distinct from other autosomal dominant ataxias". ''[[Archives of Neurology]]''. '''53''' (4): <span class="nowrap">338–</span>44. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1001/archneur.1996.00550040074016|10.1001/archneur.1996.00550040074016]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8929156 8929156].</cite></ref> == Gudanarwa == Hare-haren ciwon vestibulocerebellar na iya faruwa ne ta hanyar canjin yanayin kai kwatsam, gajiya, ko kuma kasancewa a cikin yanayi na abubuwa masu sauri. Ana iya rage waɗannan hare-haren ta hanyar kwanciya a hankali da idanu a rufe na tsawon mintuna goma sha biyar zuwa talatin. Kwanciya yana daidaita kai a matsayi mai tsauri yayin rufe idanu yana kawar da rashin daidaituwar motsin ji da ke haifar da jiri. A halin yanzu, magani yana mai da hankali kan magance takamaiman alamu don rage tashin zuciya wanda galibi ke tare da hare-hare da kuma sa rayuwar yau da kullun ta fi sauƙi. An yi bincike kaɗan kan ingancin magunguna da ake amfani da su don magance wasu ataxias akan ciwon vestibulocerebellar. <ref name="Vance">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Damji KF, Allingham RR, Pollock SC, etal |date=April 1996 |title=Periodic vestibulocerebellar ataxia, an autosomal dominant ataxia with defective smooth pursuit, is genetically distinct from other autosomal dominant ataxias |journal=[[Archives of Neurology]] |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=338–44 |doi=10.1001/archneur.1996.00550040074016 |pmid=8929156}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDamjiAllinghamPollock1996">Damji KF, Allingham RR, Pollock SC, et&nbsp;al. (April 1996). "Periodic vestibulocerebellar ataxia, an autosomal dominant ataxia with defective smooth pursuit, is genetically distinct from other autosomal dominant ataxias". ''[[Archives of Neurology]]''. '''53''' (4): <span class="nowrap">338–</span>44. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1001/archneur.1996.00550040074016|10.1001/archneur.1996.00550040074016]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8929156 8929156].</cite></ref> Gwaje-gwajen da aka yi da acetazolamide sun sami ɗan nasara, yayin da amitriptyline hydrochloride bai yi nasara ba. <ref name="Vance" /> <ref name="Ocular">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Small KW, Pollock SC, Vance JM, Stajich JM, Pericak-Vance M |date=June 1996 |title=Ocular motility in North Carolina autosomal dominant ataxia |journal=J Neuroophthalmol |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=91–5 |doi=10.1097/00041327-199606000-00002 |pmid=8797163 |s2cid=39897382 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSmallPollockVanceStajich1996">Small KW, Pollock SC, Vance JM, Stajich JM, Pericak-Vance M (June 1996). [[doi:10.1097/00041327-199606000-00002|"Ocular motility in North Carolina autosomal dominant ataxia"]]. ''J Neuroophthalmol''. '''16''' (2): <span class="nowrap">91–</span>5. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1097/00041327-199606000-00002|10.1097/00041327-199606000-00002]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8797163 8797163]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39897382 39897382].</cite></ref> Maganin Acetazolamide ya tabbatar da tasiri wajen magance ciwon episodic vertigo . A cikin gwaje-gwajen marasa lafiya waɗanda ke da ciwon vestibulocerebellar, acetazolamide ko dai an kawar da shi ko kuma ya rage yawan aukuwar vertigo sosai. <ref name="pmid2006014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Baloh RW, Winder A |date=March 1991 |title=Acetazolamide-responsive vestibulocerebellar syndrome: clinical and oculographic features |journal=[[Neurology (journal)|Neurology]] |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=429–33 |doi=10.1212/wnl.41.3.429 |pmid=2006014 |s2cid=45489324}}</ref> Magungunan Dramamine ( Dimenhydrinate ) da antihistamines suma sun taimaka wajen rage yawan hare-hare da kuma tsananin su. <ref name="Farmer">{{Cite journal |vauthors=FARMER TW, MUSTIAN VM |date=May 1963 |title=Vestibulocerebellar ataxia. A newly defined hereditary syndrome with periodic manifestations |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=8 |pages=471–80 |doi=10.1001/archneur.1963.00460050021002 |pmid=13944410}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFARMERMUSTIAN1963">FARMER TW, MUSTIAN VM (May 1963). "Vestibulocerebellar ataxia. A newly defined hereditary syndrome with periodic manifestations". ''Arch. Neurol''. '''8''': <span class="nowrap">471–</span>80. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1001/archneur.1963.00460050021002|10.1001/archneur.1963.00460050021002]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13944410 13944410].</cite></ref> == Hasashen == A halin yanzu akwai babu maganin vestibulocerebellar ataxia. <ref name="pmid2006014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Baloh RW, Winder A |date=March 1991 |title=Acetazolamide-responsive vestibulocerebellar syndrome: clinical and oculographic features |journal=[[Neurology (journal)|Neurology]] |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=429–33 |doi=10.1212/wnl.41.3.429 |pmid=2006014 |s2cid=45489324}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBalohWinder1991">Baloh RW, Winder A (March 1991). "Acetazolamide-responsive vestibulocerebellar syndrome: clinical and oculographic features". ''[[Neurology (journal)|Neurology]]''. '''41''' (3): <span class="nowrap">429–</span>33. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1212/wnl.41.3.429|10.1212/wnl.41.3.429]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2006014 2006014]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45489324 45489324].</cite></ref> Idan aka gano cutar a farkon girma bisa ga hare-haren vertigo, diplopia, da [[tinnitus]], mutum zai iya tsammanin sake faruwar cutar ataxia mai ci gaba a rayuwa daga baya. <ref name="pmid8355816">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Harris CM, Walker J, Shawkat F, Wilson J, Russell-Eggitt I |date=June 1993 |title=Eye movements in a familial vestibulocerebellar disorder |journal=Neuropediatrics |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=117–22 |doi=10.1055/s-2008-1071526 |pmid=8355816 |s2cid=19694620}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHarrisWalkerShawkatWilson1993">Harris CM, Walker J, Shawkat F, Wilson J, Russell-Eggitt I (June 1993). "Eye movements in a familial vestibulocerebellar disorder". ''Neuropediatrics''. '''24''' (3): <span class="nowrap">117–</span>22. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1055/s-2008-1071526|10.1055/s-2008-1071526]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8355816 8355816]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19694620 19694620].</cite></ref> Domin tabbatar da kasancewar ataxia mai vestibulocerebellar, gwajin iyali da ke nuna irin waɗannan alamu yana da matuƙar muhimmanci domin hana ganewar kuskure. <ref name="pmid3489454">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Farris BK, Smith JL, Ayyar DR |date=October 1986 |title=Neuro-ophthalmologic findings in vestibulocerebellar ataxia |journal=[[Archives of Neurology]] |volume=43 |issue=10 |pages=1050–3 |doi=10.1001/archneur.1986.00520100056015 |pmid=3489454}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFarrisSmithAyyar1986">Farris BK, Smith JL, Ayyar DR (October 1986). "Neuro-ophthalmologic findings in vestibulocerebellar ataxia". ''[[Archives of Neurology]]''. '''43''' (10): <span class="nowrap">1050–</span>3. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1001/archneur.1986.00520100056015|10.1001/archneur.1986.00520100056015]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3489454 3489454].</cite></ref> Mutumin da ke da wannan cuta zai ga ayyukan yau da kullun suna ƙara wahala yayin da ataxia mai ci gaba ke tasowa. Hare-haren na iya ƙaruwa da yawa kuma su zama yanayi na dindindin. == Asali da tarihi == An gano cutar vestibulocerebellar a tsararraki da dama na iyalai uku da ke da alaƙa da kwayoyin halitta da gundumar Johnston, [[North Carolina]]. <ref name="Ocular">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Small KW, Pollock SC, Vance JM, Stajich JM, Pericak-Vance M |date=June 1996 |title=Ocular motility in North Carolina autosomal dominant ataxia |journal=J Neuroophthalmol |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=91–5 |doi=10.1097/00041327-199606000-00002 |pmid=8797163 |s2cid=39897382 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSmallPollockVanceStajich1996">Small KW, Pollock SC, Vance JM, Stajich JM, Pericak-Vance M (June 1996). [[doi:10.1097/00041327-199606000-00002|"Ocular motility in North Carolina autosomal dominant ataxia"]]. ''J Neuroophthalmol''. '''16''' (2): <span class="nowrap">91–</span>5. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1097/00041327-199606000-00002|10.1097/00041327-199606000-00002]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8797163 8797163]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39897382 39897382].</cite></ref> TW Farmer da ƙungiyar masu bincike waɗanda suka yi nazari kuma suka buga takarda kan cutar sun gano ta farko a shekarar 1963. An yi nazari kan lamarin kuma an buga shi a shekarar 1984 ta Vance et al. <ref name="Farmer">{{Cite journal |vauthors=FARMER TW, MUSTIAN VM |date=May 1963 |title=Vestibulocerebellar ataxia. A newly defined hereditary syndrome with periodic manifestations |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=8 |pages=471–80 |doi=10.1001/archneur.1963.00460050021002 |pmid=13944410}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFARMERMUSTIAN1963">FARMER TW, MUSTIAN VM (May 1963). "Vestibulocerebellar ataxia. A newly defined hereditary syndrome with periodic manifestations". ''Arch. Neurol''. '''8''': <span class="nowrap">471–</span>80. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1001/archneur.1963.00460050021002|10.1001/archneur.1963.00460050021002]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13944410 13944410].</cite></ref> An rarraba mutanen da ke cikin waɗannan iyalai a matsayin waɗanda abin ya shafa idan suka nuna nau'i ɗaya na manyan sharuɗɗa ( ataxia, asarar bin diddigi mai laushi, nystagmus mai kama da gani, da kuma raguwar vestibulo-ocular reflex da ke damun ido) da kuma aƙalla sharuɗɗan sakandare guda ɗaya (rashin bin diddigi mai laushi, nystagmus mai kama da gani mai laushi, da esophoria ko esotropia ). <ref name="Vance">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Damji KF, Allingham RR, Pollock SC, etal |date=April 1996 |title=Periodic vestibulocerebellar ataxia, an autosomal dominant ataxia with defective smooth pursuit, is genetically distinct from other autosomal dominant ataxias |journal=[[Archives of Neurology]] |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=338–44 |doi=10.1001/archneur.1996.00550040074016 |pmid=8929156}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDamjiAllinghamPollock1996">Damji KF, Allingham RR, Pollock SC, et&nbsp;al. (April 1996). "Periodic vestibulocerebellar ataxia, an autosomal dominant ataxia with defective smooth pursuit, is genetically distinct from other autosomal dominant ataxias". ''[[Archives of Neurology]]''. '''53''' (4): <span class="nowrap">338–</span>44. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1001/archneur.1996.00550040074016|10.1001/archneur.1996.00550040074016]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8929156 8929156].</cite></ref> A tarihi, ciwon vestibulocerebellar yana da wahalar rarrabawa saboda bambancin alamomi, tsanani, da lokacin farawa. A farkon matakan hare-haren, 'yan uwa na uku da aka sanya wa suna da ciwon vestibulocerebellar ba su san cewa sauran 'yan uwa sun fuskanci irin wannan alamun ba. Sai bayan masu bincike, Vance et al. sun binciki tarihin iyali ne aka gano cutar da ke nuna tsararraki uku na iyali da cutar vestibulocerebellar ta shafa. Baya ga waɗannan bambance-bambancen, ciwon vestibulocerebellar kuma yana da wuyar bambancewa da sauran cututtukan jijiyoyi waɗanda ke haifar da irin waɗannan alamomin lalacewa kamar ataxia da [[Sclerosis da yawa|multiple sclerosis]] . <ref name="pmid3489454">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Farris BK, Smith JL, Ayyar DR |date=October 1986 |title=Neuro-ophthalmologic findings in vestibulocerebellar ataxia |journal=[[Archives of Neurology]] |volume=43 |issue=10 |pages=1050–3 |doi=10.1001/archneur.1986.00520100056015 |pmid=3489454}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFarrisSmithAyyar1986">Farris BK, Smith JL, Ayyar DR (October 1986). "Neuro-ophthalmologic findings in vestibulocerebellar ataxia". ''[[Archives of Neurology]]''. '''43''' (10): <span class="nowrap">1050–</span>3. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1001/archneur.1986.00520100056015|10.1001/archneur.1986.00520100056015]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3489454 3489454].</cite></ref> == Umarnin bincike == Babu wata kwayar halitta ko wurin da aka gano cewa tana haifar da ciwon vestibulocerebellar. Duk da haka, ana iya ɗaukar kwayoyin halitta da ke da hannu a ci gaban tsarin jijiyoyi ko kula da su a matsayin kwayoyin halitta masu cancanta. Tun daga shekarar 2003, ana gudanar da bincike don bincika yuwuwar rawar da waɗannan kwayoyin halitta ke takawa a cikin ciwon vestibulocerebellar. Wasu kwayoyin halitta masu yuwuwar sun haɗa da, SOX21, ZIC2, da TYRP2. Kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke cikin dangin SOX suna bayyana a cikin kwakwalwar tayin da ke tasowa. Kodayake babu wani mutum da ya gabatar da matsalolin kwakwalwa, yana yiwuwa ɗayan waɗannan kwayoyin halitta masu cancanta zai iya samun ƙaramin maye gurbi, wanda ke haifar da alamun ciwon vestibulocerebellar. Misali, TYRP2 yana da mahimmanci a cikin haɓaka launin fata daidai; albinism na gaba ɗaya da na ido yana da alaƙa da nystagmus . Tunda babu alaƙar anatomical da wannan ciwo, ana tsammanin gazawar aikin flocculus shine sanadin matsalolin motsin ido. Saboda haka, masu bincike sun yi zato cewa akwai kwayar halitta mai mahimmanci don kafa hanyoyin sarrafa motsin ido da wuri. <ref name="Ragge">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ragge NK, Hartley C, Dearlove AM, Walker J, Russell-Eggitt I, Harris CM |date=January 2003 |title=Familial vestibulocerebellar disorder maps to chromosome 13q31-q33: a new nystagmus locus |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=37–41 |doi=10.1136/jmg.40.1.37 |pmc=1735258 |pmid=12525540}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRaggeHartleyDearloveWalker2003">Ragge NK, Hartley C, Dearlove AM, Walker J, Russell-Eggitt I, Harris CM (January 2003). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1735258 "Familial vestibulocerebellar disorder maps to chromosome 13q31-q33: a new nystagmus locus"]. ''J. Med. Genet''. '''40''' (1): <span class="nowrap">37–</span>41. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jmg.40.1.37|10.1136/jmg.40.1.37]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1735258 1735258]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12525540 12525540].</cite></ref> == Manazarta == 699lu8d12idtyc85m496fzgw504yw40 0 156741 906741 902525 2026-08-23T21:52:58Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 906741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Sitosterol_structure.svg|right|thumb|β-sitosterol, wani phytosterol na musamman]] '''Phytosterols''' phytosteroids ne, kamar [[cholesterol]], waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin sassan tsarin membranes na halittu na [[Shuka|tsirrai]] . <ref name="moreau">{{Cite journal |last=Moreau |first=Robert A. |last2=Nyström |first2=Laura |last3=Whitaker |first3=Bruce D. |last4=Winkler-Moser |first4=Jill K. |last5=Baer |first5=David J. |last6=Gebauer |first6=Sarah K. |last7=Hicks |first7=Kevin B. |year=2018 |title=Phytosterols and their derivatives: Structural diversity, distribution, metabolism, analysis, and health-promoting uses |journal=Progress in Lipid Research |volume=70 |pages=35–61 |bibcode=2018PLipR..70...35M |doi=10.1016/j.plipres.2018.04.001 |issn=1873-2194 |pmid=29627611}}</ref> Sun ƙunshi [[Sterol|sterols]] na shuka da stanols . <ref name="moreau" /> An gano sama da sterols 250 da mahaɗan da ke da alaƙa. <ref>{{Cite book|edition=W. D.}}</ref> Kwayoyin phytosterols da aka cire daga mai ba su narkewa a cikin ruwa, ba sa narkewa a cikin mai, kuma suna narkewa a cikin barasa. An tallata abinci mai gina jiki da kari na abinci mai gina jiki da aka wadata da phytosterol tsawon shekaru da dama. <ref name="aafc">{{Cite web |last=Patterson, CA |date=July 2006 |title=Phytosterols and stanols: Topic 10075E |url=https://www5.agr.gc.ca/resources/prod/doc/misb/fb-ba/nutra/pdf/aug_31_06_phystosterol_en.pdf |access-date=7 November 2017 |publisher=Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Government of Canada}}</ref> Duk da tasirin rage [[kiba]] na LDL cholesterol daga shan phytosterols na dogon lokaci, yawanci tsakanin kashi 5-10%, babu wata hujja ta ƙarshe daga gwaje-gwajen sakamako na dogon lokaci da ke nuna cewa phytosterols kansu suna rage yawan [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini]], suna inganta sukarin jini na [[azumi]], ko matakan haemoglobin mai glycated, ko kuma yawan mace-mace gaba ɗaya. <ref name="Genser_2012">{{Cite journal |last=Genser |first=B. |last2=Silbernagel |first2=G. |last3=De Backer |first3=G. |last4=Bruckert |first4=E. |last5=Carmena |first5=R. |last6=Chapman |first6=M. J. |last7=Deanfield |first7=J. |last8=Descamps |first8=O. S. |last9=Rietzschel |first9=E. R. |last10=Dias |first10=K. C. |last11=März |first11=W. |year=2012 |title=Plant sterols and cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=European Heart Journal |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=444–451 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehr441 |pmc=3279314 |pmid=22334625}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Salehi-Sahlabadi A, Varkaneh HK, Shahdadian F, Ghaedi E, Nouri M, Singh A, Farhadnejad H, Găman MA, Hekmatdoost A, Mirmiran P |year=2020 |title=Effects of Phytosterols supplementation on blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and insulin levels in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |journal=J Diabetes Metab Disord |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=625–632 |doi=10.1007/s40200-020-00526-z |pmc=7270433 |pmid=32550215}}</ref> Saboda haka, kwararru sun jaddada cewa kayayyakin da aka wadatar da phytosterol za a iya ɗaukar su a matsayin zaɓi na abinci don rage LDL-cholesterol, amma tasirinsu ga "masu tauri" na zuciya da jijiyoyin jini da kuma mace-mace har yanzu ba a tabbatar ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Windler |first=Eberhard |last2=Beil |first2=Frank-Ulrich |last3=Berthold |first3=Heiner K. |last4=Gouni-Berthold |first4=Ioanna |last5=Kassner |first5=Ursula |last6=Klose |first6=Gerald |last7=Lorkowski |first7=Stefan |last8=März |first8=Winfried |last9=Parhofer |first9=Klaus G. |last10=Plat |first10=Jogchum |last11=Silbernagel |first11=Günter |last12=Steinhagen-Thiessen |first12=Elisabeth |last13=Weingärtner |first13=Oliver |last14=Zyriax |first14=Birgit-Christiane |last15=Lütjohann |first15=Dieter |date=2023-02-06 |title=Phytosterols and Cardiovascular Risk Evaluated against the Background of Phytosterolemia Cases—A German Expert Panel Statement |journal=Nutrients |language=en |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=828 |doi=10.3390/nu15040828 |issn=2072-6643 |pmc=9963617 |pmid=36839186 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tsarin gini == [[Fayil:Steroid_numbering.svg|right|thumb|275x275px|Sunayen tsarin tetracyclic damarene triterpene]] Suna da tsarin polycyclic mai haɗe kuma sun bambanta a cikin sarƙoƙin gefen carbon da/ko kasancewar ko rashin haɗin biyu (jimlar abinci). <ref name="aafc">{{Cite web |last=Patterson, CA |date=July 2006 |title=Phytosterols and stanols: Topic 10075E |url=https://www5.agr.gc.ca/resources/prod/doc/misb/fb-ba/nutra/pdf/aug_31_06_phystosterol_en.pdf |access-date=7 November 2017 |publisher=Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Government of Canada}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPatterson,_CA2006">Patterson, CA (July 2006). [https://www5.agr.gc.ca/resources/prod/doc/misb/fb-ba/nutra/pdf/aug_31_06_phystosterol_en.pdf "Phytosterols and stanols: Topic 10075E"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Government of Canada<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Suna an raba su zuwa phytosterols 4,4-dimethyl, phytosterols 4-monomethyl, da 4-desmethyl phytosterols bisa ga wurin da ƙungiyoyin methyl suke a matsayin carbon-4. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Tao |last2=Liu |first2=Ruijie |last3=Chang |first3=Ming |last4=Jin |first4=Qingzhe |last5=Zhang |first5=Hui |last6=Wang |first6=Xingguo |date=2020 |title=Health benefits of 4,4-dimethyl phytosterols: an exploration beyond 4-desmethyl phytosterols |url=https://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C9FO01205B |journal=Food & Function |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=93–110 |doi=10.1039/C9FO01205B |issn=2042-6496 |pmid=31804642 |s2cid=208646899 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Stanols sterols ne masu cike da sinadarai, ba su da alaƙa biyu a cikin tsarin zoben sterol. Kwayoyin halittar da ke cikin gubar maganin shine β-sitosterol . An nuna suna a hannun dama. * Ta hanyar cire carbon 24 ², ana samun campesterol . * Ta hanyar cire carbon 24 ¹ da 24 ², ana samun [[cholesterol]] . * Cire hydrogen daga carbons 22 da 23 yana haifar da stigmasterol (stigmasta-5,22-dien-3β-ol). * Ta hanyar samar da haɗin hydrogen tsakanin carbons 5 da 6, ana samun β- sitostanol (Stigmastanol). * Ta hanyar haɗa sinadarin hydrogen tsakanin carbons 5 da 6 da kuma cire carbon 24 ², ana samun campestanol . * Cire carbon 24 ² da hydrogen daga carbons 22 da 23, da kuma juya stereochemistry a C-24 yana samar da brassicasterol (ergosta-5,22-dien-3β-ol). * Cire hydrogens daga carbons 7 da 8 daga brassicasterol yana haifar da [[ergosterol]] (ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3β-ol). Muhimmi: Ergosterol ba sterol na shuka ba ne. Ergosterol wani bangare ne na membranes na ƙwayoyin fungal, yana aiki iri ɗaya a cikin fungi kamar yadda cholesterol ke aiki a cikin ƙwayoyin dabbobi. Bugu da ƙari: * Ƙaddamar da rukunin hydroxyl a carbon 3 tare da fatty/organic acid ko carbohydrates yana haifar da shuke-shuke sterol esters, watau oleates, ferulates da (acyl) glycosides. <gallery mode="nolines" caption="Tsarin wasu phytosterols na yau da kullun"> Fayil:Sitosterol_structure.svg| β-sitosterol Fayil:Campesterol.svg| Campesterol Fayil:Stigmasterin.svg| Stigmasterol Fayil:Stigmastanol.svg| Stigmastanol Fayil:Campestanol.svg| Campestanol Fayil:Brassicasterol.svg| Brassicasterol Fayil:Cycloartenol.svg| Cycloartenol </gallery> == phytosterols na abinci mai gina jiki == Mafi kyawun tushen phytosterols na halitta sune man kayan lambu da samfuran da aka yi daga gare su. Sterols na iya kasancewa a cikin tsari mai 'yanci kuma a matsayin fatty acid esters da glycolipids . Siffar da aka ɗaure yawanci ana haɗa ta cikin ƙananan hanji ta hanyar enzymes na pancreas . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Moreau RA, Hicks KB |year=2004 |title=The in vitro hydrolysis of phytosterol conjugates in food matrices by mammalian digestive enzymes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_lipids_2004-08_39_8/page/n74 |journal=Lipids |volume=39 |issue=8 |pages=769–76 |bibcode=2004Lipid..39..769M |doi=10.1007/s11745-004-1294-3 |pmid=15638245 |s2cid=4043005}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin sterols ana cire su yayin matakin tsarkake ƙamshi na tace mai da kitse, duk da haka, ba tare da canza abun da ke ciki ba. Saboda haka, sterols kayan aiki ne mai amfani wajen duba sahihancinsa. A matsayin tushen phytosterols da aka saba samu, an ƙirƙiro man kayan lambu a matsayin kayayyakin margarine waɗanda ke nuna yawan phytosterol. <ref name="aafc">{{Cite web |last=Patterson, CA |date=July 2006 |title=Phytosterols and stanols: Topic 10075E |url=https://www5.agr.gc.ca/resources/prod/doc/misb/fb-ba/nutra/pdf/aug_31_06_phystosterol_en.pdf |access-date=7 November 2017 |publisher=Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Government of Canada}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPatterson,_CA2006">Patterson, CA (July 2006). [https://www5.agr.gc.ca/resources/prod/doc/misb/fb-ba/nutra/pdf/aug_31_06_phystosterol_en.pdf "Phytosterols and stanols: Topic 10075E"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Government of Canada<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Kayayyakin hatsi, kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itatuwa da 'ya'yan itatuwa, waɗanda ba su da wadataccen phytosterols, suma suna iya zama manyan tushen phytosterols saboda yawan shan su. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Valsta |first=L. M. |last2=Lemström |first2=A. |last3=Ovaskainen |first3=M.-L. |last4=Lampi |first4=A.-M. |last5=Toivo |first5=J. |last6=Korhonen |first6=T. |last7=Piironen |first7=V. |year=2007 |title=Estimation of plant sterol and cholesterol intake in Finland: Quality of new values and their effect on intake |journal=British Journal of Nutrition |volume=92 |issue=4 |pages=671–8 |doi=10.1079/BJN20041234 |pmid=15522137 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yawan sinadarin phytosterols da ke samuwa ta halitta yana tsakanin ~200-300&nbsp;mg/rana ya danganta da yanayin cin abinci. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jesch ED, Carr TP |year=2017 |title=Food Ingredients That Inhibit Cholesterol Absorption |journal=Prev Nutr Food Sci |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=67–80 |doi=10.3746/pnf.2017.22.2.67 |pmc=5503415 |pmid=28702423}}</ref> An samar da abinci na gwaji na musamman na masu cin ganyayyaki wanda ke samar da sama da 700&nbsp;mg/rana. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ågren |first=J. J. |last2=Tvrzicka |first2=E. |last3=Nenonen |first3=M. T. |last4=Helve |first4=T. |last5=Hänninen |first5=O. |year=2007 |title=Divergent changes in serum sterols during a strict uncooked vegan diet in patients with rheumatoid arthritis |journal=British Journal of Nutrition |volume=85 |issue=2 |pages=137–9 |doi=10.1079/BJN2000234 |pmid=11242480 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mafi yawan sinadarin phytosterols da ake samu a cikin abincin ɗan adam sune β-sitosterol, campesterol da stigmasterol, <ref name="aafc">{{Cite web |last=Patterson, CA |date=July 2006 |title=Phytosterols and stanols: Topic 10075E |url=https://www5.agr.gc.ca/resources/prod/doc/misb/fb-ba/nutra/pdf/aug_31_06_phystosterol_en.pdf |access-date=7 November 2017 |publisher=Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Government of Canada}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPatterson,_CA2006">Patterson, CA (July 2006). [https://www5.agr.gc.ca/resources/prod/doc/misb/fb-ba/nutra/pdf/aug_31_06_phystosterol_en.pdf "Phytosterols and stanols: Topic 10075E"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Government of Canada<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> waɗanda ke ɗauke da kusan kashi 65%, 30% da 3% na abubuwan da ke cikin abinci, bi da bi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weihrauch |first=JL |last2=Gardner |first2=JM |year=1978 |title=Sterol content of foods of plant origin |journal=Journal of the American Dietetic Association |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=39–47 |doi=10.1016/S0002-8223(21)05668-6 |pmid=659760 |s2cid=43470157}}</ref> Mafi yawan ''sinadarin stanols'' na shuka a cikin abincin ɗan adam sune sitostanol da campestanol, waɗanda aka haɗa su suka ƙunshi kusan kashi 5% na sinadarin phytosterol na abinci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Andersson |first=S W |last2=Skinner |first2=J |last3=Ellegård |first3=L |last4=Welch |first4=A A |last5=Bingham |first5=S |last6=Mulligan |first6=A |last7=Andersson |first7=H |last8=Khaw |first8=K-T |year=2004 |title=Intake of dietary plant sterols is inversely related to serum cholesterol concentration in men and women in the EPIC Norfolk population: A cross-sectional study |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_european-journal-of-clinical-nutrition_2004-10_58_10/page/1378 |journal=European Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=58 |issue=10 |pages=1378–85 |doi=10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601980 |pmid=15054420 |s2cid=19049641 |doi-access=}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Tsarin sterol a cikin ɗanyen mai (a matsayin kashi na jimlar ɓangaren sterol) ! ! [[Cholesterol]] ! Brassicasterol ! Campesterol ! Stigmasterol ! β-Sitosterol ! ∆5- Avenasterol ! ∆7-Avenasterol ! ∆7- Stigmasterol |- | Man kwakwa | 0.6 – 2 | 0 – 0.9 | 7 – 10 | 12 – 18 | 50 – 70 | 5 – 16 | 0.6 – 2 | 2 – 8 |- | Man masara | 0.2 – 0.6 | 0 – 0.2 | 18 – 24 | 4 – 8 | 55 – 67 | 4 – 8 | 1 – 3 | 1 – 4 |- | Man Auduga | 0.7 – 2.3 | 0.1 – 0.9 | 7.2 – 8.4 | 1.2 – 1.8 | 80 – 90 | 1.9 – 3.8 | 1.4 – 3.3 | 0.7 – 1.4 |- | [[Man zaitun]] | 0 – 0.5 | | 2.3 – 3.6 | 0.6 – 2 | 75.6 – 90 | 3.1 – 14 | | 0 – 4 |- | [[Manja|Man dabino]] | 2.2 – 6.7 | | 18.7 – 29.1 | 8.9 – 13.9 | 50.2 – 62.1 | 0 – 2.8 | 0 – 5.1 | 0.2 – 2.4 |- | Man kwakwar dabino | 1 – 3.7 | 0 – 0.3 | 8.4 – 12.7 | 12.3 – 16.1 | 62.6 – 70.4 | 4 – 9 | 0 – 1.4 | 0 – 2.1 |- | [[Man gyaɗa|Man gyada]] | 0.6 – 3.8 | 0 – 0.2 | 12 – 20 | 5 – 13 | 48 – 65 | 7 – 9 | 0 – 5 | 0 – 5 |- | Man rapeseed | 0.4 – 2 | 5 – 13 | 18 – 39 | 0 – 0.7 | 45 – 58 | 0 – 6.6 | 0 – 0.8 | 0 – 5 |- | [[Man Waken Suya|Man waken soya]] | 0.6 – 1.4 | 0 – 0.3 | 16 – 24 | 16 – 19 | 52 – 58 | 2 – 4 | 1 – 4.5 | 1.5 – 5 |- | Man sunflower | 0.2 – 1.3 | 0 – 0.2 | 7 – 13 | 8 – 11 | 56 – 63 | 2 – 7 | 7 – 13 | 3 – 6 |} == Iƙirarin lafiya == === EFSA === The European Foods Safety Authority (EFSA) concluded that blood cholesterol can be reduced on average by 7 to 10.5% if a person consumes 1.5 to 2.4 grams of plant sterols and stanols per day, an effect usually established within 2–3 weeks. Longer-term studies extending up to 85 weeks showed that the cholesterol-lowering effect could be sustained.<ref>{{Cite web |last=European Food Safety Authority |date=2009-07-31 |title=Blood cholesterol reduction health claims on phytosterols can now be judged against EFSA new scientific advice |url=https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/press/news/nda090731}}</ref> Based on this and other efficacy data, the EFSA scientific panel provided the following health advisory: "Plant sterols have been shown to lower/reduce blood cholesterol. Blood cholesterol lowering may reduce the risk of [[Cutar jijiyoyin Zuciya|coronary heart disease]]".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=European Food Safety Authority |date=2008-08-21 |title=Plant Sterols and Blood Cholesterol - Scientific substantiation of a health claim related to plant sterols and lower/reduced blood cholesterol and reduced risk of (coronary) heart disease pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006[1] |url=https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/781 |journal=EFSA Journal |volume=6 |issue=8 |page=781 |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2008.781 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === FDA === [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|Hukumar FDA]] ta amince da wannan da'awa game da phytosterols: ''Ga sterol esters na shuka'' : (i) Abincin da ke ɗauke da aƙalla 0.65 g a kowace rabon sterol esters na shuka, wanda ake ci sau biyu a rana tare da abinci don jimlar shan akalla 1.3 g a kowace rana, a matsayin wani ɓangare na abinci mai ƙarancin kitse da cholesterol, na iya rage haɗarin cututtukan zuciya. Raba ɗaya daga cikin [sunan abincin] yana samar da ___grams na sterol esters na man kayan lambu. <ref name="fda">{{Cite web |last=FDA |date=8 September 2000 |title=Health claims: plant sterol/stanol esters and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=101.83 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030914052329/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?FR=101.83 |archive-date=14 September 2003 |access-date=7 November 2017}}</ref> ''Ga stanol esters na shuka'' : (i) Abincin da ke ɗauke da aƙalla 1.7 g a kowace rabon stanol esters na shuka, wanda ake ci sau biyu a rana tare da abinci don jimlar shan kowace rana na akalla 3.4 g, a matsayin wani ɓangare na abinci mai ƙarancin kitse da cholesterol, na iya rage haɗarin cututtukan zuciya. Raba ɗaya daga cikin [sunan abincin] yana samar da ___grams na stanol esters na shuka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=FDA |title=Health claims: plant sterol/stanol esters and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) |url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr;sid=502078d8634923edc695b394a357d189;rgn=div8;view=text;node=21%3A2.0.1.1.2.5.1.14;idno=21;cc=ecfr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009113337/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr;sid=502078d8634923edc695b394a357d189;rgn=div8;view=text;node=21:2.0.1.1.2.5.1.14;idno=21;cc=ecfr |archive-date=2012-10-09 |access-date=2011-09-06}}</ref> Ta hanyar yin bita kan gwaje-gwajen asibiti da suka shafi ƙarin phytosterol, FDA ta kammala da cewa lokacin da aka sha a cikin adadin gram 1 zuwa 3 a cikin abinci mai wadataccen abinci, phytosterols ya haifar da raguwar matakan LDL cholesterol a cikin jini (5-15%) idan aka kwatanta da placebo. FDA ta kuma kammala da cewa ana buƙatar cin abinci na yau da kullun na gram 2 na phytosterols (wanda aka bayyana a matsayin phytosterols marasa esterified) don nuna alaƙa tsakanin shan phytosterol da rage cholesterol don rage haɗarin CVD. <ref>{{Cite web |last=FDA |title=Food Labeling; Health Claim; Phytosterols and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease; Proposed Rule |url=https://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2010/pdf/2010-30386.pdf}}</ref> === Lafiya Kanada === Hukumar Lafiya ta Kanada ta yi bitar shaidar gwaje-gwaje guda 84 da aka gudanar bazuwar da aka buga tsakanin 1994 da 2007 da suka shafi ƙarin sinadarin phytosterol. An lura da raguwar kashi 8.8% a cikin LDL-cholesterol a matsakaicin shan gram 2 a rana. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Health Canada |title=Plant Sterols and Blood Cholesterol Lowering |url=https://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/alt_formats/pdf/label-etiquet/claims-reclam/assess-evalu/phytosterols-claim-allegation-eng.pdf}}</ref> Hukumar Lafiya ta Kanada ta kammala da cewa akwai isassun shaidun kimiyya da za su goyi bayan alaƙa tsakanin shan phytosterol da rage yawan sinadarin cholesterol a jini. Dangane da wannan shaidar, Hukumar Lafiya ta Kanada ta amince da waɗannan maganganun don abinci masu dacewa da aka yi niyya ga mutanen da [[Hypercholesterolemia|ke da yawan sinadarin cholesterol]] : Babban bayanin: "[girman hidima daga teburin Bayanan Abinci a cikin ma'aunin ma'auni da na gida] na [sunan samfurin] yana samar da kashi X% na adadin sterols na shuka na yau da kullun da aka nuna don taimakawa rage/rage cholesterol a cikin manya." Ƙarin bayani guda biyu waɗanda za a iya amfani da su a hade ko kaɗai, kusa da bayanin farko, ba tare da wani abu da aka buga, rubutu ko zane mai shiga tsakani ba: "Sterols na shuka suna taimakawa rage [ko taimakawa rage] cholesterol." Wannan bayanin idan aka yi amfani da shi, za a nuna shi a cikin haruffa har sau biyu girma da shahararsa fiye da na bayanin farko. "Babban cholesterol abu ne mai haɗari ga cututtukan zuciya." Idan aka yi amfani da wannan bayanin, za a nuna shi a cikin haruffa har zuwa girman da kuma fifikon da ke cikin babban bayanin. == Rage yawan cholesterol == An fara nuna ikon phytosterols na rage matakan [[cholesterol]] a cikin mutane a cikin 1953. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pollak |first=OJ |year=1953 |title=Reduction of blood cholesterol in man |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_circulation_1953-05_7_5/page/702 |journal=Circulation |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=702–6 |bibcode=1953Circu...7..702P |doi=10.1161/01.CIR.7.5.702 |pmid=13042924 |s2cid=3165910 |doi-access=}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tilvis |first=RS |last2=Miettinen |first2=TA |year=1986 |title=Serum plant sterols and their relation to cholesterol absorption |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-clinical-nutrition_1986-01_43_1/page/n97 |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=92–7 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/43.1.92 |pmid=3942097 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Daga 1954 zuwa 1982, daga baya aka tallata phytosterols a matsayin magani a ƙarƙashin sunan Cytellin a matsayin magani ga hauhawar cholesterol. <ref name="Jones2007">{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=PJ |year=2007 |title=Ingestion of phytosterols is not potentially hazardous |journal=The Journal of Nutrition |volume=137 |issue=11 |pages=2485; author reply 2486 |doi=10.1093/jn/137.11.2485 |pmid=17951490 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Hanyoyin rage yawan cholesterol''' Phytosterols reduce intestinal cholesterol absorption, and two main mechanisms have been proposed: (1) reduced micellar solubilization of cholesterol in the intestinal lumen (“mixed micelle hypothesis”)<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Ikeda |first=Ikuo |last2=Sugano |first2=Michihiro |date=August 1983 |title=Some aspects of mechanism of inhibition of cholesterol absorption by β-sitosterol |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005273683902432 |journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes |language=en |volume=732 |issue=3 |pages=651–658 |doi=10.1016/0005-2736(83)90243-2 |pmid=6615593 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ikeda |first=Ikuo |date=2015 |title=Factors Affecting Intestinal Absorption of Cholesterol and Plant Sterols and Stanols |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jos/64/1/64_ess14221/_article |journal=Journal of Oleo Science |language=en |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=9–18 |doi=10.5650/jos.ess14221 |issn=1345-8957 |pmid=25742922 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and (2) modulation of cholesterol handling at the enterocyte brush border membrane (microvilli), where absorption and efflux compete (“trans-intestinal sterol efflux (TISE)” model).<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Nakano |first=Takanari |last2=Inoue |first2=Ikuo |last3=Murakoshi |first3=Takayuki |date=2019-02-01 |title=A Newly Integrated Model for Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption and Efflux Reappraises How Plant Sterol Intake Reduces Circulating Cholesterol Levels |journal=Nutrients |language=en |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=310 |doi=10.3390/nu11020310 |issn=2072-6643 |pmc=6412963 |pmid=30717222 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ''Tsarin 1: Hasashe na micelle (lumen)'' Ikeda and colleagues proposed that bile salt mixed micelles have a limited capacity to solubilize sterols;<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Ikeda |first=Ikuo |last2=Sugano |first2=Michihiro |date=August 1983 |title=Some aspects of mechanism of inhibition of cholesterol absorption by β-sitosterol |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005273683902432 |journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes |language=en |volume=732 |issue=3 |pages=651–658 |doi=10.1016/0005-2736(83)90243-2 |pmid=6615593 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ikeda |first=Ikuo |date=2015 |title=Factors Affecting Intestinal Absorption of Cholesterol and Plant Sterols and Stanols |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jos/64/1/64_ess14221/_article |journal=Journal of Oleo Science |language=en |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=9–18 |doi=10.5650/jos.ess14221 |issn=1345-8957 |pmid=25742922 |doi-access=free}}</ref> when phytosterols enter the micelles, they can reduce the micellar solubility of cholesterol in vitro, suggesting decreased cholesterol availability for uptake. In this framing, the key site of action is the intestinal lumen (the contents of the gut), i.e., before cholesterol interacts with the brush border membrane. This luminal competition does not translate into an inhibitory effect in in situ intestinal loop experiments: in rat jejunal loops, β-sitosterol had no inhibitory effect on cholesterol absorption from a preformed micellar solution. ''Tsarin 2: Tsarin membrane na gefe na goge (microvilli)'' Nakano da abokan aikinsa sun ba da shawarar cewa membrane na gefe na goga (BBM) yana aiki a matsayin "raba tudu" don kwararar cholesterol masu adawa da juna - motsi zuwa sha (cikin tantanin halitta) idan aka kwatanta da motsi zuwa lumen (efflux, gami da TICE). <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Nakano |first=Takanari |last2=Inoue |first2=Ikuo |last3=Murakoshi |first3=Takayuki |date=2019-02-01 |title=A Newly Integrated Model for Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption and Efflux Reappraises How Plant Sterol Intake Reduces Circulating Cholesterol Levels |journal=Nutrients |language=en |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=310 |doi=10.3390/nu11020310 |issn=2072-6643 |pmc=6412963 |pmid=30717222 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nakano |first=Takanari |last2=Inoue |first2=Ikuo |last3=Takenaka |first3=Yasuhiro |last4=Ono |first4=Hiraku |last5=Katayama |first5=Shigehiro |last6=Awata |first6=Takuya |last7=Murakoshi |first7=Takayuki |date=2016-03-29 |title=Ezetimibe Promotes Brush Border Membrane-to-Lumen Cholesterol Efflux in the Small Intestine |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=11 |issue=3 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1152207N |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0152207 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4811413 |pmid=27023132 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nakano |first=Takanari |last2=Inoue |first2=Ikuo |last3=Takenaka |first3=Yasuhiro |last4=Ikegami |first4=Yuichi |last5=Kotani |first5=Norihiro |last6=Shimada |first6=Akira |last7=Noda |first7=Mitsuhiko |last8=Murakoshi |first8=Takayuki |date=2018 |title=Luminal plant sterol promotes brush border membrane-to-lumen cholesterol efflux in the small intestine |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jcbn/63/2/63_17-116/_article |journal=Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition |language=en |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=102–105 |doi=10.3164/jcbn.17-116 |issn=0912-0009 |pmc=6160726 |pmid=30279620}}</ref> A cikin wannan samfurin, ana ɗaukar phytosterols ta hanyar BBM ta hanyar yaɗuwa, kuma saboda ba su da kyau a haɗa su, ana fitar da su ta hanyar ABCG5/G8 da/ko a baya, suna maimaita wannan shuttle tsakanin lumen da BBM. Ta hanyar hulɗa akai-akai a membrane na microvillar, ana ba da shawarar phytosterols don haɓaka kwararar cholesterol tare da rage sha (kuma ta hanyar dagula safarar cholesterol mai alaƙa da NPC1L1 zuwa cikin tantanin halitta). '''Karin Maganin Statin: Ƙara Rage LDL, Fa'idar Asibiti Mara Tabbas''' Ba kamar [[Statin|statins]] ba, inda aka tabbatar da rage cholesterol yana rage haɗarin [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini]] (CVD) da kuma mace-mace gabaɗaya a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai kyau, shaidar ba ta daidaita ba ga abinci ko kari da aka wadatar da phytosterol don rage haɗarin CVD, tare da sake dubawa guda biyu da ke nuna babu wani tasiri ko kaɗan, <ref name="Weingaertner_2008">{{Cite journal |last=Weingartner |first=O. |last2=Bohm |first2=M. |last3=Laufs |first3=U. |year=2008 |title=Controversial role of plant sterol esters in the management of hypercholesterolaemia |journal=European Heart Journal |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=404–9 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehn580 |pmc=2642922 |pmid=19158117}}</ref> <ref name="Genser_2012">{{Cite journal |last=Genser |first=B. |last2=Silbernagel |first2=G. |last3=De Backer |first3=G. |last4=Bruckert |first4=E. |last5=Carmena |first5=R. |last6=Chapman |first6=M. J. |last7=Deanfield |first7=J. |last8=Descamps |first8=O. S. |last9=Rietzschel |first9=E. R. |last10=Dias |first10=K. C. |last11=März |first11=W. |year=2012 |title=Plant sterols and cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=European Heart Journal |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=444–451 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehr441 |pmc=3279314 |pmid=22334625}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGenserSilbernagelDe_BackerBruckert2012">Genser, B.; Silbernagel, G.; De Backer, G.; Bruckert, E.; Carmena, R.; Chapman, M. J.; Deanfield, J.; Descamps, O. S.; Rietzschel, E. R.; Dias, K. C.; März, W. (2012). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3279314 "Plant sterols and cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis"]. ''European Heart Journal''. '''33''' (4): <span class="nowrap">444–</span>451. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr441|10.1093/eurheartj/ehr441]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3279314 3279314]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22334625 22334625].</cite></ref> da wani bita da ke nuna shaidar amfani da phytosterols na abinci don cimma tasirin rage cholesterol. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gylling |first=H |last2=Plat |first2=J |last3=Turley |first3=S |last4=Ginsberg |first4=H. N |last5=Ellegård |first5=L |last6=Jessup |first6=W |last7=Jones |first7=P. J |last8=Lütjohann |first8=D |last9=Maerz |first9=W |last10=Masana |first10=L |last11=Silbernagel |first11=G |last12=Staels |first12=B |last13=Borén |first13=J |last14=Catapano |first14=A. L |last15=De Backer |first15=G |year=2014 |title=Plant sterols and plant stanols in the management of dyslipidaemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease |url=http://www.atherosclerosis-journal.com/article/S0021-9150(13)00694-1/fulltext |journal=Atherosclerosis |volume=232 |issue=2 |pages=346–60 |doi=10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.11.043 |pmid=24468148 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Coadministration of statins with phytosterol-enriched foods increases the cholesterol-lowering effect of phytosterols, again without any proof of clinical benefit and with anecdotal evidence of potential adverse effects (though statins also have adverse effects such as myopathy and digestive problems).<ref name="Weingaertner_2008">{{Cite journal |last=Weingartner |first=O. |last2=Bohm |first2=M. |last3=Laufs |first3=U. |year=2008 |title=Controversial role of plant sterol esters in the management of hypercholesterolaemia |journal=European Heart Journal |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=404–9 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehn580 |pmc=2642922 |pmid=19158117}}</ref> Statins work by reducing cholesterol synthesis via inhibition of the rate-limiting HMG-CoA reductase enzyme. Phytosterols reduce cholesterol levels by competing with cholesterol absorption in the gut via one or several possible mechanisms,<ref name="nguyen">{{Cite journal |last=Nguyen |first=Tu T. |date=1999 |title=The Cholesterol-Lowering Action of Plant Stanol Esters |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-nutrition_1999-12_129_12/page/2109 |journal=The Journal of Nutrition |volume=129 |issue=12 |pages=2109–2112 |doi=10.1093/jn/129.12.2109 |pmid=10573535 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trautwein |first=Elke A. |last2=Duchateau |first2=Guus S. M. J. E. |last3=Lin |first3=Yuguang |last4=Mel'nikov |first4=Sergey M. |last5=Molhuizen |first5=Henry O.F. |last6=Ntanios |first6=Fady Y. |date=2003 |title=Proposed mechanisms of cholesterol-lowering action of plant sterols |journal=European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology |volume=105 |issue=3–4 |pages=171–185 |doi=10.1002/ejlt.200390033}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=De Smet |first=E |last2=Mensink |first2=RP |last3=Plat |first3=J |date=2012 |title=Effects of plant sterols and stanols on intestinal cholesterol metabolism: suggested mechanisms from past to present |url=https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/05119257-24a9-4aa6-b6f8-14de74964f3e |journal=Molecular Nutrition & Food Research |volume=56 |issue=7 |pages=1058–72 |doi=10.1002/mnfr.201100722 |pmid=22623436 |doi-access=}}</ref> an effect that complements statins. Phytosterols further reduce cholesterol levels by about 9% to 17% in statin users.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scholle |first=JM |last2=Baker |first2=WL |last3=Talati |first3=R |last4=Coleman |first4=CI |year=2009 |title=The effect of adding plant sterols or stanols to statin therapy in hypercholesterolemic patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Journal of the American College of Nutrition |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=517–24 |doi=10.1080/07315724.2009.10719784 |pmid=20439548 |s2cid=41438503}}</ref> The type or dose of statin does not appear to affect the cholesterol-lowering efficacy of phytosterols.<ref name="Katan2003">{{Cite journal |last=Katan |first=M. B. |last2=Grundy |first2=S. M. |last3=Jones |first3=P. |last4=Law |first4=M. |last5=Miettinen |first5=T. |last6=Paoletti |first6=R. |last7=Stresa Workshop |first7=Participants |year=2003 |title=Efficacy and Safety of Plant Stanols and Sterols in the Management of Blood Cholesterol Levels |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |volume=78 |issue=8 |pages=965–78 |doi=10.4065/78.8.965 |pmid=12911045 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Hakazalika, haɗakar statin da ezetimibe a cikin allurai masu tsauri da aka ƙayyade don daidaita hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa - statins suna rage haɗakar cholesterol na hanta, yayin da ezetimibe yana hana shan cholesterol na hanji kamar phytosterols - ta haka yana haifar da ƙarin raguwar LDL-C idan aka kwatanta da maganin statin monotherapy. An ƙara Ezetimibe a cikin maganin statin ya nuna fa'idar sakamako na asibiti ga marasa lafiya masu haɗarin gaske (misali, IMPROVE-IT). Saboda halayensu na rage cholesterol, wasu masana'antun suna amfani da sterols ko stanols a matsayin ƙarin abinci. <ref name="aafc">{{Cite web |last=Patterson, CA |date=July 2006 |title=Phytosterols and stanols: Topic 10075E |url=https://www5.agr.gc.ca/resources/prod/doc/misb/fb-ba/nutra/pdf/aug_31_06_phystosterol_en.pdf |access-date=7 November 2017 |publisher=Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Government of Canada}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPatterson,_CA2006">Patterson, CA (July 2006). [https://www5.agr.gc.ca/resources/prod/doc/misb/fb-ba/nutra/pdf/aug_31_06_phystosterol_en.pdf "Phytosterols and stanols: Topic 10075E"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Government of Canada<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Griffin |first=RM |date=Feb 2, 2009 |title=The New Low-Cholesterol Diet: Plant Sterols and Stanols: What are sterols and stanols, and does anyone like to eat them? |url=http://www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/features/low-cholesterol-diet-plant-sterols-stanols |access-date=6 July 2013 |publisher=WebMD}}</ref> == Tsaro == Phytosterols have a long history of safe use,<ref name="aafc">{{Cite web |last=Patterson, CA |date=July 2006 |title=Phytosterols and stanols: Topic 10075E |url=https://www5.agr.gc.ca/resources/prod/doc/misb/fb-ba/nutra/pdf/aug_31_06_phystosterol_en.pdf |access-date=7 November 2017 |publisher=Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Government of Canada}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPatterson,_CA2006">Patterson, CA (July 2006). [https://www5.agr.gc.ca/resources/prod/doc/misb/fb-ba/nutra/pdf/aug_31_06_phystosterol_en.pdf "Phytosterols and stanols: Topic 10075E"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Government of Canada<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> dating back to Cytellin, the pharmaceutical preparation of phytosterols marketed in the US from 1954 to 1982.<ref name="Jones2007">{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=PJ |year=2007 |title=Ingestion of phytosterols is not potentially hazardous |journal=The Journal of Nutrition |volume=137 |issue=11 |pages=2485; author reply 2486 |doi=10.1093/jn/137.11.2485 |pmid=17951490 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Phytosterol esters have generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status in the US. Phytosterol-containing functional foods were subject to postlaunch monitoring after being introduced to the EU market in 2000, and no unpredicted side effects were reported.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lea |first=L.J. |last2=Hepburn |first2=P.A. |year=2006 |title=Safety evaluation of phytosterol-esters. Part 9: Results of a European post-launch monitoring programme |journal=[[Food and Chemical Toxicology]] |volume=44 |issue=8 |pages=1213–22 |doi=10.1016/j.fct.2006.01.017 |pmid=16542769}}</ref> Akwai yiwuwar damuwa game da lafiyar da ake da ita game da shan phytosterol a cikin marasa lafiya da ke fama da phytosterolaemia, wata cuta ta kwayoyin halitta da ba kasafai ake samunta ba wacce ke haifar da karuwar matakan sterol na shukar jini sau 50 zuwa 100 kuma tana da alaƙa da saurin haɓakar atherosclerosis na zuciya. Duk da haka, babu wata shaida kai tsaye da ke nuna cewa phytosterols suna hanzarta haɓakar atherosclerosis. A gefe guda kuma, wani bincike ya nuna cewa atherosclerosis da wuri da kuma sakamakon CVD da aka gani a cikin marasa lafiya da sitosterolemia suna da alaƙa da mummunan hypercholesterolemia a lokacin ƙuruciyarsu. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Nakano |first=Takanari |last2=Takashima |first2=Erina |last3=Yu |first3=Liqing |date=2025 |title=Factors Affecting Circulating Phytosterol Levels: Toward an Integrated Understanding of Atherogenicity and Atheroprotection by Dietary and Circulating Phytosterols |journal=Current Atherosclerosis Reports |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |doi=10.1007/s11883-025-01334-7 |issn=1523-3804 |pmc=12540574 |pmid=41118071}}</ref> Haka kuma, ya kamata a tuna cewa phytosterols na abinci ba sa ƙara yawan phytosterols masu yawo ko da kuwa suna da abinci mai ɗauke da phytosterol. <ref name=":3" /> An danganta Phytosterolaemia da maye gurbi a cikin sunadaran ABCG5/G8 waɗanda ke fitar da sterols na shuka daga cikin enterocytes da hepatocytes zuwa cikin bututun lumen da bile, bi da bi. Plant sterol levels in the blood have been shown to be positively, negatively or not associated with CVD risk, depending on the study population investigated.<ref name="Silbernagel2009">{{Cite journal |last=Silbernagel |first=G. |last2=Fauler |first2=G. |last3=Renner |first3=W. |last4=Landl |first4=E. M. |last5=Hoffmann |first5=M. M. |last6=Winkelmann |first6=B. R. |last7=Boehm |first7=B. O. |last8=Marz |first8=W. |year=2008 |title=The relationships of cholesterol metabolism and plasma plant sterols with the severity of coronary artery disease |journal=The Journal of Lipid Research |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=334–41 |doi=10.1194/jlr.P800013-JLR200 |pmid=18769018 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Silbernagel |first=G. |last2=Fauler |first2=G. |last3=Hoffmann |first3=M. M. |last4=Lutjohann |first4=D. |last5=Winkelmann |first5=B. R. |last6=Boehm |first6=B. O. |last7=Marz |first7=W. |year=2010 |title=The associations of cholesterol metabolism and plasma plant sterols with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality |journal=The Journal of Lipid Research |volume=51 |issue=8 |pages=2384–93 |doi=10.1194/jlr.P002899 |pmc=2903788 |pmid=20228406 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Strandberg |first=Timo E. |last2=Gylling |first2=Helena |last3=Tilvis |first3=Reijo S. |last4=Miettinen |first4=Tatu A. |year=2010 |title=Serum plant and other noncholesterol sterols, cholesterol metabolism and 22-year mortality among middle-aged men |journal=Atherosclerosis |volume=210 |issue=1 |pages=282–7 |doi=10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.11.007 |pmid=19962145}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fassbender |first=Klaus |last2=Lütjohann |first2=Dieter |last3=Dik |first3=Miranda G. |last4=Bremmer |first4=Marijke |last5=König |first5=Jochem |last6=Walter |first6=Silke |last7=Liu |first7=Yang |last8=Letièmbre |first8=Maryse |last9=Von Bergmann |first9=Klaus |year=2008 |title=Moderately elevated plant sterol levels are associated with reduced cardiovascular risk—The LASA study |journal=Atherosclerosis |volume=196 |issue=1 |pages=283–8 |doi=10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.10.032 |pmid=17137582}}</ref><ref name="Rajaratnam2000">{{Cite journal |last=Rajaratnam |first=Radhakrishnan A |last2=Gylling |first2=Helena |last3=Miettinen |first3=Tatu A |year=2000 |title=Independent association of serum squalene and noncholesterol sterols with coronary artery disease in postmenopausal women |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-college-of-cardiology_2000-04_35_5/page/1185 |journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=1185–91 |doi=10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00527-1 |pmid=10758959 |doi-access=}}</ref><ref name="Assmann2006">{{Cite journal |last=Assmann |first=Gerd |last2=Cullen |first2=Paul |last3=Erbey |first3=John |last4=Ramey |first4=Dena R. |last5=Kannenberg |first5=Frank |last6=Schulte |first6=Helmut |year=2006 |title=Plasma sitosterol elevations are associated with an increased incidence of coronary events in men: Results of a nested case-control analysis of the Prospective Cardiovascular Münster (PROCAM) study |journal=Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=13–21 |doi=10.1016/j.numecd.2005.04.001 |pmid=16399487}}</ref><ref name="Sudhop2002">{{Cite journal |last=Sudhop |first=Thomas |last2=Gottwald |first2=Britta M. |last3=Von Bergmann |first3=Klaus |year=2002 |title=Serum plant sterols as a potential risk factor for coronary heart disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_metabolism-clinical-and-experimental_december-2002_51_12/page/n6 |journal=Metabolism |volume=51 |issue=12 |pages=1519–21 |doi=10.1053/meta.2002.36298 |pmid=12489060}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pinedo |first=S. |last2=Vissers |first2=M. N. |last3=Bergmann |first3=K. v. |last4=Elharchaoui |first4=K. |last5=Lutjohann |first5=D. |last6=Luben |first6=R. |last7=Wareham |first7=N. J. |last8=Kastelein |first8=J. J. P. |last9=Khaw |first9=K.-T. |last10=Boekholdt |first10=S. M. |year=2006 |title=Plasma levels of plant sterols and the risk of coronary artery disease: The prospective EPIC-Norfolk Population Study |journal=The Journal of Lipid Research |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=139–44 |doi=10.1194/jlr.M600371-JLR200 |pmid=17074925 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The link between plant sterols and CVD or CHD risk is complicated because phytosterol levels reflect cholesterol absorption. (See Phytosterols as a marker for cholesterol absorption).<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Nakano |first=Takanari |last2=Takashima |first2=Erina |last3=Yu |first3=Liqing |date=2025 |title=Factors Affecting Circulating Phytosterol Levels: Toward an Integrated Understanding of Atherogenicity and Atheroprotection by Dietary and Circulating Phytosterols |journal=Current Atherosclerosis Reports |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |doi=10.1007/s11883-025-01334-7 |issn=1523-3804 |pmc=12540574 |pmid=41118071}}</ref> '''Sterols da stanols''' Daidaiton iyawa da amincin sterols na shuka da [[Sterol|stanols]] na shuka zuwa rage cholesterol ya ci gaba da zama batun da ake muhawara a kai. Idan aka kwatanta da kai-da-kai a gwaje-gwajen asibiti, an nuna cewa sterols na shuka da stanols suna rage matakan cholesterol daidai gwargwado. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hallikainen |first=M A |last2=Sarkkinen |first2=E S |last3=Gylling |first3=H |last4=Erkkilä |first4=A T |last5=Uusitupa |first5=M I J |year=2000 |title=Comparison of the effects of plant sterol ester and plant stanol ester-enriched margarines in lowering serum cholesterol concentrations in hypercholesterolaemic subjects on a low-fat diet |journal=European Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=715–25 |doi=10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601083 |pmid=11002384 |s2cid=19548242 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=O'Neill |first=F.H. |last2=Brynes |first2=A. |last3=Mandeno |first3=R. |last4=Rendell |first4=N. |last5=Taylor |first5=G. |last6=Seed |first6=M. |last7=Thompson |first7=G.R. |year=2004 |title=Comparison of the effects of dietary plant sterol and stanol esters on lipid metabolism |journal=Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=133–42 |doi=10.1016/S0939-4753(04)80033-4 |pmid=15330272}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vanstone |first=CA |last2=Raeini-Sarjaz |first2=M |last3=Parsons |first3=WE |last4=Jones |first4=PJ |year=2002 |title=Unesterified plant sterols and stanols lower LDL-cholesterol concentrations equivalently in hypercholesterolemic persons |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=76 |issue=6 |pages=1272–8 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/76.6.1272 |pmid=12450893 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wani bincike na gwaji guda 14 da aka gudanar bazuwar da aka sarrafa wanda aka kwatanta sterols na shuka da stanols na shuka kai tsaye a allurai na 0.6 zuwa 2.5 g/rana bai nuna wani bambanci tsakanin nau'ikan biyu akan jimlar cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, ko matakan triglyceride ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Talati |first=Ripple |last2=Sobieraj |first2=Diana M. |last3=Makanji |first3=Sagar S. |last4=Phung |first4=Olivia J. |last5=Coleman |first5=Craig I. |year=2010 |title=The Comparative Efficacy of Plant Sterols and Stanols on Serum Lipids: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Journal of the American Dietetic Association |volume=110 |issue=5 |pages=719–26 |doi=10.1016/j.jada.2010.02.011 |pmid=20430133}}</ref> Gwaje-gwajen da aka gudanar kan manyan allurai (> 4 g/rana) na sterols na shuka ko stanols ba su da iyaka, kuma babu wanda aka kammala har yanzu yana kwatanta babban allurai na sterol na shuka da stanol na shuka. Muhawarar da ake yi game da amincin sterol da stanol ta ta'allaka ne kan bambancin shan hanji da kuma yawan sinadarin plasma da ke haifar da shi. Phytostanols suna da ƙarancin ƙimar shan hanji (0.02 - 0.3%) fiye da phytosterols (0.4 - 5%), kuma saboda haka yawan sinadarin phytostanol a cikin jini gabaɗaya yana ƙasa da yawan sinadarin phytosterol. <ref name="Weingaertner_2008">{{Cite journal |last=Weingartner |first=O. |last2=Bohm |first2=M. |last3=Laufs |first3=U. |year=2008 |title=Controversial role of plant sterol esters in the management of hypercholesterolaemia |journal=European Heart Journal |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=404–9 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehn580 |pmc=2642922 |pmid=19158117}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWeingartnerBohmLaufs2008">Weingartner, O.; Bohm, M.; Laufs, U. (2008). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2642922 "Controversial role of plant sterol esters in the management of hypercholesterolaemia"]. ''European Heart Journal''. '''30''' (4): <span class="nowrap">404–</span>9. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn580|10.1093/eurheartj/ehn580]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2642922 2642922]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19158117 19158117].</cite></ref> == Ayyuka a cikin shuke-shuke == Sterols suna da mahimmanci ga dukkan ƙwayoyin eukaryotes . Sabanin ƙwayoyin dabbobi da na fungal, waɗanda ke ɗauke da babban sterol guda ɗaya kawai, ƙwayoyin shuka suna haɗa jerin gaurayen sterol wanda sitosterol da stigmasterol suka fi rinjaye. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hartmann |first=Marie-Andrée |year=1998 |title=Plant sterols and the membrane environment |journal=Trends in Plant Science |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=170–175 |bibcode=1998TPS.....3..170H |doi=10.1016/S1360-1385(98)01233-3}}</ref> Sitosterol yana daidaita ruwa da kuma ikon shiga membrane ta hanyar kama da cholesterol a cikin membranes na ƙwayoyin dabbobi masu shayarwa. <ref name="mnfr">{{Cite journal |last=De Smet |first=E |last2=Mensink |first2=R. P |last3=Plat |first3=J |year=2012 |title=Effects of plant sterols and stanols on intestinal cholesterol metabolism: Suggested mechanisms from past to present |url=https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/05119257-24a9-4aa6-b6f8-14de74964f3e |journal=Molecular Nutrition & Food Research |volume=56 |issue=7 |pages=1058–72 |doi=10.1002/mnfr.201100722 |pmid=22623436 |doi-access=}}</ref> Sterols na tsire-tsire kuma suna iya daidaita ayyukan enzymes masu ɗaure membrane. <ref name="mnfr" /> Phytosterols kuma suna da alaƙa da daidaitawar shuka zuwa yanayin zafi da kuma kariya daga ƙwayoyin cuta daga ƙwayoyin cuta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=De Bruyne |first=L |last2=Höfte |first2=M |last3=De Vleesschauwer |first3=D |year=2014 |title=Connecting growth and defense: The emerging roles of brassinosteroids and gibberellins in plant innate immunity |url=http://www.cell.com/molecular-plant/fulltext/S1674-2052(14)60799-1 |journal=Molecular Plant |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=943–59 |doi=10.1093/mp/ssu050 |pmid=24777987 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|35em}}{{Sterols}}{{Phytochemical}}{{Phytosterols}}{{Cholesterol metabolism intermediates}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cszd4vnzmcnvu8szjojh756o2zufxa5 0 157880 906702 858413 2026-08-23T21:07:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906702 wikitext text/x-wiki Trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS) ko waje Trigemical nerve stimulation, eTNS) magani ne mai banƙyama, wanda ba magani ba don cutar Attention deficit hyperactivity da [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|FDA]] ta amince da shi a Amurka don maganin ADHD a cikin yara masu shekaru 7-12. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Commissioner |first=Office of the |date=2020-03-24 |title=FDA permits marketing of first medical device for treatment of ADHD |url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-permits-marketing-first-medical-device-treatment-adhd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515120128/https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-permits-marketing-first-medical-device-treatment-adhd |archive-date=May 15, 2019 |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=US Food and Drug Administration |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=McGough |first=J. J. |last2=Sturm |first2=A. |last3=Cowen |first3=J. |last4=Tung |first4=K. |last5=Salgari |first5=G. C. |last6=Leuchter |first6=A. F. |last7=Cook |first7=I. A. |last8=Sugar |first8=C. A. |last9=Loo |first9=S. K. |date=2019 |title=Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=403–411.e3 |doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2018.11.013 |pmc=6481187 |pmid=30768393}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Greenbaum |first=Zara |date=2019-08-01 |title=A new device for treating ADHD in children |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2019/07-08/adhd-children |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=American Psychological Association}}</ref> Hakanan ana amfani dashi ba tare da lakabi ba don magance ADHD a cikin manya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Monarch eTNS |url=https://www.fermata.health/etns |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=Fermata Health |language=en |archive-date=2024-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110032238/https://www.fermata.health/etns |url-status=dead }}</ref> Motsawar jijiyoyin waje (eTNS) yayi kama da motsawar jijiyar lantarki ta transcutaneous (TENS), magani don ciwo mai tsanani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nnoaham |first=Kelechi E. |last2=Kumbang |first2=Jharna |date=2008-07-16 |title=Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic pain |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=3 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003222.pub2 |issn=1469-493X |pmid=18646088}}</ref> Ƙananan na'urar tana ba da wutar lantarki ga electrodes waɗanda aka sanya a fata. Na'urar tana iya daidaita ƙarfin da mitar motsin wutar lantarki da aka kawo zuwa ƙarshen jijiyoyi a cikin fata. Akwai ci gaba da bincike da bincike game da amfani da motsawar jijiya na trigeminal don magance wasu cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa, kamar baƙin ciki da PTSD .<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cook |first=I. A. |last2=Abrams |first2=M. |last3=Leuchter |first3=A. F. |date=2016 |title=Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for Comorbid Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder |journal=Neuromodulation |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=299–305 |doi=10.1111/ner.12399 |pmid=26818103 |s2cid=457569}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Powell |first=Keren |last2=Lin |first2=Kanheng |last3=Tambo |first3=Willians |last4=Saavedra |first4=Andrea Palomo |last5=Sciubba |first5=Daniel |last6=Al Abed |first6=Yousef |last7=Li |first7=Chunyan |date=2023-12-13 |title=Trigeminal nerve stimulation: a current state-of-the-art review |journal=Bioelectronic Medicine |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=30 |doi=10.1186/s42234-023-00128-z |issn=2332-8886 |pmc=10717521 |pmid=38087375 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] arwmb1trmhf1avcwq7qnl76daea20tb 0 157881 906868 858416 2026-08-24T05:13:22Z BnHamid 12586 906868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} EndeavorRx da EndeavorOTC wasanni ne na bidiyo da ake amfani da su don magance Rashin Haɓaka Haɓaka Haɓakawa wanda Akili Interactive ya haɓaka. Ya dogara ne akan wani wasan kwaikwayo mai suna NeuroRacer wanda Adam Gazzaley ya ƙirƙira kuma masu bincike a Jami'ar California San Francisco suka yi nazari.[1] Wasan yana gudana ne akan injin da aka sani da injin Akili Selective Stimulus Management.[2] EndeavorRx an san shi da AKL-T01 ko Project: EVO ADHD Jiyya yayin haɓakarsa.[3] A ranar 15 ga Yuni, 2020, ya zama wasan bidiyo na farko da FDA ta share. An yarda da yin amfani da shi azaman magani ga yara masu ADHD tare da kewayon shekaru 8-12.[4][5][6] An gudanar da bincike biyar akan yara sama da 600 don auna tasirin EndeavorRx.[7] Sun sami "haɓaka 36% a cikin akalla ma'auni ɗaya na hankali." Abubuwan da masu binciken suka gano sun haɗa da takaici, [8] dizziness, ciwon kai, da tashin hankali.[9] A cikin wasan, ana ba mai kunnawa aikin tashi da sararin samaniya a matakai da yawa. Mai kunnawa yana fuskantar ayyuka da yawa kamar gano abubuwan tattarawa ko kama dabbobi. Wasan zai canza manufofinsa bisa ga aikin mai kunnawa. Yana iya ƙara sabbin lada da manufofi ko canza saurin wasan daidai da saurin mai kunnawa. EndeavorRx da EndeavorOTC suna ƙoƙari su kalubalanci mai kunnawa kuma su tilasta musu su koyi yin aiki da yawa kuma su yi watsi da abubuwan jan hankali.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ADHD Treatment For Kids {{!}} Digital Therapeutic Video Game for ADHD |url=https://www.endeavorrx.com/about-endeavorrx/ |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=EndeavorRx |language=en-US}}</ref> Kodayake ana iya sauke EndeavorRx da EndeavorOTC don na'urorin hannu, ba za a iya buga EndeavorSX ba tare da takardar sayan magani daga likitan yara ba yayin da ake sayar da EndeavourOTC a kan teburin kuma ana iya buga shi ba tare da magani ba kodayake ana amfani da shi ga manya ba yara ba. An ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a buga wasan na minti 25 a rana, kwanaki 5 a mako, na makonni 4.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-06 |title=An FDA-Approved 'Prescription' Video Game? |url=https://sfstandard.com/public-health/meet-the-local-family-using-the-first-fda-approved-video-game-to-treat-their-sons-adhd/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414010345/https://sfstandard.com/public-health/meet-the-local-family-using-the-first-fda-approved-video-game-to-treat-their-sons-adhd/ |archive-date=April 14, 2023 |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=The San Francisco Standard |language=en-US}}</ref> Da zarar an buga wasan don lokacin da aka ba shi ba zai bari mai kunnawa ya ci gaba ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jr |first=Tom Huddleston |date=2020-06-17 |title=See the first-ever video game approved by the FDA as a mental health treatment |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/17/video-endeavorrx-is-first-video-game-approved-by-fda-to-treat-adhd.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115122426/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/17/video-endeavorrx-is-first-video-game-approved-by-fda-to-treat-adhd.html |archive-date=November 15, 2022 |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Yuni, 2023, Akili ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a saki wasan bidiyo a matsayin OTC don Manya da ke da ADHD. Wasan ya sami amincewar FDA shekara guda bayan haka a ranar 18 ga Yuni, 2024. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7mggx8j2c4ykk22wjjwdxah3cv710l6 0 158037 906780 888909 2026-08-23T22:59:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Muvumbe''' tana da {{Convert|6.5|MW}} tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa a Yankin Yammacin [[Uganda]] . <ref name="Start">{{Cite web |last=Muhereza |first=Robert |date=23 September 2015 |title=Work on Shs64b Kabale hydropower dam starts |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Work-on-Shs64b-Kabale-hydropower-dam-starts--/-/688334/2881288/-/rvpakn/-/index.html |access-date=23 September 2015}}</ref> == Wuri == An gina tashar wutar lantarki a fadin Kogin Nyakijumba (wanda kuma aka sani da Kogin Maziba ko Kogin Muvumbe), wani yanki na [[Kogin Kagera]] . <ref name="Start" /> Tashar tana cikin ƙauyen Kigarama a cikin gundumar Nyanja, gundumar Maziba, gundumar Kabale, a kudu maso yammacin Uganda, kusa da kan iyakar ƙasa da ƙasa da [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] . <ref name="Start" /> Wannan kimanin {{Convert|10|km}}, ta hanya, kudu maso gabashin garin Kabale, inda hedikwatar gundumar take. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Road Distance Between Kabale And Maziba With Map |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kabale%20(Kabale)%20&toplace=Maziba%20(Kabale)&fromlat=-1.3261111&tolat=-1.3158333&fromlng=30.0038889&tolng=30.0811111 |access-date=8 May 2014 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> Maziba tana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|410|km|mi}}, ta hanya, kudu maso yamma da [[Kampala]], babban birnin kuma mafi girma a Uganda. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Map Showing Kampala And Maziba With Distance Marker |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kampala%20()%20&toplace=Maziba%20(Kabale)&fromlat=0.3155556&tolat=-1.3158333&fromlng=32.5655556&tolng=30.0811111 |access-date=8 May 2014 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> Daidaito na tashar wutar lantarki sune 1°19'07.0"S, 30°04'44.0"E (Latitude=-1.318611; Longitude=30.078889). == Tarihi == Sabuwar tashar wutar lantarki tana nan a wurin da ƙaramin {{Convert|1.6|MW}} ke aiki. tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa wadda aka gina a shekarar 1966 amma aka dakatar da aikinta a shekarar 2002 saboda lalacewar da kuma lalata ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rehabilitation Small Hydropower Station Maziba Gorge |url=http://www.lahmeyer.de/en/projects/details/browse/0/project/772/mode/1/show/showAll |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413142407/http://www.lahmeyer.de/en/projects/details/browse/0/project/772/mode/1/show/showAll/ |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |access-date=8 May 2014 |publisher=Lahmeyer International}}</ref> A shekarar 2009, [http://www.lahmeyer.de/en/home Lahmeyer International] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205170639/https://www.lahmeyer.de/en/home/ |date=2018-12-05 }}, wani kamfanin injiniya mai ba da shawara na Jamus ya gudanar da wani sabon bincike kan yuwuwar amfani da wutar lantarki, wanda ya shimfida hanyar samar da wutar lantarki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Consulting For Maziba Hydro-Power Plant In Uganda |url=https://www.devex.com/projects/tenders/consulting-for-maziba-hydro-power-plant-in-uganda/110729 |access-date=8 May 2014 |publisher=Devex.com}}</ref> A watan Afrilun 2014, Muvumbe Hydro (Uganda) Limited ta nemi lasisin samar da wutar lantarki daga Hukumar Kula da Wutar Lantarki don samarwa da sayar da wutar lantarki mai karfin megawatts 6.5 a wannan tashar wutar lantarki. Za a sayar da wutar ga Kamfanin Watsa Wutar Lantarki na Uganda kuma a haɗa ta da wutar lantarki ta ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=ERA |date=8 April 2014 |title=Application For A License for The Establishment of 6.5MW Hydro Power Plant In Kabale District |url=http://www.era.or.ug/index.php/2013-10-23-18-03-21/2013-10-23-18-12-48/notices/307-application-for-a-license-for-the-establishment-of-83mw-hydropower-plant-in-pader-and-gulu-districts-2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110202937/http://www.era.or.ug/index.php/2013-10-23-18-03-21/2013-10-23-18-12-48/notices/307-application-for-a-license-for-the-establishment-of-83mw-hydropower-plant-in-pader-and-gulu-districts-2 |archive-date=10 January 2015 |access-date=10 January 2015 |publisher=[[Electricity Regulatory Authority]] (ERA)}}</ref> An fara ginin ne a watan Satumba na 2015 kuma ana sa ran zai ɗauki watanni 18. <ref name="Start"/> == Kudaden gini == An kiyasta cewa za a kashe kuɗin gina madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki na dalar Amurka miliyan 18 (kimanin UGX: biliyan 64). <ref name="Start"/> Masu haɓaka madatsar ruwa [[Sri Lanka|ta Sri Lanka]] da gwamnatin Uganda za su samar da kuɗaɗen gini tare. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Our |first=Reporter |date=26 August 2013 |title=Kabale To Get 6.5 MW Power Station |url=http://www.redpepper.co.ug/kabale-to-get-6-5-mw-power-station |access-date=8 May 2014 |publisher=Red Pepper (Uganda)}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2015, Firayim Ministan Uganda Ruhakana Rugunda ya nuna cewa an samo kuɗin gina madatsar ruwa daga Jamus. Muvumbe Hydro Uganda Limited, wani reshe na Vidullanka Plc. na Sri Lanka, shi ne ke da haƙƙin ci gaba da aikin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mwesigwa |first=Alon |date=20 January 2015 |title=Germany to fund Kabale power dam |url=http://www.observer.ug/business/38-business/36019--germany-to-fund-kabale-power-dam |access-date=17 January 2016 |archive-date=28 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728160702/http://observer.ug/business/38-business/36019--germany-to-fund-kabale-power-dam |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Jadawalin lokacin gini == An fara ginin ne a watan Satumba na 2015 <ref name="Start"/> kuma an fara samar da wutar lantarki ta kasuwanci a watan Maris na 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |last=ESI |date=17 March 2017 |title=Uganda set to connect 6.5MW hydropower plant |url=https://www.esi-africa.com/news/uganda-set-to-connect-6-5mw-hydropower-plant/ |access-date=16 August 2017 |publisher=ESI-Africa News (ESI)}}</ref> == Manazarta == 9n6xj36gzfom5r3o283px3aoa6x17mp 0 158495 906852 860636 2026-08-24T04:57:55Z BnHamid 12586 906852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Aplasmomycin''' maganin rigakafi ne tare da aikin rigakafin zazzabin cizon sauro wanda aka ware daga ''Streptomycete'' . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Okami |first=Y |last2=Okazaki |first2=T |last3=Kitahara |first3=T |last4=Umezawa |first4=H |year=1976 |title=Studies on marine microorganisms. V. A new antibiotic, aplasmomycin, produced by a streptomycete isolated from shallow sea mud |journal=J Antibiot (Tokyo) |volume=29 |issue=10 |pages=1019–25 |doi=10.7164/antibiotics.29.1019 |pmid=994322 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} njqyaw87ml7lgigxgs8v462z75k7usw 0 158677 906928 888239 2026-08-24T07:57:53Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 906928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maganin mawaka''' yana magance matsalolin jiki da na hankali da [[Mawaƙi|mawaka]] ke fama da su ('Cututtukan mawaka'). Wani lokaci kuma ana kiransa da Maganin Kiɗa, wanda kuma ke bayyana nau'ikan hanyoyin magance kiɗa daban-daban. Fannin ilimin kimiyyar kiɗa mai alaƙa ya ƙunshi bincike kan tushen ilimin halittar jiki na yin kiɗa da kuma [[Kula da lafiya na rigakafi|rigakafin]] matsalolin lafiya na gama gari a cikin mawaƙa. Kalmar Lafiyar Mawaƙa, wacce galibi ana amfani da ita azaman ma'anar Maganin Mawaƙa, gabaɗaya tana nufin kula da lafiya da walwalar mawaƙa, da kuma matakan rigakafi, kamar motsa jiki mai kyau da dacewa, abinci mai kyau, da isasshen barci. Binciken ya kuma haɗa da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa, misali [[Tsoro a filin wasa|tsoro a matakin mataki]] . == Bincike da Kimiyya == Tun daga shekarar 1832, Karl Sundelin ya buga littafinsa ''na Jagorar Likitanci ga Mawaka'' . Daga baya, a kusan ƙarshen ƙarni, Adolf Steinhausen (1859–1910) ya buga littattafai da yawa kan maganin kiɗa. Sannan, a shekarun 1920, Julius Flesch ya rubuta game da ''Berufskrankheiten des Musikers'' (Cututtukan Sana'a na Mawaka) (Cele, 1925). Masanin ilimin jijiyoyi Kurt Singer ya buga littafinsa ''Berufskrankheiten der Musiker'' (Cututtukan Sana'a na mawaka). Daga 1923, Singer ya koyar a Hochschule für Musik Hanns Eisler [[Berlin]] . An sanya wa Kurt-Singer-Institute for Music Physiology and Hochschule für Musik Hans Eisler, wanda a halin yanzu Alexander Schmidt ke jagoranta, suna bayansa. Sauran cibiyoyin likitancin mawaka sun haɗa da Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Jiki da Magungunan Mawaka a Jami'ar Kiɗa, Wasan Kwaikwayo da Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai ta Hanover, wadda Christoph Wagner ya kafa a shekarar 1974 kuma Eckart Altenmüller ya jagoranta tun 1994, da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Likitan Mawaka ta Freiburg, wadda aka kafa a 2005 kuma Claudia Spahn da Bernhard Richter suka jagoranta. A tsohuwar GDR, an yi nazarin fannin a Asibitin Kula da Lafiyar Ma'aikata na gidajen wasan kwaikwayo da ƙungiyar makaɗa a Berlin. Akwai wasu cibiyoyi da sassan Kiɗa na Ilimin Jiki da Magungunan Mawaka a Jami'o'in Kiɗa da ke Weimar, Leipzig, Dresden da Frankfurt, da kuma Asibitin Jami'ar Düsseldorf da Asibitin Rechts der Isar da ke Munich. A shekarar 1994, an kafa ƙungiyar Jamus ta fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da kuma magungunan mawaƙa kuma aka gudanar da taruka na shekara-shekara. An kafa irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi a Switzerland, [[Austriya|Austria]], Faransa, Birtaniya, [[Holand|Netherlands]], Amurka da New Zealand tun daga shekarun 1990. == Matsalolin lafiya da aka saba fuskanta == Matsalolin da suka fi yawa suna da alaƙa da yawan damuwa ga wasu tsokoki, jijiyoyi da haɗin gwiwa, musamman hannaye da hannuwa. Daga cikin ƙwararrun mawaƙa 264,000 da ke aiki a Amurka a 2006, kashi 50-76% (dangane da kayan aikin) sun fuskanci cututtukan tsoka da suka shafi aiki. Mata sun fi shafar maza fiye da maza (70% vs 52%). Waɗannan matsalolin galibi suna faruwa ne tsakanin shekaru 20 zuwa 40. Abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari sune yawan laxity, ƙaruwar horo da lokutan gwaji kwatsam, canjin jagoran motsa jiki, rashin kyawun matsayi, amfani da kayan aikin ba daidai ba da damuwa gabaɗaya. Cututtukan lafiya da aka fi sani sune: * Enthesopathy musamman na hannun da ke ƙasa * Ciwon Tenosynovitis da Ciwon Tendonopathy * Ciwon matsewar jijiya kamar ciwon ramin carpal ko kuma ulnar neuropathy a gwiwar hannu * Dystonia mai ɗorewa tare da matsewar tsoka mai rauni wanda ba za a iya sarrafawa ba * [[Osteoarthritis|Ciwon osteoarthritis]] galibi yana faruwa ne a cikin haɗin carpometacarpal ( trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis ), a cikin carpus, haɗin gwiwar yatsa ( heberden's node ) * Ciwon fitar da thoracic * [[Tinnitus]] * Rashin ji da hayaniya ke haifarwa * [[Tsoro a filin wasa|Tsoro a kan mataki]] Wasu cututtuka sun zama ruwan dare ga wasu kayan kida. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2016 |title=Besser spielen, schneller spielen, überspielen: Berufskrankheiten bei Musikern |url=https://www.alle-noten.de/magazin/berufskrankheiten-musiker/ |access-date=2017-10-18}}</ref> Misali, yin amfani da goge, kayan kida na goge ko na iska sau da yawa suna haifar da canje-canje a cikin bakin, muƙamuƙi, haƙora ko fuska. Mawakan da ke cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa galibi suna zaune kusa da juna a cikin ramukan makaɗa kuma suna fuskantar manyan matakan sauti. Saboda matsayin ƙungiyar makaɗa, sau da yawa sauti ba ya da ƙarfi sosai kuma baya isa ga masu sauraro don haka dole ne a ƙara shi. A cikin ƙarni na ƙarshe, kiɗan ƙungiyar makaɗa ya ƙara ƙarfi. Wannan na iya haifar da asarar ji da kuma [[tinnitus]] na dindindin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=Safe and Sound - Ratgeber zur Gehörerhaltung in der Musik- und Entertainmentbranche |url=https://www.baua.de/DE/Angebote/Publikationen/Praxis/A87.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=1 |access-date=2023-07-19 |publisher=Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin |archive-date=2023-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719120541/https://www.baua.de/DE/Angebote/Publikationen/Praxis/A87.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-12 |title=Traurige Liste: Musiker mit Hörsturz, Tinnitus oder Hörverlust |url=https://www.rollingstone.de/musiker-mit-hoersturz-tinnitus-hoerverlust-1513503/ |access-date=2023-07-19 |publisher=Rolling Stone}}</ref> Irin waɗannan matsalolin suna bayyana a hankali kuma sau da yawa ba a lura da su ba. Mawakan da ke fama da waɗannan yanayi dole ne su mai da hankali sosai yayin da suke kunna kayan kida, wanda ke haifar da rashin tsaro da damuwa. A wasu lokuta har ma da ƙananan matsalolin ji na iya kawo cikas ga aikinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin (BAuA) |title=Safe and Sound – Ratgeber zur Gehörerhaltung in der Musik- und Entertainmentbranche |url=https://www.baua.de/DE/Angebote/Publikationen/Praxis/A87.html |access-date=2022-03-22}}</ref> == Rigakafi da magani == Likitan mawaka ya fi mayar da hankali kan rigakafi, wanda ke nufin ilmantar da mawaka game da matakan kariya. Waɗannan na iya zama gyare-gyaren ergonomic na kayan kida ga jikin mawaƙin, kujeru masu kyau, motsa jiki masu dacewa da ilimin jiki da na jiki, da kuma halaye masu kyau na cin abinci da isasshen barci. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Bugu da ƙari, dabarun shakatawa na iya zama da amfani, misali [[Rashin shakatawa na tsoka|shakatawar tsoka mai ci gaba]] (Jacobsen), horon autogenic, tunani, Tai chi da Qigong . Bugu da ƙari, hanyoyin motsa jiki kamar Eutony, Alexander Technique, Feldenkrais Method, Dispokinesis da maganin motsa jiki suna da tasiri wajen gano da gyara mummunan yanayin jiki. Irin waɗannan matakan ba wai kawai za su iya hanawa ba, har ma da rage ko ma kawar da matsalolin da ke akwai. Wani nau'in maganin da aka saba amfani da shi shine cututtukan osteopathy . A halin yanzu, babu maganin lalacewar ji. Mawaka da yawa ba su san haɗarin lafiya da ke tattare da zama mawaƙi ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Martina Lenzen-Schulte |date=2014-05-16 |title=Schwerhörigkeit bei Berufsmusikern : Dem Ohr ist Musik auch Lärm |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wissen/medizin-ernaehrung/schwerhoerigkeit-bei-berufsmusikern-dem-ohr-ist-musik-auch-laerm-12935166.html |access-date=2023-07-19 |publisher=Frankfurter Allgemeine}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sven Kochale |date=2022-10-06 |title=Hörschäden bei Berufsmusikern - Laut wie ein Presslufthammer |url=https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/berufsmusiker-gehoer-schaeden-vorsorge-100.html |access-date=2023-07-19 |publisher=Deutschlandfunk Kultur}}</ref> A cewar ''Dokar Tsaron Aiki ta Jamus da ta shafi Hayaniya da Girgiza'' ( [[:de:Lärm- und Vibrations-Arbeitsschutzverordnung|Lärm- und Vibrations-Arbeitsschutzverordnung]] ) ma'aikata dole ne a kare su daga hayaniya mai cutarwa. Yawancin ma'aikata ba su san yadda aikin yake da wahala ba, tunda ya haɗa da ayyuka daban-daban, kamar koyar da kiɗa ko aiki da yawa. Ga waɗannan misalan, Jamus ta kafa shirin horarwa don taimakawa wajen gano yadda mawaƙi ke shafar ta hanyar fuskantar sautuka masu ƙarfi da kuma matakan kariya da ya kamata a ɗauka. Tunda wannan fallasa na iya bambanta sosai, software ɗin da ke da alaƙa da shirin yana haifar da matsakaicin mako-mako. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Institut für Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (IFA) |title=Gehörschutz – Auswahlprogramm für Orchestermusiker |url=https://www.dguv.de/ifa/praxishilfen/praxishilfen-laerm/gehoerschutz/software-gehoerschutz-fuer-orchestermusiker/index.jsp |access-date=2022-03-22}}</ref> == Manazarta == hy6p3hpv79eay1jjrwxeqj0g98j6sk7 0 160252 906568 871580 2026-08-23T12:34:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marie Nyswander''' (March 13, 1919 – April 20, 1986) was an American psychiatrist and psychoanalyst known for developing and popularizing the use of methadone to treat heroin [[Rashin amfani da kwayoyi|addiction]]. == Biography == An haifi Nyswander a ranar 13 ga Maris, 1919, a Reno, Nevada . Mahaifinta, James Nyswander, farfesa ne na lissafi <ref name="anb" /> kuma mahaifiyarta sananniyar malamin kiwon lafiya Dorothy Bird Nyswander; sun sake aure ba da daɗewa ba bayan haihuwarta, kuma Nyswandra ta bi mahaifiyarta zuwa Berkeley, Salt Lake City, da New York City. Sunan ta na asali shine Mary Elizabeth Nyswander; ta ɗauki sunan Marie tun tana matashiya.<ref name="anb" /><ref name="anb" /> Nyswander graduated from Sarah Lawrence College in 1937 and trained as a physician and surgeon at the [[Cornell|Cornell University]] medical school until 1944; while at Cornell, she was briefly married to anatomy instructor Charles Berry. After finishing her studies at Cornell, she attempted to join the Navy, but discovered that they did not allow women to serve as surgeons. Instead she took up a position at the Lexington Narcotic Hospital in Lexington, Kentucky, under the auspices of the United States Public Health Service, where researchers such as Abraham Wikler were beginning to uncover the physiological basis of addiction. At Lexington, addicts were treated harshly:<ref name="anb" /> for instance, women at the facility were confined to their building except for a once-a-week movie.<ref name="narcobrat">{{Citation|last=Douglas Lane Patey}}.</ref> Nyswander's attempts to provide outside walks for the women were halted after they were caught sending messages to the male inmates, and she was also reprimanded for giving out morphine shots to the inmates one Christmas.<ref name="narcobrat" /> In the late 1940s, Nyswander began studying psychoanalysis at the New York Medical College, under the supervision of Lewis Wolberg, and in the 1950s she held a private practice in New York. In 1955 she helped found the Narcotic Addiction Research Project, a program for treating drug addicts using psychotherapy, and through the 1950s and 1960s she continued to treat addicts in two programs, a clinic for jazz musicians that she founded with Charles Winick and a local church program. She also treated patients of other types and wrote two books, one about her experiences treating drug addicts and another about [[Jima'i na ɗan adam|sexuality]]. During this period she was married to her second husband, Leonard Wallace Robinson, a writer and editor; they became engaged in 1953, divorced in 1965, and had no children. A book review from 1962 describes her as "slim, brunette ... wife of a writer and mother of a 15-year-old son". In the early 1960s, Vincent Dole invited Nyswander to join his staff at Rockefeller University. Dole was a metabolic specialist who had become interested in addiction in 1962 when a colleague had gone on sabbatical, leaving a vacancy on Rockefeller's Committee on Narcotics that Dole filled; he called on Nyswander because of her expertise with addiction. In turn, Nyswander had become frustrated by the high relapse rate of her addicted patients, a factor that prepared her to find a non-psychological explanation for their addiction. Dole and Nyswander began their research by observing the effects of different narcotics on addicts, and discovered that morphine and methadone led to quite different behaviors. By 1965 (the year Dole and Nyswander married), they had data on 22 different subjects, and published their findings in the ''Journal of the American Medical Association'', followed up by several articles in other journals. They hypothesized that heroin addiction was a metabolic disease, and that methadone could be used as a drug to treat this disease, contradicting earlier beliefs that addiction was purely a personality disorder and that addiction to methadone remained an addiction the treatment of which should lead to abstinence. Dole and Nyswander soon set up a local program for treating addicts with methadone, and similar programs eventually became widespread around the country and around the world. Nyswander died in 1986 of cancer, possibly caused by her lifelong addiction to cigarettes. Until her death, she continued to promote methadone treatment and to defend it against its critics. == Lambert conformal conic projection ('''LCC''') wani zane ne na taswirar da aka yi amfani da shi don sigogi na jirgin sama, ɓangarorin Tsarin Gudanar da Jirgin Jiha, da kuma tsarin taswirar ƙasa da yanki da yawa. Yana daya daga cikin tsinkaye bakwai da Johann Heinrich Lambert ya gabatar a cikin littafinsa na 1772 ''Anmerkungen und Zusätze zur Entwerfung der Land- und Himmelscharten'' (Notes and Comments on the Composition of Terrestrial and Celestial Maps ). == Nyswander is the author or co-author of a number of books and papers: === Books === *  . This book already contained the idea that drug addiction should be treated as a medical problem. It begins with a description of the legal history under which, beginning with the [[Harrison Narcotics Tax Act|Harrison Narcotic Act]] of 1914, drug addiction was criminalized and clinics closed. It continues to describe the pharmacology, physiology, psychology, and sociology of opiate addiction. Although it discusses methadone as a method for getting addicts through the period of [[Heroin withdrawal|physical withdrawal]], it considers psychotherapy to be a more important part of addiction treatment. At the time Vincent Dole began his researches into addiction in the early 1960s, it was the only study of street addicts he could find and in 1966 the [[New York Times]] described it as Nyswander's "definitive book". *  . This book, about [[frigidity]] in women, also advocates that women take a traditional family role at home, "keeping the tone of the home happy and loving" while letting "the men go out and make the money". Based on [[Sigmund Freud|Freudian]] analysis, it defines women who reach [[orgasm]] through [[Clitoris|clitoral]] stimulation as being frigid and claims that women lacking sexual satisfaction have themselves to blame rather than their partners. In the mid-1970s this book was popularized again by the success of [[Marabel Morgan]]'s [[Antifeminism|anti-feminist]] self-help book ''The Total Woman'' and lecture courses associated with it. === Selected papers === *  . This is the original 22-patient study pioneering the use of methadone to treat heroin addiction. Kuehn writes that this paper "marked a sea change in the treatment of addiction" because of its treatment of heroin addiction as a disease that could be treated by medication, and quotes [[Jami ar Yale|Yale University]] psychiatry professor Thomas Kosten as saying that this paper "has had a tremendous impact on the treatment of individuals addicted to opioids and on the larger field of addiction treatment". Subsequent to this work, Nyswander coauthored many other papers on heroin addiction and methadone treatment. The most heavily cited of these are: *  . This paper describes the effects of heroin on its addicts, the ability of methadone to block those effects, and a treatment regimen to induce this blocking phenomenon. *  . This is a report on a much larger-scale four-year study following on to the original 22-subject study of Dole and Nyswander. *  . == Awards and honors == Nyswander was the co-recipient with her spouse Vincent Dole of the first annual award of the [[National Drug Abuse Conference]] in 1978. In 1982, they won the Nathan B. Eddy Award of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence. Nyswander and Dole's work led to the creation in 1982 of the [[Nyswander–Dole Award]], given annually by the [[American Association for the Treatment of Opioid Dependence]] for "extraordinary work and service in the opioid treatment field". It is nicknamed 'The Marie Award', and Nyswander and Dole were the first recipients.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nyswander-Dole Award |url=http://www.friendsresearch.org/Nyswander-Dole_Award.htm |access-date=2009-12-06 |publisher=Friends Research Institute |quote=Fondly called "The Marie Award" after Dr. Nyswander, the Nyswander-Dole Award was first presented in 1983 to recognize extraordinary work and service in the opioid treatment field. |archive-date=2011-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726065844/http://www.friendsresearch.org/Nyswander-Dole_Award.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Another award in her name, the Marie E. Nyswander Award of the [[International Association for Pain and Chemical Dependency]], is given for "lifetime accomplishments in advancing compassionate and humane treatment of patients suffering from pain". Nyswanderweg, a street in [[Hamburg|Hamburg, Germany]], was named after Nyswander in 1994. The Marie Nyswander Clinic of the Beth Israel Medical Center is also named after Nyswander. In 2000, a special issue of the ''Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine'' concerning methadone treatment was dedicated to Nyswander's memory. == Further reading == *  . Reviewer Alfred Darby writes that "Nyswander's personality comes across loud and clear" in this portrait of her work as a psychiatrist and a humanist and of her program for treating addicts using methadone. Hentoff also wrote two profiles of Nyswander in ''[[The New Yorker]]'', dated June 26 and July 3, 1965. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1919]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sm32oy67cp9zswa47uk4j22rdzbks74 0 160516 906632 873211 2026-08-23T17:42:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906632 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}}'''Michael McKeown Bondhus''' (an haife shi Charlie, shekarar 1981) mawaki ne na Amurka kuma marubucin littattafai huɗu. Littafinsa na biyu, All the Heat We Could Carry, ya lashe lambar yabo ta 2013 Main Street Rag Poetry Book, lambar yabo ta Thom Gunn ta 2014 don Gay Poetry, kuma dan wasan karshe na Gival Press Poetry Award. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MSR Poetry Book Award |url=http://www.mainstreetrag.com/PoBkCont.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727022624/http://www.mainstreetrag.com/PoBkCont.html |archive-date=2013-07-27 |access-date=2013-08-26}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da aiki == Ya girma a [[Connecticut]] kuma ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Saint Anselm . Ya sami MFA daga Kwalejin Goddard da Ph.D. daga Jami'ar Massachusetts Amherst . Ya yi aiki a matsayin editan shayari a The Good Men Project daga 2013 zuwa 2017, kuma a halin yanzu yana koyar da Turanci da rubuce-rubuce masu ban sha'awa a Kwalejin Raritan Valley Community . Ayyukansa sun bayyana a cikin Poetry, The Missouri Review, ''Hayden's Ferry Review'', The Baltimore Review, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Charlie Bondhus: Built Fire |url=http://baltimorereview.org/index.php/summer_2012/contributor/charlie-bondhus |access-date=2018-03-13 |website=baltimorereview.org |language=en-gb |archive-date=2013-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525015119/http://baltimorereview.org/index.php/summer_2012/contributor/charlie-bondhus |url-status=dead }}</ref> Copper Nickel, Bellevue Literary Review, da Cold Mountain Review, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cold Mountain Review |url=https://www.coldmountainreview.org/ |access-date=2018-03-13 |website=Cold Mountain Review |language=en-us}}</ref> da sauransu. == Bayanan littattafai == *   *   *   * ''Dukkanin Za Mu Iya ɗauka''. Babban titin Rag. 2013. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-59948-436-5|<bdi>978-1-59948-436-5</bdi>]].{{ISBN|978-1-59948-436-5}}&nbsp; *   == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == * 2007 Blue Light Press Littafin Littafin Farko na Farko na Ƙarshe don Yadda Yaron Zai Iya Ganin''Yadda Yaron Zai Iya Gona'' * 2008/2009 Littattafan Brickhouse Stonewall Gasar Winner don Abin da Mu Koyi Ƙauna''Abin da muka koya ƙauna'' * 2013 Main Street Rag Poetry Book Award * 2013 Gival Press Poetry Book Award - Finalist * 2014 Kyautar Thom Gunn don ''Dukkanin Za Mu Iya ɗauka'' * 2016 Brittingham / Pollak Award Finalist for Divining Bones''Ƙashin Allah'' * 2017 Tampa Review Prize Finalist for Divining Bones''Ƙashin Allah'' == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 1q3h0x0d3paww8ms7hpzl3jjbyqe8dj 0 160610 906834 874257 2026-08-24T04:46:28Z BnHamid 12586 906834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Damiete Herbert Miller''' ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Jin Daɗin Al'umma da Gyaran Hali a Majalisar Zartarwa ta Farko ta Gwamna Ezenwo Nyesom Wike. An sake naɗa shi a wannan muƙami a watan Satumbar shekarar 2017.<ref name="Vanguard122">{{cite news |author=Jimitota Onoyume |author-link=Jimitota Onoyume |date=21 September 2017 |title=Wike assigns portfolio to Commissioners 19 |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/09/wike-assigns-portfolio-commissioners-19/ |accessdate=21 September 2017 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref><ref name="TheTide1">{{cite news |date=29 May 2017 |title=We’re Committed To Child Rights Protection – RSG |url=http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2017/05/29/were-committed-to-child-rights-protection-rsg/ |accessdate=21 September 2017 |location=Port Harcourt, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Tide (Nigeria)|The Tide]]}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Miller na daga cikin kwamishinonin da Gwamna Wike ya rantsar a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2015 don kafa Majalisar Zartarwa ta farko ta Jihar Rivers bayan rantsar da Wike a matsayin Gwamna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rivers State Executive Council |url=https://nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Rivers/Rivers-State-Executive-Council.html |access-date=2026-06-30 |website=Nigeria Galleria}}</ref> A matsayinsa na Kwamishinan Kula da Lafiyar Jama'a da Rehabilitation, yana da alhakin kula da kare hakkin yara, ayyukan jin dadin jama'a, da shirye-shiryen farfado da al'umma a Jihar Rivers.State.<ref>{{cite news |date=2017-05-29 |title=We are Committed To Child Rights Protection RSG |url=https://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2017/05/29/were-committed-to-child-rights-protection-rsg/ |access-date=2026-06-30 |newspaper=The Tide |location=Port Harcourt, Nigeria}}</ref> Ya kasance daga cikin kwamishinoni tara daga Majalisar Zartarwa ta Farko waɗanda aka riƙe su lokacin da Gwamna Wike ya rushe kuma ya sake gina majalisar ministocinsa, kuma an sake nada shi zuwa wannan fayil ɗin Kula da Lafiyar Jama'a a Majalisar Zartarta ta Wike ta Biyu a watan Satumbar 2017.<ref>{{cite news |date=2017-09-20 |title=Rivers Governor Nyesom Wike assigns portfolios to 20 new commissioners |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/south-south-regional/243695-rivers-governor-nyesom-wike-assigns-portfolios-20-new-commissioners.html |access-date=2026-06-30 |newspaper=Premium Times}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] qltwdnsih8dev0w2w3glgduor3l154m 0 161401 906583 892619 2026-08-23T13:47:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Martin Kuciak''' (an haife shi 15 Maris 1982) ƙwararren manajan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Slovakia kuma tsohon [[Ɗan ƙwallo|ɗan wasa]] wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron gida]] . A halin yanzu yana kula da 2. Liga club MŠK Považská Bystrica . Shi ne babban ɗan'uwan mai tsaron gida Dušan Kuciak . == Aikin kulob == Martin Kuciak samfur ne na makarantar matasa ta Žilina . === Rimavská Sobota === Bayan ya yi wasa a Kysucké Nové Mesto, Kuciak ya koma Rimavská Sobota a lokacin bazara na 2005, wanda aka sauke shi daga babban gasar Slovak a kakar wasa da ta gabata. Ya zama mai tsaron gida na farko a kulob din a lokacin bazara na kakar wasa ta 2007–08. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2010 |title=Gólman Kuciak považuje ViOn za správnu voľbu |url=http://novohrad.sme.sk/c/5227095/golman-kuciak-povazuje-vion-za-spravnu-volbu.html |access-date=27 November 2014 |publisher=SME |language=Slovak}}</ref> === ViOn Zlaté Moravce === Kuciak ya koma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Corgoň liga ViOn Zlaté Moravce a lokacin hutun hunturu na kakar wasa ta 2009-10. A cikin shekaru huɗu da rabi da suka biyo baya a Zlaté Moravce, ya buga wasa a kowace gasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2014 |title=Slovenský brankář Kuciak: 'Jako zahraniční štaci to neberu' |url=http://hradecky.denik.cz/fotbal_region/slovensky-brankar-kuciak-jako-zahranicni-staci-to-neberu-20140717.html |access-date=27 November 2014 |publisher=Hradecký deník |language=Czech}}</ref> Duk da nasarar da ya samu a ƙungiyar, Kuciak ya yanke shawarar kin sabunta kwantiraginsa kuma ya bar Zlaté Moravce bayan karewar kwangilarsa a lokacin bazara na 2014. === Hradec Králové === Ba da daɗewa ba, Kuciak ya rattaba hannu kan kulob din Czech First League Hradec Králové . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2014 |title=Martin Kuciak bude pokračovať v českom Hradci Králové |url=http://sport.aktuality.sk/c/170053/martin-kuciak-bude-pokracovat-v-ceskom-hradci-kralove/ |access-date=27 November 2014 |publisher=Šport |language=Slovak}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa Hradec Králové a cikin rashin nasarar 1-0 zuwa Příbram akan 4 Oktoba 2014. An yi amfani da shi galibi a matsayin mai tsaron gida na baya bayan Tomáš Koubek . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Predstavujeme novú posilu ŽP Šport Podbrezová |url=http://www.zpfutbal.sk/sport/zpfutbal.nsf/page/35390B91A25CC5C9C1257E6C00458B53 |access-date=1 February 2016 |publisher=ŽP Šport Podbrezová |language=Slovak}}</ref> An yi watsi da Kuciak tare da kulob a karshen kakar wasa ta bana. === ŽP Šport Podbrezová === Kuciak ya zo ŽP Šport Podbrezová a lokacin rani na 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2015 |title=Začiatok prípravy ŽP Šport Podbrezová v znamení nového trénera Frťalu |url=http://www.profutbal.sk/clanok193390-Zaciatok_pripravy_ZP_Sport_Podbrezova_v_znameni_noveho_trenera_Frtalu.htm |access-date=1 February 2016 |publisher=Profutbal |language=Slovak }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya fara buga gasarsa ta farko a kulob din a gasar 2-0 da AS Trenčín ta yi a ranar 25 ga Yuli 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2015 |title=Muži prehrali s AS Trenčín |url=http://www.zpfutbal.sk/sport/zpfutbal.nsf/page/7E184BEAC5B950F1C1257E85002A79F0 |access-date=1 February 2016 |publisher=ŽP Šport Podbrezová |language=Slovak}}</ref> A cikin Janairu 2019, ya shiga Slavia Prague . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2019 |title=Brankářský tým doplní Martin Kuciak |url=https://www.slavia.cz/clanek.asp?id=Brankarsky-tym-doplni-Martin-Kuciak-16225 |access-date=12 March 2019 |publisher=Slavia Prague |archive-date=17 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117231038/https://www.slavia.cz/clanek.asp?id=Brankarsky-tym-doplni-Martin-Kuciak-16225 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Soccerway|martin-kuciak/134943}} * [http://www.zpfutbal.sk/sport/zpfutbal.nsf/page/DB3E7FEFE5B68D50C1257AB10044E002 Player profile] at zpfutbal.sk {{In lang|sk}} * Martin Kuciak – Czech First League statistics at Fotbal DNES (in Czech) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 13p1sf6iubru352fvsoksxpxgn1ucez 0 161756 906845 884338 2026-08-24T04:54:20Z BnHamid 12586 906845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Eke Jerome Amadi''' ɗan siyasar [[Najeriya]] ne. Ya taɓa zama ɗan majalisar da ke wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta Etche/Omuma a [[Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya]]. Ya fito daga [[Jihar Rivers]]. An zaɓe shi zuwa Majalisar Wakilai a zaɓen shekarar 2015 a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), amma daga baya Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara ta ba da umarnin sake gudanar da zaɓe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Aziza |date=2022-05-20 |title=Rivers State Senatorial Zones History with Their Representatives. |url=https://www.aziza.com.ng/read/rivers-state-senatorial-zones-districts-national-assembly-with-their-representatives/?amp=1 |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=Aziza Goodnews |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/5feb8a4af8c7352c52566d6b |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=eribake |first=akintayo |date=2016-03-15 |title=Rivers Re-run: I'll give my people adequate representation — Jerome Eke |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/03/rivers-re-run-ill-give-my-people-adequate-representation-jerome-eke/amp/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-01-08 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} g14uz1c8lu8z7mypgmi20vgxc4wz2d5 906847 906845 2026-08-24T04:54:59Z BnHamid 12586 added [[Category:Yan siyasar Najeriya]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 906847 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Eke Jerome Amadi''' ɗan siyasar [[Najeriya]] ne. Ya taɓa zama ɗan majalisar da ke wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta Etche/Omuma a [[Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya]]. Ya fito daga [[Jihar Rivers]]. An zaɓe shi zuwa Majalisar Wakilai a zaɓen shekarar 2015 a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), amma daga baya Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara ta ba da umarnin sake gudanar da zaɓe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Aziza |date=2022-05-20 |title=Rivers State Senatorial Zones History with Their Representatives. |url=https://www.aziza.com.ng/read/rivers-state-senatorial-zones-districts-national-assembly-with-their-representatives/?amp=1 |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=Aziza Goodnews |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/5feb8a4af8c7352c52566d6b |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=eribake |first=akintayo |date=2016-03-15 |title=Rivers Re-run: I'll give my people adequate representation — Jerome Eke |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/03/rivers-re-run-ill-give-my-people-adequate-representation-jerome-eke/amp/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-01-08 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Yan siyasar Najeriya]] bpbvy60jhqm34g26hdexbvlm5wim3l7 0 162234 906705 903416 2026-08-23T21:19:19Z Zahrah0 14848 906705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dan Nicolae Nistor''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Mayu shekara ta alif 1988) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Romania wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar League I Universitatea Cluj . Bayan ya fara wasa a ƙananan lig, Nistor ya buga wasanni sama da 90 na gasar Liga ta farko a Pandurii Târgu Jiu tsakanin shekarun 2010 da 2013. Wasannin da ya yi sun sa ya ƙaura zuwa ƙasar waje zuwa Evian, amma an yi amfani da shi kaɗan a Faransa kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya koma Pandurii. Tun daga shekarar 2016, ya shafe aikinsa tare da kulab din Romanian Dinamo București, CFR Cluj, Universitatea Craiova, da Universitatea Cluj. Nistor ya fara buga wa Romania wasa a watan Nuwamba na 2012, inda Belgium ta doke ta da ci 2-1. == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikina === Nistor bai buga ƙwallon ƙafa a matakin ƙarami ba, <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2013 |title=VIDEO EXCLUSIV Nistor: "Sunt unicul fotbalist din Liga I fără juniorat" |trans-title=EXCLUSIVE VIDEO Nistor: "I am the only Liga I player without junior football" |url=https://www.digisport.ro/fotbal/liga-1/video-exclusiv-nistor-sunt-unicul-fotbalist-din-liga-i-fara-juniorat-56806 |access-date=27 August 2018 |publisher=[[Digi Sport (Romania)|Digi Sport]] |language=ro}}</ref> amma a shekarar 2005 ya koma ƙungiyar AS Rucăr ta garinsu a ƙananan lig . Kusan shekaru biyu bayan haka, a lokacin wasan da Argeș Pitești, ya burge mai shi na Internațional Curtea de Argeș Benone Lazăr wanda ya kasance a wurin. Daga nan aka mayar da Nistor zuwa ƙungiyar ta ƙarshe akan kuɗin ƙwallon ƙafa bakwai. <ref name="ProSport_2010_interview">{{Cite web |date=12 August 2010 |title=Strania poveste a lui Nistor, jucătorul Pandurilor: 'Inter m-a transferat pe 7 mingi' |trans-title=The strange story of Nistor, Pandurii's player: 'Inter transferred me for 7 balls' |url=https://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-intern/liga-1/strania-poveste-a-lui-nistor-jucatorul-pandurilor-inter-m-a-transferat-pe-7-mingi-6867128 |access-date=27 August 2018 |publisher=[[ProSport]] |language=ro}}</ref> Bayan kakarsa ta farko a Internațional a gasar ta uku, an ba Nistor aro ga Muscelul Câmpulung da Dacia Mioveni, bi da bi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2012 |title=A lucrat ca paznic la hotel şi s-a apucat de fotbal la 17 ani! El e surpriza lui Piţurcă! Povestea fotbalistului "de duminică" ajuns la naţională |trans-title=He worked as a hotel watchman and started football at age 17! He is Pițurcă's surprise! The story of the "Sunday league" player who was selected in the national team |url=https://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-intern/nationala/a-lucrat-ca-paznic-la-hotel-si-s-a-apucat-de-fotbal-la-17-ani-el-e-surpriza-lui-piturca-povestea-fotbalistului-de-duminica-ajuns-la-nationala-10305061 |access-date=27 August 2018 |publisher=ProSport |language=ro}}</ref> Bayan dawowarsa Curtea de Argeș a shekarar 2010, ƙungiyar ta janye daga gasar La Liga ta ɗaya saboda matsalolin kuɗi. <ref name="ProSport_2010_interview">{{Cite web |date=12 August 2010 |title=Strania poveste a lui Nistor, jucătorul Pandurilor: 'Inter m-a transferat pe 7 mingi' |trans-title=The strange story of Nistor, Pandurii's player: 'Inter transferred me for 7 balls' |url=https://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-intern/liga-1/strania-poveste-a-lui-nistor-jucatorul-pandurilor-inter-m-a-transferat-pe-7-mingi-6867128 |access-date=27 August 2018 |publisher=[[ProSport]] |language=ro}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-intern/liga-1/strania-poveste-a-lui-nistor-jucatorul-pandurilor-inter-m-a-transferat-pe-7-mingi-6867128 "Strania poveste a lui Nistor, jucătorul Pandurilor: 'Inter m-a transferat pe 7 mingi'"] &#x5B;The strange story of Nistor, Pandurii's player: 'Inter transferred me for 7 balls'&#x5D; (in Romanian). </cite></ref> === Pandurii Târgu Jiu === Nistor ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru huɗu tare da ƙungiyar Liga ta farko ta Pandurii Târgu Jiu a lokacin bazara na 2010.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2018}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">an buƙata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ya buga wasansa na farko a babban rukuni a ranar 23 ga Yuli a wannan shekarar, inda ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 a wasan da suka tashi babu ci da Unirea Urziceni . <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2010 |title=Gol perfect valabil refuzat Pandurilor in minutul 93: Pandurii 0-0 Unirea Urziceni! |trans-title=Flawless dissalowed goal for Pandurii in the 93rd minute: Pandurii 0–0 Unirea Urziceni! |url=https://www.sport.ro/liga-1/acum-live-text-pandurii-unirea-urziceni-vezi-echipele-de-start.html |access-date=27 August 2018 |publisher=[[Sport.ro]] |language=ro}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Afrilu 2011, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar La Liga ta 1 a wasan da suka doke Victoria Brănești da ci 4-2 a gida. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2011 |title=Adio griji pentru Grig! Pandurii Târgu Jiu – Victoria Brăneşti 4-2 |trans-title=Grig waves goodbye to worries! Padurii Târgu Jiu – Victoria Brănești 4–2 |url=https://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-intern/liga-1/adio-griji-pentru-grig-pandurii-targu-jiu-victoria-branesti-4-2-8144292 |access-date=27 August 2018 |publisher=ProSport |language=ro}}</ref> Nistor ya buga wasanni 35 kuma ya zura kwallaye shida a dukkan gasar da aka buga a kakar wasa ta 2012–13, yayin da Pandurii ta kare a matsayi na biyu a gasar kuma daga baya ta cancanci shiga gasar UEFA Europa League . Ya fara buga gasar a ranar 16 ga Yuli 2013, a wasan da suka tashi babu ci da Levadia Tallinn a zagaye na biyu na cancantar shiga gasar . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2013 |title=Oltenii ratară mult! Levadia – Pandurii 0-0 |trans-title=''Oltenii'' missed a lot of chances! Levadia – Pandurii 0–0 |url=https://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-extern/europa-league/oltenii-ratara-mult-levadia-pandurii-0-0-11126436 |access-date=27 August 2018 |publisher=ProSport |language=ro}}</ref> Ƙungiyarsa ta ci gaba da yin nasara bayan jimillar kwallaye 4-0, kuma ya zira kwallonsa ta farko [[UEFA|a Turai]] a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Hapoel Tel Aviv a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2013 |title=Europa League: Pandurii scoate o remiza cu Hapoel |trans-title=Europa League: Pandurii draws with Hapoel |url=http://www.ziare.com/europa-league/rezultate-europa-league/europa-league-pandurii-hapoel-tel-aviv-live-1249342 |access-date=27 August 2018 |publisher=Ziare.com |language=ro}}</ref> === Evian === A watan Agusta na 2013, a tsakanin sha'awar FC Steaua București, CFR Cluj, da Málaga, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2013 |title=Încă un rival în cursa pentru semnătura lui Nistor » CFR apare pe turnantă |trans-title=Another rival in the race for Nistor's signing » CFR is on the turntable |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/inca-un-rival-in-cursa-pentru-semnatura-lui-nistor-cfr-apare-pe-turnanta-397606.html |access-date=30 August 2018 |language=ro}}</ref> Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Faransa Evian ta dauke Nistor kan rade-radin cewa za ta biya €800,000. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2013 |title=Dan Nistor a fost transferat la Evian în prima ligă din Franţa |trans-title=Dan Nistor was transferred to Evian in the French first league |url=http://www.pandurii-tg-jiu.ro/index.php?id=10865 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924063732/http://www.pandurii-tg-jiu.ro/index.php?id=10865 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=17 August 2013 |publisher=CS Pandurii Târgu Jiu |language=ro}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2013 |title=Pandurii a bătut palma cu Evian! Meciul cu Astra este ultimul pentru Nistor |trans-title=Pandurii reached a deal with Evian! The match against Astra is the last for Nistor |url=http://www.digisport.ro/Sport/FOTBAL/Competitii/Liga+1/EXCLUSIV+Dan+Nistor+va+semna+cu+Evian |publisher=Digi Sport |language=ro}}</ref> Ya kasa kafa kansa a matsayin wanda zai fara wasa da ''Les Roses'', inda ya tara wasanni shida kacal a gasar [[Ligue 1]] a rabin farko na kakar wasa ta 2013-14 . Sakamakon haka, Nistor ya yi wata magana mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce game da ma'aikatan Evian, yana mai cewa bai fi yin wasa ba [[Kyamar Baki|saboda ƙasarsa]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Dan Nistor are o explicaţie pentru eşecul de la Evian: "N-am jucat pentru că eram român!" |trans-title=Dan Nistor has an explanation for his failure at Evian: "I did not play because I was Romanian" |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/dan-nistor-are-o-explicatie-pentru-esecul-de-la-evian-n-am-jucat-pentru-ca-eram-roman-418794.html |access-date=23 September 2018 |language=ro}}</ref> === Komawa zuwa Pandurii Târgu Jiu === A ranar 22 ga Janairu 2014, an tura Nistor a matsayin aro ga tsohuwar ƙungiyarsa ta Pandurii Târgu Jiu na tsawon watanni biyar, <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2014 |title=Dan Nistor a ajuns azi la un acord cu Pandurii Târgu Jiu pentru un împrumut pentru următoarele cinci luni |trans-title=Dan Nistor reached an agreement with Pandurii Târgu Jiu for a loan for the following five months |url=http://www.pandurii-tg-jiu.ro/index.php?id=12056 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924063742/http://www.pandurii-tg-jiu.ro/index.php?id=12056 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=23 February 2014 |publisher=CS Pandurii Târgu Jiu |language=ro}}</ref> wanda daga baya aka tsawaita shi zuwa kakar wasa ta 2014-15 . A lokacin bazara na shekarar 2015, bayan da Evian ta sake shi, ya sake komawa ''Alb-albaștrii'' a matsayin dan wasa mai zaman kansa . === Dinamo București === A ranar 31 ga Agusta 2016, Nistor ya amince da yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu da ƙungiyar Dinamo București . <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2016 |title=Dan Nistor este jucătorul lui Dinamo! A efectuat vizita medicală, apoi a semnat contractul cu echipa din "Ştefan cel Mare" |trans-title=Dan Nistor is Dinamo's player! He passed his medical, then signed the contract with the club from "Ștefan cel Mare" |url=http://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-intern/liga-1/oficial-dan-nistor-este-jucatorul-lui-dinamo-a-efectuat-vizita-medicala-apoi-a-semnat-contractul-cu-echipa-din-stefan-cel-mare-15635128 |access-date=8 July 2017 |publisher=ProSport |language=ro}}</ref> Ya lashe kofinsa na farko a rayuwarsa a ranar 20 ga Mayu 2017, bayan da "The Red Dogs" suka yi nasara da ci 2-0 a wasan karshe na Cupa Ligii da ACS Poli Timișoara . <ref name="Cupa_Ligii_2017">{{Cite web |date=20 May 2017 |title=Primul trofeu după o pauză de cinci ani: Dinamo a învins ACS Poli Timişoara, scor 2-0, şi a câştigat Cupa Ligii |trans-title=First trophy after a pause of five years: Dinamo defeated ACS Poli Timișoara, score 2–0, and won the Cupa Ligii |url=https://www.mediafax.ro/sport/primul-trofeu-dupa-o-pauza-de-cinci-ani-dinamo-a-invins-acs-poli-timisoara-scor-2-0-si-a-castigat-cupa-ligii-16346717 |access-date=26 August 2018 |publisher=[[Mediafax]] |language=ro}}</ref> === CFR Cluj === A ranar 10 ga Yuli 2017, Nistor ya koma CFR Cluj a wata yarjejeniyar musanya wadda ta kai Filipe Nascimento zuwa akasin haka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=OFICIAL: S-a făcut schimbul. Dan Nistor i-a luat locul lui Nascimento la CFR Cluj: "Aseară ne-am înţeles" |trans-title=Official: The swap was made. Dan Nistor took Nascimento's place at CFR Cluj: "We reached a deal yesterday afternoon" |url=http://www.cjsport.ro/fotbal/oficial-s-a-facut-schimbul-dan-nistor-i-a-luat-locul-lui-nascimento-la-cfr-cluj-aseara-ne-am-inteles/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826183050/http://www.cjsport.ro/fotbal/oficial-s-a-facut-schimbul-dan-nistor-i-a-luat-locul-lui-nascimento-la-cfr-cluj-aseara-ne-am-inteles/ |archive-date=26 August 2018 |access-date=26 August 2018 |publisher=CjSport |language=ro}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2017 |title=Încă un transfer important la CFR &#124; Bun venit, Dan Nistor! |trans-title=Another important transfer to CFR &#124; Welcome, Dan Nistor! |url=https://cfr1907.ro/inca-un-transfer-important-la-cfr-bun-venit-dan-nistor/ |access-date=26 August 2018 |publisher=CFR Cluj |language=ro}}</ref> A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Dan Petrescu, ya buga wasanni 18 a duk gasannin da ba a zura masa kwallo ba. A watan Janairun 2018, ya bayyana rashin gamsuwarsa a bainar jama'a game da ƙwarewar sadarwa ta Petrescu da kuma rashin lokacin wasa da ya yi kwanan nan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2018 |title="Super Dan", atacat de Dan Nistor: "Spune, nene, ai ceva cu mine?" |trans-title="Super Dan", contested by Dan Nistor: "Tell me, uncle, do you have something against me?" |url=https://www.digisport.ro/fotbal/la-liga/super-dan-atacat-de-un-jucator-de-la-cfr-cluj-spune-nene-ai-ceva-cu-mine-366255 |access-date=15 July 2020 |publisher=Digi Sport |language=ro}}</ref> === Komawa zuwa Dinamo București === Nistor ya soke kwangilarsa da CFR Cluj sannan ya koma Dinamo București a ranar 13 ga Janairun 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2018 |title=OFICIAL. Dan NISTOR la Dinamo |trans-title=OFFICIAL. Dan NISTOR to Dinamo |url=http://www.fcdinamo.ro/oficial-dan-nicolae-nistor-la-dinamo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826214414/http://www.fcdinamo.ro/oficial-dan-nicolae-nistor-la-dinamo |archive-date=26 August 2018 |access-date=26 August 2018 |publisher=FC Dinamo București |language=ro}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2018 |title=Dan Nistor s-a întors la Dinamo. Contract până în 2020. "Am revenit acasă" |trans-title=Dan Nistor returned to Dinamo. Contract running until 2020. "I am home again" |url=https://www.libertatea.ro/sport/dan-nistor-s-a-intors-la-dinamo-fotbalistul-nu-a-convins-la-cfr-cluj-2104648 |access-date=26 August 2018 |language=ro}}</ref> An ba shi riga mai lamba 10 <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2018 |title=PREZENTARE OFICIALĂ. 8, 9 și 10! |trans-title=OFFICIAL PRESENTATION. 8, 9 and 10! |url=http://www.fcdinamo.ro/prezentare-oficiala-8-9-si-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826214445/http://www.fcdinamo.ro/prezentare-oficiala-8-9-si-10 |archive-date=26 August 2018 |access-date=26 August 2018 |publisher=FC Dinamo București |language=ro}}</ref> kuma ya buga wasansa na farko bayan dawowarsa a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, a wasan da suka yi kunnen doki 2-2 a gasar La Liga da Universitatea Craiova . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2018 |title=Dinamo – Craiova 2-2. Alb-roşiii au egalat de două ori şi au avut o bară în prelungiri |trans-title=Dinamo – Craiova 2-2. ''Alb-roșii'' equaled twice and hit the post in the extra time |url=https://www.digisport.ro/fotbal/liga-1/dinamo-craiova-ora-2045-digi-sport-1-383671 |access-date=26 August 2018 |publisher=Digi Sport |language=ro}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Yulin 2018, Nistor ya zura kwallo a wasan hamayya tsakanin gari da FCSB, wanda ya kare da ci 3-3. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2018 |title=Gol Nistor în FCSB – Dinamo 2-2. Vezi execuţia! Video |trans-title=A goal from Nistor in FCSB – Dinamo 2-2. See his execution! Video |url=https://www.fanatik.ro/gol-nistor-in-fcsb-dinamo-2-2-vezi-executia-video-18477495 |access-date=27 August 2018 |publisher=Fanatik.ro |language=ro}}</ref> A watan da ya biyo baya, rahotanni sun ce FCSB ta yi tayin da dama don siyan dan wasan tsakiya; Duk da haka Dinamo ta ƙi kowace tayin <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2018 |title=Telenovela Nistor la FCSB s-a încheiat! Becali a pus pe masă 1 milion € și răspunsul lui Dinamo a venit pe loc |trans-title=The Nistor to FCSB telenovela has ended! Becali offered 1 million € and Dinamo's response came instantly |url=https://www.digisport.ro/fotbal/liga-1/adevar-sau-provocare-cat-cere-dinamo-pentru-a-l-lasa-pe-nistor-la-fcsb-a-treia-oferta-facuta-de-becali-506573 |access-date=30 August 2018 |publisher=Digi Sport |language=ro}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2018 |title=Nistor, un model! Bratu a dezvăluit ce s-a întâmplat cu căpitanul lui Dinamo după ce a ratat muntele de bani pus pe masă de Becali: "Aşa l-am simţit!" |trans-title=Nistor, a model! Bratu revealed what happened with Dinamo's captain after missing out on the mount of money put on the table by Becali: "That's what I felt about him!" |url=https://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-intern/liga-1/nistor-un-model-bratu-a-dezvaluit-ce-s-a-intamplat-cu-capitanul-lui-dinamo-dupa-ce-a-ratat-muntele-de-bani-pus-pe-masa-de-becali-asa-l-am-simtit-17474420 |access-date=30 August 2018 |publisher=ProSport |language=ro}}</ref> kuma ta ci gaba da tattaunawa kan tsawaita kwantiragin. Nistor ya yi nasarar taimakawa wajen taimakawa 'yan wasa 13 a kakar wasa ta 2018-19, wanda ya fi kowanne dan wasa samun taimako a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, kuma La Liga Profesionistă de Fotbal ta sanya shi a cikin mafi kyawun kungiyar a kakar wasa ta bana. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2019 |title=Echipa sezonului 2018/2019 |trans-title=Best team of the 2018/19 season |url=https://www.lpf.ro/noutati/echipa-sezonului-2018-2019/1105 |access-date=5 January 2020 |publisher=[[Liga Profesionistă de Fotbal]] |language=ro}}</ref> === Jami'ar Craiova === A ranar 6 ga Janairu 2020, Nistor ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da rabi tare da Jami'ar Craiova kan kuɗin canja wurin da ba a bayyana ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2020 |title=#BunVenitDan – Nistor a semnat cu Știința |trans-title=#WelcomeDan – Nistor signed with ''Știința'' |url=http://www.ucv1948.ro/BunVenitDan--Nistor-a-semnat-cu-Stiinta |access-date=6 January 2020 |publisher=CS Universitatea Craiova |language=ro}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar 31st, a cikin 3-1 La Liga I nasara akan Gaz Metan Mediaș, kuma ya zira kwallayen sa na farko a ranar 4 ga Maris a 2–3 Cupa României rashin nasara a hannun Politehnica Iași . A ranar 23 ga Yunin 2020, Nistor ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ga Craiova a wasan da suka doke Botoșani da ci 2-1 a gida. Daga nan ya ci bugun fenariti mai nasara a wasan da suka doke FCSB da ci 2-1 a ranar 12 ga watan Yuli. A ranar 3 ga watan Agusta, Nistor ya fara zura kwallaye a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun CFR Cluj da ci 1-3 a gida a wasan karshe; sakamakon ya nuna cewa Craiova ta kare a matsayi na biyu a teburin, yayin da tsohuwar kungiyarsa ta lashe kofinta na uku a jere. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2020 |title=Universitatea Craiova – CFR Cluj 1-3. Veni, Vidi, Vinicius. Ardelenii revin spectaculos, câștigă al treilea titlu consecutiv și se pregătesc de preliminariile Champions League |trans-title=Universitatea Craiova – CFR Cluj 1-3. Veni, Vidi, Vinícius. ''Ardelenii'' turn the game around in a spectacular manner, win their third consecutive title and prepare for the Champions League qualifiers |url=https://www.prosport.ro/eveniment/universitatea-craiova-cfr-cluj-live-video-online-din-etapa-10-a-play-off-ului-ligii-1-finala-campionatului-se-joaca-in-banie-echipele-probabile-19071642 |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=ProSport |language=ro}}</ref> === Jami'ar Cluj === A ranar 13 ga Fabrairu 2023, Nistor ya koma Universitatea Cluj, abokin hamayyarsa na birnin CFR Cluj. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2023 |title=EXCLUSIV Trei plecări într-o zi de la CSU Craiova: Dan Nistor schimbă echipa după 3 ani în Bănie |trans-title=EXCLUSIVE Three departures in one day for CSU Craiova: Dan Nistor changes the team after 3 years in ''Bănie'' |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/dan-nistor-u-cluj-universitatea-craiova-688058.html |access-date=11 October 2023 |language=ro}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == A ranar 4 ga Yuni 2013, Nistor ya fara buga wa Romania wasa a gasar cin kofin duniya a wasan da suka doke [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Ƙasar Trinidad da Tobago|Trinidad da Tobago]] da ci 4-0 a filin wasa na Arena Națională da ke [[Bukarest|Bucharest]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2013 |title=FOTO şi VIDEO România – Trinidad Tobago 4-0 » Victorie de moral pentru tricolori |trans-title=PHOTO and VIDEO Romania – Trinidad and Tobago 4–0 » Moral victory for "the Tricolours" |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/nationala/foto-si-video-romania-trinidad-tobago-4-0-victorie-de-moral-pentru-tricolori-400369.html |access-date=30 August 2018 |language=ro}}</ref> A baya ya buga wasanni biyu na sada zumunci da Belgium da Poland, bi da bi. Ya buga wa ƙasar wasa na gaba ne kawai a ƙarshen shekarar 2019 a ƙarƙashin kocin Cosmin Contra, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasannin neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2020 da Norway (baje kolin 1-1 a gida) da kuma Spain (rasa 0-5 a gida). <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2019 |title=Dan Nistor iese la atac: "Dacă aș fi jucat de la început, mi-aș fi dat viața pentru echipa națională. Nu ca alții" |trans-title=Dan Nistor attacks his teammates: "If I had played from the start, I would have given my life for the national team. Not like others" |url=https://www.digisport.ro/fotbal/echipa-nationala/dan-nistor-iese-la-atac-daca-as-fi-jucat-de-la-inceput-mi-as-fi-dat-viata-pentru-echipa-nationala-nu-ca-altii-759138 |access-date=5 January 2020 |publisher=Digi Sport |language=ro}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == A watan Fabrairun 2012, an kama Nistor yana tukin motar Audi A5 ba tare da lasisi ba, kuma an ci shi tarar da ta dace. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2012 |title=Penal » Mijlocaşul Pandurilor, Dan Nistor, a fost prins conducînd fără carnet! |trans-title=Penal » Pandurii's midfielder, Dan Nistor, was caught driving without a license! |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/penal-mijlocasul-pandurilor-dan-nistor-a-fost-prins-conducind-fara-carnet-308300.html |access-date=23 September 2018 |language=ro}}</ref> Ya yi aure tun watan Yunin 2013, inda abokin wasansa Mihai Pintilii ya zama gwarzon namiji . <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2013 |title=Dan Nistor a semnat cel mai important "contract"! Mijlocaşul s-a căsătorit |trans-title=Dan Nistor signed his most important "contract"! The midfielder married |url=https://www.prosport.ro/sport-life/special/foto-dan-nistor-a-semnat-cel-mai-important-contract-mijlocasul-s-a-casatorit-11007840 |access-date=23 September 2018 |publisher=ProSport |language=ro}}</ref> Matarsa Cosmina ta haifi ɗa a watan Afrilun 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2017 |title=Dan Nistor, un tătic emoţionat |trans-title=Dan Nistor, an excited father |url=https://www.click.ro/sport/fotbal/dan-nistor-un-tatic-emotionat |access-date=23 September 2018 |language=ro}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played 23 July 2026}}<ref name=stats>{{Soccerway|dan-nistor/101431|accessdate=22 December 2025}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National cup{{Efn|Includes [[Cupa Romaniei]], [[Coupe de France]]}} ! colspan="2" |League cup{{Efn|Includes [[Cupa Ligii]], [[Coupe de la Ligue]]}} ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- |Dacia Mioveni (loan) |2009–10 |Liga II |28 |4 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |28 |4 |- | rowspan="5" |Pandurii Târgu Jiu |2010–11 |Liga I |26 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |28 |1 |- |2011–12 |Liga I |33 |2 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |36 |2 |- |2012–13 |Liga I |33 |6 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |35 |6 |- |2013–14 |Liga I |5 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |4{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}} |1 | colspan="2" |— |9 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !97 !9 !7 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !4 !1 ! colspan="2" |— !108 !10 |- |Évian |2013–14 |[[Ligue 1]] |6 |0 |1 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |9 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Pandurii Târgu Jiu (loan) |2013–14 |Liga I |14 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |14 |1 |- |2014–15 |Liga I |31 |1 |3 |0 |4 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |38 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !45 !2 !3 !0 !4 !1 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !52 !3 |- |Pandurii Târgu Jiu |2015–16 |Liga I |35 |1 |2 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |38 |1 |- |Dinamo Bucuresti |2016–17 |Liga I |29 |3 |2 |1 |4 |2 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |35 |6 |- |CFR Cluj |2017–18 |Liga I |17 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |18 |0 |- | rowspan="4" |Dinamo Bucuresti |2017–18 |Liga I |18 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |19 |1 |- |2018–19 |Liga I |32 |4 |2 |4 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |34 |8 |- |2019–20 |Liga I |16 |4 |2 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |18 |5 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !66 !9 !5 !5 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !71 !14 |- | rowspan="5" |Universitatea Craiova |2019–20 |Liga I |14 |3 |1 |2 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |15 |5 |- |2020–21 |Liga I |38 |4 |5 |1 | colspan="2" |— |1[c] |0 | colspan="2" |— |44 |5 |- |2021–22 |Liga I |34 |3 |5 |0 | colspan="2" |— |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Conference League]]}} |0 |1{{Efn|Appearances in [[Supercupa României]]}} |0 |42 |3 |- |2022–23 |Liga I |20 |2 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |1[d] |0 | colspan="2" |— |23 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !106 !12 !13 !3 ! colspan="2" |— !4 !0 !1 !0 !124 !15 |- | rowspan="6" |Universitatea Cluj |2022–23 |Liga I |12 |3 |3 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |15 |4 |- |2023–24 |Liga I |36 |13 |6 |2 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2{{Efn|Appearances in Liga I [[2023–24 Liga I#European play-offs|European play-offs]]}} |1 |44 |16 |- |2024–25 |Liga I |39 |11 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |39 |11 |- |2025–26 |Liga I |31 |8 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— |2[d] |0 | colspan="2" |— |36 |8 |- |2026–27 |Liga I |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |2{{Efn|One appearance in UEFA Europa League, one appearance in UEFA Conference League}} |0 |1[e] |0 |4 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !119 !35 !12 !3 ! colspan="2" |— !4 !0 !3 !1 !138 !39 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !552 !75 !46 !12 !11 !3 !12 !1 !4 !1 !625 !92 |} {{Notelist}} === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === {{Updated|18 November 2020.}}<ref name=EU>{{cite web|url=https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=28006|title=Dan Nistor|publisher=European Football|access-date=8 July 2017}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta samu da kuma shekarar da ta gabata ! Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="5" | Romania |- | 2012 | 1 | 0 |- | 2013 | 2 | 0 |- | 2019 | 2 | 0 |- | 2020 | 3 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 8 ! 0 |} == Daraja == '''International Curtea de Argeș''' * Laliga na Uku : 2007–08 '''Pandurii Târgu Jiu''' * Wanda ya zo na biyu na Cupa Ligii : 2014–15 '''Dinamo București''' * Cupa Ligii: 2016–17 <ref name="Cupa_Ligii_2017">{{Cite web |date=20 May 2017 |title=Primul trofeu după o pauză de cinci ani: Dinamo a învins ACS Poli Timişoara, scor 2-0, şi a câştigat Cupa Ligii |trans-title=First trophy after a pause of five years: Dinamo defeated ACS Poli Timișoara, score 2–0, and won the Cupa Ligii |url=https://www.mediafax.ro/sport/primul-trofeu-dupa-o-pauza-de-cinci-ani-dinamo-a-invins-acs-poli-timisoara-scor-2-0-si-a-castigat-cupa-ligii-16346717 |access-date=26 August 2018 |publisher=[[Mediafax]] |language=ro}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.mediafax.ro/sport/primul-trofeu-dupa-o-pauza-de-cinci-ani-dinamo-a-invins-acs-poli-timisoara-scor-2-0-si-a-castigat-cupa-ligii-16346717 "Primul trofeu după o pauză de cinci ani: Dinamo a învins ACS Poli Timişoara, scor 2-0, şi a câştigat Cupa Ligii"] &#x5B;First trophy after a pause of five years: Dinamo defeated ACS Poli Timișoara, score 2–0, and won the Cupa Ligii&#x5D; (in Romanian). </cite></ref> '''CFR Cluj''' * La Liga ta 1 : 2017–18 '''Jami'ar Craiova''' * Kofin României : 2020–21 * Gasar Supercupa ta României : 2021 '''Jami'ar Cluj''' * Cupa României ta zo ta biyu: 2022–23, 2025–26 * Supercupa Romaniei wanda ya zo na biyu: [[2026 Supercupa României|2026]] '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Ƙungiyar Gasar La Liga ta Ɗaya: 2018–19, <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2019 |title=Echipa sezonului 2018/2019 |trans-title=Team of the season 2018/2019 |url=https://lpf.ro/noutati/echipa-sezonului-2018-2019/1105 |access-date=24 June 2019 |publisher=[[Liga Profesionistă de Fotbal|LPF.ro]] |language=Romanian}}</ref> 2019–20 <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2020 |title=LPF a anunțat echipa sezonului în Liga 1 » CFR Cluj dă cei mai mulți jucători, FCSB doar unul |trans-title=LPF has announced the "ideal team" of the Liga 1 season! CFR Cluj offers the most players, FCSB only one. |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/lpf-a-anuntat-echipa-sezonului-in-liga-1-cfr-cluj-da-cei-mai-multi-jucatori-fcsb-doar-unul-606747.html |access-date=4 June 2021 |publisher=GSP |language=ro}}</ref> * ''Gazeta Sporturilor'' Romanian Dan wasan Watan : Oktoba 2023 == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Dan Nistor at RomanianSoccer.ro (in Romanian) * Dan Nistor at National-Football-Teams.com * {{Soccerway|dan-nistor/101431}} * {{UEFA player|250057006}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == qaxmtbp0iudvt9q3mipsjs5j51xcixf 0 162266 906620 888706 2026-08-23T17:04:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Melissa Dagenais''' (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga watan Disamba shekarar, 2000) 'yar wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ce ta ƙasar Kanada wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron gida]] a Ottawa Rapid FC a gasar Northern Super League . == Rayuwa ta farko == Dagenais ya girma a Saint-Hubert, Quebec <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 19, 2023 |title=Dagenais Called Up to Canadian National Team |url=https://miamihurricanes.com/news/2023/10/19/soc-dagenais-called-up-to-canadian-national-team/ |website=[[Miami Hurricanes]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2024 |title=Rencontre avec Mélissa Dagenais, gardienne de l'équipe du Canada |trans-title=Meeting with Mélissa Dagenais, goalkeeper for Team Canada |url=https://soccerboucherville.ca/actualites/rencontre-avec-melissa-dagenais-gardienne-de-lequipe-du-canada/ |website=Soccer Boucherville |language=fr}}</ref> kuma ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta matasa yana ɗan shekara takwas tare da CS Saint-Hubert . Da farko ta fara wasan baya kafin ta koma mai tsaron gida. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lutz |first=Carter |date=October 5, 2022 |title=Melissa Dagenais: the heart and soul of Hurricanes soccer |url=https://themiamihurricane.com/2022/10/05/melissa-dagenais-the-heart-and-soul-of-hurricanes-soccer/ |website=[[The Miami Hurricane]]}}</ref> == Aikin kwaleji == A shekarar 2019, Dagenais ta fara zuwa Jami'ar Miami, inda ta buga wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata . <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 22, 2019 |title=Barnes Announces 2019 Soccer Recruiting Class |url=https://miamihurricanes.com/news/2019/02/22/womens-soccer-barnes-announces-2019-soccer-recruiting-class/ |website=[[Miami Hurricanes]]}}</ref> Ta fara buga wasanta na farko a jami'a a ranar 22 ga Agusta, 2019 da UT Rio Grande Valley Vaqueros, sannan ta fara wasanta na farko a ranar 7 ga Satumba da San Diego State Aztecs . <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 7, 2019 |title=Melissa Dagenais Miami profile |url=https://miamihurricanes.com/roster/melissa-dagenais/ |website=[[Miami Hurricanes]]}}</ref> Ta samu nasarar farko a wasanta na ƙarshe a ranar 14 ga Maris, 2021 a fafatawa da FIU Panthers, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ivany |first=Kevin |date=March 14, 2021 |title=Soccer Shuts Out FIU, 4-0 |url=https://miamihurricanes.com/news/2021/03/14/soccer-shuts-out-fiu-4-0/ |website=[[Miami Hurricanes]]}}</ref> wanda hakan ya taimaka mata ta sami lambar yabo ta ACC Defensive Player of the Week. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ivany |first=Kevin |date=March 16, 2021 |title=Soccer Sweeps ACC Weekly Honors |url=https://miamihurricanes.com/news/2021/03/16/soccer-sweeps-acc-weekly-honors/ |website=[[Miami Hurricanes]]}}</ref> Bayan shekaru biyu a matsayin mai tsaron gida, ta zama mai fara wasa a kakar wasa ta uku a kaka ta 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Josh |date=August 20, 2022 |title=Dagenais Driven to Develop |url=https://miamihurricanes.com/news/2022/08/20/soc-preview-dagenais-driven-to-develop/ |website=[[Miami Hurricanes]]}}</ref> A watan Oktoban 2021, an nada ta a matsayin 'yar wasan ACC Co-Defensive Player of the Week. <ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Josh |date=October 5, 2021 |title=Dagenais Earns ACC Weekly Recognition |url=https://miamihurricanes.com/news/2021/10/05/soccer-dagenais-earns-acc-weekly-honor/ |website=[[Miami Hurricanes]]}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2021, an naɗa ta cikin Ƙungiyar Koyarwa ta ACC. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 27, 2022 |title=Two Hurricanes Represented on All-ACC Academic Team |url=https://miamihurricanes.com/news/2022/01/27/soccer-two-hurricanes-represented-on-all-acc-academic-team/ |website=[[Miami Hurricanes]]}}</ref> An sake sanya mata suna cikin Ƙungiyar Ilimi ta All-Academic bayan kakar wasanni ta 2022 da 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 1, 2023 |title=Program-Record 12 Student-Athletes Garner All-ACC Academic Distinction |url=https://miamihurricanes.com/news/2023/02/01/soc-program-record-12-student-athletes-garner-all-acc-academic/ |website=[[Miami Hurricanes]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 1, 2024 |title=Miami Soccer With Program-Record 15 All-ACC Academic Team Honorees |url=https://miamihurricanes.com/news/2024/02/01/miami-soccer-with-program-record-15-all-acc-academic-team-honorees/ |website=[[Miami Hurricanes]]}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == A cikin 2018, Dagenais ya fara wasa tare da FC Sélect Rive-Sud a cikin Première Ligue de soccer du Québec . <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 9, 2018 |title=Une équipe semi-professionnelle féminine de soccer voit le jour sur la Rive-Sud |trans-title=A semi-professional women's soccer team is born on the South Shore |url=https://www.lecourrierdusud.ca/une-equipe-semi-professionnelle-feminine-de-soccer-voit-le-jour-sur-la-rive-sud/ |website=[[Le Courrier du Sud]] |language=fr}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, ta buga wasa da Pierrefonds FC . A cikin Janairu 2024, ta shiga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Damaiense a cikin Campeonato Nacional Feminino . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Araújo |first=Andreia |date=January 11, 2024 |title=Melissa Dagenais muito próxima de reforçar Damaiense |trans-title=Melissa Dagenais very close to joining Damaiense |url=https://www.zerozero.pt/noticias/melissa-dagenais-muito-proxima-de-reforcar-damaiense/572659 |website=ZeroZero |language=pt |access-date=July 25, 2026 |archive-date=December 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227151549/https://www.zerozero.pt/noticias/melissa-dagenais-muito-proxima-de-reforcar-damaiense/572659 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2025, ta sanya hannu da kulob din Northern Super League Ottawa Rapid FC . <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 19, 2025 |title=Ottawa Rapid FC Announce Signing of Goalkeeper Melissa Dagenais |url=https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/ottawa-rapid-fc-announce-signing-of-goalkeeper-melissa-dagenais/n-6192740 |website=Our Sports Central}}</ref> Ta fara buga wasa a ranar 7 ga Yuni, 2025, inda ta ci gaba da kasancewa cikin 'yan wasa marasa sa'a a wasan da ta doke AFC Toronto da ci 4-0. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ko |first=Matthew |date=June 8, 2025 |title=Match report: Ottawa Rapid FC routs AFC Toronto in Battle of Ontario |url=https://totalsoccernews.com/ottawa-rapid-fc-routs-afc-toronto-in-battle-of-ontario/ |website=Total Soccer News}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == A watan Oktoban 2023, an kira Dagenais zuwa sansanin 'yan wasa tare da tawagar kasar Canada a karon farko, kafin wasannin sada zumunta biyu da Brazil. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Davidson |first=Neil |date=October 27, 2023 |title=Goalkeeper Melissa Dagenais savours first Canada women's soccer camp close to home |url=https://www.thestar.com/sports/soccer/goalkeeper-melissa-dagenais-savours-first-canada-womens-soccer-camp-close-to-home/article_51635d74-ed96-527b-a230-ce60966a2b92.html |website=[[Toronto Star]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Laframboise |first=Kalina |date=October 27, 2023 |title=Quebec keeper on 'huge honour' of being part of Canada's national soccer team |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10051323/soccer-melissa-dagenais-team-canada/ |website=[[Global News]]}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2026, an sanya mata suna cikin tawagar da za ta fafata a gasar cin kofin SheBelieves ta 2026. == Ƙididdigar aiki == {{Updated|November 8, 2025}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |Playoffs ! colspan="2" |National Cup ! colspan="2" |League Cup ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !League !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="3" |FC Sélect Rive-Sud |2018<ref name="PLSQ">{{Cite web |title=PLSQ Stats Archive |url=http://www.tsisports.ca/soccer/archiveLigue/ |publisher=TSI Sports |language=fr |access-date=2026-07-25 |archive-date=2021-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304211451/http://www.tsisports.ca/soccer/archiveLigue/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | rowspan="2" |PLSQ |12 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |12 |0 |- |2019<ref name="PLSQ" /> |12 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |12 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !24 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !24 !0 |- |Pierrefonds FC |2021<ref name="PLSQ" /> |PLSQ |5 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |5 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Damaiense |2023–24{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2025}} | rowspan="2" |Campeonato Nacional Feminino |7 |0 | colspan="2" |— |2 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |9 |0 |- |2024–25{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2025}} |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |1 |0 |2 |0 |5 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !8 !0 !0 !0 !3 !0 !1 !0 !2 !0 !14 !0 |- |Ottawa Rapid FC |2025 |Northern Super League |17 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |19 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !54 !0 !2 !0 !3 !0 !1 !0 !2 !0 !62 !0 |} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Melissa Dagenais at Canada Soccer * {{Soccerway|melissa-dagenais/937186}} * [https://miamihurricanes.com/roster/melissa-dagenais/ Melissa Dagenais profile] at Miami Hurricanes [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} h7ufokg021hkkzc1zbgax7zz0lpaw4g 0 162314 906997 903254 2026-08-24T11:22:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906997 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ramón Ángel Díaz''' ({{IPA|es|raˈmon ˈaŋxel ˈdi.as}} ; an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta shekara ta alif 1959) manajan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Argentina kuma tsohon ɗan wasa. Shi ne kocin Argentina mafi nasara a tarihi da lashe kofuna 17, kocin na biyu mafi nasara a tarihin River Plate bayan Marcelo Gallardo da kuma kocin da ya fi samun nasara a gasar Primera División ta Argentina tare da Ángel Labruna . Díaz ya taka rawar gani a kungiyar River Plate da kuma tawagar kasar Argentina a matsayin dan wasan gaba, kuma ya horar da kungiyar sau uku, inda ya lashe kofuna takwas. Ana kuma kiransa da sunan ''El Pelado'' ("Baldy"). == Aikin kulob == === Farantin Kogi === [[Fayil:Ramon_diaz_elgrafico.jpg|left|thumb|218x218px| Díaz yana buga wa River Plate wasa a shekarar 1981]] An haife shi a La Rioja, Díaz ɗan wasan matasa ne na River Plate, kuma ya kasance abin jan hankali a ƙarƙashin manajan matasa Norberto Yácono . Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyarsa ta farko - Primera División - a ranar 13 ga Agusta 1978, inda ya fara da nasara 1-0 a kan Colón, yayin da ƙungiyar ta yi amfani da wani tsari na daban yayin da 'yan wasan farko na ƙungiyar suka fita zuwa Turai. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2020 |title=El debut de Ramón Díaz hace 42 años: los grandes de gira y los juveniles en Primera |trans-title=The debut of Ramón Díaz 42 years ago: the greats on tour and the youth in ''Primera'' |url=https://lapaginamillonaria.com/riverplate/El-debut-de-Ramon-Diaz-hace-42-anos-los-grandes-de-gira-y-los-juveniles-en-Primera-20200813-0007.html |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=La Página Millonaria |language=es}}</ref> Díaz ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 30 ga Agusta 1978, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Quilmes . Ya ci gaba da zama ɗan wasan farko a ƙungiyar, musamman inda ya zira kwallaye 22 a gasar a kakar wasa ta 1980 . === Italiya === A shekarar 1982, Díaz ya koma ƙasar waje a karon farko a rayuwarsa, inda ya sanya hannu a ƙungiyar Serie A ta Italiya Napoli . Duk da kammala kakar wasa ta farko kuma ta daya a kulob din a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye da kwallaye takwas, kakar wasa ta Napoli ta kasance abin takaici yayin da suka kare a matsayi na 10, maki biyu kacal kafin su fadi daga gasar. A shekarar 1983, Díaz ya fara komawa Avellino a matsayin aro, inda ya kasance dan wasa na farko da ya fara wasa akai-akai a kakar wasa uku da ya yi, kuma ya zura kwallaye 11 a kakar wasa ta 1985-86 . A watan Yulin 1986, ya koma Fiorentina kan kuɗin lira biliyan 10. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 1986 |title=Milan, debutto con show |trans-title=Milan, debut with a show |url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1986/07/16/milan-debutto-con-show.html |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=[[la Repubblica]] |language=it}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga Yulin 1988, Díaz ya amince da yarjejeniyar aro da Inter Milan a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin [[Rabah Madjer]], wanda hakan ya gaza cimma burinsa na duba lafiyarsa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 1988 |title=Inter, Diaz batte Madjer... |trans-title=Inter, Díaz defeats Madjer... |url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1988/07/21/inter-diaz-batte-madjer.html |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=[[la Repubblica]] |language=it}}</ref> Duk da cewa ya zura kwallaye 15 a kakar wasa ta bana, kasancewarsa na biyu mafi kyawun dan wasan da ya zura kwallaye a kungiyar (bayan Aldo Serena ), Inter ba ta sayi shi ba, daga baya kuma Jürgen Klinsmann ya maye gurbinsa. === Komawa Monaco da River Plate da kuma yin ritaya === A shekarar 1989, Díaz ya koma kulob din Monaco na Faransa, kuma ya lashe gasar Coupe de France ta 1990-91 tare da kulob din. A shekarar 1991, ya koma kulob dinsa na farko a River Plate, inda ya zama dan wasa mafi zura kwallaye a gasar Apertura ta 1991 . A ƙarshen aikinsa, Díaz shine Babban ɗan wasan J.League a shekarar 1993 tare da Yokohama Marinos a Japan, kuma shine ɗan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar Yokohama derby, inda ya zira kwallaye 8 a kan Yokohama Flügels . <ref name="Profile">{{Cite web |date=January 2005 |title=Ramon Diaz: Globe-trotting thoroughbred commits to Oxford cause |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/ramon-diaz-globe-trotting-thoroughbred-commits-to-oxford-cause-14074.html |website=The Independent}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == [[Fayil:Argentina_vs_urss_1979.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px| Diaz (da ƙwallon) yana bugawa ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 ta Argentina a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 ta 1979]] Díaz yana cikin ƙungiyar ' yan ƙasa da shekara 20 ta Argentina wadda ta lashe gasar FIFA World Youth Championship a shekarar 1979, tare da [[Diego Maradona]] . Díaz da Maradona su ne ginshiƙin ƙungiyar da ke da ra'ayin kai hari, kuma tare suka zira kwallaye 14 cikin 20 na ƙungiyar (70%). Díaz ya zura kwallaye 8, inda ya lashe kyautar Golden Boot saboda kasancewarsa wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar. Maradona ya zura kwallaye 6, inda ya lashe kyautar gwarzon ɗan wasa. Daga nan Díaz ya ci gaba da buga wasa a [[Kofin Duniya na FIFA na 1982|gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 1982]] kuma ya zura kwallo a ragar [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa ta Brazil|Brazil]] a wasan da Argentina ta sha kashi da ci 3-1. An yi ta rade-radin cewa shi da Maradona sun shiga cikin rikicin da ya hana Díaz bugawa Argentina wasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 1986 da 1990. Duk da haka, Maradona ya musanta hakan a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa ''Yo soy el Diego'', yana mai cewa ya shaida wa manajan Argentina na lokacin, Carlos Bilardo, cewa yana son Diaz ya kasance a cikin 'yan wasan da suka buga gasar cin kofin duniya ta 1986 da 1990. <ref name="Profile"/> <ref name="Bio">{{Cite web |title=Ramon Angel Diaz |url=http://ramondiaz.com/en/biografia/ |website=Ramon Diaz.com}}</ref> == Aikin gudanarwa == === Farantin Kogi === A shekarar 1995, an nada Díaz a matsayin manajan kulob dinsa na farko a River Plate, inda ya maye gurbin Carlos Babington da aka kora; manufarsa a lokacin ita ce ya buga wa kulob din wasa kafin ya yi ritaya, amma shugaban Alfredo Davicce ya gayyace shi a matsayin manaja. Wasansa na farko a matsayin kocin kungiyar ya faru ne a ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 a Copa Libertadores da Vélez Sarsfield . <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2020 |title=La primera vez de Ramón Díaz como DT de River |trans-title=The first time of Ramón Díaz as manager of River |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/280846-la-primera-vez-de-ramon-diaz-como-dt-de-river |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=Página 12 |language=es}}</ref> Díaz ya lashe gasar Libertadores ta 1996 da kuma Supercopa Libertadores ta 1997 tare da River, <ref name="Profile"/> baya ga kofunan lig guda hudu a kakarsa ta farko. Ya yi murabus daga ƙungiyar a watan Fabrairun 2000, bayan rashin nasara a wasan sada zumunci da suka yi da Boca Juniors da ci 2-1, sannan kuma bayan ya yi jayayya da hukumar gudanarwar ƙungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2000 |title=A Ramón le dieron el toque |trans-title=They gave Ramón the touch |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/2000/00-02/00-02-12/pag19.htm |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=Página 12 |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga Yuni 2001, Díaz ya amince ya koma River, inda ya maye gurbin magajinsa Américo Gallego . <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2001 |title=Ramón Díaz volvió a River |trans-title=Ramón Díaz returned to River |url=https://www.ambito.com/portada-principal/ramon-diaz-volvio-river-n3122681 |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=ámbito |language=es}}</ref> Ya sake lashe wani kofi na gasar ( Gasar Clausura ta 2002 ), amma Manuel Pellegrini ya maye gurbinsa a ranar 20 ga Mayu 2002, yayin da kulob din ya zabi kin sabunta kwantiraginsa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2002 |title=Ramón Díaz deja River Plate |trans-title=Ramón Díaz leaves River Plate |url=https://www.elmundo.es/elmundodeporte/2002/05/20/futbol_internacional/1021915211.html |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]] |language=es}}</ref> === Oxford United === A ranar 9 ga Disamba 2004, Díaz ya maye gurbin Graham Rix a matsayin manajan kulob din [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] na Ingila na biyu . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2004 |title=Oxford name Diaz as new manager |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/o/oxford_utd/4082191.stm |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> A lokacin, Díaz ya shaida wa manema labarai cewa: "Ina son ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila kuma ina son in sami gogewa ta farko... Na ga abubuwa da yawa a talabijin... Haka kuma yana da ban sha'awa sosai a yi aiki a wannan matakin, domin ya bambanta da ƙwallon ƙafa a saman." An kuma yi iƙirarin cewa babu Díaz ko ɗaya daga cikin ma'aikatansa biyar da ke ɗakin bayan gida da ke Oxford United ke biyansu albashi saboda ayyukansu. <ref name="Profile" /> A ranar 4 ga Mayu 2005, Díaz ya yi murabus daga Oxford bayan "tattaunawar da aka yi kan sabuwar kwangila ta wargaje". <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2005 |title=Argentine Diaz leaves Oxford helm |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/o/oxford_utd/4514565.stm |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> === San Lorenzo === A ranar 24 ga Disamba 2006, an naɗa Díaz a matsayin babban kocin San Lorenzo a kakar wasa mai zuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=San Lorenzo appoint former U's boss Diaz |url=https://www.espnfc.com/story/397356/san-lorenzo-appoint-former-us-boss-diaz |publisher=ESPN FC}}</ref> Ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar wajen lashe gasar Clausura ta 2007, gasar da ta fara lashewa a cikin shekaru shida. Duk da cewa kungiyar ta San Lorenzo ta cancanci shiga gasar Copa Libertadores ta 2008, kungiyar Díaz ta sha kashi a hannun zakarun gasar LDU Quito a watan Mayu, kuma ya yi murabus daga kungiyar a ranar 28 ga Mayu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2008 |title=Chau Ramón Díaz: renunció como DT de San Lorenzo |trans-title=Bye Ramón Díaz: resigned as manager of San Lorenzo |url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/deportes/chau-ramon-diaz-renuncio-como-dt-de-san-lorenzo-20080528-0028.phtml |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=[[Perfil]] |language=es}}</ref> === Kulob ɗin Amurka === A ranar 15 ga Mayu 2008, an tabbatar da Diaz a matsayin sabon kocin Club América . Duk da cewa kulob din bai bayyana takamaiman bayanai game da kwantiragin Diaz ba, an ruwaito cewa an yi masa tayin dala miliyan 1.5 a kowace shekara, gami da kari da suka shafi aiki wanda zai iya kai jimillar ribar da ya samu zuwa dala miliyan 6. Díaz ya kasa sanya Club América ta cancanci zuwa Copa Libertadores . A farkon kakar wasa ta Clausura ta 2009, Díaz ya yi nasara a kan Santos Laguna 2-1, ya yi kunnen doki da Toluca 2-2, sannan ya sha kashi a hannun Morelia 1-0 da kuma Pachuca 3-1. Bayan rashin nasara sau biyu a jere a gasar, kuma ƙungiyar tana matsayi na 12 a teburin gasar, an kore shi a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Club America Sacks Diaz {{pipe}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/114/mexico/2009/02/10/1103513/club-america-sacks-diaz |publisher=Goal}}</ref> === Komawa zuwa San Lorenzo === A ranar 25 ga Mayu 2010, shugaban San Lorenzo Savino ya bayyana a hukumance cewa an nada Díaz a matsayin manaja a karo na biyu, bayan ya amince da kwangilar shekara guda. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2010 |title=Ramón Díaz acordó su regreso a San Lorenzo |trans-title=Ramón Díaz agreed to his return to San Lorenzo |url=https://www.clarin.com/ultimo-momento/ramon-diaz-acordo-regreso-san-lorenzo_0_BJXfLSL0pYg.html |website=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]] |language=es}}</ref> Bayan yakin neman zabe na tsakiyar tebur a Apertura na 2010, ya yi murabus a ranar 24 ga Afrilu 2011, yana mai cewa yana son "yaƙi don samun mukamai na farko". <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2011 |title=Ramón Díaz renunció en San Lorenzo |trans-title=Ramón Díaz resigned at San Lorenzo |url=https://www.espn.com.ar/noticias/nota?s=arg&id=1280524&type=story |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=ESPN |language=es}}</ref> === Independiente === A kan 12 Satumba 2011, Independiente ya hayar Díaz don maye gurbin Antonio Mohamed, wanda ya yi murabus. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2011 |title=Ramón Díaz es el nuevo técnico de Independiente |trans-title=Ramón Díaz is the new manager of Independiente |url=https://www.clarin.com/deportes/Ramon-Diaz-cerca-Independiente_0_S1eMA4phPQx.html |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]] |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Maris 2012, ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa a kulob din, wanda ya kasance yana fama da matsaloli kuma ya sami kansa a ƙarshen teburin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramon Diaz quits Independiente {{pipe}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/585/argentina/2012/03/05/2947124/ramon-diaz-quits-independiente |publisher=Goal}}</ref> === Sihiri na uku a River Plate === A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 2012, Díaz ya koma River Plate a karo na uku a matsayin manaja. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramon Diaz returns to River Plate after being appointed coach {{pipe}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ke/news/4500/main/2012/11/30/3566344/ramon-diaz-hired-as-new-river-plate-coach |publisher=Goal}}</ref> Ya lashe gasar Torneo Final a shekarar 2014, sannan ya lashe gasar Superfinal a kan tsohuwar kungiyar San Lorenzo da ci 1-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2014 |title=River Plate claim the Copa Campeonato with victory over San Lorenzo (VIDEO) |url=https://golazoargentino.com/2014/05/25/river-plate-claim-the-copa-campeonato-with-victory-over-san-lorenzo-video/}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Mayu 2014, Díaz ya bar River Plate. <ref>[https://www.fourfourtwo.com/my/news/diaz-leaves-river-plate]{{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> === Tawagar 'yan wasan Paraguay === [[Fayil:Ramón_Díaz_(25920994911)_(2).jpg|right|thumb|250x250px| Díaz a lokacin wani taron manema labarai a matsayin kocin Paraguay, a shekarar 2016]] A ranar 5 ga Disamba, 2014, Díaz ya zama kocin tawagar 'yan wasan Paraguay . Ya ce: "Wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen da na fuskanta a rayuwata... Akwai aiki da yawa da zan yi". <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2014 |title=Paraguay name Argentine Diaz as coach |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/soccer-paraguay-coach/paraguay-name-argentine-diaz-as-coach-idINKCN0JI2M120141204 |agency=Reuters}}</ref> Babban gasarsa ta farko ita ce gasar Copa America ta 2015, inda wasansa na farko ya kasance da Argentina inda suka yi kunnen doki 2-2. Daga baya Paraguay ta doke Jamaica da ci 1-0 sannan ta yi kunnen doki 1-1 da Uruguay, inda ta kare a matsayi na biyu a rukuninsu. Paraguay ta yi nasara a wasan kusa da na karshe da [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa ta Brazil|Brazil]] da ci 1-1 (4-3 a bugun fenariti), amma ta sha kashi a hannun Argentina da ci 6-1 a wasan kusa da na karshe wanda hakan ya ba ta damar shiga zagaye na uku na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai wanda suka sha kashi a hannun Peru da ci 2-0, wanda hakan ya sanya Paraguay ta zama ta hudu a gasar Copa America. Ya kuma jagoranci ƙasar a gasar Copa América Centenario, inda aka fitar da Paraguay a matakin rukuni, ta hanyar yin kunnen doki da Costa Rica sannan aka sha kashi a hannun Colombia da ci 2-1 da kuma Amurka da ci 1-0. A ranar 12 ga Yuni 2016, bayan rashin nasara a gasar Copa América Centenario, Díaz ya yi murabus a matsayin manajan Paraguay. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Paraguay manager Ramon Diaz resigns following Copa América elimination |url=http://www.espnfc.com/paraguay/story/2891510 |publisher=ESPN FC}}</ref> === Al-Hilal === A ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 2016, an nada Ramón Díaz a matsayin manajan [[Al Hilal SFC|Al-Hilal]] bayan an kori tsohon manaja Gustavo Matosas <ref>{{Cite web |title=صحيفة شبكة الاعلام السعودي رسميا .. الأرجنتيني رومان دياز مدربا للهلال - صحيفة شبكة الاعلام السعودي |url=http://a3lam-ksa.net.sa/?p=7518 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730235328/http://a3lam-ksa.net.sa/?p=7518 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=12 May 2017}}</ref> tare da kwantiragin shekara guda. ==== kakar 2016–17 ==== Wasan farko da Ramón ya buga shine da Al-Fateh inda Al-Hilal ta yi nasara da ci 1-0. A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, Rámon ya buga wasansa na farko mai muhimmanci da Al-Ahli inda suka yi nasara da ci 2-1. Ramón ya buga wasan daf da na Riyadh da [[Al-Nassr]] 1-1. Ramón ya yi nasara a kan Al-Taawon da ci 4-2. Ya yi nasara a kan Ittihad da ci 3-1. Ramón Diaz ya yi kunnen doki 0-0 da Al-Ahli, amma ya yi nasara a kan Al-Shabab da ci 2-1 don tabbatar da kambun gasar. Al-Hilal ta lashe gasar ne a hannun Al-Nassr a wasan da suka fafata a Riyadh Derby bayan ta yi nasara da ci 5-1 a gasar. Ramón Díaz ya sabunta kwangilarsa ta tsawon shekara guda akan dala miliyan 1.5. <ref>{{Cite web |title=أخبار الهلال ... حقيقة تجديد عقد رامون دياز مدرب الهلال - سبورت 360 عربية |url=https://arabic.sport360.com/article/الدوري-السعودي/نادي-الهلال/521321/أخبار-الهلال-حقيقة-تجديد-عقد-رامون-دياز-مدرب-الهلال/ |website=arabic.sport360.com}}</ref> Ramón ya zama na farko a gasar zakarun Turai bayan ya yi nasara a kan Al-Rayyan da ci 4-3. <ref>{{Cite web |title=كووورة: الموقع العربي الرياضي الأول |url=https://m.kooora.com/?region=-6&team=144 |website=m.kooora.com}}</ref> Ramón ya sa Al-Hilal ta cancanci zuwa wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin King's bayan ta doke Al-Taawon da ci 3-4. Ramón Díaz ya lashe Kofin Sarki da Al-Ahli a wasan ƙarshe na 3–2. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2017 |title=Al-Hilal wins King's Cup |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1101626/sports |website=Arab News}}</ref> Rámon Díaz ya lashe zagaye na 16 na gasar zakarun Turai a zagaye na farko da Esteghlal Khuzestan da ci 2-1. Díaz ya sake lashe zagaye na biyu da ci 2-1 [2-4 a kan AGG] wanda hakan ya sa Al-Hilal ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar zakarun AFC. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Al Hilal v Esteghlal Khuzestan Live Commentary & Result, 30/05/2017, AFC Champions League {{pipe}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en/match/al-hilal-v-esteghlal-khuzestan/auwlpkhlkmh8arcqeyx2o59t5 |publisher=Goal}}</ref> ==== kakar 2017–18 ==== A ranar 4 ga watan Yuni, Díaz ya sayi [[Mukhtar Fallatah]] don ya zama dan wasa na farko da ya fara zura kwallo a kakar wasa ta bana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=رسميا.. مختار فلاتة هلالي - |url=http://prosports.mbc.net/ar/championships/jameel-league/articles/رسميا---مختار-فلاتة-هلالي.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606061015/http://prosports.mbc.net/ar/championships/jameel-league/articles/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7---%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A9-%D9%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A.html |archive-date=6 June 2017 |website=prosports.mbc.net}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Yunin 2017, Ramòn Díaz ya sanya [[Umar Khribin|Omar Kharbin]] a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa bayan ya koma aro, inda aka biya shi dala miliyan 11 (Ryals miliyan 44) sannan ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu da Al-Hilal. A ranar 10 ga Janairu, Díaz ya sayi Ali Al Bulaihi kyauta daga Al-Fateh. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2019 |title=الهلال السعودي يعلن ضم مدافع الفتح |url=https://www.kooora.com/?n=598356 |website=كووورة}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Yuli, Al-Hilal ya sanya hannu kan Mohamed Kanno da Hasan Kadish daga Ettifaq . <ref>{{Cite web |last=نت |first=العربية |date=4 July 2017 |title=الهلال يضم محمد كنو وحسن كادش من الاتفاق |url=https://www.alarabiya.net/ar/sport/saudi-sport/2017/07/04/الهلال-يضم-محمد-كنو-وحسن-كادش-من-الاتفاق.html |website=العربية نت}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga watan Agusta, Díaz ya lashe wasan farko na kakar wasa da ci 2-1 da Al-Fayha, wanda ya fara buga gasar. A ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, Ramón Díaz ya lashe wasansa na biyu a kakar wasa ta bana, wanda ya kasance tsakaninsa da Al-Taawoun da ci 4-3. A ranar 21 ga watan Agusta, Díaz ya yi kunnen doki da Al- Hilal da ci 0-0 a wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar zakarun AFC ta 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2019 |title=التعادل السلبي يحسم ذهاب قمة العين والهلال الآسيوية |url=https://www.kooora.com/?n=615772 |website=كووورة}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Satumba, Díaz ya sa Al-Hilal ta cancanci zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar zakarun AFC bayan ta doke Al-Ain da ci 3-0. Bayan haka, ya ɗauki Gelmin Rivas don zama ɗan wasa na shida da ya yi rijista a ƙasar waje a kakar wasa ta 2017-18. <ref>{{Cite web |last=نت |first=العربية |date=11 September 2017 |title=الهلال يعزز خط هجومه بالفنزويلي ريفاس |url=https://www.alarabiya.net/ar/sport/saudi-sport/2017/09/11/الفنزويلي-ريفاس-إلى-الهلال-.html |website=العربية نت}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga Satumba, Ramón Díaz ya lashe wasa na uku a kakar wasa da Ohod da ci 1-0. <ref>{{Cite web |title=رياضي / الهلال يفوز على أحد بهدف دون مقابل في الدوري السعودي وكالة الأنباء السعودية |url=http://www.spa.gov.sa/viewfullstory.php?lang=ar&newsid=1666677}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga Satumba, Al-Hilal ta yi kunnen doki da Al-Ittihad da ci 1-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2017 |title=بالفيديو : الهلال يتعادل مع الاتحاد بهدفٍ لكلٍ منهما • صحيفة المرصد |url=https://al-marsd.com/158337.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730085422/https://al-marsd.com/158337.html |archive-date=30 July 2019 |access-date=30 July 2019}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga Oktoba, Diaz ya sanya Al-Hilal ta lashe gasar Riyadh Derby da [[Al-Nassr]] . A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, Díaz da tawagarsa sun yi kunnen doki a zagaye na farko na wasan karshe na gasar zakarun AFC da Urawa Red Diamonds 1-1 a Riyadh. A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, sun sha kashi a karo na biyu da ci 1-0 wanda hakan ya sa suka zama na biyu a gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McKirdy |first=Andrew |date=25 November 2017 |title=Urawa Reds clinch Asian Champions League title on late goal against Al Hilal |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2017/11/25/soccer/urawa-reds-clinch-asian-champions-league-title-late-goal-al-hilal/ |via=Japan Times Online}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Disamba, ya jagoranci tawagarsa wajen yin nasara a kan Al-Ahli da ci 2-0. A ranar 17 ga Disamba, Díaz da tawagarsa sun sha kashi a wasansu na farko a gasar da Al-Fayha da ci 2-1. Bayan haka, Diaz ya yi nasara a kan Ohod da ci 4-1. A ranar 20 ga Janairu, Al-Hilal ta sha kashi a hannun Al-Qadisyah a zagaye na 16. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2018 |title=بعد خروج الهلال من كأس الملك.. مغردون: سامي الجابر مطلب هلالي |url=https://www.almowaten.net/2018/01/%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%af-%d8%ae%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84-%d9%85%d9%86-%d9%83%d8%a3%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%84%d9%83-%d9%85%d8%ba%d8%b1%d8%af%d9%88%d9%86-%d8%b3%d8%a7/ |website=صحيفة المواطن الإلكترونية}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, Al-Hilal ta yi canjaras a wasanta na farko a sabon filin wasanta na King Saud University Stadium da Al-Ain 0-0 a gasar zakarun Turai. A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, Al-Hilal ta sha kashi a hannun Esteghlal da ci 1-0 a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai a Oman. A ranar 21 ga Fabrairu 2018, Al-Hilal ta kori Díaz saboda rashin kyawun aikinsa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2018 |title=Saudi giants Al Hilal sack Ramon Diaz |url=http://www.foxsportsasia.com/football/asian-football/afc-champions-league/802868/saudi-giants-al-hilal-sack-ramon-diaz/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006221730/https://www.foxsportsasia.com/football/asian-football/afc-champions-league/802868/saudi-giants-al-hilal-sack-ramon-diaz/ |archive-date=6 October 2019 |access-date=21 February 2018 |website=FOX Sports Asia}}</ref> === Dala === A ranar 26 ga Janairun 2019, an nada Díaz a matsayin manajan kungiyar Pyramids FC ta Masar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2019 |title=Ramón Díaz, nuevo entrenador de Pyramids de Egipto |trans-title=Ramón Díaz, new manager of Pyramids from Egypt |url=https://argentina.as.com/argentina/2019/01/26/futbol/1548531978_523050.html |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=[[Diario AS]] |language=es}}</ref> Ya bar ƙungiyar a ranar 27 ga Mayu, bayan wasanni 12 kacal. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2019 |title=Ramón Díaz se desvinculó de Pyramids de Egipto |trans-title=Ramón Díaz left Pyramids from Egypt |url=https://www.tycsports.com/futbol-internacional/ramon-diaz-se-desvinculo-de-pyramids-de-egipto-20190527.html |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=[[TyC Sports]] |language=es}}</ref> === Libertad === A ranar 17 ga Disamba 2019, an sanar da Díaz a matsayin manajan Libertad, inda ya koma Paraguay bayan fiye da shekaru uku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2019 |title=Libertad anuncia a Ramón Díaz como DT |trans-title=Libertad announce Ramón Díaz as manager |url=http://www.tigosports.com.py/futbol/libertad-anuncia-ramon-diaz-como-dt |access-date=20 December 2019 |publisher=Tigo Sports |language=es}}</ref> Ya yi murabus a ranar 24 ga Satumba 2020, bayan rashin kyawun yanayin da kulob din ke ciki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2020 |title=Ramón Díaz deja Libertad |trans-title=Ramón Díaz leaves Libertad |url=https://www.hoy.com.py/deportes/ramon-diaz-deja-libertad |publisher=HOY |language=es}}</ref> === Botafogo === A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 2020, an nada Díaz babban kocin na Serie A side Botafogo . <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2020 |title=Novo técnico do Botafogo, Ramón Díaz desembarca no Rio de Janeiro |trans-title=New manager of Botafogo, Ramón Díaz set foot in Rio de Janeiro |url=https://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/times/botafogo/noticia/novo-tecnico-do-botafogo-ramon-diaz-desembarca-no-rio-de-janeiro.ghtml |access-date=27 November 2020 |publisher=GloboEsporte.com |language=pt-BR}}</ref> Daga baya ya koma ƙasarsa don yin tiyatar gaggawa don cire wani ƙari, <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2020 |title=Botafogo: Ramón Díaz retirou tumor benigno em cirurgia de emergência e seguirá recuperação no Paraguai |trans-title=Botafogo: Ramón Díaz removed benign tumor in emergency surgery and will be recovering in Paraguay |url=https://www.espn.com.br/futebol/artigo/_/id/7747335/botafogo-ramon-diaz-retirou-tumor-benigno-em-cirurgia-de-emergencia-e-seguira-recuperacao-no-paraguai |access-date=27 November 2020 |publisher=[[ESPN Brasil]] |language=pt-BR}}</ref> kuma rashin lafiyarsa ta daɗe saboda yanayin asibiti. A ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 2020, Botafogo ya sanar da ficewar Díaz da ma'aikatansa daga ƙungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2020 |title=Nota oficial |trans-title=Official note |url=https://botafogo.com.br/ler-noticia.php?cod=6051 |access-date=27 November 2020 |publisher=Botafogo FR |language=pt-BR |archive-date=6 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206055429/https://botafogo.com.br/ler-noticia.php?cod=6051 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya bar ƙungiyar ba tare da ya jagoranci wasa ɗaya ba a gare su, domin wasanni uku da suka buga a lokacin (duk rashin nasara) mataimakinsa da ɗansa Emiliano Díaz ne suka jagoranci su. === Al Nassr === A watan Fabrairun 2021, Díaz ya amince da kwangilar da zai daɗe har zuwa lokacin bazara na 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramon Diaz lands at Al Nasr and probable Shoya Nakajima bow set to light up AGL MW15 |url=https://sport360.com/article/football/arabian-gulf-league/345813/ramon-diaz-lands-at-al-nasr-and-probable-shoya-nakajima-bow-set-to-light-up-agl-mw15 |access-date=4 February 2021 |publisher=sport360}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=رسميا..النصر يقيل كرونوسلاف والأرجنتيني دياز بديلا |url=https://www.albayan.ae/sports/emirates/2021-02-04-1.4083646 |access-date=4 February 2021 |publisher=albayan |language=ar}}</ref> Ya bar ƙungiyar kimanin shekara guda bayan haka, bayan rashin kyawun tsarin gasar. === Komawa zuwa Al Hilal === A ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 2022, an naɗa Díaz a matsayin sabon kocin ƙungiyar [[Al Hilal SFC|Al Hilal]] ta Saudi Professional League har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. <ref name="youngplayer">{{Cite tweet|user=Alhilal_EN|title=📃DIAZ to coach #AlHilal 💙|date=14 February 2022|access-date=14 February 2022}}</ref> Duk da haka, daga baya ya jagoranci Al Hilal ta doke Flamengo da ci 3-2 a wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022, <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2023 |title=Al-Hilal record historic victory over Flamengo and could be Real Madrid's opponents in the Club World Cup final |url=https://www.marca.com/en/football/real-madrid/cronica/2023/02/07/63e2c348ca47414e6c8b4567.html |publisher=Marca}}</ref> kafin ta sha kashi a wasan karshe da [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] da ci 3-5. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2023 |title=Real Madrid 5-3 Al Hilal: Los Blancos score five in eight-goal thriller to win Club World Cup |url=https://www.eurosport.com/football/club-world-cup/2022/real-madrid-v-al-hilal-club-world-cup-final-live_sto9381593/story.shtml |publisher=Eurosport}}</ref> A wasan ƙarshe na gasar zakarun AFC ta 2022, ƙungiyarsa ta sha kashi da ci 2-1 a jimilla a hannun Urawa Red Diamonds a karo na biyu bayan 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2023 |title=Urawa Red Diamonds beat Al-Hilal to win AFC Champions League |url=https://www.beinsports.com/en/football/video/urawa-red-diamonds-beat-al-hilal-to-win-afc-c/2085186 |publisher=beIN SPORTS}}</ref> Bayan ya lashe gasar cin kofin King Cup da Al-Wehda a watan Mayun 2023, Díaz ya yanke shawarar sauka daga mukaminsa ya koma kasarsa, domin ya kasance tare da iyalansa bayan mutuwar matarsa watanni biyu da suka gabata a hatsarin mota; a halin yanzu, dansa Emiliano ya zama manajan rikon kwarya na kungiyar har tsawon sauran kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2023 |title=Ramon Diaz thanks Al Hilal 'for everything' as he leaves club for personal reasons |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/sport/football/2023/05/15/ramon-diaz-thanks-al-hilal-for-everything-as-he-leaves-club-for-personal-reasons/ |publisher=The National News}}</ref> === Vasco da Gama === A ranar 15 ga Yuli 2023, Díaz ya koma Brazil bayan an sanar da shi a matsayin babban kocin Vasco da Gama a matakin farko. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2023 |title=Vasco anuncia contratação do técnico Ramón Díaz |trans-title=Vasco announce signing of head coach Ramón Díaz |url=https://ge.globo.com/futebol/times/vasco/noticia/2023/07/15/vasco-anuncia-contratacao-do-tecnico-ramon-diaz.ghtml |access-date=15 July 2023 |publisher=[[Grupo Globo|ge]] |language=pt-BR}}</ref> Ya yi nasarar kaucewa faduwa daga gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai da ƙungiyar a zagaye na ƙarshe na gasar Série A ta 2023, kuma ya sabunta kwangilarsa har zuwa 2025 a ranar 15 ga Disamba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2023 |title=Vasco acerta renovação de Ramón Díaz até 2025 |trans-title=Vasco agree renewal of Ramón Díaz until 2025 |url=https://ge.globo.com/futebol/times/vasco/noticia/2023/12/15/vasco-acerta-renovacao-de-ramon-diaz-ate-2025.ghtml |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=[[Grupo Globo|ge]] |language=pt-BR}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Afrilu 2024, Vasco ta kori Díaz bayan ta sha kashi 4-0 a hannun Criciúma ; <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2024 |title=Ramón Díaz é demitido do Vasco |trans-title=Ramón Díaz is sacked from Vasco |url=https://www.band.uol.com.br/esportes/ramon-diaz-e-demitido-do-vasco-16685180 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427225123/https://www.band.uol.com.br/esportes/ramon-diaz-e-demitido-do-vasco-16685180 |archive-date=27 April 2024 |access-date=27 April 2024 |publisher=[[Rede Bandeirantes]] |language=pt-BR}}</ref> duk da cewa kafofin watsa labarai na Brazil sun ce ya yi murabus jim kaɗan bayan wasan, Díaz da ɗansa sun bayyana cewa an "kore su ta hanyar [[Twitter]] ". === Korintiyawa === A ranar 10 ga Yuli 2024, an sanar da Díaz a matsayin babban kocin Corinthians kan kwantiraginsa har zuwa Disamba 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2024 |title=Ramón Díaz é o novo treinador do Corinthians |trans-title=Ramón Díaz is the new head coach of Corinthians |url=https://www.corinthians.com.br/noticias/ramon-diaz-e-o-novo-treinador-do-corinthians |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=SC Corinthians Paulista |language=pt-BR}}</ref> Ya jagoranci ƙungiyar zuwa ga lashe gasar Campeonato Paulista ta 2025 a kan abokan hamayyarta Palmeiras, inda ya lashe kofi na 17 a tarihin aikinsa na koci, sannan ya zarce Helenio Herrera a matsayin kocin Argentina mafi nasara a tarihi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2025 |title=Ramón vira técnico argentino com mais títulos na história após o Paulistão |trans-title=Ramón becomes the Argentine coach with the most titles in history after the ''Paulistão'' |url=https://www.uol.com.br/esporte/futebol/ultimas-noticias/2025/03/28/titulo-no-corinthians-faz-ramon-diaz-virar-tecnico-argentino-mais-vencedor.htm |publisher=[[Universo Online|UOL Esporte]] |language=pt-BR}}</ref> Amma a ranar 17 ga Afrilu 2025, ƙungiyar ta kori Díaz bayan rashin nasara a gida da ci 2-0 a hannun Fluminense . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2025 |title=Ramón Díaz deixa o comando técnico do Corinthians |trans-title=Ramón Díaz leaves the technical command of Corinthians |url=https://www.corinthians.com.br/noticias/ramon-diaz-deixa-o-comando-tecnico-do-corinthians |access-date=17 April 2025 |publisher=SC Corinthians Paulista |language=pt-BR}}</ref> === Ƙasashen Duniya === A ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2025, an naɗa Díaz a matsayin babban kocin Internacional a matakin farko na Brazil. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2025 |title=Ramón Díaz é o novo técnico do Internacional |trans-title=Ramón Díaz is the new head coach of Internacional |url=https://internacional.com.br/noticias/masculino/ramon-diaz-e-o-novo-tecnico-do-internacional |access-date=25 September 2025 |publisher=SC Internacional |language=pt-BR}}</ref> An kore shi a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, zagaye biyu kafin karshen kakar wasa, yayin da kungiyar ta shiga yankin da za ta fadi daga gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2025 |title=Inter demite Ramón Díaz a duas rodadas do fim do Brasileirão |trans-title=Inter sack Ramón Díaz two rounds before the end of the ''Brasileirão'' |url=https://ge.globo.com/rs/futebol/times/internacional/noticia/2025/11/29/inter-demite-ramon-diaz-a-duas-rodadas-do-fim-do-brasileirao.ghtml |access-date=29 November 2025 |publisher=[[Grupo Globo|ge]] |language=pt-br}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National cup{{Efn|Includes [[Coppa Italia]], [[Coupe de France]], [[Emperor's Cup]].}} ! colspan="2" |League cup{{Efn|Includes [[Coupe de la Ligue]], [[J.League Cup]].}} ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="5" |River Plate |1978 | rowspan="4" |Argentine Primera División |14 |5 | | | | |14 |5 |- |1979 |22 |12 | | | | |22 |12 |- |1980 |40 |22 | | | | |40 |22 |- |1981 |47 |18 | | | | |47 |18 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !123 !57 ! ! ! ! !123 !57 |- |Napoli |1982–83 |Serie A |25 |3 | | | | |25 |3 |- | rowspan="4" |Avellino |1983–84 | rowspan="3" |Serie A |24 |7 | | | | |24 |7 |- |1984–85 |27 |5 | | | | |27 |5 |- |1985–86 |27 |10 | | | | |27 |10 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !78 !22 ! ! ! ! !78 !22 |- | rowspan="3" |Fiorentina |1986–87 | rowspan="2" |Serie A |29 |10 | | | | |29 |10 |- |1987–88 |24 |7 | | | | |24 |7 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !53 !17 ! ! ! ! !53 !17 |- |Inter Milan |1988–89 |Serie A |33 |12 |7 |1 |3 |2 |43 |15 |- | rowspan="3" |Monaco |1989–90 | rowspan="2" |[[Ligue 1|Division 1]] |28 |15 | | | | |28 |15 |- |1990–91 |32 |9 | | | | |32 |9 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !60 !24 ! ! ! ! !60 !24 |- | rowspan="3" |River Plate |1991–92 | rowspan="2" |Argentine Primera División |31 |20 | | | | |31 |20 |- |1992–93 |21 |7 | | | | |21 |7 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !52 !27 ! ! ! ! !52 !27 |- | rowspan="4" |Yokohama Marinos |1993 | rowspan="3" |J1 League |32 |28 |3 |1 |5 |3 |40 |32 |- |1994 |37 |23 |4 |2 |3 |1 |44 |26 |- |1995 |6 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |– |6 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !75 !52 !7 !3 !8 !4 !90 !59 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !499 !214 !7 !3 !8 !4 !514 !221 |} {{Notelist}} === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === [[Fayil:Argentina_u20_ramon_diaz_festeja_final.jpg|thumb|250x250px| Díaz yana murnar cin kwallo a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 'yan kasa da shekara 20 ta 1979]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta zura da kuma shekarar da ta gabata <ref>{{NFT player|19296}}</ref> ! Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="4" | Argentina | 1979 | 1 | 1 |- | 1980 | 9 | 4 |- | 1981 | 4 | 1 |- | 1982 | 8 | 4 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 22 ! 10 |} == Ƙididdigar gudanarwa == {{Updated|match played on 28 November 2025}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Managerial record by team and tenure ! rowspan="2" |Team ! rowspan="2" |Nat. ! rowspan="2" |From ! rowspan="2" |To ! colspan="8" |Record ! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|Ref|Reference}} |- !{{Tooltip|G|Games managed}} !{{Tooltip|W|Games won}} !{{Tooltip|D|Games drawn}} !{{Tooltip|L|Games lost}} !{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}} !{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}} !{{Tooltip|GD|Goal difference}} !{{Tooltip|Win %|Winning percentage}} |- | align="left" |River Plate |{{Flagicon|Argentina}} | align="left" |8 July 1995 | align="left" |11 February 2000 {{WDL|252|126|66|60|for=451|against=303|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |River Plate |{{Flagicon|Argentina}} | align="left" |1 July 2001 | align="left" |30 June 2002 {{WDL|52|29|14|9|for=111|against=49|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |[[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] |{{Flagicon|England}} | align="left" |9 December 2004 | align="left" |4 May 2005 {{WDL|25|10|7|8|for=34|against=36|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |San Lorenzo |{{Flagicon|Argentina}} | align="left" |24 December 2006 | align="left" |12 June 2008 {{WDL|68|37|14|17|for=104|against=77|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |América |{{Flagicon|Mexico}} | align="left" |25 June 2008 | align="left" |12 February 2009 {{WDL|24|7|9|8|for=32|against=36|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |San Lorenzo |{{Flagicon|Argentina}} | align="left" |25 May 2010 | align="left" |24 April 2011 {{WDL|30|10|9|11|for=29|against=29|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |Independiente |{{Flagicon|Argentina}} | align="left" |12 September 2011 | align="left" |5 March 2012 {{WDL|20|7|5|8|for=21|against=20|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |River Plate |{{Flagicon|Argentina}} | align="left" |30 November 2012 | align="left" |27 May 2014 {{WDL|66|30|17|19|for=76|against=57|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |Paraguay |{{Flagicon|Paraguay}} | align="left" |4 December 2014 | align="left" |12 June 2016 {{WDL|20|3|9|8|for=18|against=28|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |[[Al Hilal SFC|Al-Hilal]] |{{Flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} | align="left" |15 October 2016 | align="left" |20 February 2018 {{WDL|65|41|18|6|for=126|against=58|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |Al-Ittihad |{{Flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} | align="left" |1 July 2018 | align="left" |15 September 2018 {{WDL|4|0|1|3|for=2|against=7|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |Pyramids |{{Flagicon|Egypt}} | align="left" |14 February 2019 | align="left" |27 May 2019 {{WDL|13|8|4|1|for=22|against=9|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |Libertad |{{Flagicon|Paraguay}} | align="left" |20 December 2019 | align="left" |24 September 2020 {{WDL|24|14|4|6|for=45|against=29|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |Botafogo |{{Flagicon|Brazil}} | align="left" |4 November 2020 | align="left" |27 November 2020 {{WDL|0|0|0|0|for=0|against=0|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |Al Nasr |{{Flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} | align="left" |4 February 2021 | align="left" |7 February 2022 {{WDL|37|14|8|15|for=56|against=46|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |[[Al Hilal SFC|Al-Hilal]] |{{Flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} | align="left" |14 February 2022 | align="left" |14 May 2023 {{WDL|60|39|12|9|for=123|against=53|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |Vasco da Gama |{{Flagicon|Brazil}} | align="left" |15 July 2023 | align="left" |27 April 2024 {{WDL|41|17|11|13|for=58|against=52|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |Corinthians |{{Flagicon|Brazil}} | align="left" |10 July 2024 | align="left" |17 April 2025 {{WDL|60|31|16|13|for=94|against=62|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |Olimpia |{{Flagicon|Paraguay}} | align="left" |17 July 2025 | align="left" |24 August 2025 {{WDL|7|2|2|3|for=7|against=11|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |Internacional |{{Flagicon|Brazil}} | align="left" |24 September 2025 | align="left" |29 November 2025 {{WDL|13|3|5|5|for=13|against=17|diff=yes}} | |- ! colspan="4" |Total {{WDLtot|881|428|230|223|for=1422|against=979|diff=yes}} !— |} == Daraja == === Ɗan wasa === '''Farantin Kogi''' * Primera División Argentina : 1979 Metropolitano, 1979 Nacional, 1980 Metropolitano, 1981 Nacional, 1991 Apertura * Supercopa Libertadores ya zo na biyu: 1991 '''Inter Milan''' * Serie A : 1988–89 '''Monaco''' * Coupe de France : 1990–91 * Wanda ya zo na biyu [[Ligue 1|a gasar Ligue 1]] : 1990–91 '''Yokohama Marinos''' * J1 League : 1995 '''Argentina 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Matasa ta Duniya ta FIFA : 1979 <ref name="japan1979">{{Cite web |title=FIFA World Youth Championship Japan 1979&nbsp;– Awards |url=https://www.fifa.com/u20worldcup/archive/japan1979/awards/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906061634/http://www.fifa.com/u20worldcup/archive/japan1979/awards/index.html |archive-date=6 September 2015 |access-date=16 June 2019 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Takalmin Zinare na Gasar Matasa ta Duniya ta FIFA : 1979 <ref name="japan1979"/> * Ƙungiyar Serie A ta Shekara : 1986 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Guerin Sportivo Serie A Team of the Year |url=https://www.bigsoccer.com/threads/serie-a-guerin-sportivo-1980-1991-every-game-with-player-ratings.2085771/ |access-date=30 September 2024 |website=BigSoccer}}</ref> * Primera División Argentina Babban Mawaƙa : 1991 Apertura * Ɗan Wasan Kwallon Kafa na Kudancin Amurka na Shekara Matsayi na biyu: 1991 * Tawagar Kudancin Amurka ta shekara: 1991 * Wanda Ya Fi Kowa Cin Kwallo a J.League : 1993 <ref name="JLE" /> * J.League Mafi Kyawun 'Yan Wasa 11 : 1993 <ref name="JLE">{{Cite web |title=『Ｊリーグアウォーズ』〜Ｊリーグ年間表彰式〜 Best Eleven |url=http://www.jleague.jp/stats/awards_eleven.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206193826/http://www.jleague.jp/stats/awards_eleven.html |archive-date=6 February 2016 |access-date=6 February 2016 |website=jleague.jp}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Japan – J-League Awards |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/jap-poy.html |access-date=7 February 2016 |publisher=RSSSF}}</ref> === Manaja === '''Farantin Kogi''' * Primera División Argentina : 1996 Apertura, 1997 Clausura, 1997 Apertura, 1999 Apertura, 2002 Clausura, 2014 Karshe * Gasar Copa Campeonato : 2014 * Copa Libertadores : 1996 * Super Cup Libertadores : 1997 * Gasar Cin [[Kofin Intercontinental]] ta zo ta biyu: 1996 * Recopa Sudamericana : 1997, 1998 '''San Lorenzo''' * Primera División Argentina : 2007 Clausura '''Al-Hilal''' * Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru ta Saudiyya : 2016–17, 2021–22 * Kofin Sarki : 2017, 2022–23 ; wanda ya zo na biyu 2021–22 * Wanda ya zo na biyu a gasar zakarun AFC : 2017, 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2023 |title=Ramon Diaz praises Al Hilal's 'champion personality' after ACL final defeat to Urawa |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/sport/football/2023/05/06/ramon-diaz-praises-al-hilals-champion-personality-after-acl-final-defeat-to-urawa/ |publisher=The National News}}</ref> * Gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA Clubs : 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2023 |title=Al Hilal coach Ramon Diaz on running Real Madrid close: We hope we entertained you |url=https://www.tribalfootball.com/articles/al-hilal-coach-ramon-diaz-on-running-real-madrid-close-we-hope-we-entertained-you-4446925 |publisher=Tribal Football |access-date=26 July 2026 |archive-date=8 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508160736/https://www.tribalfootball.com/articles/al-hilal-coach-ramon-diaz-on-running-real-madrid-close-we-hope-we-entertained-you-4446925 |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''Al-Ittihad''' * Gasar cin kofin Saudi Super Cup ta zo ta biyu: 2018 '''Al-Nasr''' * Gasar cin kofin League ta UAE : 2020–21 * Wanda ya zo na biyu a gasar cin kofin shugaban ƙasar UAE : 2020–21 '''Korintiyawa''' * Campeonato Paulista : 2025 '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Kocin Gasar EFL na Biyu na Watan : Janairu 2005 * Kocin Ƙwararrun Gasar Saudiyya na Watan : Maris 2022, <ref>{{Cite web |title=سباق الاتحاد والهلال يقودهما إلى جوائز مارس |url=https://spl.sa/ar/news/4109 |access-date=2026-07-26 |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227150519/https://spl.sa/ar/news/4109 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mayu & Yuni 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |title=دياز المدرب الأفضل.. وسليتي والمعيوف والعقيدي يحصدون جوائز مايو ويونيو |url=https://spl.sa/ar/news/4164 |access-date=2026-07-26 |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227150520/https://spl.sa/ar/news/4164 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Bayanan kula == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{NFT player}} * Ramón Díaz at J.League (archive) (in Japanese) * [https://www.shrh.org/ Díaz's interview] on shrh.org [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} oezu4q321do2g264dy5fv9x3iwyxpba 0 162460 906777 888895 2026-08-23T22:51:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906777 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} An kirkiro OrganWise Guys ('''OWG''') a 1993 a Duluth, Jojiya, don koyar da yara ƙanana game da muhimmancin yin zabi mai kyau a rayuwarsu ta hanyar koyo game da [[Gaɓa (jiki)|gabobin ciki]]. Manufar shirye-shiryen OWG ita ce ilimantar da yara da manya game da abinci mai gina jiki da rayuwa mai kyau, da kuma hana kiba na yara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Miller School Researchers Publish Findings on Obesity Prevention Intervention |url=http://med.miami.edu/news/researchers-publish-findings-on-obesity-prevention-intervention/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904165119/http://med.miami.edu/news/researchers-publish-findings-on-obesity-prevention-intervention/ |archive-date=2019-09-04 |access-date=2010-12-21}}</ref> == Ra'ayi == Maimakon koyo game da gabobin ta hanyar litattafai, OWG yana amfani da haruffa masu rai da bukukuwa don koya wa yara game da jikinsu a hanyar da ta dace. Sakonnin OWG sun dogara ne akan taken karfafawa, suna ƙarfafa yara su fahimci muhimmancin lafiyarsu tun suna ƙanana. Babban "dokokin" na OWG Club sune: cin abinci mai ƙarancin kitse da fiber mai yawa, shan ruwa mai yawa, da kuma samun motsa jiki mai yawa. Haruffa kamar Kidney Brothers suna tattauna muhimmancin ruwan sha don kiyaye jini mai tsabta, kuma Peter Pancreas ya bayyana yadda yake sarrafa matakan sukari a cikin jiki ta hanyar yin insulin. Tsarin abinci mai gina jiki na makaranta da tsarin ilimin rayuwa mai kyau ya dace da Common Core State Standards Initiative don maki kafin K-5. == Bincike == Zaɓuɓɓuka Masu Lafiya don Yara a Makarantar Jama'a (2004-2009), binciken gwaji a makarantun firamare, an tsara shi ne don gwada ingancin 1) canje-canje ga abincin da aka ba yara a makaranta, 2) abinci mai gina jiki da tsarin rayuwa mai kyau da ke da alaƙa da ainihin bukatun batutuwa, tallan zamantakewa na kowane wata da ilimi, da kuma aikin jiki na yau da kullun (ciki har da OWG), da 3) sauran ayyukan da ke da tushen makaranta kamar lambunan makaranta. HOPS ya haifar da ingantaccen ƙididdiga a cikin nauyin yara na shirin, Hawan jini, da matakan kewayon kugu, da kuma matsakaicin matsakaicin gwajin, idan aka kwatanta da sakamakon yara a makarantun da ba na shirin ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hollar |first=Danielle |last2=Sarah Messiah |last3=Gabriela Lopez-Mitnik |last4=T. Lucas Hollar |last5=Marie Almon |last6=Arthur Agatston |date=April 2010 |title=Effect of a Two-Year Obesity Prevention Intervention on Percentile Changes in Body Mass Index and Academic Performance in Low-Income Elementary School Children |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=100 |issue=4 |pages=646–653 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2009.165746 |pmc=2836343 |pmid=20167892}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hollar |first=Danielle |last2=Sarah Messiah |last3=Gabriela Lopez-Mitnik |last4=T. Lucas Hollar |last5=Marie Almon |last6=Arthur Agatston |date=4 September 2010 |title=Healthier Options for Public Schoolchildren Program Improves Weight and Blood Pressure in 6 to 13-Year Olds |journal=Journal of the American Dietetic Association |volume=110 |issue=2 |pages=261–7 |doi=10.1016/j.jada.2009.10.029 |pmid=20102854}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hollar |first=Danielle |last2=Michelle Lombardo |last3=Gabriella Lopez-Miknik |last4=Theodore L. Hollar |last5=Marie Almon |last6=Arthur Agatston |last7=Sarah Messiah |year=2010 |title=Effective Multi-level, Multi-sector School-based Obesity Prevention Programming Improves Weight, Blood Pressure, and Academic Performance, Especially among Low-Income, Minority Children |url=https://organwiseguys.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/2010-Hollar-et-al-Effective-multi-level-multi-sector-obesity-prevention-programming-JHCPU-bmi-bp-academic.pdf |journal=Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved |volume=21 |issue=2 Suppl |pages=93–108 |doi=10.1353/hpu.0.0304 |pmid=20453379 |s2cid=37796657 |id={{Project MUSE|380463}} |access-date=2026-07-29 |archive-date=2020-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301122800/https://organwiseguys.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/2010-Hollar-et-al-Effective-multi-level-multi-sector-obesity-prevention-programming-JHCPU-bmi-bp-academic.pdf |url-status=dead }}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> == Yankunan aiki == Ana amfani da kayan OWG a cibiyoyin kula da yara na farko, makarantun firamare, al'ummomi, sansanonin bazara, cibiyoyin bangaskiya, manyan kantuna, da asibitoci a duk faɗin Amurka. Daga 2009 zuwa 2012, tallafin dala miliyan 2 da Gidauniyar W.K. Kellogg ta tallafa wa Cibiyar Abinci ta [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]] ta ba da kuɗi ga sabis na fadada hadin gwiwa jami'a don aiwatar da shirye-shiryen OWG a [[Arkansas (jiha)|Arkansas]], [[Florida]], [[Louisiana]], Mississippi, [[Michigan]], da [[New Mexico]]. Manufar makarantu a matsayin "cibiya" na rigakafin kiba ya ci gaba ta hanyar aikin da wannan tallafin ya yiwu, kuma wannan shine hanyar da OWG ke ɗauka a kokarin hana kiba na yara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Childhood Obesity Prevention with The OrganWise Guys |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uLb38X52bUE |access-date=April 5, 2013 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} hle10x7iz7hacnw71958eduo03ghbhp 0 162547 906636 889477 2026-08-23T18:04:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''MigrantWatch''' wani aiki ne na ƙungiyar da ba ta gwamnati ba wacce ke da alaƙa da kimiyyar ɗan ƙasa a Indiya don tattara bayanai game da ƙaurar tsuntsaye . An kafa ƙungiyar a watan Yulin 2007 kuma Shirin Kimiyya na Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu ta Ƙasa ne ya tsara ta, tare da haɗin gwiwar mujallar ''tsuntsayen Indiya.''<ref name="MigrantWatch">{{Cite web |last=NCBS and Indian Birds Journal |title=Migrant Watch home page |url=http://www.migrantwatch.in/ |access-date=30 November 2010 |archive-date=16 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116022716/http://www.migrantwatch.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == Manufar shirin MigrantWatch ita ce tattara bayanai game da isowa, kasancewar da kuma tashi na tsuntsayen da ke yin hunturu a Indiya da kuma tantance duk wani canji da ya faru a lokacin ƙaura.<ref name="Qader & Raza (2008)">{{Cite journal |last=Quader |first=S. |last2=Raza |first2=R. H. |year=2008 |title=MigrantWatch: A citizen science programme for the study of bird migration |journal=Indian Birds |publisher=New Ornis Foundation |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=202–209}}</ref> Shirin MigrantWatch yana samar da gidan yanar gizo inda membobin da suka yi rijista za su iya loda abubuwan da suka lura da nau'ikan tsuntsayen da ke ƙaura, da kuma samun damar shiga duk bayanan gani da taswira tare da bayanan da aka tsara. A shekarar farko, shirin ya yi niyya ga nau'ikan tsuntsaye tara masu ƙaura:<ref name="Qader & Raza (2008)"/> * ''Anas clypeata'' mai wasan ƙwallo na arewa * Marsh harrier, \ ''Circus aeruginosus'' * Nau'in sandpiper na itace ''Tringa glareola'' * Haɗiye ''Hirundo rustica'' na gama gari (ko barn) * Toka mai launin toka mai launin toka mai launin ruwan kasa mai ''suna Motacilla cinerea'' * Brown shrike ''Lanius cristatus'' * Black redstart ''Phoenicurus ochruros'' * Kwayar warbler mai launin kore ''Phylloscopus trochiloides'' * ''Sturnus roseus'' mai launin ruwan hoda Daga baya, an ƙara jerin zuwa nau'ikan ƙaura guda 30. == Manazarta == <references /> kgothilj61ew6soeze4ih5ypw9ij6ec 0 163048 906566 894269 2026-08-23T12:20:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marianne Pitzen''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1948), GER, ƙwararriyar mai fasaha ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus da aka haifa a [[Stuttgart]] . A shekarar 1981, Pitzen ta kafa Gidan Tarihi na Mata na Bonn, wanda ita ce darakta a yanzu. Gidan tarihin yana karbar bakuncin baje kolin na wucin gadi, kuma ya dauki nauyin sama da mutane 500 tun lokacin da aka kafa shi. Pitzen ta gudanar da baje kolinta na farko a shekarar 1969, ta kafa wani gidan tarihi a shekarar 1971, daga baya kuma ta kafa mujallar "Circular" tare da mijinta. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Marianne Pitzen |url=http://www.frauenmuseum.de/atelier_pitzen.php |access-date=18 September 2012 |publisher=Frauen Museum |language=German}}</ref> == Rayuwa == Marianne Pitzen ta gudanar da baje kolin ta na farko a shekarar 1969. Shekaru uku bayan haka, ta kafa gidan tarihin 'Circulus', kuma a shekarar 1974, tare da mijinta Horst Pitzen, mujallar 'Circular'. A wannan lokacin, an kafa ƙungiyoyin 'frauen formen ihre stadt' da 'Frau + Futura'. Nunin tafiye-tafiyenta ya je, da sauran wurare, Zurich (Le Cor-busier House), Innsbruck (Galerie Krinzinger) da Darmstadt (Jami'ar Fasaha, Farfesa Behnisch). A shekarar 1981, ta kafa [[Women’s Museum|gidan adana kayan tarihi na mata]] na farko a duniya a Bonn. A yau, tana ci gaba da ɗaukar alhakin tsara da kuma tsara gidan kayan tarihi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Martina Meissner |date=2019-04-19 |title=Martina Pitzen, founder of the Bonn Women’s Museum |url=https://www1.wdr.de/radio/wdr5/sendungen/erlebtegeschichten/marianne-pitzen-102.html |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=WDR-Online |publisher=Westdeutscher Rundfunk AdöR |language=de}}</ref> Marianne Pitzen memba ce a ƙungiyar mata masu fasaha "zart & zackig". * "Pro Bundeskanzlerin" (1997) * Aikin jaka a New York ( Metropolitan, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani, Guggenheim, [[Whitney Muse-um|Gidan Tarihi na Whitney]] ) (1997) * "Erhobenen Hauptes" mataki a kan 30 Yuni a Documenta 11, Kassel (2002) == Nune - Nune == * 1991 Karl Ernst Osthaus-Museum, Hagen * Gidan Tarihi na Birni na 1992, Zwickau * 1994 Städt. Hotuna a kasuwar kifi, Erfurt * Gidan Tarihi na Birni na 1998 Bonn * Cibiyar Fasaha ta 1999, Ulaanbaatar * 1999 Salzstadel na Regensburg * Hotunan 2001 Futura, Berlin * Mai tsara taron zane-zane na 2001/02, WWTW zuwa Cologne * 2008 MP 60, Gidan Tarihi na Mata na Bonn == Daraja da kyaututtuka == * [[Rheinlandtaler]] na 2021 daga Majalisar Yankin Rhineland <ref>{{Cite web |last=Elke Dagmar Schneider |date=21 September 2021 |title=LVR honours Marianne Pitzen with the Rheinlandtaler |url=https://www.kabinett-online.de/bonn/lvr-ehrt-marianne-pitzen-mit-dem-rheinlandtaler/ |access-date=10 March 2025 |website=Kabinett Online |language=de |archive-date=12 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312155010/https://www.kabinett-online.de/bonn/lvr-ehrt-marianne-pitzen-mit-dem-rheinlandtaler/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 2014 Mace Mai Tawaye ta Shekara daga Gidauniyar Mata Masu Tawaye <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marianne Pitzen – Rebellious Women Foundation |url=https://www.stiftung-aufmuepfige-frauen.de/preistraegerinnen/preistraegerin-2014/marianne-pitzen/ |access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref> * Tarayyar Cross of Merit ta Jamhuriyar Tarayya ta Jamus * 1991 Mace ta Wata, WDR 1 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] 9n4d93yp4kry4mxbhoupkb691hv6yz5 0 163122 906571 894606 2026-08-23T12:43:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Model_opening_Mariele_Neudecker.jpg|thumb| Neudecker a lokacin buɗe baje kolin ''Model'', Galerie Rudolfinum, Prague, 2015]] [[Fayil:Mariele_Neudecker_Saint_Hélyi_Jèrri_1.jpg|thumb| "Shekarun Haske Miliyan 2.5 da Doppelgänger", a cikin aluminum - an gabatar da shi a Saint Helier, [[Jersey]], 28 ga Yuli 2010 ta Ministan Baitulmali, Sanata Philip Ozouf .]] '''Mariele Neudecker''' (an haife ta a shekarar 1965) 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce wacce ke zaune kuma tana aiki a [[Bristol]], Ingila. Neudecker yana amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa iri-iri, ciki har da sassaka, shigarwa, fim da daukar hoto. Aikinta yana bincika samuwar da kuma yaɗuwar gine-ginen al'adu na tarihi a duniyar halitta, musamman kan wakilcin yanayin ƙasa a cikin al'adar soyayya ta Arewacin Turai da kuma ra'ayoyin yau na Sublime. Babban abin da ke cikin aikin shine sha'awar ɗan adam da alaƙar da ke tsakanin yanayin ƙasa da hotunan da ake amfani da su a cikin misalai don ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. Neudecker ya nuna bajinta a duniya baki ɗaya, musamman a Biennales a Japan, Ostiraliya da Singapore, haka kuma ya nuna wasannin kwaikwayo na kaɗaici a Ikon Gallery, Tate St Ives <ref name="tate profile">{{Cite web |title=Mariele Neudecker |url=https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-st-ives/exhibition/mariele-neudecker-over-and-over-again-and-again |access-date=April 15, 2011 |publisher=Tate St. Ives}}</ref> da Tate Britain . A shekara ta 2010 ta gabatar da wani baje koli na musamman a Galerie Barbara Thumm, Berlin, ta lashe gasar Ludwig Gies Preis saboda halartarta a Triennale Fellbach 2010 (Jamus), ta kafa sabon kwamiti na Extraordinary Measures, Belsay Hall, Castle and Gardens, [[Newcastle|Newcastle upon Tyne]], England kuma an gayyace ta ta yi watanni uku a Headlands Center for the Arts, San Francisco, Amurka. Ta kasance baƙo mai fasaha a dakin gwaje-gwajen kimiyyar lissafi na CERN a 2017 da 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-22 |title=Mariele Neudecker {{!}} Arts · at · CERN |url=https://arts.cern/artist/mariele-neudecker |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922190122/https://arts.cern/artist/mariele-neudecker |archive-date=2023-09-22 |access-date=2024-02-29}}</ref> An haife ta ne a [[Düsseldorf]], Jamus. == Ilimi == * 1985–1987: Kwalejin Fasaha da Zane ta Crawford, Cork, Ireland <ref name="marieleneudecker">{{Cite web |title=Mariele Neudecker - CV + exhibitions |url=https://www.marieleneudecker.co.uk/cc.html |access-date=2019-11-12 |website=Mariele Neudecker - Artist |archive-date=2019-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112152128/https://www.marieleneudecker.co.uk/cc.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 1987–1990: Kwalejin Goldsmiths ( Digiri na BA Hons), London <ref name="marieleneudecker" /> * 1991–1992: Kwalejin Fasaha da Zane ta Chelsea ( Ma Sculpture), London <ref name="marieleneudecker" /> * 1996–1997: Kwalejin Tower Hamlets (Kirkirar Hotuna/Mai Sarrafa Hoto na Dijital), Landan <ref name="marieleneudecker" /> == Nune - Nune == === Nunin kai kaɗai === {{Columns-list|*2000 ''Until Now,'' Ikon Gallery, Birmingham, UK<ref>{{cite news|first1=Laura|last1=Cumming|accessdate=2019-11-12|title=Review: Mariele Neudecker|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2000/oct/08/1|newspaper=The Observer|date=8 October 2000|issn=0029-7712|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first1=Adrian|last1=Searle|accessdate=2019-11-12|title=Arts: The magical landscapes of Mariele Neudecker|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2000/oct/03/artsfeatures|newspaper=The Guardian|date=3 October 2000|issn=0261-3077|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref> *2000 ''Until Now,'' 1stSite at the Minories, Colchester, UK *2001 ''Until Now,'' Künstlerhaus Bethanien & Galerie Barbara Thumm, Berlin *2002 ''Between Us,'' Chapter, Cardiff, Wales, (cat.) *2003 ''Frozen,'' [[Site Gallery]], Sheffield<ref>{{cite news|first1=Alfred|last1=Hickling|accessdate=2019-11-12|title=Frozen, Site Gallery, Sheffield|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2003/jan/02/art.artsfeatures1|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2 January 2003|issn=0261-3077|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref> *2003 ''Winterreise,'' Opera North Touring Project *2003 ''Between Us,'' Chapter Touring (Glynn Vivian Art Gallery, Swansea, Leeds City art Gallery, Bluecoat - Liverpool), UK *2004 ''Winterreise,'' Opera North Project (various venues), UK *2004 ''Between Us'', Tullie House, Carlisle, GB, Laing Gallery, Newcastle, UK *2004 ''Over and Over,'' Again and Again, Tate St Ives, Cornwall, UK, (cat.)<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tate|accessdate=2019-11-12|title=Mariele Neudecker: Over and Over, Again and Again – Exhibition at Tate St Ives|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-st-ives/exhibition/mariele-neudecker-over-and-over-again-and-again|website=Tate}}</ref> *2004 ''Much Was Decided Before You Were Born,'' Galerie Barbara Thumm, Berlin *2005 ''Kindertotenlieder,'' [[Impressions Gallery]], York, UK (DVD-cat.)<ref>{{cite news|first1=Alfred|last1=Hickling|accessdate=2019-11-12|title=Mariele Neudecker, Impressions Gallery, York|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2005/sep/16/art1|newspaper=The Guardian|date=16 September 2005|issn=0261-3077|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref> *2005 ''Over and Over, Again and Again,'' Tate Britain, London Winterreise, Opera North Project (various venues), UK *2006 ''Kindertotenlieder'' (''Songs on the Death of Children''), Salts Mill, Saltaire, Colston Hall Bristol;<ref>{{cite news|first1=Laura|last1=Cumming|accessdate=2019-11-12|title=Art: Mariele Neudecker: British Art Show 6: Wig Wam Bam!|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2006/aug/27/art|newspaper=The Observer|date=26 August 2006|issn=0029-7712|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref> Bonnington Gallery, Nottingham, UK *2006 ''Ambassador,'' Republic Tower Billboard Project, Centre for Contemporary Art in Association with Visible Art Foundation, Melbourne, Australia *2007 ''Afterlife'' (2 permanent video works), Egyptian Collection, Bristol's City Museum and Art Gallery, Bristol *2008 ''2.5 million light years,'' commission for the NewArtCentre, Roche Court, Salisbury, UK *2008 Mariele Neudecker, Gallery Barbara Thumm, Berlin *2008 ''This Thing Called Darkness,'' Arts Towada, Towada, Japan (cat.) *2009 ''Winterreise,'' full length screening at Prince Charles Cinema, London, UK *2009 ''Winterreise,'' live performances Leicester, Leeds and Lancaster *2009 Mariele Neudecker - New Works, ROOM, London *2009 Mariele Neudecker, Stay Forever and Never Come Back, The Dovecote Studio, Aldeburgh Music, Snape Maltings, Suffolk, UK *2010 Mariele Neudecker, Galerie Barbara Thumm, Berlin (leparello publication) *2011 ''Kindertotenlieder,'' Mariele Neudecker, Howard Assembly Hall, Opera North, Leeds, UK *2012 Mariele Neudecker, Parhelion, Thomas Rehbein Gallery, Cologne, Germany|colwidth=30em}} === Kwamitoci === * 2019: ''Sannan Duniya Ta Canza Launi: Rawaya Mai Numfashi,'' Shigar da sassaka, Hotunan Hotunan Dulwich, Dulwich, Kudancin London, 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dulwich Picture Gallery commissions immersive installation by Mariele Neudecker |url=https://www.dulwichpicturegallery.org.uk/about/press-media/press-releases/immersive-installation-by-mariele-neudecker-to-join-harald-sohlberg-exhibition/ |access-date=2019-11-12 |website=www.dulwichpicturegallery.org.uk}}</ref> === Nunin rukuni === * 2015 ''Model'', Galerie Rudolfinum, Prague == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] i801ve3sispzda72ma5gtrm9mhp377c 0 163134 907001 894730 2026-08-24T11:34:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 907001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Randy DeRoy Mantooth''' (Satumba 19, 1945 - Yuli 9, 2026), <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 11, 2026 |title=Randolph Mantooth, who played medic on NBC's 'Emergency!' series, dies at 80 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/randolph-mantooth-played-medic-nbcs-emergency-dies-80-rcna404688 |website=NBC News}}</ref> wanda aka fi sani da '''Randolph Mantooth''', ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka wanda ya yi aiki a talabijin, shirye-shiryen fina-finai, wasan kwaikwayo, da fina-finai sama da shekaru 50. Ya kammala karatunsa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Dramatic ta Amurka, wani wakilin hazikan Universal Studios ne ya gano shi a New York yayin da yake jagorantar wasan kwaikwayo ''na Philadelphia, Here I Come!'' Bayan ya sanya hannu da Universal sannan ya koma California, a hankali ya fara rubuta tarihin rayuwarsa ta aiki a kan shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo kamar ''Adam-12'' (1968); ''Marcus Welby, MD'' (1969); ''McCloud'' (1970); da ''Alias Smith da Jones'' (1971). Mantooth ya nuna ɗan agajin gaggawa John Gage a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na likitanci na shekarun 1970s na ''Gaggawa!'' kuma yana yin jawabi akai-akai a tarurrukan masu kashe gobara da EMS da kuma taron karawa juna sani a faɗin Amurka yayin da yake ci gaba da yin aikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ya kasance mai magana da yawun ƙungiyar masu kashe gobara ta duniya (IAFF) da kuma ƙungiyar shugabannin kashe gobara ta duniya (IAFC) kan lafiya da aminci ga masu kashe gobara, kuma an girmama shi tsawon shekaru da dama da kyaututtuka da girmamawa. <ref name="HonoraryChiefs">{{Cite web |last=Woyjeck, Joe |date=Fall 2012 |title=Randolph Mantooth & Kevin Tighe Made Honorary Fire Chiefs by the County of Los Angeles Fire Department |url=http://lacountyfiremuseum.com/Newsletters/2012FallFireWarden.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508025817/http://lacountyfiremuseum.com/Newsletters/2012FallFireWarden.pdf |archive-date=May 8, 2014 |access-date=November 7, 2014 |publisher=lacountyfiremuseum.com}}</ref> <ref name="RM-archived bio">{{Cite web |title=Randolph Mantooth profile |url=http://www.randymantooth.com/bio.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701082824/http://www.randymantooth.com/bio.html |archive-date=July 1, 2007 |access-date=January 12, 2014 |publisher=randymantooth.com}}</ref> <ref name="route51-thenandnow">{{Cite web |title=Then and Now |url=http://www.route51.com/Randy_Mantooth/Then_and_Now.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111154257/http://www.route51.com/Randy_Mantooth/Then_and_Now.html |archive-date=November 11, 2013 |access-date=November 11, 2013 |publisher=Route51.com}}</ref> Ya fito a fina-finai da shirye-shiryen talabijin da dama a matsayin jagora da kuma masu tallafawa, ciki har da gyare-gyaren da aka yi wa fim ɗin ''Testimony of Two Men'' (1977) da kuma rawar da ya taka a matsayin Abraham Kent a fim ɗin ''The Seekers'' (1979). A cikin shekarun 1990 da 2000, ya fito a cikin wasannin opera na rana, wanda hakan ya ba shi damar samun kyaututtukan Soap Opera Digest guda huɗu. Ya kan koma yin wasan kwaikwayo a wasannin kwaikwayo. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin mai fasaha a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Jeff Daniels ' Purple Rose Theatre . <ref name="PurpleRose">{{Cite web |title=The Purple Rose Theatre Company |url=http://www.purplerosetheatre.org/about/board-of-directors |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009040404/http://www.purplerosetheatre.org/about/board-of-directors |archive-date=October 9, 2013 |access-date=November 15, 2013 |website=Purple Rose Theatre}}</ref> Ayyukansa sun haɗa da fim ɗin Mark Kaufman mai suna ''Evil Little Thoughts'', <ref name="DenverCenter">{{Cite web |title=Denver Center Theatre Production History |url=http://www.denvercenter.org/about-us/denver-center-theatre-company/DCTC-production-history.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602195055/http://www.denvercenter.org/about-us/denver-center-theatre-company/DCTC-production-history.aspx |archive-date=June 2, 2014 |access-date=June 1, 2014 |publisher=denvercenter.org}}</ref> ''Black Elk Speaks'', Carey Crim's ''Morning after Grace'', <ref name="PurpleRose" /> ''Rain Dance'' na Lanford Wilson, <ref name="RainDance1">{{Cite web |title=Randolph Mantooth at the Internet Off-Broadway Database |url=http://www.lortel.org/LLA_archive/index.cfm?search_by=people&first=Randolph&last=Mantooth&middle= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122092421/http://www.lortel.org/lla_archive/index.cfm?search_by=people&first=Randolph&middle=&last=Mantooth |archive-date=November 22, 2015 |access-date=May 18, 2014 |publisher=lortel.org}}</ref> da kuma ayyuka da dama da marubutan wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan asalin Amurka suka yi, ciki har da William S. Yellow Robe Jr. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Mantooth, ɗan fari cikin 'ya'ya huɗu, a matsayin Randy DeRoy Mantooth a Sacramento, California, a 1945, <ref name="Emmy Interview">{{Cite web |last=Harrington, Amy |date=December 13, 2013 |title=Interview with Randolph Mantooth |url=http://www.emmytvlegends.org/interviews/people/randolph-mantooth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704105433/http://emmytvlegends.org/interviews/people/randolph-mantooth |archive-date=July 4, 2014 |access-date=April 22, 2014 |publisher=emmytvlegends.org}}</ref> ga Sadie (ɗan Neddenreip) daga Nebraska, wanda ya fito daga Jamus da Ingila, da kuma Donald "Buck" Mantooth, wanda aka haifa a matsayin Cherokee da Seminole . <ref name="VicAdvocate">{{Cite web |last=Beck, Marilyn |author-link=Marilyn Beck |date=November 14, 1979 |title=Randolph Mantooth Mellows After All These Years |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=861&dat=19791114&id=mJlHAAAAIBAJ&pg=7187,3474485 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251010200055/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=861&dat=19791114&id=mJlHAAAAIBAJ&pg=7187,3474485 |archive-date=October 10, 2025 |access-date=February 10, 2014 |publisher=The Victoria Advocate}}</ref> Mantooth ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta San Marcos kuma ya halarci wasannin kwaikwayo na makaranta. Bayan karatunsa a Kwalejin Santa Barbara City, ya sami tallafin karatu zuwa Kwalejin Fasaha ta Dramatic ta Amurka da ke New York. <ref name="IMDB-bio">{{Cite web |last=Brumburgh, Gary |title=IMDB profile |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0544168/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115013614/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0544168/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm |archive-date=November 15, 2014 |access-date=November 11, 2013 |publisher=imdb.com}}</ref> A can ne ya zaɓi ya canza sunansa na farko daga "Randy" zuwa sunan dandamali "Randolph", inda ya ci gaba da riƙe sunansa na ƙarshe. <ref name="Emmy Interview"/> Wasansa a matsayin Gar a cikin wasan kwaikwayo ''na Philadelphia, Here I Come!'' ya ba shi kyautar Charles Jehlenger Award a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Jarumi, wata girmamawa da ya raba da abokin aikinsa Brad Davis . <ref name="RM-archived bio"/> Ayyukan Mantooth na baya sun haɗa da aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar lif a Cocin Madison Avenue Baptist da kuma aiki a matsayin shafi a NBC Studios a Cibiyar Rockefeller da ke [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] . Aikinsa na farko da yake yi a rayuwa shi ne aikin jarida a jaridar gida, ''Coatesville Record'', a Coatesville, Pennsylvania . <ref name="RM-Blog">{{Cite web |date=May 28, 2011 |title=Homeward Bound |url=http://www.route51.com/Randy_Mantooth/Blog/Entries/2011/5/28_Homeward_Bound.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230902/http://www.route51.com/Randy_Mantooth/Blog/Entries/2011/5/28_Homeward_Bound.html |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=April 15, 2017 |publisher=route51.com}}</ref> == Sana'a == === Aikin farko (1970s) === An gano Mantooth a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] ta hannun Eleanor Kilgallen, wakiliyar hazaka ta Universal Studios ('yar'uwar Dorothy Kilgallen ) yayin da take jagorantar wasan kwaikwayo ''na Philadelphia, Here I Come!'' <ref name="RM-archived bio"/> Bayan ya sanya hannu da Universal sannan ya koma California, a hankali ya gina tarihin aikinsa tare da yin aiki a kan shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo kamar ''Adam-12'' (1968), ''Marcus Welby, MD'' (1969), ''McCloud'' (1970) da ''Alias Smith da Jones'' (1971). <ref name="IMDB-bio"/> Wannan ya haifar da shahararriyar talabijin a kan ''shirin gaggawa mai farin jini!'' shirin a shekarar 1972 wanda aka watsa a NBC na tsawon shekaru shida. <ref name="IMDB-bio"/> Ya sami ƙarin matsayi a cikin jerin wasanni biyu. Mantooth ya nuna Laftanar Mike Bender a cikin ''Operation Petticoat'' (1977) da kuma matsayin Eddie Dawkins a cikin ''Detective School'' (1979). An nuna shi a matsayin baƙon mai wasan kwaikwayo a talabijin mai ban sha'awa. Ya bayyana a shirye-shirye da dama ciki har da ''Sierra'', ''Cos'', ''[[The Love Boat]]'', ''Battlestar Galactica'' da ''Vega$'' . <ref name="IMDB-bio" /> === ''Gaggawa!'' (1972–1979) === [[Fayil:Emergency!_cast_1973.jpg|thumb|275x275px| 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo na ''shirin gaggawa na TV!'' (1973), LR: Kevin Tighe, Robert Fuller, Julie London, Bobby Troup da Randolph Mantooth]] Furodusa Robert A. Cinader ya ga Randolph Mantooth a wani ƙaramin matsayi a cikin fim ɗin ''The Bold Ones'' da ke gaban Hal Holbrook wanda hakan ya sa ya yanke shawarar sanya shi a matsayin likitan gaggawa John Gage a cikin ''shirin gaggawa!.'' Mantooth da Kevin Tighe suna cikin ƙungiyar ma'aikatan jinya da aka tura zuwa rundunar sojoji ta 51 ta Sashen Kashe Gobara na Gundumar Los Angeles . <ref name="RM-archived bio"/> Da yake mayar da martani ga haɗurra ko ceto mai haɗari a cikin "ɗakin gaggawa a kan ƙafafun" tare da umarni ta hanyar wayar salula daga ma'aikatan lafiya a asibiti, ma'aikatan agajin gaggawa sun yi dabarun Tallafawa Rayuwa Mai Kyau (ALS) don kwantar da marasa lafiya da suka ji rauni, marasa lafiya, da waɗanda ke mutuwa kafin a kai su asibiti. <ref name="RM-archived bio" /> Domin yin atisaye don sassan jikinsu, Mantooth da Tighe sun zauna a cikin azuzuwan ma'aikatan jinya kuma suka fita tare da Sashen Kashe Gobara na Gundumar LA . <ref name="RM-QA-2014">{{Cite web |date=February 1, 2014 |title=Q & A with Randolph Mantooth |url=http://www.route51.com/Randy_Mantooth/Blog/Entries/2014/2/1_Q%26A_January_2014.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219202433/http://www.route51.com/Randy_Mantooth/Blog/Entries/2014/2/1_Q%26A_January_2014.html |archive-date=February 19, 2014 |access-date=April 15, 2017 |publisher=route51.com}}</ref> A wata hira da Tom Blixa na WTVN, Mantooth ya ce furodusan yana son su yi horo domin aƙalla su san muhimman abubuwa kuma su yi kama da sun san abin da suke yi a kyamara. Mantooth ya ambaci cewa sai dai idan ka ɗauki kwas ɗin da aka rubuta, ba likitan gaggawa ba ne kuma "idan wani yana da bugun zuciya, zan kira 911 tare da mafi kyawunsu". <ref name="WTVN">{{Cite web |date=May 23, 2013 |title=Interview with Randolph Mantooth |url=http://www.610wtvn.com/pages/producertom.html?article=11319270 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019162356/http://www.610wtvn.com/pages/producertom.html?article=11319270 |archive-date=October 19, 2013 |access-date=November 11, 2013 |publisher=WTVN}}</ref> A cewar marubuta Richard Yokley da Roxane Sutherland waɗanda suka rubuta littafin, ''Emergency!'' ''Bayan Fage'', shirin ''gaggawa!'' wani muhimmin babi ne a tarihin talabijin. == Rayuwar mutum da mutuwa == Mantooth ya auri Rosemarie A. Parra a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1978; sun sake a shekarar 1991. A shekara ta 2002, ya auri Kristen Connors. A shekarar 2013, mahaifiyar Mantooth, Sadie Mantooth, ta mutu tana da shekaru 90. Gidan Tarihin Kashe Gobara na Gundumar Los Angeles ya sami gudummawa ta musamman daga gare shi wanda aka keɓe don tunawa da mahaifiyarsa. <ref name="LAmuseum-DonorBoard">{{Cite web |title=County of Los Angeles Fire Museum Donor Board |url=http://lacountyfiremuseum.com/MuseumDonorBoard.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111062138/https://www.lacountyfiremuseum.com/MuseumDonorBoard.html |archive-date=November 11, 2013 |access-date=December 20, 2013 |website=Los Angeles County Fire Museum |publisher=}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, Mantooth ya bayyana cewa an gano yana da [[Sankara|cutar kansa]] a farkon shekarar, ya kammala magani, kuma yana kan hanyarsa ta murmurewa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mantooth |first=Randy |date=August 30, 2015 |title=Randy Mantooth recovering from cancer, starred in 70s show EMERGENCY! |url=http://www.goheroes.us/last-alarm/randy-mantooth-recovering-from-cancer-starred-in-70s-show-emergency |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903005027/http://www.goheroes.us/last-alarm/randy-mantooth-recovering-from-cancer-starred-in-70s-show-emergency |archive-date=September 3, 2015 |access-date=September 5, 2015 |website=Heroes Memorial Foundation, Inc |publisher=}}</ref> Mantooth ya mutu sakamakon matsalolin da suka shafi [[ciwon huhu]] a wani asibitin kula da marasa lafiya da ke Ventura, California, a ranar 9 ga Yuli, 2026, yana da shekaru 80. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Barnes |first=Mike |date=July 10, 2026 |title=Randolph Mantooth, Firefighter-Paramedic Johnny Gage on 'Emergency!,' Dies at 80 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/randolph-mantooth-dead-emergency-1236644221/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260710233604/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/randolph-mantooth-dead-emergency-1236644221/ |archive-date=July 10, 2026 |access-date=July 10, 2026 |publisher=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sloane |first=Stephanie |date=July 10, 2026 |title=Randolph Mantooth Dies: 'Emergency!' & 'Loving' Star Was 80 |url=https://www.tvinsider.com/1274911/randolph-mantooth-dead-emergency-loving/ |publisher=TV Insider}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/other/emergency-star-randolph-mantooth-dies-at-80/ar-AA27FLgY?ocid=msedgntp&pc=NMTS&cvid=6a559c8671d5409ebebdc722174e37a7&ei=12 |access-date=2026-07-14 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> === Mai ba da shawara da mai magana da yawun ma'aikacin kashe gobara/EMS === Baya ga aikin Mantooth na tsawon shekaru arba'in, ya ci gaba da zama mai fafutukar kare rayukan masu kashe gobara, ma'aikatan jinya, ma'aikatan gaggawa, da sauran masu samar da ayyukan gaggawa na kiwon lafiya . Ya yi jawabai da kuma bayyana kansa kowace shekara a tarurruka a faɗin ƙasar, [1] yana tattaunawa kan "labarin ciki game da ci gaban shirin talabijin na gaggawa! da tasirinsa ga ci gaban tsarin EMS". [2] Bayan yin aiki kafada da kafada da ma'aikacin kashe gobara/masu kwantar da hankali na farko a ƙasar, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin masu ba da shawara kan fasaha a shirin gaggawa! , Mantooth ya kawo hangen nesa da fahimta game da fara aiki da tarihin jiyya kafin asibiti a wannan fanni. Ya yi aiki tare da mutane masu tasiri waɗanda suka kawo canji... mutanen da ya yi matuƙar sha'awa ... Marigayi Robert A. Cinader, wanda ya ƙirƙiri kuma ya shirya fim ɗin Emergency! , da kuma mutumin da aka sani da Uban Ayyukan Gaggawa na Zamani, aboki kuma mai ba da shawara, marigayi James O. Page . [2] A cewar AJ Heightman, Babban Edita, Jaridar Ayyukan Gaggawa na gaggawa (JEMS), "Randy Mantooth yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan tunatarwa mafi ƙarfi game da yadda Amurka ta mayar da bayar da kulawar gaggawa ta asali zuwa tsarin EMS da Tallafin Rayuwa Mai Ci gaba." An nuna sadaukarwar Mantooth ga haɓakawa da kuma fafutukar neman agajin gaggawa ta hanyar dalilai na kashin kai: "Ina bin ma'aikatan kashe gobara, EMTs, da ma'aikatan agajin gaggawa bashi mai yawa... don haka wannan bashi ne da babu wanda zai iya biya, amma za ku iya gwadawa. Shi ya sa yake da matuƙar muhimmanci a gare ni in yi abin da nake yi." <ref name="Native Report">{{Cite web |title=Interview: Native Report, Season 8 Episode 2 (2013) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W7QROsBqwZg |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308193045/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W7QROsBqwZg |archive-date=March 8, 2016 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |publisher=WDSE/WPRT PBS }}</ref> Mantooth ya yi nuni da cewa an ceto rayuwarsa daga gubar carbon monoxide a gida a lokacin ''gaggawa!'' , ban da ma'aikatan agajin gaggawa da kuma ma'aikacin jinya na jirgin sama da ya ceci rayuwar 'yar'uwarsa bayan ta shiga hatsarin mota. <ref name="Cragg Live">{{Cite web |date=November 23, 2014 |title=CRAGG LIVE – Randolph Mantooth, Marty Allen, & Jay Johnson |url=https://archive.org/download/CRAGGLIVERandolphMantoothMartyAllenJayJohnson/CRAGG%20%20LIVE%20%20-%20Randolph%20Mantooth%2C%20Marty%20Allen%2C%20%26%20Jay%20Johnson.mp3 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |pages=(audio starts at 10:00)}}</ref> <ref name="Native Report" /> Mantooth ya kuma yi kira ga lafiya da amincin masu kashe gobara da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da haɗarin gubar carbon monoxide da kuma illolin gubar CO2 mai ƙarancin ƙarfi. <ref name="SilentKiller">{{Cite web |title=The Silent Killer (2010) |url=http://www.thesilentkiller.net/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109002512/http://thesilentkiller.net/ |archive-date=January 9, 2014 |access-date=May 31, 2014 |publisher=thesilentkiller.net}}</ref> Tare da haɗin gwiwa da Masimo Corporation, ya yi magana game da gubar carbon monoxide a duk faɗin ƙasar. Kamfanin Masimo ya dauki nauyin wani bidiyo, wanda Mantooth ya bayar, game da illolin carbon monoxide don ilmantar da masu kashe gobara. <ref name="SilentKiller" /> [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2026]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ===manazarta=== 6dwpvbhaqcfa4snchwbfzq7aa1reewv 0 163272 906805 895303 2026-08-24T01:35:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906805 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Portrait_Nicole_Wermers_Foto_Peter_Guenzel.jpg|alt=Nicole Wermers, wearing a baseball cap, with a serious expression|thumb| Nicole Wermers (2024)]] '''Nicole Wermers''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1971) 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai zane, an haife ta a Emsdetten, kuma tana zaune a Landan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography |url=http://nwermers.webs.com/biography.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501035356/http://nwermers.webs.com/biography.htm |archive-date=1 May 2015 |access-date=5 May 2016 |website=nwermers.webs.com}}</ref> == Ilimi == Wermers ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Hamburg (Hochschule für bildende Künste Hamburg) daga 1991 zuwa 1997 kuma ta sami digiri na MFA daga Kwalejin Fasaha da Zane ta Central Saint Martins, Jami'ar Fasaha ta London a 1999. Ta shiga cikin ayyukan zama a Delfina Studio Trust da ke Landan (2004) da Camden Arts Centre da ke Landan (2005), kuma kwanan nan ta sami tallafin karatu a Villa Massimo, Kwalejin Jamus da ke Rome (2012). <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=exhibit-e.com |title=Nicole Wermers - Artists - Tanya Bonakdar Gallery |url=http://www.tanyabonakdargallery.com/artists/nicole-wermers/series |access-date=5 May 2016 |website=www.tanyabonakdargallery.com}}</ref> == Sana'a == A shekarar 2013, Wermers ta tsara jerin cokali biyu masu kauri don sabon gidan shayin da aka gyara a Tate Britain . An ruwaito cewa masu cin abinci da baƙi sun sace da yawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Quah |first=Grace |date=29 November 2013 |title=Double-ended teaspoons by Nicole Wermers stolen from Tate Britain cafe |url=https://www.dezeen.com/2013/11/29/double-ended-teaspoons-nicole-wermers-stolen-tate-britain/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250418084707/https://www.dezeen.com/2013/11/29/double-ended-teaspoons-nicole-wermers-stolen-tate-britain/ |archive-date=18 April 2025 |access-date=4 May 2025 |website=[[Dezeen]]}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, an zaɓi Wermers don samun kyautar Turner Prize domin karrama baje kolin ta na ''Infrastruktur'', wanda aka fara nuna shi a Herald St, London. Shigarta ''Infrastruktur'' ta yi amfani da kyawawan kayan kwalliya da kayan ƙira na zamani da kuma salon zamani, wanda ke nuni da jigogi na salon rayuwa, aji, amfani da kuma iko. <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Turner Prize 2015 artists: Nicole Wermers, Tate |url=http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tramway/exhibition/turner-prize-2015/turner-prize-2015-artists-nicole-wermers |access-date=5 May 2016 |website=www.tate.org.uk}}</ref> Ta zama farfesa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Fine Arts, Munich a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Akademie der Bildenden Künste München - Prof. Nicole Wermers |url=https://www.adbk.de/en/akademie-en/academic-staff/professors/544-prof-nicole-wermers.html |website=www.adbk.de |access-date=2026-08-11 |archive-date=2024-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310112921/https://www.adbk.de/en/akademie-en/academic-staff/professors/544-prof-nicole-wermers.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> An gabatar da wani sabon shiri na Wermers, wanda ke nuna ma'aurata da ke rawa a marathon, a [[Waterford]], [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Ireland]], a farkon 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Blackhurst |first=Alice |date=1 April 2025 |title=Strictly come endurance dancing! Marathon hoofers bring back the age of week-long epics |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2025/apr/01/strictly-come-endurance-dancing-marathon-hoofers-nicole-wermers |access-date=4 May 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> == Tarin abubuwa == Ana iya samun ayyukan mawaƙin a cikin tarin Tate na dindindin a London, Hamburger Kunsthalle a Hamburg, Gidan kayan tarihi für Moderne Kunst a Frankfurt, Gidan kayan tarihi na Karl-Ernst Osthaus a Hagen, da kuma wani ɓangare na Tarin Bankin DGZ a Düsseldorf, da sauransu. <ref name="auto"/> == Kyaututtuka == A cikin 1998-99 Wemers sun sami DAAD Jahresstipendium, London, lambar yabo ta 1997 na Dietze Foundation, Hamburg. A shekarar 2015, an zaɓi Wermers don kyautar Turner tare da Bonnie Camplin, Janice Kerbel, da Assemble . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] 2wxywwj6vbh31ba2a0ucobdfw7wiit8 0 163335 906577 895683 2026-08-23T13:34:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marta Astfalck-Vietz''' ( ''née'' Vietz; 21 ga Yuli 1901 &#x2013; 14 ga Fabrairu 1994) ta kasance mai ɗaukar hoto 'yar Jamus, ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa kuma mai zane da ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyar [[Bauhaus]] . Ana tuna ta da jerin hotunanta na farko tun daga shekarar 1930. Baya ga [[Ilse Bing]], Lotte Jacobi, Marianne Breslauer, Germaine Krull, da Lucia Moholy, ta samar da hotuna da hotunan zamani a fannoni daban-daban na avant-garde da kuma harkar kasuwanci, aikin jarida na daukar hoto, da kuma salon zamani. An sake gano ayyukanta a shekarar 1991. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Marta Vietz a Neudamm (Neumark), Jamus (yanzu: Dębno, Poland), 'yar wani firinta kuma shugabar gidan buga littattafai ''Klassische Kunst'' . Iyalin sun yi ta yawo akai-akai a lokacin da take makaranta kafin su zauna a [[Berlin]] a shekarar 1912, inda mahaifinta ya kafa wani situdiyo don kwaikwayon zane-zane. A shekarar 1929 ta auri mai ginin Hellmuth Astfalck, kuma ta ci gaba da samar da hotuna don bugawa a cikin mujallu masu zane. == Daukar hoto == An haifi Vietz a watan Yulin 1901, ta fara karatunta na fasaha a matsayin ɗaliba a [[Kunstgewerbeschule]] da ke Berlin. Vietz ta yi horo tare da ƙwararren mai ɗaukar hoto Lutz Kloss tsakanin 1925 da 1926 kuma ta fara aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto mai zaman kansa, mai tsara zane, da talla kafin ta kafa nata studio a 1927. An kwatanta ayyukan Vietz, waɗanda aka manta da su har zuwa shekarun 1980, da na abokan zamanta [[Gertrud Arndt]] da Claude Cahun . An lalata adadi mai yawa na kayan tarihinta a shekarar 1943 a lokacin harin bam na Berlin a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] . Hotunan da suka rage, yawancinsu sun lalace, ana gudanar da su a cikin tarin [[Gidan baje kolin Berlin|Berlinische Galerie]] - Landesmuseum für Moderne Kunst. <ref name="GSA">{{Cite web |title=Surreal, Sexy, Sinister: the photographs of Marta Astfalck-Vietz |url=https://www.gsa.ac.uk/life/gsa-events/events/a/astfalck-vietz-photography-exhibition/?source=archive |access-date=10 July 2023 |website=Glasgow School of Art |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710015330/https://www.gsa.ac.uk/life/gsa-events/events/a/astfalck-vietz-photography-exhibition/?source=archive |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 1991, Janos Frecot, darektan tarin hotunan a Berlinische Galerie, ya shirya wani kasidar nuni da nunin ayyukan Astfalck-Vietz. An nuna ayyukanta a Gidan Tarihi na Harn, <ref name="Harn">{{Cite web |title=Surreal, Sexy, Sinister: The Photographs of Marta Astfalck-Vietz- |url=https://harn.ufl.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/publication-annualreport1213.pdf |access-date=10 July 2023 |website=Harn Museum of Art}}</ref> Gidan Tarihi na Ludwig, Cologne, Gidan Tarihi na Albertina, [[Vienna]], Pinakothek der Moderne, Munich, da sauran wurare. <ref name="MA">{{Cite web |title=Marta Astfalck-Vietz |url=https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/Marta-Astfalck-Vietz/AB473BE3C2DAC309/Biography |access-date=10 July 2023 |website=Mutual Art}}</ref> A shekarar 1982, an ba ta lambar yabo ta <nowiki><i id="mwTg">Bundesverdienstkreuz am Bande</i></nowiki> (Cross of Merit a kan ribbon). == Tarin abubuwa == An ajiye hotunanta da dama a cikin tarin Berlinische Galerie na dindindin. <ref name="BG">{{Cite web |title=Marta Astfalck-Vietz (1901 - 1994) |url=https://sammlung-online.berlinischegalerie.de/eMP/eMuseumPlus?service=ExternalInterface&module=artist&objectId=9332&viewType=detailView |access-date=10 July 2023 |website=Berlinische Gallerie Museum fur Moderne Kunst |archive-date=24 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524231115/https://sammlung-online.berlinischegalerie.de/eMP/eMuseumPlus?service=ExternalInterface&module=artist&objectId=9332&viewType=detailView |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Littattafan tarihi == * Marta Astfalck-Vietz: ''Mai daukar hoto 1922–1935.'' Kundin bayanai na baje kolin a cikin ''Gidan Tarihi na Berlinische'' daga 18 ga Mayu - 28 ga Yuli 1991, Berlin 1991 * Marta Astfalck-Vietz da Rolf Italiaander: ''Marta Astfalck-Vietz.'' ''1936–1986: 50 Jahre Pflanzenporträts.'' Celle 1986 * Günther Dankmeyer da Volker Probst: ''Marta Astfalck-Vietz.'' ''Itacen Orchid ne.'' ''Pflanzenaquarelle aus fünf Jahrzehnten.'' Fröhlich, Celle 1992 * Frank-Manuel Peter : ''"Mitgift war mir ja wurscht."'' ''Hotunan Marta Astfalck-Vietz (1901–1994).'' A cikin: ''Tanzdrama.'' lamba 26, 1994, shafi na 1.&nbsp;8–10 * Frauke Runge da Brigitte Schwettmann: ''Marta Astfalck-Vietz – Kunstmalerin, Kunsterziehung und Fotografin'', in: ''Frauen aus dem Celler Land.'' ''Ein Streifzug durch mutu Jahrhunderte'' . Publ. na LEB Bildungswerk im Landkreis Celle eV, vertreten durch Ingrid Lehmann, Ströher Druckerei & Verlag, Celle 2004, p.&nbsp;83–86,{{ISBN|3-921744-37-7}} * Marsha Meskimmon da Shearer West (masu gyara), ''Wahayi na "Neue Frau": Mata da Fasahar Kayayyaki a Weimar Jamus'', Scolar, Aldershot 1995, shafi.&nbsp;76 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1994]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1901]] jdf99fzauy231rfjvn6004v05q9afmx 0 163345 906991 895922 2026-08-24T10:30:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rafael Tavares dos Santos''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2000) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Brazil wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba ko [[Mai buga tsakiya|winger]] don Hercílio Luz . == Aikin kulob == === Spartak Trnava === Tavares ya koma Spartak Trnava a matsayin aro a watan Agusta a shekara ta 2018, wanda da farko ya fara aiki a ƙungiyar matasa ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19. Daga baya, ya koma ƙungiyar farko kuma ya fara buga wasa a Fortuna Liga a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu, a shekara ta 2019, inda ya maye gurbin tsohon ɗan wasan Slovakia, David Depetris . == Daraja == '''Spartak Trnava''' * Kofin Slovnaft : 2018–19 * [https://www.spartak.sk/hrac.asp?id=Rafael-Tavares-703&sezona=2019&kategorie=MUZ Bayanin kulob na FC Spartak Trnava] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818105711/https://www.spartak.sk/hrac.asp?id=Rafael-Tavares-703&sezona=2019&kategorie=MUZ |date=2019-08-18 }} {{In lang|sk}} * Rafael Tavares a * {{Soccerway|rafael-tavares-dos-santos/597058}} * {{Soccerway|rafael-tavares-dos-santos/946710}} * [https://futbalnet.sk/member/1408511/#player Bayanin Futbalnet] {{In lang|sk}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} sgdm07tuv1xlxv8bnr0uvrm8g4ir5u2 0 163350 906565 895757 2026-08-23T12:18:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marianne Gast''' {{Efn|Also known by her married names '''Marianne Goeritz''' and '''Marianne von Campe''', and the pseudonyms '''Matiana''' and '''Marianne Lukin'''.}} (Daga ranar 10 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 1910 harzuwa 1958) mai ɗaukar hoto ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus. Ta ƙware a fannin ɗaukar hotunan gine-gine da ayyukan fasaha. <ref name="Lafuente">{{Cite web |title=Marianne Gast (daga shekara ta 1910 harzuwa 1958) in the Lafuente Archive |url=https://archivolafuente.com/exhibition/marianne-gast-1910%E2%80%931958-in-the-lafuente-archive-23/ |access-date=16 December 2024 |website=Archivo Lafuente}}</ref> Tsawon shekaru da yawa ita ce babbar mai ɗaukar hotunan ayyukan mai zane ɗan asalin Jamus Mathias Goeritz, mijinta daga 1942 zuwa 1958. Yawancin tarihinta yanzu yana hannun Cibiyar Fasaha ta Ƙasa da ke Mexico; sauran takardu suna hannun Taskar Lafuente. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Garrido |first=Fermina |last2=Sánchez Llorens |first2=Mara |year=2022 |title=Los archivos de Lina Bo Bardi, Marianne Gast y Ray Eames. Silencios corales y registros polinómicos |journal=CIDADES, Comunidades e Territórios |page=105 |doi=10.15847/cct.25774 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2018 an nuna nunin solo na farko na aikin Gast a Centro de Documentación de la Imagen a Santander, Spain . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=El CDIS abre sus puertas a la obra de Marianne Gast a través de los fondos del Archivo Lafuente |url=https://www.santander.es/content/cdis-abre-puertas-obra-marianne-gast-traves-fondos-del-archivo-lafuente |access-date=16 December 2024 |publisher=Santander City Council}}</ref> An haifi Gast a Schierke, Jamus, kuma ya yi karatu a Ingila da Faransa. A wannan lokacin ta fara yin aikin daukar hoto. A shekarar 1942 ta haɗu da mai zane da mai sassaka ɗan asalin Jamus Mathias Goeritz a Tangier, lokacin da dukansu biyun ke aiki a Deutsche Academy . <ref name="NunezRuiz-174" /> Sun yi aure a wannan shekarar, <ref name="Josten-29" /> kuma suka zauna a Spain bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, suka fara zama a Granada, sannan suka zauna a Madrid. A shekarar ta 1948, ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa Santillana del Mar saboda an ba Gast aikin ɗaukar hotuna don wani littafi da aka tsara game da garin. A shekarar 1949, Gast da Goeritz sun ƙaura zuwa Mexico, domin an gayyaci Goeritz ya koyar a sabuwar makarantar gine-gine da ke Guadalajara. A shekara ta 1951, Gast ya zama shugaban sabon gidan tarihi na José Maria Zepeda Estrada da ke Guadalajara. A Mexico, Goeritz ya tsara gidan tarihi na zamani mai suna El Eco, wanda Gast ya ɗauki hotonsa sosai. Gast da Goeritz sun rabu; a shekara ta 1958 ta ziyarci Tsibirin Easter ba tare da shi ba don ɗaukar hotunan ''moai'' a can. Daga baya a wannan shekarar ta koma Jamus, ta saki Goeritz, kuma ta mutu sakamakon ciwon kwakwalwa. A ƙarshen rayuwarta ta auri mijinta na biyu, Carl von Campe . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sánchez Llorens |first=Mara |year=2019 |title=Paraísos encontrados en México por Alice Rahon, Marianne Gast y Leonora Carrington: territorios femeninos y espacios creativos móviles |url=http://hipo-tesis.eu/serienumerada/index.php/ojs/article/view/hipo7sanchez/pdf38 |journal=HipoTesis |volume=7 |page=56 |access-date=2026-08-12 |archive-date=2026-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260813070856/http://hipo-tesis.eu/serienumerada/index.php/ojs/article/view/hipo7sanchez/pdf38 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan rasuwarta, Goeritz ya rubuta wani labari ga ''Arquitectura/México'', mujallar da ya yi wa gyara a sashen zane-zane na tsawon shekaru da yawa, yana tunawa da ita. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1910]] dcv6h064cv8hmzelfqp0ar17k64jzta 0 163352 906784 900064 2026-08-23T23:21:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox food|name=Nacatamal|image=Nicaraguan_Nacatamal.jpg|caption=Nacatamal in Nicaragua being served and ready to eat}} [[Fayil:Nacatamal_assembled.jpg|thumb|Kafin mirginawa: an cika wani indent a cikin masa da shinkafa da naman alade, sannan a rufe shi da dankali, tumatir, sabo mint, zaitun da 'yan inabi.]] [[Fayil:Nacatamal_with_banana_leaf_and_aluminum_foil.jpg|thumb|''Nacatamal'' tare da ganyen ayaba da murfin aluminum]] '''A nacatamal''' (Nahuat: Nakatamal, Nakat "nama", tamal "tamale") (Nahuatl: Nacatamal, Nacatl "nama", tamalli "tamale") abinci ne na gargajiya na Nicaraguan mai kama da tamal da hallaca''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE NACATAMAL IN NICARAGUA A LOCAL DELICACY |url=https://insiderspanish.com/posts/nicaraguan-spanish/nacatamal-a-nicaraguan-delicacy/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Catarina Where Nicaraguas Best Nacatamales Are Sold From Homes |url=https://mike.polischuk.net/2018/12/catarina-nicaragua-best-nacatamales/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Its Nacatamal Time |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-12-05-fo-5881-story.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Authentic Nicaraguan Nacatamales Recipe |url=https://recipe.deshilearners.com/nacatamales-recipe/#google_vignette}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography of Nacatamal |url=https://studygroom.com/geography-of-nacatamal/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cooking Class Eating Nacatamales in Someones Backyard |url=https://www.melonthego.com/cooking-class-eating-nacatamales-in-someones-backyard/}}</ref> Nacatamales suna da asalin Mesoamerican, kuma sun samo asali ne daga ƙabilun Nicarao waɗanda ke zaune a yammacin Nicaragua, sunansa ya samo asali ne daga yaren Nawat kuma an fassara shi zuwa 'naman tamale'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE ACCULTURATION OF THE NICARAO NATIVES IN NICARAGUA |url=https://lifestyleandfoodconsultant.com/other-writings/tag/Acculturation+of+Nicarao%22s+people |access-date=2026-08-12 |archive-date=2024-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315204513/https://lifestyleandfoodconsultant.com/other-writings/tag/Acculturation+of+Nicarao%22s+people |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nicaraguan Nacatamal |url=https://mheescape.mheducation.com/2018/12/10/el-nacatamal-nicaraguense/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Five Traditional Nicaraguan Food You Must Try |url=https://www.latinpost.com/articles/161066/20230930/nicaragua-food-5-try-traditional-dishes-central-american-country.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nacatamal A Taste of Nicaraguan Tradition Wrapped in Banana Leaves |url=https://inventedrecipes.com/recipe/1126 |access-date=2026-08-12 |archive-date=2023-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208131054/https://inventedrecipes.com/recipe/1126 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Recipes for Nicaraguan Nacatamales |url=https://recetasdecomida.pro/receta-para-hacer-nacatamales-nicaraguenses/8 |access-date=2026-08-12 |archive-date=2024-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218120631/https://recetasdecomida.pro/receta-para-hacer-nacatamales-nicaraguenses/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=THE HIRSHON NICARAGUAN PORK NACATAMAL |url=https://www.thefooddictator.com/the-hirshon-nicaraguan-pork-nacatamal/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nacatamales Are the Fatty, Meat-Filled Tamales of Nicaragua |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/nacatamales-are-the-fatty-meat-filled-tamales-of-nicaragua/}}</ref> A zamanin kafin zamanin Columbia, Nicarao ya yi amfani da nama kamar barewa, turkey, da iguana tare da sinadaran kamar tumatir, dankali, barkono, achiote, da ganye don ƙara ɗanɗanon nacatamal kafin a naɗe shi da ɓawon masara a tururi. Bayan mamayar Sipaniya, an yi nacatamales da nama kamar naman alade da kaza. Sun kuma samo asali sun haɗa da sinadaran da ke da daɗi kamar albasa da ganyen ayaba da aka maye gurbin ɓawon masara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nicaraguan Nacatamales Recipe |url=https://travelfoodatlas.com/nicaraguan-nacatamales-recipe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nicaraguan Recipes |url=https://nicaraguanrecipes.com/nacatamal-recipe/ |access-date=2026-08-12 |archive-date=2025-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251206180903/https://nicaraguanrecipes.com/nacatamal-recipe/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana iya ƙara inabi, duk da haka, zaɓi ne kuma ba dole ba ne ga nacatamales. Nacatamal wataƙila shine mafi yawan abincin gargajiya na Nicaragua kuma yawanci ana cin sa a ƙarshen mako, don abincin dare, ko don karin kumallo; yawanci ana cin sa tare da farin burodi da abin sha mai maganin kafeyin kamar baƙar kofi, Coca-Cola ko Pepsi. Abu ne da aka saba cin nacatamales (jam'i) a lokacin bukukuwa na musamman da kuma gayyatar dangi da maƙwabta su ci. [[Fayil:Nacatamales_in_steamer.jpg|thumb|''Nacatamales'' da aka ɗaure a cikin ganyen plantain a shinge don tururi]] == Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su == ''nacatamal'' ya ƙunshi ''Mass'' yawan [[masara]] mai laushi (wani nau'in gurasar da aka yi daga tsarin da ake kira ''Nizquezar'') da man shanu, amma ya haɗa da kayan yaji kamar gishiri da ''achiote'' (annatto). Wannan haɗuwa ana dafa shi ne a al'ada a cikin babban rukuni a kan wuta ta itace. Sakamakon ya zama tushe ga ''nacatamal'' kuma ana kiransa ''Mass''. Wannan tushe an ɗora shi a kan ganyen plantain da aka yi amfani da su don kunshewa cikin manyan ɓangarori. A ganye suna yin nasu shiri daban. Kafin a naɗe ''nacatamal'' kuma a kawo shi zuwa mataki na ƙarshe na tsarin dafa abinci, dole ne a cika shi. Cika yawanci ya kunshi nama na alade mai saurin annatto; shinkafa; sassan [[Dankalin turawa|dankali]], bel, [[Tumatir]], da [[albasa]]; zaitun; sprigs; da Chile <nowiki><span about="#mwt66" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;partial&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Not a typo&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Samfuri:Not a typo&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;congo&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwjg" typeof="mw:Transclusion">congo</span></nowiki>, ƙaramin chile mai kama da kwai da aka samu a Nicaragua. A wani lokaci, ana iya ƙara furotin, inabi ko capers. Ana rufe masa da cikawa a cikin ganyen plantain, an ɗaure su da igiya, kuma an sanya su cikin nau'ikan matashin kai. Wadannan ''nacatamales'' ana tururi ko matsin lamba na sa'o'i da yawa. Dukan tsari yana da matukar aiki kuma sau da yawa yana buƙatar shiri a cikin kwanaki biyu; yana iya zama dole a haɗa dukan iyalin don kammala shi. A yau ya zama ruwan dare a rufe ''nacatamales'' a cikin ganyen ayaba da aluminum kafin a dafa. Yin dafa abinci yana ɗaukar sa'o'i biyar kuma a tsakiyar hanyar ana juya ''nacatamales'' don sauƙaƙa ko da dafa abinci. == Duba kuma == * Jerin jita-jita na masara * Abincin Nicaraguan * Abincin Mesoamerica * Jerin jita-jita * Tashar abinci == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} d9ao8f1hjsycrrd3ar9nm1sbiv57gjz 0 163557 906821 896622 2026-08-24T04:31:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}<small>Small text</small>   '''Olivia Rose Miles''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga Janairu, 2003) ƙwararriyar 'yar wasan ƙwallon kwando ce ta Amurka a ƙungiyar Minnesota Lynx ta ƙungiyar ƙwa<nowiki><small>Insert non-formatted text here</small>'''Rubutu mai gwaɓi'''</nowiki>llon kwando ta mata (WNBA). Ta buga ƙwallon kwando ta kwaleji a ƙungiyar Notre Dame Fighting Irish da TCU Horned Frogs. == Ayyukan makarantar sakandare == An haife shi a Summit, New Jersey kuma daga baya ya zama mazaunin Phillipsburg, New Jersey, Miles ya buga wasan kwando a Blair Academy a Blairstown, New Jersey . A cikin ƙaramar kakar, ta sami maki 13.6, 8.1 rebounds da 7.6 assists a kowane wasa, wanda ya jagoranci tawagarta zuwa Prep A jihar title. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Anthony |date=April 24, 2020 |title=Notre Dame women's basketball gets commitment from nation's No. 2 player in 2021 class |url=https://www.indystar.com/story/sports/college/notre-dame/2020/04/24/olivia-miles-nations-top-point-guard-2021-commits-notre-dame/3020953001/ |access-date=August 14, 2022 |website=[[The Indianapolis Star]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gould |first=Brandon |date=February 19, 2020 |title=Blair girls basketball ends title drought, wins Prep A championship |url=https://www.nj.com/highschoolsports/2020/02/blair-girls-basketball-ends-title-drought-wins-prep-a-championship.html |access-date=August 14, 2022 |publisher=[[NJ.com]]}}</ref> Miles ta fafata a Philadelphia Belles a zagaye na Amateur Athletic Union, tare da ita ta lashe lambar yabo ta Nike Elite Youth Basketball League a watan Yunin 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 16, 2020 |title=Ivey signs top-five 2021 recruiting class |url=https://www.leaderpub.com/2020/11/16/ivey-signs-top-five-2021-recruiting-class/ |access-date=August 14, 2022 |publisher=Leader Publications |archive-date=March 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320121712/https://www.leaderpub.com/2020/11/16/ivey-signs-top-five-2021-recruiting-class/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga wasan kwando, ta buga [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] a makarantar sakandare.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weinfuss |first=Josh |date=January 29, 2020 |title=Two sports, no problems for No. 2 basketball prospect Olivia Miles |url=https://www.espn.com/womens-college-basketball/story/_/id/28562105/two-sports-no-problems-no-2-basketball-prospect-olivia-miles |access-date=August 14, 2022 |publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> An zaɓi Miles zuwa jerin sunayen Jordan Brand Classic . <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 24, 2021 |title=Citron/Miles Named to 2021 Jordan Brand Classic |url=https://und.com/citron-miles-named-to-2021-jordan-brand-classic/ |access-date=August 14, 2022 |publisher=Notre Dame Fighting Irish}}</ref> ESPN ta ba ta lambar yabo ta taurari biyar, ta himmatu ga buga wasan kwando na kwaleji a Notre Dame bayan ta yi la'akari da Stanford da North Carolina.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Berardino |first=Mike |date=January 30, 2021 |title=Olivia Miles Has Big Plans As She Begins Her Notre Dame Career |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeberardino/2021/01/30/olivia-miles-has-big-plans-as-she-begins-her-notre-dame-career/ |access-date=August 14, 2022 |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == Miles ya zaɓi yin rajista da wuri a Notre Dame kuma ya shiga ƙungiyar a ranar 25 ga Janairu, 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 18, 2021 |title=Olivia Miles Enrolls Early to Notre Dame |url=https://und.com/olivia-miles-enrolls-early-to-notre-dame/ |access-date=August 14, 2022 |publisher=Notre Dame Fighting Irish}}</ref> Fiye da wasanni shida a kakar wasa ta farko, ta samu maki 9.3 da kuma taimakon 3.5 a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Anthony |date=December 22, 2021 |title=Notre Dame Women's basketball: Shifty, nifty Miles learning to be more demanding |url=https://www.ndinsider.com/story/sports/2021/12/22/notre-dame-point-guard-olivia-miles-learning-more-assertive/8985736002/ |access-date=August 14, 2022 |website=Notre Dame Insider}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, 2021, Miles ya sanya maki 14 da kuma taimakon 14, uku ga jerin shirye-shiryen wasan daya, a cikin nasarar 94-35 a kan Bryant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bell |first=Gayle |date=November 10, 2021 |title=One game at a time: A journey through Notre Dame's 2021-22 women's basketball season |url=https://www.ndinsider.com/story/sports/2021/11/10/notre-dame-fighting-irish-womens-basketball-2021-22-game-by-game/6337662001/ |access-date=August 14, 2022 |website=Notre Dame Insider}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga watan Disamba, ta shiga Marina Mabrey a matsayin kadai sabon shiga Notre Dame don yin rikodin sau uku-biyu, tare da maki 11, 13 rebounds da 13 assists a cikin nasarar 73-56 a kan Valparaiso . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oren |first=Paul |date=December 8, 2021 |title=Takeaways: Freshman Olivia Miles leads No. 22 Notre Dame past Valparaiso |url=https://www.nwitimes.com/sports/college/basketball/takeaways-freshman-olivia-miles-leads-no-22-notre-dame-past-valparaiso/article_c2964487-95dc-552d-93be-d7f280b31bf0.html |access-date=August 14, 2022 |website=[[The Times of Northwest Indiana]]}}</ref> Miles ya zira kwallaye 30 a kakar wasa ta 74-61 a kan Kwalejin Boston a ranar 30 ga Janairu, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2022 |title=Freshman Olivia Miles scores 30 as Notre Dame tops Boston College 74-61 |url=https://www.wthr.com/article/sports/college/notre-dame-womens-basketball-freshman-olivia-miles-beat-boston-college/531-7028a5d9-db11-4f49-a874-a1e049d7abe1 |access-date=August 14, 2022 |publisher=[[WTHR]] |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> A zagaye na farko na Gasar NCAA, ta zama sabon shiga na farko a tarihin gasar mata ko maza don yin rajistar sau uku-biyu, tare da maki 12, 11 rebounds da 11 assists a cikin nasarar 89-78 a kan UMass. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weiner |first=Natalie |date=March 25, 2022 |title=Olivia Miles Is Shredding Defenses as a Freshman. How Far Can She Go? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/25/sports/ncaabasketball/olivia-miles-notre-dame-march-madness.html |access-date=August 14, 2022 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> A matsayinsa na sabon shiga, Miles ya sami maki 13.7, 5.7 rebounds da 7.4 assists a kowane wasa, matsayi na biyu ga Caitlin Clark a cikin taimako tsakanin 'yan wasan NCAA Division I.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Laase |first=Eden |date=March 29, 2022 |title=JWS NCAA awards: Our picks for Player of the Year, All-Americans, more |url=https://justwomenssports.com/womens-college-basketball-awards-player-coach-all-americans/ |access-date=August 14, 2022 |publisher=Just Women's Sports}}</ref> An ba ta suna All-Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shepkowski |first=Nick |date=March 2, 2022 |title=Notre Dame star named ACC freshman of the year |url=https://fightingirishwire.usatoday.com/2022/03/02/notre-dame-freshman-named-acc-player-of-the-year/ |access-date=August 14, 2022 |publisher=Fighting Irish Wire}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Disamba, 2022, Miles ta samu maki 13, sake dawowa 13 da kuma taimakawa 14 a wasan da ta yi da Merrimack da ci 108-44, inda ta zarce Skylar Diggins da Jackie Young a jerin 'yan wasa uku da suka fi kowanne a tarihin Notre Dame, inda ta samu uku. A ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 2023, ta yi nasarar cin kwallaye uku a wasa yayin da lokaci ya kure, yayin da ta samu maki 18, sake dawowa 11 da kuma taimakawa tara, a wasan da ta yi da Louisville da ci 78-76. Miles ta samu rauni a gwiwa a karshen kakar wasa a lokacin wasan karshe na kakar wasa da ta yi da Louisville a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu. A matsayinta na wacce ke karatu a shekarar karatu ta biyu, ta samu matsakaicin maki 14.3, sake dawowa 7.3 da kuma taimakawa 6.9 a kowane wasa. An nada Miles a matsayin All-ACC a matsayin kungiya ta farko, All-American ta kungiyar Associated Press (AP) da kuma All-American ta kungiyar ta uku ta kungiyar All-American ta Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Philippou |first=Alexa |date=March 16, 2023 |title=Notre Dame star Olivia Miles out for season with knee injury |url=https://www.espn.com/womens-college-basketball/story/_/id/35871473/notre-dame-star-olivia-miles-season-knee-injury |access-date=October 29, 2023 |publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> Bayan ta sami digiri biyu daga Notre Dame, a ranar 31 ga Maris, 2025, Miles ta shiga shafin canja wurin don cancantar da ta samu a baya maimakon ta zaɓi shiga gasar WNBA inda ake tsammanin za ta zama zaɓi na biyu. A lokacin da take wasa a TCU, ta "ta sami matsakaicin maki a aikinta don maki (19.6), kaso na jefa kwallo kyauta (.839) da mintuna (35.4). Ta sami matsakaicin maki 7.2 da taimako 6.6 a kowane wasa. Ta sami Babban 'Yan Wasa na Shekara na 12. Ta sami maki 40 a aiki a wasa ɗaya, ta sami mafi kyawun maki 16 a aiki a wani kuma ta daidaita matsayinta na matsayi da taimako 14." Miles tana son samun ƙarin lokaci don gina ƙarfin jiki da tunani bayan ta rasa kakar wasa ta 2023-24 saboda raunin ACL kuma ta yaba lokacin da ta yi a TCU da shirya ta don yin wasa a ƙwarewa..<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-16 |title=Olivia Miles Explains How Her Transfer to TCU Shaped Her WNBA Draft Decision |url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/wnba-basketball-news-olivia-miles-explains-how-her-transfer-to-tcu-shaped-her-wnba-draft-decision/ |access-date=2026-06-20 |website=EssentiallySports |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == === WNBA === ==== Minnesota Lynx (2026-yanzu) ==== ===== 2026: Lokacin Rookie ===== A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2026, Minnesota Lynx ta zabi Miles a matsayin na biyu na duka na 2026 WNBA draft. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lynx Select Olivia Miles with the Second Overall Pick in the 2026 WNBA Draft |url=https://lynx.wnba.com/news/lynx-select-olivia-miles-with-the-second-overall-pick-in-the-2026-wnba-draft |access-date=2026-06-05 |website=lynx.wnba.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga watan Mayu, ta fara buga wasan farko na shekara ta 2026, inda ta samu maki 21, 8 ta taimaka, da kuma 3 a cikin asarar 91-90 ga Atlanta Dream, ta zama ta biyar a tarihin league don yin rikodin akalla maki 20 da 5 a karon farko.<ref>{{Cite web |last=read |first=Olutayo Inioluwa Emmanuel·4 min |date=2026-05-10 |title=Olivia Miles Sets WNBA Record in Lynx Debut Despite Season Opening Loss |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/articles/olivia-miles-sets-wnba-record-113000581.html |access-date=2026-06-05 |website=Yahoo Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga watan Mayu, a cikin nasarar 90-86 a kan Dallas Wings, Miles ya rubuta maki 15, 6 ya taimaka, da 2 rebounds, ya zama dan wasa na farko a tarihin WNBA don yin rikodin akalla maki 45 da 20 a wasanni uku na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Henderson |first=Cydney |last2=read |first2=USA TODAY·6 min |date=2026-05-23 |title=Olivia Miles proving worthy of Rookie of the Year hype after historic start |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/articles/olivia-miles-proving-worthy-rookie-110106086.html |access-date=2026-06-05 |website=Yahoo Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Yuni, Miles ta samu sau biyu na farko, tare da maki 19 da taimakon 10 a cikin nasarar 111-77 a kan Phoenix Mercury . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-02 |title=Courtney Williams scores 30, Olivia Miles has 19 and the Lynx ease past the Mercury 111-77 |url=https://www.wnba.com/game/min-vs-phx-1022600065 |access-date=2026-06-05 |website=WNBA |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Yuni, an ba ta suna Rookie of the Month bayan da ta samu maki 15.4, 5.1 rebounds, da kuma 5.9 assists a watan Mayu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minnesota Lynx Guard Olivia Miles Named Kia WNBA Rookie of the Month |url=https://lynx.wnba.com/news/minnesota-lynx-guard-olivia-miles-named-kia-wnba-rookie-of-the-month |access-date=2026-06-05 |website=lynx.wnba.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Yuni, a cikin nasarar 87-84 a kan Golden State Valkyries, Miles ya zira kwallaye 28 kuma ya kafa rikodin WNBA na mafi yawan maki uku a wasan daya (8). An ba ta suna 'yar wasan Yammacin Turai na mako a ranar 1-7, 2026 ga Yuni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minnesota Lynx Guard Olivia Miles Named WNBA Western Conference Player of the Week |url=https://lynx.wnba.com/news/minnesota-lynx-guard-olivia-miles-named-wnba-western-conference-player-of-the-week |access-date=2026-06-17 |website=lynx.wnba.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Yuni, Miles ya shiga Paige Bueckers don zama dan wasa mafi sauri don zira kwallaye 250+ da kuma taimakon 50+ a gasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=read |first=Shirsh Sanstuti·2 min |date=2026-06-16 |title=Lynx Phenom Olivia Miles Surpasses Caitlin Clark, Ties Paige Bueckers to Rewrite WNBA Record Books |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/articles/lynx-phenom-olivia-miles-surpasses-140017201.html |access-date=2026-06-17 |website=Yahoo Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Yuni, 2026, wasan da aka yi da Los Angeles, Miles ya kafa rikodin league don mafi yawan maki da sabon shiga ya zira a rabi na farko tare da maki 24 (ya gama da maki 31 a wasan) da kuma mafi yawan kwallaye da sabon shiga shiga ya yi a rabi na biyu tare da kwallaye 10 (ya ƙare tare da kwallan filin 12 a wasan). <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/wnba/story/_/id/49104244/lynx-miles-sizzles-record-half-finishes-31-vs-sparks |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=www.espn.com}}</ref> Miles ta kafa rikodin league don mafi yawan maki da aka samar a wasanni 15 na farko a matsayin rookie tare da jimlar maki 485 tare da maki 285 da jimlar 200 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=WNBA |date=June 19, 2026 |title=Rookie season to remember |url=https://www.facebook.com/wnba/posts/pfbid02nVKZQzYnt9rSh92vmyrcMmCneTmRbJjZU7KEnVJyYNYBczsjFsYuQN1LkxqKcsYVl |access-date=June 20, 2026 |website=WNBA on Facebook}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2026, an sanya mata suna a matsayin kadai rookie a cikin 'yan wasan All-Star.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/wnba/story/_/id/49249692/fever-clark-boston-mitchell-start-wnba-all-star-game |access-date=2026-07-05 |website=www.espn.com}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Yuli, 2026, an sake kiran Miles Rookie na Watan, a wannan lokacin don Yuni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lynx Guard Olivia Miles Named WNBA Rookie of the Month |url=https://lynx.wnba.com/news/lynx-guard-olivia-miles-named-wnba-rookie-of-the-month |access-date=2026-07-05 |website=lynx.wnba.com |language=en}}</ref> Bayan ranar 11 ga Yuli, 2026, wasan da aka yi da New York Liberty, Miles ya karya rikodin league don isa alamar maki 350, 100 rebounds, da 100 assists, yin hakan a wasanni 21 kuma ya karya rikon da Andrea Stinson da Caitlin Clark suka kafa a baya kuma suka raba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=read |first=Simoun Redoblado·2 min |date=2026-07-12 |title=Olivia Miles Tops Caitlin Clark’s WNBA Record As Lynx Take Down Liberty |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/articles/olivia-miles-tops-caitlin-clark-061747985.html |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=Yahoo Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> Miles ta sami lambar yabo ta Rookie of the Month ta uku a watan Yuli, wanda ya sa ta zama dan wasan Lynx na farko da ya sami wannan lambar yabo sau uku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minnesota Lynx Guard Olivia Miles Named Kia WNBA Rookie of the Month |url=https://lynx.wnba.com/news/minnesota-lynx-guard-olivia-miles-named-kia-wnba-rookie-of-the-month-2 |access-date=2026-08-05 |website=lynx.wnba.com |language=en}}</ref> Har ila yau, tana da mafi yawan wasanni a tarihin WNBA ta hanyar rookie "tare da maki 20 ko fiye yayin harbi 50/40/90 harbi" a watan Yuli. Ta zama 'yar wasa mafi sauri da ta kai maki 500 tare da taimakon 150 a wasanni 26 da ta yi rikodin. ====== Karɓar baƙi ====== Teresa Witherspoon ta ce game da Miles "Tana buga ƙwallon kwando mai ban mamaki. Tana wasa da irin wannan kwarin gwiwa, ba za ka ma san cewa sabuwar 'yar wasa ce ba." Mai zane na yankin Minneapolis, Adam Johnson, ya zana hotunan Miles guda biyu ga al'umma kuma ya san yana son yin hakan bayan wasanta na farko. Yana ba su kyauta a wani gidan tarihi na gida, inda ya kuma nuna hotunan wasu 'yan wasan Lynx da Timberwolves. A ranar 21 ga Yuni, 2026, Kevin Garnett ya wallafa a shafukan sada zumunta cewa "Olivia Miles tana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun sabbin 'yan wasa a DUKKAN 'yan wasan ƙwallon kwando… @nba ko @wnba<ref>{{Cite web |last=read |first=Paolo Songco·2 min |date=2026-06-22 |title=Kevin Garnett Calls Olivia Miles One of the Best Rookies in Basketball History |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/articles/kevin-garnett-calls-olivia-miles-110200351.html |access-date=2026-06-25 |website=Yahoo Sports |language=en-US}}</ref>The Guardian ya kira ta "mace mai ban mamaki".Mujallar SLAM ta sanya Miles a kan murfin fitowarsu ta Agusta / Satumba 2026 (# 263). <ref>{{Cite web |title=SLAM 263: Olivia Miles Magazine (Cover 4 of 4) |url=https://slamgoods.com/products/slam-263-olivia-miles-magazine-cover-4-of-4 |access-date=2026-07-11 |website=SLAM Goods |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin karshen mako na All-Star na 2026, [[A'ja Wilson]] ya ce wa Miles a wani taron manema labarai: "Kai tauraro ne. Gaskiya ne. Kai tauraro ne....Za ku sami aiki mai kyau a cikin wannan ƙungiyar. Ba wai kawai saboda wasan ku ba, amma yadda kuka fitar da kanka daga kotu. Ina son yadda ba za ku gafartawa ba, kuma ina tsammanin hakan zai kasance a rayuwa.”<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hansen |first=Mitchell |date=2026-08-04 |title="You're a Star" — Olivia Miles is Already the Best Show in the WNBA |url=https://hittingthehardwood.com/youre-a-star-olivia-miles-is-already-the-best-show-in-the-wnba/ |access-date=2026-08-06 |website=Hitting the Hardwood |language=en-US}}</ref> === Ba a Rarraba su ba === A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2026, Miles ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru da yawa tare da Unrivaled, gasar kwallon Kwando na 3x3. Za ta fara buga gasar zakarun Turai a kakar 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-12 |title=Olivia Miles Signs Multi-Year Contract with Unrivaled |url=https://www.unrivaled.basketball/news/olivia-miles-signs-multi-year-contract-with-unrivaled-f8pn5mdt5z9a |access-date=2026-06-05 |website=www.unrivaled.basketball |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrews |first=Kendra |date=2026-04-12 |title=Olivia Miles, TCU star, possible No. 1 pick, joins Unrivaled |url=https://www.espn.com/wnba/story/_/id/48465317/olivia-miles-tcu-star-possible-no-1-pick-joins-unrivaled |access-date=2026-06-05 |website=ESPN}}</ref> == Ayyukan ƙungiyar ƙasa == Miles ya buga wa tawagar kasa da shekaru 16 ta Amurka wasa a gasar cin kofin FIBA ta kasa da shekaru 15 ta 2019 a Chile. Ta samu maki 5.2, 2.2 rebounds da 7.5 assists a kowane wasa, ta taimaka wa tawagarta ta lashe lambar zinare.<ref name="usa">{{Cite web |title=Olivia Miles |url=https://www.usab.com/basketball/players/womens/m/miles-olivia.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517230208/https://www.usab.com/basketball/players/womens/m/miles-olivia.aspx |archive-date=May 17, 2022 |access-date=August 14, 2022 |publisher=[[USA Basketball]]}}</ref> Ta yi babban karon farko na kasa da kasa a gasar cin kofin mata ta FIBA ta 2025 kuma ta lashe lambar zinare. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-19 |title=Miles Earns Spot on USA Women's AmeriCup Team |url=https://gofrogs.com/news/2025/6/19/womens-basketball-miles-earns-spot-on-usa-womens-americup-team.aspx |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=TCU Athletics |language=en}}</ref>Miles ya jagoranci tawagar a cikin inganci da kuma gasar a cikin taimako.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Olivia Miles - USA - Player Profile - FIBA Women's AmeriCup 2025 {{!}} FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-womens-americup-2025/teams/usa/268469-olivia-miles |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=www.fiba.basketball |language=en}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == {{WNBA player statistics legend}} === Kwalejin === {{WNBA player statistics start}} |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[2020–21 NCAA Division I women's basketball season|2020–21]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[2020–21 Notre Dame Fighting Irish women's basketball team|Notre Dame]] | 6 || 0 || 22.7 || '''51.1''' || 10.0 || 46.7 || 3.7 || 3.5 || 1.2 || 0.2 || 3.0 || 9.3 |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[2021–22 NCAA Division I women's basketball season|2021–22]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[2021–22 Notre Dame Fighting Irish women's basketball team|Notre Dame]] | 33 || 33 || 33.4 || 45.5 || 27.0 || 67.7 || 5.7 || bgcolor=#d3d3d3 | '''7.4'''° || 1.8 || 0.2 || 3.8 || 13.7 |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[2022–23 NCAA Division I women's basketball season|2022–23]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[2022–23 Notre Dame Fighting Irish women's basketball team|Notre Dame]] | 28 || 28 || 31.7 || 46.0 || 22.8 || 76.7 || '''7.3''' || bgcolor=#d3d3d3 |6.9° || '''2.1''' || 0.2 || 3.3 || 14.3 |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season|2023–24]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[2023–24 Notre Dame Fighting Irish women's basketball team|Notre Dame]] | style="text-align:center;" colspan="12" |''Did not play due to injury'' |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[2024–25 NCAA Division I women's basketball season|2024–25]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[2024–25 Notre Dame Fighting Irish women's basketball team|Notre Dame]] |34||34||33.0||48.3||'''40.6'''||79.0||5.6||bgcolor=#d3d3d3 |5.8°||1.4||0.2||'''2.5'''||15.4 |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[2025–26 NCAA Division I women's basketball season|2025–26]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[2025–26 TCU Horned Frogs women's basketball team|TCU]] |'''38'''||'''38'''||'''35.4'''||48.1||35.1||'''83.9'''||7.2|||6.6||1.8||0.3||3.7||'''19.6''' |- | style="text-align:center;" colspan=2 | '''Career''' |139||133||33.0||47.2||33.1||76.9||6.3||6.5||1.7||0.2||3.3||15.6 |- class="sortbottom" |style="text-align:center;" colspan="14"|Statistics retrieved from [[Sports-Reference]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/olivia-miles-1.html|title=Olivia Miles College Stats|publisher=[[Sports-Reference]]|accessdate=July 7, 2024}}</ref> {{S-end}} == Rayuwa ta mutum == Miles ta kammala karatu daga Notre Dame a shekarar 2024 tare da digiri na farko a kimiyyar siyasa. Ta biyo baya ta hanyar samun digiri na biyu a cikin gwamnati mai zaman kanta daga Notre Dame a shekarar 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-01 |title=Olivia Miles - Women's Basketball |url=https://gofrogs.com/sports/womens-basketball/roster/olivia-miles/17502 |access-date=2026-06-17 |website=TCU Athletics |language=en}}</ref> Mafarkinta shine fara kungiyar ba da riba don taimakawa wajen tallafawa yara a wasanni.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Corey |date=2025-11-15 |title=Olivia Miles Eyes a National Title in Her Fifth and Final College Campaign at TCU |url=https://magazine.tcu.edu/winter-2025/olivia-miles-basketball-interview/ |access-date=2026-06-17 |website=TCU Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Ta lashe kyautar Kay Yow Scholar Athlete of the Year a shekarar 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hurd |first=Sean |date=August 2, 2024 |title=Notre Dame guard Olivia Miles excited for comeback from injury, momentum of women's basketball |url=https://andscape.com/features/notre-dame-guard-olivia-miles-excited-for-comeback-from-injury-momentum-of-womens-basketball/ |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=Andscape |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Healey |first=Tim |title=Notre Dame guard Olivia Miles wins the Kay Yow Scholar-Athlete of the Year Award |url=https://fightingirishwire.usatoday.com/story/sports/college/fighting-irish/womens-basketball/2025/03/05/notre-dame-olivia-miles-kay-yow-scholar-athlete-award/81631889007/ |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=Fighting Irish Wire |language=en-US}}</ref>A cikin shekara ta ƙarshe ta cancantar kwaleji, Miles ta kuma sami digiri na Master of Liberal Arts daga TCU.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Brady |date=2026-03-01 |title=Miles Goes No. 2 Overall to Minnesota Lynx in WNBA Draft |url=https://gofrogs.com/news/2026/4/13/womens-basketball-miles-goes-no-2-overall-to-minnesota-lynx-in-wnba-draft |access-date=2026-06-25 |website=TCU Athletics |language=en}}</ref> Miles ta sami laƙabi "The Spectacle" wanda magoya bayan Lynx suka ba ta don girmama wasan da ta yi da tabarau masu gyara hangen nesa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tengwall |first=Andrew |date=June 4, 2026 |title=I lucked into a ticket to the game to see The Spectacle live! Gotta get after it in the second half. #loslynx |url=https://bsky.app/profile/andrewtengwall.bsky.social/post/3mnizytix6s23 |access-date=2026-06-05 |website=bsky.app |language=en-US}}</ref> Ita ma 'yar luwaɗi ce.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Buzinski |first=Jim |date=April 15, 2026 |title=‘I’m rooting for the lesbians.’ Top Lynx draft pick Olivia Miles celebrates being an out player. |url=https://www.outsports.com/2026/4/15/24132219/olivia-miles-minnesota-lynx-wnba-draft-maddy-westbeld-lgbtq/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260416162956/https://www.outsports.com/2026/4/15/24132219/olivia-miles-minnesota-lynx-wnba-draft-maddy-westbeld-lgbtq/ |archive-date=April 16, 2026 |access-date=June 30, 2026 |website=Outsports}}</ref> Kafin a tsara ta a cikin WNBA, ta gaya wa wani mai ba da rahoto "Ina da tushe ga 'yan mata. Dole ne kawai, koyaushe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Buzinski |first=Jim |title='I'm rooting for the lesbians' says No. 2 pick Olivia Miles |url=https://www.outsports.com/2026/4/15/24132219/olivia-miles-minnesota-lynx-wnba-draft-maddy-westbeld-lgbtq/ |access-date=2026-08-01 |website=OutSports |language=en}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2025, dangantakar Miles da tsohon abokin wasan Notre Dame kuma dan wasan WNBA, Maddy Westbeld, ta zama ta jama'a. Ma'auratan suna da cat mai suna Beans . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Charlie |title=Former Notre Dame teammates Olivia Miles and Maddy Westbeld hard launched their relationship |url=https://www.outsports.com/2025/6/5/24112844/maddy-westbeld-olivia-miles-love-chicago-sky-tcu/ |access-date=24 July 2026 |website=Outsports}}</ref> === Kasuwanci === A ranar 21 ga Yuli, 2025, Unrivaled, ƙungiyar Kwando na 3x3, ta sanya hannu kan Miles zuwa yarjejeniyar NIL a matsayin wani ɓangare na "The Future is Unrivaled Class of 2025".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-21 |title=Unrivaled Signs 14 Top Women's College Basketball Players to NIL Deals as Part of "The Future is Unrivaled Class of 2025" |url=https://www.unrivaled.basketball/news/unrivaled-signs-14-top-womens-college-basketball-players-to-nil-deals-as-part-of-the-future-is-unrivaled-class-of-2025-hkswdzlhp8f0 |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=www.unrivaled.basketball |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga Yuni, 2026, GlassesUSA.com ta ba da sanarwar tarin da kamfen din "Trust Your Vision" tare da Miles. Tarin ya haɗa da tabarau na wasanni da kuma tsarin yau da kullun.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GlassesUSA.com |title=WNBA Star Olivia Miles and GlassesUSA.com Team Up to Launch "Trust Your Vision" Eyewear Collection |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/wnba-star-olivia-miles-and-glassesusacom-team-up-to-launch-trust-your-vision-eyewear-collection-302807828.html |access-date=2026-06-25 |website=www.prnewswire.com |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2003]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6i28il5yxwsvfw0h8df9q5xg5mx194r 0 163585 906796 896705 2026-08-23T23:51:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nanna Heitmann''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1994) 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai ɗaukar hoto ta shirin gaskiya . <ref name="theguardian">{{Cite web |date=30 October 2019 |title=Nanna Heitmann's best photograph: a wild horse race in sweltering Siberia |url=http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/oct/30/nanna-heitmann-best-photograph-horse-race-siberia |access-date=2021-01-24 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Ta shiga cikin Magnum Photos a matsayin wacce aka zaɓa a shekarar 2019. <ref name="worldpressphoto">{{Cite web |title=Nanna Heitmann |url=https://www.worldpressphoto.org/6x6/europe/nanna-heitmann/39066 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128033028/https://www.worldpressphoto.org/6x6/europe/nanna-heitmann/39066 |archive-date=2020-11-28 |access-date=2021-01-24 |website=www.worldpressphoto.org}}</ref> {{As of|2020}} Heitmann yana zaune a Moscow. <ref name="nannaheitmann">{{Cite web |title=Bio – Nanna Heitmann |url=https://nannaheitmann.com/bio/ |access-date=2021-01-24 |website=nannaheitmann.com}}</ref> <ref name="thecut">{{Cite web |last=Kramer |first=Julia Gomez |date=9 April 2020 |title=Adjusting to Life at Home |url=https://www.thecut.com/2020/04/photographs-adjusting-to-life-at-home-in-moscow.html |access-date=2021-01-24 |website=The Cut}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Heitmann a [[Ulm]], Jamus kuma ya girma a Jamus. <ref name="theguardian"/> <ref name="natgeo-2020">{{Cite web |date=17 August 2020 |title=Surreal scenes inside Russia's battle against the pandemic |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/science-and-technology/2020/08/surreal-scenes-inside-russias-battle-against-the-pandemic |access-date=2021-01-24 |website=National Geographic}}</ref> Ta yi karatun aikin jarida na daukar hoto da kuma daukar hotunan shirye-shirye a Jami'ar Hanover . <ref name="theguardian" /> == Rayuwa da aiki == Heitmann ya shiga Magnum Photos a matsayin wanda aka zaɓa a shekarar 2019. <ref name="worldpressphoto"/> A cikin jerin ''"Hiding from Baba Yaga"'', Heitmann ya bi diddigin yankunan kudancin kogin Yenisey, wanda ke gudana daga Mongolia, ta cikin dukkan Siberia, har zuwa Tekun Arctic. A kan hanyarta ta ɗauki hotunan mutane da al'ummomi da ke zaune a wasu yankuna mafi sanyi a Rasha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hiding from Baba Yaga by Nanna Heitmann |url=https://thisispaper.com/mag/hiding-from-baba-yaga-nanna-heitmann |access-date=2021-01-24 |website=thisispaper.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nanna Heitmann documents isolation along the banks of the Yenisei river |url=https://www.1854.photography/2019/11/nanna-heitmann/ |access-date=2021-01-24 |website=www.1854.photography}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fotografo - PhotoVogue - Vogue |url=https://www.vogue.it/photovogue/portfolio/?id=201178 |access-date=2021-01-24 |website=www.vogue.it}}</ref> Jerin shirye-shiryen ''Weg vom Fenster (Gone From the Window)'' sun shafi ma'aikatan {{Interlanguage link|Bergwerk Prosper-Haniel|de}}, ma'aikacin haƙar kwal na ƙarshe da ke aiki a Jamus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2019 |title=Hannoversche Studentin wird Magnum-Fotografin |url=https://www.haz.de/Nachrichten/Kultur/Region/Hannover-Nanna-Heitmann-wird-Magnum-Fotografin |access-date=2021-01-24 |website=HAZ – Hannoversche Allgemeine}}</ref> An buga ayyukan Heitmann na kashin kai ta ''National Geographic'', <ref name="natgeo-2020" /> ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', ''Le Monde'', ''de Volkskrant'', <ref>{{Cite web |title=De mannen van de laatste kolenmijn kloppen het zwarte stof van elkaars rug. |url=https://www.volkskrant.nl/kijkverder/v/2018/steenkool-nanna-heitmann/ |access-date=2021-01-24 |website=de Volkskrant}}</ref> da mujallar ''Stern'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2019 |title=Im Ruhrgebiet hat die letzte Zeche geschlossen – nicht alle freuen sich über den Kohle-Ausstieg |url=https://www.stern.de/lifestyle/jwd/land-ohne-kohle--im-ruhrgebiet-hat-die-letzte-zeche-geschlossen--8599558.html |access-date=2021-01-24 |website=stern.de}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a kan ayyukan da aka yi wa ''[[New York Times|jaridar New York Times]]'', ''Time'', ''The Washington Post'', mujallar ''Stern'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2018 |title=Nachtschicht am Hochofen 8 - die Angst vor dem Ende in der Stahlsparte von Thyssenkrupp |url=https://www.stern.de/wirtschaft/job/thyssenkrupp--nachtschicht-am-hochofen-8-in-duisburg-7986696.html |access-date=2021-01-24 |website=stern.de}}</ref> da kuma ''jaridar Seattle Times'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2019 |title=Warming Waters, Moving Fish: How Climate Change is Reshaping Iceland |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/warming-waters-moving-fish-how-climate-change-is-reshaping-iceland/}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == {{As of|2020}} Tana zaune a Moscow. <ref name="nannaheitmann"/> <ref name="thecut"/> == Littattafai == * ''Foto Kunst Malerei: Fotografien von Heinrich Strieffler und Nanna Heitmann'' . Landau, Jamus: Knecht, 2019. . == Kyaututtuka == * 2019: Wanda ya lashe kyautar Sabon Zuwa, Kyautar Leica Oskar Barnack, saboda shirinta na ''Hiding From Baba Yaga'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=American photographer wins 2019 Leica Oskar Barnack Award - Capture magazine |url=https://www.capturemag.com.au/latest/american-photographer-wins-2019-leica-oskar-barnack-award |access-date=2021-01-24 |website=Capture}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nanna Heitmann, Hiding from Baba Yaga |url=https://www.leica-oskar-barnack-award.com/en/series-finalists/2019/nanna-heitmann.html |access-date=2021-01-24 |website=Leica Oskar Barnack Award}}</ref> * 2019: Kyautar Sunday Times don Nasara, Ian Parry Scholarship, saboda shirinta na ''Hiding From Baba Yaga'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nanna Heitmann |url=https://www.ianparry.org/winner/nanna-heitmann/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806181402/https://www.ianparry.org/winner/nanna-heitmann/ |archive-date=2020-08-06 |access-date=2021-01-24 |website=Ian Parry Scholarship}}</ref> * 2020: Wanda ya zo na ƙarshe (1 cikin 9), Asusun Tunawa da W. Eugene Smith, don "Annobar Rashin Daidaito ta Rasha" * 2022: Hoton 'Yan Jaridu na Duniya, Turai, Labarai don "Yayin da Ƙasashen Daskararre ke Konewa" <ref>{{Cite web |title=As Frozen Land Burns |url=https://www.worldpressphoto.org/collection/photo-contest/2022/Nanna-Heitmann/10 |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=World Press Photo}}</ref> * 2024: Wanda ya lashe gasar karshe, Kyautar Pulitzer don daukar hoto mai kayatarwa == Nune - Nune == === Nunin kai kaɗai === * ''Nanna Heitman'', Leica Gallery, Zingst, 2020 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nanna Heitmann {{!}} Leica Camera US |url=https://leica-camera.com/en-US/Leica-Galleries/Leica-Gallery-Zingst/News-Program/Nanna-Heitmann |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=leica-camera.com}}</ref> === Nunin rukuni === * ''Essere Umane – Le grandi fotografe raccontano il mondo'', Museo San Domenico di Forlì, Italy, 2021/22 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Essere Umane – 30 grandi fotografe raccontano il mondo |url=https://essereumane.it |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=essereumane.it |language=it-IT}}</ref> * ''Kusa da Kai: Sabbin Ra'ayoyi daga Mata 12 Masu Daukar Hoto na Magnum'', Cibiyar Daukar Hoto ta Duniya, New York, Satumba 2022 - Janairu 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-14 |title=Close Enough: New Perspectives from 12 Women Photographers of Magnum |url=https://www.icp.org/exhibitions/close-enough-new-perspectives-from-12-women-photographers-of-magnum |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=International Center of Photography |language=en |archive-date=2025-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522074729/https://www.icp.org/exhibitions/close-enough-new-perspectives-from-12-women-photographers-of-magnum |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] qxv4msahj0mna2xkl12woosfkqxxgi9 0 163600 906820 896771 2026-08-24T04:29:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906820 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox infobox-table vcard" style="line-height: 1.4em;" ! colspan="4" class="infobox-above fn" style="font-size: 125%;" |Olivia Knowles |- | colspan="4" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center;" |[[File:Olivia_Knowles_2022.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Knowles tare da [[Minnesota Whitecaps]] a cikin 2022</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;;border-top:#ccddee 1px solid;" |An haife shi | colspan="3" class="infobox-data" style="border-top:#ccddee 1px solid;" | <span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1999-01-24</span>)</span> Janairu 24, 1999 <span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (shekara 27) &nbsp;</span> <br /><div class="birthplace">Kogin Campbell, British Columbia, Kanada</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;;border-top:#ccddee 1px solid;" |Tsawon | colspan="3" class="infobox-data" style="border-top:#ccddee 1px solid;" |5 ft 9 in (175 cm) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;;border-top:#ccddee 1px solid;" |Matsayi | colspan="3" class="infobox-data role" style="border-top:#ccddee 1px solid;" |[[Defenceman (ice hockey)|Tsaro]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;;border-top:#ccddee 1px solid;" |[[Shot (ice hockey)|Shots]] | colspan="3" class="infobox-data" style="border-top:#ccddee 1px solid;" |Dama |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;;border-top:#ccddee 1px solid;" |Kungiyar [[Professional Women's Hockey League|PWHL]] Tsoffin kungiyoyi<br /> | colspan="3" class="infobox-data" style="border-top:#ccddee 1px solid;" |''[[New York Sirens|Sirens na New York]]''<br />[[Toronto Sceptres|PWHL Toronto]]<br />[[Minnesota Whitecaps]] |- | colspan="4" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="line-height:1.6em; font-size:105%; "><div style="margin:0 4em;">Rubuce-rubucen lambar yabo</div></div><div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="font-size:105%"><templatestyles src="infobox/mobileviewfix.css" /> {| class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; background-color:#f9f9f9; color:#000000; font-weight:normal" | colspan="2" style="padding:0" | |- ! colspan="3" class="adr" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#eeeeee;color:inherit;" |Wakilin <span class="country-name"><span class="flagicon">[[Fayil:Flag_of_Canada_(Pantone).svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>Kanada</span> |- ! colspan="3" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#eeeeee;color:inherit;" |hockey a kankara na mata |- ! colspan="3" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#cccccc;color:inherit;" |Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta U18 |- | style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;color:inherit;" |[[Fayil:Silver_medal_icon_(S_initial).svg|link=|16x16px|Silver medal – second place]] | style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" |<span class="nowrap">2016 Kanada</span> | style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" | |- | style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;color:inherit;" |[[Fayil:Silver_medal_icon_(S_initial).svg|link=|16x16px|Silver medal – second place]] | style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" |<span class="nowrap">Jamhuriyar Czech ta 2017</span> | style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" | |} </div></div> |} '''Olivia Knowles''' (an haife ta a ranar 24 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1999) 'yar wasan hockey ce ta Kanada wacce ke kare kungiyar New York Sirens ta Professional Women's Hockey League (PWHL). Ta buga wasan hockey na kankara a Jami'ar Minnesota . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Olivia Knowles - Women's Hockey |url=https://gophersports.com/sports/womens-ice-hockey/roster/olivia-knowles/19749 |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=University of Minnesota Athletics |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Knowles a Campbell River, British Columbia, Kanada, ga Darrell da Jonelle Knowles . Tana da 'yar'uwa guda daya mai suna Jaret . Ta halarci Penticton Secondary a Penticton, BC, kuma ta kammala a shekarar 2017. Tana da dan uwan mai suna Lisa Lloyd, wanda ya buga wasan hockey a kankara a Jami'ar Alberta . <ref name=":0"/> A duk rayuwarta, ta yi gasa a wasan motsa jiki, Kwallon ƙafa, ƙwallaye, waƙa da filin, yin iyo, [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]], volleyball, ƙetare ƙasar, kankara, snowboarding, surfing, da [[Tennis]]. <ref name=":0"/> Yayinda take makarantar sakandare, ta taka leda a Okanagan Hockey Academy (OHA) a karkashin masu horar da Jim Fetter da Delaney Collins . Ta kasance memba na Junior Women's Hockey League (JWHL) First Team All-Star . <ref name=":0"/> A shekara ta 2016, an ba ta suna Canadian Sport School Hockey League (CSSHL) Mafi Kyawun Tsaro da OHA Female Prep Mafi Kyawun Taron. A shekara ta 2017, ta kasance kyaftin din tawagar kuma ta jagoranci tawagarta don lashe gasar CSSHL, inda ta zira kwallaye 30 a wasanni 42 (8 goals, 22 assists). <ref name=":0"/> == Ayyukan wasa == === Kwalejin === Knowles ta buga wasanni biyar a Jami'ar Minnesota, daga 2017 zuwa 2022. A ƙarshen shekararta ta biyar, ta zama kyaftin ɗin ƙungiya kuma ƙwararriyar 'yar wasa ta ƙungiyar Western Collegiate Hockey Association (WCHA). An kuma sanya mata suna cikin ƙungiyar WCHA All-Academic Team kuma an karrama ta da lambar yabo ta Academic All-Big Ten..<ref name=":0"/> A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2017–18, a shekarar farko ta shiga gasar, ta buga dukkan wasanni 38 kuma ta zira kwallaye bakwai da kuma taimakawa 13. Ta zo ta biyu a kungiyar da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida 62, sannan ta hudu da maki +16 da kuma karin/rage. An sanya ta a cikin Kungiyar WCHA All-Rookie da kuma Kungiyar All-US College Hockey Online (USCHO). A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2018–19, a shekararta ta biyu, ta zira kwallaye hudu da kuma taimakawa tara a wasanni 37. Ta zo ta biyu a kungiyar da toshe 61 kuma ta yi kunnen doki a matsayi na uku a tsakanin dukkan tsaron WCHA da kwallaye hudu. Tare da kungiyarta, ta fara buga wasa a NCAA Frozen Four a karon farko.<ref name=":0" /> A lokacin kakar 2019-20, a cikin ƙaramar shekarunta, ta taka leda a dukkan wasanni 36 kuma ta zira kwallaye uku da kuma taimakon 15. Ta jagoranci tsaron WCHA tare da +35 plus / minus rating kuma an ɗaure ta biyar a kan tawagar tare da harbe-harbe 37. Ta kasance WCHA Defender of the Week na mako na Satumba 28 kuma an ba ta suna American Hockey Coaches Association (AHCA) All-American Scholar, Big Ten Distinguished Scholar, WCHA All-Academic, da Academic All-Big Ten honoured. <ref name=":0"/> A lokacin kakar 2020-21, a cikin babban shekarunta, ta kasance mataimakiyar kyaftin din tawagar kuma ta bayyana a dukkan wasanni 20. Ta zira kwallaye hudu da biyar, kuma ta jagoranci tawagar tare da harbe-harbe 33 kuma ta kasance ta bakwai a cikin tsaron WCHA tare da maki tara. An ba ta suna WCHA Scholar-Athlete, WCHA All-Academic Team, da Academic All-Big Ten girmamawa a wannan kakar.<ref name=":0" /> A lokacin kakar 2021-22, a shekara ta biyar, Knowles ta kasance kyaftin din tawagar kuma ta gama kakar a matsayin jagorar shirin a yawan wasannin da aka buga tare da 168. Ta kasance ta farko a cikin tawagar tare da harbe-harbe 76 kuma tana da matsayi mai girma 16.<ref name=":0"/> === Kwararru === Knowles ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu tare da Minnesota Whitecaps a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hitchins |first=Edward |date=2023-05-13 |title=Campbell River's Olivia Knowles re-signs with PHF's Minnesota Whitecaps |url=https://www.campbellrivermirror.com/local-sports/campbell-rivers-olivia-knowles-re-signs-with-phfs-minnesota-whitecaps-1531171 |access-date=2024-04-29 |language=en |archive-date=2024-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429184006/https://www.campbellrivermirror.com/local-sports/campbell-rivers-olivia-knowles-re-signs-with-phfs-minnesota-whitecaps-1531171 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ita da tawagar sun taka leda a wasan karshe na Isobel Cup, inda suka sha kashi a hannun Toronto Six.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hitchins |first=Edward |date=2023-03-24 |title=Pro hockey defender Olivia Knowles remembers humble Vancouver Island beginnings |url=https://www.saanichnews.com/sports/pro-hockey-defender-olivia-knowles-remembers-humble-vancouver-island-beginnings-327462 |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=Saanich News |language=en |archive-date=2024-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429184005/https://www.saanichnews.com/sports/pro-hockey-defender-olivia-knowles-remembers-humble-vancouver-island-beginnings-327462 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tana da taimako daya da kuma harbe-harbe biyar a cikin gudu wanda ya kai ga karshe.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Ian |date=2023-09-20 |title=Toronto Draft Picks Discuss Joining The PWHL |url=https://thehockeynews.com/womens/pwhl/toronto-draft-picks-discuss-joining-the-pwhl |access-date=2024-04-29 |publisher=[[The Hockey News]] |language=en}}</ref> An tsara Knowles a zagaye na 15, na 86 gabaɗaya, ta PWHL Toronto a cikin Shirin PWHL na 2023 . <ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-30 |title=23-24 PWHL Preview: Toronto |url=https://www.theicegarden.com/23-24-pwhl-preview-toronto/ |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=The Ice Garden |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin kakar PWHL ta 2023-24, ta taimaka wa tawagar samun wuri a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na PWHL bayan ta doke PWHL Montreal 3-2 a watan Afrilu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jure |first=Brendan |date=2024-04-26 |title=Olivia Knowles helps Toronto clinch PWHL playoffs spot for the Walter Cup |url=https://www.campbellrivermirror.com/sports/olivia-knowles-helps-toronto-clinch-pwhl-playoffs-spot-for-the-walter-cup-7350402 |access-date=2024-04-29 |language=en |archive-date=2024-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429184009/https://www.campbellrivermirror.com/sports/olivia-knowles-helps-toronto-clinch-pwhl-playoffs-spot-for-the-walter-cup-7350402 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan fara kakar 2024-25 a cikin jerin sunayen ajiyar Toronto, New York Sirens ta sanya hannu kan Knowles a ranar 6 ga Disamba, 2024, bayan da aka sanya Ella Shelton a cikin ajiyar masu rauni.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mainard |first=Sierra |date=7 December 2024 |title=New York Sirens place Ella Shelton on LTIR |url=https://www.theicegarden.com/new-york-sirens-place-ella-shelton-on-ltir/ |access-date=25 January 2025 |website=The Ice Garden |language=en}}</ref> == Wasan kasa da kasa == Knowles ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta ƙasa da shekara 18 ta Kanada. Ta taimaka wa tawagar ta sami lambar azurfa a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta U18 ta IIHF ta 2016 da 2017. Ta kasance mataimakiyar kyaftin din tawagar U18 a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2016. <ref name=":0"/> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Knowles tana da digiri a cikin Gudanar da wasanni da [[Journalism|aikin jarida]] daga Jami'ar Minnesota . <ref name=":0"/> Ita ce mai sha'awar Vancouver Canucks . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nelson |first=Erik |title=Defender Olivia Knowles brings Canadian influence to Gophers |url=https://mndaily.com/236674/sports/spwkknowles/ |access-date=2024-04-29}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Lokaci na yau da kullun da wasan kwaikwayo === {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="text-align:center; width:60em" |- bgcolor="#e0e0e0" ! colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" | ! rowspan="97" bgcolor="#ffffff" | ! colspan="5" |Lokaci na yau da kullun ! rowspan="97" bgcolor="#ffffff" | ! colspan="5" |Wasanni |- bgcolor="#e0e0e0" !Lokacin !Kungiyar !Ƙungiyar !GP !G !A !Pts !PIM !GP !G !A !Pts !PIM |- bgcolor="ffffff" |2023–24 |PWHL Toronto |PWHL |20 |0 |1 |1 |6 |5 |0 |0 |0 |2 |- bgcolor="f0f0f0" |2024–25 |Sirens na New York |PWHL |12 |0 |0 |0 |0 | - | - | - | - | - |- |2025–26 |Sirens na New York |PWHL |3 |0 |0 |0 |0 | - | - | - | - | - |- bgcolor="#e0e0e0" ! colspan="3" |Adadin PWHL !35 !0 !1 !1 !6 !5 !0 !0 !0 !2 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jripkpndt896aduo6zo7r1fyjcu9ss9 0 163610 906576 896821 2026-08-23T13:32:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Marta Adams''' ( wadda aka haifa a '''Marta Arnstem''' ; 1891 - 1978) ƙwararriyar mai sassaka da mai zane ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus, wadda ke zaune a Boston da Mexico City. An san ta da zane-zanenta na dabbobi da furanni. Ana kuma kiranta da '''Martha Adams''' . == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Marta Arnstem a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 1891, a [[Düsseldorf]], Jamus. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Rimel |first=Anna |date=27 June 2016 |title=A Finding Aid to the Marta Adams Papers, circa 1914-circa 1991, in the Archives of American Art |url=https://sirismm.si.edu/EADpdfs/AAA.adammart.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309005055/https://sirismm.si.edu/EADpdfs/AAA.adammart.pdf |archive-date=March 9, 2022 |website=[[Archives of American Art]]}}</ref> Mahaifiyarta Baronin Erna von Armin ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya ne, mahaifinta kuma Erick H. Arnstem ɗan ƙasar Sweden ne kuma yana aiki a matsayin jami'in diflomasiyya. <ref name=":0" /> Ta yi ƙaura zuwa Massachusetts a Amurka a kusan shekara ta 1915. <ref name=":1" /> A shekarar 1916, ta yi aure, Edward Brinley Adams a Boston. Mijinta ma'aikacin laburare ne na shari'a [[Jami'ar Harvard|a Jami'ar Harvard]], kuma ya mutu sakamakon [[bugun jini]] a shekarar 1922. <ref name=":3" /> A lokacin hunturu na shekarar 1925, Adams ya yi aiki tare da mai sassaka Hans Stangl a Munich. <ref name=":1" /> Ta ci gaba da zama a Munich har zuwa 1933, kuma ta yi mu'amala da Otto Nückel, da Karl Zerbe . <ref name=":1" /> A shekarar 1935, ta ziyarci Mexico a karon farko. <ref name=":1" /> Ta haɗu da Diego Rivera a shekarar 1937, wadda ta ƙarfafa mata gwiwar yin fenti mai . <ref name=":1" /> Adams ya koma birnin Mexico a shekarar 1952. <ref name=":1" /> Ayyukanta na baya sun sami tasiri daga zane-zanen da suka gabata kafin zamanin Columbia . <ref name=":0" /> Ta yi siffofi da kuma hotunan da aka sassaka a salon Girkanci na zamanin da . <ref name=":0" /> Adams ya mutu a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 1978, a birnin Mexico. Ana iya samun ayyukanta a cikin tarin kayan tarihi, ciki har da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Philadelphia, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Two Musicians in Mexico |url=https://www.philamuseum.org/collection/object/287282 |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=[[Philadelphia Museum of Art]] |language=en}}</ref> Museo de la Solidaridad Salvador Allende (MSSA) da ke Santiago, Chile, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marta Adams |url=https://www.mssa.cl/autores/marta-adams/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911000822/https://www.mssa.cl/autores/marta-adams/ |archive-date=11 September 2024 |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=Museo de la Solidaridad Salvador Allende (MSSA) |language=es}}</ref> da Gidajen Tarihi na Fasaha na Harvard . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Marta Adams |url=https://harvardartmuseums.org/collections/person/27948 |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=[[Harvard Art Museums]] |language=en}}</ref> == Nune - Nune == * 1933, baje kolin rukuni, Günther Galerie, Munich, Jamus <ref name=":1"/> * 1934, nunin rukuni, Gidan Tarihi na Jamusanci, Jami'ar Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts * 1937, sassaka da zane-zane, nunin kai kaɗai, Grace Horne Galleries, 71 Newbury Street, Boston, Massachusetts * 1945, sassaka, nunin mutum ɗaya, Gidan Tarihi na Boris Mirski, 166 Titin Newbury, Boston, Massachusetts * 1950, zane-zane, nunin mutum ɗaya, Gidan Tarihi na Boris Mirski, 166 Titin Newbury, Boston, Massachusetts * 1953, Bikin Fasaha na Boston, nunin rukuni, Lambun Jama'a, Boston, Massachusetts * 1962, nunin rukuni, Palacio de Bellas Artes, Mexico City, Mexico * 1963, ''Pintura Contemporânea do México'', nunin rukuni, {{Interlanguage link|Museu de Arte do Rio Grande do Sul|pt|Museu de Arte do Rio Grande do Sul Ado Malagoli}}, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Intercâmbio de Arte e Cultura Brasil–México, da Museu de Arte do Rio Grande do Sul (MARGS; yanzu Museu de Arte do Rio Grande do Sul Ado Malagoli) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pintura Contemporânea do México |url=https://acervo.margs.rs.gov.br/materiais-graficos/pintura-contemporanea-do-mexico/?order=ASC&orderby=date&perpage=20&taxquery%5B0%5D%5Btaxonomy%5D=tnc_tax_238595&taxquery%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D%5B0%5D=10814&taxquery%5B0%5D%5Bcompare%5D=IN&pos=1&source_list=term&ref=/artistas/marta-adams/ |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=Acervo Documental MARGS |language=pt-BR}}</ref> * 1978-1980, ''Marta Adams: Exposición Homenaje, 1891-1978'', nunin tafiye-tafiye wanda Fondo nacional para las actividades sociales <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Marta Adams. Exposición homenaje, 1891–1978 |url=https://museodeartecarrillogil.inba.gob.mx/exposicion/marta-adams-exposicion-homenaje-1891-1978/ |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=Museo de Arte Carrillo Gil |language=es-MX |archive-date=2025-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126224214/https://museodeartecarrillogil.inba.gob.mx/exposicion/marta-adams-exposicion-homenaje-1891-1978/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ) ya == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1891]] icueejaoei2ngy96gu2eds9sll2uukr 0 163667 906570 897959 2026-08-23T12:40:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Marie_Theres_Fögen_at_1992_Byzantine_Studies_Symposium,_Dumbarton_Oaks.jpg|right|thumb|Fögen a cikin 1992]] '''Marie Theres Fögen''' (10 ga Oktoba 1946 a Lüdinghausen, Jamus ta Yamma - 18 ga Janairu 2008 a Zürich, Switzerland) lauya ce kuma masanin tarihi na Jamus. Ta koyar da doka a Jami'ar Zurich da [[Jami'ar Harvard]] (a matsayin farfesa mai ziyara) kuma ta kasance darektan Cibiyar Max Planck don Tarihin Shari'a ta Turai a [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt da Main]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2018 |title=In Commemoration of Marie Theres Fögen (1946-2008) |url=https://www.rg.mpg.de/1432291/notice-18-01-18-commemoration-foegen |access-date=19 May 2019 |website=Max Planck Institute for European Legal History |publisher=Max Planck Society |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031051511/https://www.rg.mpg.de/1432291/notice-18-01-18-commemoration-foegen |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] r2c49djubamf7xzvnvekt4ltaxhevn4 0 163691 906687 897679 2026-08-23T20:32:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906687 wikitext text/x-wiki   Momoko Tanikawa (, Tanikawa Momoko; an haife ta a ranar 7 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 2005) yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce na ƙasar Japan wanda ke wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|dan wasan tsakiya]] na ƙungiyar [[Frauen-Bundesliga]] [[FC Bayern Munich (women)|Bayern Munich]] da ƙungiyar ƙasar Japan . <ref name="Nadeshiko Japan">{{Cite web |title=FP Tanikawa Momoko |url=http://www.jfa.jp/eng/nadeshikojapan/member/tanikawa_momoko.html |access-date=20 February 2024 |publisher=Japan Football Association}}</ref> Tanikawa ta fara aikinta tare da ƙungiyar matasa ta ƙasar Japan, JFA Academy Fukushima, kafin ta koma Turai. Ta lashe lambar yabo ta Damallsvenskan tare da FC Rosengård <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2024 |title=VÄLKOMMEN, MOMOKO TANIKAWA |url=https://fcrosengard.se/valkommen-momoko-tanikawa/ |publisher=FC Rosengård |language=Swedish |access-date=14 August 2026 |archive-date=13 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260413072111/https://www.fcrosengard.se/valkommen-momoko-tanikawa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> a shekarar 2024 yayin da take aro a kulob din. Cikakken kasa da kasa tun 2023, Tanikawa ta lashe gasar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Wasannin Asiya na 2022 da kuma gasar Toulon ta 2023 tare da Japan, bayan ta kai kashi huɗu na karshe na gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-17 ta 2022 tare da tawagar kasa, ta zira kwallaye a kowane wasa. == Ayyukan kulob din == Daga 2018 har zuwa 2023, Tanikawa ya taka leda a Fukushima don ƙungiyar U18 a Kwalejin JFA, shirin matasa na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Japan. ==== 2024: Lambar zuwa FC Rosengård ==== A ranar 11 ga watan Janairun 2024, an ba da sanarwar cewa Tanikawa ya sanya hannu tare da kungiyar Frauen-Bundesliga ta Bayern Munich . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2024 |title=FC Bayern Women sign Momoko Tanikawa |url=https://fcbayern.com/frauen/en/news/2024/01/fc-bayern-women-sign-momoko-tanikawa |publisher=FC Bayern München AG}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2024 |title=なでしこジャパンの高校生MF谷川萌々子がバイエルンに加入！ まずはローゼンゴードへ期限付き移籍 |url=https://www.goal.com/jp/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9/2024-01110-tanigawa/bltec97f0b249b62859 |publisher=Goal |language=Japanese}}</ref> Nan da nan aka tura ta aro zuwa kulob din Kungiyar Damallsvenskan FC Rosengård a kakar wasa ta 2024. Ta kafa kanta cikin sauri a matsayin babbar jigo a kungiyar yayin da kungiyar ta ci gaba da lashe gasar a cikin salon da ya fi daukar hankali, wanda ya hada da lashe wasanni 23 a jere a gasar da kuma rashin nasara sau daya kacal. Ta kare kakar wasa a matsayin babbar mai zura kwallaye a kungiyar da kuma babbar mai zura kwallaye a gasar da kwallaye 16, sannan ta lashe kyautar mafi kyawun dan wasan tsakiya na kakar wasa..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ron |first=Fredrik de |date=2024-11-14 |title=Här är alla vinnare i "Obos Damallsvenskans Bästa" |url=https://fotbolldirekt.se/damallsvenskan/har-ar-alla-vinnare-i-obos-damallsvenskans-basta/ |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=FotbollDirekt |language=sv-SE}}</ref> Ta koma Bayern Munich a ƙarshen kakar. ==== 2025-Yanzu: Komawa zuwa tawagar farko ==== Tanikawa ya koma Bayern Munich bayan kammala kakar Damallsvenskan. Ta fara buga wasan farko a gasar a wasan 3-1 da ta yi da Hoffenheim a matsayin mai maye gurbin minti 90 a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2025 |title=FCB Women come from behind to beat TSG |url=https://fcbayern.com/frauen/en/matches/frauen/bundesliga/2024-2025/tsg-1899-hoffenheim-fc-bayern-frauen-06-02-2025/report |access-date=15 February 2025 |website=FC Bayern Munich}}</ref> Ta zira kwallaye na farko ga kulob din a wasan 4-1 na DFB-Pokal a kan Eintracht Frankfurt a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu 2025, inda ta kuma ba da gudummawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=3人抜きドリブルから超絶パス！ 谷川萌々子のアシストが最高！ 途中出場からバイエルンの逆転ゴールをお膳立て（フットボールチャンネル） |url=https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/2432c38f81630a705b95943061e037018f38a1c6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250307173152/https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/2432c38f81630a705b95943061e037018f38a1c6 |archive-date=7 March 2025 |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Yahoo!ニュース |language=ja}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Tanikawa ta fara buga wasa a ƙasashen waje a shekarar 2022. Ta fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar ƙasa ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 a ranar 3 ga Oktoba a wasan sada zumunci da suka sha kashi da ci 2-1 a hannun ƙungiyar ƙasa ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta Amurka. Tare da ƙungiyar matasa ta wannan rukunin, ta kuma shiga gasar cin kofin duniya da aka gudanar a Indiya daga 11 zuwa 30 ga Oktoba 2022, inda ta buga dukkan wasannin rukuni na D kuma ta zura ƙwallo a kowane wasa. Ta kuma zura ƙwallo a wasan da suka sha kashi da ci 2-1 a hannun ƙungiyar ƙasa ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta Spain a wasan kwata-kwata. Tare da tawagar kasa ta U19, ta shiga gasar cin kofin mata ta Sud a matsayin wani ɓangare na Gasar Toulon daga 16 zuwa 21 ga Mayu 2023, inda ta zira kwallaye hudu a wasanni uku. === Tsohon === Ta fara buga wasan farko na babbar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin 2023 a wasan sada zumunci 5-0 da ta yi da tawagar kwallon kafa ta Panama. Tanikawa ya ci gaba da lashe gasar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Wasannin Asiya na 2022 a [[Hangzhou]], China a watan Oktoba na 2023, inda ya ci kwallaye 4-1 a wasan karshe a kan Koriya ta Arewa. A ranar 14 ga Yuni 2024, an haɗa Tanikawa a cikin tawagar Japan don Wasannin Olympics na bazara na 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2024 |title=Nadeshiko Japan (Japan Women's National Team) squad & schedule - MS&AD Cup 2024: Noto Peninsula Earthquake Reconstruction Support Match "Ganbarou Noto" / Games of the XXXIII Olympiad (Paris 2024) |url=https://www.jfa.jp/eng/national_team/news/00034044/ |website=jfa.jp |publisher=[[Japan women's national football team|Japan Football Association (JFA)]]}}</ref> Tanikawa na daga cikin tawagar Japan da ta lashe kofin SheBelieves na 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2025 |title=United States vs Japan: Japan wins SheBelieves Cup |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/cx2xy4v29x5t |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250227093641/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/cx2xy4v29x5t |archive-date=27 February 2025 |access-date=27 February 2025 |website=BBC Sport |language=}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == {{Updated|match played 17 May 2026}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Japan - M. Tanikawa - Profile with news, career statistics and history |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/momoko-tanikawa/873726/ |website=Soccerway |access-date=27 November 2025}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin kasa{{Efn|Includes [[Empress's Cup]], [[Svenska Cupen Damer|Svenska Cupen]], [[DFB-Pokal Frauen|DFB Pokal]]}} ! colspan="2" |Continental{{Efn|Includes [[UEFA Women's Champions League]]}} ! colspan="2" |Sauran{{Efn|Includes [[DFB-Supercup Frauen|DFB-Supercup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="6" |Kwalejin JFA Fukushima |2019 |Nadeshiko Challenge League (Gabas) |3 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |3 |0 |- |2020 |Nadeshiko Challenge League (Gabas) |6 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |7 |0 |- |2021 |Kungiyar Nadeshiko ta 2 |14 |7 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |15 |7 |- |2022 |Kungiyar Nadeshiko ta 2 |15 |7 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |16 |7 |- |2023 |Kungiyar Nadeshiko ta 2 |13 |5 |1 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |14 |6 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !51 !19 !4 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !55 !20 |- | rowspan="4" |Bayern Munich |2024–25 |Frauen-Bundesliga |6 |0 |2 |1 |2 |0 |0 |0 |10 |1 |- |2025–26 |Frauen-Bundesliga |23 |8 |3 |2 |10 |3 |1 |0 |37 |13 |- |2026–27 |Frauen-Bundesliga |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !29 !8 !5 !3 !12 !3 !1 !0 !47 !14 |- |FC Rosengård (an ba da rancen) |2024 |Damallsvenskan |20 |16 |5 |3 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |25 |19 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !100 !43 !14 !7 !12 !3 !1 !0 !127 !53 |} {{Notelist}} === Kasashen Duniya === {{Updated|match played 6 June 2026}}<ref name="Nadeshiko Japan"/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin ta ƙungiyar ƙasa da shekara !Ƙungiyar ƙasa !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="4" |Japan |2023 |2 |0 |- |2024 |6 |2 |- |2025 |7 |2 |- |2026 |9 |3 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !29 !7 |} : ''Scores da sakamakon lissafin burin Japan na farko, shafi na ci yana nuna ci bayan kowane burin Tanikawa.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Jerin burin kasa da kasa da Momoko Tanikawa ya zira ! scope="col" |A'a. ! scope="col" |Ranar ! scope="col" |Wurin da ake ciki ! scope="col" |Abokin hamayya ! scope="col" |Sakamakon ! scope="col" |Sakamakon ! scope="col" |Gasar |- | style="text-align:center" |1 |29 July 2024 |[[Parc des Princes|Gidan shakatawa na Princes]], [[Faris|Paris]], Faransa |{{Fbw|BRA}} | style="text-align:center" |2–1 | style="text-align:center" |2–1 |Wasannin Olympics na bazara na 2024 |- | style="text-align:center" |2 |26 ga Oktoba 2024 |Filin wasa na kasa na Japan, [[Tokyo]], Japan |{{Fbw|KOR}} | style="text-align:center" |4–0 | style="text-align:center" |4–0 |Abokantaka |- | style="text-align:center" |3 |23 Fabrairu 2025 |Filin wasa na Jihar Farm, Glendale, Amurka |{{Fbw|COL}} | style="text-align:center" |1–0 | style="text-align:center" |4–1 |2025 SheBelieves Cup |- | style="text-align:center" |4 |29 Nuwamba 2025 |Filin wasa na zaman lafiya, Nagasaki, Japan |{{Fbw|CAN}} | style="text-align:center" |1–0 | style="text-align:center" |3–0 |Abokantaka |- | style="text-align:center" |5 |4 ga Maris 2026 |[[Perth]]_Rectangular_Stadium" id="mwAZs" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Perth Rectangular Stadium">Filin wasa na Perth Rectangular, Perth, Ostiraliya |{{Fbw|TPE}} | style="text-align:center" |1–0 | style="text-align:center" |2–0 |2026 Kofin Asiya na Mata na AFC |- | style="text-align:center" |6 |15 Maris 2026 |Filin wasa na Ostiraliya, [[Sydney]], Ostiraliya |{{Fbw|PHI}} | style="text-align:center" |6–0 | style="text-align:center" |7–0 |2026 Kofin Asiya na Mata na AFC |- | style="text-align:center" |7 |6 Yuni 2026 |Filin wasa na Yodoko Sakura, [[Osaka]], Japan |{{Fbw|RSA}} | style="text-align:center" |3–0 | style="text-align:center" |5–0 |Abokantaka |} == Daraja == '''FC Rosengård''' * Damallsvenskan: 2024 '''Bayern Munich''' * Bundesliga: 2024-25, 2025-26 <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2026 |title=FC Bayern Women retain Bundesliga title with victory at Union |url=https://onefootball.com/fr/news/fc-bayern-women-retain-bundesliga-title-with-victory-at-union-42751452 |access-date=22 April 2026 |website=onefootball.com |language=en}}</ref> * DFB-Pokal: 2024-25, 2025-26 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cup winners 2025! FCB Women celebrate first double in club's history |url=https://fcbayern.com/frauen/en/matches/frauen/dfb-pokal/2024-2025/dfb-frauen-finale-fc-bayern-frauen---sv-werder-bremen-01.05.2025/report |access-date=28 May 2025 |website=fcbayern.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cup winners 2026! FCB Women beat Wolfsburg 4-0 to seal second successive double |url=https://fcbayern.com/frauen/en/matches/frauen/dfb-pokal/2025-2026/vfl-wolfsburg-fc-bayern-frauen-14-05-2026/report |access-date=10 May 2026 |website=fcbayern.com |publisher=FC Bayern München}}</ref> * DFB-Supercup: 2025 '''Japan U19''' * Wadanda suka lashe Kofin Mata na Kudu: 2023 '''Japan''' * Kofin Asiya na Mata na AFC: 2026 * [[Football at the 2022 Asian Games – Women's tournament#Gold medal match|2022]]_Asian_Games_–_Women's_tournament" id="mwAes" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Football at the 2022 Asian Games – Women's tournament">Wasannin Asiya: 2022 * SheBelieves Cup: 2025 '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * FIFA U17 Mafi kyawun mai zira kwallaye a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata: 2022 * Dan wasan tsakiya mafi kyau na Damallsvenskan: 2024 * Babban mai zira kwallaye na Damallsvenskan: 2024 * Nasarar Damallsvenskan ta Shekara: 2024 * Dan wasan Damallsvenskan na Watan: Afrilu 2024 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6oogavk6x717n95dxbl2notrhtgnexl 0 163703 906964 900483 2026-08-24T08:25:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Philippa Lindenthal''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Maris, 1976 a [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt am Main]] ) ƙwararriyar mai zane ce a fannin kayan kwalliya ta Jamus. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Philippa Lindenthal |url=https://www.notjustalabel.com/philippa-lindenthal |access-date=28 March 2024 |website=Not Just A Label |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328001924/https://www.notjustalabel.com/philippa-lindenthal |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma [[farfesa]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty Profile - Philippa Lindenthal |url=https://fashionshow.fitnyc.edu/fof2023/articles/faculty/philippa-lindenthal.html |access-date=28 March 2024 |website=Future of Fashion}}</ref> a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2021 |title=Faculty Profile - Philippa Lindenthal |url=https://fashionshow.fitnyc.edu/2021/05/14/philippa-lindenthal/ |access-date=28 March 2024 |website=Future of Fashion |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328001924/https://fashionshow.fitnyc.edu/2021/05/14/philippa-lindenthal/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Lindenthal ta girma a [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt am Main]], Schwanheim kuma ta sami difloma ta sakandare a 1995 daga Schillerschule a Frankfurt-Sachsenhausen. Tsakanin makarantar sakandare da jami'a, ta kammala aikin koyon dinki na shekara biyu da rabi tare da Salon Elise Topell, wani ɗakin zane mai kayan ado na zamani a [[Wiesbaden]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elise Topell Haute Couture |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/philippa-lindenthal-8b196713/?locale=en_US |access-date=8 April 2024}}</ref> A lokacin da take Jami'ar Kimiyyar Aiki da ke [[Hamburg]], an gayyace ta zuwa [[Tokyo]] a matsayin wacce ta zo ta ƙarshe a gasar Onward Kashiyama Fashion Grand Prix. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onward Kashiyama Fashion Grand Prix |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/philippa-lindenthal-8b196713/details/honors/?locale=en_US |access-date=23 April 2024 |website=LinkedIn}}</ref> Ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 2003 da takardar shaidar difloma (daidai da [[Bachelor na Fine Arts|digirin BFA]] ) a fannin ƙirar kayan kwalliya. Tare da girmamawa da tallafi daga Gidauniyar Karl-Heinz Ditze da kuma guraben karo ilimi guda biyu na cikakken lokaci daga Ƙungiyar Carl Duisberg (wanda yanzu haka take cikin Went Society) da kuma [[Sabis ɗin Musayar Ilimi na Jamus|Hukumar Musayar Ilimi ta Jamus]], ta yi karatu a Landan a shahararriyar Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal kuma a shekarar 2005 ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Kayan Sawa na Mata. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2005 |title=Royal College of Art MA Fashion Show 2005 |url=https://www.fashioncapital.co.uk/industry/news/325-lifestyle/11280-royal-college-of-art-ma-fashion-show-2005/ |access-date=29 March 2024 |website=Fashion capital}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, ta shiga gasar ƙarshe ta gasar ƙira ta United Arrows . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty Profile - Philippa Lindenthal |url=https://fashionshow.fitnyc.edu/fof2023/articles/faculty/philippa-lindenthal.html |access-date=8 April 2024 |website=Future of Fashion}}</ref> == Sana'a == An kafa kamfaninta na ƙirar kayan kwalliya na philippa lindenthal a shekarar 2005, kuma ya haɗa da <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2010 |title=Philippa Lindenthal |url=https://issuu.com/designxport/docs/designxportzeitung_ausgabe_2 |access-date=8 April 2024 |website=designxport |archive-date=8 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408010905/https://issuu.com/designxport/docs/designxportzeitung_ausgabe_2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> kayan mata, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Altrock |first=Vera |date=3 December 2010 |title=Hamburgs Modewoche im Stilwerk |url=https://www.abendblatt.de/angebot/reportage/article107924872/Hamburgs-Modewoche-im-Stilwerk.html |website=Hamburger Abendblatt}}</ref> kayan saƙa da kayan maza. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2012 |title=Naturburschen im Büro |url=https://www.manager-magazin.de/lifestyle/mode/a-849892.html |access-date=28 March 2024 |website=manager magazin}}</ref> An nuna tarin kayanta <ref>{{Cite web |last=Altrock |first=Vera |date=8 January 2011 |title=Lässige Eleganz |url=https://www.abendblatt.de/hamburg/article107928790/Laessige-Eleganz.html |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt}}</ref> a Makon Kayan Zamani na Berlin, <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2003 |title=Beck's Fashion Experience in Berlin |url=https://fashionunited.de/nachrichten/mode/beck-s-fashion-experience-in-berlin/2003120428709 |access-date=29 March 2024 |website=Fashion United}}</ref> Makon Kayan Zamani na Düsseldorf, <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2011 |title=Fashion Net Night: Gäste feiern zu Mark Ronson |url=https://rp-online.de/nrw/staedte/duesseldorf/fashion-net-night-gaeste-feiern-zu-mark-ronson_bid-13596285#0 |access-date=28 March 2024 |website=Rheinische Post}}</ref> da Makon Kayan Zamani na Paris . Ta wakilci [[Hamburg]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wool school 2013 - dynamic heritage |url=https://www.campaignforwool.org/wool-school-2013-dynamic-heritage-2/ |access-date=29 March 2024 |website=THE CAMPAIGN FOR WOOL, Patron: The former Prince of Wales}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2010 |title=Mode von Philippa Lindenthal |url=https://www.abendblatt.de/angebot/reportage/article107894074/Mode-von-Philippa-Lindenthal.html |access-date=28 March 2024 |website=Hamburger Abendblatt}}</ref> a bikin baje kolin kayan kwalliya na Babban Birnin Al'adu na Turai, [[Marseille]] . Tana da ƙwarewa mai zurfi a matsayin mai tsara zane na DKNY, Jil Sander, Moschino da Rene Lezard. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty Profile - Philippa Lindenthal |url=https://fashionshow.fitnyc.edu/fof2023/articles/faculty/philippa-lindenthal.html |access-date=8 April 2024 |website=FIT - Future of Fashion}}</ref> Ta kuma koyar a ƙasashen duniya a cibiyoyi daban-daban, ciki har da FIT a Jami'ar Zhejiang Sci-Tech Hangzhou, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Philippa Lindenthal - Faculty Profile |url=https://fashionshow.fitnyc.edu/fof2024/articles/faculty/philippa-lindenthal.html |access-date=8 May 2024 |website=Future of Fashion}}</ref> da kuma a ESMOD Berlin, aid Berlin, Akademie Mode Design Hamburg, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ratter |first=Christopher |date=21 August 2017 |title=Wenn der Anzugträger zum Holzfällerhemd greift |url=https://www.welt.de/lifestyle/article108610422/Wenn-der-Anzugtraeger-zum-Holzfaellerhemd-greift.html |access-date=28 March 2024 |website=WELT}}</ref> JAK Hamburg da HAW Hamburg. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Einladung zur Jahresausstellung mit Modenschau, Filmfest und Games-Präsentation an der Fakultät Design, Medien Information |url=https://www.haw-hamburg.de/detail/news/news/show/372013-einladung-zur-jahresausstellung-mit-modenschau-filmfest-und-games-praesentation-an-der-fakultaet-design-medien-information/ |access-date=28 March 2024 |website=HAW Hamburg}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2015 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty Profile Philippa Lindenthal |url=https://www.fitnyc.edu/creative-nexus/faculty/directory/lindenthal-philippa.php |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=Fashion Institute of Technology |publisher=Fashion Institute of Technology}}</ref> ta kasance farfesa a fannin zane-zanen zamani <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fashion Design AAS Students’ Deconstructed Treasures on View |url=https://news.fitnyc.edu/2016/11/28/fashion-design-aas-students-deconstructed-treasures-on-view/ |access-date=28 November 2016 |website=FIT Newsroom |publisher=FIT Newsroom}}</ref> a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Zamani <ref>{{Cite web |title=Philippa Lindenthal FDGA 2016 |url=https://www.fitnyc.edu/gateways/employees/faculty-academic-support/cet/fdga/2015-2016/lindenthal-philippa.php |access-date=28 March 2024 |website=FITNYC |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328001924/https://www.fitnyc.edu/gateways/employees/faculty-academic-support/cet/fdga/2015-2016/lindenthal-philippa.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> da ke [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Philippa Lindenthal |url=https://institutionalrepository.fitnyc.edu/search?q=%22Lindenthal%2C+Philippa%22&suggester=true |access-date=8 April 2024 |website=institutional repository}}</ref> == Publications == Lindenthal, Philippa (2025). "Samar da Makomar Gaba: Binciken Mahadar Kerawa, Ilimin Koyarwa, da Fasaha a Tsarin Zane". ''Takardun taron IFFTI na shekara-shekara na 27.'' ''Gidauniyar Cibiyoyin Fasaha ta Zamani ta Duniya: 253-263.'' ''ISSN 2583-875X.'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-23 |title=Proceedings of IFFTI 2025 - Contents - IFFTI : International Foundation of Fashion Technology Institutes |url=https://site.iffti.org/proceedings-iffti-2025-contents/ |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=site.iffti.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tambayoyi Masu Muhimmanci == Wata Lindenthal da ta fito daga yankin kakanninta ita ce Gustav Lindenthal, wacce ta tsara gadar Jahannama a birnin New York. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]] q7il6g9o64ynb5qnh9lj2220mhsqox6 0 163710 906567 897777 2026-08-23T12:27:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Marie_Kundt.jpg|thumb| Marie Kundt]] '''Marie Julia Berta Emma Kundt''' (4 ga Fabrairu 1870 - 2 ga Afrilu 1932) ƙwararriyar mai ɗaukar hoto ce kuma malamar Jamus. Daga 1913 zuwa 1932, ta kasance darakta a sashen daukar hoto na Lette-Verein, wani cibiya ta ilimi ga matasa mata, inda ta bude sabon tushe wajen tallafawa ci gaban darussa ga mata masu son zama mataimakan likitoci . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marie-Kundt-Preis 2016 |url=http://dvta.de/marie-kundt-preis-2016 |access-date=30 May 2016 |publisher=DVA |language=German}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ohmstede, Anke |year=2014 |title=2. Marie-Kundt-Preis an Doreen May verliehen |url=http://www.nuklearmedizin-jena.de/site/media/Artikel_Marie_Kundt_Preis.pdf |access-date=30 May 2016 |publisher=MTA-Welt |language=German |archive-date=6 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806140811/http://www.nuklearmedizin-jena.de/site/media/Artikel_Marie_Kundt_Preis.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == 6roge6p7apog6anyugcu78t8t6wsmwh 0 163724 906814 897903 2026-08-24T03:19:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906814 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Nura Ahmed | occupation = Malamin jami'a, masanin ilimin Musulunci | employer = [[Jami'ar Tarayya ta Gashua]] | known_for = Bincike a fannin ilimin Musulunci da haƙƙin ɗan Adam }} '''Nura Ahmed''' malamin jami'a ne ɗan Najeriya kuma masanin [[Ilimin Musulunci|ilimin Musulunci]]. Yana aiki a Sashen Islamic Studies na [[Jami'ar Tarayya ta Gashua]] da ke Jihar Yobe. A shekarar 2024, an ɗaga matsayinsa zuwa matsayin [[Reader]] a jami'ar.<ref name="FUGA">{{cite web |title=FUGA Gets 3 New Professors, 17 Readers |url=https://fugashua.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/weekly-bulletin_compressed.pdf |website=Federal University Gashua |date=October 2024 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Aiki da matsayi == Nura Ahmed malami ne a Sashen Islamic Studies na Federal University Gashua. A watan Oktoban 2024, Majalisar Gudanarwar jami'ar ta amince da ɗaga matsayin manyan malaman jami'ar 17 zuwa matsayin Reader. Nura Ahmed yana cikin malaman da aka ɗaga matsayinsu, kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin malami daga Sashen Islamic Studies.<ref name="FUGA"/> Rahoton jaridar ''Independent Nigeria'' ya kuma tabbatar da cewa Nura Ahmed yana cikin malaman Federal University Gashua da aka ɗaga zuwa matsayin Reader a shekarar 2024.<ref name="Independent">{{cite news |last=Abisoye |first=Olusegun |title=Federal University Gashua Announces Promotions Of 3 As Professors, 17 As Readers |url=https://independent.ng/federal-university-gashua-announces-promotions-of-3-as-professors-17-as-readers/ |work=Independent Nigeria |date=4 October 2024 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> == Bincike == Nura Ahmed ya yi bincike a fannin [[Ilimin Musulunci|ilimin Musulunci]], musamman kan [[haƙƙin ɗan Adam]] da tushensu a cikin [[Alƙur'ani]] da [[Sunnah]]. A shekarar 2022, ya kasance marubucin wani bincike mai suna ''Human Rights as Taught by the Qur’an, Sunnah of the Prophet (SAW), and His Rightly Guided Caliphs'' tare da Auwal Salisu da Musa Umar Yakasai. Binciken ya tattauna yadda Alƙur'ani da Sunnah suka yi bayani kan haƙƙin ɗan Adam da kuma matsayinsu a koyarwar Musulunci.<ref name="HumanRights">{{cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Nura |author2=Salisu, Auwal |author3=Yakasai, Musa Umar |title=Human Rights as Taught by the Qur’an, Sunnah of the Prophet (SAW), and His Rightly Guided Caliphs |journal=Innovare Journal of Social Sciences |volume=10 |issue=4 |year=2022 |url=https://journals.innovareacademics.in/index.php/ijss/article/download/44541/26595/211620 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> Binciken ya nuna cewa marubutan suna aiki a Sashen Islamic Studies na Federal University Gashua, Jihar Yobe.<ref name="HumanRights"/> == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Malaman jami'o'in Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana ilimin Musulunci]] [[Category:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Tarayya ta Gashua]] [[Category:Mutanen Jihar Yobe]] [[Category:Masana kimiyyar zamantakewa na Najeriya]] s52m8j1lqbx9barpmgsueszl653meho 906825 906814 2026-08-24T04:38:38Z BnHamid 12586 906825 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nura Ahmed''' malamin jami'a ne ɗan Najeriya kuma masanin [[Ilimin Musulunci|ilimin Musulunci]]. Yana aiki a Sashen Islamic Studies na [[Jami'ar Tarayya ta Gashua]] da ke Jihar Yobe. A shekarar 2024, an ɗaga matsayinsa zuwa matsayin [[Reader]] a jami'ar.<ref name="FUGA">{{cite web |title=FUGA Gets 3 New Professors, 17 Readers |url=https://fugashua.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/weekly-bulletin_compressed.pdf |website=Federal University Gashua |date=October 2024 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Aiki da matsayi == Nura Ahmed malami ne a Sashen Islamic Studies na Federal University Gashua. A watan Oktoban 2024, Majalisar Gudanarwar jami'ar ta amince da ɗaga matsayin manyan malaman jami'ar 17 zuwa matsayin Reader. Nura Ahmed yana cikin malaman da aka ɗaga matsayinsu, kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin malami daga Sashen Islamic Studies.<ref name="FUGA"/> Rahoton jaridar ''Independent Nigeria'' ya kuma tabbatar da cewa Nura Ahmed yana cikin malaman Federal University Gashua da aka ɗaga zuwa matsayin Reader a shekarar 2024.<ref name="Independent">{{cite news |last=Abisoye |first=Olusegun |title=Federal University Gashua Announces Promotions Of 3 As Professors, 17 As Readers |url=https://independent.ng/federal-university-gashua-announces-promotions-of-3-as-professors-17-as-readers/ |work=Independent Nigeria |date=4 October 2024 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> == Bincike == Nura Ahmed ya yi bincike a fannin [[Ilimin Musulunci|ilimin Musulunci]], musamman kan [[haƙƙin ɗan Adam]] da tushensu a cikin [[Alƙur'ani]] da [[Sunnah]]. A shekarar 2022, ya kasance marubucin wani bincike mai suna ''Human Rights as Taught by the Qur’an, Sunnah of the Prophet (SAW), and His Rightly Guided Caliphs'' tare da Auwal Salisu da Musa Umar Yakasai. Binciken ya tattauna yadda Alƙur'ani da Sunnah suka yi bayani kan haƙƙin ɗan Adam da kuma matsayinsu a koyarwar Musulunci.<ref name="HumanRights">{{cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Nura |author2=Salisu, Auwal |author3=Yakasai, Musa Umar |title=Human Rights as Taught by the Qur’an, Sunnah of the Prophet (SAW), and His Rightly Guided Caliphs |journal=Innovare Journal of Social Sciences |volume=10 |issue=4 |year=2022 |url=https://journals.innovareacademics.in/index.php/ijss/article/download/44541/26595/211620 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> Binciken ya nuna cewa marubutan suna aiki a Sashen Islamic Studies na Federal University Gashua, Jihar Yobe.<ref name="HumanRights"/> == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Malaman jami'o'in Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana ilimin Musulunci]] [[Category:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Tarayya ta Gashua]] [[Category:Mutanen Jihar Yobe]] [[Category:Masana kimiyyar zamantakewa na Najeriya]] heu83fz5fwfkb3e7tmi58aefvl9po3s 0 163728 906672 897914 2026-08-23T19:59:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906672 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Mohammed Attai Yakubu | occupation = Farfesa, malamin jami'a | employer = [[Jami'ar Tarayya ta Gashua]] | known_for = Bincike a fannin adabi da harshen Turanci }} '''Mohammed Attai Yakubu''' farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya kuma malamin jami'a a fannin [[adabi]] da harshen [[Turanci]]. Yana koyarwa a Sashen English na [[Jami'ar Tarayya ta Gashua]], Jihar Yobe. Bincikensa ya fi mayar da hankali kan adabin Afirka, nazarin salo, wasan kwaikwayo da amfani da adabi wajen magance matsalolin zamantakewa.<ref name="FUGA">{{cite web |title=FUGA Gets 3 New Professors, 17 Readers |url=https://fugashua.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/weekly-bulletin_compressed.pdf |website=Federal University Gashua |date=October 2024 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ilimi da aiki == Mohammed Attai Yakubu ya samu digirin farko na B.A. a fannin English daga [[Jami'ar Usmanu Danfodiyo]] da ke Sakkwato. Daga baya ya samu M.A. a Literature in English daga wannan jami'a, sannan ya kammala digirin PhD a Literature a [[Jami'ar Jihar Kogi]] da ke Anyigba.<ref name="Myschool">{{cite web |title=Gashua Varsity Gets 2 New DVCs |url=https://myschoolnews.ng/h-6969 |website=Myschoolnews |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> Ya shiga aikin [[Jami'ar Tarayya ta Gashua]] a watan Fabrairun 2018 a matsayin Senior Lecturer a Sashen English. A shekarar 2019 ya samu matsayin Reader.<ref name="Myschool"/> A watan Agustan 2023, an naɗa Yakubu a matsayin Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Administration) na Federal University Gashua. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mataimakan shugaban jami'ar guda biyu da aka naɗa a lokacin.<ref name="DVC">{{cite news |title=Federal University Gashua Gets 2 New DVCs |url=https://independent.ng/federal-university-gashua-gets-2-new-dvcs/ |work=Independent Nigeria |date=18 August 2023 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> == Matsayin Farfesa == A ranar 3 ga Oktoba 2024, Majalisar Gudanarwar [[Jami'ar Tarayya ta Gashua]] ta amince da ɗaga matsayin manyan malaman jami'ar uku zuwa matsayin [[Farfesa]]. Mohammed Attai Yakubu yana cikin malaman ukun da aka ɗaga matsayinsu, tare da Ibrahim Ahmed Jajere da Aminu Maidala.<ref name="FUGA"/> Sanarwar jami'ar ta bayyana cewa ɗaukaka matsayin ta nuna gudummawar malaman wajen koyarwa, bincike da hidimar jami'a.<ref name="FUGA"/> == Bincike == Yakubu ya wallafa bincike a fannin adabi da harshen Turanci. A shekarar 2013, ya wallafa bincike mai taken ''Language and Theme in Charles Dickens's Oliver Twist and Chinua Achebe's Arrow of God''. Binciken ya yi nazarin yadda harshe ke taimakawa wajen bayyana jigogi da halayen jarumai a cikin ayyukan adabi.<ref name="Dickens">{{cite journal |last=Yakubu |first=Mohammed Attai |title=Language and Theme in Charles Dickens's Oliver Twist and Chinua Achebe's Arrow of God |journal=International Journal of English Language and Literature Studies |volume=2 |issue=4 |year=2013 |date=20 December 2013 |url=https://archive.aessweb.com/index.php/5019/article/view/632 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2015, ya wallafa bincike kan yadda wasan kwaikwayo zai iya taimakawa wajen samar da ayyukan yi ga matasa a Najeriya, ta hanyar amfani da tatsuniyoyi, almara da sauran nau'o'in wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name="Drama">{{cite journal |last=Yakubu |first=Mohammed Attai |title=Drama as a Source of Job Creation in Nigeria: An Example of Emmy Unuja Idegu's the Legendary Inikpi |journal=Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=79–82 |year=2015 |doi=10.5901/ajis.2015.v4n3p79 |url=https://ideas.repec.org/a/bjz/ajisjr/1276.html |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2015, ya kuma kasance ɗaya daga cikin marubutan bincike kan amfani da salon magana da rhetoric wajen nazarin halayen Papa a littafin ''Purple Hibiscus'' na [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]].<ref name="Purple">{{cite journal |last=Yakubu |first=Mohammed Attai |author2=Kinrin, Christiana B. |title=Epideictic Rhetoric as a Means of Characterisation: An Example of Papa (Eugene) in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Purple Hibiscus |journal=International Journal of English Language and Literature Studies |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=184–191 |year=2015 |doi=10.18488/journal.23/2015.4.4/23.4.184.191 |url=https://archive.aessweb.com/index.php/5019/article/view/627 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2023, Yakubu da Juliet O. Ibrahim sun wallafa bincike mai suna ''A Linguistic Stylistic Study of Chinua Achebe's Antihills of the Savannah'', wanda ya bayyana a cikin mujallar ''Journal of the English Scholars' Association of Nigeria''.<ref name="Achebe">{{cite web |title=Vol. 25 No. 1 (2023): Journal of the English Scholars' Association of Nigeria |url=https://journalofenglishscholarsassociation.org/journals/index.php/JESAN/issue/view/3 |website=Journal of the English Scholars' Association of Nigeria |date=30 March 2023 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2025, Yakubu tare da Sani Isah da Gambo Jinjiri sun wallafa bincike kan amfani da wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiyar Igala wajen samar da ayyukan yi ga matasa.<ref name="Igala">{{cite journal |last=Yakubu |first=Mohammed Attai |author2=Isah, Sani |author3=Jinjiri, Gambo |title=Reviving Igala Traditional Theatre for Youth Employment |journal=International Journal of English Language & Communication Studies |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=22–31 |year=2025 |doi=10.56201/ijelcs.vol.10.no1.2025.pg22.31 |url=https://iiardjournals.org/abstract.php?id=57850&j=IJELCS&pn=Reviving+Igala+Traditional+Theatre+for+Youth+Employment+ |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Malaman jami'o'in Najeriya]] [[Category:Farfesoshi na Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana adabin Najeriya]] [[Category:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Tarayya ta Gashua]] [[Category:Masana harshen Turanci]] [[Category:Mutanen Jihar Yobe]] qtqnmczwal5pdqzh3gxi0qk2uvshgdi 906827 906672 2026-08-24T04:41:05Z BnHamid 12586 906827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mohammed Attai Yakubu''' farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya kuma malamin jami'a a fannin [[adabi]] da harshen [[Turanci]]. Yana koyarwa a Sashen English na [[Jami'ar Tarayya ta Gashua]], Jihar Yobe. Bincikensa ya fi mayar da hankali kan adabin Afirka, nazarin salo, wasan kwaikwayo da amfani da adabi wajen magance matsalolin zamantakewa.<ref name="FUGA">{{cite web |title=FUGA Gets 3 New Professors, 17 Readers |url=https://fugashua.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/weekly-bulletin_compressed.pdf |website=Federal University Gashua |date=October 2024 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ilimi da aiki == Mohammed Attai Yakubu ya samu digirin farko na B.A. a fannin English daga [[Jami'ar Usmanu Danfodiyo]] da ke Sakkwato. Daga baya ya samu M.A. a Literature in English daga wannan jami'a, sannan ya kammala digirin PhD a Literature a [[Jami'ar Jihar Kogi]] da ke Anyigba.<ref name="Myschool">{{cite web |title=Gashua Varsity Gets 2 New DVCs |url=https://myschoolnews.ng/h-6969 |website=Myschoolnews |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> Ya shiga aikin [[Jami'ar Tarayya ta Gashua]] a watan Fabrairun 2018 a matsayin Senior Lecturer a Sashen English. A shekarar 2019 ya samu matsayin Reader.<ref name="Myschool"/> A watan Agustan 2023, an naɗa Yakubu a matsayin Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Administration) na Federal University Gashua. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mataimakan shugaban jami'ar guda biyu da aka naɗa a lokacin.<ref name="DVC">{{cite news |title=Federal University Gashua Gets 2 New DVCs |url=https://independent.ng/federal-university-gashua-gets-2-new-dvcs/ |work=Independent Nigeria |date=18 August 2023 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> == Matsayin Farfesa == A ranar 3 ga Oktoba 2024, Majalisar Gudanarwar [[Jami'ar Tarayya ta Gashua]] ta amince da ɗaga matsayin manyan malaman jami'ar uku zuwa matsayin [[Farfesa]]. Mohammed Attai Yakubu yana cikin malaman ukun da aka ɗaga matsayinsu, tare da Ibrahim Ahmed Jajere da Aminu Maidala.<ref name="FUGA"/> Sanarwar jami'ar ta bayyana cewa ɗaukaka matsayin ta nuna gudummawar malaman wajen koyarwa, bincike da hidimar jami'a.<ref name="FUGA"/> == Bincike == Yakubu ya wallafa bincike a fannin adabi da harshen Turanci. A shekarar 2013, ya wallafa bincike mai taken ''Language and Theme in Charles Dickens's Oliver Twist and Chinua Achebe's Arrow of God''. Binciken ya yi nazarin yadda harshe ke taimakawa wajen bayyana jigogi da halayen jarumai a cikin ayyukan adabi.<ref name="Dickens">{{cite journal |last=Yakubu |first=Mohammed Attai |title=Language and Theme in Charles Dickens's Oliver Twist and Chinua Achebe's Arrow of God |journal=International Journal of English Language and Literature Studies |volume=2 |issue=4 |year=2013 |date=20 December 2013 |url=https://archive.aessweb.com/index.php/5019/article/view/632 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2015, ya wallafa bincike kan yadda wasan kwaikwayo zai iya taimakawa wajen samar da ayyukan yi ga matasa a Najeriya, ta hanyar amfani da tatsuniyoyi, almara da sauran nau'o'in wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name="Drama">{{cite journal |last=Yakubu |first=Mohammed Attai |title=Drama as a Source of Job Creation in Nigeria: An Example of Emmy Unuja Idegu's the Legendary Inikpi |journal=Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=79–82 |year=2015 |doi=10.5901/ajis.2015.v4n3p79 |url=https://ideas.repec.org/a/bjz/ajisjr/1276.html |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2015, ya kuma kasance ɗaya daga cikin marubutan bincike kan amfani da salon magana da rhetoric wajen nazarin halayen Papa a littafin ''Purple Hibiscus'' na [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]].<ref name="Purple">{{cite journal |last=Yakubu |first=Mohammed Attai |author2=Kinrin, Christiana B. |title=Epideictic Rhetoric as a Means of Characterisation: An Example of Papa (Eugene) in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Purple Hibiscus |journal=International Journal of English Language and Literature Studies |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=184–191 |year=2015 |doi=10.18488/journal.23/2015.4.4/23.4.184.191 |url=https://archive.aessweb.com/index.php/5019/article/view/627 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2023, Yakubu da Juliet O. Ibrahim sun wallafa bincike mai suna ''A Linguistic Stylistic Study of Chinua Achebe's Antihills of the Savannah'', wanda ya bayyana a cikin mujallar ''Journal of the English Scholars' Association of Nigeria''.<ref name="Achebe">{{cite web |title=Vol. 25 No. 1 (2023): Journal of the English Scholars' Association of Nigeria |url=https://journalofenglishscholarsassociation.org/journals/index.php/JESAN/issue/view/3 |website=Journal of the English Scholars' Association of Nigeria |date=30 March 2023 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2025, Yakubu tare da Sani Isah da Gambo Jinjiri sun wallafa bincike kan amfani da wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiyar Igala wajen samar da ayyukan yi ga matasa.<ref name="Igala">{{cite journal |last=Yakubu |first=Mohammed Attai |author2=Isah, Sani |author3=Jinjiri, Gambo |title=Reviving Igala Traditional Theatre for Youth Employment |journal=International Journal of English Language & Communication Studies |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=22–31 |year=2025 |doi=10.56201/ijelcs.vol.10.no1.2025.pg22.31 |url=https://iiardjournals.org/abstract.php?id=57850&j=IJELCS&pn=Reviving+Igala+Traditional+Theatre+for+Youth+Employment+ |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Malaman jami'o'in Najeriya]] [[Category:Farfesoshi na Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana adabin Najeriya]] [[Category:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Tarayya ta Gashua]] [[Category:Masana harshen Turanci]] [[Category:Mutanen Jihar Yobe]] ehvpez08ycavnvt2w4yoc0d4rmw989n 0 163738 906673 897955 2026-08-23T20:02:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906673 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Mohammed Bashir Umar | birth_date = 1966 | birth_place = Hadejia, Jihar Jigawa, Najeriya | occupation = Malamin jami'a, masanin tattalin arzikin noma | employer = [[Jami'ar Tarayya ta Gashua]] | known_for = Bincike kan fadada ayyukan noma, talauci da ci gaban karkara }} '''Mohammed Bashir Umar''' malamin jami'a ne ɗan Najeriya kuma masanin [[tattalin arzikin noma]] da fadada ayyukan noma. Shi ne malami a Sashen Agricultural Economics and Extension na [[Jami'ar Tarayya ta Gashua]], Jihar Yobe. Bincikensa ya fi mayar da hankali kan fadada ayyukan noma, talauci, ci gaban karkara, kirkire-kirkiren noma da tasirin ayyukan ban ruwa ga manoma.<ref name="RSIS">{{cite web |title=Dr. Mohammed Bashir Umar |url=https://rsis.international/reviewers/dr-mohammed-bashir-umar/ |website=RSIS International |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> == Rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi Mohammed Bashir Umar a shekarar 1966 a [[Hadejia]], Jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Ya samu digirin farko na Agriculture daga [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] da ke Zariya a shekarar 1991. A shekarar 2006 ya samu digirin M.Sc. a Agricultural Extension and Rural Sociology daga jami'ar, sannan ya kammala PhD a wannan fanni a shekarar 2016.<ref name="RSIS"/> Kundin digirinsa na PhD, wanda aka gabatar a Ahmadu Bello University a shekarar 2016, ya kasance kan tasirin Hadejia Valley Irrigation Project kan yawan amfanin gona da rage talauci a Jihar Jigawa.<ref name="Thesis">{{cite thesis |last=Umar |first=Mohammed Bashir |title=Impact of Hadejia Valley Irrigation (HVIP) Project on Crop Productivity and Poverty Reduction in Jigawa State, Nigeria |publisher=Ahmadu Bello University |year=2016 |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/73c2f83e-7ad4-4c55-b34a-7622bcdb4e69/content |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> == Aiki == Umar ya fara aikin koyarwa a shekarar 1991 a matsayin Assistant Lecturer a tsohuwar Jigawa State Polytechnic. Daga baya ya ci gaba da koyarwa da bincike a fannin Agricultural Extension da Rural Sociology.<ref name="RSIS"/> Ya shiga aikin [[Jami'ar Tarayya ta Gashua]] a shekarar 2019. Ya kuma zama shugaban Sashen Agricultural Economics and Extension na jami'ar.<ref name="RSIS"/> A ranar 3 ga Oktoba 2024, Majalisar Gudanarwar [[Jami'ar Tarayya ta Gashua]] ta amince da ɗaga matsayinsa daga Senior Lecturer zuwa matsayin [[Reader]]. An jera sunansa cikin malaman jami'ar 17 da aka ɗaga zuwa matsayin Reader a taron Majalisar Gudanarwar jami'ar.<ref name="FUGA">{{cite web |title=FUGA Gets 3 New Professors, 17 Readers |url=https://fugashua.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/weekly-bulletin_compressed.pdf |website=Federal University Gashua |date=October 2024 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Jaridar ''Independent Nigeria'' ta kuma ruwaito ɗaukaka matsayin Umar zuwa Reader tare da sauran manyan malaman jami'ar.<ref name="Independent">{{cite news |last=Abisoye |first=Olusegun |title=Federal University Gashua Announces Promotions Of 3 As Professors, 17 As Readers |url=https://independent.ng/federal-university-gashua-announces-promotions-of-3-as-professors-17-as-readers/ |work=Independent Nigeria |date=4 October 2024 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> == Bincike == Binciken Umar ya fi mayar da hankali kan [[fadada ayyukan noma]], tattalin arzikin karkara, talauci, hanyoyin sadarwa a noma da ayyukan ban ruwa. Ya yi bincike musamman kan tasirin Hadejia Valley Irrigation Project ga manoma da al'ummomin karkara.<ref name="RSIS"/> A shekarar 2021, Umar ya wallafa bincike kan tasirin Hadejia Valley Irrigation Project ga rayuwar karkara, albarkatun gidaje da matsayin arzikin waɗanda suka amfana da aikin a Jihar Jigawa. Binciken ya bayyana alaƙarsa da Federal University Gashua.<ref name="Livelihoods">{{cite journal |last=Umar |first=Mohammed Bashir |title=Impact of Hadejia Valley Irrigation Project (HVIP) on Rural Livelihoods, Household Resource Endowments and Wealth Status of Beneficiaries in Jigawa State, Nigeria |journal=International Journal of Water Resources and Arid Environments |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=9–19 |year=2021 |url=https://psipw.org/attachments/article/2977/009-019%20Umar.pdf |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2024, ya wallafa bincike kan abubuwan da ke haddasa talauci tsakanin waɗanda suka amfana da Hadejia Valley Irrigation Project a Jihar Jigawa. Binciken ya yi nazari kan halayen tattalin arziki da na zamantakewa da kuma abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da talauci a tsakanin manoman yankin.<ref name="Poverty">{{cite journal |last=Umar |first=Mohammed Bashir |title=Determinants of Poverty among Beneficiaries of Hadejia Valley Irrigation Project (HVIP) in Jigawa State, Nigeria |journal=International Journal of Water Resources and Arid Environments |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |year=2024 |url=https://psiewdr.org/article/April-2024/01-07.pdf |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2024, Umar da Usman Haruna sun wallafa babin littafi mai taken ''Dynamics of Agricultural Extension for Nigeria's Rural Areas Under the Current Scenario of Climate Change''. Binciken ya tattauna sauye-sauyen tsarin fadada ayyukan noma a Najeriya da yadda sauyin yanayi ke shafar aikin fadada ayyukan noma a yankunan karkara.<ref name="Extension">{{cite book |last=Umar |first=Mohammed Bashir |author2=Haruna, Usman |chapter=Dynamics of Agricultural Extension for Nigeria's Rural Areas Under the Current Scenario of Climate Change |title=Climate-Smart and Resilient Food Systems and Security |year=2024 |pages=357–378 |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-65968-3_16 }}</ref> Umar ya kuma kasance marubucin babin ''Agricultural Development for Food Security and Sustainability in Nigeria'', wanda ya tattauna ci gaban noma, tattalin arzikin karkara, yawan jama'a da matsalolin muhalli a Najeriya.<ref name="FoodSecurity">{{cite book |last=Haruna |first=Usman |author2=Umar, Mohammed Bashir |chapter=Agricultural Development for Food Security and Sustainability in Nigeria |title=Global Food Insecurity |year=2011 }}</ref> == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Malaman jami'o'in Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana tattalin arzikin noma]] [[Category:Masana fadada ayyukan noma]] [[Category:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Tarayya ta Gashua]] [[Category:Mutanen Jihar Jigawa]] [[Category:Masana ci gaban karkara]] btkcor6en59he215v1ow05gyeju1e9s 0 163956 906621 899850 2026-08-23T17:09:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mercedes Bunz''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1971) Masanin tarihin fasaha ne na Jamus, [[ɗan jarida]], kuma Farfesa a fannin Al'adu da Al'umma a Kwalejin King ta London . <ref>{{Cite web |title=King's College London, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Department of Digital Humanities: Staff. |url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/people/mercedes-bunz |access-date=14 July 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=London |first=King's College |title=Dr Mercedes Bunz awarded AHRC's BRAID Fellowship |url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/dr-mercedes-bunz-awarded-ahrcs-braid-fellowship |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=King's College London |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mercedes Bunz |url=https://www.cccb.org/en/participants/file/mercedes-bunz/243674 |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=CCCB |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == === Farkon aiki === Bunz ta yi karatun [[Falsafa|falsafar]] da Tarihin fasaha a Freie Universität Berlin, bayan ta wuce jarrabawar karshe a makarantar sakandare ta Celtis-Gymnasium a garin Schweinfurt na Jamus a 1991. Tare da Sascha Kösch, Riley Reinhold, da Benjamin Weiss ta kafa jaridar kiɗa ta Berlin De:Bug a cikin shekara ta 1997, ta zama co-edita da kuma babban edita daga 1999 har zuwa 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weichert |first=Stephan |last2=Zabel |first2=Christian |year=2010 |title=Mercedes Bunz – Das Tornado-Mädchen |url=http://www.alpha-journalisten.de/alpha2/alpha2/alpha2/bunz_mercedes.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602021052/http://www.alpha-journalisten.de/alpha2/alpha2/alpha2/bunz_mercedes.html |archive-date=2 June 2011 |access-date=11 June 2011 |language=German}}</ref> Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung ne ya ba ta tallafin karatu, wanda ya ba ta damar kammala karatu a Bauhaus-Universität Weimar <ref name="carta">{{Cite web |title=Profil von Mercedes Bunz |url=http://carta.info/autor/mercedes_bunz/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726114024/http://carta.info/autor/mercedes_bunz/ |archive-date=26 July 2011 |access-date=11 June 2011 |publisher=Carta |language=German}}</ref> rubuce-rubuce game da tarihin [[Yanar gizo|Intanet]] tsakanin shekarun 1950 da 1980. An buga rubutun ta a matsayin littafi mai ban sha'awa a cikin shekara ta 2008. Melih Bilgil ya kuma yi amfani da wannan a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa na 2009 ''Tarihin Intanet''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bilgil |first=Melih |year=2009 |title=History of the Internet |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hIQjrMHTv4 |access-date=2 January 2012 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Ayyukan Mercedes Bunz sun kasance na ilimi da na jarida. Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida mai zaman kansa na wani lokaci, Bunz ya zama malami a Jami'ar Bielefeld . A wannan shekarar ta kuma fara aiki ga mujallar birnin Berlin ''zitty'' kafin ta gudanar da kasuwancin kan layi na jaridar ''Tagesspiegel'' ta Jamus. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kösch |first=Sascha |date=15 February 2007 |title=Mercedes geht zu Tagesspiegel-Online. Von einem Chefredakteursposten zum nächsten |url=http://de-bug.de/medien/archives/mercedes-geht-zu-tagesspiegel-online.html |access-date=11 June 2011 |publisher=De:Bug |language=German }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, ta shiga jaridar London ''[[The Guardian]]'' a matsayin mai ba da labarai da fasaha. Ta zauna tare da ''The Guardian'' har zuwa farkon shekara ta 2011, inda ta bi abubuwan da suka faru a cikin aikin jarida na kan layi da shafukan sada zumunta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Voß |first=Jochen |date=7 August 2009 |title=Private Gründe Chefredakteurin Bunz verlässt |url=http://www.dwdl.de/nachrichten/22110/chefredakteurin_bunz_verlsst_tagesspiegelde/ |access-date=11 June 2011 |website=tagesspiegel.de |publisher=DWDL.de |language=German}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010 an ba Bunz lambar yabo ta Fachjournalisten-Preis ta ƙungiyar ƙwararrun editocin Jamus, ko Deutscher Fachjournaliste-Verband . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2010 |title=Deutscher Fachjournalisten-Kongress in Berlin: Dr. Mercedes Bunz erhält Fachjournalisten-Preis 2010 |url=http://www.dfjv.de/home/news_einzelansicht/browse/infopool/article/2/deutscher-fachjournalisten-kongress-in-berlin-dr-mercedes-bunz-erhaelt-fachjournalisten-preis-2010/news_einzelansicht.html?cHash=fbfeebbf1d&no_cache=1&sword_list%5B0%5D=bunz |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325152930/http://www.dfjv.de/home/news_einzelansicht/browse/infopool/article/2/deutscher-fachjournalisten-kongress-in-berlin-dr-mercedes-bunz-erhaelt-fachjournalisten-preis-2010/news_einzelansicht.html?cHash=fbfeebbf1d&no_cache=1&sword_list%5B0%5D=bunz |archive-date=25 March 2012 |access-date=11 June 2011 |publisher=Deutscher Fachjournalisten-Verband}}</ref> A shekara ta 2011 ta gudanar da Impakt Fellowship na Cibiyar Humanities daga Jami'ar Utrecht . Ta rubuta wa mujallu na intanet na Jamus ''[[:de:Carta (Publikation)|daga]]&#x5D;-linkid="78" href="./Telepolis" id="mwVw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Telepolis">Telepolis'' da {{Interlanguage link|Carta (blog)|de|Carta (Publikation)}} [de].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artikel von Mercedes Bunz |url=http://www.heise.de/tp/autor/mercedesbunz/default.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425051104/http://www.heise.de/tp/autor/mercedesbunz/default.html |archive-date=25 April 2011 |access-date=11 June 2011 |publisher=Telepolis}}</ref> Suhrkamp ne ya buga littafinta game da tasirin algorithms a kan al'umma a shekarar 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bunz |first=Mercedes |title=Digitale Wahrheiten |url=http://www.suhrkamp.de/buecher/digitale_wahrheiten-mercedes_bunz_26043.html |access-date=2 January 2012 |publisher=Suhrkamp Verlag}}</ref> Wani sabuntawa na Mercedes Bunz: The Silent Revolution: Yadda Digitalization ke canza Ilimi, Aiki, Jarida da Siyasa ba tare da Yin Sauti Mai yawa ba ya fito tare da Palgrave Macmillan a cikin 2014. Fassarar Mutanen Espanya "La Revolución Silenciosa" an fassara ta Cruce kuma ta fito a cikin 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mercedes Bunz: La Revolución Silenciosa |url=https://www.traficantes.net/libros/revolucion-silenciosa |access-date=2 September 2018 |publisher=Cruce Casa}}</ref> Ta kasance memba na Cibiyar Interdisciplinary Network for the Critical Humanities Terra Critica <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2017 |title=Terra Critica |url=http://terracritica.net/people/ |access-date=24 January 2018}}</ref> kuma ta kasance co-kafa na meson press, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Meson Press |url=http://meson.press/ |access-date=24 January 2018}}</ref> wata manema labarai mai budewa wacce ke buga bincike kan al'adun dijital, fasaha da kafofin watsa labarai na cibiyar sadarwa, sakamako ɗaya na Hybrid Publishing Lab, Jami'ar Leuphana, wanda ta ba da umarni daga 2012-2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hybrid Publishing |url=https://www.leuphana.de/kooperationen/regional/digitale-medien/hybrid-publishing.html |access-date=24 January 2018}}</ref> Ta zama Babban Malami a Jami'ar Westminster, London a shekarar 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Westminster: Dr Mercedes Bunz presents AI research to the House of Lord's Select Committee |url=https://www.westminster.ac.uk/news/dr-mercedes-bunz-presents-ai-research-to-the-house-of-lords-select-committee |access-date=17 August 2019}}</ref> A cikin 2018, littafin da ta rubuta tare da Graham Meikle a kan Intanet na abubuwa ya fito tare da Polity, inda suke bincika tambayoyi game da na'urori masu auna sigina da Artificial Intelligence yayin da abubuwa suka zama kafofin watsa labarai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Internet of Things |url=http://politybooks.com/bookdetail/?isbn=9781509517459 |access-date=24 January 2018 |publisher=Polity Press}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga Oktoba 2017 Mercedes Bunz ta ba da shaida ga Kwamitin Zaɓin Majalisar Lords don [[Kirkirar Basira|Ilimin Artificial]] kuma ta gabatar da bincikenta na Ilimin Artifical <ref>{{Cite web |title=House of Lords Select Committee on Artificial Intelligence: Corrected oral evidence Tuesday 31 October 2017 |url=http://data.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/committeeevidence.svc/evidencedocument/artificial-intelligence-committee/artificial-intelligence/oral/73546.html |access-date=17 August 2019}}</ref> game da muhimmancin bayanan da ke akwai a fili saboda haɓakar ilmantarwa na inji wanda aka ɗauka a cikin rahoton. <ref>{{Cite web |title=House of Lords Select Committee on Artificial Intelligence: Report of Session 2017–19 'AI in the UK: ready, willing and able?' |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201719/ldselect/ldai/100/100.pdf |access-date=17 August 2019}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2018 ta fara aiki a Sashen Digital Humanities, King's College London., inda ta kasance Farfesa a fannin Al'adu da Al'umma tun daga 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=King's College London, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Department of Digital Humanities: Staff. |url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/people/mercedes-bunz |access-date=2 September 2018}}</ref> A cikin 2019 littafin da ta rubuta tare game da sadarwa ta dijital da sadarwa ta inji an buga shi tare (buɗewa) ta Jami'ar Minnesota Press da meson press. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] itkukh3gy1bix5fx7xqwexyubiis3eb 0 163967 906656 899965 2026-08-23T18:58:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Minnie Turner(6 May 1866 – 1948) was a British suffragette who was known for running a guest house, the "Sea View", in Brighton. In November 1911 she was arrested for breaking a window in the Home Office for which she received a 21 day sentence Holloway Prison.   == Rayuwa == An haifi Turner Minnie Sarah Turner a ranar 6 ga watan Mayu 1866 a [[Landan]].<ref name="Calder">{{Cite web |last=Calder |first=Jean |date=14 November 2018 |title=Why we remember suffragette Minnie Turner |url=https://www.brightonandhovenews.org/2018/11/14/why-we-remember-suffragette-minnie-turner/ |access-date=14 August 2019 |website=Brighton and Hove News}}</ref> Ta gudanar da gidan baƙi a Brighton, "Sea View", wanda ya zama wurin hutu, amma kuma mafaka ga 'yan mata na Burtaniya waɗanda aka ɗaure su saboda dalilin zaɓen, da yawa waɗanda ke murmurewa daga ciyar da karfi. Masu zama sun hada da Lady Constance Bulwer-Lytton, Mary Jane Clarke, Emily Davison, Flora Drummond, [[Annie Kenney]], Mary Naylor, Christabel Pankhurst, Emmeline Pankhurst, Emmelin Pethick-Lawrence, [[Vera Wentworth]], da Ada Wright.<ref name="Brighton & Hove City Council">{{Cite web |title=Blue plaque for suffragette Minnie Turner |url=https://new.brighton-hove.gov.uk/news/2018/blue-plaque-suffragette-minnie-turner |access-date=14 August 2019 |website=Brighton & Hove City Council |language=en}}</ref> Turner ta dauki bakuncin Minnie Baldock, kuma ta biya kudin tafiye-tafiye don tallafawa kokarin Mary Clarke na cikin gida a lokacin rani. An kama Turner sau biyu saboda shiga cikin zanga-zangar sufragist. A shekara ta 1910 an kama ta ne saboda zanga-zanga a waje da House of Commons na United Kingdom a ranar Black Friday . A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1911 an kama ta ne saboda karya taga a Ofishin Gida wanda ta sami hukuncin kwana 21 a gidan yarin Holloway . <ref name="Simkin">{{Cite web |last=Simkin |first=John |title=Minnie Turner |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/WturnerM.htm |access-date=14 August 2019 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref> An baiwa Turner lambar yabo ta yunwa 'don jaruntaka' ta WSPU.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> An yi barazanar windows din Turner a matsayin fansa a cikin katin waya da ba a san shi ba, daga 'WHAT HO ALF', kuma daya ko biyu sun karye. <nowiki>'an yi barazanar windows din da kansu a matsayin fansa a cikin katin waya da ba a san su ba, daga 'WHAT HO ALF', kuma daya ko biyu sun karye. </nowiki>Turner ya sanya bayanin kula a cikin windows da ya shafi yana cewa "Mazaunin maza. Yin koyi da shi ne mafi kyawun nau'in yabo."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Turner |first=Minnie |date= |title=Museum of London {{!}} Free museum in London |url=https://collections.museumoflondon.org.uk/online/object/965483.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-09-01 |website=collections.museumoflondon.org.uk}}</ref> A shekara ta 1912, Emily Davison ta warke daga kwarewarta a kurkuku tare da Turner har sai da ta sami damar tafiya zuwa Northumberland don ganin mahaifiyarta. Turner ta kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Mata ta Kasa (NUWSS) Ƙungiyar Jama'a da Siyasa ta Mata (WSPU) da Ƙungiyar Tsayayya da Haraji ta Mata (WTRL). Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin sakatariyar girmamawa ta Kungiyar Mata ta Liberal a Brighton . <ref name="Simkin"/><ref name="Antoni">{{Cite web |last=Antoni |first=Karen |title=Celebrating 100 years since the Representation of the People Act, 1918-2018 |url=https://brightonmuseums.org.uk/discover/2018/02/05/celebrating-100-years-since-the-representation-of-the-people-act-1918-2018/ |access-date=14 August 2019 |website=Discover |archive-date=14 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814164704/https://brightonmuseums.org.uk/discover/2018/02/05/celebrating-100-years-since-the-representation-of-the-people-act-1918-2018/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner ya mutu a shekara ta 1948. <ref name="Simkin"/> == Kyauta == A cikin 2018 an kaddamar da takardar shuɗi don girmama Turner a shafin yanar gizon "Sea View" a 13 Victoria Road, Brighton . <ref name="Brighton & Hove City Council"/> An haɗa "Holloway brooch" a cikin shekaru 100 na Gidan Tarihi na Brighton tun lokacin da Dokar Wakilin Jama'a, nune-nunen 1918-2018. <ref name="Antoni"/> Turner ta tarin takardun sakonni a cikin Gidan Tarihi na London ya ba da haske game da rawar da take takawa ga mata masu gwagwarmaya a lokacin da suke da wuya. <ref name=":1"/> * Jerin masu goyon bayan mata da mata == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 6g0am9l6x4n3q00w36bfubztp7lx96z 0 164246 906605 901944 2026-08-23T14:42:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906605 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Maryam Nnafatima Imam''' 'yar siyasar Najeriya ce kuma ma’aikaciyar gwamnati, wadda ke rike da mukamin Kwamishiniyar Ci gaban Al’umma a Jihar Kwara. A baya ta taba zama Babbar Mataimakiya ta Musamman kan Manufofin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa (SDGs) a gwamnatin jihar..<ref name="leaderbox2">{{Cite news |title=Dr. Maryam Nnafatima Imam – Leaderbox Africa Profile |url=https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/dr-mariam-nnafatima-imam |access-date=28 April 2026 |publisher=Leader box}}</ref><ref name="herald-appointment2">{{Cite news |title=Kwara Assembly Confirms Commissioner Nominees |url=https://www.theheraldnews.ng/2025/03/kwara-assembly-approves-olohungbebe-nnafatima-imam-as-commissioners |access-date=28 April 2026 |publisher=The Herald Newspaper, 2025}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Maryam Nnafatima Imam ta fito ne daga Tsaragi Ward III a yankin karamar hukumar Edu na jihar Kwara . Tana da Ph.D. kuma tana da ilimin kimiyya wanda ke tallafawa aikinta a cikin shugabanci da manufofin ci gaba.<ref name="herald-nomination2">{{Cite news |date=26 February 2025 |title=AbdulRazaq Nominates Olohungbebe, Mariam Imam as Commissioners |url=https://www.theheraldnews.ng/2025/02/abdulrazaq-nominates-olohungbebe-mariam-imam-as-commissioners |access-date=28 April 2026 |publisher=The Herald Newspaper}}</ref><ref name="leaderbox3">{{Cite news |title=Dr. Maryam Nnafatima Imam – Leaderbox Africa Profile |url=https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/dr-mariam-nnafatima-imam |access-date=28 April 2026 |publisher=Leader box}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Ta yi aiki a matsayin Babban Mataimakin Musamman kan Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci Gaban (SDGs) ga Gwamnatin Jihar Kwara, inda ta tsara shirye-shiryen da suka shafi ci gaba da dabarun aiwatarwa na SDG. Ta kuma shiga cikin shirya abubuwan da suka shafi SDG kamar tarurrukan jihohi.<ref name="leaderbox4">{{Cite news |title=Dr. Maryam Nnafatima Imam – Leaderbox Africa Profile |url=https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/dr-mariam-nnafatima-imam |access-date=28 April 2026 |publisher=Leader box}}</ref><ref name="oyoparrot-sdgs2">{{Cite news |date=25 August 2024 |title=SDG Engagement and Convention Report in Kwara State |url=https://oyoparrot.com/2024/08/25/director-of-afrika-future-drive-initiatives-commends-ssa-on-sdg-mariam-nnafatima-imam |access-date=28 April 2026 |publisher=Oyo Parrot }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekara ta 2025, [[Gwamna]] AbdulRahman AbdulRazaq ne ya zaba ta a matsayin Kwamishinan a [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] kuma daga baya Majalisar Dokokin Jihar ta tabbatar da ita bayan tantancewa. Daga baya aka rantsar da ita a matsayin Kwamishinan Ci gaban Jama'a<ref name="leaderbox5">{{Cite news |title=Dr. Maryam Nnafatima Imam – Leaderbox Africa Profile |url=https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/dr-mariam-nnafatima-imam |access-date=28 April 2026 |publisher=Leader box}}</ref><ref name="ilorin-inauguration2">{{Cite news |date=2025 |title=Kwara Governor Swears in New Commissioners |url=https://ilorin.info/fullnews.php?id=36229 |access-date=28 April 2026 |publisher=Ilorin info}}</ref> A matsayinta na Kwamishinan Ci gaban Jama'a, tana kula da manufofi da ke da alaƙa da kungiyoyi masu rauni, gami da mata, yara, da tsofaffi. Ma'aikatarta kuma tana tallafawa shirye-shiryen jin dadin jama'a da shirye-shirye na ci gaban al'umma a Jihar Kwara.<ref name="leaderbox6">{{Cite news |title=Dr. Maryam Nnafatima Imam – Leaderbox Africa Profile |url=https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/dr-mariam-nnafatima-imam |access-date=28 April 2026 |publisher=Leader box}}</ref><ref name="oyoparrot-sdgs3">{{Cite news |date=25 August 2024 |title=SDG Engagement and Convention Report in Kwara State |url=https://oyoparrot.com/2024/08/25/director-of-afrika-future-drive-initiatives-commends-ssa-on-sdg-mariam-nnafatima-imam |access-date=28 April 2026 |publisher=Oyo Parrot }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Gwamnonin Nijeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] oeyoje3ctgb0yx1hsiasgk1oal0k0u6 0 164251 906619 901956 2026-08-23T16:30:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maurice Propnen''' Maurice Propnen ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne. Ya taɓa zama ɗan majalisar wakilai, inda ya wakilci mazabar tarayya ta Gokana/Khana a Majalisar Wakilai. Ya fito daga Jihar Rivers. An fara zaɓarsa a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Rivers a zaɓen shekarar 2011, sannan aka sake zaɓarsa a shekarar 2015 ƙarƙashin jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/maurice-propnen |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Maurice Propnen ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne daga Jihar Rivers . Ya wakilci Gokana / Khan Tarayyar Tarayya a Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya daga 2015 zuwa 2019 a dandalin All Progressives Congress (APC). Kafin zabensa a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, Propnen ya yi aiki a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Rivers . An fara zabarsa a matsayin memba wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Gokana a babban zaben 2011 kuma an sake zabarsa ne a shekarar 2015. A lokacin da yake cikin Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Rivers, ya shiga cikin ayyukan majalisa na jihar kafin ya koma majalisar dokokin tarayya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Assembly of Nigeria {{!}} People's Parliament |url=https://nass.gov.ng/ |access-date=2026-07-24 |website=nass.gov.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=INEC |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260721202418/https://www.inecnigeria.org/ |archive-date=2026-07-21 |access-date=2026-07-24 |website=www.inecnigeria.org |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Premium Times |url=https://premiumtimesng.com/ |access-date=2026-07-24 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] e9be9bv5wwothe96a5hsxcck6rdecln 0 164267 906633 902050 2026-08-23T17:46:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 6 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Michael Nyuanu Teye''' (An haife shi a ranar 13 ga Watan Yuni, 1955) ya kasance memba na majalisar dokoki ta biyu, ta uku da ta huɗu ta Jamhuriyar ta huɗu don mazabar Lower Manya a Yankin Gabashin Ghana, An kuma san shi a MTN.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adjorlolo |first=Ruth Abla |title=Teye Nyaunu seeks a return into NDC |url=https://gbcghana.com/1.6599643 |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=Gbc Ghana. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Teye Nyaunu Was Taught A Bitter Electoral Lesson By Delegates, Gen Mosquito |url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/201201/90839.php |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=Peace FM Online |archive-date=2023-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216131206/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/201201/90839.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-05-30 |title=Demo hits Michael Teye Nyaunu |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/demo-hits-michael-teye-nyaunu/ |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=MyJoyOnline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-04 |title=Teye Nyaunu stages comeback for Lower Manya Krobo seat |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/teye-nyaunu-stages-comeback-for-lower-manya-krobo-seat/ |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=MyJoyOnline. |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Starrfmonline |date=2017-08-09 |title=Sawyerr's attacks on Amidu disappointing – Teye Nyaunu |url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2017/08/sawyerrs-attacks-on-amidu-disappointing-teye-nyaunu/ |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=Starr Fm |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127045525/https://starrfm.com.gh/2017/08/sawyerrs-attacks-on-amidu-disappointing-teye-nyaunu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Rayuwarsa== Nyuanu Teye yayi aure tare da 'ya'ya huɗu. Shi [[Kiristanci|Kirista]] ne mai kwazo kuma yana da zumunci a matsayin Baptist.<ref name="ghana">{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Ghana Members of Parliament Website |url=http://ghanamps.com/home/ |access-date=2020-07-06 |website=Ghana MPs}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Nyaunu Teye a ranar 13 ga Yuni 1955 a Manya Kpogunor a [[Yankin Gabashi (Ghana)|Yankin Gabas]] Ghana . Ya halarci [[Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Gudanar da Jama'a ta Ghana]] (GIMPA) kuma yana da takardar shaidar digiri a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci a shekara ta 2001. Ya kuma sami Babban Jagora a Gudanarwa da Jagora daga [[Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Gudanar da Jama'a ta Ghana|GIMPA]] . <ref name="ghana"/> == Ayyuka == Shi jami'in lissafi ne ta hanyar sana'a [yana buƙatar bayani] kuma yana da kasuwancin sufuri (mai aiki da kansa). <ref name="ghana"/>  Ya kuma kasance Mataimakin Kakakin Majalisar [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] . == Siyasa == A shekarar 1996, an fara zaɓe shi zuwa Majalisa, inda ya samu ƙuri’u 24,763 daga cikin ƙuri’u 30,963 da aka kaɗa kuma aka inganta, wanda ya kai kashi 59.50% na ƙuri’un da aka samu. Ya kayar da abokan hamayyarsa, wato Kodjiku Lawerence Kpabitey, ɗan jam’iyyar NPP; Robert Kwesi Nartey, ɗan jam’iyyar PNC; Samuel Terlabie, ɗan jam’iyyar CPP; da John Tetteh Akuerter, ɗan jam’iyyar EGLE, waɗanda suka samu ƙuri’u 5,718, 482, 0, da 0, bi da bi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=Ghana Election 1996 Results - Lower Manya Krobo Constituency |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/1996/eastern/99/index.php |access-date=2020-10-06 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM |archive-date=2023-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609065455/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/1996/eastern/99/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> An zabe shi a kan tikitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma ya lashe mafi rinjaye na kuri'u 4,697 fiye da dan takarar da ya fi kusa a cikin tseren, don lashe zaben mazabar don zama dan majalisa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Results Parliamentary Elections |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/election2008/election.results.parliamentary.php |access-date=2020-07-06 |website=GhanaWeb}}</ref> Ya ci nasara ta hanyar samun 53.00%. Ya yi takara tare da wasu 'yan takara hudu daga New Patriotic Party (NPP), Convention People's Party (CPP), National Reform Party (NRP), da People's National Convention (PNC). Henry Derma Narh na NPP ya samu kuri'u 9,291. Wakilin CPP Mista Accam ya fito na uku tare da jimlar kuri'u 1,600. Thomas Narh Batsa na NRP ya kai 1,062 kuma Robert Nartey na PNC yana da kuri'u 361. Zaɓuɓɓukan su sun yi daidai da 35.50%, 6.10%, 4.10% da 1.40% bi da bi.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Parliament: Eastern Region |url=https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/parliament/eastern/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101004626/http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/parliament/eastern/ |archive-date=2016-11-01 |access-date=2020-09-04 |website=Peace FM Online |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kuma kasance wani ɓangare na majalisa ta 2 ta Jamhuriyar Ghana ta 4 (1997). <ref name="ghana"/> A cikin Zaben 2004, Ya samu kuri'u 18,571 daga cikin kuri'u 35,248 da aka jefa wanda ke wakiltar kashi 52.70% a kan abokan hamayyarsa Mrs Difie Agyarko Kusi memba na NPP, Anim Amartey Francis Cecil memba na IND, Emmanuel Kwame Adjei Okrah memba na CPP, Robert Nartey Kwesi memba na PNC da Cecilia Kosi Akuerter memba na EGLE wanda ya samu kuri'a 15,228, kuri'u 704, kuri'u 286, kuri'u 238 da kuri'u 221 bi da bi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=Ghana Election 2004 Results - Lower Manya Krobo Constituency |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/eastern/99/index.php |access-date=2020-10-06 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM |archive-date=2023-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217143951/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/eastern/99/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kuma kasance daga cikin tsohuwar ƙungiyar kamfen din mataimakin shugaban kasa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016-09-26 |title=Krobos cannot trust NPP - Michael Teye Nyaunu |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Krobos-cannot-trust-NPP-Michael-Teye-Nyaunu-472522 |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=GhanaWeb. |language=en}}</ref> NDC ta dakatar da shi a mazabar Lower Manya Krobo saboda rashin adalci tare da wasu mambobi uku na jam'iyya a mazabar. Ya kuma yi takara a matsayin dan takarar majalisa mai zaman kansa a zaben 2012 bayan ya rasa memba na NDC.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-20 |title=Lower Manya NDC suspends Teye Nyaunu |url=https://citifmonline.com/2017/02/lower-manya-ndc-suspends-teye-nyaunu/ |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=Citi 97.3 FM - Relevant Radio. Always |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218051318/https://citifmonline.com/2017/02/lower-manya-ndc-suspends-teye-nyaunu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Demo hits Michael Teye Nyaunu |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/331375/demo-hits-michael-teye-nyaunu.html |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-21 |title=NDC Sacks Teye Nyaunu |url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/ndc-sacks-teye-nyaunu/ |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=DailyGuide Network |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] lnwxiexor74ic1dtl8qdmhl3cdheh72 0 164275 906682 902101 2026-08-23T20:27:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mojeed Olujinmi Alabi''' (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1962) ɗan siyasan [[Najeriya]] ne, lauya, malamin jami'a, kuma Farfesa a Sashen Kimiyya na Siyasa (Okuku Campus) kuma Farfesa ne a Sashen Shari'ar Jama'a da Kasa da Kasa (Ifetedo Campus) na Jami'ar Jihar Osun, Najeriya . Yana da digiri na farko, digiri na biyu da digiri na biyu a kowane fannin kimiyyar siyasa da doka. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Wakilai, Yuni 2015 - Yuni 2019, don wakiltar mazabar Ede ta Tarayya [[Ede ta Arewa]], [[Ede ta Kudu]], [[Egbedore]] da [[Ejigbo]] L.Gs a dandalin All Progressives Congress (APC). A halin yanzu Farfesa ne a Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Jama'a da ta Duniya kuma yana da kujera a matsayin Farfesa na Kimiyya ta Siyasa, duka a Jami'ar Jihar Osun, Najeriya. Shi ne kuma Provost na Kwalejin Shari'a. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Mojeed Alabi a ranar 7 ga Yuli 1962, a [[Ivory Coast]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Why I want to be Reps Speaker, Prof. Mojeed Alabi - |url=http://theeagleonline.com.ng/why-i-want-to-be-reps-speaker-prof-mojeed-alabi/ |access-date=2016-11-28 |website=theeagleonline.com.ng}}</ref> == Ilimi == Alabi ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Methodist, Agodi N5, Ibadan (1970-1971), makarantar firamaren Ansar-Ud-Deen, Ejigbo (1971-1975), da kuma makarantar sakandare ta Ansar- Ud-Dean, Ejigbe (1975-1980). <ref name=":0"/> A shekara ta 1980, an shigar da shi [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo|Jami'ar Ife]] (yanzu [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]]) don nazarin Kimiyya ta Siyasa kuma ya sami digiri na farko a fannin Kimiyya a shekarar 1984. Ya kuma sami digiri na Master of Science a Kimiyya ta Siyasa ta wannan jami'ar a shekarar 1988 da kuma Doctor of Philosophy a Kimiyya na Siyasa na [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] a shekarar 2000. Ya kuma sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Ibadan (1989), Barrister-at-Law na Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya, Legas (1993), Master of Law na Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo (2006) da Doctor of Philosophy in Law na Jami-Later, United Kingdom (2013).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Assembly |first=Nigerian National |title=National Assembly {{!}} Federal Republic of Nigeria |url=http://www.nassnig.org/mp/profile/743 |access-date=2016-11-28 |website=www.nassnig.org}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Biography of Mojeed Olujinmi Alabi |url=http://www.nigerianbiography.com/2016/01/biography-of-mojeed-olujinmi-alabi.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815164427/http://www.nigerianbiography.com/2016/01/biography-of-mojeed-olujinmi-alabi.html |archive-date=2018-08-15 |access-date=2016-11-28 |website=www.nigerianbiography.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-05-02 |title=Osun lawmaker joins race for House of Reps speakership |url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/182363-osun-lawmaker-joins-race-for-house-of-reps-speakership.html |access-date=2016-11-28 |language=en-GB |newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref><ref name=":24">{{Cite news |title='I borrowed money to buy my G.C.E form in 1979' – Hon. Mojeed Alabi |url=http://encomium.ng/i-borrowed-money-to-buy-my-g-c-e-form-in-1979-hon-mojeed-alabi/ |access-date=2016-11-28 |language=en-US |newspaper=Encomium Magazine}}</ref> == Aiki == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga jami'a, Alabi ya fara aiki a matsayin Jami'in Gudanarwa a Halaal Investment Limited, Legas, 1984-1985, kafin ya shiga alma mater a 1986 a matsayin abokin karatun digiri / mataimakin malami a Sashen Kimiyya na Siyasa. Ya zama Mataimakin Malami a watan Janairun 1990, Malami na II a watan Oktoba 1992 da Malami na I a watan Nuwamba 1995. <ref name=":0"/> A shekara ta 1998, ya janye hidimarsa daga Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo don shiga siyasa ta Jamhuriyar Hudu. Ya koma ilimi a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2004 a [[Jami'ar Babcock]], Ilishan-Remo, an nada shi a matsayin Malami na I a Sashen Shari'ar Jama'a, [[Jami'ar Ilorin]] a watan Agusta shekara ta 2005. A watan Maris, 2006, ya koma Sashen Kimiyya na Siyasa na wannan jami'ar a matsayin Babban Malami. An ɗaga shi zuwa kujera farfesa a watan Satumbar 2011 kuma ya zama mataimakin farfesa na Dokar Jama'a a wannan shekarar.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin 2012, an kuma nada Alabi a matsayin mataimakin farfesa na Kimiyya ta Siyasa da Gudanar da Jama'a, Jami'ar Redeemers . Alabi ya bar Jami'ar Ilorin a watan Janairun 2015 don yin takara kuma an zabe shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai inda ya yi aiki tare da ayyuka da yawa har zuwa Yuni, 2019. Kafin ya koma Hasumiyar Ivory don wani alƙawari na fansho, Alabi ya koyar da ɗaliban digiri na biyu game da alƙawara a Kwalejin Shari'a, Jami'ar Abuja da alƙala a Sabatical a Cibiyar Nazarin Shari'a da Democrat ta Kasa, Abuja. Yanzu Farfesa ne a Sashen Kimiyya na Siyasa, Jami'ar Jihar Osun (Okuku Campus). Alabi ya kasance shugaban Shirin Gina Ikon Majalisar Dokoki na Cibiyar Horar da Bincike ta Afirka a Gudanar da Ci Gaban (CAFRAD),Morocco.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Why I want to be Reps Speaker, Prof. Mojeed Alabi - |url=http://theeagleonline.com.ng/why-i-want-to-be-reps-speaker-prof-mojeed-alabi/ |access-date=2016-11-28 |website=theeagleonline.com.ng}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title='I borrowed money to buy my G.C.E form in 1979' – Hon. Mojeed Alabi |url=http://encomium.ng/i-borrowed-money-to-buy-my-g-c-e-form-in-1979-hon-mojeed-alabi/ |access-date=2016-11-28 |language=en-US |newspaper=Encomium Magazine}}</ref> HYa kuma kasance mai ba da gudummawa a kan hanyoyin majalisa a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata ga cibiyoyin ƙasa da na duniya da suka hada da: Ƙungiyar Majalisar Dokokin Commonwealth (CPA), Actionaid International Nigeria (AAIN), Ƙungiyar Jagorancin Afirka (ALF), Ofishin Citizens and Diaspora na Ƙungiyar Afirka (CIDO), Cibiyar Ilimin Majalisar Dokokin Afirka (APKN), Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Jirgin Ruwa ta Dakhla, Cibiyar Nazarin Shari'a da Democrat (NILDS), da others.others.<ref name=":22">{{Cite news |title='I borrowed money to buy my G.C.E form in 1979' – Hon. Mojeed Alabi |url=http://encomium.ng/i-borrowed-money-to-buy-my-g-c-e-form-in-1979-hon-mojeed-alabi/ |access-date=2016-11-28 |language=en-US |newspaper=Encomium Magazine}}</ref> == Siyasa == AAlabi has served as the Osun coordinator of Muhammadu Buhari Preabi ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da Osun na Kamfen din Shugaban kasa na Muhammadu Buhari na 2014-2015 kuma memba ne na Kwamitin Shirye-shiryen Yarjejeniyar Shugaban kasa ta APC (2014).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-09-26 |title=Osun Set To Create 27 New Local Governments, Aregbesola says: "We will adhere to all constitutional requirements" |url=http://www.osundefender.org/?p=38218 |access-date=2016-11-28 |newspaper=OSUN DEFENDER |archive-date=2016-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220141219/http://www.osundefender.org/?p=38218 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-06-20 |title=Osun Sets Up Committee For LG Creation |url=http://www.osundefender.org/?p=32899 |access-date=2016-11-28 |newspaper=OSUN DEFENDER |archive-date=2016-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220144815/http://www.osundefender.org/?p=32899 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Alabi shine marubucin littafin ''Kotun Koli a cikin Tsarin Siyasa na Najeriya 1963-1997'', marubucin Perspectives on the Legislature in the Government of Nigeria, Edita na Unbroken Legacy of Service: Kakakin Bello's Twelve Years under Three Administrations in Osun State, kuma marubucin "ECOWAS Court and Regional Integration in West Africa (2016). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Biography of Mojeed Olujinmi Alabi |url=http://www.nigerianbiography.com/2016/01/biography-of-mojeed-olujinmi-alabi.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815164427/http://www.nigerianbiography.com/2016/01/biography-of-mojeed-olujinmi-alabi.html |archive-date=2018-08-15 |access-date=2016-11-28 |website=www.nigerianbiography.com}}</ref> Alabi kuma yana da takardun ilimi da yawa a cikin mujallu da littattafai, ban da takarduna da yawa na taro da gabatarwa kan cibiyoyin gwamnati, jagoranci da nazarin manufofi. A ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 2014, Alabi ya gabatar da Jami'ar Ilorin ta 153 Inaugural Lecture ''Siyasa da Shari'a: Anatomy of The Siamese Twins'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alabi |first=Mojeed |date=2014 |title=Politics and Law:Anatomy of The Siamese Twins |url=https://www.unilorin.edu.ng/UIL/153.pdf |access-date=2016-11-28 |website=www.unilorin.edu.ng |publisher=The Library and Publications Committee University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. |archive-date=2016-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220113507/https://www.unilorin.edu.ng/UIL/153.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alabi delivers 153rd Inaugural Lecture |url=https://www.unilorin.edu.ng/index.php/fnews/3847-alabi-delivers-153rd-inaugural-lecture |access-date=2016-11-28 |website=www.unilorin.edu.ng |archive-date=2016-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220113309/https://www.unilorin.edu.ng/index.php/fnews/3847-alabi-delivers-153rd-inaugural-lecture |url-status=dead }}</ref> Alabi a cikin lacca ya yi imanin cewa "Dangantaka tsakanin Kimiyya ta Siyasa da Dokar Jama'a tana da alaƙa, mai rikitarwa kuma ba za a iya raba ta ba<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 November 2014 |title=Unilorin Bulletin |url=https://issuu.com/unilorinbulletin/docs/171114 |access-date=2016-11-28 |newspaper=issuu |archive-date=2016-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220091248/https://issuu.com/unilorinbulletin/docs/171114 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Daraja == Alabi tana riƙe da taken gargajiya na Otun Balogun na Emure-Ekiti kuma ita ce Aare Musulumi na Al'ummar Agunbelewo, Osogbo . An kuma ba shi kyaututtuka da yawa na zamantakewa.<ref name=":1"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rfzu8l5trsh9h2r7oda03konfw67lhw 0 164282 906771 902140 2026-08-23T22:22:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Very Rev. Fr. '''Moses Orshio Adasu''' (12 June 1945 – 20 November 2005) became governor of [[Benue (jiha)|Benue State]], [[Najeriya|Nigeria]] on 2 January 1992, elected on the [[Jam'iyyar SDP|Social Democratic Party]] (SDP) platform. He left office after the military coup in November 1993 in which General [[Sani Abacha]] came to power.<ref name="wstate">{{Cite web |title=Nigerian States |url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |access-date=2010-04-25 |publisher=WorldStatesmen}}</ref> == Tarihi == An haifi Adasu a ranar 12 ga Yuni 1945 a Mbaamena, kusa da Awajir a cikin Gundumar Shangev-Tiev na Karamar Hukumar [[Konshisha]] ta Jihar Benue . Ya yi karatu a St. James Junior Seminary Keffi (1966-1968). Daga nan sai ya halarci Babban Seminary na St. Augustine, [[Jos]], mai alaƙa da Propaganda Fide, (1969-1972), ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a cikin allahntaka. Daga baya ya yi karatu a Jami'ar St. John, [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] (1975-1976), inda ya sami digiri na MA, sannan kuma a Jami'an Katolika na Amurka, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]] (1976-1978) inda ya sami Masters of Religious Education . <ref name="benuebio">{{Cite web |title=Rev. Fr. Moses Adasu |url=http://greaterbenue.com/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=124 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711123649/http://greaterbenue.com/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=124 |archive-date=2011-07-11 |access-date=2010-04-25 |publisher=Government of Benue State}}</ref> Adasu ya kasance Babban Sufeto na Ilimi a hedkwatar Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Jihar Benue, [[Makurdi]] . Ya kuma koyar a Kwalejin Sakandare da Malamai a [[Jos]], [[Otukpo]], da Adikpo, da kuma Kwalejin Ilimi a [[Akwanga]] da [[Katsina-Ala]]. Ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Kiwon Lafiyar Kirista, da Benue State Prerogative of Mercy, Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta Hukumar Episcopal kan Addinin Hadisin Afirka, da Kwamitin Gwamnonin Kwalejin Ilimi, Katsina-Ala. Ya kasance Shugaban Majalisar Presbyteral, Dean na Makurdi Deanery, Diocese na Makurbi, da Vicar-General, Diocèse na Makurди . <ref name="benuebio"/> == Ayyukan siyasa == An zabi Adasu a matsayin Babban Gwamna na biyu na Jihar Benue a ranar 2 ga Janairun 1992. <ref name="benuebio"/> An ce ya yi tasiri mai kyau a kan yanayi a lokacin wa'adinsa na shekaru biyu.<ref name="tday323">{{Cite web |last=Djebah |first=Oma |last2=Achi |first2=Louis |last3=Uko |first3=Utibe |last4=Ikokwu |first4=Constance |author-link4=Constance Ikokwu |name-list-style=amp |date=2003-03-23 |title=Centres of Incipient Storm |url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/03/23/20030323cov01.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120063927/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/03/23/20030323cov01.html |archive-date=2008-11-20 |access-date=2010-04-25 |website=ThisDay}}</ref> Ya kafa [[Jami'ar jihar Benuwai|Jami'ar Jihar Benue]] a ranar 27 ga Disamba 1991. Ya sake farfadowa kuma ya inganta Kwalejin Ilimi, Oju . <ref>{{Cite web |title=A brief History |url=http://www.coeoju.com/about.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708174138/http://www.coeoju.com/about.jsp |archive-date=2011-07-08 |access-date=2010-04-25 |publisher=College of Education, Oju}}</ref> Ya yi tunanin Gidauniyar Tarka, mai suna bayan Sanata [[Joseph Tarka|Joseph Sarwuan Tarka]] kuma an ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 2 ga Yuli 1992. Ginin tushe ya mamaye hekta biyar na ƙasa a [[Makurdi]] kuma ya haɗa da gallery na fasaha, ɗakunan taro, cibiyoyin nishaɗi da shaguna. Ba a san manufar tushe ba. Sauran ayyukan da ya fara sun hada da rufin rufin BENCO, da kamfanin ruwan 'ya'yan itace na K / Ala, amma bai iya cimma babban abu ba a cikin gajeren lokacin da yake ofis.<ref name="bat30">{{cite web |author=Tyodzua Atim |date=2006-01-30 |title=Benue State at 30: The people and their struggles |url=http://odili.net/news/source/2006/jan/31/220.html |accessdate=2010-04-25 |work=ThisDay |archive-date=2022-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810052150/http://odili.net/news/source/2006/jan/31/220.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Adasu ya bayyana cewa siyasa kanta ba wasa ne mara kyau ba, amma wadanda suka shiga ciki saboda dalilai na son kai sun lalata shi. Ya kara da cewa, "Ina cikin siyasa don yin baftisma da siyasa kuma in tsarkake shi".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-03-31 |title=I've Come to Baptise Politics -Adasu |url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/03/31/20030331news35.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041228025556/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/03/31/20030331news35.html |archive-date=2004-12-28 |access-date=2010-04-25 |website=ThisDay}}</ref> An cire shi daga ofishin lokacin da Janar [[Sani Abacha]] ya zo mulki a watan Nuwamba 1993, wanda aka maye gurbinsa da Kyaftin Joshua Obademi.<ref name="wstate"/> A jamhuriyar Najeriya ta huɗu, an naɗa Adasu a matsayin mamba na Hukumar Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa da Sauran Laifukan da Suka Shafi Cin Hanci (ICPC) a watan Janairun 2001January 2001.<ref>{{cite web |author=Udo Silas |date=2001-01-10 |title=LG Chairmen to Face Anti-graft Commission |url=http://1and1.thisdayonline.com/archive/2001/01/10/20010110news01.html |accessdate=2010-04-25 |work=ThisDay}}{{Dead link|date=May 2019|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>Ya yimurabus daga ICPC a watan Yunin 2002 domin komawa harkokin siyasa. politics.<ref>{{cite web |author=Utibe Uko |date=2002-06-23 |title=Anti-Corruption Panel: The Battle So Far |url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/06/23/20020623spe02.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040102225745/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/06/23/20020623spe02.html |archivedate=2004-01-02 |accessdate=2010-04-25 |work=ThisDay}}</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗan jam’iyyar Alliance for Democracy (AD), ya tsaya takarar kujerar gwamnan jihar a zaɓen gwamnan da aka gudanar a watan Afrilun 2003, inda ya ƙalubalanci gwamna mai ci, George Akume, na jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party (PDP). Sai dai bai yi Basara ba.<ref name="tday3232">{{cite web |author1=Djebah |first=Oma |author2=Achi |first2=Louis |author3=Uko |first3=Utibe |author4=Ikokwu |first4=Constance |author-link4=Constance Ikokwu |name-list-style=amp |date=2003-03-23 |title=Centres of Incipient Storm |url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/03/23/20030323cov01.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120063927/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/03/23/20030323cov01.html |archivedate=2008-11-20 |accessdate=2010-04-25 |work=ThisDay}}</ref> A watan Satumban 2004, an naɗa shi shugaban ɗaya daga cikin kwamitocin Taron Ƙasa na AD, bayan rabuwar kawuna da ta faru a cikin jam’iyyar sakamakon dawowar tsohon shugaban jam’iyyar, Ahmed Abdulkadir.Abdulkadir.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Monday Philips Ekpe |author2=Oke Epia |name-list-style=amp |date=2004-09-26 |title=Battle for the AD Carcass |url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2004/09/26/20040926cov02.html |accessdate=2010-04-25 |work=ThisDay}}{{dead link|date=February 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Adasu ya mutu a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 2005. Bayan mutuwarsa, [[Jami'ar jihar Benuwai|Jami'ar Jihar Benue]] ta ba da digiri na girmamawa ga Adasu.<ref name="benuu"> {{Cite web |last=Tahav Agerzua |title=Benue State University honours the late Adasu, five others |url=http://greaterbenue.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=585&Itemid=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711123654/http://greaterbenue.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=585&Itemid=2 |archive-date=2011-07-11 |access-date=2010-04-25}} </ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2005]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]] rcv51q7d9mp304zevh2rkfz26p8x82w 0 164302 906797 902260 2026-08-23T23:55:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Napoleon Yaovi Richard Ashley-Lassen''' (an haife shi a ranar '''29 ga Maris, 1934''') ya kasance '''Babban Hafsan Tsaron Rundunar Sojin Ghana (Chief of the Defence Staff)'''. Ya kuma taɓa zama '''Babban Hafsan Rundunar Sojin Sama ta Ghana (Chief of Air Staff)''' sau biyu. Haka kuma, ya kasance mamba na '''National Redemption Council (NRC)''', wanda aka kafa bayan hambarar da gwamnatin '''Busia''' a shekarar '''1972'''. == Ayyuka == An haifi Ashley-Lassen a Port Harcourt, Najeriya a shekara ta 1934. <ref>{{Cite web |year=1971 |title=African Biographies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Li0MAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Ashley-Lassen,+Napoleon+%22+born}}</ref> An ba shi izini a cikin Sojojin Ghana. A wani mataki, ya yi aiki a matsayin matukin jirgi wanda ke jigilar sojojin Ghana zuwa da kuma daga [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] a lokacin da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ke kiyaye zaman lafiya a can. An nada shi Shugaban Ma'aikatan Jirgin Sama a shekarar 1968 lokacin da gwamnatin soja ta Majalisar 'Yancin Kasa ke mulki. Ya yi aiki na biyu gajeren lokaci tsakanin Disamba 1971 da Janairu 1972. <ref name="GAF">{{Cite web |title=Former Chiefs of Air Staff |url=http://www.gaf.mil.gh/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=50&Itemid=85 |access-date=2014-08-07 |website=Official Website |publisher=[[Military of Ghana|Ghana Armed Forces]] |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924020505/http://www.gaf.mil.gh/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=50&Itemid=85 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan da aka hambarar da Gwamnatin Busia a ranar 13 ga watan Janairun 1972, an nada shi a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikatan Tsaro, matsayin da ya rike har zuwa watan Disamba na shekara ta 1974. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Past General Officers Commanding /Chiefs of the Defence Staff |url=http://www.gaf.mil.gh/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=57&Itemid=89 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408093329/http://www.gaf.mil.gh/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=57&Itemid=89 |archive-date=2013-04-08 |access-date=2014-08-07 |website=Official Website |publisher=[[Military of Ghana|Ghana Armed Forces]]}}</ref> == Siyasa == Bayan juyin mulki da aka yi a ranar 13 ga watan Janairun 1972 karkashin jagorancin Colonel Acheampong, an nada shi memba na gwamnatin soja ta Majalisar Ceto ta Kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Ghana - Post Independence Ghana |url=http://www.ghana50.gov.gh/history/index.php?op=postIndependence5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207002709/http://www.ghana50.gov.gh/history/index.php?op=postIndependence5 |archive-date=2012-02-07 |access-date=2007-06-19 |publisher=Ghana government}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] k0c73isis5jeejn10c1k7yy7083lh3d 0 164421 906819 902761 2026-08-24T04:15:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906819 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Olawale Adeniji Ige''' MFR (13 ga Oktoba, 1938 – 9 ga Mayu, 2022) ya kasance injiniyan lantarki ɗan Najeriya kuma tsohon Ministan Ma’aikatar Sadarwa ta Tarayya, inda ya riƙe wannan muƙami daga 1990 zuwa 1992. Haka kuma, ya taɓa zama Ministan Ma’aikatar Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Tarayya a shekarar 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: NIG to Focus On Broadband Devt At 2013 AGM |url=http://www.ictafrica.info/FullNews.php?id=8863 |website=ictafrica.info |access-date=2026-08-18 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030132/http://www.ictafrica.info/FullNews.php?id=8863 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == An haife shi a ranar 13 ga Oktoba 1938 a [[Ogbomosho]], wani birni a [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo, Najeriya]] . Ya yi karatu a makarantar sakandare ta Baptist Boys, [[Abeokuta]], babban birnin [[Jihar Ogun|Jihar Ogun, Najeriya]] (1951-1956) inda ya sami Takardar shaidar Makarantar Yammacin Afirka (WASC). Ya ci gaba zuwa Polytechnic, Regent Street, [[Landan]] yanzu Jami'ar Westminster inda ya sami difloma a aikin injiniya na lantarki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=RapidxHTML |title=The Nigeria Academy of Engineering :: promoting excellence in technology and engineering training and practice to ensure the technological growth and economic development of Nigeria |url=http://www.nae.org.ng/fellows_profiles.asp?id=45 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217001218/http://www.nae.org.ng/fellows_profiles.asp?id=45 |archive-date=2016-12-17 |access-date=2014-12-07 |website=nae.org.ng}}</ref> Daga baya ya zama mai digiri na Cibiyar Injiniyoyin Lantarki da Lantarki a shekarar 1965. Ya koma [[Najeriya]] a matsayin injiniya a shekarar 1967 don shiga ayyukan [[Ma'aikatar Watsa Labarai ta Tarayya da Wayar da Kan Jama'a (Nijeriya)|Ma'aikatar Sadarwa ta Tarayya]] inda ya hau matsayin Darakta Janar a shekarar 1989. <ref>{{Cite web |title=open access fibre Archives - Technology Times Hub |url=https://technologytimes.ng/tag/open-access-fibre |website=Technology Times Hub}}</ref> An nada shi Ministan girmamawa na [[Ma'aikatar Watsa Labarai ta Tarayya da Wayar da Kan Jama'a (Nijeriya)|Ma'aikatar Sadarwa ta Tarayya]] a shekarar 1990, lokacin da ya ƙare a shekarar 1992 sannan daga baya ya sake nada shi Minista na Ma'aikatan Jirgin Sama na Tarayya a 1993. Shi ne shugaban farar hula na farko na Nigerian Telecommunications Limited, NITEL, kuma shi ne Shugaban Kwamitin Amintattun Kungiyar Intanet ta Najeriya da kuma Kwamitin Hukumar Sadarwar Najeriya, NCC . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria Internet Group - Board of Trustees |url=http://nig.org.ng/bot.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202854/http://nig.org.ng/bot.php |archive-date=2016-03-03 |access-date=2014-12-07 |website=nig.org.ng}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da zumunci == * [[Order of the Federal Republic|memba na Order of the Federal Republic, MFR]] (1979) * Fellow na Kwalejin Injiniya ta Najeriya <ref>{{Cite web |title=GMD Bags Fellowship of Nigerian Academy of Engineering > NNPC |url=http://www.nnpcgroup.com/PublicRelations/NNPCinthenews/tabid/92/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/539/GMD-Bags-Fellowship-of-Nigerian-Academy-of-Engineering.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405200054/http://nnpcgroup.com/PublicRelations/NNPCinthenews/tabid/92/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/539/GMD-Bags-Fellowship-of-Nigerian-Academy-of-Engineering.aspx |archive-date=2016-04-05 |access-date=2014-12-07 |website=nnpcgroup.com}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin injiniyoyin Najeriya|Jerin sanannun injiniyoyi a Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2022]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] fgm4inrssgkioma870utdgnfp8m2rlz 0 164455 906585 902951 2026-08-23T13:53:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Martina Schradi''' (/ʃʁadi/ an haife ta a shekara ta 1972) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus, mai zane mai ban dariya kuma ƙwararriyar masaniyar ilimin halayyar ɗan adam daga [[Nuremberg]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Martina Schradi |url=http://zwerchfellverlag.de/martina-schradi/ |access-date=2016-02-25}}</ref> An san ta da ''Oh, na gani?!'' '','' tarin [[Ban dariya|barkwanci]] da ke nuna rayuwar yau da kullun da gwagwarmayar mutanen da ke cikin al'ummar [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT*I]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tuscheleien am Gartenzaun |url=http://www.achsoistdas.com/wp-content/medien/2014/07/l-mag.jpg |access-date=2016-02-25}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=KulTour: Comic mal anders - "Ach, so ist das?!" in Erlangen |url=http://www.nordbayern.de/region/nuernberg/kultour-comic-mal-anders-ach-so-ist-das-in-erlangen-1.3719299?searched=true |access-date=2016-02-25}}</ref> Bayan ta yi nasarar nuna ayyukanta, Schradi ta fara yawo a faɗin Jamus don gudanar da bita da karatu. An tsara waɗannan tarurrukan bita ne don wayar da kan mutane kan yadda za su yi amfani da barkwancinta don yaƙi da wariya. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Ach so ist das Vortrag |url=http://www.proutatwork.de/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/04_Ach-so-ist-das-Vortrag-Martina-Schradi-PAW-Conf-2015.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405075728/http://www.proutatwork.de/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/04_Ach-so-ist-das-Vortrag-Martina-Schradi-PAW-Conf-2015.pdf |archive-date=2016-04-05 |access-date=2016-03-01}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Konferenz 2015 |url=http://www.proutatwork.de/fuer-mitarbeiter_innen/veranstaltungen/konferenz/konferenz-2015/ |access-date=2016-03-01 |archive-date=2016-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316092033/http://www.proutatwork.de/fuer-mitarbeiter_innen/veranstaltungen/konferenz/konferenz-2015/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sana'a == Bayan kammala karatunta na digiri [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]] a Erlangen da [[Amsterdam]], Schradi ta yi aiki a matsayin likitan halayyar ɗan adam tsawon shekaru da dama. <ref name=":0"/> Bugu da ƙari, ta kammala digiri a fannin Zane-zanen Sadarwa da Marubucin Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai a Nuremberg da [[Stuttgart]] . Daga ƙarshe, ta koma yin zane-zanen barkwanci, abin sha'awa tun tana ƙarama, ta shafe shekaru da dama tana buga su da kanta. An fitar da wasu daga cikin barkwancinta a matsayin littafin ''Kai, na gani?!'' ( ''Ah, to, ist das?!'' a cikin taken Jamus na asali) tare da kamfanin bugawa Zwerchfell. === ''Kai, na gani?!'' === Schradi ya lura da tattaunawa a lardin Baden-Wuerttemberg kan aiwatar da jigogi na LGBT*I a cikin manhajar makaranta a matsayin abin da ke haifar da matsala ''. Oh, na gani?!.'' <ref name=":1"/> Labarin barkwanci tarin labarai ne na gaskiya game da mutanen da shekarunsu suka kai 20-68 a cikin al'ummar LGBT*I. Ana samun jigogi daban-daban a cikin barkwancin, ciki har da labarai masu fitowa, rashin sirri a wurin aiki da kuma gogewa kan yadda takwarorinsu a makaranta ke kallon [[Jima'in jinsi|luwaɗi]] . An fara buga littafi a shekarar 2014, amma ana iya samun yawancin barkwancin a shafin yanar gizo na hukuma don ''Oh, na gani?!'' '','' ana samunsa a cikin [[Jamusanci]], Sinanci, Ingilishi, Sifaniyanci, da Rashanci. Ana shirin fassara Sinanci <ref>{{Cite web |title=Oh, I see?! |url=http://ohisee.org/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021125234056/http://www.ohisee.org/ |archive-date=November 25, 2002 |access-date=2016-02-25}}</ref> Bayan kasancewar tarin rayuwar mutane, aikin yaƙi da wariya ne wanda Ma'aikatar Harkokin Iyali ta Tarayya, Tsofaffi, Mata da Matasa ke tallafawa a cikin wani aiki mai taken [[:de:Toleranz fördern - Kompetenz stärken|Toleranz fördern – Kompetenz stärken]] (Inganta ƙwarewar ƙarfafa haƙuri), [http://www.nuernberg.de/internet/menschenrechte_e/ Ofishin Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Birnin Nuremberg], da [http://hms-stiftung.de/ Hannchen-Mehrzweck-Stiftung] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Oh, I see?! About Section |url=http://ohisee.org/about/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120125053/http://ohisee.org/about/ |archive-date=January 20, 2016}}</ref> An bayar da ƙarin bayani game da wannan aikin a cikin wani babi wanda Schradi ya rubuta tare a cikin littafin ''Koyar da Jinsi'' . === Ilimin Halayya a Jamus === Bayan tattaunawa a Baden-Wuerttemberg game da shigar da jigogi na LGBT*I a cikin manhajar makaranta, Schradi ya fara tattara labarai daga mutane kuma ya zana su. <ref name=":1"/> Bincike da aka gudanar ya nuna yadda mutane da yawa har yanzu suke jin tsoron fita aiki, wanda hakan ya ba ta kwarin gwiwar yin aikinta. Baya ga wannan, malamai da yawa har yanzu ba sa mayar da martani ga ɗabi'un ƙiyayya ga 'yan luwaɗi a cikin aji. Nasarar da aka samu a cikin barkwancin ya ba ta damar shiga cikin yadda za a iya haɗa jigogi na LGBT*I a cikin aji. <ref name=":2"/> Bayan aikinta na mai zane-zane, an buga Schradi, tare da [[Christine Burmann]], a cikin wani babi na ''Teaching Gender?'' mai taken ''Ach, to ist das?!'' ''Ein Antidiskriminierungsprojekt zu LSBTI* auch fuer die Schule (Oh, na gani?! Aikin hana wariya game da LSBTI* ko da na makaranta).'' A can ne suka tattauna yadda barkwanci zai iya bayar da haske game da rayuwar al'ummar LGBT*I a matakin rubutu da na gani. Musamman ma, yadda waɗannan barkwanci za su iya sanar da mutane a tarurrukan bita da kuma ƙara ilmantar da malamai don manhajar karatunsu. An ambaci muhimmancin aikin a cikin yawaitar ƙin jinin 'yan luwaɗi a Jamus ta zamani. Wani bincike da aka yi a yanar gizo ya nuna cewa kusan rabin mahalarta an nuna musu wariya a shekarar da ta gabata, kuma an rufe kashi ɗaya bisa uku a makarantarsu. Har zuwa shekarar 2015, ita ce ke kula da shafin yanar gizo ''na Infothek Lehre,'' wanda ma'aikatar ilimi da bincike ta Jamus ke daukar nauyinsa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Infothek Lehre |url=http://www.blog.fbzhl.de/allgemein/in-eigener-sache/ |access-date=2016-03-10}}</ref> Dandaline da aka sadaukar domin sanar da malamai, da farfesoshi game da wallafe-wallafen da ake bugawa a yanzu a fannin koyarwa. Schradi da kanta ta gudanar da tattaunawa da mutanen da ke cikin tsarin ilimin Jamus daga fannoni daban-daban inda aka tattauna ra'ayoyinsu, hanyoyinsu, da manufofinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Infothek Martina Schradi |url=http://www.blog.fbzhl.de/?s=martina+schradi&x=0&y=0 |access-date=2016-03-26}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]] 7itk7yzjupkwsfqujmf0tzzwl3ty086 0 164491 906903 903108 2026-08-24T06:58:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Paul Chabri Tarfa'''<ref name="google2">{{cite book|title=Profile in courage|author1=Tarfa, P.C.|author2=Akin-Williams, O.|date=2007|publisher=Spectrum Books|isbn=9789780297961|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZouAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=2015-03-22}}</ref> CON{{post-nominals|CON|country=NG}} (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Agusta, 1941) tsohon Manjo Janar ne na Rundunar Sojin Ƙasa ta Najeriya wanda ya yi ritaya. An naɗa shi Gwamnan Jihar Oyo a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar Olusegun Obasanjo, inda daga baya ya miƙa mulki ga zaɓaɓɓen gwamnan farar hula, Bola Ige.<ref name="wstate">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria States |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |access-date=2010-02-18 |website=WorldStatesmen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2020-06-26 |title=ALL GOVERNORS OF OYO STATE |url=https://www.glimpse.ng/all-governors-of-oyo-state/ |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=Glimpse Nigeria |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331184408/https://www.glimpse.ng/all-governors-of-oyo-state/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An nada shi kwamandan [[Jami'ar Tsaron Najeriya|Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya]], Kaduna . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ibrahim Biu |date=20 March 2008 |title=Gen Tarfa States Recipe for Progress in Adamawa |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200803200755.html |access-date=2010-02-18 |website=Leadership}}</ref> A karkashin mulkin soja na Janar [[Murtala Mohammed]] (Yuli 1975 - Fabrairu 1976), Lieutenant-Colonel Tarfa ya zama janar marshal janar kuma yana da alhakin, yana ba da rahoto ga Janar [[Theophilus Yakubu Danjuma|Theophilus Danjuma]], don kamfen ɗin tsaftacewa a cikin ƙungiyoyi huɗu na sojojin. Daga nan aka ba shi aikin da ba zai yiwu ba na rage tarwatsa zirga-zirga a Legas. An nada shi Gwamnan Jihar Oyo daga Yuli 1978 zuwa Oktoba 1979. <ref name="wstate"/> Lokacin da [[Ernest Shonekan]] ya hau mulki a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1993, Gwamnatin Tarayya ta kafa Kwamitin Manjo-Janar Paul Tarfa don gudanar da bincike na shekara guda game da ayyukan Hukumar Kwastam ta Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brief History of NCS |url=http://www.customs.gov.ng/About/historical_information.php |access-date=2010-02-18 |publisher=Nigeria Customs Service |archive-date=2009-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904002102/http://www.customs.gov.ng/About/historical_information.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Bayanan littattafai == *   == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1941]] [[Rukuni:Gwamnonin jihar Oyo]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 91xbb6ttyhnhupt08nzqi4lr3g7vgw2 0 164500 906818 903133 2026-08-24T04:12:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906818 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Olanrewaju Oladapo Edun''' ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne wanda ya kasance mamba mai wakiltar Mazabar Tarayya ta Abeokuta ta Kudu a Majalisar Wakilai. An haife shi a shekara ta 1961, ya fito ne daga [[Jihar Ogun]]. An zabe shi a cikin Majalisar a zaben 2019 a karkashin All Progressives Congress (APC).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/olanrewaju-oladapo-edun |access-date=8 January 2025 |website=Citizen Science Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Media |first=Penpushing |date=22 May 2022 |title=Meet Lanre Edun, a politician with Midas touch |url=https://penpushing.com.ng/meet-lanre-edun-a-politician-with-midas-touch/ |access-date=8 January 2025 |website=PENPUSHING |language=en-US |archive-date=19 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119063746/https://penpushing.com.ng/meet-lanre-edun-a-politician-with-midas-touch/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Ministan Kudi da Ministan Tattalin Arziki. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]] dzwm9lg2cmsp5227hu0pu76cu6fqtgf 0 164515 906925 903274 2026-08-24T07:55:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Peter Otunuya Odili''' (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Agusta, 1948) ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne wanda ya kasance Gwamna na uku da aka zaɓa na Jihar Rivers, Najeriya, daga ranar 29 ga Mayu, 1999 zuwa 29 ga Mayu, 2007.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-21 |title=Passport Seizure: Court orders Immigration Service to pay Peter Odili N2 million fine |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/501887-passport-seizure-court-orders-immigration-service-to-pay-peter-odili-n2-million-fine.html |access-date=2022-03-02 |language=en-GB |newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> Odili mamba ne na jam’iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). == Tarihi == An haifi '''Peter Odili''' a ranar '''15 ga Agusta, 1948''', a '''Ƙaramar Hukumar Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni''' ta Jihar Rivers, kudancin Najeriya. Odili ya kammala karatunsa a '''Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami’ar Najeriya, Nsukka''', sannan ya ci gaba da karatun digiri na gaba a fannin '''Magungunan Yankunan Zafi (Tropical Medicine)''' a '''Jami’ar Liverpool''' da ke Birtaniya.<ref name="afdev2">{{cite web |title=Peter Odili |url=http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/peo/peo_2364.html |access-date=2009-10-18 |publisher=AfDevInfo}}</ref> Dr. Peter Odili ya auri '''Mai Shari’a Mary Ukaego Odili''' (an haife ta a ranar '''12 ga Mayu, 1952''').<ref name="tide">{{Cite news |title=Mrs. Odili at 55: Celebrating humanity |url=http://www.thetidenews.com/article.aspx?qrDate=05/12/2007&qrTitle=Mrs.%20Odili%20at%2055:%20Celebrating%20humanity&qrColumn=WEEKEND%20FOCUS |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717040950/http://www.thetidenews.com/article.aspx?qrDate=05%2F12%2F2007&qrTitle=Mrs.%20Odili%20at%2055%3A%20Celebrating%20humanity&qrColumn=WEEKEND%20FOCUS |archive-date=July 17, 2011 |access-date=2007-05-13 |location=Port Harcourt, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Tide (Nigeria)|The Tide]]}}</ref> A shekarar '''1988/89''', an zaɓi Dr. Odili a matsayin mamba kuma jagoran wakilan '''Jihar Rivers''' zuwa '''Majalisar Tsara Kundin Tsarin Mulki (Constituent Assembly)'''. A shekarar '''1992''', an zaɓe shi a matsayin '''Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar Rivers'''. Bayan kawo ƙarshen '''Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta Uku''', an sake zaɓensa zuwa '''Taron Ƙasa kan Kundin Tsarin Mulki (National Constitutional Conference)''', inda ya zama '''Shugaban Kwamitin Ƙirƙirar Jihohi''' na taron. Daga baya, Odili ya zama '''Sakatare na Ƙasa na tsohuwar jam’iyyar Democratic Party of Nigeria (DPN)'''.<ref name="afdev3">{{cite web |title=Peter Odili |url=http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/peo/peo_2364.html |access-date=2009-10-18 |publisher=AfDevInfo}}</ref> == Gwamna == An zabi Odili a matsayin Gwamnan Jihar Rivers a lokacin [[Zaben gwamna na Jihar Rivers na 1999]], kuma an sake zabarsa a watan Afrilun shekara ta 2003. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Odili Wins In Rivers |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/199901110188.html |website=allAfrica}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2004, [[Amnesty International]] ta rubuta wata wasika ga Odili inda ta nuna damuwa mai zurfi game da kare hakkin dan adam na fararen hula a ciki da kewayen Port Harcourt, inda ta ba da cikakken bayani game da halin da ake ciki na tsaro a Jihar Rivers, saboda fada da ake zargi tsakanin kungiyoyin makamai masu adawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2004 |title=The security situation in Rivers State: an open letter from Amnesty International to Peter Odili, State Governor of Rivers State |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr44/027/2004/en/ |access-date=2009-10-18 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2004, wata kungiya ta matasa masu dauke da makamai da aka yi imanin cewa mambobi ne na kungiyar Egbesu ta kai hari kan rundunar Odili a kan hanyar Gabas da Yamma a Port Harcourt inda ta kashe mutane biyu, daya dan sanda A watan Maris na shekara ta 2009, Hukumar Gaskiya da sulhu ta Jihar Rivers, karkashin jagorancin Mai Shari'a Kayode Eso, ta zargi rikicin lokacin da Odili da yake mulki a kan gwamnatocin jihar da Tarayya, musamman gwamnatin Shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akeem Ayofe Akinwale |year=2008 |title=Circumscribing Conflicts in the Resources Endowed Niger Delta Communities of Nigeria |url=http://www.africanreview.org/events/paxafrica2008/aakinwale.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723104445/http://www.africanreview.org/events/paxafrica2008/aakinwale.pdf |archive-date=2008-07-23 |access-date=2009-10-18 |publisher=African Review}}</ref> Rahoton ya bayyana matsalolin da suka shafi mulkin da ya gaza, rikice-rikicen shugabanci, addinin addini, siyasa na tashin hankali da tawaye.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jimitota Onoyume |date=11 March 2009 |title=Truth Commission Blames Rivers Crises On Odili, Obasanjo Govts |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200903100731.html |access-date=2009-10-18 |publisher=Vanguard}}</ref> A lokacin gwamnansa, Jihar Rivers ta kasance a ka'idar daya daga cikin jihohin da suka fi arziki a kasar [watau jihar Legas, jihar Delta da Jihar Rives, saboda man fetur da sauran ababen more rayuwa], amma Odili ya kafa ci gaba kaɗan. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2007, Hukumar Kula da Laifukan Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Ruwa (EFCC) a karkashin [[Nuhu Ribadu]] ta fitar da wani rahoto na wucin gadi game da gwamnan wanda ya nuna mummunar tasirin zamba, makirci, jujjuya kudaden jama'a, rashin aiki na musayar kasashen waje, karkatar kudi, sata da cin zarafin rantsuwar ofis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nuhu Ribadu |date=4 January 2007 |title=Interim Report of the EFCC on Governor Peter Odili |url=http://www.chatafrikarticles.com/articles/379/1/Interim-Report-of-the-EFCC-on-Governor-Peter-Odili/Page1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501183149/http://www.chatafrikarticles.com/articles/379/1/Interim-Report-of-the-EFCC-on-Governor-Peter-Odili/Page1.html |archive-date=2009-05-01 |access-date=18 October 2009 |publisher=Nigerian Affairs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=EFCC's Report: How Odili looted over N100 billion Rivers fund |url=http://www.pointblanknews.com/os1540.html |access-date=2009-10-18 |publisher=PointBlank News}}</ref> A kusan lokaci guda Human Rights Watch ta fitar da rahoto wanda ke ba da cikakken bayani game da tsarin cin hanci da rashawa da rashin kulawa a jihohi da matakan gida a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Odili. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2007 |title=Chop Fine: The Human Rights Impact of Local Government Corruption in Rivers State, Nigeria |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2007/01/30/chop-fine |access-date=2009-11-25 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2007, watanni uku zuwa ƙarshen wa'adinsa na biyu, Odili ya shigar da kara yana kalubalantar ikon EFCC don bincika gwamnatinsa a Jihar Rivers.<ref name="stjour">{{Cite web |last=Wole Arisekola |date=10 December 2007 |title=NIGERIA ATTORNEY GENERAL MICHAEL AONDOAKAA MOVES TO STALL PETER ODILI'S CORRUPTION CASE IN PORT HARCOURT. |url=http://www.africanews.com/site/Nigeria_Attorney_General_Aondoaka_moves_to_stall/list_messages/13775 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928064324/http://www.africanews.com/site/Nigeria_Attorney_General_Aondoaka_moves_to_stall/list_messages/13775 |archive-date=28 September 2011 |access-date=2009-10-18 |publisher=Streetjournal Magazine}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2006, Odili ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai tsaya takarar shugaban kasa a zaben 2007 a karkashin jam'iyyar PDP mai mulki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2006 |title=Odili Bows to Pressure …declares for Presidency |url=http://www.beamnewsonline.com/N04/news4.html#Odili%20Bows%20to%20Pressure%20…declares%20for%20Presidency |access-date=2009-10-18 |publisher=Beam News }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Koyaya kwana ɗaya kafin zaben fidda gwani na PDP da aka gudanar a ranar 16 ga Disamba 2006, Odili ya sauka daga takarar, ya shirya hanyar ga wani gwamna, [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]], ya fito a matsayin mai ɗaukar tutar jam'iyyar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Temple Chima Ubochi |date=21 March 2007 |title=ODILI VS YAR´ADUA; OBASANJO'S DILEMMA DURING THE PDP NATIONAL CONVENTION |url=http://nigeriaworld.com/articles/2007/mar/211.html |access-date=2009-10-18 |publisher=Nigeria World |archive-date=2011-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716031545/http://nigeriaworld.com/articles/2007/mar/211.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyukansa na baya == A watan Yunin 2008, Odili ya kare rikodin sa a gaban Hukumar Gaskiya da Sulhu ta Jihar Rivers, yana musanta zargin da aka yi masa. Ya zuwa watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007, ofishin Babban Lauyan da ke karkashin jagorancin [[Michael Aondoakaa]] ya ki gabatar da wani kariya a kotu game da ikirarin Odili cewa ba a ba da izinin EFCC don bincika gwamnatinsa ba. <ref name="stjour"/> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2008, kotun Port Harcourt ta yanke hukuncin cewa EFCC ba za ta iya bincika kudaden jihar ba. A watan Satumbar 2009, Babban Kotun Tarayya a [[Abuja]] ta ba da umarni na wucin gadi wanda ya dakatar da EFCC daga kamawa, tsarewa, gurfanar da shi ko kunyatar da Odili kan bashin banki na N189m. Koyaya, bayan 'yan kwanaki EFCC ta kira Odili kan bashin da ake yi wa bankunan biyar wanda [[Babban Bankin Najeriya]] (CBN) ya cire Daraktoci da kwamitin kwanan nan. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2009, jaridar [[New York Times]] ta wallafa wani labarin game da masana'antar satar mutane a Afirka. Marubucin ya yi magana da wani mutum mai suna Adiele Nwaeze (wani ƙwararren mai satar mutane), wanda ya zargi Odili da biyan shi don taimakawa wajen shirya zaben shekaru goma da suka gabata ta hanyar satar akwatunan zabe. Odili ya musanta zargin. A watan Satumbar 2010, an ruwaito cewa tsohon shugaban soja na jihar [[Ibrahim Babangida]], wanda ya shirya zama dan takarar shugaban kasa a zaben 2011, yana tattaunawa da Odili game da kasancewa abokin takararsa a matsayin mataimakin dan takarar kasa. Zaɓin ya kasance ne saboda wani ɓangare na dangantaka ta kusa tsakanin Odili da Raymond Dokpesi, darektan janar na yakin Babangida. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Soji Bamidele |date=14 September 2010 |title=Babangida picks Odili as running mate |url=http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/News/5618480-147/babangida_picks_odili_as_running_mate.csp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113030204/http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/News/5618480-147/babangida_picks_odili_as_running_mate.csp |archive-date=13 November 2011 |access-date=2010-09-15}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin gwamnonin Jihar Rivers * [[Mataimakin gwamnan Jihar Rivers|Mataimakin Gwamna na Jihar Rivers]] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9946tmujejvxhohyalqqukr699s9cdr 0 164588 906866 903559 2026-08-24T05:10:27Z BnHamid 12586 906866 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Suleiman Saidu''' (born 23 February 1938{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2023}}) is a retired Nigerian Navy Rear Admiral who served as Chief of Naval Staff from September to November 1993. Saidu ya shiga Rundunar Sojin Ruwa ta Najeriya a shekarar 1961, inda ya yi horon farko a Britannia Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, a ƙasar Birtaniya. Ya taka rawa sosai a yaƙin Basasar Najeriya (1967–1970), musamman a lokacin saukar sojoji da kuma wasu ayyukan soja da suka biyo baya. A shekarar 1971, ya halarci kwas ɗin Armament Supply and Inspection a Bombay, Indiya. A shekarar 1972, ya samu ƙwarewar Long Gunnery Officer a HMS Excellent, Birtaniya. An naɗa Saidu a matsayin Gwamnan Soja na [[Jihar Ribas]] daga yulin 1978 zuwa Oktoban 1979, a lokacin mulkin soja na janar [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]. Ya miƙa ragamar mulki ga zaɓaɓɓen Gwamnan farar hula, Melford Obiene Okilo, a farkon Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta Biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria States |url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |access-date=2010-04-01 |publisher=World Statesmen}}</ref> Saidu ya yi aiki a matsayin kyaftin din NNS. Kafin ya karɓi umurnin jirgin, ya kasance Jami'in Ma'aikata na 1 a [[Jami'ar Tsaron Najeriya|Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya]] Kaduna, daga inda ya ci gaba da umurni da MK 9 corvette NNS ''Erin-Omi'' kafin ya ci gaba zuwa [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]], Wellington, Indiya a 1982. Saidu ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Jami'in Flag Commanding Eastern Naval Command (1992-1993) da kuma Jami'in flag Commanding Western Naval Command (1993). Janar [[Sani Abacha]] ya tabbatar da Saidu a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikatan Sojan Ruwa a watan Satumbar 1993. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fatad |first=Wale |title=In the interim, a government in a fix |url=http://www.dawodu.com/ing1.htm |access-date=2010-04-01 |website=[[Independent Nigeria|Daily Independent]] |publisher=Dawodu}}</ref> Daga baya aka maye gurbinsa da Rear Admiral [[Allison Madueke]] don daidaita kabilanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Omoigu |first=Nowa |title=Nigeria: The Palace Coup of November 17, 1993 – Part 2 |url=http://www.dawodu.com/omoigui21.htm |access-date=2010-04-01 |publisher=Dawodu}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] 9fyskmow9n88isshxwjfxmf9iqjnfcf 906867 906866 2026-08-24T05:12:33Z BnHamid 12586 906867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Suleiman Saidu''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, 1938{{Ana bukatan hujja}}) tsohon Admiral ne na rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Najeriya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Hafsan Sojojin Ruwa daga Satumba zuwa Nuwamba, 1993. Saidu ya shiga Rundunar Sojin Ruwa ta Najeriya a shekarar 1961, inda ya yi horon farko a Britannia Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, a ƙasar Birtaniya. Ya taka rawa sosai a yaƙin Basasar Najeriya (1967–1970), musamman a lokacin saukar sojoji da kuma wasu ayyukan soja da suka biyo baya. A shekarar 1971, ya halarci kwas ɗin Armament Supply and Inspection a Bombay, Indiya. A shekarar 1972, ya samu ƙwarewar Long Gunnery Officer a HMS Excellent, Birtaniya. An naɗa Saidu a matsayin Gwamnan Soja na [[Jihar Ribas]] daga yulin 1978 zuwa Oktoban 1979, a lokacin mulkin soja na janar [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]. Ya miƙa ragamar mulki ga zaɓaɓɓen Gwamnan farar hula, Melford Obiene Okilo, a farkon Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta Biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria States |url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |access-date=2010-04-01 |publisher=World Statesmen}}</ref> Saidu ya yi aiki a matsayin kyaftin din NNS. Kafin ya karɓi umurnin jirgin, ya kasance Jami'in Ma'aikata na 1 a [[Jami'ar Tsaron Najeriya|Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya]] Kaduna, daga inda ya ci gaba da umurni da MK 9 corvette NNS ''Erin-Omi'' kafin ya ci gaba zuwa [[Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro (DSSC)|Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro]], Wellington, Indiya a 1982. Saidu ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Jami'in Flag Commanding Eastern Naval Command (1992-1993) da kuma Jami'in flag Commanding Western Naval Command (1993). Janar [[Sani Abacha]] ya tabbatar da Saidu a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikatan Sojan Ruwa a watan Satumbar 1993. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fatad |first=Wale |title=In the interim, a government in a fix |url=http://www.dawodu.com/ing1.htm |access-date=2010-04-01 |website=[[Independent Nigeria|Daily Independent]] |publisher=Dawodu}}</ref> Daga baya aka maye gurbinsa da Rear Admiral [[Allison Madueke]] don daidaita kabilanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Omoigu |first=Nowa |title=Nigeria: The Palace Coup of November 17, 1993 – Part 2 |url=http://www.dawodu.com/omoigui21.htm |access-date=2010-04-01 |publisher=Dawodu}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] s3xrd468x7jtpustwtadtragrnbpa6h 0 164695 906904 904077 2026-08-24T07:03:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Paula Bonte''' (a shekara ta 1840 zuwa shekara ta 1902) ƙwararriyar mai zane-zane ce a fannin shimfidar wuri ta Jamus. <ref name="Alte Kunst">{{Cite web |title=Paula Bonte (German, 1840 - 1902) |url=http://www.altekunst-vienna.com/frontend/scripts/index.php?groupId=0&productId=3747&setMainAreaTemplatePath=mainarea_productdetail.html |access-date=19 November 2018 |website=Alte Kunst Fine Art Gallery}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Bonte a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu,a shekara ta 1840 a [[Magdeburg]], Jamus. <ref name="RKD">{{Cite web |title=Paula Bonte |url=https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/10457 |access-date=19 November 2018 |website=RKD |language=en}}</ref> Ta yi karatu tare da {{Interlanguage link|Eduard Pape|de|Eduard Pape (Maler)}} da Otto von Kameke a [[Berlin]] . <ref name="Nichols">{{Cite web |last=Nichols |first=K. L. |title=Women's Art at the World's Columbian Fair & Exposition, Chicago 1893 |url=http://arcadiasystems.org/academia/cassatt10cc.html#bonte |access-date=19 November 2018}}</ref> Ta baje kolin ayyukanta a Ginin Mata a bikin baje kolin Columbia na Duniya na a shekarar 1893 da aka gudanar a Chicago, Illinois. <ref name="Nichols" /> Bonte abokiyar abokiyar aikin fenti ce mai suna Marie von Keudell, wacce ta yi aiki a wani situdiyo. <ref name="Frauenpersönlichkeiten">{{Cite web |title=Marie von Keudell |url=https://www.kulturring.org/frauenpersoenlichkeiten/index.php?bezirk=friedrichshain-kreuzberg&frauen=im-oeffentlichen-raum&info=78 |access-date=21 November 2018 |website=Frauenpersönlichkeiten in Friedrichshain/Kreuzberg |language=de}}</ref> Bonte ya mutu a ranar 21 ga watan Satumba,a shekara ta 1902 a Berlin. <ref name="Benezit">{{Cite web |date=31 October 2011 |title=Bonte, Paula |url=http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.B00022940 |access-date=19 November 2018 |website=Benezit Dictionary of Artists |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.b00022940 |archive-date=19 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119051833/http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.B00022940 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Fayil:Paula_Bonte_-_Landschaft_mit_einem_Weiher_und_figürlicher_Staffage.jpg|thumb| ''Zane mai faɗi da tafkin ruwa da siffofi masu ado'' na Paula Bonte]] == Manazarta == ej92zl2iggg5znoikdth5fd33c2uz9t 0 164717 906967 904172 2026-08-24T08:34:25Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363296490|Tsunami]]" 906967 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:2004-tsunami.jpg|thumb|Tsunami na Tekun Indiya na 2004 a Ao Nang, Lardin Krabi, Thailand]] '''Tsunami''' (/ (t) suːˈnɑːmi, (t) sʊˈ-/ (t" soo-NAH-mee, (t" suu-;<ref>{{Cite web |title=tsunami |url=https://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/british/tsunami |access-date=2018-11-23 |website=[[Macmillan Dictionary]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=tsunami |url=https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/tsunami |access-date=19 August 2019 |website=[[Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English]] |publisher=[[Longman]]}}</ref> daga Jafananci: 津波, lit.  'Rawan tashar jiragen ruwa', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tsunami Terminology |url=http://nthmp-history.pmel.noaa.gov/terms.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225143835/http://nthmp-history.pmel.noaa.gov/terms.html |archive-date=2011-02-25 |access-date=2010-07-15 |publisher=[[NOAA]]}}</ref>{{IPA|ja|tsɯnami|pron}}{{IPA|ja|tsɯnami|pron}}mai suna []) jerin raƙuman ruwa ne a cikin ruwa wanda ya haifar da motsi na ruwa mai yawa, gabaɗaya a cikin teku ko babban tafkin. {{IPA|ja|tsɯnami|pron}}Girgizar ƙasa, fashewar dutsen wuta, fashewa a ƙarƙashin ruwa, [[Zaftarewar ƙasa|rushewar ƙasa]], tasirin kankara, Tasirin meteorite da sauran rikice-rikice a sama ko ƙasa duk suna da damar haifar da tsunami.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barbara Ferreira |date=April 17, 2011 |title=When icebergs capsize, tsunamis may ensue |url=http://blogs.nature.com/barbaraferreira/2011/04/17/when-icebergs-capsize |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104140755/http://blogs.nature.com/barbaraferreira/2011/04/17/when-icebergs-capsize |archive-date=2011-11-04 |access-date=2011-04-27}}</ref> Ba kamar raƙuman ruwa na teku na yau da kullun ba, waɗanda iska ke haifar da su, ko raƙuman raƙuman ƙasa, waɗanda su ma suna haifar da jan hankali na [[Wata]] da [[Rana]], tsunami yana haifar da motsi na ruwa daga babban taron. [[Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text]] Raƙuman ruwa na Tsunami ba su yi kama da raƙuman ruwa ko raƙuman teku na yau da kullun ba saboda tsayin daka ya fi tsayi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA Finds Japan Tsunami Waves Merged, Doubling Power |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2011-374 |access-date=3 November 2016 |website=[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]}}</ref> Maimakon bayyana a matsayin raƙuman ruwa, tsunami na iya zama kamar yadda ake tashi da sauri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tsunami 101 |url=http://courses.washington.edu/larescue/Tsunami101/Tsunami101.htm |access-date=1 December 2018 |publisher=University of Washington}}</ref> Saboda wannan dalili, galibi ana kiransa da raƙuman ruwa, kodayake wannan amfani ba ya son al'ummar kimiyya saboda yana iya ba da ra'ayi mara kyau na dangantaka tsakanin raƙuman sama da tsunamis. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 8, 2025 |title=Definition of TIDAL WAVE |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tidal%20wave |website=www.merriam-webster.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What does "tsunami" mean? |url=https://earthweb.ess.washington.edu/tsunami/general/physics/meaning.html |access-date=1 December 2018 |publisher=Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington}}</ref> Tsunami gabaɗaya suna ƙunshe da jerin raƙuman ruwa, waɗanda lokutan dawowarsu (periods) ke kasancewa daga ƴan mintuna zuwa sa’o’i, kuma suna zuwa a cikin abin da ake kira “jerin raƙuman ruwa” (wave train).<ref name="Fradin 2008">{{cite book|last1=Fradin|first1=Judy|last2=Fradin|first2=Judith Bloom|last3=Fradin|first3=Dennis B.|title=Witness to Disaster: Tsunamis|publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=2008|pages=42–43|isbn=978-0-7922-5380-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9bKhYHgE7aYC}}</ref> Ana iya samun tsayin raƙuman ruwa da ya kai ɗaruruwan mita sakamakon manyan abubuwan da ke haddasa tsunami. Ko da yake tasirin tsunami ya fi taƙaita ne ga yankunan bakin teku, ƙarfin barnarsu na iya zama mai matuƙar yawa, kuma suna iya shafar faɗin kogunan teku gaba ɗaya. Tsunamin Tekun Indiya na shekarar 2004 yana daga cikin masifu na halitta mafi muni a tarihin ɗan Adam, inda aƙalla mutane 230,000 suka mutu ko suka ɓace a ƙasashe 14 da ke kewaye da Tekun Indiya. Masanin tarihin Girka na Dā Thucydides ya ba da shawarar a cikin karni na 5 BC ''Tarihin Yaƙin Peloponnesia'' cewa tsunamis suna da alaƙa da girgizar ƙasa ta ruwa, <ref name="Smid, T. C. 103f.">{{Cite journal |last=Smid |first=T. C. |date=April 1970 |title='Tsunamis' in Greek Literature |journal=Greece & Rome |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=100–104 |doi=10.1017/S0017383500017393}}</ref> amma fahimtar tsunamis ya kasance mai laushi har zuwa karni na 20, kuma yawancin ba a sani ba. Manyan fannoni na bincike na yanzu sun haɗa da ƙayyade dalilin da ya sa wasu manyan girgizar ƙasa ba sa haifar da tsunami yayin da wasu ƙananan suke yi. An tsara wannan binciken da ke gudana don taimakawa wajen hasashen yadda tsunami ke wucewa a fadin tekuna da kuma yadda raƙuman tsunami ke hulɗa da bakin teku. == Kalmomin ==   Kalmar “tsunami” kalma ce da aka aro daga harshen Jafananci ''tsunami'' (津波), wadda take nufin “raƙuman ruwa na tashar jiragen ruwa” (''harbour wave''). Game da jam’in kalmar, ana iya bin tsarin Turancin da aka saba amfani da shi ta hanyar ƙara “s”, wato ''tsunamis'', ko kuma a yi amfani da kalmar a matsayin jam’i ba tare da canza ta ba, kamar yadda ake yi a harshen Jafananci.<ref>[a. Jap. tsunami, tunami, f. tsu harbour + nami waves.—''Oxford English Dictionary'']</ref> Yawancin masu magana da Turanci suna sauya farkon sautin /ts/ na kalmar zuwa /s/ ta hanyar cire harafin “t”, saboda harshen Turanci ba ya saba da fara kalma da sautin /ts/. Amma a ainihin lafazin Jafananci, ana furta ta da /ts/. Kalmar ta zama sananniya kuma an karɓe ta sosai a cikin harshen Turanci, duk da cewa ma’anarta ta zahiri a Jafananci ba lallai ta bayyana ainihin yanayin waɗannan raƙuman ruwa ba, domin tsunami ba sa faruwa a tashoshin jiragen ruwa kaɗai. === Ruwa mai ƙarfi === [[Fayil:Tsunami_2004_aftermath._Aceh,_Indonesia,_2005._Photo-_AusAID_(10730863873).jpg|thumb|Sakamakon tsunami a Aceh, Indonesia, Disamba 2004]] Tsunamis wani lokacin ana kiransu ''Raƙuman ruwa''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Tidal Wave |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tidal%20wave |access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref> Wannan kalmar da a da ta kasance sananniya ta samo asali ne daga mafi yawan yadda tsunami ke bayyana, wato wani babban raƙuman ruwa na ambaliyar teku (tidal bore) mai tsananin girma. Tsunami da kuma igiyar ruwa ta teku (tide) duk suna haifar da raƙuman ruwa waɗanda ke motsawa zuwa cikin ƙasa. Amma a yanayin tsunami, motsin ruwan zuwa cikin ƙasa na iya zama mai nisa sosai, har ya ba da alamar cewa igiyar ruwa ta teku tana da tsayi da ƙarfi ƙwarai. A cikin ’yan shekarun nan, amfani da kalmar “tidal wave” (igiyar ruwa ta teku) ya ragu sosai, musamman a tsakanin masana kimiyya, saboda abubuwan da ke haddasa tsunami ba su da alaƙa da abubuwan da ke haddasa tides (igiyoyin ruwa na teku). Tides suna samuwa ne sakamakon ƙarfin jan hankali na wata da rana, ba wai saboda motsin ko turawar ruwa ba. Kodayake ma’anar kalmar “tidal” tana iya haɗawa da ma’anar “mai kama da"<ref>"Tidal", The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary. [[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|Houghton Mifflin Company]]. 11 November 2008.[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/tidal Dictionary.reference.com]</ref> hawan ruwa, masu ilimin ƙasa da masu nazarin teku sun hana amfani da kalmar hawan ruwa<ref>-al. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Retrieved November 11, 2008, [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/-al Dictionary.reference.com]</ref> === Ruwa na teku === Ana amfani da kalmar ''Raƙuman ruwa na teku'' don komawa ga abin da ya faru saboda raƙuman da suka fi haifar da ayyukan Girgizar ƙasa kamar girgizar kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seismic Sea Wave – Tsunami Glossary |url=http://weready.org/tsunami/index.php?option=com_glossary&letter=S&id=56 |access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref> Kafin kalmar ''tsunami'' ta fara shahara wajen amfani da ita a harshen Turanci, masana kimiyya gabaɗaya sun ƙarfafa amfani da kalmar ''seismic sea wave'', ma’ana “raƙuman ruwa na teku da girgizar ƙasa ta haddasa”, maimakon ''tidal wave''. Sai dai, kamar ''tidal wave'', kalmar ''seismic sea wave'' ma ba cikakkiyar kalma ce da take bayyana tsunami daidai ba, domin wasu abubuwa ban da girgizar ƙasa na iya haifar da irin waɗannan raƙuman ruwa. Waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da zaftarewar ƙasa a ƙarƙashin ruwa, fashewar aman wuta, fashewar abubuwa a ƙarƙashin ruwa, zamewar ƙasa ko kankara zuwa cikin teku, bugun meteorite a teku, da kuma yanayi lokacin da matsin lambar iska ya sauya cikin sauri sosai. Duk waɗannan abubuwa na iya haifar da irin waɗannan manyan raƙuman ruwa ta hanyar matsar da ruwa daga matsayinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=tsunamis |url=http://earthsci.org/education/teacher/basicgeol/tsumami/tsunami.html |access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tsunami Frequently Asked Questions |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/tsunami/info/faq.shtml |access-date=3 November 2016 |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia, Bureau of Meteorology}}</ref> === Sauran kalmomi === Amfani da kalmar ''Tsunami'' don raƙuman ruwa da aka kirkira ta hanyar rushewar ƙasa da ke shiga cikin ruwa ya zama yadu a duniya a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya da na gargajiya, kodayake irin waɗannan raƙuman suna da bambanci daga asalin manyan raƙuman da girgizar ƙasa ta haifar. Wannan bambancin wani lokaci yana haifar da amfani da wasu kalmomi don raƙuman ruwa da aka haifar, gami da '''''Tsunami da ya haifar da rushewar ƙasa''''', raƙuman motsi, raƙukan da ba na girgizar ƙasa ba, raƙumin tasiri, kuma, a sauƙaƙe, babban raƙuman.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Svennevig |first=Kristian |last2=Hermanns |first2=Reginald L. |last3=Keiding |first3=Marie |last4=Binder |first4=Daniel |last5=Citterio |first5=Michele |last6=Dahl-Jensen |first6=Trine |last7=Mertl |first7=Stefan |last8=Sørensen |first8=Erik Vest |last9=Voss |first9=Peter H. |date=November 2022 |title=A large frozen debris avalanche entraining warming permafrost ground—the June 2021 Assapaat landslide, West Greenland |journal=Landslides |volume=19 |issue=11 |pages=2549–2567 |bibcode=2022Lands..19.2549S |doi=10.1007/s10346-022-01922-7 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tsunami wanda ba za a iya danganta shi da girgizar ƙasa ba wani lokacin ana kiransa "tsunami marayu". Wannan na iya faruwa a cikin yanayin tsunami da aka haifar a baya, kafin sadarwa ta duniya, ta girgizar ƙasa mai nisa, kamar tsunami a Japan wanda girgizar kasa ta haifar a Amurka. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:1755_Lisbon_earthquake.jpg|thumb|Girgizar ƙasa da tsunami na Lisbon a watan Nuwamba 1755]] Japan tana da tarihin tsunami mafi tsawo. Tun daga farkon 426 BC masanin tarihin Girka Thucydides ya yi tambaya a cikin littafinsa ''Tarihin Yaƙin Peloponnesia'' game da abubuwan da ke haifar da tsunami, kuma shi ne na farko da ya yi jayayya cewa girgizar ƙasa ta teku dole ne ta zama dalilin.<ref name="Smid, T. C. 103f." /> Tsohon rikodin ɗan adam na tsunami ya samo asali ne daga 479 KZ, a cikin mulkin mallaka na Girka na Potidaea, wanda ake zaton girgizar ƙasa ce ta haifar da shi. Tsunami na iya ceton mulkin mallaka daga mamayewar [[Daular Achaemenid]].<ref name="Smid, T. C. 103f." /><blockquote>Dalilin, a ganina, dole ne a nemi wannan sabon abu a girgizar kasa. A inda girgizarta ta kasance mafi yawan tashin hankali ana fitar da teku, kuma ba zato ba tsammani ta koma baya da karfi mai yawa, ta haifar da ambaliyar ruwa. Ba tare da girgizar ƙasa ba ban ga yadda irin wannan hadarin zai iya faruwa ba.</blockquote>Masanin tarihin [[Romawa na Da|Roman]] Ammianus Marcellinus (''Res Gestae'' 26.10.15-19) ya bayyana tsarin tsunami, gami da girgizar ƙasa da ta fara, koma baya kwatsam na teku da kuma babban guguwa mai zuwa, bayan [[Girgizar ƙasa ta tsibirin 365|Tsunami na 365 AD]] ya lalata Alexandria.<ref name="Kelly, Gavin (2004)">{{Cite journal |last=Kelly |first=Gavin |date=2004 |title=Ammianus and the Great Tsunami |url=https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/ammianus-and-the-great-tsunami(635a4807-14c9-4044-9caa-8f8e3005cb24).html |journal=The Journal of Roman Studies |volume=94 |issue=141 |pages=141–167 |doi=10.2307/4135013 |jstor=4135013 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Tsunamis sau da yawa haɗari ne da ba a la'akari da shi ba a cikin Bahar Rum da wasu sassan Turai. Muhimmancin tarihi da na yanzu (dangane da haɗarin haɗari) shine girgizar ƙasa da tsunami na Lisbon na 1755, girgizar ƙasar Calabrian ta 1783, kowannensu ya haifar da dubban mutuwar da girgizar kasa da tsunami ta Messina ta 1908. Tsunami din ya yi ikirarin rayuka sama da 123,000 a Sicily da Calabria kuma yana daga cikin bala'o'i mafi muni a Turai ta zamani. Storegga Slide a cikin Tekun Norway da wasu misalai na Tsunami da ke shafar tsibirin Burtaniya suna nufin rushewar ƙasa da meteotsunami, galibi kuma ƙasa da raƙuman ruwa da girgizar ƙasa ta haifar. Halakar da girgizar kasa da tsunami ta 2004 ta haifar a Tekun Indiya ta nuna shi a matsayin mafi lalacewa a cikin zamani, ya kashe kusan mutane 230,000. Yankin [[Sumatra]] kuma ya saba da tsunami, saboda girgizar ƙasa iri-iri da ke faruwa akai-akai a bakin tekun tsibirin. == Dalilan da suka haifar == Babban tsarin tsara na tsunami shine motsi na ruwa mai yawa ko rikicewar teku.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haugen |first=K |last2=Lovholt |first2=F |last3=Harbitz |first3=C |date=2005 |title=Fundamental mechanisms for tsunami generation by submarine mass flows in idealised geometries |journal=[[Marine and Petroleum Geology]] |volume=22 |issue=1–2 |pages=209–217 |bibcode=2005MarPG..22..209H |doi=10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2004.10.016}}</ref> Wannan motsi na ruwa yawanci ana haifar da girgizar ƙasa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tsunami Locations & Occurrences |url=https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/locations |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=National Weather Service}}</ref> amma kuma ana iya danganta shi da rushewar ƙasa, fashewar dutsen wuta, ƙuƙwalwar kankara ko kuma mafi ƙarancin meteorites da gwaje-gwajen nukiliya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Margaritondo |first=G |date=13 May 2005 |title=Explaining the physics of tsunamis to undergraduate and non-physics students |journal=European Journal of Physics |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=401–407 |bibcode=2005EJPh...26..401M |doi=10.1088/0143-0807/26/3/007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Voit |first=S.S |date=1987 |title=Tsunamis |journal=Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=217–236 |bibcode=1987AnRFM..19..217V |doi=10.1146/annurev.fl.19.010187.001245}}</ref> Koyaya, ana muhawara game da yiwuwar meteorite da ke haifar da tsunami. === Girgizar ƙasa === Tsunamis za a iya samar da su lokacin da kasa ta teku ta lalace ba zato ba tsammani kuma ta kawar da ruwa mai zurfi. Girgizar ƙasa ta tectonic wani nau'i ne na girgizar ƙasa wanda ke da alaƙa da lalacewar ƙasa ta Duniya; lokacin da waɗannan girgizar ƙasar suka faru a ƙarƙashin teku, ruwan da ke sama da yankin da ya lalace yana motsawa daga matsayinsa na daidaituwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How do earthquakes generate tsunamis? |url=http://www.geophys.washington.edu/tsunami/general/physics/earthquake.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203154326/http://www.geophys.washington.edu/tsunami/general/physics/earthquake.html |archive-date=2007-02-03 |publisher=University of Washington}}</ref> Fiye da haka, ana iya samar da tsunami lokacin da kuskuren turawa da ke da alaƙa da iyakar farantin ko lalacewa ke motsawa ba zato ba tsammani, wanda ke haifar da motsi na ruwa, saboda ɓangaren tsaye na motsi da ke ciki. Motsi a kan kuskuren al'ada (mai tsawo) na iya haifar da motsi na zurfin teku, amma kawai mafi girma daga cikin irin waɗannan abubuwan (yawanci suna da alaƙa da karkatarwa a cikin rami na waje) suna haifar da isasshen motsi don haifar da tsunami mai mahimmanci, kamar abubuwan Sumba na 1977 da Sanriku na 1933.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lynnes |first=C. S. |last2=Lay |first2=T. |author-link2=Thorne Lay |year=1988 |title=Source Process of the Great 1977 Sumba Earthquake |url=http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~thorne/TL.pdfs/LL_Sumba_JGR1988.pdf |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |publisher=[[American Geophysical Union]] |volume=93 |issue=B11 |pages=13, 407–413, 420 |bibcode=1988JGR....9313407L |doi=10.1029/JB093iB11p13407}}</ref><ref name="Kanamori_1971">{{Cite journal |last=Kanamori |first=Hiroo |author-link=Hiroo Kanamori |year=1971 |title=Seismological evidence for a lithospheric normal faulting – the Sanriku earthquake of 1933 |journal=[[Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors]] |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=298–300 |bibcode=1971PEPI....4..289K |doi=10.1016/0031-9201(71)90013-6}}</ref><gallery mode="packed"> Fayil:Eq-gen1.svg|Drawing of tectonic plate boundary before earthquake Fayil:Eq-gen2.svg|Over-riding plate bulges under strain, causing tectonic uplift. Fayil:Eq-gen3.svg|Plate slips, causing subsidence and releasing energy into water. Fayil:Eq-gen4.svg|The energy released produces tsunami waves. </gallery>Tsunamis suna da karamin tsawo na raƙuman ruwa teku, da kuma tsawo mai tsawo (sau da yawa daruruwan kilomita, yayin da raƙuman teku na yau da kullun suna da tsawo na mita 30 ko 40 kawai), wanda shine dalilin da ya sa yawanci suna wucewa ba tare da an lura da su ba a teku, suna samar da ɗan ƙaramin kumbura yawanci game da millimeters (12 in) sama da yanayin teku na yau. Suna girma a tsawo lokacin da suka kai ruwa mai zurfi, a cikin tsarin raƙuman ruwa da aka bayyana a ƙasa. Tsunami na iya faruwa a kowane yanayin ruwa kuma har ma a lokacin da ruwa ya ragu har yanzu yana iya mamaye yankunan bakin teku. A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1946, girgizar kasa ta 8.6 Aleutian Islands ta faru tare da matsakaicin Ƙarfin Mercalli na VI (Ƙarfi). Ya haifar da tsunami wanda ya mamaye Hilo a tsibirin Hawaii tare da hauhawar mita 14 (46 . Tsakanin 165 da 173 an kashe su. Har ila yau, ya lalata ƙauyen a cikin kwarin Halawa na Molokai, kodayake mazauna sun gudu zuwa ƙasa mafi girma lokacin da wasu suka ga teku ta koma baya, kuma sun buga kararrawar ƙararrawa, don haka babu wanda aka kashe, kodayake an shafe ƙauyen. Yankin da girgizar kasa ta faru shine inda kasa ta [[Tekun Pacific]] ke raguwa (ko kuma ana tura shi ƙasa) a ƙarƙashin Alaska. Misalan tsunamis da suka samo asali a wurare da ke nesa da iyakokin haɗuwa sun haɗa da Storegga kimanin shekaru 8,000 da suka gabata, Grand Banks a 1929, da [[Sabuwar Gini Papuwa|Papua New Guinea]] a 1998 (Tappin, 2001). Tsuntsaye na Grand Banks da Papua New Guinea sun fito ne daga girgizar ƙasa wanda ya lalata turɓaya, wanda ya sa su gudana cikin teku kuma su haifar da tsunami. Sun ɓace kafin su yi tafiya a nesa. Ba a san dalilin gazawar Storegga ba. Abubuwan da za su iya samu sun haɗa da yawan kayan da ke cikin ƙasa, girgizar ƙasa ko sakin gas hydrates (methane da sauransu). Girgizar ƙasa ta 1960 ta Valdivia ([./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= w">''w">''w">M''''_magnitude_scale" id="mwAYg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Moment magnitude scale">''M''_w] 9.5), girgizar ƙasa ce ta 1964 ta Alaska (Mw 9.2), girgizar ƙasar Tekun Indiya ta 2004 (Mw 9.2) da girgizar kasa ta 2011 ta Tōhoku (Mw9.0) misalai ne na baya-bayan nan na girgizar duniya mai ƙarfi wanda ya haifar da tsunami (wanda aka sani da teletsunami) wanda zai iya haye dukkan teku. Ƙananan girgizar ƙasa (''w">M'' 4.2) a Japan na iya haifar da tsunamis (wanda ake kira tsunami na gida da na yanki) wanda zai iya lalata yankunan bakin teku, amma zai iya yin hakan a cikin 'yan mintoci kaɗan a lokaci guda. === Rushewar ƙasa === Taron Tauredunum babban tsunami ne a kan Tafkin Geneva a cikin 563 AZ, wanda ya haifar da ajiyar da aka lalata ta hanyar rushewar ƙasa. A cikin shekarun 1950, an gano cewa tsunamis da suka fi girma fiye da yadda aka yi imani da su a baya zasu iya haifar da manyan rushewar ruwa. Wadannan manyan nau'ikan ruwa masu saurin canza wutar lantarki a cikin sauri fiye da yadda ruwa zai iya sha. An tabbatar da wanzuwarsu a shekara ta 1958, lokacin da babban rushewar ƙasa a Lituya Bay, Alaska, ya haifar da raƙuman ruwa mafi girma da aka taɓa yin rikodin, wanda ke da tsawo na mita 524 (1,719 . <ref name="drgeorgepc.com">{{Cite web |last=George Pararas-Carayannis |date=1999 |title=The Mega-Tsunami of July 9, 1958 in Lituya Bay, Alaska |url=http://www.drgeorgepc.com/Tsunami1958LituyaB.html |access-date=2014-02-27}}</ref> Raƙuman ruwa ba su yi tafiya mai nisa ba yayin da suka bugi ƙasa kusan nan take. Ruwa ya bugi jiragen ruwa uku - kowannensu yana da mutane biyu a cikin - wanda aka rataye a cikin bay. Ɗaya daga cikin jirgi ya tashi daga cikin raƙuman ruwa, amma raƙuman sun nutse sauran biyu, sun kashe mutane biyu a cikin ɗaya daga cikinsu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alaska Shipwrecks (B) – Alaska Shipwrecks |url=https://alaskashipwreck.com/shipwrecks-a-z/alaska-shipwrecks-b/ |website=alaskashipwreck.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alaska Shipwrecks (S) – Alaska Shipwrecks |url=https://alaskashipwreck.com/shipwrecks-a-z/alaska-shipwrecks-s/ |website=alaskashipwreck.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dickson, Ian, "60 Years Ago: The 1958 Earthquake and Lituya Bay Megatsunami," University of Alaska Fairbanks Alaska Earthquake Center, July 13, 2018 Retrieved December 2, 2018. |url=https://earthquake.alaska.edu/60-years-ago-1958-earthquake-and-lituya-bay-megatsunami}}</ref> Wani abin da ya faru na rushewar ƙasa ya faru a 1963 lokacin da babban rushewar daga Monte Toc ya shiga tafkin a bayan Madatsar ruwan Vajont a Italiya. Ruwa da ya haifar ya tashi a kan madatsar ruwa mai tsayi 262 da mita 250 (820 kuma ya lalata garuruwa da yawa. Kimanin mutane 2,000 ne suka mutu.<ref name="petley-blog-vajont">{{Cite web |last=Petley, Dave (Professor) |date=2008-12-11 |title=The Vaiont (Vajont) landslide of 1963 |url=http://www.landslideblog.org/2008/12/vaiont-vajont-landslide-of-1963.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206033431/http://www.landslideblog.org/2008/12/vaiont-vajont-landslide-of-1963.html |archive-date=2013-12-06 |access-date=2014-02-26 |publisher=The Landslide Blog}}</ref><ref name="bbc-50th-anniv">{{Cite web |last=Duff |first=Mark |date=2013-10-10 |title=Italy Vajont anniversary: Night of the 'tsunami' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24464867 |access-date=2014-02-27 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Masana kimiyya sun kira wadannan raƙuman ruwa megatsunami. Wasu masana kimiyyar ƙasa suna da'awar cewa manyan rushewar ƙasa daga tsibirai masu fashewa, misali Cumbre Vieja a kan La Palma (Cumbre Vieja tsunami hazard) a cikin [[Tsibirin Kanariyas|Tsibirin Canary]], na iya haifar da megatsunamis wanda zai iya haye teku, amma wasu da yawa suna jayayya da wannan. Gabaɗaya, rushewar ƙasa tana haifar da motsi galibi a cikin ƙananan sassan bakin teku, kuma akwai hasashe game da yanayin manyan rushewar da ke shiga cikin ruwa. An nuna wannan ya shafi ruwa a cikin koguna da tabkuna da aka rufe, amma rushewar ƙasa mai girma don haifar da tsunami ba ta faru a cikin tarihin da aka rubuta ba. An yi imanin cewa Wutar masu iya ganewa sune [[Hawaii]]_(island)" id="mwAcQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hawaii (island)">Babban Tsibirin Hawaii, Fogo a cikin [[Cabo Verde|Tsibirin Cape Verde]], La Reunion a cikin [[Tekun Indiya]], da Cumbre Vieja a tsibirin La Palma a cikin [[Tsibirin Kanariyas|Tsibirin Canary]]; Taron da sauran tsibirai na teku. Wannan shi ne saboda yawancin kayan dutsen da ba a haɗa su ba suna faruwa a gefen kuma a wasu lokuta ana imanin cewa jiragen sama suna tasowa. Koyaya, akwai rikice-rikice masu tasowa game da yadda waɗannan gangaren suke da haɗari.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pararas-Carayannis |first=George |date=2002 |title=Evaluation of the threat of mega tsunami generation from postulated massive slope failures of the island volcanoes on La Palma, Canary Islands, and on the island of Hawaii |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3963563.stm |journal=Science of Tsunami Hazards |volume=20 |pages=251–277 |access-date=7 September 2014}}</ref> === Fashewar dutse === Baya ga rushewar ƙasa ko rushewar bangaren, tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta na iya haifar da raƙuman ruwa ta hanyar nutsewar ruwa, rushewar caldera, ko fashewar ruwa.<ref name="Paris">{{Cite journal |last=Paris |first=Raphaël |date=28 October 2015 |title=Source mechanisms of volcanic tsunamis |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences |volume=373 |issue=2053 |bibcode=2015RSPTA.37340380P |doi=10.1098/rsta.2014.0380 |pmid=26392617 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tsunamis sun haifar da fashewar dutse da yawa. Mafi sanannun shine watakila babbar tsunami da ta haifar da fashewar dutsen mai fitattun wuta na Santorini a kusa da 1600 BC, wanda galibi ana ambaton shi azaman haifar da lalacewar tashar jiragen ruwa da yawa a yankin kuma a ƙarshe raguwar wayewar Minoan - tambaya har yanzu tana ƙarƙashin muhawara. Sauran sun hada da fashewar Krakatoa ta 1883, da fashewa ta Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai ta 2022. Fiye da kashi 20% na duk mutuwar da ta haifar da dutsen wuta a cikin shekaru 250 da suka gabata an kiyasta cewa tsunamis ne suka haifar da dutse.<ref name="Latter">{{Cite journal |last=Latter |first=J. H. |date=September 1981 |title=Tsunamis of volcanic origin: Summary of causes, with particular reference to Krakatoa, 1883 |journal=Bulletin Volcanologique |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=467–490 |bibcode=1981BVol...44..467L |doi=10.1007/BF02600578}}</ref> Tattaunawar ta ci gaba game da asalin da hanyoyin tushen irin waɗannan tsunamis kamar waɗanda Krakatoa ya haifar a 1883, <ref name="Latter" /> kuma sun kasance ba a fahimta ba fiye da danginsu masu girgizar ƙasa. Wannan ya haifar da babbar matsala ta wayar da kan jama'a da shirye-shirye, kamar yadda aka kwatanta da fashewa da rushewar Anak Krakatoa a cikin 2018, wanda ya kashe 426 kuma ya ji rauni dubban lokacin da babu gargadi. A kowane hali, haɓaka ingantaccen samfuran hasashen tsunami da kimanta haɗarin ga yankunan bakin teku masu yawan jama'a da tsunami mai tsanani zai buge shi lamari ne na fifiko na duniya. Har yanzu ana ɗaukar cewa rushewar ƙasa da shigar da teku na pyroclastic suna iya haifar da raƙuman ruwa mafi girma da haɗari daga dutsen wuta; duk da haka, binciken filin taron Tongan, da kuma ci gaba a cikin hanyoyin ƙididdigar lambobi, a halin yanzu suna da niyyar fadada fahimtar sauran hanyoyin tushe. <ref name="Hayward">{{Cite journal |last=Hayward |first=Matthew W. |last2=Whittaker |first2=Colin N. |last3=Lane |first3=Emily M. |last4=Power |first4=William L. |last5=Popinet |first5=Stéphane |last6=White |first6=James D. L. |date=25 February 2022 |title=Multilayer modelling of waves generated by explosive subaqueous volcanism |journal=Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=617–637 |bibcode=2022NHESS..22..617H |doi=10.5194/nhess-22-617-2022 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Battershill">{{Cite journal |last=Battershill |first=L. |last2=Whittaker |first2=C. N. |last3=Lane |first3=E. M. |last4=Popinet |first4=S. |last5=White |first5=J. D. L. |last6=Power |first6=W. L. |last7=Nomikou |first7=P. |date=November 2021 |title=Numerical Simulations of a Fluidized Granular Flow Entry Into Water: Insights Into Modeling Tsunami Generation by Pyroclastic Density Currents |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth |volume=126 |issue=11 |bibcode=2021JGRB..12622855B |doi=10.1029/2021JB022855}}</ref> === Yanayin yanayi === Wasu yanayi na yanayi, musamman sauye-sauye masu sauri a matsin lamba, kamar yadda aka gani tare da wucewar gaba, na iya kawar da ruwa mai isa don haifar da jiragen ruwa na raƙuman ruwa tare da tsawo. Wadannan suna kama da tsunami na girgizar ƙasa, amma yawanci tare da ƙaramin kuzari. Ainihin, suna da daidaituwa da tsunami na girgizar ƙasa, bambance-bambance kawai shine 1) cewa meteotsunamis ba su da isar da manyan tsunami na girjiyar ƙasa, da 2) cewa ƙarfin da ke motsa ruwa yana ci gaba a tsawon lokaci don haka ba za a iya tsara meteotsunami kamar yadda aka haifar da shi nan take ba. Duk da ƙananan kuzari, a kan iyakar inda za'a iya kara su ta hanyar resonance, wani lokacin suna da iko sosai don haifar da lalacewar yanki da yiwuwar asarar rai. An rubuta su a wurare da yawa, gami da Great Lakes, Aegean Sea, English Channel, da Balearic Islands, inda suka zama ruwan dare don samun sunan gida, ''rissaga''. A Sicily ana kiransu ''marubbio'' kuma a Nagasaki Bay, ana kiransu ''abiki''. Wasu misalai na meteotsunamis masu lalacewa sun haɗa da 31 Maris 1979 a Nagasaki da 15 Yuni 2006 a Menorca, ƙarshen ya haifar da lalacewa a cikin dubban miliyoyin Yuro.<ref name="Monserrat">{{Cite journal |last=Monserrat |first=S. |last2=Vilibíc |first2=I. |last3=Rabinovich |first3=A. B. |date=2006 |title=Meteotsunamis: atmospherically induced destructive ocean waves in the tsunami frequency band |journal=Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=1035–1051 |bibcode=2006NHESS...6.1035M |doi=10.5194/nhess-6-1035-2006 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Tsunami da mutum ya yi ko ya haifar === Fashewar Halifax ta haɗari a cikin 1917 ta haifar da tsunami mai mita 18 (59 a tashar jiragen ruwa a Halifax, Nova Scotia, Kanada.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mac Donald|first=Laura|title=Curse of the Narrows: The Halifax Explosion of 1917|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2005|isbn=978-0-00-200787-0|page=66|url=https://archive.org/details/curseofnarrowsth00macd}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Krehl|first1=Peter|title=History of shock waves, explosions and impact a chronological and biographical reference|date=2007|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-30421-0|page=459}}</ref> An yi nazarin yiwuwar amfani da fashewa don haifar da tsunamis a matsayin makami na tectonic. Tun da farko a yakin duniya na biyu (1939-1945), an bincika yin amfani da fashewa na al'ada, kuma [[New Zealand]] Defence Force">Sojojin New Zealand sun fara aikin hatimi, wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya haifar da ƙananan tsunamis tare da fashewar a yankin abin da ke yanzu Shakespeare Regional Park a ƙarshen Whangaparāoa Peninsula a Yankin Auckland na New Zealand; yunkurin ya gaza.<ref name="PART2-P92">{{cite news |date=3 March 2010 |title=The Hauraki Gulf Marine Park, Part 2 |work=Inset to [[The New Zealand Herald]] |page=9}}</ref> An yi hasashe mai yawa game da yiwuwar amfani da [[makaman nukiliya]] don haifar da tsunami a kusa da bakin tekun abokan gaba. Gwajin nukiliya a cikin Pacific Proving Ground ta Amurka ya haifar da sakamako mara kyau. A cikin Operation Crossroads a watan Yulin 1946, an fashe bama-bamai biyu na {{Convert|20|ktTNT}} , daya a cikin iska kuma daya a karkashin ruwa a cikin ruwa mai zurfi na tafkin mai zurfi mai mita 50 (164 a Bikini Atoll. Bamai sun fashe kusan kilomita {{Convert|6|km|mi nmi}} (3.7 daga tsibirin da ya fi kusa, inda raƙuman ruwa ba su da sama da 3 zuwa 4 lokacin da suka isa bakin teku. Sauran gwaje-gwaje na karkashin ruwa, galibi Operation Hardtack I / Wahoo a cikin ruwa mai zurfi da Operation Hardtacks I / Umbrella a cikin ruwa mara zurfi, sun tabbatar da sakamakon. Binciken tasirin fashewar ruwa mai zurfi da zurfi ya nuna cewa makamashi na fashewar ba ya haifar da nau'in zurfi, nau'ikan raƙuman ruwa na teku na tsunamis saboda yawancin makamashi yana haifar da tururi, yana haifar da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a sama da ruwa, kuma yana haifar da nau-ikan raƙumi.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Glasstone|first1=Samuel|author-link1=Samuel Glasstone|last2=Dolan|first2=Philip J.|date=1977|title=Shock effects of surface and subsurface bursts (in ''The effects of nuclear weapons'')|edition=third|publisher=U.S. Department of Defense; Energy Research and Development Administration|url=https://www.atomicarchive.com/resources/documents/effects/glasstone-dolan/chapter6.html}}</ref>Tsunamis suna da alamar dindindin ta hanyar manyan motsi na tsaye na ruwa mai yawa wanda ba ya faruwa a fashewa. == Halaye == [[Fayil:Propagation_du_tsunami_en_profondeur_variable.gif|thumb|Lokacin da raƙuman ruwa suka shiga ruwa mai zurfi, suna raguwa kuma girmansa (tsawo) yana ƙaruwa.]] [[Fayil:Tsunami2.JPG|thumb|Raƙuman ruwa sun kara raguwa kuma sun kara girma yayin da suka buga ƙasa. Sai kawai raƙuman ruwa mafi girma ne.]] Tsunamis suna haifar da girgizar ƙasa, rushewar ƙasa, fashewar dutsen wuta, ƙanƙarar kankara, da ƙuƙwalwar ruwa. Suna haifar da lalacewa ta hanyar hanyoyi guda biyu: ƙarfin murkushewar bango na ruwa da ke tafiya da sauri, da kuma ikon lalacewa na babban ruwa da ke zubar da ƙasa kuma yana ɗauke da tarkace mai yawa tare da shi, koda tare da raƙuman ruwa waɗanda ba su da girma. Duk da yake raƙuman iska na yau da kullun suna da tsawo (daga ƙwanƙwasawa zuwa ƙwanƙolin) na kimanin mita 100 (330 da tsawo na kusan mita 2 (6.6 , tsunami a cikin zurfin teku yana da tsawo mafi girma har zuwa kilomita 200 (120 . Irin wannan raƙuman ruwa suna tafiya a kan kilomita 800 a kowace awa (500 , amma saboda girman tsawo mai tsawo a kowane lokaci yana ɗaukar minti 20 ko 30 don kammala sake zagayowar kuma yana da girman kusan mita 1 kawai (3.3.<ref>[http://earthsci.org/education/teacher/basicgeol/tsumami/tsunami.html Earthsci.org], Tsunamis</ref> Wannan ya sa tsunamis ya zama da wahala a gano shi a kan ruwa mai zurfi, inda jiragen ruwa ba su iya jin hanyarsu ba. == Rashin daidaituwa == [[Fayil:Shallow_water_wave.gif|right|thumb|Misali na "rashin dawowa" na ruwa mai zurfi wanda ke da alaƙa da raƙuman ruwa. Ya biyo bayan cewa babban matsala na iya sanar da isowar babban raƙuman ruwa.]] Dukkanin raƙuman ruwa suna da kyakkyawan matsayi da mara kyau; wato, tudu da rami. A cikin yanayin yaduwar ruwa kamar tsunami, ko dai zai iya zama na farko da ya zo. Idan bangare na farko da zai isa gabar shi ne tudun, babban raƙuman ruwa ko ambaliyar ruwa ba zato ba tsammani zai zama tasirin farko da aka lura a ƙasa. Koyaya, idan ɓangaren farko da zai isa shi ne rami, matsala za ta faru yayin da bakin teku ya koma baya sosai, yana fallasa wuraren da ke cikin ruwa. Rashin tabbas na iya wuce daruruwan mita, kuma mutane da ba su san haɗarin ba wani lokacin sukan kasance kusa da bakin teku don gamsar da sha'awarsu ko tattara kifi daga ƙarƙashin teku da aka fallasa. Lokaci na guguwa na yau da kullun don tsunami mai lalacewa shine kimanin minti goma sha biyu. Don haka, teku ta koma baya a lokacin da ba ta da kyau, tare da yankunan da ke ƙasa da matakin teku da aka fallasa bayan minti uku. A cikin minti shida masu zuwa, raƙuman ruwa suna gina cikin tudu wanda zai iya ambaliya bakin tekun, kuma lalacewa ta biyo baya. A cikin minti shida masu zuwa, raƙuman ruwa suna canzawa daga tudu zuwa rami, kuma ruwan ambaliyar ya koma baya a karo na biyu. Wadanda abin ya shafa da tarkace na iya kwashewa cikin teku. Tsarin yana maimaitawa tare da raƙuman ruwa masu nasara. == Ragewa == [[Fayil:Tsunami_wall.jpg|alt=Photo of seawall, with building in background|thumb|Ganuwar teku a Tsu, Mie Prefecture a Japan]] A wasu ƙasashe masu saurin tsunami, an ɗauki matakan Injiniyan girgizar ƙasa don rage lalacewar da aka haifar a bakin teku. Japan, inda kimiyyar tsunami da matakan mayar da martani suka fara ne bayan bala'i a shekara ta 1896, sun samar da matakan da suka fi dacewa da shirye-shiryen mayar da martaniwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-30 |title=Journalist's Resource: Research for Reporting, from Harvard Shorenstein Center |url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/government/international/tsunami-japan/ |access-date=2012-06-12 |publisher=Content.hks.harvard.edu}}</ref> Kasar ta gina ganuwar tsunami da yawa har zuwa mita 12 (39 don kare yankunan bakin teku. Sauran yankuna sun gina ambaliyar ruwa har zuwa mita 15.5 (51 da tashoshi don sake tura ruwa daga tsunami mai shigowa. Koyaya, an yi tambaya game da tasirin su, saboda tsunamis sau da yawa suna wucewa kan shingen. Hadarin nukiliya na Fukushima Daiichi ya haifar da girgizar kasa da tsunami ta Tōhoku ta 2011, lokacin da raƙuman ruwa suka wuce tsawo na bangon teku kuma suka mamaye janareto na gaggawa. Gundumar Iwate, wacce ke da babban haɗari daga tsunami, tana da ganuwar shingen tsunami (ganuwar teku ta Taró) wanda ya kai kilomita 25 (16 a garuruwan bakin teku. Tsunami na 2011 ya rushe fiye da 50% na ganuwar kuma ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa. Tsunami na Okushiri, Hokkaidō, wanda ya faru a cikin minti biyu zuwa biyar na girgizar kasa a ranar 12 ga Yuli, 1993, ya haifar da raƙuman ruwa masu tsayi 30 - har zuwa ginin bene 10. Garin tashar jiragen ruwa na [[Aonae]] an kewaye shi gaba ɗaya da bango na tsunami, amma raƙuman ruwa sun wanke a kan bango kuma sun lalata duk gine-ginen katako a yankin. Wataƙila bango ya yi nasarar ragewa da daidaita tsawo na tsunami, amma bai hana babbar lalacewa da asarar rai ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=George Pararas-Carayannis |title=The Earthquake and Tsunami of July 12, 1993 in the Sea of Japan/East Sea |url=http://www.drgeorgepc.com/Tsunami1993JAPANOkushiri.html |access-date=2016-09-18 |website=drgeorgepc.com}}</ref> == Dubi kuma ==   == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qiyo8n563mcl2odt1fxff4q21ew2p41 906968 906967 2026-08-24T08:35:20Z Saad Nuhu 43323 906968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:2004-tsunami.jpg|thumb|Tsunami na Tekun Indiya na 2004 a Ao Nang, Lardin Krabi, Thailand]] '''Tsunami''' (/ (t) suːˈnɑːmi, (t) sʊˈ-/ (t" soo-NAH-mee, (t" suu-;<ref>{{Cite web |title=tsunami |url=https://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/british/tsunami |access-date=2018-11-23 |website=[[Macmillan Dictionary]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=tsunami |url=https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/tsunami |access-date=19 August 2019 |website=[[Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English]] |publisher=[[Longman]]}}</ref> daga Jafananci: 津波, lit.  'Rawan tashar jiragen ruwa', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tsunami Terminology |url=http://nthmp-history.pmel.noaa.gov/terms.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225143835/http://nthmp-history.pmel.noaa.gov/terms.html |archive-date=2011-02-25 |access-date=2010-07-15 |publisher=[[NOAA]]}}</ref>{{IPA|ja|tsɯnami|pron}}{{IPA|ja|tsɯnami|pron}}mai suna []) jerin raƙuman ruwa ne a cikin ruwa wanda ya haifar da motsi na ruwa mai yawa, gabaɗaya a cikin teku ko babban tafkin. {{IPA|ja|tsɯnami|pron}}Girgizar ƙasa, fashewar dutsen wuta, fashewa a ƙarƙashin ruwa, [[Zaftarewar ƙasa|rushewar ƙasa]], tasirin kankara, Tasirin meteorite da sauran rikice-rikice a sama ko ƙasa duk suna da damar haifar da tsunami.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barbara Ferreira |date=April 17, 2011 |title=When icebergs capsize, tsunamis may ensue |url=http://blogs.nature.com/barbaraferreira/2011/04/17/when-icebergs-capsize |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104140755/http://blogs.nature.com/barbaraferreira/2011/04/17/when-icebergs-capsize |archive-date=2011-11-04 |access-date=2011-04-27}}</ref> Ba kamar raƙuman ruwa na teku na yau da kullun ba, waɗanda iska ke haifar da su, ko raƙuman raƙuman ƙasa, waɗanda su ma suna haifar da jan hankali na [[Wata]] da [[Rana]], tsunami yana haifar da motsi na ruwa daga babban taron. [[Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text]] Raƙuman ruwa na Tsunami ba su yi kama da raƙuman ruwa ko raƙuman teku na yau da kullun ba saboda tsayin daka ya fi tsayi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA Finds Japan Tsunami Waves Merged, Doubling Power |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2011-374 |access-date=3 November 2016 |website=[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]}}</ref> Maimakon bayyana a matsayin raƙuman ruwa, tsunami na iya zama kamar yadda ake tashi da sauri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tsunami 101 |url=http://courses.washington.edu/larescue/Tsunami101/Tsunami101.htm |access-date=1 December 2018 |publisher=University of Washington}}</ref> Saboda wannan dalili, galibi ana kiransa da raƙuman ruwa, kodayake wannan amfani ba ya son al'ummar kimiyya saboda yana iya ba da ra'ayi mara kyau na dangantaka tsakanin raƙuman sama da tsunamis. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 8, 2025 |title=Definition of TIDAL WAVE |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tidal%20wave |website=www.merriam-webster.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What does "tsunami" mean? |url=https://earthweb.ess.washington.edu/tsunami/general/physics/meaning.html |access-date=1 December 2018 |publisher=Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington}}</ref> Tsunami gabaɗaya suna ƙunshe da jerin raƙuman ruwa, waɗanda lokutan dawowarsu (periods) ke kasancewa daga ƴan mintuna zuwa sa’o’i, kuma suna zuwa a cikin abin da ake kira “jerin raƙuman ruwa” (wave train).<ref name="Fradin 2008">{{cite book|last1=Fradin|first1=Judy|last2=Fradin|first2=Judith Bloom|last3=Fradin|first3=Dennis B.|title=Witness to Disaster: Tsunamis|publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=2008|pages=42–43|isbn=978-0-7922-5380-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9bKhYHgE7aYC}}</ref> Ana iya samun tsayin raƙuman ruwa da ya kai ɗaruruwan mita sakamakon manyan abubuwan da ke haddasa tsunami. Ko da yake tasirin tsunami ya fi taƙaita ne ga yankunan bakin teku, ƙarfin barnarsu na iya zama mai matuƙar yawa, kuma suna iya shafar faɗin kogunan teku gaba ɗaya. Tsunamin Tekun Indiya na shekarar 2004 yana daga cikin masifu na halitta mafi muni a tarihin ɗan Adam, inda aƙalla mutane 230,000 suka mutu ko suka ɓace a ƙasashe 14 da ke kewaye da Tekun Indiya. Masanin tarihin Girka na Dā Thucydides ya ba da shawarar a cikin karni na 5 BC ''Tarihin Yaƙin Peloponnesia'' cewa tsunamis suna da alaƙa da girgizar ƙasa ta ruwa, <ref name="Smid, T. C. 103f.">{{Cite journal |last=Smid |first=T. C. |date=April 1970 |title='Tsunamis' in Greek Literature |journal=Greece & Rome |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=100–104 |doi=10.1017/S0017383500017393}}</ref> amma fahimtar tsunamis ya kasance mai laushi har zuwa karni na 20, kuma yawancin ba a sani ba. Manyan fannoni na bincike na yanzu sun haɗa da ƙayyade dalilin da ya sa wasu manyan girgizar ƙasa ba sa haifar da tsunami yayin da wasu ƙananan suke yi. An tsara wannan binciken da ke gudana don taimakawa wajen hasashen yadda tsunami ke wucewa a fadin tekuna da kuma yadda raƙuman tsunami ke hulɗa da bakin teku. == Kalmomin ==   Kalmar “tsunami” kalma ce da aka aro daga harshen Jafananci ''tsunami'' (津波), wadda take nufin “raƙuman ruwa na tashar jiragen ruwa” (''harbour wave''). Game da jam’in kalmar, ana iya bin tsarin Turancin da aka saba amfani da shi ta hanyar ƙara “s”, wato ''tsunamis'', ko kuma a yi amfani da kalmar a matsayin jam’i ba tare da canza ta ba, kamar yadda ake yi a harshen Jafananci.<ref>[a. Jap. tsunami, tunami, f. tsu harbour + nami waves.—''Oxford English Dictionary'']</ref> Yawancin masu magana da Turanci suna sauya farkon sautin /ts/ na kalmar zuwa /s/ ta hanyar cire harafin “t”, saboda harshen Turanci ba ya saba da fara kalma da sautin /ts/. Amma a ainihin lafazin Jafananci, ana furta ta da /ts/. Kalmar ta zama sananniya kuma an karɓe ta sosai a cikin harshen Turanci, duk da cewa ma’anarta ta zahiri a Jafananci ba lallai ta bayyana ainihin yanayin waɗannan raƙuman ruwa ba, domin tsunami ba sa faruwa a tashoshin jiragen ruwa kaɗai. === Ruwa mai ƙarfi === [[Fayil:Tsunami_2004_aftermath._Aceh,_Indonesia,_2005._Photo-_AusAID_(10730863873).jpg|thumb|Sakamakon tsunami a Aceh, Indonesia, Disamba 2004]] Tsunamis wani lokacin ana kiransu ''Raƙuman ruwa''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Tidal Wave |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tidal%20wave |access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref> Wannan kalmar da a da ta kasance sananniya ta samo asali ne daga mafi yawan yadda tsunami ke bayyana, wato wani babban raƙuman ruwa na ambaliyar teku (tidal bore) mai tsananin girma. Tsunami da kuma igiyar ruwa ta teku (tide) duk suna haifar da raƙuman ruwa waɗanda ke motsawa zuwa cikin ƙasa. Amma a yanayin tsunami, motsin ruwan zuwa cikin ƙasa na iya zama mai nisa sosai, har ya ba da alamar cewa igiyar ruwa ta teku tana da tsayi da ƙarfi ƙwarai. A cikin ’yan shekarun nan, amfani da kalmar “tidal wave” (igiyar ruwa ta teku) ya ragu sosai, musamman a tsakanin masana kimiyya, saboda abubuwan da ke haddasa tsunami ba su da alaƙa da abubuwan da ke haddasa tides (igiyoyin ruwa na teku). Tides suna samuwa ne sakamakon ƙarfin jan hankali na wata da rana, ba wai saboda motsin ko turawar ruwa ba. Kodayake ma’anar kalmar “tidal” tana iya haɗawa da ma’anar “mai kama da"<ref>"Tidal", The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary. [[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|Houghton Mifflin Company]]. 11 November 2008.[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/tidal Dictionary.reference.com]</ref> hawan ruwa, masu ilimin ƙasa da masu nazarin teku sun hana amfani da kalmar hawan ruwa<ref>-al. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Retrieved November 11, 2008, [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/-al Dictionary.reference.com]</ref> === Ruwa na teku === Ana amfani da kalmar ''Raƙuman ruwa na teku'' don komawa ga abin da ya faru saboda raƙuman da suka fi haifar da ayyukan Girgizar ƙasa kamar girgizar kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seismic Sea Wave – Tsunami Glossary |url=http://weready.org/tsunami/index.php?option=com_glossary&letter=S&id=56 |access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref> Kafin kalmar ''tsunami'' ta fara shahara wajen amfani da ita a harshen Turanci, masana kimiyya gabaɗaya sun ƙarfafa amfani da kalmar ''seismic sea wave'', ma’ana “raƙuman ruwa na teku da girgizar ƙasa ta haddasa”, maimakon ''tidal wave''. Sai dai, kamar ''tidal wave'', kalmar ''seismic sea wave'' ma ba cikakkiyar kalma ce da take bayyana tsunami daidai ba, domin wasu abubuwa ban da girgizar ƙasa na iya haifar da irin waɗannan raƙuman ruwa. Waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da zaftarewar ƙasa a ƙarƙashin ruwa, fashewar aman wuta, fashewar abubuwa a ƙarƙashin ruwa, zamewar ƙasa ko kankara zuwa cikin teku, bugun meteorite a teku, da kuma yanayi lokacin da matsin lambar iska ya sauya cikin sauri sosai. Duk waɗannan abubuwa na iya haifar da irin waɗannan manyan raƙuman ruwa ta hanyar matsar da ruwa daga matsayinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=tsunamis |url=http://earthsci.org/education/teacher/basicgeol/tsumami/tsunami.html |access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tsunami Frequently Asked Questions |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/tsunami/info/faq.shtml |access-date=3 November 2016 |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia, Bureau of Meteorology}}</ref> === Sauran kalmomi === Amfani da kalmar ''Tsunami'' don raƙuman ruwa da aka kirkira ta hanyar rushewar ƙasa da ke shiga cikin ruwa ya zama yadu a duniya a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya da na gargajiya, kodayake irin waɗannan raƙuman suna da bambanci daga asalin manyan raƙuman da girgizar ƙasa ta haifar. Wannan bambancin wani lokaci yana haifar da amfani da wasu kalmomi don raƙuman ruwa da aka haifar, gami da '''''Tsunami da ya haifar da rushewar ƙasa''''', raƙuman motsi, raƙukan da ba na girgizar ƙasa ba, raƙumin tasiri, kuma, a sauƙaƙe, babban raƙuman.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Svennevig |first=Kristian |last2=Hermanns |first2=Reginald L. |last3=Keiding |first3=Marie |last4=Binder |first4=Daniel |last5=Citterio |first5=Michele |last6=Dahl-Jensen |first6=Trine |last7=Mertl |first7=Stefan |last8=Sørensen |first8=Erik Vest |last9=Voss |first9=Peter H. |date=November 2022 |title=A large frozen debris avalanche entraining warming permafrost ground—the June 2021 Assapaat landslide, West Greenland |journal=Landslides |volume=19 |issue=11 |pages=2549–2567 |bibcode=2022Lands..19.2549S |doi=10.1007/s10346-022-01922-7 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tsunami wanda ba za a iya danganta shi da girgizar ƙasa ba wani lokacin ana kiransa "tsunami marayu". Wannan na iya faruwa a cikin yanayin tsunami da aka haifar a baya, kafin sadarwa ta duniya, ta girgizar ƙasa mai nisa, kamar tsunami a Japan wanda girgizar kasa ta haifar a Amurka. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:1755_Lisbon_earthquake.jpg|thumb|Girgizar ƙasa da tsunami na Lisbon a watan Nuwamba 1755]] Japan tana da tarihin tsunami mafi tsawo. Tun daga farkon 426 BC masanin tarihin Girka Thucydides ya yi tambaya a cikin littafinsa ''Tarihin Yaƙin Peloponnesia'' game da abubuwan da ke haifar da tsunami, kuma shi ne na farko da ya yi jayayya cewa girgizar ƙasa ta teku dole ne ta zama dalilin.<ref name="Smid, T. C. 103f." /> Tsohon rikodin ɗan adam na tsunami ya samo asali ne daga 479 KZ, a cikin mulkin mallaka na Girka na Potidaea, wanda ake zaton girgizar ƙasa ce ta haifar da shi. Tsunami na iya ceton mulkin mallaka daga mamayewar [[Daular Achaemenid]].<ref name="Smid, T. C. 103f." /><blockquote>Dalilin, a ganina, dole ne a nemi wannan sabon abu a girgizar kasa. A inda girgizarta ta kasance mafi yawan tashin hankali ana fitar da teku, kuma ba zato ba tsammani ta koma baya da karfi mai yawa, ta haifar da ambaliyar ruwa. Ba tare da girgizar ƙasa ba ban ga yadda irin wannan hadarin zai iya faruwa ba.</blockquote>Masanin tarihin [[Romawa na Da|Roman]] Ammianus Marcellinus (''Res Gestae'' 26.10.15-19) ya bayyana tsarin tsunami, gami da girgizar ƙasa da ta fara, koma baya kwatsam na teku da kuma babban guguwa mai zuwa, bayan [[Girgizar ƙasa ta tsibirin 365|Tsunami na 365 AD]] ya lalata Alexandria.<ref name="Kelly, Gavin (2004)">{{Cite journal |last=Kelly |first=Gavin |date=2004 |title=Ammianus and the Great Tsunami |url=https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/ammianus-and-the-great-tsunami(635a4807-14c9-4044-9caa-8f8e3005cb24).html |journal=The Journal of Roman Studies |volume=94 |issue=141 |pages=141–167 |doi=10.2307/4135013 |jstor=4135013 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Tsunamis sau da yawa haɗari ne da ba a la'akari da shi ba a cikin Bahar Rum da wasu sassan Turai. Muhimmancin tarihi da na yanzu (dangane da haɗarin haɗari) shine girgizar ƙasa da tsunami na Lisbon na 1755, girgizar ƙasar Calabrian ta 1783, kowannensu ya haifar da dubban mutuwar da girgizar kasa da tsunami ta Messina ta 1908. Tsunami din ya yi ikirarin rayuka sama da 123,000 a Sicily da Calabria kuma yana daga cikin bala'o'i mafi muni a Turai ta zamani. Storegga Slide a cikin Tekun Norway da wasu misalai na Tsunami da ke shafar tsibirin Burtaniya suna nufin rushewar ƙasa da meteotsunami, galibi kuma ƙasa da raƙuman ruwa da girgizar ƙasa ta haifar. Halakar da girgizar kasa da tsunami ta 2004 ta haifar a Tekun Indiya ta nuna shi a matsayin mafi lalacewa a cikin zamani, ya kashe kusan mutane 230,000. Yankin [[Sumatra]] kuma ya saba da tsunami, saboda girgizar ƙasa iri-iri da ke faruwa akai-akai a bakin tekun tsibirin. == Dalilan da suka haifar == Babban tsarin tsara na tsunami shine motsi na ruwa mai yawa ko rikicewar teku.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haugen |first=K |last2=Lovholt |first2=F |last3=Harbitz |first3=C |date=2005 |title=Fundamental mechanisms for tsunami generation by submarine mass flows in idealised geometries |journal=[[Marine and Petroleum Geology]] |volume=22 |issue=1–2 |pages=209–217 |bibcode=2005MarPG..22..209H |doi=10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2004.10.016}}</ref> Wannan motsi na ruwa yawanci ana haifar da girgizar ƙasa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tsunami Locations & Occurrences |url=https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/locations |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=National Weather Service}}</ref> amma kuma ana iya danganta shi da rushewar ƙasa, fashewar dutsen wuta, ƙuƙwalwar kankara ko kuma mafi ƙarancin meteorites da gwaje-gwajen nukiliya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Margaritondo |first=G |date=13 May 2005 |title=Explaining the physics of tsunamis to undergraduate and non-physics students |journal=European Journal of Physics |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=401–407 |bibcode=2005EJPh...26..401M |doi=10.1088/0143-0807/26/3/007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Voit |first=S.S |date=1987 |title=Tsunamis |journal=Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=217–236 |bibcode=1987AnRFM..19..217V |doi=10.1146/annurev.fl.19.010187.001245}}</ref> Koyaya, ana muhawara game da yiwuwar meteorite da ke haifar da tsunami. === Girgizar ƙasa === Tsunamis za a iya samar da su lokacin da kasa ta teku ta lalace ba zato ba tsammani kuma ta kawar da ruwa mai zurfi. Girgizar ƙasa ta tectonic wani nau'i ne na girgizar ƙasa wanda ke da alaƙa da lalacewar ƙasa ta Duniya; lokacin da waɗannan girgizar ƙasar suka faru a ƙarƙashin teku, ruwan da ke sama da yankin da ya lalace yana motsawa daga matsayinsa na daidaituwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How do earthquakes generate tsunamis? |url=http://www.geophys.washington.edu/tsunami/general/physics/earthquake.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203154326/http://www.geophys.washington.edu/tsunami/general/physics/earthquake.html |archive-date=2007-02-03 |publisher=University of Washington}}</ref> Fiye da haka, ana iya samar da tsunami lokacin da kuskuren turawa da ke da alaƙa da iyakar farantin ko lalacewa ke motsawa ba zato ba tsammani, wanda ke haifar da motsi na ruwa, saboda ɓangaren tsaye na motsi da ke ciki. Motsi a kan kuskuren al'ada (mai tsawo) na iya haifar da motsi na zurfin teku, amma kawai mafi girma daga cikin irin waɗannan abubuwan (yawanci suna da alaƙa da karkatarwa a cikin rami na waje) suna haifar da isasshen motsi don haifar da tsunami mai mahimmanci, kamar abubuwan Sumba na 1977 da Sanriku na 1933.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lynnes |first=C. S. |last2=Lay |first2=T. |author-link2=Thorne Lay |year=1988 |title=Source Process of the Great 1977 Sumba Earthquake |url=http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~thorne/TL.pdfs/LL_Sumba_JGR1988.pdf |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |publisher=[[American Geophysical Union]] |volume=93 |issue=B11 |pages=13, 407–413, 420 |bibcode=1988JGR....9313407L |doi=10.1029/JB093iB11p13407}}</ref><ref name="Kanamori_1971">{{Cite journal |last=Kanamori |first=Hiroo |author-link=Hiroo Kanamori |year=1971 |title=Seismological evidence for a lithospheric normal faulting – the Sanriku earthquake of 1933 |journal=[[Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors]] |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=298–300 |bibcode=1971PEPI....4..289K |doi=10.1016/0031-9201(71)90013-6}}</ref><gallery mode="packed"> Fayil:Eq-gen1.svg|Drawing of tectonic plate boundary before earthquake Fayil:Eq-gen2.svg|Over-riding plate bulges under strain, causing tectonic uplift. Fayil:Eq-gen3.svg|Plate slips, causing subsidence and releasing energy into water. Fayil:Eq-gen4.svg|The energy released produces tsunami waves. </gallery>Tsunamis suna da karamin tsawo na raƙuman ruwa teku, da kuma tsawo mai tsawo (sau da yawa daruruwan kilomita, yayin da raƙuman teku na yau da kullun suna da tsawo na mita 30 ko 40 kawai), wanda shine dalilin da ya sa yawanci suna wucewa ba tare da an lura da su ba a teku, suna samar da ɗan ƙaramin kumbura yawanci game da millimeters (12 in) sama da yanayin teku na yau. Suna girma a tsawo lokacin da suka kai ruwa mai zurfi, a cikin tsarin raƙuman ruwa da aka bayyana a ƙasa. Tsunami na iya faruwa a kowane yanayin ruwa kuma har ma a lokacin da ruwa ya ragu har yanzu yana iya mamaye yankunan bakin teku. A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1946, girgizar kasa ta 8.6 Aleutian Islands ta faru tare da matsakaicin Ƙarfin Mercalli na VI (Ƙarfi). Ya haifar da tsunami wanda ya mamaye Hilo a tsibirin Hawaii tare da hauhawar mita 14 (46 . Tsakanin 165 da 173 an kashe su. Har ila yau, ya lalata ƙauyen a cikin kwarin Halawa na Molokai, kodayake mazauna sun gudu zuwa ƙasa mafi girma lokacin da wasu suka ga teku ta koma baya, kuma sun buga kararrawar ƙararrawa, don haka babu wanda aka kashe, kodayake an shafe ƙauyen. Yankin da girgizar kasa ta faru shine inda kasa ta [[Tekun Pacific]] ke raguwa (ko kuma ana tura shi ƙasa) a ƙarƙashin Alaska. Misalan tsunamis da suka samo asali a wurare da ke nesa da iyakokin haɗuwa sun haɗa da Storegga kimanin shekaru 8,000 da suka gabata, Grand Banks a 1929, da [[Sabuwar Gini Papuwa|Papua New Guinea]] a 1998 (Tappin, 2001). Tsuntsaye na Grand Banks da Papua New Guinea sun fito ne daga girgizar ƙasa wanda ya lalata turɓaya, wanda ya sa su gudana cikin teku kuma su haifar da tsunami. Sun ɓace kafin su yi tafiya a nesa. Ba a san dalilin gazawar Storegga ba. Abubuwan da za su iya samu sun haɗa da yawan kayan da ke cikin ƙasa, girgizar ƙasa ko sakin gas hydrates (methane da sauransu). Girgizar ƙasa ta 1960 ta Valdivia ([./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= w">''w">''w">M''''_magnitude_scale" id="mwAYg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Moment magnitude scale">''M''_w] 9.5), girgizar ƙasa ce ta 1964 ta Alaska (Mw 9.2), girgizar ƙasar Tekun Indiya ta 2004 (Mw 9.2) da girgizar kasa ta 2011 ta Tōhoku (Mw9.0) misalai ne na baya-bayan nan na girgizar duniya mai ƙarfi wanda ya haifar da tsunami (wanda aka sani da teletsunami) wanda zai iya haye dukkan teku. Ƙananan girgizar ƙasa (''w">M'' 4.2) a Japan na iya haifar da tsunamis (wanda ake kira tsunami na gida da na yanki) wanda zai iya lalata yankunan bakin teku, amma zai iya yin hakan a cikin 'yan mintoci kaɗan a lokaci guda. === Rushewar ƙasa === Taron Tauredunum babban tsunami ne a kan Tafkin Geneva a cikin 563 AZ, wanda ya haifar da ajiyar da aka lalata ta hanyar rushewar ƙasa. A cikin shekarun 1950, an gano cewa tsunamis da suka fi girma fiye da yadda aka yi imani da su a baya zasu iya haifar da manyan rushewar ruwa. Wadannan manyan nau'ikan ruwa masu saurin canza wutar lantarki a cikin sauri fiye da yadda ruwa zai iya sha. An tabbatar da wanzuwarsu a shekara ta 1958, lokacin da babban rushewar ƙasa a Lituya Bay, Alaska, ya haifar da raƙuman ruwa mafi girma da aka taɓa yin rikodin, wanda ke da tsawo na mita 524 (1,719 . <ref name="drgeorgepc.com">{{Cite web |last=George Pararas-Carayannis |date=1999 |title=The Mega-Tsunami of July 9, 1958 in Lituya Bay, Alaska |url=http://www.drgeorgepc.com/Tsunami1958LituyaB.html |access-date=2014-02-27}}</ref> Raƙuman ruwa ba su yi tafiya mai nisa ba yayin da suka bugi ƙasa kusan nan take. Ruwa ya bugi jiragen ruwa uku - kowannensu yana da mutane biyu a cikin - wanda aka rataye a cikin bay. Ɗaya daga cikin jirgi ya tashi daga cikin raƙuman ruwa, amma raƙuman sun nutse sauran biyu, sun kashe mutane biyu a cikin ɗaya daga cikinsu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alaska Shipwrecks (B) – Alaska Shipwrecks |url=https://alaskashipwreck.com/shipwrecks-a-z/alaska-shipwrecks-b/ |website=alaskashipwreck.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alaska Shipwrecks (S) – Alaska Shipwrecks |url=https://alaskashipwreck.com/shipwrecks-a-z/alaska-shipwrecks-s/ |website=alaskashipwreck.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dickson, Ian, "60 Years Ago: The 1958 Earthquake and Lituya Bay Megatsunami," University of Alaska Fairbanks Alaska Earthquake Center, July 13, 2018 Retrieved December 2, 2018. |url=https://earthquake.alaska.edu/60-years-ago-1958-earthquake-and-lituya-bay-megatsunami}}</ref> Wani abin da ya faru na rushewar ƙasa ya faru a 1963 lokacin da babban rushewar daga Monte Toc ya shiga tafkin a bayan Madatsar ruwan Vajont a Italiya. Ruwa da ya haifar ya tashi a kan madatsar ruwa mai tsayi 262 da mita 250 (820 kuma ya lalata garuruwa da yawa. Kimanin mutane 2,000 ne suka mutu.<ref name="petley-blog-vajont">{{Cite web |last=Petley, Dave (Professor) |date=2008-12-11 |title=The Vaiont (Vajont) landslide of 1963 |url=http://www.landslideblog.org/2008/12/vaiont-vajont-landslide-of-1963.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206033431/http://www.landslideblog.org/2008/12/vaiont-vajont-landslide-of-1963.html |archive-date=2013-12-06 |access-date=2014-02-26 |publisher=The Landslide Blog}}</ref><ref name="bbc-50th-anniv">{{Cite web |last=Duff |first=Mark |date=2013-10-10 |title=Italy Vajont anniversary: Night of the 'tsunami' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24464867 |access-date=2014-02-27 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Masana kimiyya sun kira wadannan raƙuman ruwa megatsunami. Wasu masana kimiyyar ƙasa suna da'awar cewa manyan rushewar ƙasa daga tsibirai masu fashewa, misali Cumbre Vieja a kan La Palma (Cumbre Vieja tsunami hazard) a cikin [[Tsibirin Kanariyas|Tsibirin Canary]], na iya haifar da megatsunamis wanda zai iya haye teku, amma wasu da yawa suna jayayya da wannan. Gabaɗaya, rushewar ƙasa tana haifar da motsi galibi a cikin ƙananan sassan bakin teku, kuma akwai hasashe game da yanayin manyan rushewar da ke shiga cikin ruwa. An nuna wannan ya shafi ruwa a cikin koguna da tabkuna da aka rufe, amma rushewar ƙasa mai girma don haifar da tsunami ba ta faru a cikin tarihin da aka rubuta ba. An yi imanin cewa Wutar masu iya ganewa sune [[Hawaii]]_(island)" id="mwAcQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hawaii (island)">Babban Tsibirin Hawaii, Fogo a cikin [[Cabo Verde|Tsibirin Cape Verde]], La Reunion a cikin [[Tekun Indiya]], da Cumbre Vieja a tsibirin La Palma a cikin [[Tsibirin Kanariyas|Tsibirin Canary]]; Taron da sauran tsibirai na teku. Wannan shi ne saboda yawancin kayan dutsen da ba a haɗa su ba suna faruwa a gefen kuma a wasu lokuta ana imanin cewa jiragen sama suna tasowa. Koyaya, akwai rikice-rikice masu tasowa game da yadda waɗannan gangaren suke da haɗari.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pararas-Carayannis |first=George |date=2002 |title=Evaluation of the threat of mega tsunami generation from postulated massive slope failures of the island volcanoes on La Palma, Canary Islands, and on the island of Hawaii |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3963563.stm |journal=Science of Tsunami Hazards |volume=20 |pages=251–277 |access-date=7 September 2014}}</ref> === Fashewar dutse === Baya ga rushewar ƙasa ko rushewar bangaren, tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta na iya haifar da raƙuman ruwa ta hanyar nutsewar ruwa, rushewar caldera, ko fashewar ruwa.<ref name="Paris">{{Cite journal |last=Paris |first=Raphaël |date=28 October 2015 |title=Source mechanisms of volcanic tsunamis |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences |volume=373 |issue=2053 |bibcode=2015RSPTA.37340380P |doi=10.1098/rsta.2014.0380 |pmid=26392617 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tsunamis sun haifar da fashewar dutse da yawa. Mafi sanannun shine watakila babbar tsunami da ta haifar da fashewar dutsen mai fitattun wuta na Santorini a kusa da 1600 BC, wanda galibi ana ambaton shi azaman haifar da lalacewar tashar jiragen ruwa da yawa a yankin kuma a ƙarshe raguwar wayewar Minoan - tambaya har yanzu tana ƙarƙashin muhawara. Sauran sun hada da fashewar Krakatoa ta 1883, da fashewa ta Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai ta 2022. Fiye da kashi 20% na duk mutuwar da ta haifar da dutsen wuta a cikin shekaru 250 da suka gabata an kiyasta cewa tsunamis ne suka haifar da dutse.<ref name="Latter">{{Cite journal |last=Latter |first=J. H. |date=September 1981 |title=Tsunamis of volcanic origin: Summary of causes, with particular reference to Krakatoa, 1883 |journal=Bulletin Volcanologique |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=467–490 |bibcode=1981BVol...44..467L |doi=10.1007/BF02600578}}</ref> Tattaunawar ta ci gaba game da asalin da hanyoyin tushen irin waɗannan tsunamis kamar waɗanda Krakatoa ya haifar a 1883, <ref name="Latter" /> kuma sun kasance ba a fahimta ba fiye da danginsu masu girgizar ƙasa. Wannan ya haifar da babbar matsala ta wayar da kan jama'a da shirye-shirye, kamar yadda aka kwatanta da fashewa da rushewar Anak Krakatoa a cikin 2018, wanda ya kashe 426 kuma ya ji rauni dubban lokacin da babu gargadi. A kowane hali, haɓaka ingantaccen samfuran hasashen tsunami da kimanta haɗarin ga yankunan bakin teku masu yawan jama'a da tsunami mai tsanani zai buge shi lamari ne na fifiko na duniya. Har yanzu ana ɗaukar cewa rushewar ƙasa da shigar da teku na pyroclastic suna iya haifar da raƙuman ruwa mafi girma da haɗari daga dutsen wuta; duk da haka, binciken filin taron Tongan, da kuma ci gaba a cikin hanyoyin ƙididdigar lambobi, a halin yanzu suna da niyyar fadada fahimtar sauran hanyoyin tushe. <ref name="Hayward">{{Cite journal |last=Hayward |first=Matthew W. |last2=Whittaker |first2=Colin N. |last3=Lane |first3=Emily M. |last4=Power |first4=William L. |last5=Popinet |first5=Stéphane |last6=White |first6=James D. L. |date=25 February 2022 |title=Multilayer modelling of waves generated by explosive subaqueous volcanism |journal=Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=617–637 |bibcode=2022NHESS..22..617H |doi=10.5194/nhess-22-617-2022 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Battershill">{{Cite journal |last=Battershill |first=L. |last2=Whittaker |first2=C. N. |last3=Lane |first3=E. M. |last4=Popinet |first4=S. |last5=White |first5=J. D. L. |last6=Power |first6=W. L. |last7=Nomikou |first7=P. |date=November 2021 |title=Numerical Simulations of a Fluidized Granular Flow Entry Into Water: Insights Into Modeling Tsunami Generation by Pyroclastic Density Currents |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth |volume=126 |issue=11 |bibcode=2021JGRB..12622855B |doi=10.1029/2021JB022855}}</ref> === Yanayin yanayi === Wasu yanayi na yanayi, musamman sauye-sauye masu sauri a matsin lamba, kamar yadda aka gani tare da wucewar gaba, na iya kawar da ruwa mai isa don haifar da jiragen ruwa na raƙuman ruwa tare da tsawo. Wadannan suna kama da tsunami na girgizar ƙasa, amma yawanci tare da ƙaramin kuzari. Ainihin, suna da daidaituwa da tsunami na girgizar ƙasa, bambance-bambance kawai shine 1) cewa meteotsunamis ba su da isar da manyan tsunami na girjiyar ƙasa, da 2) cewa ƙarfin da ke motsa ruwa yana ci gaba a tsawon lokaci don haka ba za a iya tsara meteotsunami kamar yadda aka haifar da shi nan take ba. Duk da ƙananan kuzari, a kan iyakar inda za'a iya kara su ta hanyar resonance, wani lokacin suna da iko sosai don haifar da lalacewar yanki da yiwuwar asarar rai. An rubuta su a wurare da yawa, gami da Great Lakes, Aegean Sea, English Channel, da Balearic Islands, inda suka zama ruwan dare don samun sunan gida, ''rissaga''. A Sicily ana kiransu ''marubbio'' kuma a Nagasaki Bay, ana kiransu ''abiki''. Wasu misalai na meteotsunamis masu lalacewa sun haɗa da 31 Maris 1979 a Nagasaki da 15 Yuni 2006 a Menorca, ƙarshen ya haifar da lalacewa a cikin dubban miliyoyin Yuro.<ref name="Monserrat">{{Cite journal |last=Monserrat |first=S. |last2=Vilibíc |first2=I. |last3=Rabinovich |first3=A. B. |date=2006 |title=Meteotsunamis: atmospherically induced destructive ocean waves in the tsunami frequency band |journal=Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=1035–1051 |bibcode=2006NHESS...6.1035M |doi=10.5194/nhess-6-1035-2006 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Tsunami da mutum ya yi ko ya haifar === Fashewar Halifax ta haɗari a cikin 1917 ta haifar da tsunami mai mita 18 (59 a tashar jiragen ruwa a Halifax, Nova Scotia, Kanada.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mac Donald|first=Laura|title=Curse of the Narrows: The Halifax Explosion of 1917|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2005|isbn=978-0-00-200787-0|page=66|url=https://archive.org/details/curseofnarrowsth00macd}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Krehl|first1=Peter|title=History of shock waves, explosions and impact a chronological and biographical reference|date=2007|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-30421-0|page=459}}</ref> An yi nazarin yiwuwar amfani da fashewa don haifar da tsunamis a matsayin makami na tectonic. Tun da farko a yakin duniya na biyu (1939-1945), an bincika yin amfani da fashewa na al'ada, kuma [[New Zealand]] Defence Force">Sojojin New Zealand sun fara aikin hatimi, wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya haifar da ƙananan tsunamis tare da fashewar a yankin abin da ke yanzu Shakespeare Regional Park a ƙarshen Whangaparāoa Peninsula a Yankin Auckland na New Zealand; yunkurin ya gaza.<ref name="PART2-P92">{{cite news |date=3 March 2010 |title=The Hauraki Gulf Marine Park, Part 2 |work=Inset to [[The New Zealand Herald]] |page=9}}</ref> An yi hasashe mai yawa game da yiwuwar amfani da [[makaman nukiliya]] don haifar da tsunami a kusa da bakin tekun abokan gaba. Gwajin nukiliya a cikin Pacific Proving Ground ta Amurka ya haifar da sakamako mara kyau. A cikin Operation Crossroads a watan Yulin 1946, an fashe bama-bamai biyu na {{Convert|20|ktTNT}} , daya a cikin iska kuma daya a karkashin ruwa a cikin ruwa mai zurfi na tafkin mai zurfi mai mita 50 (164 a Bikini Atoll. Bamai sun fashe kusan kilomita {{Convert|6|km|mi nmi}} (3.7 daga tsibirin da ya fi kusa, inda raƙuman ruwa ba su da sama da 3 zuwa 4 lokacin da suka isa bakin teku. Sauran gwaje-gwaje na karkashin ruwa, galibi Operation Hardtack I / Wahoo a cikin ruwa mai zurfi da Operation Hardtacks I / Umbrella a cikin ruwa mara zurfi, sun tabbatar da sakamakon. Binciken tasirin fashewar ruwa mai zurfi da zurfi ya nuna cewa makamashi na fashewar ba ya haifar da nau'in zurfi, nau'ikan raƙuman ruwa na teku na tsunamis saboda yawancin makamashi yana haifar da tururi, yana haifar da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a sama da ruwa, kuma yana haifar da nau-ikan raƙumi.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Glasstone|first1=Samuel|author-link1=Samuel Glasstone|last2=Dolan|first2=Philip J.|date=1977|title=Shock effects of surface and subsurface bursts (in ''The effects of nuclear weapons'')|edition=third|publisher=U.S. Department of Defense; Energy Research and Development Administration|url=https://www.atomicarchive.com/resources/documents/effects/glasstone-dolan/chapter6.html}}</ref>Tsunamis suna da alamar dindindin ta hanyar manyan motsi na tsaye na ruwa mai yawa wanda ba ya faruwa a fashewa. == Halaye == [[Fayil:Propagation_du_tsunami_en_profondeur_variable.gif|thumb|Lokacin da raƙuman ruwa suka shiga ruwa mai zurfi, suna raguwa kuma girmansa (tsawo) yana ƙaruwa.]] [[Fayil:Tsunami2.JPG|thumb|Raƙuman ruwa sun kara raguwa kuma sun kara girma yayin da suka buga ƙasa. Sai kawai raƙuman ruwa mafi girma ne.]] Tsunamis suna haifar da girgizar ƙasa, rushewar ƙasa, fashewar dutsen wuta, ƙanƙarar kankara, da ƙuƙwalwar ruwa. Suna haifar da lalacewa ta hanyar hanyoyi guda biyu: ƙarfin murkushewar bango na ruwa da ke tafiya da sauri, da kuma ikon lalacewa na babban ruwa da ke zubar da ƙasa kuma yana ɗauke da tarkace mai yawa tare da shi, koda tare da raƙuman ruwa waɗanda ba su da girma. Duk da yake raƙuman iska na yau da kullun suna da tsawo (daga ƙwanƙwasawa zuwa ƙwanƙolin) na kimanin mita 100 (330 da tsawo na kusan mita 2 (6.6 , tsunami a cikin zurfin teku yana da tsawo mafi girma har zuwa kilomita 200 (120 . Irin wannan raƙuman ruwa suna tafiya a kan kilomita 800 a kowace awa (500 , amma saboda girman tsawo mai tsawo a kowane lokaci yana ɗaukar minti 20 ko 30 don kammala sake zagayowar kuma yana da girman kusan mita 1 kawai (3.3.<ref>[http://earthsci.org/education/teacher/basicgeol/tsumami/tsunami.html Earthsci.org], Tsunamis</ref> Wannan ya sa tsunamis ya zama da wahala a gano shi a kan ruwa mai zurfi, inda jiragen ruwa ba su iya jin hanyarsu ba. == Rashin daidaituwa == [[Fayil:Shallow_water_wave.gif|right|thumb|Misali na "rashin dawowa" na ruwa mai zurfi wanda ke da alaƙa da raƙuman ruwa. Ya biyo bayan cewa babban matsala na iya sanar da isowar babban raƙuman ruwa.]] Dukkanin raƙuman ruwa suna da kyakkyawan matsayi da mara kyau; wato, tudu da rami. A cikin yanayin yaduwar ruwa kamar tsunami, ko dai zai iya zama na farko da ya zo. Idan bangare na farko da zai isa gabar shi ne tudun, babban raƙuman ruwa ko ambaliyar ruwa ba zato ba tsammani zai zama tasirin farko da aka lura a ƙasa. Koyaya, idan ɓangaren farko da zai isa shi ne rami, matsala za ta faru yayin da bakin teku ya koma baya sosai, yana fallasa wuraren da ke cikin ruwa. Rashin tabbas na iya wuce daruruwan mita, kuma mutane da ba su san haɗarin ba wani lokacin sukan kasance kusa da bakin teku don gamsar da sha'awarsu ko tattara kifi daga ƙarƙashin teku da aka fallasa. Lokaci na guguwa na yau da kullun don tsunami mai lalacewa shine kimanin minti goma sha biyu. Don haka, teku ta koma baya a lokacin da ba ta da kyau, tare da yankunan da ke ƙasa da matakin teku da aka fallasa bayan minti uku. A cikin minti shida masu zuwa, raƙuman ruwa suna gina cikin tudu wanda zai iya ambaliya bakin tekun, kuma lalacewa ta biyo baya. A cikin minti shida masu zuwa, raƙuman ruwa suna canzawa daga tudu zuwa rami, kuma ruwan ambaliyar ya koma baya a karo na biyu. Wadanda abin ya shafa da tarkace na iya kwashewa cikin teku. Tsarin yana maimaitawa tare da raƙuman ruwa masu nasara. == Ragewa == [[Fayil:Tsunami_wall.jpg|alt=Photo of seawall, with building in background|thumb|Ganuwar teku a Tsu, Mie Prefecture a Japan]] A wasu ƙasashe masu saurin tsunami, an ɗauki matakan Injiniyan girgizar ƙasa don rage lalacewar da aka haifar a bakin teku. Japan, inda kimiyyar tsunami da matakan mayar da martani suka fara ne bayan bala'i a shekara ta 1896, sun samar da matakan da suka fi dacewa da shirye-shiryen mayar da martaniwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-30 |title=Journalist's Resource: Research for Reporting, from Harvard Shorenstein Center |url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/government/international/tsunami-japan/ |access-date=2012-06-12 |publisher=Content.hks.harvard.edu}}</ref> Kasar ta gina ganuwar tsunami da yawa har zuwa mita 12 (39 don kare yankunan bakin teku. Sauran yankuna sun gina ambaliyar ruwa har zuwa mita 15.5 (51 da tashoshi don sake tura ruwa daga tsunami mai shigowa. Koyaya, an yi tambaya game da tasirin su, saboda tsunamis sau da yawa suna wucewa kan shingen. Hadarin nukiliya na Fukushima Daiichi ya haifar da girgizar kasa da tsunami ta Tōhoku ta 2011, lokacin da raƙuman ruwa suka wuce tsawo na bangon teku kuma suka mamaye janareto na gaggawa. Gundumar Iwate, wacce ke da babban haɗari daga tsunami, tana da ganuwar shingen tsunami (ganuwar teku ta Taró) wanda ya kai kilomita 25 (16 a garuruwan bakin teku. Tsunami na 2011 ya rushe fiye da 50% na ganuwar kuma ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa. Tsunami na Okushiri, Hokkaidō, wanda ya faru a cikin minti biyu zuwa biyar na girgizar kasa a ranar 12 ga Yuli, 1993, ya haifar da raƙuman ruwa masu tsayi 30 - har zuwa ginin bene 10. Garin tashar jiragen ruwa na [[Aonae]] an kewaye shi gaba ɗaya da bango na tsunami, amma raƙuman ruwa sun wanke a kan bango kuma sun lalata duk gine-ginen katako a yankin. Wataƙila bango ya yi nasarar ragewa da daidaita tsawo na tsunami, amma bai hana babbar lalacewa da asarar rai ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=George Pararas-Carayannis |title=The Earthquake and Tsunami of July 12, 1993 in the Sea of Japan/East Sea |url=http://www.drgeorgepc.com/Tsunami1993JAPANOkushiri.html |access-date=2016-09-18 |website=drgeorgepc.com}}</ref> == Dubi kuma ==   == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l0wzi5gmfkoppy8ph1w751ahumfl9x4 0 164720 906696 904192 2026-08-23T20:38:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Monica Musenero Masanza''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1967) [[Likitan dabbobi]] ne na Uganda, masanin ilimin microbiology kuma masanin cututtukan cututtuka, wanda ke aiki a matsayin Ministan Makamashi da Ci gaban Ma'adanai, a baya ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Kimiyya, Fasaha da kirkire-kirkire. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kimathi |first=John Odyek, Sarah Nabakooza, and Dedan |date=2026-06-02 |title=News: Musenero unveils three-point agenda for energy ministry |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/musenero-unveils-three-point-agenda-for-energ-NV_234786_062026 |access-date=2026-06-12 |website=New Vision}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kiwuuwa |first=Paul |date=2026-06-04 |title=Science & Tech: Museveni-inspired 'Kibalo' app to improve financial planning for entrepreneurs |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/science/museveni-inspired-kibalo-app-to-to-improve-fi-NV_234915_062026 |access-date=2026-06-12 |website=New Vision}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-09 |title=Uganda to launch climate monitoring camera into space today |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/uganda-to-launch-climate-monitoring-camera-into-space-today-5418626 |access-date=2026-06-12 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga masanin cututtukan cututtuka ga gwamnatin Uganda kuma yana aiki a matsayin mai shawara ga shugaban kasar Uganda kan annoba da annoba. Ta taba aiki a matsayin Babban Masanin Epidemiologist da Mataimakin Kwamishinan Epidemiology da Surveillance a Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Uganda . <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Jacky Achan |date=3 April 2020 |title=Dr Musenero: The woman at COVID-19 Battlefront |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1517472/dr-musenero-woman-covid-19-battlefront |access-date=27 August 2020 |place=Kampala}}</ref><ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Dan Wandera |date=11 August 2020 |title=Let's embrace preventive healthcare, says expert |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/preventive-healthcare-expert--Ndejje-University-Musenero/688334-5607428-1436dvuz/index.html |access-date=27 August 2020 |place=Kampala}}</ref> Ta taba taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kula da annobar [[Ƙwayoyin cuta na Ebola|Ebola]] a [[Uganda]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] da kuma kasar [[Saliyo]] ta Yammacin Afirka.<ref name="1R" /> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Musenero a cikin Gundumar Butebo ta yanzu (a dā wani ɓangare na Gundumar Pallisa), a [[Uganda]]" id="mwMw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Eastern Region, Uganda">Yankin Gabas Uganda . <ref name="1R"/> Ta fara makaranta a makarantar firamare ta Kodiri sannan daga baya ta koma makarantar firamaren Kalalaka inda ta zauna a jarrabawar Firamare (PLE). Bayan ta shiga makarantar sakandaren 'yan mata ta Bubulo don karatun O-Level. Daga nan sai ta halarci [[Makarantar Sakandare ta Nabumali]], inda ta kammala karatunta na A-Level kuma ta kammala karatu tare da Diploma na makarantar sakandare, a shekarar 1987.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Mudangha Kolyangha |date=3 October 2019 |title=Dr Musenero: fighting Ebola in Sierra Leone |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Heart-to-Heart/Dr-Musenero-fighting-Ebola-Sierra-Leone/691230-5297270-vt1aaoz/index.html |access-date=27 August 2020 |place=Kampala}}</ref> Daga nan aka shigar da ita [[Jami'ar Makerere]], babbar [[Jami'ar Gwamnati|jami'ar jama'a]] ta Uganda, ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko na likitan dabbobi. Daga baya, an ba ta digiri na Master of Public Health, kuma daga Jami'ar Makerere. Har ila yau, tana da digiri na Master of Science a cikin Microbiology da Immunology, wanda [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]] ta bayar, a shekarar 1997. <ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Castle Think Tank |date=2020 |title=Dr. Monica Musenero Masanza |url=https://www.castlethinktank.org/team-member/dr-monica-musenero-masanza/ |access-date=27 August 2020 |publisher=Castle Think Tank Organization |place=Kampala |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224235657/https://www.castlethinktank.org/team-member/dr-monica-musenero-masanza/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Monica Musenero ta fara aikinta a Jami'ar Makerere a shekarar 1992 inda ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Koyarwa a Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Da farko ta koyar da Magungunan Dabbobi, Physiology, Biochemistry, amma daga baya ta koma Microbiology, immunoology da Molecular Biology bayan ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu a Amurka. A shekara ta 2003, Musenero ya shiga Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Makerere don Jagora na Kiwon Lafiya ta Jama'a (MPH) kuma ya ƙware a Kula da Cututtuka. Ta shiga Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Uganda da farko a matsayin Fellow kuma daga baya aka nada ta a matsayin Masanin Epidemiologist kuma daga baya Babban Masanin E epidemiology da Surveillance Division na Ma'aikatu. A shekarar 2008, Musenero ta sami aiki a cibiyar sadarwa ta Afirka ta fannin cututtuka (AFENET), a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan cututtuka masu yaduwa da kuma babbar jami'ar shirye-shirye, wacce ke Kampala, Uganda. A shekarar 2011, ta shiga aikin SDS (Ƙarfafa Tsarin Mulki don Dorewa) a matsayin Daraktar Yankin Tsakiyar Uganda, inda ta yi aiki a wannan matsayin har zuwa 2013. A shekara ta 2014 ta amsa wani buƙata da ta amsa kiran da aka yi don tallafawa ƙasashen da cutar Ebola ta shafa kuma ta yi tafiya zuwa Saliyo inda ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kuma daga baya mai kula da filin ga [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]], a lokacin annobar cutar Ebola a Saliyo. Ta yi aiki a takaice a matsayin Mataimakin Kwamishina, Epidemiology da Surveillance a Ma'aikatar Lafiya a Uganda, a cikin 2015, amma an nemi ta koma Saliyo don ci gaba da tallafawa martani na Ebola har zuwa 2017. A cikin 2018 da 2019 ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan Amsawar Ebola a DRC da Rwanda . == Sauran la'akari == A cikin 2014, a lokacin barkewar cutar Ebola a [[Gini|Guinea]], [[Laberiya]] da [[Saliyo]], bayan Musenero ta yi ritaya daga Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Uganda, an tuno ta don "ba da shawara ta fasaha a Yammacin Afirka, saboda kwarewarta wajen magance cutar Ebola". <ref name="1R"/> <ref name="3R"/> A farkon 2020, kafin Uganda ta yi rikodin mai haƙuri na [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]], an nada Dokta Musenero a matsayin babban mai ba da shawara ga shugaban Uganda, game da cutar. Ta jagoranci ƙungiyar masu sana'a da masu fasaha waɗanda suka tsara dabarun kuma suka shawarci shugaban a kan hanyar ci gaba.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="3R"/>   == Iyali == Monica Musenero ta auri Michael Masanza kuma tare su ne iyayen yara uku.<ref name="1R"/> == Duba == * [[Lafiya a Uganda]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] imzlsegq3i871v85so917t371j3v82l 0 164725 906626 904220 2026-08-23T17:26:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Miatta Nema Fahnbulleh''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1979) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Miatta FAHNBULLEH personal appointments - Find and update company information - GOV.UK |url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/officers/J6-QlP0vEV_3fglCNk3W0bnvIg8/appointments |website=find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk}}</ref> <nowiki>''</nowiki>Yar siyasa 'yar Birtaniya da Liberia kuma masanin tattalin arziki wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin Sakatare na Harkokin Tsaron Makamashi da kuma Net Zero tun watan Yulin 2026. Ta kasance memba a Labour Co-op; an zaɓe ta a matsayin 'yar majalisa (MP) ga Peckham a babban zaɓen 2024. Ana ɗaukar ta a matsayin 'yar hagu mai laushi na Jam'iyyar Labour. Fahnbulleh a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Sakataren Gwamnati a Ma'aikatar Gidaje, Al'ummomi da Karamar Hukumar daga 2025 zuwa 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-06 |title=Ministerial appointments: September 2025 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/ministerial-appointments-5-september-2025 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar ta ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Fahnbulleh a ranar 29 ga Satumba 1979 a [[Laberiya]] . <ref name="mean" /> Ita 'yar Henry Boimah Fahnbulleh ce, <ref name="mean" /> tsohon Ministan Harkokin Waje na Laberiya; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jr |first=Edwin Genoway |date=2024-07-08 |title=Liberian-born Miatta Fahnbulleh Elected To British Parliament |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberian-born-miatta-fahnbulleh-elected-to-british-parliament/ |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=FrontPageAfrica |language=en |archive-date=2025-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424010215/https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberian-born-miatta-fahnbulleh-elected-to-british-parliament/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga [[Saliyo]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=6 The Movement for Justice in Africa and Democratisation in Liberia from Revolutionary Movements in Africa: An Untold Story on JSTOR |url=https://www.jstor.org/content/oa_chapter_edited/jj.8501595.10?seq=19 |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=www.jstor.org}}</ref> An sanya mata suna ne bayan kawunta, mawaƙa Miatta Fahnbulleh . Tana da ɗan'uwa, Gamal . <ref name="mean">{{Cite web |last=Fahnbulleh |first=Gamal |date=22 October 2020 |title=What does it mean to be black and British? |url=https://news.sky.com/story/what-does-it-mean-to-be-black-and-british-12109216 |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=Sky News Daily}}</ref> A farkon Yaƙin basasar Liberia na farko a shekarar 1986 dangin suka tsere zuwa Ingila, inda suka nemi mafaka. Fahnbulleh ya halarci makarantar Beechwood Sacred Heart, makarantar mai zaman kanta a Tunbridge Wells . Bayan karatun falsafar, siyasa da tattalin arziki a Kwalejin Lincoln, Oxford, ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Oxford tare da digiri na farko na Arts (BA) a shekara ta 2000.<ref name="lnkd" /> Ta sami digiri na Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) a Ci gaban tattalin arziki a shekara ta 2005 daga Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London. <ref name="gdn" /> <ref name="lnkd">{{Cite web |title=Miatta Fahnbulleh |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/miatta-fahnbulleh-713b0010a |access-date=2 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="diss">{{Cite web |title=The Elusive Quest for Industrialisation in Africa: A Comparative Study of Ghana and Kenya, c1950-2000 |url=http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.427937 |access-date=1 February 2018}}</ref> Fahnbulleh ta rubuta rubutunta game da karɓar da nasarar manufofin masana'antu a [[Ghana]] da [[Kenya]].<ref name="diss" /> == Farkon aiki == Fahnbulleh ya kasance Shugaban Birane a cikin sashin manufofi a Ofishin Ma'aikatar daga 2011 zuwa 2013; darektan manufofi da bincike a IPPR daga Disamba 2016 zuwa Nuwamba 2017; da kuma Babban Darakta na Sabon Tattalin Arziki tsakanin Nuwamba 2017 da Disamba 2023. Ta kuma kasance 'yar siyasa a kungiyar Labour Together . A ranar 22 ga Mayu 2022, Fahnbulleh ta kasance mai karɓar tallafin MotheRED, wanda ke ba da kuɗi ga uwaye su tsaya a matsayin 'yan takarar majalisa na Jam'iyyar Labour. A watan Satumbar 2022, Fahnbulleh ta ba da sanarwar cewa tana tsaye ne don zama dan takarar majalisa a Camberwell da Peckham a babban zaben na gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Neame |first=Katie |date=23 September 2022 |title=Camberwell and Peckham's next Labour candidate – runners and riders |url=https://labourlist.org/2022/09/camberwell-and-peckhams-next-labour-candidate-runners-and-riders/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=LabourList |language=en-GB}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2022, 'yan jam'iyyar Labour Party na cikin gida ne suka zaba ta a matsayin dan takarar da za ta gaji Harriet Harman, wacce ta tsaya bayan shekaru 40. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Herbie |date=19 November 2022 |title=Miatta Fahnbulleh is set to be Labour candidate for Camberwell and Peckham |url=https://southwarknews.co.uk/area/southwark/miatta-fahnbulleh-is-the-next-mp-for-camberwell-and-peckham/ |access-date=11 January 2024 |website=Southwark News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|user=Miatsf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Elgot |first=Jessica |date=7 December 2021 |title=Harriet Harman to step down after 40 years in parliament |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2021/dec/07/harriet-harman-to-step-down-after-nearly-40-years-in-parliament |access-date=7 December 2021 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Yayinda yake dan takarar majalisa, a watan Yunin 2024 Sabon dan majalisa mai suna Fahnbulleh na 47 a cikin The Left Power List 2024, mujallar ta "jagoranci ga mutane 50 mafi tasiri a cikin siyasa mai ci gaba", yana bayyana ta a matsayin "dan takarar halitta don shiga benci na gaba". Fahnbulleh ya kasance mai ba da shawara na yau da kullun a shirin talabijin na BBC Question Time . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Griffiths |first=Robbie |date=2024-07-06 |title=Meet the Starmtroopers – the bright young MPs set to shine in Labour's new era |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/meet-starmtroopers-bright-young-mps-shine-labour-era-3154568 |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=inews.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan majalisa == A cikin Babban zaben 2024, an zabi Fahnbulleh a sabon kujerar da ake kira Peckham, tare da karamin rabon kuri'un da Labour ta samu a 2019 a Camberwell da Peckham. A ranar 9 ga watan Yulin 2024, an nada ta a matsayin [[Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Makamashi da Net Zero|Mataimakin Sakataren Gwamnati na Masu Amfani da Makamashi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2024 |title=Starmer gives government jobs to brand new MPs |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c3g9x7m8vy7o |via=bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State Miatta Fahnbulleh MP |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/people/miatta-fahnbulleh |via=gov.uk}}</ref> A cikin sake fasalin majalisa na 2025, ta zama Mataimakin Sakataren Gwamnati na Juyin Juya Halin, Bangaskiya da Al'ummomi. A ranar 12 ga Mayu 2026, bayan watanni 22 kacal a Majalisar Dokoki, Fahnbulleh ta zama ministar gwamnati ta farko da ta yi murabus domin goyon bayan kira ga Keir Starmer da ya sauka daga mukamin Firayim Minista bayan zaben kananan hukumomi na Burtaniya na 2026. Da aka tambaye ta game da wanda take goyon baya a matsayin shugaba, ba ta ambaci wani dan takara daban ba. {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2026|reason=target of previously cited live-feed source did not mention Fahnbulleh}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="target of previously cited live-feed source did not mention Fahnbulleh (July 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A ranar 20 ga watan Yulin 2026, an nada ta Sakatariyar Harkokin Tsaro da Net Zero a karkashin Andy Burnham . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-20 |title=Ministerial Appointments: July 2026 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/ministerial-appointments-july-2026 |access-date=2026-07-20 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> == Ra'ayoyin siyasa == Fahnbulleh memba ne na jam'iyyun Labour da Co-operative . A fannin akida, an dauke ta a cikin hagu na jam'iyyar Labour. Ta yi kamfen don daukar mataki na gaggawa kan rikicin yanayi. Masanin tattalin arziki na hagu, ta bayyana kanta a matsayin masanin tattalin arziki kuma ta ba da shawara don canji ga tsarin tattalin arziki. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2024, Fahnbulleh ya kada kuri'a don amincewa da Dokar Matasa Masu Rashin Rashin Rikici (End of Life), wanda ke ba da shawarar ba da izini ga taimakon kashe kansa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2024 |title=Terminally Ill Adults (End of Life) Bill: Second Reading |url=https://votes.parliament.uk/votes/commons/division/1877 |website=Votes in Parliament}}</ref> Dangane da nadinta a matsayin Sakatariyar Harkokin Tsaron Makamashi da kuma Net Zero a watan Yulin 2026, kungiyoyin kare muhalli kamar Abokan Duniya sun yi kira ga Fahnbulleh da ta dage kan fadada man fetur - musamman suna matsa wa ma'aikatarta lamba kan ci gaban mai da iskar gas kamar filayen Jackdaw da Rosebank - yayin da suke kokarin fadada shirye-shiryen iska, hasken rana, da na gidaje cikin sauri. "Ba shakka za ta gaji irin wannan kalubalen. Dole ne ta dage kan fadada man fetur mai cutarwa - gami da filayen Jackdaw da Rosebank masu cike da cece-kuce - ta samar da makamashi mai tsafta mai rahusa ga kowa kuma ta gina kan kokarin Ed Miliband na fadada karfin wutar lantarki mai sabuntawa."" == Rayuwa ta mutum == Fahnbulleh ta auri Graham, mai mallakar asusun ajiya, kuma tana da 'ya'ya uku da ke halartar makarantu masu zaman kansu. == Daraja == A ranar 21 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2026 aka rantsar da Fahnbulleh a matsayin memba na Majalisar Privy, wanda ya ba ta damar yin amfani da salon girmamawa The Right Honourable for life.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Miatta Fahbulleh sworn as Privy Counsellor |url=https://privycouncil.independent.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/2026-07-21-Miatta-Fahnbulleh-Sworn-Order.pdf |access-date=22 July 2026 |website=privycouncil.independent.gov.uk}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] efyzgvkx2x21vvdt4ms68jc5tmsv2v7 0 164782 906680 904494 2026-08-23T20:23:43Z Bappahumar 45200 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334240847|MV Empire MacDermott]]" 906680 wikitext text/x-wiki '''MV ''Empire MacDermott''''' wani jirgin ruwa ne mai ɗaukar hatsi da aka gina a matsayin jirgin sama na (MAC ship). Ta yi aiki tare da '''Rundunar Jiragen Ruwa ta Kasuwanci ta Biritaniya (British Merchant Navy)''' a lokacin '''Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu''', inda take da kayan aiki na asali don sarrafa jiragen sama, waɗanda wani rukunin ma’aikatan jirgin sama na '''Fleet Air Arm''' ke gudanarwa. An gina ''Empire MacDermott'' ne daga kamfanin '''William Denny and Brothers''' na '''Dumbarton''', Scotland. Ta shafe mafi yawan lokacinta tana zirga-zirga a hanyoyin ayarin jiragen ruwa na Tekun Atlantika, tana ba da kariyar sama tare da jigilar hatsin da ake matuƙar buƙata zuwa Birtaniya. Bayan ƙarshen yaƙin, an miƙa ta ga '''Buries Markes Ltd''' na London a shekarar 1947, sannan aka mayar da ita hidimar kasuwanci a shekara ta gaba da sunan ''La Cumbre''. An sake sayar da ita a shekarar 1959, a wannan karon ga '''Canero Cia Nav. S. A.''' na Panama. Sun yi mata suna ''Parnon'' kuma suka riƙa gudanar da ita ƙarƙashin tutar Girka har zuwa shekarar 1969, lokacin da suka sayar da ita ga '''Southern Shipping & Enterprises''' na Hong Kong. Sun sake mata suna ''Starlight'', suka kuma riƙa gudanar da ita ƙarƙashin tutar [[Somaliya]]. Daga nan aka tura ta zuwa China Ocean Shipping Co, Peking a 1975, kuma a shekarar 1991 an share ta daga Lloyd's Register. == Haɗin waje == * Empire MacDermott at fleetairarmarchive.net * [http://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3303.html Daular MacDermott a Uboat.net] * [http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/EmpireM.html Jerin da tarihin jiragen ruwa na Daular] 8hsupglom0hdtt6dbkyi69nyqpj7h58 906681 906680 2026-08-23T20:24:26Z Bappahumar 45200 906681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''MV ''Empire MacDermott''''' wani jirgin ruwa ne mai ɗaukar hatsi da aka gina a matsayin jirgin sama na (MAC ship). Ta yi aiki tare da '''Rundunar Jiragen Ruwa ta Kasuwanci ta Biritaniya (British Merchant Navy)''' a lokacin '''Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu''', inda take da kayan aiki na asali don sarrafa jiragen sama, waɗanda wani rukunin ma’aikatan jirgin sama na '''Fleet Air Arm''' ke gudanarwa. An gina ''Empire MacDermott'' ne daga kamfanin '''William Denny and Brothers''' na '''Dumbarton''', Scotland. Ta shafe mafi yawan lokacinta tana zirga-zirga a hanyoyin ayarin jiragen ruwa na Tekun Atlantika, tana ba da kariyar sama tare da jigilar hatsin da ake matuƙar buƙata zuwa Birtaniya. Bayan ƙarshen yaƙin, an miƙa ta ga '''Buries Markes Ltd''' na London a shekarar 1947, sannan aka mayar da ita hidimar kasuwanci a shekara ta gaba da sunan ''La Cumbre''. An sake sayar da ita a shekarar 1959, a wannan karon ga '''Canero Cia Nav. S. A.''' na Panama. Sun yi mata suna ''Parnon'' kuma suka riƙa gudanar da ita ƙarƙashin tutar Girka har zuwa shekarar 1969, lokacin da suka sayar da ita ga '''Southern Shipping & Enterprises''' na Hong Kong. Sun sake mata suna ''Starlight'', suka kuma riƙa gudanar da ita ƙarƙashin tutar [[Somaliya]]. Daga nan aka tura ta zuwa China Ocean Shipping Co, Peking a 1975, kuma a shekarar 1991 an share ta daga Lloyd's Register. == Haɗin waje == * Empire MacDermott at fleetairarmarchive.net * [http://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3303.html Daular MacDermott a Uboat.net] * [http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/EmpireM.html Jerin da tarihin jiragen ruwa na Daular] kvm5tanklj07wxm1jj2768h4biq9r44 0 164790 906677 904559 2026-08-23T20:14:07Z Bappahumar 45200 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334241013|MV Empire MacRae]]" 906677 wikitext text/x-wiki MV Empire MacRae Jirgin hatsi ne wanda aka canza don zama Jirgin Sama na Kasuwanci ko jirgin MAC a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . An gina ta ne a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Lithgows a [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]], karkashin umarni daga Ma'aikatar Sufurin Yakin. A matsayin jirgin MAC, ma’aikatan rundunar sojojin ruwa sun haɗa da ma’aikatan jirgin sama kaɗai da kuma ma’aikatan da suka wajaba don kula da jirgin.<ref>{{cite book|title=Warships of World War II|author=H.T. Lenton & J. J. Colledge|year=1973|isbn=0-7110-0403-X|publisher=Ian Allan|page=296}}</ref> Kamfanin Hain Steam Ship Co Ltd na St Ives ne ke gudanar da aikin jirgin. <ref name="List and history of the Empire ships">{{Cite web |title=List and history of the Empire ships - M |url=http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/EmpireM.html |access-date=18 March 2007 |website=Mariners}}</ref> Bayan yaƙin, an canza jirgin zuwa mai ɗaukar hatsi kuma daga ƙarshe an rushe shi a [[Kaohsiung]] a cikin 1971. <ref name="List and history of the Empire ships" /> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin masu ɗaukar jirgin sama == manazarta == 80wmj0efo2jyidkjj0div7kx9r593zw 906678 906677 2026-08-23T20:14:52Z Bappahumar 45200 906678 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} MV Empire MacRae Jirgin hatsi ne wanda aka canza don zama Jirgin Sama na Kasuwanci ko jirgin MAC a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . An gina ta ne a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Lithgows a [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]], karkashin umarni daga Ma'aikatar Sufurin Yakin. A matsayin jirgin MAC, ma’aikatan rundunar sojojin ruwa sun haɗa da ma’aikatan jirgin sama kaɗai da kuma ma’aikatan da suka wajaba don kula da jirgin.<ref>{{cite book|title=Warships of World War II|author=H.T. Lenton & J. J. Colledge|year=1973|isbn=0-7110-0403-X|publisher=Ian Allan|page=296}}</ref> Kamfanin Hain Steam Ship Co Ltd na St Ives ne ke gudanar da aikin jirgin. <ref name="List and history of the Empire ships">{{Cite web |title=List and history of the Empire ships - M |url=http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/EmpireM.html |access-date=18 March 2007 |website=Mariners}}</ref> Bayan yaƙin, an canza jirgin zuwa mai ɗaukar hatsi kuma daga ƙarshe an rushe shi a [[Kaohsiung]] a cikin 1971. <ref name="List and history of the Empire ships" /> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin masu ɗaukar jirgin sama == manazarta == h3rlhji9p2exv9va87yvihuo02g6v5e 0 164797 906854 904572 2026-08-24T04:59:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Operation Avid Response''' sunan ne da aka bai wa ayyukan agajin jin ƙai na Amurka ga Turkiyya bayan girgizar ƙasa ta İzmit ta shekarar 1999, wadda ta afku a yammacin Turkiyya a ranar 17 ga Agusta 1999. Girgizar ƙasar, wadda ta kai maki 7.4 a ma’aunin Richter, ta samo asali ne kusa da İzmit, kimanin mil 65 gabashin Istanbul. Ta bar kimanin mutane 600,000 ba tare da matsuguni ba, sannan ta lalata gine-gine sama da 54,000, inda ake buƙatar rushe kusan 35,000 daga cikinsu. An kammala aikin a ranar 11 ga Satumba 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Humanitarian Service Medal - Approved Operations Current as of: 1 April 2021 |url=https://prhome.defense.gov/Portals/52/Documents/MRA_Docs/OEPM/HSM%20List%20-%20Final%20-%202021%2004%2001.pdf?ver=35iaexIvbivkp6CtnNqXVw%3d%3d |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515172621/https://prhome.defense.gov/Portals/52/Documents/MRA_Docs/OEPM/HSM%20List%20-%20Final%20-%202021%2004%2001.pdf?ver=35iaexIvbivkp6CtnNqXVw%3D%3D |archive-date=May 15, 2021 |quote=AVID RESPONSE 17-Aug-99 11-Sep-99 Western Turkey}}</ref> == Tarihi == Tun daga ranar 29 ga Agusta, Rundunar Turai ta Amurka (EUCOM) ta shirya jigilar kayayyakin agaji da tantuna sau uku ta jirgin ruwa, waɗanda a haɗe za su iya samar da matsuguni ga mutane sama da 100,000. Bugu da ƙari, an tura jiragen ruwan yaƙi guda uku na Rundunar Sojin Ruwa ta Amurka daga ƙungiyar jiragen ruwa masu ɗauke da dakaru ta ''USS Kearsarge'' (LHD-3), tare da Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta 26 (MEU) wadda ta ƙunshi sojojin ruwa 2,100 da suka dawo daga Kosovo kwanan nan, zuwa İzmit domin bayar da agajin jin ƙai da na kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.26thmeu.marines.mil/About-Us/History/ |quote=August 1999 -- The 26th Marine Expeditionary Unit participates in Operation AVID RESPONSE, providing Humanitarian Assistance to the people of Western Turkey left homeless by a devastating earthquake. |access-date=2026-08-19 |archive-date=2025-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223230546/https://www.26thmeu.marines.mil/About-Us/History/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Operation Avid Response |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/avid_response.htm |website=www.globalsecurity.org}}</ref>An ba waɗanda suka shiga aikin Lambar yabo ta Ayyukan Jinƙai (''Humanitarian Service Medal''). Dangane da buƙatar gwamnatin Turkiyya ga Rundunar Sojin Sama ta Amurka, an shirya jiragen kashe gobara na Rundunar Sojin Sama ta Jihohi (''Air National Guard'') domin tura su don dakile gobarar matatun mai. Sai dai daga ƙarshe jami’an kashe gobara na Turkiyya sun yi nasarar shawo kan gobarar kafin a buƙaci taimakon Amurka. == Ƙungiya == Hukumomin gwamnatin tarayyar Amurka kamar EUCOM da Hukumar Amurka ta Raya Ƙasa (USAID) ne suka gudanar da ayyukan Amurka. An ba da fifiko ga ayyukan bincike da ceto, sannan aka samar da matsuguni, abinci, kiwon lafiya da sauran muhimman hidimomi. == Dubi kuma == * Ayyukan Haskakawa == Manazarta == obvkdqegi8ohiypuqf5k0kaagsw0u3k 0 164837 906856 904660 2026-08-24T04:59:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Joint Task Force Shining Hope''' ('''JTF''') gudummawar Amurka ce ga '''Operation Allied Harbor''' a shekarar 1999. Manufar JTF Shining Hope ita ce gudanar da ayyukan agajin jin ƙai a ƙasashen waje, domin tallafa wa hukumomin gwamnatin Amurka da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da na ƙasa da ƙasa da ke aikin bayar da agajin jin ƙai ga 'yan gudun hijirar Kosovo a [[Albaniya|Albania]] da [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Makidoniya]]. JTF Shining Hope ya sami umarni daga Manjo Janar William S. Hinton Jr., [[United States Air Force|Sojojin Sama na Amurka]]. == Tarihi == [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ta ci gaba da aiki tare da Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yan Gudun Hijira (UNHCR) da sauran ƙungiyoyin agaji, domin tabbatar da samar da cikakkiyar amsa mai isasshiyar gamsarwa ga matsalar jin ƙai da aka haifar sakamakon tsarkake kabilanci da kuma munanan laifukan da dakarun Sabiya ke aikatawa. [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da sauran sojojin [[NATO]] sun ba da tallafi ga ayyukan jin kai ta hanyoyi da yawa, Ayyukan sun haɗa da jigilar kayayyakin agaji da kayan aiki ta sama da ta ƙasa, shirya sansanoni, gina matsuguni, samar da tsaro, da sauran ayyukan da suka dace da ƙwarewar rundunonin soja. Ma'aikatar Tsaron Amurka ta yi alkawarin bayar da agajin jin ƙai sama da dala miliyan 25, wanda ban da abubuwan da aka ambata a sama, ya haɗa da abinci (rabon abincin yau da kullum na agaji), matsuguni (tantuna), kayan kwanciya, kayayyakin kiwon lafiya da motoci. Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta 26 (26th MEU) ta shiga cikin waɗannan ayyukan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.26thmeu.marines.mil/About-Us/History/ |quote=April-May 1999 -- The 26th MEU participates in Operations NOBLE ANVIL and SHINING HOPE. While supporting NOBLE ANVIL, the NATO bombing Campaign in Kosovo with AV-8B Harrier Attack Aircraft, the MEU also provided security for Kosovar Refugees at Camps Hope and Eagle in Albania. |access-date=2026-08-19 |archive-date=2025-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223230546/https://www.26thmeu.marines.mil/About-Us/History/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Saboda ayyukan da JTF ta gudanar, Shugaban Rundunar Hafsoshin Sojojin Amurka, Hugh Shelton, ya bai wa rundunar '''Joint Meritorious Unit Award (JMUA)''' a watan Agustan 1999. Lokacin da lambar yabon ta shafa ya kasance daga a ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu a shekarar 1999 zuwa 1 ga watan Yuli a shekarar 1999. == Dubi kuma == * [[Operation Avid Response|Amsa Mai Girma]] == Manazarta == 5g8oo307djmno43e4aed9tzy2dibloj 0 164855 906817 904816 2026-08-24T04:04:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906817 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Okpuala Ngwa''' wani gari ne a Isiala-Ngwa North . Yana aiki a matsayin hedkwatar gudanarwa ga karamar hukuma. Ita ce mazaunin farko da hedkwatar [[Mutanen Ngwa]].<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Slave, Igbo women and palm oil in the nineteenth century|title=From Slave Trade to Legitimate Commerce: The Commercial Transition in Nineteenth-Century West Africa|editor=[[Robin Law]]|first=Susan|last=Martin|author-link=Susan Martin|page=175|date=17 August 1995|series=African Studies|isbn=9780511523861|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511523861.008|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=[[Cambridge]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter=Interaction with scientific modernization|title=Christianity and Igbo Culture|page=109|first=Edmund|last=Ilogu|isbn=9789004040212|year=1974|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]}}</ref> Mutanen Okpuala Ngwa suna magana da Yaren Ngwa na [[Mutanen Ngwa]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Igbo, as Seen by Others|first=F. Chidozie|last=Ọgbalụ|author-link=F. C. Ogbalu|publisher =University Publishing Company|year=1988|isbn=9789781600128|page=142}}</ref> == Yanayi == Lokacin [[Danshi|ruwa]] sama a Okpuala-Ngwa yana da zafi, mai zalunci, kuma yana da hazo, yayin da lokacin fari yana da [[Temperature|dumi]], mai laushi, kuma yana cikin duhu. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara ya kasance daga {{Convert|67|F}} ° C (67 ° F) zuwa {{Convert|87|F}} ° C (87 ° F), da wuya ya faɗi ƙasa da {{Convert|60|°F}} ° C (60 ° F) ko ya tashi sama da {{Convert|90|°F}} ° C (90 ° F).<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Okpala Ngwa, Abia, NG Climate Zone, Monthly Averages, Historical Weather Data |url=https://weatherandclimate.com/nigeria/abia/okpala-ngwa |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=tcktcktck.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-27 |title=Okpuala-Ngwa Air Quality Index (AQI) and Nigeria Air Pollution {{!}} IQAir |url=https://www.iqair.com/nigeria/abia/okpuala-ngwa |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.iqair.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Okpala Ngwa weather for tomorrow – Weather.interia.com – weather forecast hour by hour for tomorrow |url=https://weather.interia.com/weather-tomorrow-okpala-ngwa,cId,2227057 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=weather.interia.com |language=en}}</ref> Saboda Okpuala-Ngwa tana fuskantar irin wannan ƙananan bambancin [[Temperature|zafin jiki]] na yanayi, magana game da lokutan zafi da sanyi ba shi da amfani sosai.<ref name=":0"/> === Girgije === Matsakaicin rabo na sararin [[sama]] da girgije ya rufe a Okpuala-Ngwa ya bambanta sosai a cikin shekara.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Weather in Okpuala-Ngwa today |url=https://www.gismeteo.com/weather-okpuala-ngwa-299876/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=GISMETEO.COM |language=en}}</ref> A kusa da Nuwamba 24 alama ce ta farawar lokacin Okpuala-Ngwa, wanda ke da tsawon watanni 2.6 kuma ya ƙare a kusa da Fabrairu 11 . <ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Okpuala-Ngwa Weather today ⋆ Weather forecast Okpuala-Ngwa online ≡ Current temperature Nigeria {{!}} METEOPROG |url=https://www.meteoprog.com/weather/Okpuala-ngwa/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.meteoprog.com}}</ref> A Okpuala-Ngwa, Disamba shine watan da ya fi haske a shekara, tare da matsakaicin kashi 41% na bayyane, galibi bayyane, ko kuma wani ɓangare na sararin samaniya.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Weather Okpuala-Ngwa {{!}} Forecast, Radar, Lightning & Satellite |url=https://meteologix.com/bj/weather/10275805-okpuala-ngwa |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Meteologix.com |language=en}}</ref> Farawa game da Fabrairu 11 kuma yana da tsawon watanni 9.4, lokacin girgije na shekara ya ƙare a kusa da Nuwamba 24 . <ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Okpuala-Ngwa weather forecast for today |url=https://justweather.org/Nigeria/Abia/Isiala--Ngwa-South/Okpuala--Ngwa/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=justweather.org |language=en}}</ref> A Okpuala-Ngwa, Afrilu shine watan da ke da mafi yawan girgije, tare da sararin sama da ke rufewa ko mafi yawan girgizar sama 87% na lokacin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Okpuala-Ngwa Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/55034/Average-Weather-in-Okpuala-Ngwa-Nigeria-Year-Round#Sections-Temperature |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Okpuala-Ngwa, Nigeria |url=https://www.fallingrain.com/world/NI/45/OkpualaNgwa.html |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref> === Ruwan sama === Ranar da ke da aƙalla inci 0.04 na ruwa ko [[Yayafi|ruwan sama]] mai kama da ruwa ana ɗaukar ta da rigar. A Okpuala-Ngwa, yiwuwar kwanakin ruwan sama ya bambanta sosai a duk shekara.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Okpuala-Ngwa, Nigeria Weather Forecast – Current Weather |url=https://www.timehubzone.com/weather/nigeria/okpuala-ngwa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121234842/https://www.timehubzone.com/weather/nigeria/okpuala-ngwa |archive-date=2025-01-21 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.timehubzone.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Daga watan Maris 25 zuwa watan Nuwamba 10, lokacin rigar, wanda ke ɗaukar watanni 7.5, yana da damar sama da 45% na hazo a kowace rana. A Okpuala-Ngwa, Satumba yana da matsakaicin kwanaki 25.4 tare da akalla {{Convert|0.04|inches}} ) na hazo, yana mai da shi watan da ya fi yawan kwanakin rigar.<ref name=":0"/> Tsakanin watan Nuwamba 10 da watan Maris 25, ko watanni 4.5, shine lokacin fari. Janairu yana da matsakaicin kwanaki 1.7 tare da akalla {{Convert|0.04|inches}} ) na hazo, yana mai da shi watan da ke da mafi ƙarancin kwanakin rigar a Okpuala-Ngwa.<ref name=":0"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|5|23|19|N|7|26|38|E|type:city_region:NG}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 65xef29s5fr46lwdgk5q4l2mnp4ivrb 0 164950 906655 905165 2026-08-23T18:57:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Minna Stocks''' (1846-1928) ƴar Jamus ce mai zane-zane da aka sani da zane-zanen dabbobi. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Stocks a ranar 24 ga Yuni 1846 a Schwerin, Jamus. <ref name="Benezit">{{Cite web |date=31 October 2011 |title=Stocks, Minna |url=http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.B00176200 |access-date=4 December 2018 |website=Benezit Dictionary of Artists |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.b00176200 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327150616/http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.B00176200 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta yi karatu tare da Carl Steffeck, {{Interlanguage link|Ernst Bosch|de}}, Gustav Graef, da Jeanna Bauck. Ta nunawa aikinta a Ginin Mata a 1893 World's Columbian Exposition a Chicago, Illinois . <ref name="Nichols">{{Cite web |last=Nichols |first=K. L. |title=Women's Art at the World's Columbian Fair & Exposition, Chicago 1893 |url=http://arcadiasystems.org/academia/cassatt10ccc.html#stocks |access-date=4 December 2018}}</ref> Stocks ya mutu a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 1928 a Hinzenhagen, Jamus.<ref name="RKD">{{Cite web |title=Minna Stocks |url=https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/232612 |access-date=4 December 2018 |website=RKD |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:Minna_Stocks_Hundeporträt.jpg|thumb|''Hundeporträt'' ta Minna Stocks]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1846]] o8j05ezr39y9amtp53lb02re1vt2wbw 0 165087 906669 905751 2026-08-23T19:33:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mithu Melanie Sanyal''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Mithu Melanie Sanyal |url=https://speakerinnen.org/de/profiles/dr-mithu-melanie-sanyal |access-date=24 February 2025 |website=Speakerinnen |language=de}}</ref> (an haife ta a shekara ta 1971), wacce aka fi sani da '''Mithu M. Sanyal''', ƙwararriyar masaniyar nazarin al'adu ce ta Jamus, 'yar jarida kuma marubuciya. Babban abin da ta fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne a kan [[Feminism|ra'ayin mata]], wariyar launin fata, [[Shahararrun al'adu|al'adun gargajiya]] da kuma bayan mulkin mallaka . == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Mithu Sanyal a [[Düsseldorf]] a shekarar 1971 ga uwa 'yar Poland kuma uba 'yar Indiya. Iyayen mahaifiyarta sun ƙaura zuwa Duisburg don yin aiki a matsayin masu hakar ma'adinai. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reichwein |first=Marc |date=13 September 2023 |title="In den 1980ern wurden Rassismus und Sexismus noch ungeniert ausgelebt" |url=https://www.welt.de/kultur/literarischewelt/article246711734/Mithu-Sanyal-In-den-80ern-wurden-Rassismus-und-Sexismus-ungeniert-ausgelebt.html |access-date=18 December 2024 |website=[[Welt (TV channel)|Welt]] |language=de}}</ref> Ta yi karatun adabi na Jamusanci da Ingilishi a Jami'ar Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, inda ta yi takardar digirin likita kan tarihin al'adun al'aurar mata . A shekarar 2009, ta buga wani littafi mai suna {{Lang|en|Vulva. The uncovering of the invisible sex}} {{Lang|en|Vulva. The uncovering of the invisible sex}} ( {{Lang|de|Vulva. Die Enthüllung des unsichtbaren Geschlechts}} ) bisa ga rubutunta na digiri. Tun daga shekarar 1996, Sanyal marubuci ne a shirye-shiryen rediyo da littattafan sauti ga gidan rediyon jama'a na Jamus WDR . Daga cikin wasu, ta kuma yi rubutu ga NDR, BR, <nowiki><i id="mwKw">Frankfurter Rundschau</i></nowiki>, <nowiki><i id="mwLQ">taz</i></nowiki>, <nowiki><i id="mwLw">junge Welt</i></nowiki> da kuma Hukumar Ilimi ta Tarayya . Tun bayan buga littafinta na biyu, ''Rape.'' ''Daga Lucretia zuwa #MeToo'', an gayyaci Sanyal don yin jawabi a bainar jama'a a kan faifan bidiyo, karatu da shirye-shiryen talabijin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zeitung |first=Badische |date=2019-03-12 |title=Mithu Sanyal spricht heute über die Tiefengrammatik von sexueller Gewalt |url=https://www.badische-zeitung.de/mithu-sanyal-spricht-heute-ueber-die-tiefengrammatik-von-sexueller-gewalt--168288590.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=Badische Zeitung |language=de}}</ref> <ref name="argento">{{Cite web |last=deutschlandfunkkultur.de |date=2018-08-23 |title=Vorwürfe gegen Asia Argento - "Eine Person kann nicht eine Bewegung diskreditieren" |url=https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/vorwuerfe-gegen-asia-argento-eine-person-kann-nicht-eine-100.html |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=Deutschlandfunk Kultur |language=de}}</ref> An fassara littattafan ''Rape'' da ''Vulva'' zuwa harsuna daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vergewaltigung |url=https://edition-nautilus.de/programm/vergewaltigung/ |access-date=2021-04-30 |website=EDITION NAUTILUS |language=de-DE}}</ref> Sanyal ya soki ƙungiyar MeToo, yana mai jayayya cewa zarge-zargen cin zarafin mata ko cin zarafi suna ɓata wa wanda ake tuhuma rai ba tare da wata matsala ba. <ref name="argento" /> Kafafen yada labarai na mata a Jamus sun yi Allah wadai da wannan furuci a matsayin abin da ya sa ake ɗaukar fyaɗe da cin zarafin mata a matsayin abin ƙyama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2017 |title=Offener Brief gegen die sprachliche Verharmlosung sexueller Gewalt |url=https://diestoerenfriedas.de/offener-brief-gegen-die-sprachliche-verharmlosung-sexueller-gewalt/ |access-date=2019-03-29 |website=Die Störenfriedas}} {{Cite web |date=21 February 2017 |title=Opfer sollen nicht mehr Opfer heißen |url=https://www.emma.de/artikel/opfer-sollen-nicht-mehr-opfer-heissen-334215 |access-date=2019-03-29 |website=EMMA}}</ref> Shafukan yanar gizo da shafukan yanar gizo na 'yan dama sun yi kuskuren fahimtar hujjar Sanyal sakamakon gadonta na Indiya, inda wasu suka yi ikirarin cewa fyade halal ne a Indiya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=22 February 2017 |title=Gutmenschin meint Vergewaltigungs-Opfer sollten mehr Erlebende sein |url=https://blog.halle-leaks.de/2017/02/gutmenschin-meint-vergewaltigungs-opfer-sollten-mehr-erlebende-sein/ |access-date=2019-03-29 |website=halle-leaks.de (Blog) |archive-date=2019-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329092014/https://blog.halle-leaks.de/2017/02/gutmenschin-meint-vergewaltigungs-opfer-sollten-mehr-erlebende-sein/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=David Berger |date=23 February 2017 |title=Unglaublich: Opfer von Vergewaltigung sollen ab jetzt "Erlebende" heißen |url=https://philosophia-perennis.com/2017/02/23/mithu-sanyal/ |access-date=2019-03-29 |website=Philosophia Perennis}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 2017, wani labarin Sanyal da 'yar jarida Marie Albrecht suka buga a jaridar ''Die Tageszeitung'' ta Jamus ya haifar da ce-ce-ku-ce. Bayan sun yi hira da mutanen da suka fuskanci cin zarafin jima'i, sun ba da shawarar wata hanya ta daban, ƙarin kalma don gane kai na {{Lang|de|Opfer}} (wanda aka azabtar), wato {{Lang|de|Erlebende sexualisierter Gewalt}} (mutanen da ke fuskantar cin zarafin jima'i). Wani shafin yanar gizo na Jamus mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, ''mai suna Political Incorrect'', ya buga adireshin imel na sirri na Sanyal, inda aka yi mata barazanar fyade da kisa. An yi ta tattaunawa sosai a kan labarinta a manyan kafofin watsa labarai, har ma da ƙwararren masanin harsunan mata na Jamus Luise F. Pusch ta yi tsokaci a kai a shafinta na yanar gizo. Daruruwan mutane kuma sun rubuta wa Sanyal imel da ke nuna goyon bayanta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mascha Drost |date=3 March 2017 |title=Kulturwissenschaftlerin Mithu Sanyal – "Die Supermarkt-Verkäuferin fühlt sich vom Mainstream-Feminismus nicht repräsentiert" |url=https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/kulturwissenschaftlerin-mithu-sanyal-die-supermarkt.691.de.html?dram:article_id=380448 |access-date=2019-03-29 |website=Deutschlandfunk.de}}</ref> A cikin Yuli 2019, dakin binciken jarida na Correctiv ya buga wata sanarwa game da lamarin, mai taken ''A'a, Mithu Sanyal bai gaya wa wadanda abin ya shafa ba cewa fyade zai iya zama abin kwarewa'' ( {{Lang|de|Nein, Mithu Sanyal hat Opfern nicht geraten, eine Vergewaltigung könne "auch Erleben sein"}} ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alice Echtermann |date=18 July 2019 |title=Nein, Mithu Sanyal hat Opfern nicht geraten, eine Vergewaltigung könne "auch Erleben sein" |url=https://correctiv.org/faktencheck/gesellschaft/2019/07/18/nein-mithu-sanyal-hat-opfern-nicht-geraten-eine-vergewaltigung-koenne-auch-erleben-sein |access-date=2021-02-22 |publisher=Correctiv}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, Sanyal ta buga littafinta na farko, ''Identitti'', game da farfesa a ka'idar bayan mulkin mallaka wadda ta sanya wa kanta suna bayan allahiyar Hindu Saraswati kuma ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta fito daga zuriyar Indiya. Da ta bayyana cewa Bajamushe ce kuma ta yi duhu, sai aka faɗi abin da ya biyo baya daga mahangar ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibanta, Nivedita, wacce kamar Sanyal tana da uwa 'yar Poland da kuma uba 'yar Indiya. Ta hanyar amfani da sunan Identitti, Nivedita ita ce marubucin wani shafin yanar gizo da kuma wasu asusun sada zumunta da dama, inda take yin tsokaci kan batutuwa kamar wariyar launin fata, ƙaura, asalin jima'i da kuma yanayin siyasa da kuma asalin mutum. Wannan hali na Saraswati ya yi nuni ne ga lamarin [[Rahila Dolezal|Rachel Dolezal]] . Littafin ya sami ra'ayoyi masu kyau da yawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kniebe |first=Tobias |date=17 February 2021 |title="Identitti", Roman von Mithu Sanyal: Chaos der Identitäten |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/mithu-sanyal-identitti-romandebuet-1.5209068 |access-date=29 April 2021 |website=[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]] |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kramatschek |first=Claudia |date=13 February 2021 |title=Mithu Sanyal: "Identitti" – Debatte im Schleudergang |url=https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/mithu-sanyal-identitti-debatte-im-schleudergang.950.de.html?dram:article_id=492428 |access-date=2021-04-29 |website=[[Deutschlandfunk Kultur]] |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Düker |first=Ronald |date=13 February 2021 |title="Identitti": "Literatur muss freundlich sein" |url=https://www.zeit.de/2021/07/identitti-mithu-sanyal-roman-identitaetspolitik-rassismus |access-date=2021-04-29 |website=[[Die Zeit]] |language=de}}</ref> A watan Oktoban 2021, an kwantar da Sanyal a Cibiyar PEN ta Jamus . <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2021 |title=PEN nimmt neue Mitglieder auf, darunter Mithu Sanyal, Sharon Dodua Otoo, Jo Lendle und Benedict Wells |url=https://www.pen-deutschland.de/de/2021/10/28/pen-nimmt-neue-mitglieder-auf-darunter-mithu-sanyal-sharon-dodua-otoo-jo-lendle-und-benedict-wells/ |access-date=2022-02-11 |website=PEN-Zentrum Deutschland |archive-date=2022-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129080343/https://www.pen-deutschland.de/de/2021/10/28/pen-nimmt-neue-mitglieder-auf-darunter-mithu-sanyal-sharon-dodua-otoo-jo-lendle-und-benedict-wells/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sanyal tana cikin membobin da suka bar ƙungiyar lokacin da ƙungiyar ta rabu saboda [[Mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine na 2022|mamayar da Rasha ta kai wa Ukraine]], kuma an zaɓe ta ta zama ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin ƙungiyar PEN Berlin da aka kafa kwanan nan. Littafin Sanyal na shekarar 2024, ''Antichristie'', an daɗe ana saka shi a cikin jerin waɗanda za su fafata a kyautar littattafai ta Jamus . <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2024 |title=Die 20 nominierten Romane stehen fest |url=https://www.deutscher-buchpreis.de/news/eintrag/die-20-nominierten-romane-stehen-fest/ |website=[[Deutscher Buchpreis]] |language=de}}</ref> Sanyal da mijinta suna zaune a Düsseldorf-Oberbilk, Jamus. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu, <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=19 November 2016 |title=Mithu M. Sanyal: "Vergewaltigung ist kein Frauenthema" |url=https://rp-online.de/nrw/staedte/duesseldorf/vergewaltigung-ist-kein-frauenthema_aid-21499645 |access-date=2021-04-09 |website=[[Rheinische Post]] |language=de}}</ref> namiji da mace ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2018 |title=Der ewig postpubertäreTyp |url=https://www.ruprecht.de/2018/06/15/der-ewig-postpubertaeretyp/ |website=ruprecht |language=de}}</ref> Ta shaida wa mujallar ''Stern'' cewa ta yi zubar da ciki sau da yawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2021 |title=Mithu Sanyal: "Zu meinem Leben gehören Kinder, aber auch Abtreibungen" |url=https://www.stern.de/gesellschaft/protokoll-einer-abtreibung---es-gibt-oft-nur-zwei-standpunkte--30551318.html |website=[[Stern (magazine)|Stern]] |language=de}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] 8r9ozgtv0e661puzs7l5jourrehq0le 0 165095 906946 905769 2026-08-24T08:04:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Petra Morsbach''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1956) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus. == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Morsbach a Zurich, amma ya girma a Jamus. Ta yi karatu a LMU Munich da Leningrad Theater Academy . <ref name="mittelbayerische">{{Cite web |title=Jean-Paul-Preis für Petra Morsbach |url=https://www.mittelbayerische.de/kultur-nachrichten/jean-paul-preis-fuer-petra-morsbach-21853-art950523.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607151235/https://www.mittelbayerische.de/kultur-nachrichten/jean-paul-preis-fuer-petra-morsbach-21853-art950523.html |archive-date=7 June 2019 |access-date=7 June 2019 |website=Mittelbayerische Zeitung |language=de}}</ref> Littafin Morsbach na farko, ''Plötzlich ist es Abend'' ( ''Suddenly it's Evening'' ), an buga shi a shekarar 1995 kuma ya biyo bayan rayuwar wata mata 'yar Rasha wadda [[Joseph Stalin]] ya gurfanar da iyalinta a gaban kuliya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Plötzlich ist es Abend |url=https://www.randomhouse.de/Taschenbuch/Ploetzlich-ist-es-Abend/Petra-Morsbach/Penguin/e546569.rhd |access-date=7 June 2019 |website=Verlagsgruppe Random House |language=de}}</ref> An buga littafinta na biyu mai suna ''Opernroman'' a shekarar 1998 kuma an gina shi ne bisa gogewar Morsbach a fannin wasan kwaikwayo tsawon shekaru goma. An kafa shi a cikin garin almara na Neustadt am Rhein kuma yana mai da hankali kan kamfanin wasan opera na gida a tsawon lokaci. An buga littafinta mai suna ''Gottesdiener'' ( ''Bawan Allah'' ) a shekarar 2004 kuma ya bi rayuwar wani tsohon firist na Katolika. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gottesdiener |url=https://www.randomhouse.de/Taschenbuch/Gottesdiener/Petra-Morsbach/Penguin/e546548.rhd |access-date=8 June 2019 |website=Verlagsgruppe Random House |language=de}}</ref> Ta lashe kyautar Jean-Paul-Preis da littafinta na 2013, ''Dichterliebe'' wanda ya mayar da hankali kan wani mawaƙi wanda ke fuskantar rikicin rayuwa. <ref name="mittelbayerische" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2013 |title=Petra Morsbach: Dichterliebe |url=https://www.zeit.de/angebote/buchtipp/morsbach/index |access-date=8 June 2019 |website=[[Die Zeit]] |language=de-DE |archive-date=30 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830101608/http://www.zeit.de/angebote/buchtipp/morsbach/index |url-status=dead }}</ref> An buga littafinta mai suna ''Justizpalast'' ( ''Palast of Justice'' ) a shekarar 2017 kuma ta lashe kyautar adabi ta Wilhelm Raabe . Littafin tarihin rayuwar wani alkali mai suna Thirza Zorniger ne. Morsbach ya shafe shekaru tara yana bincike kan tsarin shari'a don littafin. Andreas Dorschel ya yaba da ainihin halin da harshen Morsbach yake da shi: "Ta sami bayyananniyar magana kai tsaye ga mafi wahalar abubuwa." == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] mtyzn8he3x1ojf1n3f31a3wj1hamdl4 0 165147 906692 906100 2026-08-23T20:34:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Saghir.jpg|thumb|Mona El Saghir]] '''Mona El Saghir''' (Larabci: منى الصغير) itace tsohowar shugaban Sashen Nazarta Rubutun Talabijan na Masarautar da Sashen Rarraba Material, wanda a baya aka sani da Sashen Tace Tace Talabijin na Masar, (رقابة التليفزيون المصرى). Sashen shine babban sashen da ke da alhakin sake nazarin rubutun da kayan bidiyo da ke watsawa a gidan Talabijin na Masar: na ƙasa, tauraron dan adam, da kuma kan ''Cibiyar Talabijin ta Nilu''. Ma'aikatar tana da ma'aikata sama da 257 kuma an raba ta zuwa sassan Larabci da Ingilishi don sake nazarin rubutun da kayan bidiyo ciki har da: fina-finai, shirye-shirye da shirye-shiryen talabijin, jerin da tallace-tallace.<ref name="almasry-alyoum.com">{{Cite web |title=المصرى اليوم |url=http://www.almasry-alyoum.com/article2.aspx?ArticleID=226659 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926170627/http://www.almasry-alyoum.com/article2.aspx?ArticleID=226659 |archive-date=2009-09-26 |access-date=2009-10-19}}</ref> == Masu Binciken Ilimi na Jiha == Tun daga shekara ta 2005, korafin masu yin wasan kwaikwayo game da jahilci na masu tantancewa wajen magance fasahar wasan kwaikwayo ya ragu sosai.<ref name="almasry-alyoum.com1">{{Cite web |title=المصرى اليوم |url=http://www.almasry-alyoum.com/article2.aspx?ArticleID=226655&IssueID=1536 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925142125/http://www.almasry-alyoum.com/article2.aspx?ArticleID=226655&IssueID=1536 |archive-date=2009-09-25 |access-date=2009-10-19}}</ref> A cikin watanni 20 kawai, masu tantance Talabijin na Masar sun sami darussan 66 a fannoni daban-daban na rubutun rubutun, ƙamus, ƙwarewar kyamara da fasaha. Wannan ya faru ne bayan dogon gwagwarmaya, ya sami nasarar dawo da sadarwa tsakanin talabijin na jihar da masu zane-zane, waɗanda suka daɗe suna fama da makanta da sabuntawa. <ref name="almasry-alyoum.com1" /> <ref name="almasry-alyoum.com" /> A cikin shekara ta 2008, El Saghir ya gabatar da ƙididdigar talabijin, lokacin da aka gabatar da abubuwan da suka faru na wasan kwaikwayon mai rikitarwa The Bold and the Beautiful ba tare da yankewa ba tare da gargadi iyaye cewa wasan kwaikwayon ya dace da "Manya Kawai". An soki watsa shirye-shiryen abubuwan da suka faru saboda yanayin jima'i na duk wasan kwaikwayon. Ƙarin nau'ikan ƙididdigar TV sun kasance a cikin 2010 inda za a kimanta wasan kwaikwayo da shirye-shiryen TV daga Jagoran Iyaye (PG) zuwa ''Manya Kawai''.<ref name="almasry-alyoum.com" /> Ma'aikatar Censorship ta Masar ta shiga cikin ''Taron shekara-shekara na Yuro - Mediterraneo a Italiya'' wanda ke da niyyar "ci gaba da ayyukan da suka dace da juna waɗanda suka shafi sabbin masu hulɗa na jama'a da masu zaman kansu a cikin Jihohin Larabawa na Tekun Farisa, a cikin mahallin bangarorin fifiko don ci gaban yankin Bahar Rum wanda ya haɗa da ababen more rayuwa da hanyoyin sadarwar makamashi, dabaru, sababbin fasahar fasaha, bayanai da kafofin watsa labarai. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.milanomediterraneo.org/ImagePub.aspx?id=40727 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727084353/http://www.milanomediterraneo.org/ImagePub.aspx?id=40727 |archive-date=27 July 2011 |access-date=6 June 2022 |website=www.milanomediterraneo.org}}</ref>ERTU kuma ta shiga a matsayin memba mai aiki a taron Eurovision TV, wanda Tarayyar watsa shirye-shiryen Turai (EBU) ta gudanar a Switzerland, inda Saghir memba ne na kwamitin fiction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.eurovisiontvsummit.com/pdf/ets2009participants.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521025558/http://www.eurovisiontvsummit.com/pdf/ets2009participants.pdf |archive-date=2009-05-21 |access-date=2009-10-19}}</ref> Saghir ta kasance co-kafa kungiyar watsa labarai ta duniya, Misira . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nord Vision Television |url=http://www.nordvision.org/fileadmin/webmasterfiles/Files_til_nyheder/BrochureETS2008_EN.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602020955/http://www.nordvision.org/fileadmin/webmasterfiles/Files_til_nyheder/BrochureETS2008_EN.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-02 |access-date=2009-10-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Eurovision TV Summit 2012 |url=http://www.eurovisiontvsummit.com/fr/speakers.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807162650/http://www.eurovisiontvsummit.com/fr/speakers.php |archive-date=2008-08-07 |access-date=2009-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2008 |title=Mediterraneo allargato: la nuove frontiere per uno sviluppo economico e sociale |url=http://www.radioradicale.it/scheda/257108/mediterraneo-allargato-la-nuove-frontiere-per-uno-sviluppo-economico-e-sociale |website=Radio Radicale}}</ref> == "Lokacin sulhu" == A lokacin watan Ramadan mai tsarki na 2009, lokacin da shirye-shiryen talabijin da masu kallo suka kai kololuwarsu, juriyar masu tace fina-finai ta fara abin da jaridun gida kamar Almasry Alyoum suka yi iƙirarin cewa shine "lokacin sulhu" tsakanin wasan kwaikwayo da talabijin na gida. Ra'ayin masu tace fina-finai na gwamnati ya canza zuwa masu yin wasan kwaikwayo, yayin da tattaunawa tsakanin masu tace fina-finai da marubuta/daraktoci ta bar tsoffin haramtattun abubuwa kamar jima'i, miyagun ƙwayoyi da siyasa da kuma matsalolin zamantakewa da yawa a cikin duhu, a buɗe don tattaunawa mai adalci kafin a yi musu takunkumi. Mutane da yawa sun yarda cewa matakin buɗe ido ya inganta sosai kuma yawancin masu fasaha da masu yin wasan kwaikwayo suna ganin sabuwar sashen tana da ƙarfi da sassaucin ra'ayi tun lokacin da Saghir ya hau mulki..<ref>{{Cite web |title=نهضة مصر |url=http://www.gn4me.com/nahda/artDetails.jsp?edition_id=2583&artID=3494817 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711103125/http://www.gn4me.com/nahda/artDetails.jsp?edition_id=2583&artID=3494817 |archive-date=2011-07-11 |access-date=2009-10-19 |publisher=}}</ref> == Taron == Mona kuma memba ce ta kwamitin taron duniya don kafofin watsa labarai da ci gaba, GFMD Egypt . <ref>{{Cite web |title=GFMD |url=http://www.gfmdegypt.com/ |access-date=2026-08-22 |archive-date=2018-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822054525/http://www.gfmdegypt.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] qet9xsosy03ajwjs6v275stxeu0djzg 0 165161 906661 906159 2026-08-23T19:05:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 906661 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   Miriam Khamadi Were (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga Afrilu 1940) mai ba da shawara ne ga [[lafiyar jama'a]] ta Kenya, masanin kimiyya, kuma mai karɓar Kyautar Hideyo Noguchi ta Afirka ta farko . A shekara ta 2022, an zabi ta don Kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya saboda aikinta a lafiyar jama'a.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Professor from Liverpool led health project nominated for Nobel Peace Prize |url=https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/research/news/articles/professor-from-liverpool-led-health-project-shortlisted-for-nobel-peace-prize |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=University of Liverpool |archive-date=2023-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122074350/https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/research/news/articles/professor-from-liverpool-led-health-project-shortlisted-for-nobel-peace-prize |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2022 |title=Prof. Miriam Were nominated for 2022 Nobel Peace Prize |url=https://www.uonbi.ac.ke/news/prof-miriam-were-nominated-2022-nobel-peace-prize |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=University of Nairobi}}</ref> == Kwarewar ilimi == A matsayinsa na mai digiri na Kwalejin William Penn, a Oskaloosa, Iowa, Were ya fara aiki tare da mai da hankali kan taimakawa wasu. Tare da digiri a fannin kimiyyar halitta da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin ilimi, ta koyar da ilmin sunadarai da ilmin halitta a makarantar sakandare kafin karatun likita. Sun cancanci zama likita daga [[Jami'ar Nairobi]], kuma ta tashi ta zama shugabar Sashen Kiwon Lafiya na Al'umma a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Nairobi. Nazarin Were a Jami'ar Johns Hopkins ya kai ga digirin digirinsa na 1981 a fannin Lafiya ta Jama'a, Shirye-shiryen Lafiya da Gudanarwa. Ta yi amfani da wannan horo da asalin ilimi ga shirye-shiryen da aka mayar da hankali kan karfafawa ta al'umma. Ayyukanta suna da niyyar taimaka wa wasu su matsa zuwa aiwatar da shirye-shiryen kirkira, masu tasiri, da kuma tallafawa kansu. An tsara abubuwan da ta samu wajen karfafa shirye-shiryen al'umma. == Kwarewar gudanarwa == A matsayinta na co-kafa Gidauniyar UZIMA kuma a cikin aikinta tare da Gidauniyoyin Kiwon Lafiya da Bincike na Afirka (AMREF), An nemi ta sanya horar da ilimi don amfani da kyau. Ta mayar da hankali kan aiwatar da kawo ayyukan kiwon lafiya na asali da haƙƙin kiwon lafiya ga mata da yara a ƙauyukan Gabashin Afirka. <ref>Development Gateway Foundation: [http://topics.developmentgateway.org/poverty/news/showNewsItemDetails.do?activeNewsItem=36810&foo= Noguchi Prize, Were bio]{{Dead link|date=June 2017}}</ref> Were ita ce shugabar Hukumar Kula da Cututtuka ta Ƙasa (NACC) a Kenya a yanzu. Daga matsayinta na mai alaƙa da Ofishin Shugaban Ƙasa, NACC tana tsara yadda za a magance cutar kanjamau ta ƙasa a Kenya. Dr. Were ita ce kuma Shugabar Hukumar Kula da Lafiya da Bincike ta Afirka (AMREF). Bugu da ƙari, tana samun lokacin yin aiki a kwamitin ba da shawara na Hukumar Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta Kenya (KACC), da kuma a kwamitin daraktocin Shirye-shiryen Taimakon Lafiya (MAP) International (US) Were ya kasance Darakta na Ƙungiyar Taimako ta Ƙasar Ƙasar Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Ƙasa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNFPA / CST) don Gabas da Tsakiyar Afirka da Anglophone Yamma, wanda ke zaune a [[Addis Ababa]], Habasha. Kafin wannan, ta kasance Wakilin [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) kuma Shugabar Ofishin Jakadancin a Habasha. Kafin WHO, ta kasance Shugabar Lafiya da Abinci a [[UNICEF]], Habasha. An ɗauke Were aiki a UNICEF daga Sashen Lafiyar Al'umma a Faculty of Medicine, Jami'ar Nairobi inda ta zama shugabar wannan sashen. A lokacin da take koyarwa a jami'ar da ke Nairobi, ta fara aikin Kula da Lafiyar Al'umma (CBHC) a Kakamega, a Yammacin Kenya. Dr. Were ita ce Daraktan CBHC a tsakanin 1976 zuwa 1982. Wannan aikin ya lashe kyautar UNICEF Maurice Pate Award a 1978, karo na farko da wata cibiya a Afirka ta lashe wannan kyautar.. An nada ta Shugaba [[Jami'ar Moi]], Eldoret, a ranar Alhamis, 19 ga Satumba 2013. A cikin 2021, ta ɗauki matsayin jagorancin Al'umma da Haɗin kai a Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya da Kulawa ta Kasa (NIHR) CLEAN-Air (Afirka) Kungiyar Binciken Lafiya ta Duniya. <ref name=":0" /> Har ila yau, memba ne na Hukumar Lancet COVID-19. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Miriam Were |url=https://covid19commission.org/miriam-were |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Lancet Commission on COVID-19 |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205181529/https://covid19commission.org/miriam-were |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce masu ban sha'awa == Were ya kuma rubuta waka da fiction kuma shine marubucin litattafai huɗu: <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shikanda |first=Hellen |date=10 April 2022 |title=The making of Prof Miriam Were, Africa's 2022 Nobel Peace Prize nominee |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/life-and-style/lifestyle/the-making-of-prof-miriam-were-africa-s-2022-nobel-peace-prize-nominee-3777092 |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=The Nation}}</ref> The Boy In Between (1969), The High School Gent (1969), ''Matar Takwas'' (1972), <ref>{{Cite web |last=Malowa |first=Didacus |date=3 March 2022 |title=Miriam Were: Illustrious Profile of Kenyan Professor Nominated for Nobel Peace Prize |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/kenya/445268-miriam-were-illustrious-profile-kenyan-professor-nominated-nobel-peace-prize/ |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=Tuko}}</ref> da Zuciyarku Ita ce Altar (1980).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mutanyi |first=Nyambura |date=17 August 2012 |title=Book Review: The Eighth Wife by Miriam Were |url=https://www.wamathai.com/2012/08/17/the-eighth-wife-miriam-were/ |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=Wamathai |archive-date=3 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803102304/https://www.wamathai.com/2012/08/17/the-eighth-wife-miriam-were/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyukan da aka zaɓa == * 2002 - [https://books.google.com/books?id=SfviTJmRnV8C&dq=Miriam+K.+Were&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 "Kakamega, Kenya: Farawa mai alƙawari ya ɓace,"] a cikin Just and Permanent Change: Lokacin da Al'ummomi suka mallaki Makomarsu, Daniel Taylor-Ide da Carl E. Taylor, eds. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. {{ISBN|0-8018-6825-4}} * 1985 - "Ƙarin Iyali na Mata Masu Kwarewa na Urban" (tare da Harriette MacAdoo), a cikin [https://books.google.com/books?id=aCkNAAAACAAJ&dq=Women+in+Africa+and+the+African+Diaspora&lr= ''Mata a Afirka da Afirka da Diaspora,''], Rosalyn Terborg-Penn da Andrea Benton Rushing, eds Washington, DC" Howard University Press.  {{ISBN|0-88258-194-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88258-194-5|<bdi>0-88258-194-5</bdi>]] == Daraja == * Tsohon Order of the Burning Spear (EBS), 2005 - Kenya . * Medal na majalisar dokokin Italiya, 2006 - Italiya. * Sarauniya Elizabeth II Gold Medal for Outstanding Contributions to International Public Health and Supporting the health needs of disabled people, 2007 United Kingdom. * Legion d'honneur, Chevalier, 2008 - Faransa. * An ba da kyautar Hideyo Noguchi ta farko ta Afirka ta Gwamnatin Japan a cikin rukunin Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiya * Kyautar Kyautattun Ayyuka, 2015 - Jami'ar William Penn. Oskaloosa, IA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=William Penn University :: WPU Welcomes Chancellor Were During US Visit |url=http://www.wmpenn.edu/News/News_Releases/2015/WPU_Welcomes_Chancellor_Were_During_US_Visit/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175902/http://www.wmpenn.edu/News/News_Releases/2015/WPU_Welcomes_Chancellor_Were_During_US_Visit/ |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=23 September 2015}}</ref> * Nominar kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya, 2022.<ref name=":0" /> [[Fayil:Miriam_Were_in_2020.jpg|right|thumb|375x375px|Miriam K. Sun kasance]] === Kyautar Hideyo Noguchi ta Afirka === Gwamnatin Japan ta kafa kyautar Hideyo Noguchi ta Afirka a watan Yulin 2006 a matsayin sabuwar kyautar bincike da ayyuka ta duniya. An tsara sanarwar farko ta shirye-shiryen ƙirƙirar wannan kyautar ne don bikin ziyarar aiki ta hukuma da Firayim Minista Junichiro Koizumi ya kai Afirka a watan Mayun 2006. Lokacin ya kuma yi bikin cika shekaru 80 da mutuwar Dr. Noguchi. Kyautar tana da nufin girmama mutanen da suka yi fice wajen yaƙar cututtuka daban-daban a Afirka ko kuma wajen kafa sabbin tsarin ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Bikin gabatarwar da kuma laccoci na farko sun yi daidai da Taron Duniya na Tokyo na huɗu kan Ci gaban Afirka (TICAD), wanda aka gudanar a [[Yokohama]] a ƙarshen Afrilu 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.cao.go.jp/noguchisho/english/keii/keii.html |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Cabinet Office Home Page |language=en}}</ref> An motsa wurin taron na wannan shekara daga Tokyo zuwa Yokohama a matsayin wata hanyar girmama mutumin da aka ba da lambar yabo. A shekara ta 1899, Dokta Noguchi ya yi aiki a Ofishin Keɓewa na Tashar Yokohama a matsayin mataimakin likita na keɓewa. Firayim Ministan Japan Yasuo Fukuda ya gabatar da kyautar, kuma Sarkin sarakuna da Sarauniya sun halarci bikin na 2008, tare da yawancin shugabannin kasashen Afirka. An girmama ta a cikin rukunin Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiya; taken laureate dinta shine "Hakwatarwa don Inganta Lafiya ta Afirka Ta hanyar Shaida da Ƙuntatawa a cikin Ruhun Dokta Hideyo Noguchi". Kyaututtuka na farko na wannan kyautar ta kasa da kasa - wanda ya kunshi ambato, lambar yabo da girmamawa na yen miliyan 100 (US $ 843,668) an yi niyyar zama na farko a cikin jerin ci gaba; kuma daga baya ana sa ran za a ba da kyautar a kowace shekara biyar. An ba da kyautar ta hanyar haɗuwa da kudaden gwamnati da gudummawar masu zaman kansu. == Bayani == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mdvsuywu2znwjxo53tnbrpjwsq6bzor 2 165164 906887 906266 2026-08-24T06:04:19Z BnHamid 12586 906887 javascript text/javascript // 1. Force HotCat edits to have an empty edit summary window.hotcat_using = ""; window.hotcat_messages = { prefix: "", separator: "", using: "" }; // 2. 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Automatically inserts {{databox}} at the top if it is missing if (!/\{\{\s*databox\s*\}\}/i.test(txt.value)) { txt.value = "{{databox}}\n" + txt.value; } } // 3. Your existing HotCat loader mw.loader.load('//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Gadget-HotCat.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); // 4. Clear out any pre-filled or automatic summaries on standard page edits mw.hook('wikipage.content').add(function () { if (document.getElementById('wpSummary')) { document.getElementById('wpSummary').value = ''; } }); hvucbbgszj3ffq8g17yv1x1bh5lo5gf 906893 906887 2026-08-24T06:12:53Z BnHamid 12586 906893 javascript text/javascript // 1. Force custom settings into the core configuration layer window.JSconfig = window.JSconfig || {}; window.hotcat_using = ""; window.hotcat_messages = { prefix: "", separator: "", using: "" }; // 2. Your existing AutoEd tools mw.loader.load('//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:AutoEd/core.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); function autoEdFunctions() { var txt = document.editform.wpTextbox1; // Fixes broken link code formats txt.value = autoEdLinks(txt.value); txt.value = autoEdWhitespace(txt.value); txt.value = autoEdHTMLtoWiki(txt.value); // Automatically cleans up reference markup structures txt.value = txt.value.replace(/<references\s*\/?>/gi, '{{reflist}}'); txt.value = txt.value.replace(/\{\{\s*cite\s+news/gi, '{{Cite news'); txt.value = txt.value.replace(/\{\{\s*cite\s+web/gi, '{{Cite web'); txt.value = txt.value.replace(/\{\{\s*cite\s+book/gi, '{{Cite book'); // Removes common empty parameters that break citations txt.value = txt.value.replace(/\|\s*author\s*=\s*\|/gi, '|'); txt.value = txt.value.replace(/\|\s*publisher\s*=\s*\|/gi, '|'); // Automatically inserts {{databox}} at the top if it is missing if (!/\{\{\s*databox\s*\}\}/i.test(txt.value)) { txt.value = "{{databox}}\n" + txt.value; } } // 3. Your existing HotCat loader mw.loader.load('//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Gadget-HotCat.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); // 4. Clear out any pre-filled or automatic summaries on standard page edits mw.hook('wikipage.content').add(function () { if (document.getElementById('wpSummary')) { document.getElementById('wpSummary').value = ''; } }); lt81vrjjgivsmsi88ymx7lp9n5uqzul 906895 906893 2026-08-24T06:20:51Z BnHamid 12586 906895 javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:AutoEd/core.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); function autoEdFunctions() { var txt = document.editform.wpTextbox1; // 1. Fixes broken link code formats txt.value = autoEdLinks(txt.value); txt.value = autoEdWhitespace(txt.value); txt.value = autoEdHTMLtoWiki(txt.value); // 2. Automatically cleans up reference markup structures txt.value = txt.value.replace(/<references\s*\/?>/gi, '{{reflist}}'); txt.value = txt.value.replace(/\{\{cite\s+news/gi, '{{Cite news'); txt.value = txt.value.replace(/\{\{cite\s+web/gi, '{{Cite web'); txt.value = txt.value.replace(/\{\{cite\s+book/gi, '{{Cite book'); // 3. Removes common empty parameters that break citations txt.value = txt.value.replace(/\|\s*author\s*=\s*\|/gi, '|'); txt.value = txt.value.replace(/\|\s*publisher\s*=\s*\|/gi, '|'); // 4. Automatically inserts {{databox}} at the top if it is missing if (!/\{\{\s*databox\s*\}\}/i.test(txt.value)) { txt.value = "{{databox}}\n" + txt.value; } } mw.loader.load('//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Gadget-HotCat.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); oha22stt3dxmiti2ofjfoffrh0lraub 0 165203 906599 906436 2026-08-23T14:32:57Z Galdiz 9880 /* Mataimakin Gwamna na Jihar Kano */ 906599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Murtala Sule Garo''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1978) 'yar siyasar Najeriya ce kuma mai gudanar da gwamnati wacce ke aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Gwamna na [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] . Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kano ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu a shekarar 2026 bayan da Gwamna [[Abba Kabir Yusuf]] ya zaba shi. . A baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Karamar Hukumar da Harkokin Kasuwanci a Jihar Kano, da kuma Shugaban Yankin Karamar Hukumar Kabo da Shugaban Sashen Jihar Kano na Kungiyar Karamar Hukumar Najeriya (ALGON). Ya kuma kasance mataimakin dan takarar gwamna na All Progressives Congress (APC) a zaben gwamna na Jihar Kano na 2023.<ref name="v516">{{Cite web |date=2026-05-05 |title=The State House, Abuja |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/president-tinubu-congratulates-new-kano-deputy-governor-murtala-garo/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=The State House}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Murtala Sule Garo a shekara ta 1978 a garin Garo na Karamar Hukumar Kano, Najeriya <ref name="k703">{{Cite web |last=Maccido |first=Abubakar |date=2026-04-22 |title=Murtala Sule Garo: Kano state governor Abba Yusuf appoint Atiku son-in-law as Deputy governor |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/clyrkxxnrj7o.amp |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Garo ya fara aikinsa na siyasa a matakin ƙauyuka, yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman a cikin karamar hukuma kafin ya zama Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Kabo. Daga baya ya fito a matsayin Shugaban Kungiyar Kananan Hukumomi ta Najeriya (ALGON) a Jihar Kano, yana wakiltar bukatun kananan hukumomi a duk fadin jihar. Kwamishinan Karamar Hukumar da Harkokin Cifuka Ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Harkokin Kananan Hukumomi da Harkokin Kasuwanci a karkashin gwamnatin tsohon gwamnan Abdullahi Umar Ganduje . [1] A cikin wannan rawar, ya kula da karamar hukuma da kuma daidaita dangantakar da ke tsakanin gwamnatin jihar da cibiyoyin gargajiya == Mataimakin Gwamna na Jihar Kano == A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2026, biyo bayan murabus din Mataimakin Gwamna [[Aminu Abdussalam Gwarzo|Abdussalam Aminu Gwarzo]], Gwamna Abba Kabir Yusuf ya zabi Garo a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jihar Kano a karkashin Sashe na 191 (3) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya na 1999. A ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu 2026, Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kano ta bincika kuma ta tabbatar da zabensa, bayan haka ya hau mulki a matsayin Mataimakin Gwamna.<ref name="d401">{{Cite web |last=Okere |first=Alexander |date=2026-04-27 |title=Kano Assembly Confirms Garo As Deputy Gov |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2026/04/27/kano-assembly-confirms-garo-as-deputy-gov/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=Channels Television}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] 9ocqlc2x1mk5gmhq4kgvj0qq9nxx5v3 906600 906599 2026-08-23T14:33:27Z Baby juuu 38856 906600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Murtala Sule Garo''' (an haife a ranar 16 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1978) 'yar siyasar Najeriya ce kuma mai gudanar da gwamnati wacce ke aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Gwamna na [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] . Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kano ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu a shekarar 2026 bayan da Gwamna [[Abba Kabir Yusuf]] ya zaba shi. . A baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Karamar Hukumar da Harkokin Kasuwanci a Jihar Kano, da kuma Shugaban Yankin Karamar Hukumar Kabo da Shugaban Sashen Jihar Kano na Kungiyar Karamar Hukumar Najeriya (ALGON). Ya kuma kasance mataimakin dan takarar gwamna na All Progressives Congress (APC) a zaben gwamna na Jihar Kano na 2023.<ref name="v516">{{Cite web |date=2026-05-05 |title=The State House, Abuja |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/president-tinubu-congratulates-new-kano-deputy-governor-murtala-garo/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=The State House}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Murtala Sule Garo a shekara ta 1978 a garin Garo na Karamar Hukumar Kano, Najeriya <ref name="k703">{{Cite web |last=Maccido |first=Abubakar |date=2026-04-22 |title=Murtala Sule Garo: Kano state governor Abba Yusuf appoint Atiku son-in-law as Deputy governor |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/clyrkxxnrj7o.amp |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Garo ya fara aikinsa na siyasa a matakin ƙauyuka, yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman a cikin karamar hukuma kafin ya zama Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Kabo. Daga baya ya fito a matsayin Shugaban Kungiyar Kananan Hukumomi ta Najeriya (ALGON) a Jihar Kano, yana wakiltar bukatun kananan hukumomi a duk fadin jihar. Kwamishinan Karamar Hukumar da Harkokin Cifuka Ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Harkokin Kananan Hukumomi da Harkokin Kasuwanci a karkashin gwamnatin tsohon gwamnan Abdullahi Umar Ganduje . [1] A cikin wannan rawar, ya kula da karamar hukuma da kuma daidaita dangantakar da ke tsakanin gwamnatin jihar da cibiyoyin gargajiya == Mataimakin Gwamna na Jihar Kano == A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2026, biyo bayan murabus din Mataimakin Gwamna [[Aminu Abdussalam Gwarzo|Abdussalam Aminu Gwarzo]], Gwamna Abba Kabir Yusuf ya zabi Garo a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jihar Kano a karkashin Sashe na 191 (3) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya na 1999. A ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu 2026, Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kano ta bincika kuma ta tabbatar da zabensa, bayan haka ya hau mulki a matsayin Mataimakin Gwamna.<ref name="d401">{{Cite web |last=Okere |first=Alexander |date=2026-04-27 |title=Kano Assembly Confirms Garo As Deputy Gov |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2026/04/27/kano-assembly-confirms-garo-as-deputy-gov/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=Channels Television}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] 496dkj8ear8coglr5tv870epbj2mede 906601 906600 2026-08-23T14:33:33Z Galdiz 9880 /* Mataimakin Gwamna na Jihar Kano */ 906601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Murtala Sule Garo''' (an haife a ranar 16 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1978) 'yar siyasar Najeriya ce kuma mai gudanar da gwamnati wacce ke aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Gwamna na [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] . Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kano ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu a shekarar 2026 bayan da Gwamna [[Abba Kabir Yusuf]] ya zaba shi. . A baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Karamar Hukumar da Harkokin Kasuwanci a Jihar Kano, da kuma Shugaban Yankin Karamar Hukumar Kabo da Shugaban Sashen Jihar Kano na Kungiyar Karamar Hukumar Najeriya (ALGON). Ya kuma kasance mataimakin dan takarar gwamna na All Progressives Congress (APC) a zaben gwamna na Jihar Kano na 2023.<ref name="v516">{{Cite web |date=2026-05-05 |title=The State House, Abuja |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/president-tinubu-congratulates-new-kano-deputy-governor-murtala-garo/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=The State House}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Murtala Sule Garo a shekara ta 1978 a garin Garo na Karamar Hukumar Kano, Najeriya <ref name="k703">{{Cite web |last=Maccido |first=Abubakar |date=2026-04-22 |title=Murtala Sule Garo: Kano state governor Abba Yusuf appoint Atiku son-in-law as Deputy governor |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/clyrkxxnrj7o.amp |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Garo ya fara aikinsa na siyasa a matakin ƙauyuka, yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman a cikin karamar hukuma kafin ya zama Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Kabo. Daga baya ya fito a matsayin Shugaban Kungiyar Kananan Hukumomi ta Najeriya (ALGON) a Jihar Kano, yana wakiltar bukatun kananan hukumomi a duk fadin jihar. Kwamishinan Karamar Hukumar da Harkokin Cifuka Ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Harkokin Kananan Hukumomi da Harkokin Kasuwanci a karkashin gwamnatin tsohon gwamnan Abdullahi Umar Ganduje . [1] A cikin wannan rawar, ya kula da karamar hukuma da kuma daidaita dangantakar da ke tsakanin gwamnatin jihar da cibiyoyin gargajiya == Mataimakin Gwamna na Jihar Kano == A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2026, biyo bayan murabus din Mataimakin Gwamna [[Aminu Abdussalam Gwarzo|Abdussalam Aminu Gwarzo]], Gwamna Abba Kabir Yusuf ya zabi Garo a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jihar Kano a karkashin Sashe na 191 (3) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya na shekarar 1999. A ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu 2026, Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kano ta bincika kuma ta tabbatar da zabensa, bayan haka ya hau mulki a matsayin Mataimakin Gwamna.<ref name="d401">{{Cite web |last=Okere |first=Alexander |date=2026-04-27 |title=Kano Assembly Confirms Garo As Deputy Gov |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2026/04/27/kano-assembly-confirms-garo-as-deputy-gov/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=Channels Television}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] 1sdz53ql8ugnyoz4i6wtpo30a9b3k2h 906602 906601 2026-08-23T14:33:48Z Baby juuu 38856 906602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Murtala Sule Garo''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1978) 'yar siyasar Najeriya ce kuma mai gudanar da gwamnati wacce ke aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Gwamna na [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] . Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kano ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu a shekarar 2026 bayan da Gwamna [[Abba Kabir Yusuf]] ya zaba shi. . A baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Karamar Hukumar da Harkokin Kasuwanci a Jihar Kano, da kuma Shugaban Yankin Karamar Hukumar Kabo da Shugaban Sashen Jihar Kano na Kungiyar Karamar Hukumar Najeriya (ALGON). Ya kuma kasance mataimakin dan takarar gwamna na All Progressives Congress (APC) a zaben gwamna na Jihar Kano na 2023.<ref name="v516">{{Cite web |date=2026-05-05 |title=The State House, Abuja |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/president-tinubu-congratulates-new-kano-deputy-governor-murtala-garo/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=The State House}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Murtala Sule Garo a shekara ta 1978 a garin Garo na Karamar Hukumar Kano, Najeriya <ref name="k703">{{Cite web |last=Maccido |first=Abubakar |date=2026-04-22 |title=Murtala Sule Garo: Kano state governor Abba Yusuf appoint Atiku son-in-law as Deputy governor |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/clyrkxxnrj7o.amp |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Garo ya fara aikinsa na siyasa a matakin ƙauyuka, yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman a cikin karamar hukuma kafin ya zama Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Kabo. Daga baya ya fito a matsayin Shugaban Kungiyar Kananan Hukumomi ta Najeriya (ALGON) a Jihar Kano, yana wakiltar bukatun kananan hukumomi a duk fadin jihar. Kwamishinan Karamar Hukumar da Harkokin Cifuka Ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Harkokin Kananan Hukumomi da Harkokin Kasuwanci a karkashin gwamnatin tsohon gwamnan Abdullahi Umar Ganduje . [1] A cikin wannan rawar, ya kula da karamar hukuma da kuma daidaita dangantakar da ke tsakanin gwamnatin jihar da cibiyoyin gargajiya == Mataimakin Gwamna na Jihar Kano == A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2026, biyo bayan murabus din Mataimakin Gwamna [[Aminu Abdussalam Gwarzo|Abdussalam Aminu Gwarzo]], Gwamna Abba Kabir Yusuf ya zabi Garo a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jihar Kano a karkashin Sashe na 191 (3) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya na shekarar 1999. A ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu 2026, Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kano ta bincika kuma ta tabbatar da zabensa, bayan haka ya hau mulki a matsayin Mataimakin Gwamna.<ref name="d401">{{Cite web |last=Okere |first=Alexander |date=2026-04-27 |title=Kano Assembly Confirms Garo As Deputy Gov |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2026/04/27/kano-assembly-confirms-garo-as-deputy-gov/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=Channels Television}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] d56sxvxjt4o2fmla5cvg0w5rsnuwwsl 906603 906602 2026-08-23T14:34:51Z Galdiz 9880 /* Mataimakin Gwamna na Jihar Kano */ 906603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Murtala Sule Garo''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1978) 'yar siyasar Najeriya ce kuma mai gudanar da gwamnati wacce ke aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Gwamna na [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] . Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kano ta tabbatar da shi a ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu a shekarar 2026 bayan da Gwamna [[Abba Kabir Yusuf]] ya zaba shi. . A baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Karamar Hukumar da Harkokin Kasuwanci a Jihar Kano, da kuma Shugaban Yankin Karamar Hukumar Kabo da Shugaban Sashen Jihar Kano na Kungiyar Karamar Hukumar Najeriya (ALGON). Ya kuma kasance mataimakin dan takarar gwamna na All Progressives Congress (APC) a zaben gwamna na Jihar Kano na 2023.<ref name="v516">{{Cite web |date=2026-05-05 |title=The State House, Abuja |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/president-tinubu-congratulates-new-kano-deputy-governor-murtala-garo/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=The State House}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Murtala Sule Garo a shekara ta 1978 a garin Garo na Karamar Hukumar Kano, Najeriya <ref name="k703">{{Cite web |last=Maccido |first=Abubakar |date=2026-04-22 |title=Murtala Sule Garo: Kano state governor Abba Yusuf appoint Atiku son-in-law as Deputy governor |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/clyrkxxnrj7o.amp |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Garo ya fara aikinsa na siyasa a matakin ƙauyuka, yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman a cikin karamar hukuma kafin ya zama Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Kabo. Daga baya ya fito a matsayin Shugaban Kungiyar Kananan Hukumomi ta Najeriya (ALGON) a Jihar Kano, yana wakiltar bukatun kananan hukumomi a duk fadin jihar. Kwamishinan Karamar Hukumar da Harkokin Cifuka Ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Harkokin Kananan Hukumomi da Harkokin Kasuwanci a karkashin gwamnatin tsohon gwamnan Abdullahi Umar Ganduje . [1] A cikin wannan rawar, ya kula da karamar hukuma da kuma daidaita dangantakar da ke tsakanin gwamnatin jihar da cibiyoyin gargajiya == Mataimakin Gwamna na Jihar Kano == A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2026, biyo bayan murabus din Mataimakin Gwamna [[Aminu Abdussalam Gwarzo|Abdussalam Aminu Gwarzo]], Gwamna Abba Kabir Yusuf ya zabi Garo a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jihar Kano a karkashin Sashe na 191 (3) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya na shekarar 1999. A ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2026, Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kano ta bincika kuma ta tabbatar da zabensa, bayan haka ya hau mulki a matsayin Mataimakin Gwamna.<ref name="d401">{{Cite web |last=Okere |first=Alexander |date=2026-04-27 |title=Kano Assembly Confirms Garo As Deputy Gov |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2026/04/27/kano-assembly-confirms-garo-as-deputy-gov/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=Channels Television}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] nlgafptzklusbyketc99mn6uqw92d33 0 165207 906547 2026-08-23T11:59:29Z Gwanki 3834 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364533547|Best Female Athlete ESPY Award]]" 906547 wikitext text/x-wiki Kyautar ESPY mafi kyawun 'yan wasa mata, amma an san shi a madadin Kyautar ESpY mai ban sha'awa, an gabatar da shi kowace shekara a ESPY Awards (Kyakkyawan Kyautar Wasanni ta Shekara-shekara) tun daga 1993 ga mace da aka zaba ta zama, ba tare da la'akari da ƙasa ko wasanni da aka yi hamayya ba, mafi kyawun 'yar wasa a cikin shekara ta kalandar. Tsakanin shekara ta 1993 zuwa shekara ta 2004, kwamitin jefa kuri'a ya kunshi magoya baya daban-daban; marubutan wasanni da masu watsa shirye-shirye, shugabannin wasanni, da 'yan wasa da suka yi ritaya, da kuma mutanen ESPN, amma jefa kuri'u daga baya magoya baya ne kawai a Intanet daga cikin zaɓin da kwamitin zaɓa na ESPN ya zaba. Ta hanyar sake maimaitawa na 2001 na ESPY Awards, ana gudanar da bukukuwan a watan Fabrairun kowace shekara don girmama nasarorin da aka samu a shekarar kalandar da ta gabata; ana ba da kyaututtuka da aka gabatar daga baya a watan Yuni kuma suna nuna aikin daga watan Yuni da ya gabata. Zuwa yau jimlar 'yan wasa bakwai wadanda suka kasance dan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] na Amurka [[Mia hamm|Mia Hamm]], dan wasan golf na Sweden Annika Sörenstam, dan wasan tseren kankara na Amurka [[Lindsey Vonn]], dan wasan [[Tennis]] na Amurka [[Serena Williams]], mai wasan motsa jiki na Amurka [[Ronda Rousey]], dan wasan wasan motsa jiki ta Amurka [[Simone Biles]], da dan wasan kwando na Amurka [[A'ja Wilson]] sun lashe kyautar sau biyu. An girmama Hamm a 1998 da 2000, Sörenstam a 2005 da 2006, Vonn a 2010 da 2011, Williams a 2003 da 2013, Rousey a 2014 da 2015, Biles a 2017 da 2025, da Wilson a 2024 da 2026. Sörenstam, Osaka, da Monica Seles su ne kawai masu girmamawa da ba su wakilci Amurka ba a lokacin nasarar su. Daga cikin masu cin nasara, takwas sun buga wasan [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]], mafi yawan kowane wasa; sauran wasanni tare da mutane da yawa da aka ba su kyauta sune wasan tennis, wasan motsa jiki, ƙwallon ƙafa, da iyo. Ba a ba da kyautar a cikin 2020 ba saboda annobar COVID-19. == Jerin masu nasara == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;" ! scope="col" |Year ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Image ! scope="col" |Athlete ! scope="col" |Nation represented ! scope="col" |Sport ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Abbr|Ref(s)|References}} |- |1993 |[[Fayil:Monica_Seles_1991.jpg|alt=Monica Seles in 1991|140x140px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Monica|Seles}} |{{Flagcountry|FR Yugoslavia}} |[[Tennis]] | |- |1994 |[[Fayil:Julie_Krone_riding_Halfbridled_at_2003_Breeders'_cup.jpg|alt=Julie Krone in 2003|100x100px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Julie|Krone}} | United States |Thoroughbred horse racing | |- |1995 |[[Fayil:Bonnie_Blair(crop).jpg|alt=Bonnie Blair in 2010|118x118px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Bonnie|Blair}} | rowspan="10" | United States |Speed skating |<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 1995 |title=Young, Blair earn top ESPY awards |url=https://www.deseretnews.com/article/404319/YOUNG-BLAIR-EARN-TOP-ESPY-AWARDS.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031121013/https://www.deseretnews.com/article/404319/YOUNG-BLAIR-EARN-TOP-ESPY-AWARDS.html |archive-date=31 October 2017 |access-date=31 October 2017 |website=Deseret News}}</ref> |- |1996 |[[Fayil:Rebecca_Lobo_taken_by_Danny_Karwoski.jpg|alt=Rebecca Lobo in 2010|131x131px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Rebecca|Lobo}} |[[Kwallon kwando|Basketball]] |<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 1996 |title=Ripken, Lobo cart off two ESPYs each |url=https://www.deseretnews.com/article/471324/RIPKEN-LOBO-CART-OFF-TWO-ESPYS-EACH.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031121013/https://www.deseretnews.com/article/471324/RIPKEN-LOBO-CART-OFF-TWO-ESPYS-EACH.html |archive-date=31 October 2017 |access-date=31 October 2017 |website=Deseret News}}</ref> |- |1997 |[[Fayil:Amy_Van_Dyken_(33365854492).jpg|alt=Amy Van Dyken in 2017|100x100px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Amy|Van Dyken}} |Swimming |<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 1997 |title=ESPY Award Winners |url=https://lasvegassun.com/news/1997/feb/11/espy-award-winners/ |access-date=1 November 2017 |website=Las Vegas Sun}}</ref> |- |1998 |[[Fayil:Mia_Hamm_1995_001_stl.jpg|alt=Mia Hamm in 1995|100x100px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Mia|Hamm}} |[[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Soccer]] | |- |1999 |[[Fayil:Chamique_Holdsclaw.jpg|alt=Chamique Holdsclaw in 2016|128x128px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Chamique|Holdsclaw}} |[[Kwallon kwando|Basketball]] |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 1999 |title=Awards: McGwire top ESPY winner |url=http://web.kitsapsun.com/archive/1999/02-16/0035_awards__mcgwire_top_espy_winner.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031121013/http://web.kitsapsun.com/archive/1999/02-16/0035_awards__mcgwire_top_espy_winner.html |archive-date=31 October 2017 |access-date=31 October 2017 |website=Kitsap Sun}}</ref> |- |2000 |[[Fayil:Mia_Hamm_signing_an_autograph.jpg|alt=Mia Hamm in 2006|133x133px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Mia|Hamm}} (2) |[[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Soccer]] |<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2000 |title=And the ESPY goes to ... Jordan |url=https://www.deseretnews.com/article/743698/And-the-ESPY-goes-to----Jordan.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031150009/https://www.deseretnews.com/article/743698/And-the-ESPY-goes-to----Jordan.html |archive-date=31 October 2017 |access-date=31 October 2017 |website=Deseret News}}</ref> |- |2001 |[[Fayil:Marion_Jones_Sydney_2000.JPEG|alt=Marion Jones in 2000|141x141px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Marion|Jones}} |Track and field |<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2001 |title=ESPY winners |url=https://lasvegassun.com/news/2001/feb/13/espy-winners/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031150009/https://lasvegassun.com/news/2001/feb/13/espy-winners/ |archive-date=31 October 2017 |access-date=31 October 2017 |website=Las Vegas Sun}}</ref> |- |2002 |[[Fayil:VenusWilliams_(cropped).jpg|alt=Venus Williams in 2006|100x100px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Venus|Williams}} | rowspan="2" |[[Tennis]] |<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 11, 2002 |title=Woods Wins Three ESPYs |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-jul-11-sp-espy11-story.html |access-date=31 October 2017 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> |- |2003 |[[Fayil:Serena_Williams_(19117668004)_(cropped).jpg|133x133px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Serena|Williams}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2003 |title=Armstrong, Serena Williams earn athlete of the year honors |url=https://www.deseretnews.com/article/997189/Armstrong-Serena-Williams-earn-athlete-of-the-year-honors.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031150009/https://www.deseretnews.com/article/997189/Armstrong-Serena-Williams-earn-athlete-of-the-year-honors.html |archive-date=31 October 2017 |access-date=31 October 2017 |website=Deseret News}}</ref> |- |2004 |[[Fayil:Diana_taurasi_flickr.jpg|alt=Diana Taurasi in 2007|152x152px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Diana|Taurasi}} |[[Kwallon kwando|Basketball]] | |- |2005 |[[Fayil:AnnikaSorenstamProAm2006.JPG|alt=Annika Sorenstam in 2006|155x155px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Annika|Sörenstam}} | rowspan="2" |{{SWE}} | rowspan="2" |Golf |<ref name="annika">{{Cite web |title=Annika Sorenstam |url=http://www.lpga.com/players/annika-sorenstam/81956/bio |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416042848/http://www.lpga.com/players/annika-sorenstam/81956/bio |archive-date=16 April 2016 |access-date=31 October 2017 |publisher=LPGA}}</ref> |- |2006 |[[Fayil:2008_LPGA_Championship_-_Annika_Sorenstam_tee_shot.jpg|alt=Annika Sorenstam in 2008|128x128px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Annika|Sörenstam}} (2) |<ref name="annika" /> |- |2007 |[[Fayil:Taryne_Mowatt_at_the_2008_Lotus_Lounge_Red_Carpet.jpg|alt=Taryne Mowatt attending a Red Carpet event in 2008|150x150px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Taryne|Mowatt}} | rowspan="13" | United States |Softball | |- |2008 |[[Fayil:Candace_Parker_2012.jpg|alt=Candace Parker in 2012|194x194px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Candace|Parker}} |[[Kwallon kwando|Basketball]] | |- |2009 |[[Fayil:Nastia_Liukin_2009.jpg|alt=Nastia Liukin in 2009|150x150px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Nastia|Liukin}} |Gymnastics |<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2009 |title=Phelps a big winner at ESPY Awards |url=http://abc7.com/archive/6917822/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031121013/http://abc7.com/archive/6917822/ |archive-date=31 October 2017 |access-date=31 October 2017 |publisher=ABC}}</ref> |- |2010 |[[Fayil:Lindsey_Vonn_(Vancouver_2010)-2.jpg|alt=Lindsey Vonn in 2010|100x100px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Lindsey|Vonn}} | rowspan="2" |Alpine skiing |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Beth |date=14 July 2010 |title=Brees, Vonn take home top ESPYs |url=https://www.deseretnews.com/article/700048302/Brees-Vonn-take-home-top-ESPYs.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723071120/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700048302/Brees-Vonn-take-home-top-ESPYs.html |archive-date=23 July 2010 |access-date=31 October 2017 |website=Deseret News}}</ref> |- |2011 |[[Fayil:Lindsey_Vonn_(2011).jpg|alt=Lindsery Vonn in 2011|100x100px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Lindsey|Vonn}} (2) |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tourtellotte |first=Bob |date=14 July 2011 |title=Mavericks, Nowitzki shine at Espy Awards |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-espys/mavericks-nowitzki-shine-at-espy-awards-idUSTRE76D0ES20110714 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031121012/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-espys/mavericks-nowitzki-shine-at-espy-awards-idUSTRE76D0ES20110714 |archive-date=31 October 2017 |access-date=31 October 2017 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> |- |2012 |[[Fayil:Griner_dunking_at_2015_All-Star_game.jpg|alt=Brittney Griner in 2015|148x148px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Brittney|Griner}} |[[Kwallon kwando|Basketball]] |<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2012 |title=Miami Heat, LeBron James score big at the ESPYs |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-espys/miami-heat-lebron-james-score-big-at-the-espys-idUSBRE86B05A20120712 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031150009/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-espys/miami-heat-lebron-james-score-big-at-the-espys-idUSBRE86B05A20120712 |archive-date=31 October 2017 |access-date=31 October 2017 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> |- |2013 |[[Fayil:Serena_Williams_at_2013_US_Open.jpg|alt=Serena Williams in 2013|132x132px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Serena|Williams}} (2) |[[Tennis]] |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grant |first=Ethan |date=18 July 2013 |title=ESPY 2013 Winners: Robin Roberts, LeBron James and Athletes Who Stole the Show |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1708350-espy-2013-winners-robin-roberts-lebron-james-and-athletes-who-stole-the-show |publisher=Bleacher Report}}</ref> |- |2014 | rowspan="2" |[[Fayil:Rousey_HOF_2018_(cropped).jpg|alt=Ronda Rousey in 2018|121x121px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Ronda|Rousey}} | rowspan="2" |Mixed martial arts |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zucker |first=Joseph |date=17 July 2014 |title=ESPY 2014 Winners: Awards Results, Recap, Top Moments and Twitter Reaction |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2132323-espy-2014-winners-awards-results-recap-top-moments-and-twitter-reaction |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501071940/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2132323-espy-2014-winners-awards-results-recap-top-moments-and-twitter-reaction |archive-date=1 May 2017 |access-date=31 October 2017 |publisher=Bleacher Report}}</ref> |- |2015 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Ronda|Rousey}} (2) |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nathan |first=Alec |date=16 July 2015 |title=ESPY Awards 2015 Results: Analyzing LeBron James, Stephen Curry, Other Winners |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2524230-espy-awards-2015-results-analyzing-lebron-james-stephen-curry-other-winners |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719005217/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2524230-espy-awards-2015-results-analyzing-lebron-james-stephen-curry-other-winners |archive-date=19 July 2015 |access-date=31 October 2017 |publisher=Bleacher Report}}</ref> |- |2016 |[[Fayil:BreannaStewart_foulshot.jpg|alt=Breanna Stewart in 2017|108x108px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Breanna|Stewart}} |[[Kwallon kwando|Basketball]] |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Jayda |date=13 July 2016 |title=Storm rookie Breanna Stewart wins ESPY, demands equality for pro female athletes |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/storm/storm-rookie-breanna-stewart-wins-espy-demands-equality-for-pro-female-athletes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921075757/http://www.seattletimes.com/sports/storm/storm-rookie-breanna-stewart-wins-espy-demands-equality-for-pro-female-athletes/ |archive-date=21 September 2016 |access-date=31 October 2017 |website=The Seattle Times}}</ref> |- |2017 |[[Fayil:Simone_Biles_na_Rio_2016_cropped.jpg|alt=Simone Biles in 2016|110x110px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Simone|Biles}} |Gymnastics |<ref name="latest">{{Cite web |last=Felt |first=Hunter |date=13 July 2017 |title=ESPY Awards 2017: Simone Biles and Russell Westbrook win Best Athletes – as it happened |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2017/jul/12/espy-awards-2017-simone-biles-tom-brady-peyton-manning-live |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018215750/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2017/jul/12/espy-awards-2017-simone-biles-tom-brady-peyton-manning-live |archive-date=18 October 2017 |access-date=31 October 2017 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> |- |2018 |[[Fayil:Chloe_Kim_(February,_2017).png|121x121px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Chloe|Kim}} |Snowboarding | |- |2019 |[[Fayil:USWNT_group_photo_(42878126761)_(cropped).jpg|121x121px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Alex|Morgan}} |[[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Soccer]] |<ref>{{Cite web |title=All the winners from the 2019 ESPY Awards |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/2019/07/10/espys-espy-award-winners/1699580001/ |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> |- |2020 | colspan="5" align="center" |''Not awarded due to the [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|COVID-19 pandemic]]'' |- |2021 |[[Fayil:NaomiOsaka-smile-2020_(cropped).png|121x121px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Naomi|Osaka}} |{{JPN}} |[[Tennis]] |<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2021 |title=2021 ESPYS award winners |url=https://www.espn.com/espys/story/_/page/voting-winners/2021-espys-award-winners |access-date=July 10, 2021 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> |- |2022 |[[Fayil:Katie_Ledecky_Olympics_2016.jpg|121x121px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Katie|Ledecky}} | rowspan="5" | United States |Swimming |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-22 |title=ESPY Awards 2022: Katie Ledecky Wins Best Female Athlete Award - GlamStyled |url=https://glamstyled.com/espys-2022-katie-ledecky-wins-best-athlete-award/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721193057/https://glamstyled.com/espys-2022-katie-ledecky-wins-best-athlete-award/ |archive-date=21 July 2022 |access-date=2022-07-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2023 |[[Fayil:Mikaela_Shiffrin_(USA)_2019.jpg|121x121px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Mikaela|Shiffrin}} |Alpine skiing |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-13 |title=Mikaela Shiffrin is second skier to win ESPY for best athlete |url=https://www.nbcsports.com/olympics/news/mikaela-shiffrin-espy-award |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=[[NBC Sports]]}}</ref> |- |2024 |[[Fayil:A'ja_Wilson_(53756794398)_(cropped).jpg|121x121px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|A'ja|Wilson}} |[[Kwallon kwando|Basketball]] |<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 11, 2024 |title=2024 ESPYS: Here is the list of winners |url=https://www.espn.com/espys/story/_/id/40520337/2024-espys-winners-list |access-date=July 11, 2024 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> |- |2025 |[[Fayil:Simone_Biles_National_Team_2024.jpg|alt=Biles in 2024|121x121px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Simone|Biles}} (2) |Gymnastics |<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 16, 2025 |title=Full list of every ESPYS 2025 Award winner |url=https://www.espn.in/espys/story/_/page/voting202507/espys-2025-award-winners-saquon-barkley-caitlin-clark |access-date=July 17, 2025 |website=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> |- |2026 |[[Fayil:A'ja_Wilson_(53756794398)_(cropped).jpg|121x121px|Wilson with the Las Vegas Aces in 2024]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|A'ja|Wilson}} (2) |[[Kwallon kwando|Basketball]] |<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 15, 2026 |title=Full list of every ESPYS 2026 Award winner |url=https://www.espn.com/espys/story/_/id/49359664/espys-2026-award-winners-jalen-brunson-aja-wilson-fernando-mendoza |access-date=July 16, 2026 |website=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> |} == Kididdiga == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center" |+Wadanda suka yi nasara ta hanyar wasanni da aka yi gasa ! scope="col" |Wasanni da aka yi gasa ! scope="col" |Wadanda suka ci nasara (awards) ! scope="col" |Masu cin nasara (mutum) |- ! scope="row" |[[Kwallon kwando]] |8 |8 |- ! scope="row" |[[Tennis]] |5 |4 |- ! scope="row" |[[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa]] |3 |2 |- ! scope="row" |Wasan motsa jiki |3 |2 |- ! scope="row" |Yin iyo |2 |2 |- ! scope="row" |Gudun kankara |3 |2 |- ! scope="row" |Golf |2 |1 |- ! scope="row" |Mixed martial arts |2 |1 |- ! scope="row" |Hanya da filin |1 |1 |- ! scope="row" |Kwallon ƙafa |1 |1 |- ! scope="row" |Gudun gudu |1 |1 |- ! scope="row" |Gasar dawakai |1 |1 |- ! scope="row" |Jirgin kankara |1 |1 |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center" |+Wadanda suka ci nasara ta hanyar al'umma da aka wakilta ! scope="col" |Al'umma ! scope="col" |Wadanda suka ci nasara (awards) ! scope="col" |Masu cin nasara (mutum) |- ! scope="row" |{{Flag|United States}} |29 |24 |- ! scope="row" |{{Flag|Sweden}} |2 |1 |- ! scope="row" |{{Flagcountry|FR Yugoslavia}} |1 |1 |- ! scope="row" |{{Flag|Japan}} |1 |1 |} == Bayani == pa9p10wlnlfpa9lw5cn0ztdz0npqhwq 906548 906547 2026-08-23T11:59:49Z Gwanki 3834 906548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kyautar ESPY mafi kyawun 'yan wasa mata, amma an san shi a madadin Kyautar ESpY mai ban sha'awa, an gabatar da shi kowace shekara a ESPY Awards (Kyakkyawan Kyautar Wasanni ta Shekara-shekara) tun daga 1993 ga mace da aka zaba ta zama, ba tare da la'akari da ƙasa ko wasanni da aka yi hamayya ba, mafi kyawun 'yar wasa a cikin shekara ta kalandar. Tsakanin shekara ta 1993 zuwa shekara ta 2004, kwamitin jefa kuri'a ya kunshi magoya baya daban-daban; marubutan wasanni da masu watsa shirye-shirye, shugabannin wasanni, da 'yan wasa da suka yi ritaya, da kuma mutanen ESPN, amma jefa kuri'u daga baya magoya baya ne kawai a Intanet daga cikin zaɓin da kwamitin zaɓa na ESPN ya zaba. Ta hanyar sake maimaitawa na 2001 na ESPY Awards, ana gudanar da bukukuwan a watan Fabrairun kowace shekara don girmama nasarorin da aka samu a shekarar kalandar da ta gabata; ana ba da kyaututtuka da aka gabatar daga baya a watan Yuni kuma suna nuna aikin daga watan Yuni da ya gabata. Zuwa yau jimlar 'yan wasa bakwai wadanda suka kasance dan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] na Amurka [[Mia hamm|Mia Hamm]], dan wasan golf na Sweden Annika Sörenstam, dan wasan tseren kankara na Amurka [[Lindsey Vonn]], dan wasan [[Tennis]] na Amurka [[Serena Williams]], mai wasan motsa jiki na Amurka [[Ronda Rousey]], dan wasan wasan motsa jiki ta Amurka [[Simone Biles]], da dan wasan kwando na Amurka [[A'ja Wilson]] sun lashe kyautar sau biyu. An girmama Hamm a 1998 da 2000, Sörenstam a 2005 da 2006, Vonn a 2010 da 2011, Williams a 2003 da 2013, Rousey a 2014 da 2015, Biles a 2017 da 2025, da Wilson a 2024 da 2026. Sörenstam, Osaka, da Monica Seles su ne kawai masu girmamawa da ba su wakilci Amurka ba a lokacin nasarar su. Daga cikin masu cin nasara, takwas sun buga wasan [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]], mafi yawan kowane wasa; sauran wasanni tare da mutane da yawa da aka ba su kyauta sune wasan tennis, wasan motsa jiki, ƙwallon ƙafa, da iyo. Ba a ba da kyautar a cikin 2020 ba saboda annobar COVID-19. == Jerin masu nasara == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;" ! scope="col" |Year ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Image ! scope="col" |Athlete ! scope="col" |Nation represented ! scope="col" |Sport ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Abbr|Ref(s)|References}} |- |1993 |[[Fayil:Monica_Seles_1991.jpg|alt=Monica Seles in 1991|140x140px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Monica|Seles}} |{{Flagcountry|FR Yugoslavia}} |[[Tennis]] | |- |1994 |[[Fayil:Julie_Krone_riding_Halfbridled_at_2003_Breeders'_cup.jpg|alt=Julie Krone in 2003|100x100px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Julie|Krone}} | United States |Thoroughbred horse racing | |- |1995 |[[Fayil:Bonnie_Blair(crop).jpg|alt=Bonnie Blair in 2010|118x118px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Bonnie|Blair}} | rowspan="10" | United States |Speed skating |<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 1995 |title=Young, Blair earn top ESPY awards |url=https://www.deseretnews.com/article/404319/YOUNG-BLAIR-EARN-TOP-ESPY-AWARDS.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031121013/https://www.deseretnews.com/article/404319/YOUNG-BLAIR-EARN-TOP-ESPY-AWARDS.html |archive-date=31 October 2017 |access-date=31 October 2017 |website=Deseret News}}</ref> |- |1996 |[[Fayil:Rebecca_Lobo_taken_by_Danny_Karwoski.jpg|alt=Rebecca Lobo in 2010|131x131px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Rebecca|Lobo}} |[[Kwallon kwando|Basketball]] |<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 1996 |title=Ripken, Lobo cart off two ESPYs each |url=https://www.deseretnews.com/article/471324/RIPKEN-LOBO-CART-OFF-TWO-ESPYS-EACH.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031121013/https://www.deseretnews.com/article/471324/RIPKEN-LOBO-CART-OFF-TWO-ESPYS-EACH.html |archive-date=31 October 2017 |access-date=31 October 2017 |website=Deseret News}}</ref> |- |1997 |[[Fayil:Amy_Van_Dyken_(33365854492).jpg|alt=Amy Van Dyken in 2017|100x100px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Amy|Van Dyken}} |Swimming |<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 1997 |title=ESPY Award Winners |url=https://lasvegassun.com/news/1997/feb/11/espy-award-winners/ |access-date=1 November 2017 |website=Las Vegas Sun}}</ref> |- |1998 |[[Fayil:Mia_Hamm_1995_001_stl.jpg|alt=Mia Hamm in 1995|100x100px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Mia|Hamm}} |[[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Soccer]] | |- |1999 |[[Fayil:Chamique_Holdsclaw.jpg|alt=Chamique Holdsclaw in 2016|128x128px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Chamique|Holdsclaw}} |[[Kwallon kwando|Basketball]] |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 1999 |title=Awards: McGwire top ESPY winner |url=http://web.kitsapsun.com/archive/1999/02-16/0035_awards__mcgwire_top_espy_winner.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031121013/http://web.kitsapsun.com/archive/1999/02-16/0035_awards__mcgwire_top_espy_winner.html |archive-date=31 October 2017 |access-date=31 October 2017 |website=Kitsap Sun}}</ref> |- |2000 |[[Fayil:Mia_Hamm_signing_an_autograph.jpg|alt=Mia Hamm in 2006|133x133px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Mia|Hamm}} (2) |[[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Soccer]] |<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2000 |title=And the ESPY goes to ... Jordan |url=https://www.deseretnews.com/article/743698/And-the-ESPY-goes-to----Jordan.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031150009/https://www.deseretnews.com/article/743698/And-the-ESPY-goes-to----Jordan.html |archive-date=31 October 2017 |access-date=31 October 2017 |website=Deseret News}}</ref> |- |2001 |[[Fayil:Marion_Jones_Sydney_2000.JPEG|alt=Marion Jones in 2000|141x141px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Marion|Jones}} |Track and field |<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2001 |title=ESPY winners |url=https://lasvegassun.com/news/2001/feb/13/espy-winners/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031150009/https://lasvegassun.com/news/2001/feb/13/espy-winners/ |archive-date=31 October 2017 |access-date=31 October 2017 |website=Las Vegas Sun}}</ref> |- |2002 |[[Fayil:VenusWilliams_(cropped).jpg|alt=Venus Williams in 2006|100x100px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Venus|Williams}} | rowspan="2" |[[Tennis]] |<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 11, 2002 |title=Woods Wins Three ESPYs |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-jul-11-sp-espy11-story.html |access-date=31 October 2017 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> |- |2003 |[[Fayil:Serena_Williams_(19117668004)_(cropped).jpg|133x133px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Serena|Williams}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2003 |title=Armstrong, Serena Williams earn athlete of the year honors |url=https://www.deseretnews.com/article/997189/Armstrong-Serena-Williams-earn-athlete-of-the-year-honors.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031150009/https://www.deseretnews.com/article/997189/Armstrong-Serena-Williams-earn-athlete-of-the-year-honors.html |archive-date=31 October 2017 |access-date=31 October 2017 |website=Deseret News}}</ref> |- |2004 |[[Fayil:Diana_taurasi_flickr.jpg|alt=Diana Taurasi in 2007|152x152px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Diana|Taurasi}} |[[Kwallon kwando|Basketball]] | |- |2005 |[[Fayil:AnnikaSorenstamProAm2006.JPG|alt=Annika Sorenstam in 2006|155x155px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Annika|Sörenstam}} | rowspan="2" |{{SWE}} | rowspan="2" |Golf |<ref name="annika">{{Cite web |title=Annika Sorenstam |url=http://www.lpga.com/players/annika-sorenstam/81956/bio |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416042848/http://www.lpga.com/players/annika-sorenstam/81956/bio |archive-date=16 April 2016 |access-date=31 October 2017 |publisher=LPGA}}</ref> |- |2006 |[[Fayil:2008_LPGA_Championship_-_Annika_Sorenstam_tee_shot.jpg|alt=Annika Sorenstam in 2008|128x128px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Annika|Sörenstam}} (2) |<ref name="annika" /> |- |2007 |[[Fayil:Taryne_Mowatt_at_the_2008_Lotus_Lounge_Red_Carpet.jpg|alt=Taryne Mowatt attending a Red Carpet event in 2008|150x150px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Taryne|Mowatt}} | rowspan="13" | United States |Softball | |- |2008 |[[Fayil:Candace_Parker_2012.jpg|alt=Candace Parker in 2012|194x194px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Candace|Parker}} |[[Kwallon kwando|Basketball]] | |- |2009 |[[Fayil:Nastia_Liukin_2009.jpg|alt=Nastia Liukin in 2009|150x150px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Nastia|Liukin}} |Gymnastics |<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2009 |title=Phelps a big winner at ESPY Awards |url=http://abc7.com/archive/6917822/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031121013/http://abc7.com/archive/6917822/ |archive-date=31 October 2017 |access-date=31 October 2017 |publisher=ABC}}</ref> |- |2010 |[[Fayil:Lindsey_Vonn_(Vancouver_2010)-2.jpg|alt=Lindsey Vonn in 2010|100x100px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Lindsey|Vonn}} | rowspan="2" |Alpine skiing |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Beth |date=14 July 2010 |title=Brees, Vonn take home top ESPYs |url=https://www.deseretnews.com/article/700048302/Brees-Vonn-take-home-top-ESPYs.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723071120/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700048302/Brees-Vonn-take-home-top-ESPYs.html |archive-date=23 July 2010 |access-date=31 October 2017 |website=Deseret News}}</ref> |- |2011 |[[Fayil:Lindsey_Vonn_(2011).jpg|alt=Lindsery Vonn in 2011|100x100px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Lindsey|Vonn}} (2) |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tourtellotte |first=Bob |date=14 July 2011 |title=Mavericks, Nowitzki shine at Espy Awards |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-espys/mavericks-nowitzki-shine-at-espy-awards-idUSTRE76D0ES20110714 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031121012/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-espys/mavericks-nowitzki-shine-at-espy-awards-idUSTRE76D0ES20110714 |archive-date=31 October 2017 |access-date=31 October 2017 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> |- |2012 |[[Fayil:Griner_dunking_at_2015_All-Star_game.jpg|alt=Brittney Griner in 2015|148x148px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Brittney|Griner}} |[[Kwallon kwando|Basketball]] |<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2012 |title=Miami Heat, LeBron James score big at the ESPYs |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-espys/miami-heat-lebron-james-score-big-at-the-espys-idUSBRE86B05A20120712 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031150009/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-espys/miami-heat-lebron-james-score-big-at-the-espys-idUSBRE86B05A20120712 |archive-date=31 October 2017 |access-date=31 October 2017 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> |- |2013 |[[Fayil:Serena_Williams_at_2013_US_Open.jpg|alt=Serena Williams in 2013|132x132px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Serena|Williams}} (2) |[[Tennis]] |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grant |first=Ethan |date=18 July 2013 |title=ESPY 2013 Winners: Robin Roberts, LeBron James and Athletes Who Stole the Show |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1708350-espy-2013-winners-robin-roberts-lebron-james-and-athletes-who-stole-the-show |publisher=Bleacher Report}}</ref> |- |2014 | rowspan="2" |[[Fayil:Rousey_HOF_2018_(cropped).jpg|alt=Ronda Rousey in 2018|121x121px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Ronda|Rousey}} | rowspan="2" |Mixed martial arts |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zucker |first=Joseph |date=17 July 2014 |title=ESPY 2014 Winners: Awards Results, Recap, Top Moments and Twitter Reaction |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2132323-espy-2014-winners-awards-results-recap-top-moments-and-twitter-reaction |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501071940/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2132323-espy-2014-winners-awards-results-recap-top-moments-and-twitter-reaction |archive-date=1 May 2017 |access-date=31 October 2017 |publisher=Bleacher Report}}</ref> |- |2015 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Ronda|Rousey}} (2) |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nathan |first=Alec |date=16 July 2015 |title=ESPY Awards 2015 Results: Analyzing LeBron James, Stephen Curry, Other Winners |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2524230-espy-awards-2015-results-analyzing-lebron-james-stephen-curry-other-winners |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719005217/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2524230-espy-awards-2015-results-analyzing-lebron-james-stephen-curry-other-winners |archive-date=19 July 2015 |access-date=31 October 2017 |publisher=Bleacher Report}}</ref> |- |2016 |[[Fayil:BreannaStewart_foulshot.jpg|alt=Breanna Stewart in 2017|108x108px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Breanna|Stewart}} |[[Kwallon kwando|Basketball]] |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Jayda |date=13 July 2016 |title=Storm rookie Breanna Stewart wins ESPY, demands equality for pro female athletes |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/storm/storm-rookie-breanna-stewart-wins-espy-demands-equality-for-pro-female-athletes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921075757/http://www.seattletimes.com/sports/storm/storm-rookie-breanna-stewart-wins-espy-demands-equality-for-pro-female-athletes/ |archive-date=21 September 2016 |access-date=31 October 2017 |website=The Seattle Times}}</ref> |- |2017 |[[Fayil:Simone_Biles_na_Rio_2016_cropped.jpg|alt=Simone Biles in 2016|110x110px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Simone|Biles}} |Gymnastics |<ref name="latest">{{Cite web |last=Felt |first=Hunter |date=13 July 2017 |title=ESPY Awards 2017: Simone Biles and Russell Westbrook win Best Athletes – as it happened |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2017/jul/12/espy-awards-2017-simone-biles-tom-brady-peyton-manning-live |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018215750/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2017/jul/12/espy-awards-2017-simone-biles-tom-brady-peyton-manning-live |archive-date=18 October 2017 |access-date=31 October 2017 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> |- |2018 |[[Fayil:Chloe_Kim_(February,_2017).png|121x121px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Chloe|Kim}} |Snowboarding | |- |2019 |[[Fayil:USWNT_group_photo_(42878126761)_(cropped).jpg|121x121px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Alex|Morgan}} |[[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Soccer]] |<ref>{{Cite web |title=All the winners from the 2019 ESPY Awards |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/2019/07/10/espys-espy-award-winners/1699580001/ |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> |- |2020 | colspan="5" align="center" |''Not awarded due to the [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|COVID-19 pandemic]]'' |- |2021 |[[Fayil:NaomiOsaka-smile-2020_(cropped).png|121x121px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Naomi|Osaka}} |{{JPN}} |[[Tennis]] |<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2021 |title=2021 ESPYS award winners |url=https://www.espn.com/espys/story/_/page/voting-winners/2021-espys-award-winners |access-date=July 10, 2021 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> |- |2022 |[[Fayil:Katie_Ledecky_Olympics_2016.jpg|121x121px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Katie|Ledecky}} | rowspan="5" | United States |Swimming |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-22 |title=ESPY Awards 2022: Katie Ledecky Wins Best Female Athlete Award - GlamStyled |url=https://glamstyled.com/espys-2022-katie-ledecky-wins-best-athlete-award/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721193057/https://glamstyled.com/espys-2022-katie-ledecky-wins-best-athlete-award/ |archive-date=21 July 2022 |access-date=2022-07-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2023 |[[Fayil:Mikaela_Shiffrin_(USA)_2019.jpg|121x121px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Mikaela|Shiffrin}} |Alpine skiing |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-13 |title=Mikaela Shiffrin is second skier to win ESPY for best athlete |url=https://www.nbcsports.com/olympics/news/mikaela-shiffrin-espy-award |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=[[NBC Sports]]}}</ref> |- |2024 |[[Fayil:A'ja_Wilson_(53756794398)_(cropped).jpg|121x121px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|A'ja|Wilson}} |[[Kwallon kwando|Basketball]] |<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 11, 2024 |title=2024 ESPYS: Here is the list of winners |url=https://www.espn.com/espys/story/_/id/40520337/2024-espys-winners-list |access-date=July 11, 2024 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> |- |2025 |[[Fayil:Simone_Biles_National_Team_2024.jpg|alt=Biles in 2024|121x121px]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Simone|Biles}} (2) |Gymnastics |<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 16, 2025 |title=Full list of every ESPYS 2025 Award winner |url=https://www.espn.in/espys/story/_/page/voting202507/espys-2025-award-winners-saquon-barkley-caitlin-clark |access-date=July 17, 2025 |website=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> |- |2026 |[[Fayil:A'ja_Wilson_(53756794398)_(cropped).jpg|121x121px|Wilson with the Las Vegas Aces in 2024]] ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|A'ja|Wilson}} (2) |[[Kwallon kwando|Basketball]] |<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 15, 2026 |title=Full list of every ESPYS 2026 Award winner |url=https://www.espn.com/espys/story/_/id/49359664/espys-2026-award-winners-jalen-brunson-aja-wilson-fernando-mendoza |access-date=July 16, 2026 |website=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> |} == Kididdiga == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center" |+Wadanda suka yi nasara ta hanyar wasanni da aka yi gasa ! scope="col" |Wasanni da aka yi gasa ! scope="col" |Wadanda suka ci nasara (awards) ! scope="col" |Masu cin nasara (mutum) |- ! scope="row" |[[Kwallon kwando]] |8 |8 |- ! scope="row" |[[Tennis]] |5 |4 |- ! scope="row" |[[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa]] |3 |2 |- ! scope="row" |Wasan motsa jiki |3 |2 |- ! scope="row" |Yin iyo |2 |2 |- ! scope="row" |Gudun kankara |3 |2 |- ! scope="row" |Golf |2 |1 |- ! scope="row" |Mixed martial arts |2 |1 |- ! scope="row" |Hanya da filin |1 |1 |- ! scope="row" |Kwallon ƙafa |1 |1 |- ! scope="row" |Gudun gudu |1 |1 |- ! scope="row" |Gasar dawakai |1 |1 |- ! scope="row" |Jirgin kankara |1 |1 |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center" |+Wadanda suka ci nasara ta hanyar al'umma da aka wakilta ! scope="col" |Al'umma ! scope="col" |Wadanda suka ci nasara (awards) ! scope="col" |Masu cin nasara (mutum) |- ! scope="row" |{{Flag|United States}} |29 |24 |- ! scope="row" |{{Flag|Sweden}} |2 |1 |- ! scope="row" |{{Flagcountry|FR Yugoslavia}} |1 |1 |- ! scope="row" |{{Flag|Japan}} |1 |1 |} == Bayani == 3nnhdhn86jmkdl2scq271lpasy3cpat 0 165208 906549 2026-08-23T12:01:48Z Gwanki 3834 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357470352|Para-athletics]]" 906549 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:World_Para_Athletics_logo.svg|thumb|Alamar Wasanni ta Duniya]] [[Fayil:Kenny_van_Weeghel_2006_World_Championship.jpg|thumb|280x280px|Kenny van Weeghel a cikin kujerarsa ta tsere a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta IPC ta 2006]] [[Fayil:AnnetteLongJump.jpg|thumb|Annette Roozen tana gasa a tsalle mai tsawo tare da kafafunsa.]] [[Fayil:141100_-_Athletics_track_Patricia_Flavel_finish_line_-_3b_-_2000_Sydney_race_photo.jpg|thumb|'Yan wasa da ke da nakasa ta hankali bayan tsere a Wasannin Paralympics na bazara na 2000]] Wasan motsa jiki shine wasan motsa jiki da mutanen da ke da [[nakasa]] ke yi a matsayin wasanni. Abubuwan da suka faru a cikin wasannin motsa jiki galibi iri ɗaya ne da waɗanda ke samuwa ga mutane masu iyawa, tare da manyan banbanci guda biyu a cikin tseren keken guragu da jefa kulob din, waɗanda ke da takamaiman rabuwa. Wasu abubuwan da suka faru ba sa yin hamayya da su a matsayin abubuwan da suka shafi wasanni a waje da [[Deaf sport|Wasanni na kurame]]; tsalle-tsalle, tsalle-tsalle sau uku, guduma (wanda ake la'akari da jefa kulob din a wasu lokuta daidai da wasan motsa jiki) da kuma abubuwan da suka haifar da matsala guda uku. Wasan an san shi da sunaye daban-daban, gami da wasannin nakasassu, wasannin nakasasa da kuma wasannin Paralympic. Ana iya kiran masu fafatawa ko dai para-atheletes ko '''<nowiki/>'Yan wasa masu nakasa'''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rees |first=L |last2=Robinson |first2=P |last3=Shields |first3=N |year=2019 |title=Media portrayal of elite athletes with disability - a systematic review |journal=Disabil Rehabil |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=374–381 |doi=10.1080/09638288.2017.1397775 |pmid=29124974 |s2cid=41665733}}</ref> == Gudanarwa == Masu fafatawa galibi ana shirya su cikin manyan rukuni uku: wasanni na kurame, 'yan wasa da ke da [[Rashin lafiya na jiki|nakasa ta jiki]], da' yan wasa da ke fama da nakasa ta hankali. 'Yan wasan kurma yawanci suna gasa da juna a abubuwan da suka faru kamar su Deaflympics, ko kuma a cikin abubuwan da suka dace (kamar mai jefa guduma na Burtaniya Charlotte Payne) yayin da' yan wasan da ke da nakasa ta jiki da ta hankali galibi ana kimanta su kuma ana ba su rarraba su, wanda ke haɗa 'yan wasa tare da irin wannan matakin iyawa. Kwamitin Paralympic na Duniya (IPC) ne ke jagorantar waɗannan rarrabuwa kuma sun ƙunshi harafi ɗaya da lamba: T don Track ko F don Field, sannan lambar da ke bayyana matakin iyawa. A cikin gasa, abubuwan da suka faru na iya faruwa tsakanin 'yan wasa iri ɗaya idan lambobi sun isa, in ba haka ba kewayon irin waɗannan ɗalibai na iya yin gasa a wannan taron.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-12 |title=The History of Parasport |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1010777/the-history-of-parasport |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=www.insidethegames.biz}}</ref> Za'a iya amfani da Tsarin maki na Raza a cikin abubuwan da suka faru a filin don ba da damar 'yan wasa na iyawa daban-daban su yi gasa kai tsaye. Gwamnatin kasa da kasa tana aiki a waje da hukumar kula da Wasanni na Duniya (har zuwa 2019: ''IAAF'') kuma a maimakon haka an raba ta tsakanin waɗannan rukunoni, tare da wasannin kurame da Kwamitin Wasannin Kasa da Kasa na Kurame (CISS) ke kula da su, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Athletics |url=http://www.ciss.org/sports/AT |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=www.ciss.org |language=en}}</ref> wasannin motsa jiki don nakasassu na jiki wanda ke karkashin jagorancin kwamitin wasannin motsalastawa na duniya na IPC, <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Para Athletics News & Events |url=https://www.paralympic.org/athletics |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=International Paralympic Committee |language=en}}</ref> da kuma wasannin motsales na duniya don nakasasshen hankali ta hanyar Tarayyar Wasannin Wasannin Kasa (INAS). Har ila yau, akwai takamaiman kungiyoyi, kamar su [[International Dwarf Sports Federation|Ƙungiyar Wasannin Dwarf ta Duniya]] da Ƙungiyar Wasano ta Duniya don Mutanen da ke da Ciwon Down . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-19 |title=IWAS welcomes new International Dwarf Sports Federation events to World Games |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1072434/iwas-welcomes-new-international-dwarf-sports-federation-events-to-world-games |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=www.insidethegames.biz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mission - iaads2018 |url=https://www.iaads.info/mission.html |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=www.iaads.info}}</ref> Dokokin wasanni sun dace da waɗanda World Athletics suka tsara, tare da mafi yawan dokoki don wasanni iri ɗaya da waɗanda ke da ƙwarewar gasa, tare da banbanci waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ƙwarewa ga masu fafatawa, kamar siginar gani maimakon bindiga mai farawa a cikin tseren kurame. Para-athletics ya kasance daya daga cikin wasanni a [[Wasannin Paralympic]] tun 1960, kodayake 'yan wasa kurma da yawancin' yan wasa da ke da nakasa na hankali suna gasa daban a Wasannin Duniya na Kurma da Wasannin Olympics na Musamman, bi da bi. Manyan wasanni guda uku na duniya don wasanni sune Gasar Wasannin Wasannin Wasaka ta Duniya, Gasar Wasaka ta Kurame ta Duniya da Gasar Was Wasannin Wasano ta Duniya ta INAS. Sauran manyan wasannin motsa jiki ana shirya su a cikin Wasannin Duniya na INAS da Wasannin Duniya ta INAS . == Nomenclature == Sunan wasan ya samo asali ne daga motsi na Paralympic, [[Wasannin Paralympic]] da sunan Kwamitin Paralympic na kasa da kasa. 'Paralympic' da farko ya kasance nau'i ne na Olympic da paraplegic, yana nuna tushen motsi tsakanin marasa lafiya na rauni a Asibitin Stoke Mandeville a karkashin Sir Ludwig Guttmann, amma yayin da Wasannin Paralympic suka sami shahara da daraja, kuma yana da mahimmanci, ya fadada zuwa wasu ɗalibai marasa tushe kamar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, raunin hangen nesa da gudu tare da kayan aiki, dalilin da ke bayan ɓangaren para na sunan ya canza ''don'' jaddada cewa Wasannin da Motsi sun kasance daidai da wasannin Olympics. A sakamakon haka 'para-' ya zama sananne a matsayin daidaitattun prefix don nuna duk wasannin nakasassu, kuma yayin da Kwamitin Paralympic na Duniya ya kafa kungiyoyi don shirya da kuma tsara wasannin nakasasa daban-daban, wani aiki ya fito, musamman a wasanni tare da rarrabuwa masu yawa na nakasassu da yawa, na bayyana wasanni tare da prefix para-, gami da sunayen kungiyoyin da IPC ta kafa don gudanar da su misali World Para-Swimming, ko UCI-sanin horo na para-cycling. Kwamitin Wasannin IPC ya canza sunansa zuwa World Para-Athletics, tare da Para-athletics kanta wani nau'i na para da wasanni. Babban gasar zakarun wasanni yanzu ana kiranta da gasar zakarar Wasanni na Duniya - kanta tana nuna canji a cikin Abubuwan da suka faru lokacin da IAAF ta canza alamar ta zuwa World Athletics. == Rarraba == [[Fayil:Meeting_d'Athlétisme_Paralympique_de_Paris_-_Timothée_Adolphe_&_Cédric_Felip_07.jpg|thumb|Timothée Adolphe da jagorantarsa mai gani Cédric Felip]] Masu fafatawa a gasa na matakin ƙwararru ana rarraba su ta hanyar nakasa, don shirya 'yan wasa tare da irin wannan nakasa a wannan taron. Wani dan wasan T12 mai rarraba misali, dan wasan motsa jiki ne tare da nakasa ta gani. * F = 'Yan wasa a filin wasa * T = 'yan wasa na waƙa * 11-13 = [[Makanta|Rashin gani]]. 11 da 12 suna gasa tare da jagora mai gani. * 20 = [[Rashin ci gaba|Rashin hankali]] * 31-38 = Cerebral palsyCutar ƙwaƙwalwa * 40-41 = karami[[Wada|karamin ra'ayi]] * 42-46 = [[Amputation|Yankewa]], da sauransu * 51-57 = keken guragu A cikin tseren keken guragu, 'yan wasa suna gasa a cikin kujerun tsere masu sauƙi. Yawancin manyan Marathon suna da ƙungiyoyin keken guragu kuma masu tsere masu tsere suna ci gaba da doke masu tsere a ƙafa. == Abubuwan da suka faru == 'Yan wasan Paralympic suna gasa a cikin abubuwan da suka biyo baya. Lura cewa ba duk abubuwan da suka faru ba ne zasu iya nunawa a wani gasa, kuma ba duk abubuwan ba ne zasu yiwu a bude wa dukkan rarrabuwa: {| class="wikitable centre" style="font-size:94%" width="100%" ! colspan="4" width="100" |Hanya ! rowspan="2" width="70" |Hanyar ! colspan="2" width="70" |Filin ! rowspan="2" width="70" |Abubuwan da suka faru<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwrQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> |- !Sprints !Tsakanin Tsakiya !Tsayawa mai nisa !Matsakaicin !Tsalle !Fitarwa |- align="center" |100 m<br />200 m<br />400 m |800 m<br />1500 m |5000 m<br />10,000 m |4 × 100 m relay<br />4 × 400 m relay |Marathon |Tsawon tsalle<br />Sau uku tsalle<br />Tsalle mai tsawo |Shot put<br />Fitar da faifai<br />Javelin jefa<br />Kungiyar da aka jefa |Pentathlon |} == Babban Kyauta == A cikin 2017 sake suna daga [[IPC Athletics Grand Prix]] zuwa World Para Athletics grand Prix. Manufarta ita ce ci gaban wannan wasan da kuma rarrabuwa da samun adadin Paralympic. Jerin shekara-shekara na wasannin motsa jiki da wasanni na filin da suka hada da shida zuwa tara daga cikin mafi kyawun tarurrukan wasanni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Para Athletics (formerly IPC Athletics) - About the Sport |url=https://www.paralympic.org/athletics/about |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=International Paralympic Committee |language=en}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 2013 kakar Grand Prix ta shekara-shekara. Tun daga shekara ta 2016 masu tseren keken guragu a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin World Marathon Majors. # 2013 IPC Athletics Grand Prix - Taron 7 # Wasanni na Duniya - Grand Prix 2014 - Taron 9 # 2015 IPC Athletics Grand Prix - 9+1 Taron # IPC Athletics 2016 Grand Prix - 9+1 Taron # 2017 World Para Athletics Grand Prix - 9 Taron # 2018 World Para Athletics Grand Prix - 9 Taron # Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2019 - Taron 9 # WORLD PARA ATHLETICS GRAND PRIX 2020 - Taron 9 (duk abubuwan da suka faru an soke su) World Para Athletics 2020 kakar: Sabuntawa na Yanayi # Duniyar Duniya don Halitta Mai Girma PRIX 2021 - Taron 6 # Duniyar Duniya don ATHETICS GRAND PRIX 2022 - Taron 7 # Duniyar Duniya don ATHETICS GRAND PRIX 2023 - Taron 6 == Dubi kuma == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tinalux47jqmh3ro6nzawz46oww9d9y 906550 906549 2026-08-23T12:02:05Z Gwanki 3834 906550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:World_Para_Athletics_logo.svg|thumb|Alamar Wasanni ta Duniya]] [[Fayil:Kenny_van_Weeghel_2006_World_Championship.jpg|thumb|280x280px|Kenny van Weeghel a cikin kujerarsa ta tsere a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta IPC ta 2006]] [[Fayil:AnnetteLongJump.jpg|thumb|Annette Roozen tana gasa a tsalle mai tsawo tare da kafafunsa.]] [[Fayil:141100_-_Athletics_track_Patricia_Flavel_finish_line_-_3b_-_2000_Sydney_race_photo.jpg|thumb|'Yan wasa da ke da nakasa ta hankali bayan tsere a Wasannin Paralympics na bazara na 2000]] Wasan motsa jiki shine wasan motsa jiki da mutanen da ke da [[nakasa]] ke yi a matsayin wasanni. Abubuwan da suka faru a cikin wasannin motsa jiki galibi iri ɗaya ne da waɗanda ke samuwa ga mutane masu iyawa, tare da manyan banbanci guda biyu a cikin tseren keken guragu da jefa kulob din, waɗanda ke da takamaiman rabuwa. Wasu abubuwan da suka faru ba sa yin hamayya da su a matsayin abubuwan da suka shafi wasanni a waje da [[Deaf sport|Wasanni na kurame]]; tsalle-tsalle, tsalle-tsalle sau uku, guduma (wanda ake la'akari da jefa kulob din a wasu lokuta daidai da wasan motsa jiki) da kuma abubuwan da suka haifar da matsala guda uku. Wasan an san shi da sunaye daban-daban, gami da wasannin nakasassu, wasannin nakasasa da kuma wasannin Paralympic. Ana iya kiran masu fafatawa ko dai para-atheletes ko '''<nowiki/>'Yan wasa masu nakasa'''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rees |first=L |last2=Robinson |first2=P |last3=Shields |first3=N |year=2019 |title=Media portrayal of elite athletes with disability - a systematic review |journal=Disabil Rehabil |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=374–381 |doi=10.1080/09638288.2017.1397775 |pmid=29124974 |s2cid=41665733}}</ref> == Gudanarwa == Masu fafatawa galibi ana shirya su cikin manyan rukuni uku: wasanni na kurame, 'yan wasa da ke da [[Rashin lafiya na jiki|nakasa ta jiki]], da' yan wasa da ke fama da nakasa ta hankali. 'Yan wasan kurma yawanci suna gasa da juna a abubuwan da suka faru kamar su Deaflympics, ko kuma a cikin abubuwan da suka dace (kamar mai jefa guduma na Burtaniya Charlotte Payne) yayin da' yan wasan da ke da nakasa ta jiki da ta hankali galibi ana kimanta su kuma ana ba su rarraba su, wanda ke haɗa 'yan wasa tare da irin wannan matakin iyawa. Kwamitin Paralympic na Duniya (IPC) ne ke jagorantar waɗannan rarrabuwa kuma sun ƙunshi harafi ɗaya da lamba: T don Track ko F don Field, sannan lambar da ke bayyana matakin iyawa. A cikin gasa, abubuwan da suka faru na iya faruwa tsakanin 'yan wasa iri ɗaya idan lambobi sun isa, in ba haka ba kewayon irin waɗannan ɗalibai na iya yin gasa a wannan taron.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-12 |title=The History of Parasport |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1010777/the-history-of-parasport |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=www.insidethegames.biz}}</ref> Za'a iya amfani da Tsarin maki na Raza a cikin abubuwan da suka faru a filin don ba da damar 'yan wasa na iyawa daban-daban su yi gasa kai tsaye. Gwamnatin kasa da kasa tana aiki a waje da hukumar kula da Wasanni na Duniya (har zuwa 2019: ''IAAF'') kuma a maimakon haka an raba ta tsakanin waɗannan rukunoni, tare da wasannin kurame da Kwamitin Wasannin Kasa da Kasa na Kurame (CISS) ke kula da su, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Athletics |url=http://www.ciss.org/sports/AT |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=www.ciss.org |language=en}}</ref> wasannin motsa jiki don nakasassu na jiki wanda ke karkashin jagorancin kwamitin wasannin motsalastawa na duniya na IPC, <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Para Athletics News & Events |url=https://www.paralympic.org/athletics |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=International Paralympic Committee |language=en}}</ref> da kuma wasannin motsales na duniya don nakasasshen hankali ta hanyar Tarayyar Wasannin Wasannin Kasa (INAS). Har ila yau, akwai takamaiman kungiyoyi, kamar su [[International Dwarf Sports Federation|Ƙungiyar Wasannin Dwarf ta Duniya]] da Ƙungiyar Wasano ta Duniya don Mutanen da ke da Ciwon Down . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-19 |title=IWAS welcomes new International Dwarf Sports Federation events to World Games |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1072434/iwas-welcomes-new-international-dwarf-sports-federation-events-to-world-games |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=www.insidethegames.biz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mission - iaads2018 |url=https://www.iaads.info/mission.html |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=www.iaads.info}}</ref> Dokokin wasanni sun dace da waɗanda World Athletics suka tsara, tare da mafi yawan dokoki don wasanni iri ɗaya da waɗanda ke da ƙwarewar gasa, tare da banbanci waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ƙwarewa ga masu fafatawa, kamar siginar gani maimakon bindiga mai farawa a cikin tseren kurame. Para-athletics ya kasance daya daga cikin wasanni a [[Wasannin Paralympic]] tun 1960, kodayake 'yan wasa kurma da yawancin' yan wasa da ke da nakasa na hankali suna gasa daban a Wasannin Duniya na Kurma da Wasannin Olympics na Musamman, bi da bi. Manyan wasanni guda uku na duniya don wasanni sune Gasar Wasannin Wasannin Wasaka ta Duniya, Gasar Wasaka ta Kurame ta Duniya da Gasar Was Wasannin Wasano ta Duniya ta INAS. Sauran manyan wasannin motsa jiki ana shirya su a cikin Wasannin Duniya na INAS da Wasannin Duniya ta INAS . == Nomenclature == Sunan wasan ya samo asali ne daga motsi na Paralympic, [[Wasannin Paralympic]] da sunan Kwamitin Paralympic na kasa da kasa. 'Paralympic' da farko ya kasance nau'i ne na Olympic da paraplegic, yana nuna tushen motsi tsakanin marasa lafiya na rauni a Asibitin Stoke Mandeville a karkashin Sir Ludwig Guttmann, amma yayin da Wasannin Paralympic suka sami shahara da daraja, kuma yana da mahimmanci, ya fadada zuwa wasu ɗalibai marasa tushe kamar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, raunin hangen nesa da gudu tare da kayan aiki, dalilin da ke bayan ɓangaren para na sunan ya canza ''don'' jaddada cewa Wasannin da Motsi sun kasance daidai da wasannin Olympics. A sakamakon haka 'para-' ya zama sananne a matsayin daidaitattun prefix don nuna duk wasannin nakasassu, kuma yayin da Kwamitin Paralympic na Duniya ya kafa kungiyoyi don shirya da kuma tsara wasannin nakasasa daban-daban, wani aiki ya fito, musamman a wasanni tare da rarrabuwa masu yawa na nakasassu da yawa, na bayyana wasanni tare da prefix para-, gami da sunayen kungiyoyin da IPC ta kafa don gudanar da su misali World Para-Swimming, ko UCI-sanin horo na para-cycling. Kwamitin Wasannin IPC ya canza sunansa zuwa World Para-Athletics, tare da Para-athletics kanta wani nau'i na para da wasanni. Babban gasar zakarun wasanni yanzu ana kiranta da gasar zakarar Wasanni na Duniya - kanta tana nuna canji a cikin Abubuwan da suka faru lokacin da IAAF ta canza alamar ta zuwa World Athletics. == Rarraba == [[Fayil:Meeting_d'Athlétisme_Paralympique_de_Paris_-_Timothée_Adolphe_&_Cédric_Felip_07.jpg|thumb|Timothée Adolphe da jagorantarsa mai gani Cédric Felip]] Masu fafatawa a gasa na matakin ƙwararru ana rarraba su ta hanyar nakasa, don shirya 'yan wasa tare da irin wannan nakasa a wannan taron. Wani dan wasan T12 mai rarraba misali, dan wasan motsa jiki ne tare da nakasa ta gani. * F = 'Yan wasa a filin wasa * T = 'yan wasa na waƙa * 11-13 = [[Makanta|Rashin gani]]. 11 da 12 suna gasa tare da jagora mai gani. * 20 = [[Rashin ci gaba|Rashin hankali]] * 31-38 = Cerebral palsyCutar ƙwaƙwalwa * 40-41 = karami[[Wada|karamin ra'ayi]] * 42-46 = [[Amputation|Yankewa]], da sauransu * 51-57 = keken guragu A cikin tseren keken guragu, 'yan wasa suna gasa a cikin kujerun tsere masu sauƙi. Yawancin manyan Marathon suna da ƙungiyoyin keken guragu kuma masu tsere masu tsere suna ci gaba da doke masu tsere a ƙafa. == Abubuwan da suka faru == 'Yan wasan Paralympic suna gasa a cikin abubuwan da suka biyo baya. Lura cewa ba duk abubuwan da suka faru ba ne zasu iya nunawa a wani gasa, kuma ba duk abubuwan ba ne zasu yiwu a bude wa dukkan rarrabuwa: {| class="wikitable centre" style="font-size:94%" width="100%" ! colspan="4" width="100" |Hanya ! rowspan="2" width="70" |Hanyar ! colspan="2" width="70" |Filin ! rowspan="2" width="70" |Abubuwan da suka faru<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwrQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> |- !Sprints !Tsakanin Tsakiya !Tsayawa mai nisa !Matsakaicin !Tsalle !Fitarwa |- align="center" |100 m<br />200 m<br />400 m |800 m<br />1500 m |5000 m<br />10,000 m |4 × 100 m relay<br />4 × 400 m relay |Marathon |Tsawon tsalle<br />Sau uku tsalle<br />Tsalle mai tsawo |Shot put<br />Fitar da faifai<br />Javelin jefa<br />Kungiyar da aka jefa |Pentathlon |} == Babban Kyauta == A cikin 2017 sake suna daga [[IPC Athletics Grand Prix]] zuwa World Para Athletics grand Prix. Manufarta ita ce ci gaban wannan wasan da kuma rarrabuwa da samun adadin Paralympic. Jerin shekara-shekara na wasannin motsa jiki da wasanni na filin da suka hada da shida zuwa tara daga cikin mafi kyawun tarurrukan wasanni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Para Athletics (formerly IPC Athletics) - About the Sport |url=https://www.paralympic.org/athletics/about |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=International Paralympic Committee |language=en}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 2013 kakar Grand Prix ta shekara-shekara. Tun daga shekara ta 2016 masu tseren keken guragu a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin World Marathon Majors. # 2013 IPC Athletics Grand Prix - Taron 7 # Wasanni na Duniya - Grand Prix 2014 - Taron 9 # 2015 IPC Athletics Grand Prix - 9+1 Taron # IPC Athletics 2016 Grand Prix - 9+1 Taron # 2017 World Para Athletics Grand Prix - 9 Taron # 2018 World Para Athletics Grand Prix - 9 Taron # Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2019 - Taron 9 # WORLD PARA ATHLETICS GRAND PRIX 2020 - Taron 9 (duk abubuwan da suka faru an soke su) World Para Athletics 2020 kakar: Sabuntawa na Yanayi # Duniyar Duniya don Halitta Mai Girma PRIX 2021 - Taron 6 # Duniyar Duniya don ATHETICS GRAND PRIX 2022 - Taron 7 # Duniyar Duniya don ATHETICS GRAND PRIX 2023 - Taron 6 == Dubi kuma == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 19bywiivsjc2xwq7iya5i5x9tdomhii 0 165209 906551 2026-08-23T12:03:24Z Gwanki 3834 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366721160|Annette Roozen]]" 906551 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Annette Roozen''' (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1976) 'yar wasan tsere ce ta Dutch. Lokacin da Roozen ke da shekaru goma sha shida, dole ne a yanke ƙafarta ta dama saboda [[osteosarcoma]]. Shekaru biyar bayan haka, a cikin 1997, ta halarci ranar wasanni ta gida don masu amfani da kayan aiki inda aka haifi sha'awarta ga wasanni. Takardar farko ta kasa da kasa ta zo ne a shekara ta 2003 lokacin da ta lashe tseren mita 100 a Gasar Turai a Assen a cikin sa'o'i 18.11, a wannan lokacin sabon rikodin Turai. A wannan rana ta kuma shiga cikin tsalle mai tsawo, inda ta lashe lambar tagulla tare da tsalle na mita 2.95. Wata daya bayan haka, ta lashe lambobin zinare biyu a Gasar Zakarun Jamus a Wattenscheid . Ta karya rikodin duniya a duka fannoni biyu: 17.85 seconds sama da mita 100 da 3.19 a cikin tsalle mai tsawo. A ranar 31 ga Mayu 2004 ta sake karya rikodin duniya sama da mita 100, a wannan lokacin a lokacin FBK-Games a Hengelo tare da lokaci na 17.20 seconds.<ref name="ossur" /> Ta wakilci Netherlands a wasannin Paralympics na bazara na 2004 a [[Athens]], ba a cikin mita 100 ba, amma kawai a tsalle mai tsawo. Ta yi tsalle mafi kyawun mita 3.33, amma daga ƙarshe ta gama a matsayi na biyar, ba tare da samun lambar yabo ba.<ref name="ossur" /> [[Fayil:NKestafette-23sept06.jpg|left|thumb|421x421px|Roozen yana gudana a sakewa]] A Lelystad, ta shiga gasar zakarun kasa ta Holland ta 2005 don parathletes, inda ta lashe lambar yabo ta farko ta kasa, ta zo ta farko a duka mita 100 da tsalle mai tsawo. Kwana daya bayan haka, ta inganta mafi kyawun rikodin ta da na kasa a tsalle mai tsawo zuwa mita 3.55 a lokacin Wasannin FBK na wannan shekarar. Ta samu nasarar kare sunanta na kasa a duka fannoni biyu kuma a Gwagwarmayar Paralympic a Duderstadt a ranar 20 ga Mayu 2006 ta gudu sabon rikodin duniya sama da mita 100 a cikin sakan 16.90. A Leverkusen a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta 2006 ta karya rikodin Turai a tsalle mai tsawo tare da mita 3.61. Komawa a kasarta a Assen, sun shirya Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2006 kuma Roozen ta zama Gasar Cin Duniya sau biyu. Ta lashe tseren mita 100 a cikin sakan 16.96 kuma ta yi nisan mita 3.49 a tsalle mai tsawo. A shekara ta 2007, ba ta sake zama zakara ta tseren mita 100 ta ƙasar Holland ba, amma ta yi nasara a karo na uku a jere a tsalle mai tsawo, tare da nisan mita 3.50. Duk da rasa lambar yabo ta uku ta mita 100 ta kasa, ta gudu sabon rikodin duniya, amma ba bisa ka'ida ba a taron Run2Day Track a Utrecht, don ingantawa zuwa 16.64 seconds. A 2007 FBK-Games, ta yi tsalle mita 3.57 a tsalle mai tsawo kuma ta lashe tseren mita 100 a cikin sakan 16.75, wannan lokacin rikodin duniya ne. A ranar 17 ga Yuni 2007, a Stadskanaal a lokacin Nelli Cooman-Games, ta sake karya rikodin duniya, a wannan lokacin a cikin sakan 16.57. Ta kuma shiga cikin tseren sama da mita 200 a karo na farko a cikin aikinta, tana gudana kai tsaye zuwa sabon rikodin duniya na 34.46 seconds. Saboda wannan kokarin ta lashe kyautar "Bronze Nelli Cooman Trophy".<ref name="ossur" /> A ƙarshen shekara an ba ta suna 'yar wasan Holland ta shekara tare da nakasa (Joke van Rijswijk Trophy), duk da haka dole ne ta raba taken tare da Marion Nijhof, mai iyo makaho. A ranar 1 ga Yuni 2008, a gasar zakarun Dutch a Emmeloord, Roozen ya sake karya rikodin duniya na mita 100 tare da sabon mafi kyawun lokaci na 16.48 seconds. Ta wakilci Netherlands a wasannin Paralympics na bazara na 2008 a [[Beijing]], inda ta cancanci mita 100 da tsalle mai tsawo. Ba a gudanar da mita 200 a cikin aji ba a lokacin wasannin Paralympics. A cikin tsalle mai tsawo, ta yi mita 3.23 a tsalle na farko, kasancewar tana cikin matsayi na biyar bayan haka. Tare da tsalle na biyu na mita 3.63, ta yi tsalle fiye da kowane ɗayan 'yan wasa da suka yi a tsalle na farko; duk da haka Christine Wolf ta yi tsallake mita 3.65 a wannan zagaye don jagorantar. Babu wani daga cikin sauran da ya sami nasarar wucewa 3.63, kodayake Ewa Zielinska ya zo kusa da mita 3.62. A bangare na karshe na gasar, Wolf ta tsallake mita 3.73 da sabon rikodin duniya a karo na biyar daga cikin tsalle shida. Roozen bai iya tsallewa ba kuma ya lashe lambar azurfa. Zielinska ta dauki tagulla. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]] jru2s7n5pgt5wusih1w2zxxvzj4rlji 906552 906551 2026-08-23T12:03:38Z Gwanki 3834 906552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Annette Roozen''' (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1976) 'yar wasan tsere ce ta Dutch. Lokacin da Roozen ke da shekaru goma sha shida, dole ne a yanke ƙafarta ta dama saboda [[osteosarcoma]]. Shekaru biyar bayan haka, a cikin 1997, ta halarci ranar wasanni ta gida don masu amfani da kayan aiki inda aka haifi sha'awarta ga wasanni. Takardar farko ta kasa da kasa ta zo ne a shekara ta 2003 lokacin da ta lashe tseren mita 100 a Gasar Turai a Assen a cikin sa'o'i 18.11, a wannan lokacin sabon rikodin Turai. A wannan rana ta kuma shiga cikin tsalle mai tsawo, inda ta lashe lambar tagulla tare da tsalle na mita 2.95. Wata daya bayan haka, ta lashe lambobin zinare biyu a Gasar Zakarun Jamus a Wattenscheid . Ta karya rikodin duniya a duka fannoni biyu: 17.85 seconds sama da mita 100 da 3.19 a cikin tsalle mai tsawo. A ranar 31 ga Mayu 2004 ta sake karya rikodin duniya sama da mita 100, a wannan lokacin a lokacin FBK-Games a Hengelo tare da lokaci na 17.20 seconds.<ref name="ossur" /> Ta wakilci Netherlands a wasannin Paralympics na bazara na 2004 a [[Athens]], ba a cikin mita 100 ba, amma kawai a tsalle mai tsawo. Ta yi tsalle mafi kyawun mita 3.33, amma daga ƙarshe ta gama a matsayi na biyar, ba tare da samun lambar yabo ba.<ref name="ossur" /> [[Fayil:NKestafette-23sept06.jpg|left|thumb|421x421px|Roozen yana gudana a sakewa]] A Lelystad, ta shiga gasar zakarun kasa ta Holland ta 2005 don parathletes, inda ta lashe lambar yabo ta farko ta kasa, ta zo ta farko a duka mita 100 da tsalle mai tsawo. Kwana daya bayan haka, ta inganta mafi kyawun rikodin ta da na kasa a tsalle mai tsawo zuwa mita 3.55 a lokacin Wasannin FBK na wannan shekarar. Ta samu nasarar kare sunanta na kasa a duka fannoni biyu kuma a Gwagwarmayar Paralympic a Duderstadt a ranar 20 ga Mayu 2006 ta gudu sabon rikodin duniya sama da mita 100 a cikin sakan 16.90. A Leverkusen a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta 2006 ta karya rikodin Turai a tsalle mai tsawo tare da mita 3.61. Komawa a kasarta a Assen, sun shirya Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2006 kuma Roozen ta zama Gasar Cin Duniya sau biyu. Ta lashe tseren mita 100 a cikin sakan 16.96 kuma ta yi nisan mita 3.49 a tsalle mai tsawo. A shekara ta 2007, ba ta sake zama zakara ta tseren mita 100 ta ƙasar Holland ba, amma ta yi nasara a karo na uku a jere a tsalle mai tsawo, tare da nisan mita 3.50. Duk da rasa lambar yabo ta uku ta mita 100 ta kasa, ta gudu sabon rikodin duniya, amma ba bisa ka'ida ba a taron Run2Day Track a Utrecht, don ingantawa zuwa 16.64 seconds. A 2007 FBK-Games, ta yi tsalle mita 3.57 a tsalle mai tsawo kuma ta lashe tseren mita 100 a cikin sakan 16.75, wannan lokacin rikodin duniya ne. A ranar 17 ga Yuni 2007, a Stadskanaal a lokacin Nelli Cooman-Games, ta sake karya rikodin duniya, a wannan lokacin a cikin sakan 16.57. Ta kuma shiga cikin tseren sama da mita 200 a karo na farko a cikin aikinta, tana gudana kai tsaye zuwa sabon rikodin duniya na 34.46 seconds. Saboda wannan kokarin ta lashe kyautar "Bronze Nelli Cooman Trophy".<ref name="ossur" /> A ƙarshen shekara an ba ta suna 'yar wasan Holland ta shekara tare da nakasa (Joke van Rijswijk Trophy), duk da haka dole ne ta raba taken tare da Marion Nijhof, mai iyo makaho. A ranar 1 ga Yuni 2008, a gasar zakarun Dutch a Emmeloord, Roozen ya sake karya rikodin duniya na mita 100 tare da sabon mafi kyawun lokaci na 16.48 seconds. Ta wakilci Netherlands a wasannin Paralympics na bazara na 2008 a [[Beijing]], inda ta cancanci mita 100 da tsalle mai tsawo. Ba a gudanar da mita 200 a cikin aji ba a lokacin wasannin Paralympics. A cikin tsalle mai tsawo, ta yi mita 3.23 a tsalle na farko, kasancewar tana cikin matsayi na biyar bayan haka. Tare da tsalle na biyu na mita 3.63, ta yi tsalle fiye da kowane ɗayan 'yan wasa da suka yi a tsalle na farko; duk da haka Christine Wolf ta yi tsallake mita 3.65 a wannan zagaye don jagorantar. Babu wani daga cikin sauran da ya sami nasarar wucewa 3.63, kodayake Ewa Zielinska ya zo kusa da mita 3.62. A bangare na karshe na gasar, Wolf ta tsallake mita 3.73 da sabon rikodin duniya a karo na biyar daga cikin tsalle shida. Roozen bai iya tsallewa ba kuma ya lashe lambar azurfa. Zielinska ta dauki tagulla. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]] 75ub9cz6khlxh7s0rc3wxvpah110uuj 906553 906552 2026-08-23T12:04:32Z Gwanki 3834 906553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Annette Roozen''' (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1976) 'yar wasan tsere ce ta Dutch.<ref name="beijing">[http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRMP/ENG/BIO/Athlete/2/1200382.shtml Athlete biography: Annette Roozen] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907035336/http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRMP/ENG/BIO/Athlete/2/1200382.shtml |date=September 7, 2008 }}, beijing2008.cn, ret: Sep 08, 2008</ref> Lokacin da Roozen ke da shekaru goma sha shida, dole ne a yanke ƙafarta ta dama saboda [[osteosarcoma]]. Shekaru biyar bayan haka, a cikin 1997, ta halarci ranar wasanni ta gida don masu amfani da kayan aiki inda aka haifi sha'awarta ga wasanni. Takardar farko ta kasa da kasa ta zo ne a shekara ta 2003 lokacin da ta lashe tseren mita 100 a Gasar Turai a Assen a cikin sa'o'i 18.11, a wannan lokacin sabon rikodin Turai. A wannan rana ta kuma shiga cikin tsalle mai tsawo, inda ta lashe lambar tagulla tare da tsalle na mita 2.95. Wata daya bayan haka, ta lashe lambobin zinare biyu a Gasar Zakarun Jamus a Wattenscheid . Ta karya rikodin duniya a duka fannoni biyu: 17.85 seconds sama da mita 100 da 3.19 a cikin tsalle mai tsawo. A ranar 31 ga Mayu 2004 ta sake karya rikodin duniya sama da mita 100, a wannan lokacin a lokacin FBK-Games a Hengelo tare da lokaci na 17.20 seconds.<ref name="ossur" /> Ta wakilci Netherlands a wasannin Paralympics na bazara na 2004 a [[Athens]], ba a cikin mita 100 ba, amma kawai a tsalle mai tsawo. Ta yi tsalle mafi kyawun mita 3.33, amma daga ƙarshe ta gama a matsayi na biyar, ba tare da samun lambar yabo ba.<ref name="ossur" /> [[Fayil:NKestafette-23sept06.jpg|left|thumb|421x421px|Roozen yana gudana a sakewa]] A Lelystad, ta shiga gasar zakarun kasa ta Holland ta 2005 don parathletes, inda ta lashe lambar yabo ta farko ta kasa, ta zo ta farko a duka mita 100 da tsalle mai tsawo. Kwana daya bayan haka, ta inganta mafi kyawun rikodin ta da na kasa a tsalle mai tsawo zuwa mita 3.55 a lokacin Wasannin FBK na wannan shekarar. Ta samu nasarar kare sunanta na kasa a duka fannoni biyu kuma a Gwagwarmayar Paralympic a Duderstadt a ranar 20 ga Mayu 2006 ta gudu sabon rikodin duniya sama da mita 100 a cikin sakan 16.90. A Leverkusen a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta 2006 ta karya rikodin Turai a tsalle mai tsawo tare da mita 3.61. Komawa a kasarta a Assen, sun shirya Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2006 kuma Roozen ta zama Gasar Cin Duniya sau biyu. Ta lashe tseren mita 100 a cikin sakan 16.96 kuma ta yi nisan mita 3.49 a tsalle mai tsawo. A shekara ta 2007, ba ta sake zama zakara ta tseren mita 100 ta ƙasar Holland ba, amma ta yi nasara a karo na uku a jere a tsalle mai tsawo, tare da nisan mita 3.50. Duk da rasa lambar yabo ta uku ta mita 100 ta kasa, ta gudu sabon rikodin duniya, amma ba bisa ka'ida ba a taron Run2Day Track a Utrecht, don ingantawa zuwa 16.64 seconds. A 2007 FBK-Games, ta yi tsalle mita 3.57 a tsalle mai tsawo kuma ta lashe tseren mita 100 a cikin sakan 16.75, wannan lokacin rikodin duniya ne. A ranar 17 ga Yuni 2007, a Stadskanaal a lokacin Nelli Cooman-Games, ta sake karya rikodin duniya, a wannan lokacin a cikin sakan 16.57. Ta kuma shiga cikin tseren sama da mita 200 a karo na farko a cikin aikinta, tana gudana kai tsaye zuwa sabon rikodin duniya na 34.46 seconds. Saboda wannan kokarin ta lashe kyautar "Bronze Nelli Cooman Trophy".<ref name="ossur" /> A ƙarshen shekara an ba ta suna 'yar wasan Holland ta shekara tare da nakasa (Joke van Rijswijk Trophy), duk da haka dole ne ta raba taken tare da Marion Nijhof, mai iyo makaho. A ranar 1 ga Yuni 2008, a gasar zakarun Dutch a Emmeloord, Roozen ya sake karya rikodin duniya na mita 100 tare da sabon mafi kyawun lokaci na 16.48 seconds. Ta wakilci Netherlands a wasannin Paralympics na bazara na 2008 a [[Beijing]], inda ta cancanci mita 100 da tsalle mai tsawo. Ba a gudanar da mita 200 a cikin aji ba a lokacin wasannin Paralympics. A cikin tsalle mai tsawo, ta yi mita 3.23 a tsalle na farko, kasancewar tana cikin matsayi na biyar bayan haka. Tare da tsalle na biyu na mita 3.63, ta yi tsalle fiye da kowane ɗayan 'yan wasa da suka yi a tsalle na farko; duk da haka Christine Wolf ta yi tsallake mita 3.65 a wannan zagaye don jagorantar. Babu wani daga cikin sauran da ya sami nasarar wucewa 3.63, kodayake Ewa Zielinska ya zo kusa da mita 3.62. A bangare na karshe na gasar, Wolf ta tsallake mita 3.73 da sabon rikodin duniya a karo na biyar daga cikin tsalle shida. Roozen bai iya tsallewa ba kuma ya lashe lambar azurfa. Zielinska ta dauki tagulla. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]] dmm6v31i0rw1wluspbauhivluypntru 906554 906553 2026-08-23T12:05:09Z Gwanki 3834 906554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Annette Roozen''' (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1976) 'yar wasan tsere ce ta Dutch.<ref name="beijing">[http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRMP/ENG/BIO/Athlete/2/1200382.shtml Athlete biography: Annette Roozen] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907035336/http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRMP/ENG/BIO/Athlete/2/1200382.shtml |date=September 7, 2008 }}, beijing2008.cn, ret: Sep 08, 2008</ref> Lokacin da Roozen ke da shekaru goma sha shida, dole ne a yanke ƙafarta ta dama saboda [[osteosarcoma]]. Shekaru biyar bayan haka, a cikin 1997, ta halarci ranar wasanni ta gida don masu amfani da kayan aiki inda aka haifi sha'awarta ga wasanni.<ref name="ossur">[http://www.ossur.com/pages/3350 Annette Roozen, The Netherlands - competitive highlights] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917145052/http://www.ossur.com/pages/3350 |date=2008-09-17 }}, ossur.com, ret: Sept 8, 2008</ref> Takardar farko ta kasa da kasa ta zo ne a shekara ta 2003 lokacin da ta lashe tseren mita 100 a Gasar Turai a Assen a cikin sa'o'i 18.11, a wannan lokacin sabon rikodin Turai. A wannan rana ta kuma shiga cikin tsalle mai tsawo, inda ta lashe lambar tagulla tare da tsalle na mita 2.95. Wata daya bayan haka, ta lashe lambobin zinare biyu a Gasar Zakarun Jamus a Wattenscheid . Ta karya rikodin duniya a duka fannoni biyu: 17.85 seconds sama da mita 100 da 3.19 a cikin tsalle mai tsawo. A ranar 31 ga Mayu 2004 ta sake karya rikodin duniya sama da mita 100, a wannan lokacin a lokacin FBK-Games a Hengelo tare da lokaci na 17.20 seconds.<ref name="ossur" /> Ta wakilci Netherlands a wasannin Paralympics na bazara na 2004 a [[Athens]], ba a cikin mita 100 ba, amma kawai a tsalle mai tsawo. Ta yi tsalle mafi kyawun mita 3.33, amma daga ƙarshe ta gama a matsayi na biyar, ba tare da samun lambar yabo ba.<ref name="ossur" /> [[Fayil:NKestafette-23sept06.jpg|left|thumb|421x421px|Roozen yana gudana a sakewa]] A Lelystad, ta shiga gasar zakarun kasa ta Holland ta 2005 don parathletes, inda ta lashe lambar yabo ta farko ta kasa, ta zo ta farko a duka mita 100 da tsalle mai tsawo. Kwana daya bayan haka, ta inganta mafi kyawun rikodin ta da na kasa a tsalle mai tsawo zuwa mita 3.55 a lokacin Wasannin FBK na wannan shekarar. Ta samu nasarar kare sunanta na kasa a duka fannoni biyu kuma a Gwagwarmayar Paralympic a Duderstadt a ranar 20 ga Mayu 2006 ta gudu sabon rikodin duniya sama da mita 100 a cikin sakan 16.90. A Leverkusen a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta 2006 ta karya rikodin Turai a tsalle mai tsawo tare da mita 3.61. Komawa a kasarta a Assen, sun shirya Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2006 kuma Roozen ta zama Gasar Cin Duniya sau biyu. Ta lashe tseren mita 100 a cikin sakan 16.96 kuma ta yi nisan mita 3.49 a tsalle mai tsawo. A shekara ta 2007, ba ta sake zama zakara ta tseren mita 100 ta ƙasar Holland ba, amma ta yi nasara a karo na uku a jere a tsalle mai tsawo, tare da nisan mita 3.50. Duk da rasa lambar yabo ta uku ta mita 100 ta kasa, ta gudu sabon rikodin duniya, amma ba bisa ka'ida ba a taron Run2Day Track a Utrecht, don ingantawa zuwa 16.64 seconds. A 2007 FBK-Games, ta yi tsalle mita 3.57 a tsalle mai tsawo kuma ta lashe tseren mita 100 a cikin sakan 16.75, wannan lokacin rikodin duniya ne. A ranar 17 ga Yuni 2007, a Stadskanaal a lokacin Nelli Cooman-Games, ta sake karya rikodin duniya, a wannan lokacin a cikin sakan 16.57. Ta kuma shiga cikin tseren sama da mita 200 a karo na farko a cikin aikinta, tana gudana kai tsaye zuwa sabon rikodin duniya na 34.46 seconds. Saboda wannan kokarin ta lashe kyautar "Bronze Nelli Cooman Trophy".<ref name="ossur" /> A ƙarshen shekara an ba ta suna 'yar wasan Holland ta shekara tare da nakasa (Joke van Rijswijk Trophy), duk da haka dole ne ta raba taken tare da Marion Nijhof, mai iyo makaho. A ranar 1 ga Yuni 2008, a gasar zakarun Dutch a Emmeloord, Roozen ya sake karya rikodin duniya na mita 100 tare da sabon mafi kyawun lokaci na 16.48 seconds. Ta wakilci Netherlands a wasannin Paralympics na bazara na 2008 a [[Beijing]], inda ta cancanci mita 100 da tsalle mai tsawo. Ba a gudanar da mita 200 a cikin aji ba a lokacin wasannin Paralympics. A cikin tsalle mai tsawo, ta yi mita 3.23 a tsalle na farko, kasancewar tana cikin matsayi na biyar bayan haka. Tare da tsalle na biyu na mita 3.63, ta yi tsalle fiye da kowane ɗayan 'yan wasa da suka yi a tsalle na farko; duk da haka Christine Wolf ta yi tsallake mita 3.65 a wannan zagaye don jagorantar. Babu wani daga cikin sauran da ya sami nasarar wucewa 3.63, kodayake Ewa Zielinska ya zo kusa da mita 3.62. A bangare na karshe na gasar, Wolf ta tsallake mita 3.73 da sabon rikodin duniya a karo na biyar daga cikin tsalle shida. Roozen bai iya tsallewa ba kuma ya lashe lambar azurfa. Zielinska ta dauki tagulla. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]] akivrdrev1lsr95cbbqr2zqbn5khu8n 906555 906554 2026-08-23T12:05:43Z Gwanki 3834 906555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Annette Roozen''' (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1976) 'yar wasan tsere ce ta Dutch.<ref name="beijing">[http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRMP/ENG/BIO/Athlete/2/1200382.shtml Athlete biography: Annette Roozen] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907035336/http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRMP/ENG/BIO/Athlete/2/1200382.shtml |date=September 7, 2008 }}, beijing2008.cn, ret: Sep 08, 2008</ref> Lokacin da Roozen ke da shekaru goma sha shida, dole ne a yanke ƙafarta ta dama saboda [[osteosarcoma]]. Shekaru biyar bayan haka, a cikin 1997, ta halarci ranar wasanni ta gida don masu amfani da kayan aiki inda aka haifi sha'awarta ga wasanni.<ref name="ossur">[http://www.ossur.com/pages/3350 Annette Roozen, The Netherlands - competitive highlights] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917145052/http://www.ossur.com/pages/3350 |date=2008-09-17 }}, ossur.com, ret: Sept 8, 2008</ref> Takardar farko ta kasa da kasa ta zo ne a shekara ta 2003 lokacin da ta lashe tseren mita 100 a Gasar Turai a Assen a cikin sa'o'i 18.11, a wannan lokacin sabon rikodin Turai. A wannan rana ta kuma shiga cikin tsalle mai tsawo, inda ta lashe lambar tagulla tare da tsalle na mita 2.95. Wata daya bayan haka, ta lashe lambobin zinare biyu a Gasar Zakarun Jamus a Wattenscheid . Ta karya rikodin duniya a duka fannoni biyu: 17.85 seconds sama da mita 100 da 3.19 a cikin tsalle mai tsawo. A ranar 31 ga Mayu 2004 ta sake karya rikodin duniya sama da mita 100, a wannan lokacin a lokacin FBK-Games a Hengelo tare da lokaci na 17.20 seconds.<ref name="ossur" /> Ta wakilci Netherlands a wasannin Paralympics na bazara na 2004 a [[Athens]], ba a cikin mita 100 ba, amma kawai a tsalle mai tsawo. Ta yi tsalle mafi kyawun mita 3.33, amma daga ƙarshe ta gama a matsayi na biyar, ba tare da samun lambar yabo ba.<ref name="ossur" /> [[Fayil:NKestafette-23sept06.jpg|left|thumb|421x421px|Roozen yana gudana a sakewa]] A Lelystad, ta shiga gasar zakarun kasa ta Holland ta 2005 don parathletes, inda ta lashe lambar yabo ta farko ta kasa, ta zo ta farko a duka mita 100 da tsalle mai tsawo. Kwana daya bayan haka, ta inganta mafi kyawun rikodin ta da na kasa a tsalle mai tsawo zuwa mita 3.55 a lokacin Wasannin FBK na wannan shekarar. Ta samu nasarar kare sunanta na kasa a duka fannoni biyu kuma a Gwagwarmayar Paralympic a Duderstadt a ranar 20 ga Mayu 2006 ta gudu sabon rikodin duniya sama da mita 100 a cikin sakan 16.90. A Leverkusen a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta 2006 ta karya rikodin Turai a tsalle mai tsawo tare da mita 3.61. Komawa a kasarta a Assen, sun shirya Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2006 kuma Roozen ta zama Gasar Cin Duniya sau biyu. Ta lashe tseren mita 100 a cikin sakan 16.96 kuma ta yi nisan mita 3.49 a tsalle mai tsawo.<ref name="ossur"/> At the end of the year she was named Dutch sportsperson of the year with a disability (Joke van Rijswijk Trophy), however she had to share the title with [[Marion Nijhof]], a blind swimmer.<ref name="rijswijk">[http://www.u-track.nl/nieuws/rijswijkprijs2007.php Annette Roozen weer een prijs!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080802172909/http://www.u-track.nl/nieuws/rijswijkprijs2007.php |date=2008-08-02 }}, u-track.nl, ret: Sep 8, 2008</ref> A shekara ta 2007, ba ta sake zama zakara ta tseren mita 100 ta ƙasar Holland ba, amma ta yi nasara a karo na uku a jere a tsalle mai tsawo, tare da nisan mita 3.50. Duk da rasa lambar yabo ta uku ta mita 100 ta kasa, ta gudu sabon rikodin duniya, amma ba bisa ka'ida ba a taron Run2Day Track a Utrecht, don ingantawa zuwa 16.64 seconds. A 2007 FBK-Games, ta yi tsalle mita 3.57 a tsalle mai tsawo kuma ta lashe tseren mita 100 a cikin sakan 16.75, wannan lokacin rikodin duniya ne. A ranar 17 ga Yuni 2007, a Stadskanaal a lokacin Nelli Cooman-Games, ta sake karya rikodin duniya, a wannan lokacin a cikin sakan 16.57. Ta kuma shiga cikin tseren sama da mita 200 a karo na farko a cikin aikinta, tana gudana kai tsaye zuwa sabon rikodin duniya na 34.46 seconds. Saboda wannan kokarin ta lashe kyautar "Bronze Nelli Cooman Trophy".<ref name="ossur" /> A ƙarshen shekara an ba ta suna 'yar wasan Holland ta shekara tare da nakasa (Joke van Rijswijk Trophy), duk da haka dole ne ta raba taken tare da Marion Nijhof, mai iyo makaho. A ranar 1 ga Yuni 2008, a gasar zakarun Dutch a Emmeloord, Roozen ya sake karya rikodin duniya na mita 100 tare da sabon mafi kyawun lokaci na 16.48 seconds. Ta wakilci Netherlands a wasannin Paralympics na bazara na 2008 a [[Beijing]], inda ta cancanci mita 100 da tsalle mai tsawo. Ba a gudanar da mita 200 a cikin aji ba a lokacin wasannin Paralympics. A cikin tsalle mai tsawo, ta yi mita 3.23 a tsalle na farko, kasancewar tana cikin matsayi na biyar bayan haka. Tare da tsalle na biyu na mita 3.63, ta yi tsalle fiye da kowane ɗayan 'yan wasa da suka yi a tsalle na farko; duk da haka Christine Wolf ta yi tsallake mita 3.65 a wannan zagaye don jagorantar. Babu wani daga cikin sauran da ya sami nasarar wucewa 3.63, kodayake Ewa Zielinska ya zo kusa da mita 3.62. A bangare na karshe na gasar, Wolf ta tsallake mita 3.73 da sabon rikodin duniya a karo na biyar daga cikin tsalle shida. Roozen bai iya tsallewa ba kuma ya lashe lambar azurfa. Zielinska ta dauki tagulla. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]] 6qdidbxva34bo0yd8hpexhevmmitjkz 906556 906555 2026-08-23T12:06:26Z Gwanki 3834 906556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Annette Roozen''' (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1976) 'yar wasan tsere ce ta Dutch.<ref name="beijing">[http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRMP/ENG/BIO/Athlete/2/1200382.shtml Athlete biography: Annette Roozen] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907035336/http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRMP/ENG/BIO/Athlete/2/1200382.shtml |date=September 7, 2008 }}, beijing2008.cn, ret: Sep 08, 2008</ref> Lokacin da Roozen ke da shekaru goma sha shida, dole ne a yanke ƙafarta ta dama saboda [[osteosarcoma]]. Shekaru biyar bayan haka, a cikin 1997, ta halarci ranar wasanni ta gida don masu amfani da kayan aiki inda aka haifi sha'awarta ga wasanni.<ref name="ossur">[http://www.ossur.com/pages/3350 Annette Roozen, The Netherlands - competitive highlights] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917145052/http://www.ossur.com/pages/3350 |date=2008-09-17 }}, ossur.com, ret: Sept 8, 2008</ref> Takardar farko ta kasa da kasa ta zo ne a shekara ta 2003 lokacin da ta lashe tseren mita 100 a Gasar Turai a Assen a cikin sa'o'i 18.11, a wannan lokacin sabon rikodin Turai. A wannan rana ta kuma shiga cikin tsalle mai tsawo, inda ta lashe lambar tagulla tare da tsalle na mita 2.95. Wata daya bayan haka, ta lashe lambobin zinare biyu a Gasar Zakarun Jamus a Wattenscheid . Ta karya rikodin duniya a duka fannoni biyu: 17.85 seconds sama da mita 100 da 3.19 a cikin tsalle mai tsawo. A ranar 31 ga Mayu 2004 ta sake karya rikodin duniya sama da mita 100, a wannan lokacin a lokacin FBK-Games a Hengelo tare da lokaci na 17.20 seconds.<ref name="ossur" /> Ta wakilci Netherlands a wasannin Paralympics na bazara na 2004 a [[Athens]], ba a cikin mita 100 ba, amma kawai a tsalle mai tsawo. Ta yi tsalle mafi kyawun mita 3.33, amma daga ƙarshe ta gama a matsayi na biyar, ba tare da samun lambar yabo ba.<ref name="ossur" /> [[Fayil:NKestafette-23sept06.jpg|left|thumb|421x421px|Roozen yana gudana a sakewa]] A Lelystad, ta shiga gasar zakarun kasa ta Holland ta 2005 don parathletes, inda ta lashe lambar yabo ta farko ta kasa, ta zo ta farko a duka mita 100 da tsalle mai tsawo. Kwana daya bayan haka, ta inganta mafi kyawun rikodin ta da na kasa a tsalle mai tsawo zuwa mita 3.55 a lokacin Wasannin FBK na wannan shekarar. Ta samu nasarar kare sunanta na kasa a duka fannoni biyu kuma a Gwagwarmayar Paralympic a Duderstadt a ranar 20 ga Mayu 2006 ta gudu sabon rikodin duniya sama da mita 100 a cikin sakan 16.90. A Leverkusen a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta 2006 ta karya rikodin Turai a tsalle mai tsawo tare da mita 3.61. Komawa a kasarta a Assen, sun shirya Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2006 kuma Roozen ta zama Gasar Cin Duniya sau biyu. Ta lashe tseren mita 100 a cikin sakan 16.96 kuma ta yi nisan mita 3.49 a tsalle mai tsawo.<ref name="ossur"/> At the end of the year she was named Dutch sportsperson of the year with a disability (Joke van Rijswijk Trophy), however she had to share the title with [[Marion Nijhof]], a blind swimmer.<ref name="rijswijk">[http://www.u-track.nl/nieuws/rijswijkprijs2007.php Annette Roozen weer een prijs!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080802172909/http://www.u-track.nl/nieuws/rijswijkprijs2007.php |date=2008-08-02 }}, u-track.nl, ret: Sep 8, 2008</ref> A shekara ta 2007, ba ta sake zama zakara ta tseren mita 100 ta ƙasar Holland ba, amma ta yi nasara a karo na uku a jere a tsalle mai tsawo, tare da nisan mita 3.50. Duk da rasa lambar yabo ta uku ta mita 100 ta kasa, ta gudu sabon rikodin duniya, amma ba bisa ka'ida ba a taron Run2Day Track a Utrecht, don ingantawa zuwa 16.64 seconds. A 2007 FBK-Games, ta yi tsalle mita 3.57 a tsalle mai tsawo kuma ta lashe tseren mita 100 a cikin sakan 16.75, wannan lokacin rikodin duniya ne. A ranar 17 ga Yuni 2007, a Stadskanaal a lokacin Nelli Cooman-Games, ta sake karya rikodin duniya, a wannan lokacin a cikin sakan 16.57. Ta kuma shiga cikin tseren sama da mita 200 a karo na farko a cikin aikinta, tana gudana kai tsaye zuwa sabon rikodin duniya na 34.46 seconds. Saboda wannan kokarin ta lashe kyautar "Bronze Nelli Cooman Trophy".<ref name="ossur" /> A ƙarshen shekara an ba ta suna 'yar wasan Holland ta shekara tare da nakasa (Joke van Rijswijk Trophy), duk da haka dole ne ta raba taken tare da Marion Nijhof, mai iyo makaho. A ranar 1 ga Yuni 2008, a gasar zakarun Dutch a Emmeloord, Roozen ya sake karya rikodin duniya na mita 100 tare da sabon mafi kyawun lokaci na 16.48 seconds. Ta wakilci Netherlands a wasannin Paralympics na bazara na 2008 a [[Beijing]], inda ta cancanci mita 100 da tsalle mai tsawo. Ba a gudanar da mita 200 a cikin aji ba a lokacin wasannin Paralympics. A cikin tsalle mai tsawo, ta yi mita 3.23 a tsalle na farko, kasancewar tana cikin matsayi na biyar bayan haka. Tare da tsalle na biyu na mita 3.63, ta yi tsalle fiye da kowane ɗayan 'yan wasa da suka yi a tsalle na farko; duk da haka Christine Wolf ta yi tsallake mita 3.65 a wannan zagaye don jagorantar. Babu wani daga cikin sauran da ya sami nasarar wucewa 3.63, kodayake Ewa Zielinska ya zo kusa da mita 3.62. A bangare na karshe na gasar, Wolf ta tsallake mita 3.73 da sabon rikodin duniya a karo na biyar daga cikin tsalle shida. Roozen bai iya tsallewa ba kuma ya lashe lambar azurfa. Zielinska ta dauki tagulla.<ref name="beijinglongjump">[http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRMP/ENG/INF/AT/C73P/ATW052101.pdf Beijing 2008: Long Jump F42 results] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929041534/http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRMP/ENG/INF/AT/C73P/ATW052101.pdf |date=September 29, 2008 }}, beijing2008.cn, ret: Sep 8, 2008</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]] l43wsvo1pfmay2bhjec3shwiogl33ad 0 165210 906557 2026-08-23T12:09:05Z Gwanki 3834 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361404933|Ádria Santos]]" 906557 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ádria Rocha Santos''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1974) ɗan tseren Paralympic ne mai ritaya daga [[Brazil]] . An haife ta kusan makanta, ta rasa hangen nesa gaba daya a shekarar 1994. Ta yi gasa a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na T11 a wasannin Paralympics guda shida a jere daga 1988 zuwa 2008 kuma ta lashe akalla lambar yabo daya a kowane lokaci.<ref name="bio2">{{Cite web |title=Ádria Santos |url=http://www.brasil2016.gov.br/pt-br/paraolimpiadas/medalhistas.old/adria-santos |website=brasil2016.gov.br |language=pt-br |quote=Nome: Ádria Rocha Santos}}</ref> Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu ɗaukar fitilar ƙarshe a bikin buɗewar wasannin Paralympics na 2016 . A shekara ta 2003 Santos ta auri Rafael, tsohon mai tsalle-tsalle wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin jagora da kocin ta. Ma'auratan suna da 'yar. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] rg68ayv23ytswj3juvcqm13u5b5snbh 906558 906557 2026-08-23T12:09:22Z Gwanki 3834 906558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ádria Rocha Santos''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1974) ɗan tseren Paralympic ne mai ritaya daga [[Brazil]] . An haife ta kusan makanta, ta rasa hangen nesa gaba daya a shekarar 1994. Ta yi gasa a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na T11 a wasannin Paralympics guda shida a jere daga 1988 zuwa 2008 kuma ta lashe akalla lambar yabo daya a kowane lokaci.<ref name="bio2">{{Cite web |title=Ádria Santos |url=http://www.brasil2016.gov.br/pt-br/paraolimpiadas/medalhistas.old/adria-santos |website=brasil2016.gov.br |language=pt-br |quote=Nome: Ádria Rocha Santos}}</ref> Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu ɗaukar fitilar ƙarshe a bikin buɗewar wasannin Paralympics na 2016 . A shekara ta 2003 Santos ta auri Rafael, tsohon mai tsalle-tsalle wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin jagora da kocin ta. Ma'auratan suna da 'yar. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] jugzoe5dnrv52izc8bycksgehjck9es 906559 906558 2026-08-23T12:09:56Z Gwanki 3834 906559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ádria Rocha Santos''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1974) ɗan tseren Paralympic ne mai ritaya daga [[Brazil]] . An haife ta kusan makanta, ta rasa hangen nesa gaba daya a shekarar 1994. Ta yi gasa a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na T11 a wasannin Paralympics guda shida a jere daga 1988 zuwa 2008 kuma ta lashe akalla lambar yabo daya a kowane lokaci.<ref name="bio2">{{Cite web |title=Ádria Santos |url=http://www.brasil2016.gov.br/pt-br/paraolimpiadas/medalhistas.old/adria-santos |website=brasil2016.gov.br |language=pt-br |quote=Nome: Ádria Rocha Santos}}</ref> Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu ɗaukar fitilar ƙarshe a bikin buɗewar wasannin Paralympics na 2016 . A shekara ta 2003 Santos ta auri Rafael, tsohon mai tsalle-tsalle wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin jagora da kocin ta. Ma'auratan suna da 'yar. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references> <ref name=bio>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/paralympics/2008-09/10/content_7015466.htm |title=Husband, rope help blind runner reach Paralympc podium |website=Chinadaily.com.cn |date=10 September 2008 |access-date=2016-09-18}}</ref> <ref name=bio2>{{cite web |url=http://www.brasil2016.gov.br/pt-br/paraolimpiadas/medalhistas.old/adria-santos |title=Ádria Santos |website=brasil2016.gov.br |language=pt-br |quote=Nome: Ádria Rocha Santos}}</ref> </references> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] 0xkp9x24tiicr9ubr9qlo9pmxu1m6ye 906560 906559 2026-08-23T12:10:13Z Gwanki 3834 /* Bayanan da aka ambata */ 906560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ádria Rocha Santos''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1974) ɗan tseren Paralympic ne mai ritaya daga [[Brazil]] . An haife ta kusan makanta, ta rasa hangen nesa gaba daya a shekarar 1994. Ta yi gasa a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na T11 a wasannin Paralympics guda shida a jere daga 1988 zuwa 2008 kuma ta lashe akalla lambar yabo daya a kowane lokaci.<ref name="bio2">{{Cite web |title=Ádria Santos |url=http://www.brasil2016.gov.br/pt-br/paraolimpiadas/medalhistas.old/adria-santos |website=brasil2016.gov.br |language=pt-br |quote=Nome: Ádria Rocha Santos}}</ref> Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu ɗaukar fitilar ƙarshe a bikin buɗewar wasannin Paralympics na 2016 . A shekara ta 2003 Santos ta auri Rafael, tsohon mai tsalle-tsalle wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin jagora da kocin ta. Ma'auratan suna da 'yar. == Bayanan da aka ambata == </references> <ref name=bio>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/paralympics/2008-09/10/content_7015466.htm |title=Husband, rope help blind runner reach Paralympc podium |website=Chinadaily.com.cn |date=10 September 2008 |access-date=2016-09-18}}</ref> <ref name=bio2>{{cite web |url=http://www.brasil2016.gov.br/pt-br/paraolimpiadas/medalhistas.old/adria-santos |title=Ádria Santos |website=brasil2016.gov.br |language=pt-br |quote=Nome: Ádria Rocha Santos}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] 6iux7arb94q30ejoimtaf0b4wlpv9dw 0 165211 906561 2026-08-23T12:13:07Z Gwanki 3834 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361992862|Simran Sharma]]" 906561 wikitext text/x-wiki Simran Sharma (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1999) ɗan wasan motsa jiki ne na Indiya wanda ba shi da gani.[1] Ta lashe lambar tagulla a gasar 200 m T12.[2] A cikin 100 m T12, ta cancanci farko a cikin zafinta tare da mafi kyawun kakar 12.33 amma ta gama 4th a wasan karshe duk da lokacin 12.31.[3] == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Sharma ta fito ne daga Burari, Delhi . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-07 |title=Meet Simran Sharma: Delhi Girl Who Defied All Odd to Clinch a Paralympic Bronze in Paris |url=https://www.news18.com/sports/meet-simran-sharma-delhi-girl-who-defied-all-odd-to-clinch-a-paralympic-bronze-in-paris-9040146.html |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> An haife ta ne ga Savita Sharma da Manoj Sharma . A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2017, ta auri kocinta Naik Gajendra Singh . An tura shi a kamfanin 227 na New Delhi na Sojojin Sojoji. An haife ta da wuri bayan watanni shida da rabi kuma tana da nakasa ta gani. Ta kasance a cikin incubator na watanni shida. Mahaifinta Manoj Sharma ya goyi bayanta don shiga wasan. Tana horo a filin wasa na SAI JLN, New Delhi . <ref name=":1" /> Tana kammala karatunta a Kwalejin Rukmani Modi Mahila Inter a Modinagar, Ghaziabad . <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-25 |title=A sweet and brave love story that culminated in Simran Sharma becoming 200m para world champion |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/simran-sharma-para-world-champion-200m-t12-9351981/ |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Sharma ta shiga cikin Grand Prix na kasar Sin da World Para Grand Prix a [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]] a shekarar 2021. Ta zama 'yar wasan Indiya ta farko da ta cancanci gasar Paralympics ta Tokyo a 2021, amma ba ta sami wata lambar yabo ba.<ref name=":2" /> An zaba ta don wakiltar tawagar Indiya a wasannin Para na Asiya na 2022 a [[Hangzhou]], [[Sin|China]] inda ta lashe lambobin azurfa biyu a cikin abubuwan T12 na mita 100 da 200 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2023-10-21 |title=India at Asian Para Games 2023: Full list of Indian athletes |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/asian-games/india-at-asian-para-games-2023-complete-list-of-indian-athletes-china-hangzhou-2022-news/article67445414.ece |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chotrani |first=Mahek |title=Tokyo Paralympics: Simran Sharma Becomes First Indian Woman To Qualify For 100M Track Event |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/army-jawans-wife-tokyo-paralympics-simran-sharma-first-indian-woman-to-qualiy-for-100m-track-event/ |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=www.shethepeople.tv |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=#NationalSportsDay: Female Athletes Who Have Put India On The Global Map This Year - Elle India |url=https://elle.in/article/nationalsportsday-female-athletes-who-have-put-india-on-the-global-map-this-year/ |access-date=2024-01-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> A Wasannin Asiya, ta yi sa'o'i 12.68 don 100m a ranar 24 ga Oktoba 2023 da kuma 26.12 seconds don 200m a ranar 26 ga Oktoba 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2024-08-14 |title=India at Paris Paralympics 2024: Complete list of 84 athletes at Paralympic Games |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/olympics/paris-paralympics-2024/news/paris-2024-india-paralympics-contingent-full-list-of-84-indian-athletes-qualified-sports-ministry-paralympic-games-news/article68512627.ece |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024, ta lashe lambar zinare a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a Kobe, Japan.<ref name=":3" /> == Kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+ !Year !Award !Category !Result !Ref(s) |- |2024 |Arjuna Award |Outstanding performance in Sports and Games 2024 |{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-02 |title=National Sports Day 2024: Full list of Khel Ratna, Arjuna award winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/khel-ratna-arjuna-award-dronacharya-manu-bhaker-d-gukesh-full-list-winners-national-sports-day-2658628-2025-01-02 |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-16 |title="When we meet PM Modi, its like we are sitting with our best friend...": Arjuna Awardee para-athlete Simran Sharma |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/when-we-meet-pm-modi-its-like-we-are-sitting-with-our-best-friend-arjuna-awardee-para-athlete-simran-sharma20250116230131/ |website=ANI |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-22 |title=From fighting the society to making it proud: The gritty journey of Arjuna Awardee Paralympian Simran Sharma |url=https://www.oneturf.news/news/from-fighting-the-society-to-making-it-proud-the-gritty-journey-of-arjuna-awardee-paralympian-simran-sharma |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=OneTurf News |language=en}}</ref> |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] e2xjopbir4itv49ctcwpma9xomaezrk 906562 906561 2026-08-23T12:13:30Z Gwanki 3834 906562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Simran Sharma (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1999) ɗan wasan motsa jiki ne na Indiya wanda ba shi da gani.[1] Ta lashe lambar tagulla a gasar 200 m T12.[2] A cikin 100 m T12, ta cancanci farko a cikin zafinta tare da mafi kyawun kakar 12.33 amma ta gama 4th a wasan karshe duk da lokacin 12.31.[3] == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Sharma ta fito ne daga Burari, Delhi . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-07 |title=Meet Simran Sharma: Delhi Girl Who Defied All Odd to Clinch a Paralympic Bronze in Paris |url=https://www.news18.com/sports/meet-simran-sharma-delhi-girl-who-defied-all-odd-to-clinch-a-paralympic-bronze-in-paris-9040146.html |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> An haife ta ne ga Savita Sharma da Manoj Sharma . A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2017, ta auri kocinta Naik Gajendra Singh . An tura shi a kamfanin 227 na New Delhi na Sojojin Sojoji. An haife ta da wuri bayan watanni shida da rabi kuma tana da nakasa ta gani. Ta kasance a cikin incubator na watanni shida. Mahaifinta Manoj Sharma ya goyi bayanta don shiga wasan. Tana horo a filin wasa na SAI JLN, New Delhi . <ref name=":1" /> Tana kammala karatunta a Kwalejin Rukmani Modi Mahila Inter a Modinagar, Ghaziabad . <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-25 |title=A sweet and brave love story that culminated in Simran Sharma becoming 200m para world champion |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/simran-sharma-para-world-champion-200m-t12-9351981/ |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Sharma ta shiga cikin Grand Prix na kasar Sin da World Para Grand Prix a [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]] a shekarar 2021. Ta zama 'yar wasan Indiya ta farko da ta cancanci gasar Paralympics ta Tokyo a 2021, amma ba ta sami wata lambar yabo ba.<ref name=":2" /> An zaba ta don wakiltar tawagar Indiya a wasannin Para na Asiya na 2022 a [[Hangzhou]], [[Sin|China]] inda ta lashe lambobin azurfa biyu a cikin abubuwan T12 na mita 100 da 200 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2023-10-21 |title=India at Asian Para Games 2023: Full list of Indian athletes |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/asian-games/india-at-asian-para-games-2023-complete-list-of-indian-athletes-china-hangzhou-2022-news/article67445414.ece |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chotrani |first=Mahek |title=Tokyo Paralympics: Simran Sharma Becomes First Indian Woman To Qualify For 100M Track Event |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/army-jawans-wife-tokyo-paralympics-simran-sharma-first-indian-woman-to-qualiy-for-100m-track-event/ |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=www.shethepeople.tv |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=#NationalSportsDay: Female Athletes Who Have Put India On The Global Map This Year - Elle India |url=https://elle.in/article/nationalsportsday-female-athletes-who-have-put-india-on-the-global-map-this-year/ |access-date=2024-01-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> A Wasannin Asiya, ta yi sa'o'i 12.68 don 100m a ranar 24 ga Oktoba 2023 da kuma 26.12 seconds don 200m a ranar 26 ga Oktoba 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2024-08-14 |title=India at Paris Paralympics 2024: Complete list of 84 athletes at Paralympic Games |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/olympics/paris-paralympics-2024/news/paris-2024-india-paralympics-contingent-full-list-of-84-indian-athletes-qualified-sports-ministry-paralympic-games-news/article68512627.ece |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024, ta lashe lambar zinare a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a Kobe, Japan.<ref name=":3" /> == Kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+ !Year !Award !Category !Result !Ref(s) |- |2024 |Arjuna Award |Outstanding performance in Sports and Games 2024 |{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-02 |title=National Sports Day 2024: Full list of Khel Ratna, Arjuna award winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/khel-ratna-arjuna-award-dronacharya-manu-bhaker-d-gukesh-full-list-winners-national-sports-day-2658628-2025-01-02 |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-16 |title="When we meet PM Modi, its like we are sitting with our best friend...": Arjuna Awardee para-athlete Simran Sharma |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/when-we-meet-pm-modi-its-like-we-are-sitting-with-our-best-friend-arjuna-awardee-para-athlete-simran-sharma20250116230131/ |website=ANI |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-22 |title=From fighting the society to making it proud: The gritty journey of Arjuna Awardee Paralympian Simran Sharma |url=https://www.oneturf.news/news/from-fighting-the-society-to-making-it-proud-the-gritty-journey-of-arjuna-awardee-paralympian-simran-sharma |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=OneTurf News |language=en}}</ref> |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] hkwqvo6srlw7dz4wgc4uo1aa19g81ap 906563 906562 2026-08-23T12:14:15Z Gwanki 3834 906563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Simran Sharma (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1999) ɗan wasan motsa jiki ne na Indiya wanda ba shi da gani.[1] Ta lashe lambar tagulla a gasar 200 m T12.[2] A cikin 100 m T12, ta cancanci farko a cikin zafinta tare da mafi kyawun kakar 12.33 amma ta gama 4th a wasan karshe duk da lokacin 12.31.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-07 |title=Simran enters final of women's 200m T12 race at Paris Paralympics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/paris-paralympics/simran-enters-final-of-womens-200m-t12-race-at-paris-paralympics/articleshow/113136665.cms |access-date=2024-09-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-07 |title=Meet Simran Sharma: Delhi Girl Who Defied All Odd to Clinch a Paralympic Bronze in Paris |url=https://www.news18.com/sports/meet-simran-sharma-delhi-girl-who-defied-all-odd-to-clinch-a-paralympic-bronze-in-paris-9040146.html |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Sharma ta fito ne daga Burari, Delhi . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-07 |title=Meet Simran Sharma: Delhi Girl Who Defied All Odd to Clinch a Paralympic Bronze in Paris |url=https://www.news18.com/sports/meet-simran-sharma-delhi-girl-who-defied-all-odd-to-clinch-a-paralympic-bronze-in-paris-9040146.html |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> An haife ta ne ga Savita Sharma da Manoj Sharma . A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2017, ta auri kocinta Naik Gajendra Singh . An tura shi a kamfanin 227 na New Delhi na Sojojin Sojoji. An haife ta da wuri bayan watanni shida da rabi kuma tana da nakasa ta gani. Ta kasance a cikin incubator na watanni shida. Mahaifinta Manoj Sharma ya goyi bayanta don shiga wasan. Tana horo a filin wasa na SAI JLN, New Delhi . <ref name=":1" /> Tana kammala karatunta a Kwalejin Rukmani Modi Mahila Inter a Modinagar, Ghaziabad . <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-25 |title=A sweet and brave love story that culminated in Simran Sharma becoming 200m para world champion |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/simran-sharma-para-world-champion-200m-t12-9351981/ |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Sharma ta shiga cikin Grand Prix na kasar Sin da World Para Grand Prix a [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]] a shekarar 2021. Ta zama 'yar wasan Indiya ta farko da ta cancanci gasar Paralympics ta Tokyo a 2021, amma ba ta sami wata lambar yabo ba.<ref name=":2" /> An zaba ta don wakiltar tawagar Indiya a wasannin Para na Asiya na 2022 a [[Hangzhou]], [[Sin|China]] inda ta lashe lambobin azurfa biyu a cikin abubuwan T12 na mita 100 da 200 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2023-10-21 |title=India at Asian Para Games 2023: Full list of Indian athletes |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/asian-games/india-at-asian-para-games-2023-complete-list-of-indian-athletes-china-hangzhou-2022-news/article67445414.ece |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chotrani |first=Mahek |title=Tokyo Paralympics: Simran Sharma Becomes First Indian Woman To Qualify For 100M Track Event |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/army-jawans-wife-tokyo-paralympics-simran-sharma-first-indian-woman-to-qualiy-for-100m-track-event/ |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=www.shethepeople.tv |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=#NationalSportsDay: Female Athletes Who Have Put India On The Global Map This Year - Elle India |url=https://elle.in/article/nationalsportsday-female-athletes-who-have-put-india-on-the-global-map-this-year/ |access-date=2024-01-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> A Wasannin Asiya, ta yi sa'o'i 12.68 don 100m a ranar 24 ga Oktoba 2023 da kuma 26.12 seconds don 200m a ranar 26 ga Oktoba 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2024-08-14 |title=India at Paris Paralympics 2024: Complete list of 84 athletes at Paralympic Games |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/olympics/paris-paralympics-2024/news/paris-2024-india-paralympics-contingent-full-list-of-84-indian-athletes-qualified-sports-ministry-paralympic-games-news/article68512627.ece |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024, ta lashe lambar zinare a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a Kobe, Japan.<ref name=":3" /> == Kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+ !Year !Award !Category !Result !Ref(s) |- |2024 |Arjuna Award |Outstanding performance in Sports and Games 2024 |{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-02 |title=National Sports Day 2024: Full list of Khel Ratna, Arjuna award winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/khel-ratna-arjuna-award-dronacharya-manu-bhaker-d-gukesh-full-list-winners-national-sports-day-2658628-2025-01-02 |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-16 |title="When we meet PM Modi, its like we are sitting with our best friend...": Arjuna Awardee para-athlete Simran Sharma |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/when-we-meet-pm-modi-its-like-we-are-sitting-with-our-best-friend-arjuna-awardee-para-athlete-simran-sharma20250116230131/ |website=ANI |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-22 |title=From fighting the society to making it proud: The gritty journey of Arjuna Awardee Paralympian Simran Sharma |url=https://www.oneturf.news/news/from-fighting-the-society-to-making-it-proud-the-gritty-journey-of-arjuna-awardee-paralympian-simran-sharma |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=OneTurf News |language=en}}</ref> |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] fmm1sxzhc0blokbf7kxz9pxeb6r38o1 906564 906563 2026-08-23T12:16:14Z Gwanki 3834 906564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Simran Sharma (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1999) ɗan wasan motsa jiki ne na Indiya wanda ba shi da gani.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-10-29 |title=With two medals at Para Asiads, Simran sees a silver lining |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/with-two-medals-at-para-asiads-simran-sees-a-silver-lining/articleshow/104792463.cms |access-date=2024-01-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Ta lashe lambar tagulla a gasar 200 m T12.[2] A cikin 100 m T12, ta cancanci farko a cikin zafinta tare da mafi kyawun kakar 12.33 amma ta gama 4th a wasan karshe duk da lokacin 12.31.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-07 |title=Simran enters final of women's 200m T12 race at Paris Paralympics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/paris-paralympics/simran-enters-final-of-womens-200m-t12-race-at-paris-paralympics/articleshow/113136665.cms |access-date=2024-09-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-07 |title=Meet Simran Sharma: Delhi Girl Who Defied All Odd to Clinch a Paralympic Bronze in Paris |url=https://www.news18.com/sports/meet-simran-sharma-delhi-girl-who-defied-all-odd-to-clinch-a-paralympic-bronze-in-paris-9040146.html |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Sharma ta fito ne daga Burari, Delhi . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-07 |title=Meet Simran Sharma: Delhi Girl Who Defied All Odd to Clinch a Paralympic Bronze in Paris |url=https://www.news18.com/sports/meet-simran-sharma-delhi-girl-who-defied-all-odd-to-clinch-a-paralympic-bronze-in-paris-9040146.html |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> An haife ta ne ga Savita Sharma da Manoj Sharma . A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2017, ta auri kocinta Naik Gajendra Singh . An tura shi a kamfanin 227 na New Delhi na Sojojin Sojoji. An haife ta da wuri bayan watanni shida da rabi kuma tana da nakasa ta gani. Ta kasance a cikin incubator na watanni shida. Mahaifinta Manoj Sharma ya goyi bayanta don shiga wasan. Tana horo a filin wasa na SAI JLN, New Delhi . <ref name=":1" /> Tana kammala karatunta a Kwalejin Rukmani Modi Mahila Inter a Modinagar, Ghaziabad . <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-25 |title=A sweet and brave love story that culminated in Simran Sharma becoming 200m para world champion |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/simran-sharma-para-world-champion-200m-t12-9351981/ |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Sharma ta shiga cikin Grand Prix na kasar Sin da World Para Grand Prix a [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]] a shekarar 2021. Ta zama 'yar wasan Indiya ta farko da ta cancanci gasar Paralympics ta Tokyo a 2021, amma ba ta sami wata lambar yabo ba.<ref name=":2" /> An zaba ta don wakiltar tawagar Indiya a wasannin Para na Asiya na 2022 a [[Hangzhou]], [[Sin|China]] inda ta lashe lambobin azurfa biyu a cikin abubuwan T12 na mita 100 da 200 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2023-10-21 |title=India at Asian Para Games 2023: Full list of Indian athletes |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/asian-games/india-at-asian-para-games-2023-complete-list-of-indian-athletes-china-hangzhou-2022-news/article67445414.ece |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chotrani |first=Mahek |title=Tokyo Paralympics: Simran Sharma Becomes First Indian Woman To Qualify For 100M Track Event |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/army-jawans-wife-tokyo-paralympics-simran-sharma-first-indian-woman-to-qualiy-for-100m-track-event/ |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=www.shethepeople.tv |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=#NationalSportsDay: Female Athletes Who Have Put India On The Global Map This Year - Elle India |url=https://elle.in/article/nationalsportsday-female-athletes-who-have-put-india-on-the-global-map-this-year/ |access-date=2024-01-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> A Wasannin Asiya, ta yi sa'o'i 12.68 don 100m a ranar 24 ga Oktoba 2023 da kuma 26.12 seconds don 200m a ranar 26 ga Oktoba 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2024-08-14 |title=India at Paris Paralympics 2024: Complete list of 84 athletes at Paralympic Games |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/olympics/paris-paralympics-2024/news/paris-2024-india-paralympics-contingent-full-list-of-84-indian-athletes-qualified-sports-ministry-paralympic-games-news/article68512627.ece |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024, ta lashe lambar zinare a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a Kobe, Japan.<ref name=":3" /> == Kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+ !Year !Award !Category !Result !Ref(s) |- |2024 |Arjuna Award |Outstanding performance in Sports and Games 2024 |{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-02 |title=National Sports Day 2024: Full list of Khel Ratna, Arjuna award winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/khel-ratna-arjuna-award-dronacharya-manu-bhaker-d-gukesh-full-list-winners-national-sports-day-2658628-2025-01-02 |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-16 |title="When we meet PM Modi, its like we are sitting with our best friend...": Arjuna Awardee para-athlete Simran Sharma |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/when-we-meet-pm-modi-its-like-we-are-sitting-with-our-best-friend-arjuna-awardee-para-athlete-simran-sharma20250116230131/ |website=ANI |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-22 |title=From fighting the society to making it proud: The gritty journey of Arjuna Awardee Paralympian Simran Sharma |url=https://www.oneturf.news/news/from-fighting-the-society-to-making-it-proud-the-gritty-journey-of-arjuna-awardee-paralympian-simran-sharma |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=OneTurf News |language=en}}</ref> |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] qyajebtkr2px1hmknmalfv24fe4g31s 0 165212 906569 2026-08-23T12:36:16Z Muhibba Waziri 40514 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350759985|Natalia Petkevich]]" 906569 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Natalia Vladimirovna Petkevich''' ( Belarusian Наталля Пяткевіч ; Russian ; an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Oktoba 1972) ɗan siyasa ne [[Belarus|na Belarus]] wanda ya taɓa yin aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Gudanarwa na Farko na Shugaban Belarus . Tun daga ranar 27 ga Yuni, 2024, ta sake nada matsayinta na Mataimakiyar Shugabar Farko ta Gwamnatin Shugaban Belarus. An haifi Natalia Petkevich a [[Miniska|Minsk]] . A shekarar 1994, ta kammala karatunta daga Faculty of Law na Jami'ar Jihar Belarus . A shekarar 1998, ta sami digirin digirgir na kimiyyar shari'a . Ta shiga gwamnatin Shugaban ƙasar Belarus, ta zama Shugabar Natalia Petkevich was born in [[Miniska|Minsk]]. In 1994, she graduated from the Faculty of Law of the Belarusian State University. In 1998, she earned the degree of Doctor of Juridical Science. Joining the Administration of the President of Belarus, she came to serve as Chief for the Administration of State and International Law of the Administration of the President of Belarus. In 2001, she was appointed Press Secretary of the President of Belarus. Then, in 2004, she was appointed Deputy Head of the Administration of the President of Belarus. Natalia Petkevich has been called the "Iron Lady" of Belarus, and has been considered a potential successor to [[Alexander Lukashenko|President Alexander Lukashenko]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2006 |title=The Successor of Lukashenko could be the "Iron Lady" of Belarus - Natalia Petkevich |url=http://www.newsru.com/world/09jun2006/newluka.html |access-date=24 July 2010 |publisher=newsru.com}}</ref> In 2009, she was appointed First Deputy Head of the Administration of the President of Belarus. She held this position until 2010. Until 2014 she was Lukashenko’s assistant. On June 27, 2024, Petkevich again became First Deputy Head of the Administration.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 27, 2024 |title=Крутой назначен главой Администрации президента |url=https://reform.news/krutoj-naznachen-glavoj-administracii-prezidenta |website={{ill|Reform.by|be}} |language=ru}}</ref> On 22 May 2025 she was appointed Deputy Prime Minister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2025 |title=Правительство, Администрация Президента, НАН, местная вертикаль и министерства. Подробности громких назначений у Лукашенко |trans-title=The Government, Presidential Administration, NAS, local authorities, and ministries. Details of Lukashenko's high-profile appointments |url=https://belta.by/president/view/pravitelstvo-administratsija-prezidenta-nan-mestnaja-vertikal-i-ministerstva-podrobnosti-gromkih-716442-2025/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613221132/https://belta.by/president/view/pravitelstvo-administratsija-prezidenta-nan-mestnaja-vertikal-i-ministerstva-podrobnosti-gromkih-716442-2025/ |archive-date=13 June 2025 |access-date=13 July 2025 |publisher=[[BelTA]]}}</ref> Mulki da Dokokin Ƙasa da Ƙasashen Duniya na Gudanar da Shugaban ƙasar Belarus. A shekara ta 2001, an naɗa ta Sakataren Yaɗa Labarai na Shugaban ƙasar Belarus. Sai kuma a shekarar 2004, aka naɗa ta Mataimakiyar Shugabar Gudanarwa ta Shugaban ƙasar Belarus. An kira Natalia Petkevich "Mace Mai Ƙarfi" ta Belarus, kuma an ɗauke ta a matsayin wacce za ta iya maye gurbin [[Alexander Lukashenko|Shugaba Alexander Lukashenko]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2006 |title=The Successor of Lukashenko could be the "Iron Lady" of Belarus - Natalia Petkevich |url=http://www.newsru.com/world/09jun2006/newluka.html |access-date=24 July 2010 |publisher=newsru.com}}</ref> A shekarar 2009, an naɗa ta Mataimakiyar Shugabar Mulki ta Farko ta Shugaban ƙasar Belarus. Ta riƙe wannan muƙamin har zuwa shekarar 2010. Har zuwa shekarar 2014 ita ce mataimakiyar Lukashenko. A ranar 27 ga Yuni, 2024, Petkevich ya sake zama Mataimakin Shugaban Gudanarwa na Farko. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 27, 2024 |title=Крутой назначен главой Администрации президента |url=https://reform.news/krutoj-naznachen-glavoj-administracii-prezidenta |website={{ill|Reform.by|be}} |language=ru}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Mayu 2025 aka naɗa ta Mataimakiyar Firayim Minista. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2025 |title=Правительство, Администрация Президента, НАН, местная вертикаль и министерства. Подробности громких назначений у Лукашенко |trans-title=The Government, Presidential Administration, NAS, local authorities, and ministries. Details of Lukashenko's high-profile appointments |url=https://belta.by/president/view/pravitelstvo-administratsija-prezidenta-nan-mestnaja-vertikal-i-ministerstva-podrobnosti-gromkih-716442-2025/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613221132/https://belta.by/president/view/pravitelstvo-administratsija-prezidenta-nan-mestnaja-vertikal-i-ministerstva-podrobnosti-gromkih-716442-2025/ |archive-date=13 June 2025 |access-date=13 July 2025 |publisher=[[BelTA]]}}</ref> == Sanctions == A ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 2006, bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2006 a Belarus, an sanya ta cikin jerin mambobi sama da 40 na gwamnatin On 10 April 2006, following the 2006 presidential election in Belarus, she was placed on a list of over 40 members of the Belarusian government banned from entering the European Union and the United States for allegedly participating in the manipulation of the results of the presidential election;<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2006 |title=The Successor of Lukashenko could be the "Iron Lady" of Belarus - Natalia Petkevich |url=http://www.newsru.com/world/09jun2006/newluka.html |access-date=24 July 2010 |publisher=newsru.com}}</ref> the ban was temporarily lifted in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2008 |title=EU lifts Belarus travel ban |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2008/10/20081013115328935452.html |access-date=25 July 2010 |publisher=Aljazeera}}</ref> da aka hana shiga Tarayyar Turai da Amurka saboda zarginsu da hannu a cikin magudin sakamakon zaɓen shugaban ƙasa; <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2006 |title=The Successor of Lukashenko could be the "Iron Lady" of Belarus - Natalia Petkevich |url=http://www.newsru.com/world/09jun2006/newluka.html |access-date=24 July 2010 |publisher=newsru.com}}</ref> an ɗage dokar na ɗan lokaci a 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2008 |title=EU lifts Belarus travel ban |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2008/10/20081013115328935452.html |access-date=25 July 2010 |publisher=Aljazeera}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2025, [[Tarayyar Turai]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Council of the European Union |author-link=Council of the European Union |date=29 October 2013 |title=eur-lex.europa.eu |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32013R1054 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912110712/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32013R1054 |archive-date=12 September 2024 |access-date=13 July 2025 |publisher=Official Journal of the European Union}}</ref> da Amurka As of 2025, Natalia Petkevich is sanctioned by the [[Tarayyar Turai|European Union]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Council of the European Union |author-link=Council of the European Union |date=29 October 2013 |title=eur-lex.europa.eu |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32013R1054 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912110712/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32013R1054 |archive-date=12 September 2024 |access-date=13 July 2025 |publisher=Official Journal of the European Union}}</ref> and the USA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanctions List Search |url=https://sanctionssearch.ofac.treas.gov/Details.aspx?id=9771 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228010646/https://sanctionssearch.ofac.treas.gov/Details.aspx?id=9771 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=13 July 2025 |website=sanctionssearch.ofac.treas.gov}}</ref> amince da Natalia Petkevich. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanctions List Search |url=https://sanctionssearch.ofac.treas.gov/Details.aspx?id=9771 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228010646/https://sanctionssearch.ofac.treas.gov/Details.aspx?id=9771 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=13 July 2025 |website=sanctionssearch.ofac.treas.gov}}</ref> == Rayuwa tPersonal lifea sirri == A shekarar 200In 2009, she married Alexander Martinenko, Deputy Chairman of the National State Television and Radio Company of the Republic of Belarus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007–2009 |title=Who is who in Belarus |url=http://who.bdg.by/obj.php?kod=381 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307222708/http://who.bdg.by/obj.php?kod=381 |archive-date=7 March 2010 |access-date=24 July 2010 |website=[[Belorusskaya Delovaya Gazeta]] |publisher=Марат}}</ref>9, ta auri Alexander Martinenko, Mataimakin Shugaban Kamfanin Talabijin da Rediyo na Ƙasa na Jamhuriyar Belarus . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007–2009 |title=Who is who in Belarus |url=http://who.bdg.by/obj.php?kod=381 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307222708/http://who.bdg.by/obj.php?kod=381 |archive-date=7 March 2010 |access-date=24 July 2010 |website=[[Belorusskaya Delovaya Gazeta]] |publisher=Марат}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]] ckwknirlifl326f8qkty6s88mhscynm 0 165213 906579 2026-08-23T13:42:45Z Gwanki 3834 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370221988|2026 FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup]]" 906579 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcalendar" |+ class="infobox-title summary" id="6" |2026 FIBA Kwallon Kwando na Duniya ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%" |<span title="German-language text">''Kwallon kwando-Weltmeisterschaft der Frauen 2026''</span> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:FIBA_Women's_Basketball_World_Cup_Germany'26_logo.svg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">''#WeOwnTheGame!''</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Bayani game da gasar |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar da ta karbi bakuncin | class="infobox-data" |Jamus |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Birni | class="infobox-data location" |Berlin |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ranar da aka yi | class="infobox-data" |4-13 Satumba |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ƙungiyoyin | class="infobox-data" |16 (daga ƙungiyoyi 4) &nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Wuraren da ake ciki | class="infobox-data" |2 (a cikin birni mai karɓar bakuncin 1) &nbsp; |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="border-top:#bbbbbb solid 1px" |<div style="float: left;">&#x2190; [[2022 FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup|2022]]</div><div style="float: right;">[[2030 FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup|2030]] &#x2192;</div> |} Kofin Duniya na Kwallon [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] na Mata na FIBA na 2026 zai kasance karo na 20 na Kofin Duniya ya Kwallon Kwallon Kwango na Mata na FIFA, gasar zakarun duniya ta shekaru huɗu ga kungiyoyin kwando na mata, wanda FIBA ta ba da izini. Za a shirya gasar a [[Berlin]], Jamus, daga 4 zuwa 13 Satumba 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2023 |title=FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup 2026: Deutschland erhält Zuschlag! |url=https://www.basketball-bund.de/fiba-womens-basketball-world-cup-2026-deutschland-erhaelt-zuschlag/ |access-date=28 April 2023 |publisher=German Basketball Federation}}</ref> Wannan shi ne karo na biyu da Jamus ta dauki bakuncin bayan da ta shirya taron a shekarar 1998, bayan an ba ta damar karbar bakuncin a cikin bazara na 2023. Kungiyoyi goma sha shida za su shiga gasar, hudu fiye da na baya amma sun dawo zuwa wannan adadin kamar yadda ya kasance tsakanin 1990 da 2018. Jamusawa sun cancanci zama masu masauki ta atomatik. Za a yanke shawarar masu cancanta ta hanyar haɗuwa da zakarun nahiyar da ƙungiyoyi da ke ci gaba daga gasa ta cancanta. Hungary da Italiya sun dawo bayan dogon lokaci. Amurka ita ce ta lashe gasar zakarun sau hudu, kwanan nan ta doke China 83-61 a wasan karshe na 2022 a [[Sydney]]. == Zaɓin mai masaukin baki == Kasashe masu zuwa sun nuna sha'awar karbar bakuncin: * ([[San Luis, Argentina|San Luis]]) - A lokacin gasar zakarun kwallon kwando ta Kudancin Amurka ta 2022, [[Horacio Muratore]], shugaban [[Argentine Basketball Confederation|Kungiyar Kwallon Kwando ta Argentina]], ya bayyana cewa tarayyar tana aiki tukuru don lashe haƙƙin karɓar bakuncin, tare da San Luis a matsayin birni mai karɓar bakumi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2022 |title=ARGENTINA BUSCARÁ SER SEDE DEL MUNDIAL FEMENINO 2026 |url=https://canchalatina.com/2022/08/03/argentina-buscara-ser-sede-del-mundial-femenino-2026/ |website=Cancha Latina}}</ref> Wannan zai kasance karo na farko da Argentina ta karbi bakuncin.  * ([[Rio de Janeiro]]) - Bayan Rio de Janeiro ta gudanar da bincike, sun bayyana cewa suna son gasar cin kofin kwallon kwando ta mata. Wannan zai kasance karo na huɗu da Brazil ta karbi bakuncin bayan [[1971 FIBA World Championship for Women|1971]], [[1983 FIBA World Championship for Women|1983]] da [[2006 FIBA World Championship for Women|2006]].{{BRA}} * [[:de:Ingo Weiss|daga]]&#x5D;-ve-ignore="" href="./Germany" id="mwOQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Germany">Jamus ([[Berlin]]) - Bayan karbar bakuncin EuroBasket 2022, shugaban kungiyar kwallon kwando ta Jamus, {{Interlanguage link|Ingo Weiss|de}} [de] ya bayyana cewa zai so ya yi la'akari da karbar bakasar cin kofin duniya na mata na 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2022 |title=FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup 2026 – Der DBB ist an einer Bewerbung als Ausrichter interessiert |url=https://www.bblprofis.de/index.php/2022/09/22/fiba-womens-basketball-world-cup-2026-der-dbb-ist-an-einer-bewerbung-als-ausrichter-interessiert/ |website=bblprofis.de}}</ref> Wannan zai zama shiryawa na biyu bayan [[1998 FIBA World Championship for Women|1998]].  A lokacin taron kwamitin tsakiya a [[Manila]], Philippines, a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2023, FIBA ta sanar da cewa Jamus za ta dauki bakuncin gasar cin kofin duniya mai zuwa a 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2023 |title=Germany to host the FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup 2026 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/news/germany-to-host-fiba-womens-basketball-world-cup-2026 |access-date=28 April 2023 |publisher=FIBA}}</ref> Zai zama gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta biyu da za a gudanar a Jamus bayan Gasar 1998. == Kungiyoyin da suka cancanta == [[Fayil:2026_FIBA_Women's_Basketball_World_Cup_qualified_teams_map.svg|right|thumb|445x445px| Team ta shiga gasar cancanta amma ta kasa samun cancanta Team ta kasa samun damar Team da aka dakatar ba  <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />]] === Faɗakarwa === A ranar 25 ga Maris 2022, biyo bayan sake dubawa game da tsarin kwallon kwando na mata na FIBA na yanzu, FIBA ta fadada gasar cin kofin duniya zuwa kungiyoyi 16 bayan ta rage kungiyoyi zuwa kungiyoyi 12 a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIBA Central Board approves expansion of Women's World Cup 2026 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/news/fiba-central-board-approves-expansion-of-womens-world-cup-2026 |website=FIBA.basketball}}</ref> fadada ya kawo adadin kungiyoyin da suka cancanci komawa daidai da na gasar cin kofin duniya tsakanin 1990 da 2018. === cancanta === Jamus a matsayin masu karɓar bakuncin ta atomatik sun cancanci gasar a watan Afrilu na 2023. Kowane wanda ya lashe gasar zakarun nahiyar zai cancanci. Duk sauran kungiyoyi suna taka leda a gasar cin kofin bayan sun gama a matsayin manyan kungiyoyi a lokacin gasar ta yankin. Kungiyoyi 24 ne suka taka leda a cikin waɗannan gasa na cancanta don sauran wurare goma sha ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2025 |title=Qualification Tracker: Who has punched their ticket to the Women's World Cup 2026? |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-womens-eurobasket-2025/news/qualification-tracker-who-has-punched-their-ticket-to-the-womens-world-cup |access-date=19 June 2025 |publisher=fiba.basketball}}</ref> === Kungiyoyin da suka cancanta === [[Fayil:Australia_vs_Hungary_2026_FIBA_WBWC_qualification_20260314_(5).jpg|thumb|230x230px|2026 FIBA Kwallon Kwando na Duniya Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya da aka buga a China, Faransa, Puerto Rico da Türkiye]] Daga cikin kungiyoyi goma sha shida da suka cancanci, tara sun shiga cikin fitowar da ta gabata. A karo na farko tun 1990, babu wata kungiya da za ta fara fitowa a wannan fitowar. Daga cikin masu dawowa bakwai, Italiya da Hungary sun zo ne bayan dogon lokaci bayan bayyanar karshe a 1994 da 1998 bi da bi. Masu karɓar bakuncin Jamus sun dawo bayan bayyanarsu kawai ita ce karɓar bakami a shekarar 1998. Jamhuriyar Czech ta bayyana bayan ta ɓace a cikin bugu biyu da suka gabata. Spain da Turkiyya sun ci gaba a wannan lokacin bayan sun kasa ci gaba a 2022, yayin da Najeriya za ta shiga bayan janyewa a 2022. Daga cikin wadanda ba su halarta ba, wanda ya fi shahara shi ne 2022 na matsayi na huɗu na Kanada, wanda ya kasa samun cancanta a karo na farko tun 2002 bayan ya ɓace a kan hanyar uku a gasar cancanta. Masu farawa na 2022, Bosnia da Herzegovina, tare da Serbia, ba su iya cancanta ba bayan bayyanarsu a cikin 2022. Bayan Gasar cancanta, ƙungiyar yankin ta rabu kamar haka: takwas daga Turai, huɗu daga Asiya da Oceania da biyu daga Afirka da Amurka. Kungiyoyin Turai guda takwas sun karya rikodin su na mafi yawan kungiyoyin Turai a gasar cin kofin duniya guda daya (wanda aka gudanar a baya a shekara ta 1957 tare da bakwai); yayin da a gefe guda, wakilan Amurka biyu (Puerto Rico da Amurka) sun nuna mafi ƙarancin ƙungiyoyi a gasar cin Kofin Duniya daga yankin tun 1967 (wanda ƙungiyoyi 11 ne kawai suka fafata). [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kwando ta Matan Kasar Mali|Mali]] ta cancanci fitowa ta biyu a jere a karo na farko, yayin da Belgium da Puerto Rico suka ci gaba da samun cancanta tun lokacin da suka fara a shekarar 2018. Koriya ta Kudu da Amurka sun ci gaba da samun cancanta mafi tsawo tare da 18 da 17 bi da bi. Kungiyar da ta fi dacewa da ba ta cancanta ba ita ce Kanada, ta kasance ta 7, yayin da ƙungiyar da ta fi ƙasa da ta cancanta ita ce Hungary, ta kasance a matsayi na 19. {| class="wikitable" !cancanta !Mai karɓar bakuncin !Ranar da aka yi !Rashin da aka samu !Ya cancanta |- | align="center" |Kasar da ta karbi bakuncin |N/A | align="center" |28 ga Afrilu 2023 | align="center" |1 | Jamus |- | align="center" |Wanda ya lashe gasar EuroBasket ta Mata ta 2025Mata na EuroBasket 2025 | align="left" |[[Brno]] / [[Hamburg]] [[Piraeus]] / [[Bologna]]{{Flagicon|CZE}}{{Flagicon|GER}}<br />{{Flagicon|GRE}}{{Flagicon|ITA}} | align="center" |18-29 Yuni 2025 | align="center" |1 | Belgium |- | align="center" |Wanda ya lashe gasar cin kofin mata ta 20252025 Kofin Mata na Amurka | align="left" |[[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]]{{Flagicon|CHI}} | align="center" |28 Yuni - 6 Yuli 2025 | align="center" |1 | Amurka |- | align="center" |Wanda ya lashe gasar cin Kofin Asiya na Mata na 2025 | align="left" |[[Shenzhen]]{{Flagicon|CHN}} | align="center" |13-20 Yuli 2025 | align="center" |1 | Ostiraliya |- | align="center" |Wanda ya lashe gasar Afrobasket ta mata ta 20252025 Afrobasket na Mata | align="left" |[[Abidjan]]{{Flagicon|CIV}} | align="center" |26 ga Yuli - 3 ga Agusta 2025 | align="center" |1 | Najeriya |- | rowspan="4" align="center" |Wasanni na cancanta | align="left" |[[Wuhan]]{{Flagicon|CHN}} | rowspan="4" align="center" |11-17 Maris 2026 | align="center" |3 | China<br /> Mali<br /> Jamhuriyar Czech |- | align="left" |[[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]]{{Flagicon|PUR}} | align="center" |3 | Italiya<br /> Spain<br /> Puerto Rico |- | align="left" |[[Istanbul]]{{Flagicon|TUR}} | align="center" |3 | Hungary<br /> Turkiyya<br /> Japan |- | align="left" |[[Lyon]]{{Flagicon|FRA}} | align="center" |2 | Faransa<br /> Koriya ta Kudu |} === Takaitaccen Bayani na Ƙungiyoyin da suka cancanta ===   == Wuraren da ake ciki == Za a buga gasar a [[Berlin]] a wurare biyu. * Babban wurin shine Filin wasa na Berlin . Wannan filin wasa zai dauki bakuncin kungiyoyi biyu da kuma dukkan matakin knockout. Wurin ya karbi bakuncin gasar zakarun Turai ta maza ta 2024 da kuma matakan karshe na EuroBasket 2022. Shi ne wuri na farko da ya dauki bakuncin gasar cin kofin EuroLeague guda uku. Har ila yau, wurin ya gudanar da manyan abubuwan da ba na wasanni ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2026 FIBA Damen Basketball WM live at Uber Arena |url=https://www.uber-arena.de/en/events/detail/fiba-2026/ |access-date=3 January 2026 |website=Uber Arena}}</ref> * Filin wasa na biyu a cikin Max-Schmeling-Halle . Zai dauki bakuncin kungiyoyi biyu a zagaye na farko. Wurin da ya karbi bakuncin Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2007, tare da wasan karshe na Gasar Cin kofin Turai ta Mata ta 2013, Gasar Ciniki ta Duniya ta IHF ta U21, tare da wasan kwaikwayo na CEV a 2015 da 2019. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto;" ![[Berlin]] | rowspan="5" style="background:#ececec;color:#2C2C2C;vertical-align:middle;text-align: center;" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Location map many|Germany|width=245|float=right|caption=|label='''[[Berlin]]'''|pos=left|marksize=8|lat_deg=52.52|lon_deg=13.405}} ![[Berlin]] |- |Filin wasa na Berlin |Max-Schmeling-Halle |- |Capacity: '''14,000''' |Capacity: '''9,000''' |- |[[Fayil:Uber_Arena_Berlin_2024.jpg|270x270px]] |[[Fayil:Außenansicht_vom_Falkplatz_aus.jpg|270x270px]] |} == Shirye-shiryen == * Majalisar dattijai (gwamnatin birni) a Berlin ta yanke shawarar ware Yuro miliyan 6 ga taron.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2024 |title=Sportmetropole Berlin unterstützt die Ausrichtung des FIBA Women’s Basketball World Cups 2026 |url=https://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/aktuelles/pressemitteilungen/2024/pressemitteilung.1426591.php |website=berlin.de}}</ref> * A ranar 13 ga Maris 2026, a karo na biyu a jere, an nada masanin wasan kwando na Mutanen Espanya Pau Gasol a matsayin jakadan duniya na gasar. === Tallace-tallace === ==== Alama ==== An bayyana tambarin ne a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta 2024. A cewar FIBA, tambarin ya kamata ya nuna "yanayin Berlin a matsayin birni mai haɗin kai wanda ke son yin biki da yin bikin". ==== Mascot ==== An bayyana mascot din, "Bearlina", a lokacin HipHop Ball a Red Town Hall a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba 2025. [[Dabbar beya|bear]] beyar ce (wanda aka nuna a kan makamai na Berlin), wanda ƙirar ta wakilci salon rayuwar birni mai karɓar bakuncin, gami da abubuwa na punk, hip hop, zane-zane, da ƙirar kwando da aka yi amfani da ita don gasa ta FIBA. == Zane-zane == [[Fayil:KraftwerkBerlin.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|[[Berlin]]" id="mwAZc" rel="mw:WikiLink/Interwiki" title="de:Kraftwerk Berlin">Kraftwerk a Berlin sun dauki bakuncin zane.]] An yi zane a ranar 21 ga Afrilu 2026 da karfe 18:00 CET a [[Berlin]]" id="mwAZs" rel="mw:WikiLink/Interwiki" title="de:Kraftwerk Berlin">Kraftwerk a Berlin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2025 |title=Stage set for a celebration of basketball in Berlin on April 21 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/news/stage-set-for-a-celebration-of-basketball-in-berlin-on-april-21 |access-date=18 December 2025 |publisher=fiba.basketball}}</ref> 'Yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka, [[:de:Matthias Killing|daga]]&#x5D;<nowiki>-linkid="594" data-mw-i18n='{"title":{"lang":"x-page","key":"red-link-title","params":["Brittney Elena"]}}' href="./Brittney_Elena" id="mwAak" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Brittney Elena" typeof="mw:LocalizedAttrs">Brittney Elena, da mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen Jamus, </nowiki>{{Interlanguage link|Matthias Killing|de}} [de] ne suka shirya wasan. Mashahurin wasan kwando na Australiya, Lauren Jackson, ɗan wasan ƙwallon hannu na Jamus, Stefan Kretzschmar da mai rawa [[Jilou]] sune baƙi kuma sun taimaka tare da zana. Rarraba ta fara ne tare da, a cikin tsari, tukwane 1, 2, 3 da 4 ana zana su, tare da kowace ƙungiya da aka zaɓa sannan aka rarraba su cikin rukuni na farko da ke akwai a cikin haruffa. Za a zana matsayi ga ƙungiyar a cikin rukuni (don manufar jadawalin). Kafin zane, an riga an zana masu karɓar bakuncin Jamus a cikin rukuni na A. Game da ƙuntatawa, an ba da izinin matsakaicin ƙungiyoyi biyu daga Turai a kowane rukuni, yayin da matsakaicin ƙungiyar ɗaya daga Afirka, Amurka da Asiya / Oceania za a zana a kowane rukuna. === Shuka shuka === An bayyana shuka a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2026 |title=FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup 2026 Draw principles set |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/news/fiba-womens-basketball-world-cup-2026-draw-principles-set |access-date=16 April 2026 |publisher=fiba.basketball}}</ref> Shuka ya dogara ne akan Ranking na Duniya na Mata na FIBA a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2026. {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap; display:inline-table; float:left;" |+Ruwa 1 ! style="width:150px" |Kungiyar !{{Tooltip|Pos|Position on the FIBA World Rankings as of 1 April 2026}} |- | ''' (H) '''   | align="center" |11 |- | Amurka | align="center" |1 |- | Faransa | align="center" |2 |- | Ostiraliya | align="center" |3 |} {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap; display:inline-table; float:left;" |+Ruwa na 2 ! style="width:150px" |Kungiyar !{{Tooltip|Pos|Position on the FIBA World Rankings as of 1 April 2026}} |- | China | align="center" |4 |- | Belgium | align="center" |5 |- | Spain | align="center" |6 |- | Najeriya | align="center" |8 |} {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap; display:inline-table; float:left;" |+Ruwa na 3 ! style="width:150px" |Kungiyar !{{Tooltip|Pos|Position on the FIBA World Rankings as of 1 April 2026}} |- | Japan | align="center" |10 |- | Puerto Rico | align="center" |13 |- | Italiya | align="center" |14 |- | Koriya ta Kudu | align="center" |15 |} {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap; display:inline-table; float:left;" |+Ramin na 4 ! style="width:150px" |Kungiyar !{{Tooltip|Pos|Position on the FIBA World Rankings as of 1 April 2026}} |- | Turkiyya | align="center" |16 |- | Jamhuriyar Czech | align="center" |17 |- | Mali | align="center" |18 |- | Hungary | align="center" |19 |} === Sakamakon zane === {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap; display:inline-table; float:left;" |+Rukunin A !{{Tooltip|Pos|Position}} ! width="150" |Kungiyar |- | align="center" |A1 | Japan |- | align="center" |A2 | Spain |- | align="center" |A3 | ''' (H) '''   |- | align="center" |A4 | Mali |} {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap; display:inline-table; float:left;" |+Rukunin B !{{Tooltip|Pos|Position}} ! width="150" |Kungiyar |- | align="center" |B1 | Hungary |- | align="center" |B2 | Koriya ta Kudu |- | align="center" |B3 | Najeriya |- | align="center" |B4 | Faransa |} {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap; display:inline-table; float:left;" |+Rukunin C !{{Tooltip|Pos|Position}} ! width="150" |Kungiyar |- | align="center" |C1 | Belgium |- | align="center" |C2 | Ostiraliya |- | align="center" |C3 | Puerto Rico |- | align="center" |C4 | Turkiyya |} {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap; display:inline-table; float:left;" |+Rukunin D !{{Tooltip|Pos|Position}} ! width="150" |Kungiyar |- | align="center" |D1 | Amurka |- | align="center" |D2 | Jamhuriyar Czech |- | align="center" |D3 | Italiya |- | align="center" |D4 | China |} === Shirin === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! colspan="3" |Shirin |- !Zagaye !Gameday !Ranar |- | rowspan="3" |Zagaye na farko |Gameday 1 |4 ga Satumba 2026 |- |Gameday 2 |5-6 Satumba 2026 |- |Gameday 3 |7 ga Satumba 2026 |- style="border-top:3px solid black" | rowspan="4" |Zagaye na karshe |Samun cancanta zuwa kashi huɗu na karshe |8-9 Satumba 2026 |- |Kashi na huɗu na karshe |10 Satumba 2026 |- |Sashe na karshe |12 Satumba 2026 |- |Matsayi na uku na karshe<br /> |13 Satumba 2026 |} == Alƙalan wasa == An sanar da dogon jerin masu yanke hukunci 38 a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Long-list of Referees announced for FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup 2026 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-womens-basketball-world-cup-2026/news/long-list-of-referees-announced-for-fiba-womens-basketball-world-cup-2026 |access-date=2 August 2026 |website=fiba.basketball}}</ref> An bayyana jerin karshe na masu yanke hukunci 28 a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |title=FIBA confirms referees for FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup 2026 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/news/fiba-confirms-referees-for-fiba-womens-basketball-world-cup-2026 |access-date=13 August 2026 |website=fiba.basketball}}</ref><templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Ƙungiyoyin == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s8drvz2tkq93hrlciry7664rsm6xxgs 906580 906579 2026-08-23T13:43:25Z Gwanki 3834 906580 wikitext text/x-wiki Kofin Duniya na Kwallon [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] na Mata na FIBA na 2026 zai kasance karo na 20 na Kofin Duniya ya Kwallon Kwallon Kwango na Mata na FIFA, gasar zakarun duniya ta shekaru huɗu ga kungiyoyin kwando na mata, wanda FIBA ta ba da izini. Za a shirya gasar a [[Berlin]], Jamus, daga 4 zuwa 13 Satumba 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2023 |title=FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup 2026: Deutschland erhält Zuschlag! |url=https://www.basketball-bund.de/fiba-womens-basketball-world-cup-2026-deutschland-erhaelt-zuschlag/ |access-date=28 April 2023 |publisher=German Basketball Federation}}</ref> Wannan shi ne karo na biyu da Jamus ta dauki bakuncin bayan da ta shirya taron a shekarar 1998, bayan an ba ta damar karbar bakuncin a cikin bazara na 2023. Kungiyoyi goma sha shida za su shiga gasar, hudu fiye da na baya amma sun dawo zuwa wannan adadin kamar yadda ya kasance tsakanin 1990 da 2018. Jamusawa sun cancanci zama masu masauki ta atomatik. Za a yanke shawarar masu cancanta ta hanyar haɗuwa da zakarun nahiyar da ƙungiyoyi da ke ci gaba daga gasa ta cancanta. Hungary da Italiya sun dawo bayan dogon lokaci. Amurka ita ce ta lashe gasar zakarun sau hudu, kwanan nan ta doke China 83-61 a wasan karshe na 2022 a [[Sydney]]. == Zaɓin mai masaukin baki == Kasashe masu zuwa sun nuna sha'awar karbar bakuncin: * ([[San Luis, Argentina|San Luis]]) - A lokacin gasar zakarun kwallon kwando ta Kudancin Amurka ta 2022, [[Horacio Muratore]], shugaban [[Argentine Basketball Confederation|Kungiyar Kwallon Kwando ta Argentina]], ya bayyana cewa tarayyar tana aiki tukuru don lashe haƙƙin karɓar bakuncin, tare da San Luis a matsayin birni mai karɓar bakumi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2022 |title=ARGENTINA BUSCARÁ SER SEDE DEL MUNDIAL FEMENINO 2026 |url=https://canchalatina.com/2022/08/03/argentina-buscara-ser-sede-del-mundial-femenino-2026/ |website=Cancha Latina}}</ref> Wannan zai kasance karo na farko da Argentina ta karbi bakuncin.  * ([[Rio de Janeiro]]) - Bayan Rio de Janeiro ta gudanar da bincike, sun bayyana cewa suna son gasar cin kofin kwallon kwando ta mata. Wannan zai kasance karo na huɗu da Brazil ta karbi bakuncin bayan [[1971 FIBA World Championship for Women|1971]], [[1983 FIBA World Championship for Women|1983]] da [[2006 FIBA World Championship for Women|2006]].{{BRA}} * [[:de:Ingo Weiss|daga]]&#x5D;-ve-ignore="" href="./Germany" id="mwOQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Germany">Jamus ([[Berlin]]) - Bayan karbar bakuncin EuroBasket 2022, shugaban kungiyar kwallon kwando ta Jamus, {{Interlanguage link|Ingo Weiss|de}} [de] ya bayyana cewa zai so ya yi la'akari da karbar bakasar cin kofin duniya na mata na 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2022 |title=FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup 2026 – Der DBB ist an einer Bewerbung als Ausrichter interessiert |url=https://www.bblprofis.de/index.php/2022/09/22/fiba-womens-basketball-world-cup-2026-der-dbb-ist-an-einer-bewerbung-als-ausrichter-interessiert/ |website=bblprofis.de}}</ref> Wannan zai zama shiryawa na biyu bayan [[1998 FIBA World Championship for Women|1998]].  A lokacin taron kwamitin tsakiya a [[Manila]], Philippines, a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2023, FIBA ta sanar da cewa Jamus za ta dauki bakuncin gasar cin kofin duniya mai zuwa a 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2023 |title=Germany to host the FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup 2026 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/news/germany-to-host-fiba-womens-basketball-world-cup-2026 |access-date=28 April 2023 |publisher=FIBA}}</ref> Zai zama gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta biyu da za a gudanar a Jamus bayan Gasar 1998. == Kungiyoyin da suka cancanta == [[Fayil:2026_FIBA_Women's_Basketball_World_Cup_qualified_teams_map.svg|right|thumb|445x445px| Team ta shiga gasar cancanta amma ta kasa samun cancanta Team ta kasa samun damar Team da aka dakatar ba  <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />]] === Faɗakarwa === A ranar 25 ga Maris 2022, biyo bayan sake dubawa game da tsarin kwallon kwando na mata na FIBA na yanzu, FIBA ta fadada gasar cin kofin duniya zuwa kungiyoyi 16 bayan ta rage kungiyoyi zuwa kungiyoyi 12 a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIBA Central Board approves expansion of Women's World Cup 2026 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/news/fiba-central-board-approves-expansion-of-womens-world-cup-2026 |website=FIBA.basketball}}</ref> fadada ya kawo adadin kungiyoyin da suka cancanci komawa daidai da na gasar cin kofin duniya tsakanin 1990 da 2018. === cancanta === Jamus a matsayin masu karɓar bakuncin ta atomatik sun cancanci gasar a watan Afrilu na 2023. Kowane wanda ya lashe gasar zakarun nahiyar zai cancanci. Duk sauran kungiyoyi suna taka leda a gasar cin kofin bayan sun gama a matsayin manyan kungiyoyi a lokacin gasar ta yankin. Kungiyoyi 24 ne suka taka leda a cikin waɗannan gasa na cancanta don sauran wurare goma sha ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2025 |title=Qualification Tracker: Who has punched their ticket to the Women's World Cup 2026? |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-womens-eurobasket-2025/news/qualification-tracker-who-has-punched-their-ticket-to-the-womens-world-cup |access-date=19 June 2025 |publisher=fiba.basketball}}</ref> === Kungiyoyin da suka cancanta === [[Fayil:Australia_vs_Hungary_2026_FIBA_WBWC_qualification_20260314_(5).jpg|thumb|230x230px|2026 FIBA Kwallon Kwando na Duniya Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya da aka buga a China, Faransa, Puerto Rico da Türkiye]] Daga cikin kungiyoyi goma sha shida da suka cancanci, tara sun shiga cikin fitowar da ta gabata. A karo na farko tun 1990, babu wata kungiya da za ta fara fitowa a wannan fitowar. Daga cikin masu dawowa bakwai, Italiya da Hungary sun zo ne bayan dogon lokaci bayan bayyanar karshe a 1994 da 1998 bi da bi. Masu karɓar bakuncin Jamus sun dawo bayan bayyanarsu kawai ita ce karɓar bakami a shekarar 1998. Jamhuriyar Czech ta bayyana bayan ta ɓace a cikin bugu biyu da suka gabata. Spain da Turkiyya sun ci gaba a wannan lokacin bayan sun kasa ci gaba a 2022, yayin da Najeriya za ta shiga bayan janyewa a 2022. Daga cikin wadanda ba su halarta ba, wanda ya fi shahara shi ne 2022 na matsayi na huɗu na Kanada, wanda ya kasa samun cancanta a karo na farko tun 2002 bayan ya ɓace a kan hanyar uku a gasar cancanta. Masu farawa na 2022, Bosnia da Herzegovina, tare da Serbia, ba su iya cancanta ba bayan bayyanarsu a cikin 2022. Bayan Gasar cancanta, ƙungiyar yankin ta rabu kamar haka: takwas daga Turai, huɗu daga Asiya da Oceania da biyu daga Afirka da Amurka. Kungiyoyin Turai guda takwas sun karya rikodin su na mafi yawan kungiyoyin Turai a gasar cin kofin duniya guda daya (wanda aka gudanar a baya a shekara ta 1957 tare da bakwai); yayin da a gefe guda, wakilan Amurka biyu (Puerto Rico da Amurka) sun nuna mafi ƙarancin ƙungiyoyi a gasar cin Kofin Duniya daga yankin tun 1967 (wanda ƙungiyoyi 11 ne kawai suka fafata). [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kwando ta Matan Kasar Mali|Mali]] ta cancanci fitowa ta biyu a jere a karo na farko, yayin da Belgium da Puerto Rico suka ci gaba da samun cancanta tun lokacin da suka fara a shekarar 2018. Koriya ta Kudu da Amurka sun ci gaba da samun cancanta mafi tsawo tare da 18 da 17 bi da bi. Kungiyar da ta fi dacewa da ba ta cancanta ba ita ce Kanada, ta kasance ta 7, yayin da ƙungiyar da ta fi ƙasa da ta cancanta ita ce Hungary, ta kasance a matsayi na 19. {| class="wikitable" !cancanta !Mai karɓar bakuncin !Ranar da aka yi !Rashin da aka samu !Ya cancanta |- | align="center" |Kasar da ta karbi bakuncin |N/A | align="center" |28 ga Afrilu 2023 | align="center" |1 | Jamus |- | align="center" |Wanda ya lashe gasar EuroBasket ta Mata ta 2025Mata na EuroBasket 2025 | align="left" |[[Brno]] / [[Hamburg]] [[Piraeus]] / [[Bologna]]{{Flagicon|CZE}}{{Flagicon|GER}}<br />{{Flagicon|GRE}}{{Flagicon|ITA}} | align="center" |18-29 Yuni 2025 | align="center" |1 | Belgium |- | align="center" |Wanda ya lashe gasar cin kofin mata ta 20252025 Kofin Mata na Amurka | align="left" |[[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]]{{Flagicon|CHI}} | align="center" |28 Yuni - 6 Yuli 2025 | align="center" |1 | Amurka |- | align="center" |Wanda ya lashe gasar cin Kofin Asiya na Mata na 2025 | align="left" |[[Shenzhen]]{{Flagicon|CHN}} | align="center" |13-20 Yuli 2025 | align="center" |1 | Ostiraliya |- | align="center" |Wanda ya lashe gasar Afrobasket ta mata ta 20252025 Afrobasket na Mata | align="left" |[[Abidjan]]{{Flagicon|CIV}} | align="center" |26 ga Yuli - 3 ga Agusta 2025 | align="center" |1 | Najeriya |- | rowspan="4" align="center" |Wasanni na cancanta | align="left" |[[Wuhan]]{{Flagicon|CHN}} | rowspan="4" align="center" |11-17 Maris 2026 | align="center" |3 | China<br /> Mali<br /> Jamhuriyar Czech |- | align="left" |[[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]]{{Flagicon|PUR}} | align="center" |3 | Italiya<br /> Spain<br /> Puerto Rico |- | align="left" |[[Istanbul]]{{Flagicon|TUR}} | align="center" |3 | Hungary<br /> Turkiyya<br /> Japan |- | align="left" |[[Lyon]]{{Flagicon|FRA}} | align="center" |2 | Faransa<br /> Koriya ta Kudu |} === Takaitaccen Bayani na Ƙungiyoyin da suka cancanta ===   == Wuraren da ake ciki == Za a buga gasar a [[Berlin]] a wurare biyu. * Babban wurin shine Filin wasa na Berlin . Wannan filin wasa zai dauki bakuncin kungiyoyi biyu da kuma dukkan matakin knockout. Wurin ya karbi bakuncin gasar zakarun Turai ta maza ta 2024 da kuma matakan karshe na EuroBasket 2022. Shi ne wuri na farko da ya dauki bakuncin gasar cin kofin EuroLeague guda uku. Har ila yau, wurin ya gudanar da manyan abubuwan da ba na wasanni ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2026 FIBA Damen Basketball WM live at Uber Arena |url=https://www.uber-arena.de/en/events/detail/fiba-2026/ |access-date=3 January 2026 |website=Uber Arena}}</ref> * Filin wasa na biyu a cikin Max-Schmeling-Halle . Zai dauki bakuncin kungiyoyi biyu a zagaye na farko. Wurin da ya karbi bakuncin Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2007, tare da wasan karshe na Gasar Cin kofin Turai ta Mata ta 2013, Gasar Ciniki ta Duniya ta IHF ta U21, tare da wasan kwaikwayo na CEV a 2015 da 2019. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto;" ![[Berlin]] | rowspan="5" style="background:#ececec;color:#2C2C2C;vertical-align:middle;text-align: center;" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Location map many|Germany|width=245|float=right|caption=|label='''[[Berlin]]'''|pos=left|marksize=8|lat_deg=52.52|lon_deg=13.405}} ![[Berlin]] |- |Filin wasa na Berlin |Max-Schmeling-Halle |- |Capacity: '''14,000''' |Capacity: '''9,000''' |- |[[Fayil:Uber_Arena_Berlin_2024.jpg|270x270px]] |[[Fayil:Außenansicht_vom_Falkplatz_aus.jpg|270x270px]] |} == Shirye-shiryen == * Majalisar dattijai (gwamnatin birni) a Berlin ta yanke shawarar ware Yuro miliyan 6 ga taron.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2024 |title=Sportmetropole Berlin unterstützt die Ausrichtung des FIBA Women’s Basketball World Cups 2026 |url=https://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/aktuelles/pressemitteilungen/2024/pressemitteilung.1426591.php |website=berlin.de}}</ref> * A ranar 13 ga Maris 2026, a karo na biyu a jere, an nada masanin wasan kwando na Mutanen Espanya Pau Gasol a matsayin jakadan duniya na gasar. === Tallace-tallace === ==== Alama ==== An bayyana tambarin ne a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta 2024. A cewar FIBA, tambarin ya kamata ya nuna "yanayin Berlin a matsayin birni mai haɗin kai wanda ke son yin biki da yin bikin". ==== Mascot ==== An bayyana mascot din, "Bearlina", a lokacin HipHop Ball a Red Town Hall a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba 2025. [[Dabbar beya|bear]] beyar ce (wanda aka nuna a kan makamai na Berlin), wanda ƙirar ta wakilci salon rayuwar birni mai karɓar bakuncin, gami da abubuwa na punk, hip hop, zane-zane, da ƙirar kwando da aka yi amfani da ita don gasa ta FIBA. == Zane-zane == [[Fayil:KraftwerkBerlin.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|[[Berlin]]" id="mwAZc" rel="mw:WikiLink/Interwiki" title="de:Kraftwerk Berlin">Kraftwerk a Berlin sun dauki bakuncin zane.]] An yi zane a ranar 21 ga Afrilu 2026 da karfe 18:00 CET a [[Berlin]]" id="mwAZs" rel="mw:WikiLink/Interwiki" title="de:Kraftwerk Berlin">Kraftwerk a Berlin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2025 |title=Stage set for a celebration of basketball in Berlin on April 21 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/news/stage-set-for-a-celebration-of-basketball-in-berlin-on-april-21 |access-date=18 December 2025 |publisher=fiba.basketball}}</ref> 'Yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka, [[:de:Matthias Killing|daga]]&#x5D;<nowiki>-linkid="594" data-mw-i18n='{"title":{"lang":"x-page","key":"red-link-title","params":["Brittney Elena"]}}' href="./Brittney_Elena" id="mwAak" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Brittney Elena" typeof="mw:LocalizedAttrs">Brittney Elena, da mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen Jamus, </nowiki>{{Interlanguage link|Matthias Killing|de}} [de] ne suka shirya wasan. Mashahurin wasan kwando na Australiya, Lauren Jackson, ɗan wasan ƙwallon hannu na Jamus, Stefan Kretzschmar da mai rawa [[Jilou]] sune baƙi kuma sun taimaka tare da zana. Rarraba ta fara ne tare da, a cikin tsari, tukwane 1, 2, 3 da 4 ana zana su, tare da kowace ƙungiya da aka zaɓa sannan aka rarraba su cikin rukuni na farko da ke akwai a cikin haruffa. Za a zana matsayi ga ƙungiyar a cikin rukuni (don manufar jadawalin). Kafin zane, an riga an zana masu karɓar bakuncin Jamus a cikin rukuni na A. Game da ƙuntatawa, an ba da izinin matsakaicin ƙungiyoyi biyu daga Turai a kowane rukuni, yayin da matsakaicin ƙungiyar ɗaya daga Afirka, Amurka da Asiya / Oceania za a zana a kowane rukuna. === Shuka shuka === An bayyana shuka a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2026 |title=FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup 2026 Draw principles set |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/news/fiba-womens-basketball-world-cup-2026-draw-principles-set |access-date=16 April 2026 |publisher=fiba.basketball}}</ref> Shuka ya dogara ne akan Ranking na Duniya na Mata na FIBA a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2026. {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap; display:inline-table; float:left;" |+Ruwa 1 ! style="width:150px" |Kungiyar !{{Tooltip|Pos|Position on the FIBA World Rankings as of 1 April 2026}} |- | ''' (H) '''   | align="center" |11 |- | Amurka | align="center" |1 |- | Faransa | align="center" |2 |- | Ostiraliya | align="center" |3 |} {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap; display:inline-table; float:left;" |+Ruwa na 2 ! style="width:150px" |Kungiyar !{{Tooltip|Pos|Position on the FIBA World Rankings as of 1 April 2026}} |- | China | align="center" |4 |- | Belgium | align="center" |5 |- | Spain | align="center" |6 |- | Najeriya | align="center" |8 |} {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap; display:inline-table; float:left;" |+Ruwa na 3 ! style="width:150px" |Kungiyar !{{Tooltip|Pos|Position on the FIBA World Rankings as of 1 April 2026}} |- | Japan | align="center" |10 |- | Puerto Rico | align="center" |13 |- | Italiya | align="center" |14 |- | Koriya ta Kudu | align="center" |15 |} {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap; display:inline-table; float:left;" |+Ramin na 4 ! style="width:150px" |Kungiyar !{{Tooltip|Pos|Position on the FIBA World Rankings as of 1 April 2026}} |- | Turkiyya | align="center" |16 |- | Jamhuriyar Czech | align="center" |17 |- | Mali | align="center" |18 |- | Hungary | align="center" |19 |} === Sakamakon zane === {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap; display:inline-table; float:left;" |+Rukunin A !{{Tooltip|Pos|Position}} ! width="150" |Kungiyar |- | align="center" |A1 | Japan |- | align="center" |A2 | Spain |- | align="center" |A3 | ''' (H) '''   |- | align="center" |A4 | Mali |} {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap; display:inline-table; float:left;" |+Rukunin B !{{Tooltip|Pos|Position}} ! width="150" |Kungiyar |- | align="center" |B1 | Hungary |- | align="center" |B2 | Koriya ta Kudu |- | align="center" |B3 | Najeriya |- | align="center" |B4 | Faransa |} {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap; display:inline-table; float:left;" |+Rukunin C !{{Tooltip|Pos|Position}} ! width="150" |Kungiyar |- | align="center" |C1 | Belgium |- | align="center" |C2 | Ostiraliya |- | align="center" |C3 | Puerto Rico |- | align="center" |C4 | Turkiyya |} {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap; display:inline-table; float:left;" |+Rukunin D !{{Tooltip|Pos|Position}} ! width="150" |Kungiyar |- | align="center" |D1 | Amurka |- | align="center" |D2 | Jamhuriyar Czech |- | align="center" |D3 | Italiya |- | align="center" |D4 | China |} === Shirin === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! colspan="3" |Shirin |- !Zagaye !Gameday !Ranar |- | rowspan="3" |Zagaye na farko |Gameday 1 |4 ga Satumba 2026 |- |Gameday 2 |5-6 Satumba 2026 |- |Gameday 3 |7 ga Satumba 2026 |- style="border-top:3px solid black" | rowspan="4" |Zagaye na karshe |Samun cancanta zuwa kashi huɗu na karshe |8-9 Satumba 2026 |- |Kashi na huɗu na karshe |10 Satumba 2026 |- |Sashe na karshe |12 Satumba 2026 |- |Matsayi na uku na karshe<br /> |13 Satumba 2026 |} == Alƙalan wasa == An sanar da dogon jerin masu yanke hukunci 38 a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Long-list of Referees announced for FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup 2026 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-womens-basketball-world-cup-2026/news/long-list-of-referees-announced-for-fiba-womens-basketball-world-cup-2026 |access-date=2 August 2026 |website=fiba.basketball}}</ref> An bayyana jerin karshe na masu yanke hukunci 28 a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |title=FIBA confirms referees for FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup 2026 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/news/fiba-confirms-referees-for-fiba-womens-basketball-world-cup-2026 |access-date=13 August 2026 |website=fiba.basketball}}</ref><templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Ƙungiyoyin == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hrmcame1ofms4w0x01x2of7us9k9sbn 906581 906580 2026-08-23T13:43:52Z Gwanki 3834 906581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kofin Duniya na Kwallon [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] na Mata na FIBA na 2026 zai kasance karo na 20 na Kofin Duniya ya Kwallon Kwallon Kwango na Mata na FIFA, gasar zakarun duniya ta shekaru huɗu ga kungiyoyin kwando na mata, wanda FIBA ta ba da izini. Za a shirya gasar a [[Berlin]], Jamus, daga 4 zuwa 13 Satumba 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2023 |title=FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup 2026: Deutschland erhält Zuschlag! |url=https://www.basketball-bund.de/fiba-womens-basketball-world-cup-2026-deutschland-erhaelt-zuschlag/ |access-date=28 April 2023 |publisher=German Basketball Federation}}</ref> Wannan shi ne karo na biyu da Jamus ta dauki bakuncin bayan da ta shirya taron a shekarar 1998, bayan an ba ta damar karbar bakuncin a cikin bazara na 2023. Kungiyoyi goma sha shida za su shiga gasar, hudu fiye da na baya amma sun dawo zuwa wannan adadin kamar yadda ya kasance tsakanin 1990 da 2018. Jamusawa sun cancanci zama masu masauki ta atomatik. Za a yanke shawarar masu cancanta ta hanyar haɗuwa da zakarun nahiyar da ƙungiyoyi da ke ci gaba daga gasa ta cancanta. Hungary da Italiya sun dawo bayan dogon lokaci. Amurka ita ce ta lashe gasar zakarun sau hudu, kwanan nan ta doke China 83-61 a wasan karshe na 2022 a [[Sydney]]. == Zaɓin mai masaukin baki == Kasashe masu zuwa sun nuna sha'awar karbar bakuncin: * ([[San Luis, Argentina|San Luis]]) - A lokacin gasar zakarun kwallon kwando ta Kudancin Amurka ta 2022, [[Horacio Muratore]], shugaban [[Argentine Basketball Confederation|Kungiyar Kwallon Kwando ta Argentina]], ya bayyana cewa tarayyar tana aiki tukuru don lashe haƙƙin karɓar bakuncin, tare da San Luis a matsayin birni mai karɓar bakumi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2022 |title=ARGENTINA BUSCARÁ SER SEDE DEL MUNDIAL FEMENINO 2026 |url=https://canchalatina.com/2022/08/03/argentina-buscara-ser-sede-del-mundial-femenino-2026/ |website=Cancha Latina}}</ref> Wannan zai kasance karo na farko da Argentina ta karbi bakuncin.  * ([[Rio de Janeiro]]) - Bayan Rio de Janeiro ta gudanar da bincike, sun bayyana cewa suna son gasar cin kofin kwallon kwando ta mata. Wannan zai kasance karo na huɗu da Brazil ta karbi bakuncin bayan [[1971 FIBA World Championship for Women|1971]], [[1983 FIBA World Championship for Women|1983]] da [[2006 FIBA World Championship for Women|2006]].{{BRA}} * [[:de:Ingo Weiss|daga]]&#x5D;-ve-ignore="" href="./Germany" id="mwOQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Germany">Jamus ([[Berlin]]) - Bayan karbar bakuncin EuroBasket 2022, shugaban kungiyar kwallon kwando ta Jamus, {{Interlanguage link|Ingo Weiss|de}} [de] ya bayyana cewa zai so ya yi la'akari da karbar bakasar cin kofin duniya na mata na 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2022 |title=FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup 2026 – Der DBB ist an einer Bewerbung als Ausrichter interessiert |url=https://www.bblprofis.de/index.php/2022/09/22/fiba-womens-basketball-world-cup-2026-der-dbb-ist-an-einer-bewerbung-als-ausrichter-interessiert/ |website=bblprofis.de}}</ref> Wannan zai zama shiryawa na biyu bayan [[1998 FIBA World Championship for Women|1998]].  A lokacin taron kwamitin tsakiya a [[Manila]], Philippines, a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2023, FIBA ta sanar da cewa Jamus za ta dauki bakuncin gasar cin kofin duniya mai zuwa a 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2023 |title=Germany to host the FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup 2026 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/news/germany-to-host-fiba-womens-basketball-world-cup-2026 |access-date=28 April 2023 |publisher=FIBA}}</ref> Zai zama gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta biyu da za a gudanar a Jamus bayan Gasar 1998. == Kungiyoyin da suka cancanta == [[Fayil:2026_FIBA_Women's_Basketball_World_Cup_qualified_teams_map.svg|right|thumb|445x445px| Team ta shiga gasar cancanta amma ta kasa samun cancanta Team ta kasa samun damar Team da aka dakatar ba  <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />]] === Faɗakarwa === A ranar 25 ga Maris 2022, biyo bayan sake dubawa game da tsarin kwallon kwando na mata na FIBA na yanzu, FIBA ta fadada gasar cin kofin duniya zuwa kungiyoyi 16 bayan ta rage kungiyoyi zuwa kungiyoyi 12 a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIBA Central Board approves expansion of Women's World Cup 2026 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/news/fiba-central-board-approves-expansion-of-womens-world-cup-2026 |website=FIBA.basketball}}</ref> fadada ya kawo adadin kungiyoyin da suka cancanci komawa daidai da na gasar cin kofin duniya tsakanin 1990 da 2018. === cancanta === Jamus a matsayin masu karɓar bakuncin ta atomatik sun cancanci gasar a watan Afrilu na 2023. Kowane wanda ya lashe gasar zakarun nahiyar zai cancanci. Duk sauran kungiyoyi suna taka leda a gasar cin kofin bayan sun gama a matsayin manyan kungiyoyi a lokacin gasar ta yankin. Kungiyoyi 24 ne suka taka leda a cikin waɗannan gasa na cancanta don sauran wurare goma sha ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2025 |title=Qualification Tracker: Who has punched their ticket to the Women's World Cup 2026? |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-womens-eurobasket-2025/news/qualification-tracker-who-has-punched-their-ticket-to-the-womens-world-cup |access-date=19 June 2025 |publisher=fiba.basketball}}</ref> === Kungiyoyin da suka cancanta === [[Fayil:Australia_vs_Hungary_2026_FIBA_WBWC_qualification_20260314_(5).jpg|thumb|230x230px|2026 FIBA Kwallon Kwando na Duniya Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya da aka buga a China, Faransa, Puerto Rico da Türkiye]] Daga cikin kungiyoyi goma sha shida da suka cancanci, tara sun shiga cikin fitowar da ta gabata. A karo na farko tun 1990, babu wata kungiya da za ta fara fitowa a wannan fitowar. Daga cikin masu dawowa bakwai, Italiya da Hungary sun zo ne bayan dogon lokaci bayan bayyanar karshe a 1994 da 1998 bi da bi. Masu karɓar bakuncin Jamus sun dawo bayan bayyanarsu kawai ita ce karɓar bakami a shekarar 1998. Jamhuriyar Czech ta bayyana bayan ta ɓace a cikin bugu biyu da suka gabata. Spain da Turkiyya sun ci gaba a wannan lokacin bayan sun kasa ci gaba a 2022, yayin da Najeriya za ta shiga bayan janyewa a 2022. Daga cikin wadanda ba su halarta ba, wanda ya fi shahara shi ne 2022 na matsayi na huɗu na Kanada, wanda ya kasa samun cancanta a karo na farko tun 2002 bayan ya ɓace a kan hanyar uku a gasar cancanta. Masu farawa na 2022, Bosnia da Herzegovina, tare da Serbia, ba su iya cancanta ba bayan bayyanarsu a cikin 2022. Bayan Gasar cancanta, ƙungiyar yankin ta rabu kamar haka: takwas daga Turai, huɗu daga Asiya da Oceania da biyu daga Afirka da Amurka. Kungiyoyin Turai guda takwas sun karya rikodin su na mafi yawan kungiyoyin Turai a gasar cin kofin duniya guda daya (wanda aka gudanar a baya a shekara ta 1957 tare da bakwai); yayin da a gefe guda, wakilan Amurka biyu (Puerto Rico da Amurka) sun nuna mafi ƙarancin ƙungiyoyi a gasar cin Kofin Duniya daga yankin tun 1967 (wanda ƙungiyoyi 11 ne kawai suka fafata). [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kwando ta Matan Kasar Mali|Mali]] ta cancanci fitowa ta biyu a jere a karo na farko, yayin da Belgium da Puerto Rico suka ci gaba da samun cancanta tun lokacin da suka fara a shekarar 2018. Koriya ta Kudu da Amurka sun ci gaba da samun cancanta mafi tsawo tare da 18 da 17 bi da bi. Kungiyar da ta fi dacewa da ba ta cancanta ba ita ce Kanada, ta kasance ta 7, yayin da ƙungiyar da ta fi ƙasa da ta cancanta ita ce Hungary, ta kasance a matsayi na 19. {| class="wikitable" !cancanta !Mai karɓar bakuncin !Ranar da aka yi !Rashin da aka samu !Ya cancanta |- | align="center" |Kasar da ta karbi bakuncin |N/A | align="center" |28 ga Afrilu 2023 | align="center" |1 | Jamus |- | align="center" |Wanda ya lashe gasar EuroBasket ta Mata ta 2025Mata na EuroBasket 2025 | align="left" |[[Brno]] / [[Hamburg]] [[Piraeus]] / [[Bologna]]{{Flagicon|CZE}}{{Flagicon|GER}}<br />{{Flagicon|GRE}}{{Flagicon|ITA}} | align="center" |18-29 Yuni 2025 | align="center" |1 | Belgium |- | align="center" |Wanda ya lashe gasar cin kofin mata ta 20252025 Kofin Mata na Amurka | align="left" |[[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]]{{Flagicon|CHI}} | align="center" |28 Yuni - 6 Yuli 2025 | align="center" |1 | Amurka |- | align="center" |Wanda ya lashe gasar cin Kofin Asiya na Mata na 2025 | align="left" |[[Shenzhen]]{{Flagicon|CHN}} | align="center" |13-20 Yuli 2025 | align="center" |1 | Ostiraliya |- | align="center" |Wanda ya lashe gasar Afrobasket ta mata ta 20252025 Afrobasket na Mata | align="left" |[[Abidjan]]{{Flagicon|CIV}} | align="center" |26 ga Yuli - 3 ga Agusta 2025 | align="center" |1 | Najeriya |- | rowspan="4" align="center" |Wasanni na cancanta | align="left" |[[Wuhan]]{{Flagicon|CHN}} | rowspan="4" align="center" |11-17 Maris 2026 | align="center" |3 | China<br /> Mali<br /> Jamhuriyar Czech |- | align="left" |[[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]]{{Flagicon|PUR}} | align="center" |3 | Italiya<br /> Spain<br /> Puerto Rico |- | align="left" |[[Istanbul]]{{Flagicon|TUR}} | align="center" |3 | Hungary<br /> Turkiyya<br /> Japan |- | align="left" |[[Lyon]]{{Flagicon|FRA}} | align="center" |2 | Faransa<br /> Koriya ta Kudu |} === Takaitaccen Bayani na Ƙungiyoyin da suka cancanta ===   == Wuraren da ake ciki == Za a buga gasar a [[Berlin]] a wurare biyu. * Babban wurin shine Filin wasa na Berlin . Wannan filin wasa zai dauki bakuncin kungiyoyi biyu da kuma dukkan matakin knockout. Wurin ya karbi bakuncin gasar zakarun Turai ta maza ta 2024 da kuma matakan karshe na EuroBasket 2022. Shi ne wuri na farko da ya dauki bakuncin gasar cin kofin EuroLeague guda uku. Har ila yau, wurin ya gudanar da manyan abubuwan da ba na wasanni ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2026 FIBA Damen Basketball WM live at Uber Arena |url=https://www.uber-arena.de/en/events/detail/fiba-2026/ |access-date=3 January 2026 |website=Uber Arena}}</ref> * Filin wasa na biyu a cikin Max-Schmeling-Halle . Zai dauki bakuncin kungiyoyi biyu a zagaye na farko. Wurin da ya karbi bakuncin Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2007, tare da wasan karshe na Gasar Cin kofin Turai ta Mata ta 2013, Gasar Ciniki ta Duniya ta IHF ta U21, tare da wasan kwaikwayo na CEV a 2015 da 2019. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto;" ![[Berlin]] | rowspan="5" style="background:#ececec;color:#2C2C2C;vertical-align:middle;text-align: center;" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Location map many|Germany|width=245|float=right|caption=|label='''[[Berlin]]'''|pos=left|marksize=8|lat_deg=52.52|lon_deg=13.405}} ![[Berlin]] |- |Filin wasa na Berlin |Max-Schmeling-Halle |- |Capacity: '''14,000''' |Capacity: '''9,000''' |- |[[Fayil:Uber_Arena_Berlin_2024.jpg|270x270px]] |[[Fayil:Außenansicht_vom_Falkplatz_aus.jpg|270x270px]] |} == Shirye-shiryen == * Majalisar dattijai (gwamnatin birni) a Berlin ta yanke shawarar ware Yuro miliyan 6 ga taron.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2024 |title=Sportmetropole Berlin unterstützt die Ausrichtung des FIBA Women’s Basketball World Cups 2026 |url=https://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/aktuelles/pressemitteilungen/2024/pressemitteilung.1426591.php |website=berlin.de}}</ref> * A ranar 13 ga Maris 2026, a karo na biyu a jere, an nada masanin wasan kwando na Mutanen Espanya Pau Gasol a matsayin jakadan duniya na gasar. === Tallace-tallace === ==== Alama ==== An bayyana tambarin ne a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta 2024. A cewar FIBA, tambarin ya kamata ya nuna "yanayin Berlin a matsayin birni mai haɗin kai wanda ke son yin biki da yin bikin". ==== Mascot ==== An bayyana mascot din, "Bearlina", a lokacin HipHop Ball a Red Town Hall a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba 2025. [[Dabbar beya|bear]] beyar ce (wanda aka nuna a kan makamai na Berlin), wanda ƙirar ta wakilci salon rayuwar birni mai karɓar bakuncin, gami da abubuwa na punk, hip hop, zane-zane, da ƙirar kwando da aka yi amfani da ita don gasa ta FIBA. == Zane-zane == [[Fayil:KraftwerkBerlin.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|[[Berlin]]" id="mwAZc" rel="mw:WikiLink/Interwiki" title="de:Kraftwerk Berlin">Kraftwerk a Berlin sun dauki bakuncin zane.]] An yi zane a ranar 21 ga Afrilu 2026 da karfe 18:00 CET a [[Berlin]]" id="mwAZs" rel="mw:WikiLink/Interwiki" title="de:Kraftwerk Berlin">Kraftwerk a Berlin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2025 |title=Stage set for a celebration of basketball in Berlin on April 21 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/news/stage-set-for-a-celebration-of-basketball-in-berlin-on-april-21 |access-date=18 December 2025 |publisher=fiba.basketball}}</ref> 'Yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka, [[:de:Matthias Killing|daga]]&#x5D;<nowiki>-linkid="594" data-mw-i18n='{"title":{"lang":"x-page","key":"red-link-title","params":["Brittney Elena"]}}' href="./Brittney_Elena" id="mwAak" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Brittney Elena" typeof="mw:LocalizedAttrs">Brittney Elena, da mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen Jamus, </nowiki>{{Interlanguage link|Matthias Killing|de}} [de] ne suka shirya wasan. Mashahurin wasan kwando na Australiya, Lauren Jackson, ɗan wasan ƙwallon hannu na Jamus, Stefan Kretzschmar da mai rawa [[Jilou]] sune baƙi kuma sun taimaka tare da zana. Rarraba ta fara ne tare da, a cikin tsari, tukwane 1, 2, 3 da 4 ana zana su, tare da kowace ƙungiya da aka zaɓa sannan aka rarraba su cikin rukuni na farko da ke akwai a cikin haruffa. Za a zana matsayi ga ƙungiyar a cikin rukuni (don manufar jadawalin). Kafin zane, an riga an zana masu karɓar bakuncin Jamus a cikin rukuni na A. Game da ƙuntatawa, an ba da izinin matsakaicin ƙungiyoyi biyu daga Turai a kowane rukuni, yayin da matsakaicin ƙungiyar ɗaya daga Afirka, Amurka da Asiya / Oceania za a zana a kowane rukuna. === Shuka shuka === An bayyana shuka a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2026 |title=FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup 2026 Draw principles set |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/news/fiba-womens-basketball-world-cup-2026-draw-principles-set |access-date=16 April 2026 |publisher=fiba.basketball}}</ref> Shuka ya dogara ne akan Ranking na Duniya na Mata na FIBA a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2026. {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap; display:inline-table; float:left;" |+Ruwa 1 ! style="width:150px" |Kungiyar !{{Tooltip|Pos|Position on the FIBA World Rankings as of 1 April 2026}} |- | ''' (H) '''   | align="center" |11 |- | Amurka | align="center" |1 |- | Faransa | align="center" |2 |- | Ostiraliya | align="center" |3 |} {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap; display:inline-table; float:left;" |+Ruwa na 2 ! style="width:150px" |Kungiyar !{{Tooltip|Pos|Position on the FIBA World Rankings as of 1 April 2026}} |- | China | align="center" |4 |- | Belgium | align="center" |5 |- | Spain | align="center" |6 |- | Najeriya | align="center" |8 |} {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap; display:inline-table; float:left;" |+Ruwa na 3 ! style="width:150px" |Kungiyar !{{Tooltip|Pos|Position on the FIBA World Rankings as of 1 April 2026}} |- | Japan | align="center" |10 |- | Puerto Rico | align="center" |13 |- | Italiya | align="center" |14 |- | Koriya ta Kudu | align="center" |15 |} {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap; display:inline-table; float:left;" |+Ramin na 4 ! style="width:150px" |Kungiyar !{{Tooltip|Pos|Position on the FIBA World Rankings as of 1 April 2026}} |- | Turkiyya | align="center" |16 |- | Jamhuriyar Czech | align="center" |17 |- | Mali | align="center" |18 |- | Hungary | align="center" |19 |} === Sakamakon zane === {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap; display:inline-table; float:left;" |+Rukunin A !{{Tooltip|Pos|Position}} ! width="150" |Kungiyar |- | align="center" |A1 | Japan |- | align="center" |A2 | Spain |- | align="center" |A3 | ''' (H) '''   |- | align="center" |A4 | Mali |} {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap; display:inline-table; float:left;" |+Rukunin B !{{Tooltip|Pos|Position}} ! width="150" |Kungiyar |- | align="center" |B1 | Hungary |- | align="center" |B2 | Koriya ta Kudu |- | align="center" |B3 | Najeriya |- | align="center" |B4 | Faransa |} {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap; display:inline-table; float:left;" |+Rukunin C !{{Tooltip|Pos|Position}} ! width="150" |Kungiyar |- | align="center" |C1 | Belgium |- | align="center" |C2 | Ostiraliya |- | align="center" |C3 | Puerto Rico |- | align="center" |C4 | Turkiyya |} {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap; display:inline-table; float:left;" |+Rukunin D !{{Tooltip|Pos|Position}} ! width="150" |Kungiyar |- | align="center" |D1 | Amurka |- | align="center" |D2 | Jamhuriyar Czech |- | align="center" |D3 | Italiya |- | align="center" |D4 | China |} === Shirin === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! colspan="3" |Shirin |- !Zagaye !Gameday !Ranar |- | rowspan="3" |Zagaye na farko |Gameday 1 |4 ga Satumba 2026 |- |Gameday 2 |5-6 Satumba 2026 |- |Gameday 3 |7 ga Satumba 2026 |- style="border-top:3px solid black" | rowspan="4" |Zagaye na karshe |Samun cancanta zuwa kashi huɗu na karshe |8-9 Satumba 2026 |- |Kashi na huɗu na karshe |10 Satumba 2026 |- |Sashe na karshe |12 Satumba 2026 |- |Matsayi na uku na karshe<br /> |13 Satumba 2026 |} == Alƙalan wasa == An sanar da dogon jerin masu yanke hukunci 38 a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Long-list of Referees announced for FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup 2026 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-womens-basketball-world-cup-2026/news/long-list-of-referees-announced-for-fiba-womens-basketball-world-cup-2026 |access-date=2 August 2026 |website=fiba.basketball}}</ref> An bayyana jerin karshe na masu yanke hukunci 28 a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |title=FIBA confirms referees for FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup 2026 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/news/fiba-confirms-referees-for-fiba-womens-basketball-world-cup-2026 |access-date=13 August 2026 |website=fiba.basketball}}</ref><templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Ƙungiyoyin == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] h8zj43qsqvwdhtncskcbtp7e91fk3dk 906582 906581 2026-08-23T13:44:18Z Gwanki 3834 /* Ƙungiyoyin */ 906582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kofin Duniya na Kwallon [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] na Mata na FIBA na 2026 zai kasance karo na 20 na Kofin Duniya ya Kwallon Kwallon Kwango na Mata na FIFA, gasar zakarun duniya ta shekaru huɗu ga kungiyoyin kwando na mata, wanda FIBA ta ba da izini. Za a shirya gasar a [[Berlin]], Jamus, daga 4 zuwa 13 Satumba 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2023 |title=FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup 2026: Deutschland erhält Zuschlag! |url=https://www.basketball-bund.de/fiba-womens-basketball-world-cup-2026-deutschland-erhaelt-zuschlag/ |access-date=28 April 2023 |publisher=German Basketball Federation}}</ref> Wannan shi ne karo na biyu da Jamus ta dauki bakuncin bayan da ta shirya taron a shekarar 1998, bayan an ba ta damar karbar bakuncin a cikin bazara na 2023. Kungiyoyi goma sha shida za su shiga gasar, hudu fiye da na baya amma sun dawo zuwa wannan adadin kamar yadda ya kasance tsakanin 1990 da 2018. Jamusawa sun cancanci zama masu masauki ta atomatik. Za a yanke shawarar masu cancanta ta hanyar haɗuwa da zakarun nahiyar da ƙungiyoyi da ke ci gaba daga gasa ta cancanta. Hungary da Italiya sun dawo bayan dogon lokaci. Amurka ita ce ta lashe gasar zakarun sau hudu, kwanan nan ta doke China 83-61 a wasan karshe na 2022 a [[Sydney]]. == Zaɓin mai masaukin baki == Kasashe masu zuwa sun nuna sha'awar karbar bakuncin: * ([[San Luis, Argentina|San Luis]]) - A lokacin gasar zakarun kwallon kwando ta Kudancin Amurka ta 2022, [[Horacio Muratore]], shugaban [[Argentine Basketball Confederation|Kungiyar Kwallon Kwando ta Argentina]], ya bayyana cewa tarayyar tana aiki tukuru don lashe haƙƙin karɓar bakuncin, tare da San Luis a matsayin birni mai karɓar bakumi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2022 |title=ARGENTINA BUSCARÁ SER SEDE DEL MUNDIAL FEMENINO 2026 |url=https://canchalatina.com/2022/08/03/argentina-buscara-ser-sede-del-mundial-femenino-2026/ |website=Cancha Latina}}</ref> Wannan zai kasance karo na farko da Argentina ta karbi bakuncin.  * ([[Rio de Janeiro]]) - Bayan Rio de Janeiro ta gudanar da bincike, sun bayyana cewa suna son gasar cin kofin kwallon kwando ta mata. Wannan zai kasance karo na huɗu da Brazil ta karbi bakuncin bayan [[1971 FIBA World Championship for Women|1971]], [[1983 FIBA World Championship for Women|1983]] da [[2006 FIBA World Championship for Women|2006]].{{BRA}} * [[:de:Ingo Weiss|daga]]&#x5D;-ve-ignore="" href="./Germany" id="mwOQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Germany">Jamus ([[Berlin]]) - Bayan karbar bakuncin EuroBasket 2022, shugaban kungiyar kwallon kwando ta Jamus, {{Interlanguage link|Ingo Weiss|de}} [de] ya bayyana cewa zai so ya yi la'akari da karbar bakasar cin kofin duniya na mata na 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2022 |title=FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup 2026 – Der DBB ist an einer Bewerbung als Ausrichter interessiert |url=https://www.bblprofis.de/index.php/2022/09/22/fiba-womens-basketball-world-cup-2026-der-dbb-ist-an-einer-bewerbung-als-ausrichter-interessiert/ |website=bblprofis.de}}</ref> Wannan zai zama shiryawa na biyu bayan [[1998 FIBA World Championship for Women|1998]].  A lokacin taron kwamitin tsakiya a [[Manila]], Philippines, a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2023, FIBA ta sanar da cewa Jamus za ta dauki bakuncin gasar cin kofin duniya mai zuwa a 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2023 |title=Germany to host the FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup 2026 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/news/germany-to-host-fiba-womens-basketball-world-cup-2026 |access-date=28 April 2023 |publisher=FIBA}}</ref> Zai zama gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta biyu da za a gudanar a Jamus bayan Gasar 1998. == Kungiyoyin da suka cancanta == [[Fayil:2026_FIBA_Women's_Basketball_World_Cup_qualified_teams_map.svg|right|thumb|445x445px| Team ta shiga gasar cancanta amma ta kasa samun cancanta Team ta kasa samun damar Team da aka dakatar ba  <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />]] === Faɗakarwa === A ranar 25 ga Maris 2022, biyo bayan sake dubawa game da tsarin kwallon kwando na mata na FIBA na yanzu, FIBA ta fadada gasar cin kofin duniya zuwa kungiyoyi 16 bayan ta rage kungiyoyi zuwa kungiyoyi 12 a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIBA Central Board approves expansion of Women's World Cup 2026 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/news/fiba-central-board-approves-expansion-of-womens-world-cup-2026 |website=FIBA.basketball}}</ref> fadada ya kawo adadin kungiyoyin da suka cancanci komawa daidai da na gasar cin kofin duniya tsakanin 1990 da 2018. === cancanta === Jamus a matsayin masu karɓar bakuncin ta atomatik sun cancanci gasar a watan Afrilu na 2023. Kowane wanda ya lashe gasar zakarun nahiyar zai cancanci. Duk sauran kungiyoyi suna taka leda a gasar cin kofin bayan sun gama a matsayin manyan kungiyoyi a lokacin gasar ta yankin. Kungiyoyi 24 ne suka taka leda a cikin waɗannan gasa na cancanta don sauran wurare goma sha ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2025 |title=Qualification Tracker: Who has punched their ticket to the Women's World Cup 2026? |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-womens-eurobasket-2025/news/qualification-tracker-who-has-punched-their-ticket-to-the-womens-world-cup |access-date=19 June 2025 |publisher=fiba.basketball}}</ref> === Kungiyoyin da suka cancanta === [[Fayil:Australia_vs_Hungary_2026_FIBA_WBWC_qualification_20260314_(5).jpg|thumb|230x230px|2026 FIBA Kwallon Kwando na Duniya Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya da aka buga a China, Faransa, Puerto Rico da Türkiye]] Daga cikin kungiyoyi goma sha shida da suka cancanci, tara sun shiga cikin fitowar da ta gabata. A karo na farko tun 1990, babu wata kungiya da za ta fara fitowa a wannan fitowar. Daga cikin masu dawowa bakwai, Italiya da Hungary sun zo ne bayan dogon lokaci bayan bayyanar karshe a 1994 da 1998 bi da bi. Masu karɓar bakuncin Jamus sun dawo bayan bayyanarsu kawai ita ce karɓar bakami a shekarar 1998. Jamhuriyar Czech ta bayyana bayan ta ɓace a cikin bugu biyu da suka gabata. Spain da Turkiyya sun ci gaba a wannan lokacin bayan sun kasa ci gaba a 2022, yayin da Najeriya za ta shiga bayan janyewa a 2022. Daga cikin wadanda ba su halarta ba, wanda ya fi shahara shi ne 2022 na matsayi na huɗu na Kanada, wanda ya kasa samun cancanta a karo na farko tun 2002 bayan ya ɓace a kan hanyar uku a gasar cancanta. Masu farawa na 2022, Bosnia da Herzegovina, tare da Serbia, ba su iya cancanta ba bayan bayyanarsu a cikin 2022. Bayan Gasar cancanta, ƙungiyar yankin ta rabu kamar haka: takwas daga Turai, huɗu daga Asiya da Oceania da biyu daga Afirka da Amurka. Kungiyoyin Turai guda takwas sun karya rikodin su na mafi yawan kungiyoyin Turai a gasar cin kofin duniya guda daya (wanda aka gudanar a baya a shekara ta 1957 tare da bakwai); yayin da a gefe guda, wakilan Amurka biyu (Puerto Rico da Amurka) sun nuna mafi ƙarancin ƙungiyoyi a gasar cin Kofin Duniya daga yankin tun 1967 (wanda ƙungiyoyi 11 ne kawai suka fafata). [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kwando ta Matan Kasar Mali|Mali]] ta cancanci fitowa ta biyu a jere a karo na farko, yayin da Belgium da Puerto Rico suka ci gaba da samun cancanta tun lokacin da suka fara a shekarar 2018. Koriya ta Kudu da Amurka sun ci gaba da samun cancanta mafi tsawo tare da 18 da 17 bi da bi. Kungiyar da ta fi dacewa da ba ta cancanta ba ita ce Kanada, ta kasance ta 7, yayin da ƙungiyar da ta fi ƙasa da ta cancanta ita ce Hungary, ta kasance a matsayi na 19. {| class="wikitable" !cancanta !Mai karɓar bakuncin !Ranar da aka yi !Rashin da aka samu !Ya cancanta |- | align="center" |Kasar da ta karbi bakuncin |N/A | align="center" |28 ga Afrilu 2023 | align="center" |1 | Jamus |- | align="center" |Wanda ya lashe gasar EuroBasket ta Mata ta 2025Mata na EuroBasket 2025 | align="left" |[[Brno]] / [[Hamburg]] [[Piraeus]] / [[Bologna]]{{Flagicon|CZE}}{{Flagicon|GER}}<br />{{Flagicon|GRE}}{{Flagicon|ITA}} | align="center" |18-29 Yuni 2025 | align="center" |1 | Belgium |- | align="center" |Wanda ya lashe gasar cin kofin mata ta 20252025 Kofin Mata na Amurka | align="left" |[[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]]{{Flagicon|CHI}} | align="center" |28 Yuni - 6 Yuli 2025 | align="center" |1 | Amurka |- | align="center" |Wanda ya lashe gasar cin Kofin Asiya na Mata na 2025 | align="left" |[[Shenzhen]]{{Flagicon|CHN}} | align="center" |13-20 Yuli 2025 | align="center" |1 | Ostiraliya |- | align="center" |Wanda ya lashe gasar Afrobasket ta mata ta 20252025 Afrobasket na Mata | align="left" |[[Abidjan]]{{Flagicon|CIV}} | align="center" |26 ga Yuli - 3 ga Agusta 2025 | align="center" |1 | Najeriya |- | rowspan="4" align="center" |Wasanni na cancanta | align="left" |[[Wuhan]]{{Flagicon|CHN}} | rowspan="4" align="center" |11-17 Maris 2026 | align="center" |3 | China<br /> Mali<br /> Jamhuriyar Czech |- | align="left" |[[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]]{{Flagicon|PUR}} | align="center" |3 | Italiya<br /> Spain<br /> Puerto Rico |- | align="left" |[[Istanbul]]{{Flagicon|TUR}} | align="center" |3 | Hungary<br /> Turkiyya<br /> Japan |- | align="left" |[[Lyon]]{{Flagicon|FRA}} | align="center" |2 | Faransa<br /> Koriya ta Kudu |} === Takaitaccen Bayani na Ƙungiyoyin da suka cancanta ===   == Wuraren da ake ciki == Za a buga gasar a [[Berlin]] a wurare biyu. * Babban wurin shine Filin wasa na Berlin . Wannan filin wasa zai dauki bakuncin kungiyoyi biyu da kuma dukkan matakin knockout. Wurin ya karbi bakuncin gasar zakarun Turai ta maza ta 2024 da kuma matakan karshe na EuroBasket 2022. Shi ne wuri na farko da ya dauki bakuncin gasar cin kofin EuroLeague guda uku. Har ila yau, wurin ya gudanar da manyan abubuwan da ba na wasanni ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2026 FIBA Damen Basketball WM live at Uber Arena |url=https://www.uber-arena.de/en/events/detail/fiba-2026/ |access-date=3 January 2026 |website=Uber Arena}}</ref> * Filin wasa na biyu a cikin Max-Schmeling-Halle . Zai dauki bakuncin kungiyoyi biyu a zagaye na farko. Wurin da ya karbi bakuncin Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2007, tare da wasan karshe na Gasar Cin kofin Turai ta Mata ta 2013, Gasar Ciniki ta Duniya ta IHF ta U21, tare da wasan kwaikwayo na CEV a 2015 da 2019. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto;" ![[Berlin]] | rowspan="5" style="background:#ececec;color:#2C2C2C;vertical-align:middle;text-align: center;" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Location map many|Germany|width=245|float=right|caption=|label='''[[Berlin]]'''|pos=left|marksize=8|lat_deg=52.52|lon_deg=13.405}} ![[Berlin]] |- |Filin wasa na Berlin |Max-Schmeling-Halle |- |Capacity: '''14,000''' |Capacity: '''9,000''' |- |[[Fayil:Uber_Arena_Berlin_2024.jpg|270x270px]] |[[Fayil:Außenansicht_vom_Falkplatz_aus.jpg|270x270px]] |} == Shirye-shiryen == * Majalisar dattijai (gwamnatin birni) a Berlin ta yanke shawarar ware Yuro miliyan 6 ga taron.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2024 |title=Sportmetropole Berlin unterstützt die Ausrichtung des FIBA Women’s Basketball World Cups 2026 |url=https://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/aktuelles/pressemitteilungen/2024/pressemitteilung.1426591.php |website=berlin.de}}</ref> * A ranar 13 ga Maris 2026, a karo na biyu a jere, an nada masanin wasan kwando na Mutanen Espanya Pau Gasol a matsayin jakadan duniya na gasar. === Tallace-tallace === ==== Alama ==== An bayyana tambarin ne a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta 2024. A cewar FIBA, tambarin ya kamata ya nuna "yanayin Berlin a matsayin birni mai haɗin kai wanda ke son yin biki da yin bikin". ==== Mascot ==== An bayyana mascot din, "Bearlina", a lokacin HipHop Ball a Red Town Hall a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba 2025. [[Dabbar beya|bear]] beyar ce (wanda aka nuna a kan makamai na Berlin), wanda ƙirar ta wakilci salon rayuwar birni mai karɓar bakuncin, gami da abubuwa na punk, hip hop, zane-zane, da ƙirar kwando da aka yi amfani da ita don gasa ta FIBA. == Zane-zane == [[Fayil:KraftwerkBerlin.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|[[Berlin]]" id="mwAZc" rel="mw:WikiLink/Interwiki" title="de:Kraftwerk Berlin">Kraftwerk a Berlin sun dauki bakuncin zane.]] An yi zane a ranar 21 ga Afrilu 2026 da karfe 18:00 CET a [[Berlin]]" id="mwAZs" rel="mw:WikiLink/Interwiki" title="de:Kraftwerk Berlin">Kraftwerk a Berlin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2025 |title=Stage set for a celebration of basketball in Berlin on April 21 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/news/stage-set-for-a-celebration-of-basketball-in-berlin-on-april-21 |access-date=18 December 2025 |publisher=fiba.basketball}}</ref> 'Yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka, [[:de:Matthias Killing|daga]]&#x5D;<nowiki>-linkid="594" data-mw-i18n='{"title":{"lang":"x-page","key":"red-link-title","params":["Brittney Elena"]}}' href="./Brittney_Elena" id="mwAak" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Brittney Elena" typeof="mw:LocalizedAttrs">Brittney Elena, da mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen Jamus, </nowiki>{{Interlanguage link|Matthias Killing|de}} [de] ne suka shirya wasan. Mashahurin wasan kwando na Australiya, Lauren Jackson, ɗan wasan ƙwallon hannu na Jamus, Stefan Kretzschmar da mai rawa [[Jilou]] sune baƙi kuma sun taimaka tare da zana. Rarraba ta fara ne tare da, a cikin tsari, tukwane 1, 2, 3 da 4 ana zana su, tare da kowace ƙungiya da aka zaɓa sannan aka rarraba su cikin rukuni na farko da ke akwai a cikin haruffa. Za a zana matsayi ga ƙungiyar a cikin rukuni (don manufar jadawalin). Kafin zane, an riga an zana masu karɓar bakuncin Jamus a cikin rukuni na A. Game da ƙuntatawa, an ba da izinin matsakaicin ƙungiyoyi biyu daga Turai a kowane rukuni, yayin da matsakaicin ƙungiyar ɗaya daga Afirka, Amurka da Asiya / Oceania za a zana a kowane rukuna. === Shuka shuka === An bayyana shuka a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2026 |title=FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup 2026 Draw principles set |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/news/fiba-womens-basketball-world-cup-2026-draw-principles-set |access-date=16 April 2026 |publisher=fiba.basketball}}</ref> Shuka ya dogara ne akan Ranking na Duniya na Mata na FIBA a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2026. {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap; display:inline-table; float:left;" |+Ruwa 1 ! style="width:150px" |Kungiyar !{{Tooltip|Pos|Position on the FIBA World Rankings as of 1 April 2026}} |- | ''' (H) '''   | align="center" |11 |- | Amurka | align="center" |1 |- | Faransa | align="center" |2 |- | Ostiraliya | align="center" |3 |} {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap; display:inline-table; float:left;" |+Ruwa na 2 ! style="width:150px" |Kungiyar !{{Tooltip|Pos|Position on the FIBA World Rankings as of 1 April 2026}} |- | China | align="center" |4 |- | Belgium | align="center" |5 |- | Spain | align="center" |6 |- | Najeriya | align="center" |8 |} {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap; display:inline-table; float:left;" |+Ruwa na 3 ! style="width:150px" |Kungiyar !{{Tooltip|Pos|Position on the FIBA World Rankings as of 1 April 2026}} |- | Japan | align="center" |10 |- | Puerto Rico | align="center" |13 |- | Italiya | align="center" |14 |- | Koriya ta Kudu | align="center" |15 |} {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap; display:inline-table; float:left;" |+Ramin na 4 ! style="width:150px" |Kungiyar !{{Tooltip|Pos|Position on the FIBA World Rankings as of 1 April 2026}} |- | Turkiyya | align="center" |16 |- | Jamhuriyar Czech | align="center" |17 |- | Mali | align="center" |18 |- | Hungary | align="center" |19 |} === Sakamakon zane === {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap; display:inline-table; float:left;" |+Rukunin A !{{Tooltip|Pos|Position}} ! width="150" |Kungiyar |- | align="center" |A1 | Japan |- | align="center" |A2 | Spain |- | align="center" |A3 | ''' (H) '''   |- | align="center" |A4 | Mali |} {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap; display:inline-table; float:left;" |+Rukunin B !{{Tooltip|Pos|Position}} ! width="150" |Kungiyar |- | align="center" |B1 | Hungary |- | align="center" |B2 | Koriya ta Kudu |- | align="center" |B3 | Najeriya |- | align="center" |B4 | Faransa |} {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap; display:inline-table; float:left;" |+Rukunin C !{{Tooltip|Pos|Position}} ! width="150" |Kungiyar |- | align="center" |C1 | Belgium |- | align="center" |C2 | Ostiraliya |- | align="center" |C3 | Puerto Rico |- | align="center" |C4 | Turkiyya |} {| class="wikitable" style="white-space:nowrap; display:inline-table; float:left;" |+Rukunin D !{{Tooltip|Pos|Position}} ! width="150" |Kungiyar |- | align="center" |D1 | Amurka |- | align="center" |D2 | Jamhuriyar Czech |- | align="center" |D3 | Italiya |- | align="center" |D4 | China |} === Shirin === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! colspan="3" |Shirin |- !Zagaye !Gameday !Ranar |- | rowspan="3" |Zagaye na farko |Gameday 1 |4 ga Satumba 2026 |- |Gameday 2 |5-6 Satumba 2026 |- |Gameday 3 |7 ga Satumba 2026 |- style="border-top:3px solid black" | rowspan="4" |Zagaye na karshe |Samun cancanta zuwa kashi huɗu na karshe |8-9 Satumba 2026 |- |Kashi na huɗu na karshe |10 Satumba 2026 |- |Sashe na karshe |12 Satumba 2026 |- |Matsayi na uku na karshe<br /> |13 Satumba 2026 |} == Alƙalan wasa == An sanar da dogon jerin masu yanke hukunci 38 a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Long-list of Referees announced for FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup 2026 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-womens-basketball-world-cup-2026/news/long-list-of-referees-announced-for-fiba-womens-basketball-world-cup-2026 |access-date=2 August 2026 |website=fiba.basketball}}</ref> An bayyana jerin karshe na masu yanke hukunci 28 a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |title=FIBA confirms referees for FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup 2026 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/news/fiba-confirms-referees-for-fiba-womens-basketball-world-cup-2026 |access-date=13 August 2026 |website=fiba.basketball}}</ref><templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] f1467ajyc5xr6igtsawgug4nj7nbqdr 0 165214 906586 2026-08-23T14:08:24Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344691507|Siddiqis in the Horn of Africa]]" 906586 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Siddiqi''' (Arabic) sunan iyali ne na [[Musulmi]], wanda aka samo a cikin Ƙarashin Afirka, [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] da Kudancin Asiya . [[Shehu|Sheikh]] wani ƙarin lakabi ne da Siddiqis ke amfani da shi lokaci-lokaci don nuna al'adun [[Larabawa]] masu daraja. Bisa ga al'ada, mutanen da ke da sunan mahaifiyar "Siddiqi" 'ya'yan [[Abubakar|Abu Bakr]] Siddique ne (Arabic), K[[Khalifofi|Halifa]] na farko (Kalifa) kuma aboki na farko da aboki na [[Manzo|annabi]] Musulunci, Muhammad . == Rarraba == Ana iya samun mutanen da ke da'awar zuriyar Siddiqi a [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]], [[Eritrea]], [[Somaliya]], [[Somaliland]] da [[Itofiya|Habasha]]. Koyaya, wakilan a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe ba a kira su Siddiqi ba, amma a maimakon haka an san su da sunayen gida daban-daban. Siddiqis a Gabashin Habasha galibi ana kiransu [[Qallu]] . Duk da yake wasu daga cikinsu har yanzu suna magana da [[Larabci]], mafi yawansu suna magana da yarukan [[Harshen Oromo|Oromo]], Harari ko [[Harshen Somaliya|Somaliya]] na yankin, harsunan da, kamar Larabci، suma suna cikin dangin yaren Afro-Asiatic. A Somaliya, Siddiqis an fi sani da Sheekhaal ko Aw Qutub .  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Rarrabawa == Shahararrun iyalai na Siddiqi a yankin Horn sun hada da: 1. Iyalin [[Aw Abadiro]] 2. Iyalin [[Aw Umar Ziad]] 3. Iyalin [[Aw Shadir]] 4. Iyalin [[Aw Kurtu Dader]] (a cikin [[Harar]], Dader da [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]]) 5. Iyalin [[Aw Khatib]] 6. Iyalin [[Aw Ismael|Aw Ishma'eel]] 7. Iyalin [[Qallu-Diinii]] 8. Iyalin [[Khabir Hassan]] (a cikin Galamso) 9. Iyalin [[Aw Samirren]] 10. Iyalin [[Aw Khalaf/Kalaf|Aw Khalaf / Kalaf]] 11. Iyalin [[Aw Barre]] 12. Iyalin [[Sheikhaal/Sheikhaach|Sheikhaal / Sheikhaach]] == Kakanninmu na yau da kullun == Malamin musulmi Sheikh Abadir Umar Ar-Rida (''Abadir Umar Al-Rida ibn Muhammad ibn Shamsadin Al-Bakri Al-Siddiqi'') a al'adance ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin kakannin iyalan Siddiqi a yankin Horn. Ar-Rida shine babban adadi a cikin ''Fath Madinat [[Harar]]'', tarihin da ba a buga ba na birnin Harar a karni na 13. A cewar labarin, Ar-Rida, tare da wasu tsarkaka da yawa, sun fito ne daga yankin [[Hijaz]] na [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] na yanzu zuwa Harar a cikin 612H (1216 AD). An ce Sheikh ya haifi 'ya'ya maza shida, waɗanda Siddiqis ke ɗauka a matsayin kakanninsu. Kabarin Sheikh Ar-Rida yana cikin birni mai garu. A 'yan mita daga nesa, akwai kuma masallaci da ke ɗauke da sunansa. == Shahararren Siddiqis == Shahararrun Siddiqis sun hada da: * Ahmad Taqi a Habasha. * Dokta Ali Sheikh Ahmed, wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban Jami'ar Mogadishu a Mogadishu, Somalia. Shi ne kuma shugaban Al-Islaah, wanda yake wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Muslim Brotherhood da ke zaune a [[Misra|Misira]]. * Dokta Ibrahim Dusuuqi, malamin addinin musulmi a Somaliya kuma tsohon memba na Gwamnatin Kasa ta rikon kwarya. * Sheikh Ahmad Qudubi, masanin kimiyya da mai wa'azi a Mogadishu. == Duba kuma == * Gidan Sheekhal * Siddiqui == Bayanai == {{Reflist}} == Manazarta == * [http://www.shaikhsiddiqui.com Shaikh Siddiqui] nyoufr5a40ge5e9eo0mtdbx8kksv5gr 906587 906586 2026-08-23T14:09:21Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 906587 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Siddiqi''' (Arabic) sunan iyali ne na [[Musulmi]], wanda aka samo a cikin Ƙarashin Afirka, [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] da Kudancin Asiya . [[Shehu|Sheikh]] wani ƙarin lakabi ne da Siddiqis ke amfani da shi lokaci-lokaci don nuna al'adun [[Larabawa]] masu daraja. Bisa ga al'ada, mutanen da ke da sunan mahaifiyar "Siddiqi" 'ya'yan [[Abubakar|Abu Bakr]] Siddique ne (Arabic), K[[Khalifofi|Halifa]] na farko (Kalifa) kuma aboki na farko da aboki na [[Manzo|annabi]] Musulunci, Muhammad . == Rarraba == Ana iya samun mutanen da ke da'awar zuriyar Siddiqi a [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]], [[Eritrea]], [[Somaliya]], [[Somaliland]] da [[Itofiya|Habasha]]. Koyaya, wakilan a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe ba a kira su Siddiqi ba, amma a maimakon haka an san su da sunayen gida daban-daban. Siddiqis a Gabashin Habasha galibi ana kiransu [[Qallu]] . Duk da yake wasu daga cikinsu har yanzu suna magana da [[Larabci]], mafi yawansu suna magana da yarukan [[Harshen Oromo|Oromo]], Harari ko [[Harshen Somaliya|Somaliya]] na yankin, harsunan da, kamar Larabci، suma suna cikin dangin yaren Afro-Asiatic. A Somaliya, Siddiqis an fi sani da Sheekhaal ko Aw Qutub .  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Rarrabawa == Shahararrun iyalai na Siddiqi a yankin Horn sun hada da: 1. Iyalin [[Aw Abadiro]] 2. Iyalin [[Aw Umar Ziad]] 3. Iyalin [[Aw Shadir]] 4. Iyalin [[Aw Kurtu Dader]] (a cikin [[Harar]], Dader da [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]]) 5. Iyalin [[Aw Khatib]] 6. Iyalin [[Aw Ismael|Aw Ishma'eel]] 7. Iyalin [[Qallu-Diinii]] 8. Iyalin [[Khabir Hassan]] (a cikin Galamso) 9. Iyalin [[Aw Samirren]] 10. Iyalin [[Aw Khalaf/Kalaf|Aw Khalaf / Kalaf]] 11. Iyalin [[Aw Barre]] 12. Iyalin [[Sheikhaal/Sheikhaach|Sheikhaal / Sheikhaach]] == Kakanninmu na yau da kullun == Malamin musulmi Sheikh Abadir Umar Ar-Rida (''Abadir Umar Al-Rida ibn Muhammad ibn Shamsadin Al-Bakri Al-Siddiqi'') a al'adance ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin kakannin iyalan Siddiqi a yankin Horn. Ar-Rida shine babban adadi a cikin ''Fath Madinat [[Harar]]'', tarihin da ba a buga ba na birnin Harar a karni na 13. A cewar labarin, Ar-Rida, tare da wasu tsarkaka da yawa, sun fito ne daga yankin [[Hijaz]] na [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] na yanzu zuwa Harar a cikin 612H (1216 AD). An ce Sheikh ya haifi 'ya'ya maza shida, waɗanda Siddiqis ke ɗauka a matsayin kakanninsu. Kabarin Sheikh Ar-Rida yana cikin birni mai garu. A 'yan mita daga nesa, akwai kuma masallaci da ke ɗauke da sunansa. == Shahararren Siddiqis == Shahararrun Siddiqis sun hada da: * Ahmad Taqi a Habasha. * Dokta Ali Sheikh Ahmed, wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban Jami'ar Mogadishu a Mogadishu, Somalia. Shi ne kuma shugaban Al-Islaah, wanda yake wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Muslim Brotherhood da ke zaune a [[Misra|Misira]]. * Dokta Ibrahim Dusuuqi, malamin addinin musulmi a Somaliya kuma tsohon memba na Gwamnatin Kasa ta rikon kwarya. * Sheikh Ahmad Qudubi, masanin kimiyya da mai wa'azi a Mogadishu. == Duba kuma == * Gidan Sheekhal * Siddiqui == Bayanai == {{Reflist}} == Manazarta == * [http://www.shaikhsiddiqui.com Shaikh Siddiqui] flsi9jc8ol3glc919h5lu7mrvnajjff 906588 906587 2026-08-23T14:09:50Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 906588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Siddiqi''' (Arabic) sunan iyali ne na [[Musulmi]], wanda aka samo a cikin Ƙarashin Afirka, [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] da Kudancin Asiya . [[Shehu|Sheikh]] wani ƙarin lakabi ne da Siddiqis ke amfani da shi lokaci-lokaci don nuna al'adun [[Larabawa]] masu daraja. Bisa ga al'ada, mutanen da ke da sunan mahaifiyar "Siddiqi" 'ya'yan [[Abubakar|Abu Bakr]] Siddique ne (Arabic), K[[Khalifofi|Halifa]] na farko (Kalifa) kuma aboki na farko da aboki na [[Manzo|annabi]] Musulunci, Muhammad . == Rarraba == Ana iya samun mutanen da ke da'awar zuriyar Siddiqi a [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]], [[Eritrea]], [[Somaliya]], [[Somaliland]] da [[Itofiya|Habasha]]. Koyaya, wakilan a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe ba a kira su Siddiqi ba, amma a maimakon haka an san su da sunayen gida daban-daban. Siddiqis a Gabashin Habasha galibi ana kiransu [[Qallu]] . Duk da yake wasu daga cikinsu har yanzu suna magana da [[Larabci]], mafi yawansu suna magana da yarukan [[Harshen Oromo|Oromo]], Harari ko [[Harshen Somaliya|Somaliya]] na yankin, harsunan da, kamar Larabci، suma suna cikin dangin yaren Afro-Asiatic. A Somaliya, Siddiqis an fi sani da Sheekhaal ko Aw Qutub .  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Rarrabawa == Shahararrun iyalai na Siddiqi a yankin Horn sun hada da: 1. Iyalin [[Aw Abadiro]] 2. Iyalin [[Aw Umar Ziad]] 3. Iyalin [[Aw Shadir]] 4. Iyalin [[Aw Kurtu Dader]] (a cikin [[Harar]], Dader da [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]]) 5. Iyalin [[Aw Khatib]] 6. Iyalin [[Aw Ismael|Aw Ishma'eel]] 7. Iyalin [[Qallu-Diinii]] 8. Iyalin [[Khabir Hassan]] (a cikin Galamso) 9. Iyalin [[Aw Samirren]] 10. Iyalin [[Aw Khalaf/Kalaf|Aw Khalaf / Kalaf]] 11. Iyalin [[Aw Barre]] 12. Iyalin [[Sheikhaal/Sheikhaach|Sheikhaal / Sheikhaach]] == Kakanninmu na yau da kullun == Malamin musulmi Sheikh Abadir Umar Ar-Rida (''Abadir Umar Al-Rida ibn Muhammad ibn Shamsadin Al-Bakri Al-Siddiqi'') a al'adance ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin kakannin iyalan Siddiqi a yankin Horn. Ar-Rida shine babban adadi a cikin ''Fath Madinat [[Harar]]'', tarihin da ba a buga ba na birnin Harar a karni na 13. A cewar labarin, Ar-Rida, tare da wasu tsarkaka da yawa, sun fito ne daga yankin [[Hijaz]] na [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] na yanzu zuwa Harar a cikin 612H (1216 AD). An ce Sheikh ya haifi 'ya'ya maza shida, waɗanda Siddiqis ke ɗauka a matsayin kakanninsu. Kabarin Sheikh Ar-Rida yana cikin birni mai garu. A 'yan mita daga nesa, akwai kuma masallaci da ke ɗauke da sunansa. == Shahararren Siddiqis == Shahararrun Siddiqis sun hada da: * Ahmad Taqi a Habasha. * Dokta Ali Sheikh Ahmed, wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban Jami'ar Mogadishu a Mogadishu, Somalia. Shi ne kuma shugaban Al-Islaah, wanda yake wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Muslim Brotherhood da ke zaune a [[Misra|Misira]]. * Dokta Ibrahim Dusuuqi, malamin addinin musulmi a Somaliya kuma tsohon memba na Gwamnatin Kasa ta rikon kwarya. * Sheikh Ahmad Qudubi, masanin kimiyya da mai wa'azi a Mogadishu. == Duba kuma == * Gidan Sheekhal * Siddiqui == Bayanai == {{Reflist}} == Manazarta == * [http://www.shaikhsiddiqui.com Shaikh Siddiqui] ip4u9hgynaamcp3ighxvbw79x58dv31 906589 906588 2026-08-23T14:11:11Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 /* Kakanninmu na yau da kullun */ 906589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Siddiqi''' (Arabic) sunan iyali ne na [[Musulmi]], wanda aka samo a cikin Ƙarashin Afirka, [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] da Kudancin Asiya . [[Shehu|Sheikh]] wani ƙarin lakabi ne da Siddiqis ke amfani da shi lokaci-lokaci don nuna al'adun [[Larabawa]] masu daraja. Bisa ga al'ada, mutanen da ke da sunan mahaifiyar "Siddiqi" 'ya'yan [[Abubakar|Abu Bakr]] Siddique ne (Arabic), K[[Khalifofi|Halifa]] na farko (Kalifa) kuma aboki na farko da aboki na [[Manzo|annabi]] Musulunci, Muhammad . == Rarraba == Ana iya samun mutanen da ke da'awar zuriyar Siddiqi a [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]], [[Eritrea]], [[Somaliya]], [[Somaliland]] da [[Itofiya|Habasha]]. Koyaya, wakilan a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe ba a kira su Siddiqi ba, amma a maimakon haka an san su da sunayen gida daban-daban. Siddiqis a Gabashin Habasha galibi ana kiransu [[Qallu]] . Duk da yake wasu daga cikinsu har yanzu suna magana da [[Larabci]], mafi yawansu suna magana da yarukan [[Harshen Oromo|Oromo]], Harari ko [[Harshen Somaliya|Somaliya]] na yankin, harsunan da, kamar Larabci، suma suna cikin dangin yaren Afro-Asiatic. A Somaliya, Siddiqis an fi sani da Sheekhaal ko Aw Qutub .  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Rarrabawa == Shahararrun iyalai na Siddiqi a yankin Horn sun hada da: 1. Iyalin [[Aw Abadiro]] 2. Iyalin [[Aw Umar Ziad]] 3. Iyalin [[Aw Shadir]] 4. Iyalin [[Aw Kurtu Dader]] (a cikin [[Harar]], Dader da [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]]) 5. Iyalin [[Aw Khatib]] 6. Iyalin [[Aw Ismael|Aw Ishma'eel]] 7. Iyalin [[Qallu-Diinii]] 8. Iyalin [[Khabir Hassan]] (a cikin Galamso) 9. Iyalin [[Aw Samirren]] 10. Iyalin [[Aw Khalaf/Kalaf|Aw Khalaf / Kalaf]] 11. Iyalin [[Aw Barre]] 12. Iyalin [[Sheikhaal/Sheikhaach|Sheikhaal / Sheikhaach]] == Kakanninmu na yau da kullun == Malamin musulmi Sheikh Abadir Umar Ar-Rida (''Abadir Umar Al-Rida ibn Muhammad ibn Shamsadin Al-Bakri Al-Siddiqi'') a al'adance ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin kakannin iyalan Siddiqi a yankin Horn. Ar-Rida shine babban adadi a cikin ''Fath Madinat [[Harar]]'', tarihin da ba a buga ba na birnin Harar a karni na 13. A cewar labarin, Ar-Rida, tare da wasu tsarkaka da yawa, sun fito ne daga yankin [[Hijaz]] na [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] na yanzu zuwa Harar a cikin 612H (1216 AD).<ref name="Uhlig">Siegbert Uhlig, ''Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: He-N'', Volume 3, (Otto Harrassowitz Verlag: 2007), pp.111 & 319.</ref> An ce Sheikh ya haifi 'ya'ya maza shida, waɗanda Siddiqis ke ɗauka a matsayin kakanninsu. Kabarin Sheikh Ar-Rida yana cikin birni mai garu. A 'yan mita daga nesa, akwai kuma masallaci da ke ɗauke da sunansa. == Shahararren Siddiqis == Shahararrun Siddiqis sun hada da: * Ahmad Taqi a Habasha. * Dokta Ali Sheikh Ahmed, wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban Jami'ar Mogadishu a Mogadishu, Somalia. Shi ne kuma shugaban Al-Islaah, wanda yake wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Muslim Brotherhood da ke zaune a [[Misra|Misira]]. * Dokta Ibrahim Dusuuqi, malamin addinin musulmi a Somaliya kuma tsohon memba na Gwamnatin Kasa ta rikon kwarya. * Sheikh Ahmad Qudubi, masanin kimiyya da mai wa'azi a Mogadishu. == Duba kuma == * Gidan Sheekhal * Siddiqui == Bayanai == {{Reflist}} == Manazarta == * [http://www.shaikhsiddiqui.com Shaikh Siddiqui] 5zvynxb1p3hmtw0q2gcnta0hgl17xby 906590 906589 2026-08-23T14:11:34Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 /* Rarraba */ 906590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Siddiqi''' (Arabic) sunan iyali ne na [[Musulmi]], wanda aka samo a cikin Ƙarashin Afirka, [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] da Kudancin Asiya . [[Shehu|Sheikh]] wani ƙarin lakabi ne da Siddiqis ke amfani da shi lokaci-lokaci don nuna al'adun [[Larabawa]] masu daraja. Bisa ga al'ada, mutanen da ke da sunan mahaifiyar "Siddiqi" 'ya'yan [[Abubakar|Abu Bakr]] Siddique ne (Arabic), K[[Khalifofi|Halifa]] na farko (Kalifa) kuma aboki na farko da aboki na [[Manzo|annabi]] Musulunci, Muhammad . == Rarraba == Ana iya samun mutanen da ke da'awar zuriyar Siddiqi a [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]], [[Eritrea]], [[Somaliya]], [[Somaliland]] da [[Itofiya|Habasha]]. Koyaya, wakilan a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe ba a kira su Siddiqi ba, amma a maimakon haka an san su da sunayen gida daban-daban. Siddiqis a Gabashin Habasha galibi ana kiransu [[Qallu]] . Duk da yake wasu daga cikinsu har yanzu suna magana da [[Larabci]], mafi yawansu suna magana da yarukan [[Harshen Oromo|Oromo]], Harari ko [[Harshen Somaliya|Somaliya]] na yankin, harsunan da, kamar Larabci، suma suna cikin dangin yaren Afro-Asiatic. A Somaliya, Siddiqis an fi sani da Sheekhaal ko Aw Qutub . == Rarrabawa == Shahararrun iyalai na Siddiqi a yankin Horn sun hada da: 1. Iyalin [[Aw Abadiro]] 2. Iyalin [[Aw Umar Ziad]] 3. Iyalin [[Aw Shadir]] 4. Iyalin [[Aw Kurtu Dader]] (a cikin [[Harar]], Dader da [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]]) 5. Iyalin [[Aw Khatib]] 6. Iyalin [[Aw Ismael|Aw Ishma'eel]] 7. Iyalin [[Qallu-Diinii]] 8. Iyalin [[Khabir Hassan]] (a cikin Galamso) 9. Iyalin [[Aw Samirren]] 10. Iyalin [[Aw Khalaf/Kalaf|Aw Khalaf / Kalaf]] 11. Iyalin [[Aw Barre]] 12. Iyalin [[Sheikhaal/Sheikhaach|Sheikhaal / Sheikhaach]] == Kakanninmu na yau da kullun == Malamin musulmi Sheikh Abadir Umar Ar-Rida (''Abadir Umar Al-Rida ibn Muhammad ibn Shamsadin Al-Bakri Al-Siddiqi'') a al'adance ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin kakannin iyalan Siddiqi a yankin Horn. Ar-Rida shine babban adadi a cikin ''Fath Madinat [[Harar]]'', tarihin da ba a buga ba na birnin Harar a karni na 13. A cewar labarin, Ar-Rida, tare da wasu tsarkaka da yawa, sun fito ne daga yankin [[Hijaz]] na [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] na yanzu zuwa Harar a cikin 612H (1216 AD).<ref name="Uhlig">Siegbert Uhlig, ''Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: He-N'', Volume 3, (Otto Harrassowitz Verlag: 2007), pp.111 & 319.</ref> An ce Sheikh ya haifi 'ya'ya maza shida, waɗanda Siddiqis ke ɗauka a matsayin kakanninsu. Kabarin Sheikh Ar-Rida yana cikin birni mai garu. A 'yan mita daga nesa, akwai kuma masallaci da ke ɗauke da sunansa. == Shahararren Siddiqis == Shahararrun Siddiqis sun hada da: * Ahmad Taqi a Habasha. * Dokta Ali Sheikh Ahmed, wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban Jami'ar Mogadishu a Mogadishu, Somalia. Shi ne kuma shugaban Al-Islaah, wanda yake wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Muslim Brotherhood da ke zaune a [[Misra|Misira]]. * Dokta Ibrahim Dusuuqi, malamin addinin musulmi a Somaliya kuma tsohon memba na Gwamnatin Kasa ta rikon kwarya. * Sheikh Ahmad Qudubi, masanin kimiyya da mai wa'azi a Mogadishu. == Duba kuma == * Gidan Sheekhal * Siddiqui == Bayanai == {{Reflist}} == Manazarta == * [http://www.shaikhsiddiqui.com Shaikh Siddiqui] 4zd8bjyaytrlmtaj8wse6glgkr7qmil 0 165216 906592 2026-08-23T14:14:43Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351769493|Kerewan]]" 906592 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Kerewan</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Gambia-Kerewan.png|250x250px|Location of the Kerewan Local Government Area]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption">Wurin karamar hukumar Kerewan</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:Gambia_adm_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Kerewan is located in The Gambia]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:47.059%;left:26.971%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Kerewan]]</div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Kerewan</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Yanayi a Gambiya</div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Ma'auni:<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kerewan&params=13_30_N_16_05_W_region:GM_type:city <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">16°05′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.500°N 16.083°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">13.500; -16.083</span></span></span>]</span></span> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |[[Gambiya]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Rarraba | class="infobox-data" |Yankin Bankin Arewa |} '''Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Kerewan''' wani gari ne a cikin [[Gambiya]] . Yana kusa da Miniminiyang Bolong, kimanin kilomita 60 daga babban birnin Banjul. &nbsp;Shi ne wurin zama na Karamar Hukumar Kerewan (tsohon Sashen Bankin Arewa), wanda ke kan iyakar arewacin [[kogin Gambiya]]. Yawan mutanen Kerewan LGA ya kai 225,516 a ƙididdigar yawan jama'a ta 2013, tare da kimanin mutane 3,500 a garin Kerewan.<ref name="GBoS 2017">{{Cite web |date=2017-09-20 |title=Distribution of Population by Gender and LGA |url=https://www.gbosdata.org/topics/population-and-demography/distribution-of-population-by-gender-and-lga |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321045621/https://www.gbosdata.org/topics/population-and-demography/distribution-of-population-by-gender-and-lga |archive-date=2022-03-21 |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=GBoS}}</ref> == Tarihi == Kerewan an kafa ta ne a rabi na biyu na karni na 19 ta sanannen dangin Fatty daga ƙauyen [[Katchang]] . == Yanayi == {{Weather box}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} hr2cxf9lg776g4otjdm6ompgt31tk8a 906593 906592 2026-08-23T14:15:30Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 906593 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Kerewan</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Gambia-Kerewan.png|250x250px|Location of the Kerewan Local Government Area]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption">Wurin karamar hukumar Kerewan</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:Gambia_adm_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Kerewan is located in The Gambia]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:47.059%;left:26.971%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Kerewan]]</div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Kerewan</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Yanayi a Gambiya</div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Ma'auni:<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kerewan&params=13_30_N_16_05_W_region:GM_type:city <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">16°05′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.500°N 16.083°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">13.500; -16.083</span></span></span>]</span></span> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |[[Gambiya]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Rarraba | class="infobox-data" |Yankin Bankin Arewa |} '''Kerewan''' wani gari ne a cikin [[Gambiya]] . Yana kusa da Miniminiyang Bolong, kimanin kilomita 60 daga babban birnin Banjul. &nbsp;Shi ne wurin zama na Karamar Hukumar Kerewan (tsohon Sashen Bankin Arewa), wanda ke kan iyakar arewacin [[kogin Gambiya]]. Yawan mutanen Kerewan LGA ya kai 225,516 a ƙididdigar yawan jama'a ta 2013, tare da kimanin mutane 3,500 a garin Kerewan.<ref name="GBoS 2017">{{Cite web |date=2017-09-20 |title=Distribution of Population by Gender and LGA |url=https://www.gbosdata.org/topics/population-and-demography/distribution-of-population-by-gender-and-lga |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321045621/https://www.gbosdata.org/topics/population-and-demography/distribution-of-population-by-gender-and-lga |archive-date=2022-03-21 |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=GBoS}}</ref> == Tarihi == Kerewan an kafa ta ne a rabi na biyu na karni na 19 ta sanannen dangin Fatty daga ƙauyen [[Katchang]] . == Yanayi == {{Weather box}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 6iiehyicpjew4gl72xat6z3pai9o4t3 0 165217 906597 2026-08-23T14:30:34Z Muhibba Waziri 40514 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349322140|Dalila Boudjemaa]]" 906597 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dalila Boudjemaa''' ('''In 2009, she married Alexander Martinenko, Deputy Chairman of the National State Television and Radio Company of the Republic of Belarus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007–2009 |title=Who is who in Belarus |url=http://who.bdg.by/obj.php?kod=381 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307222708/http://who.bdg.by/obj.php?kod=381 |archive-date=7 March 2010 |access-date=24 July 2010 |website=[[Belorusskaya Delovaya Gazeta]] |publisher=Марат}}</ref>''' (Arabic: دليلة بوجمعة) is an Algerian agricultural engineer and politician. She was Minister of Regional Planning and the Environment in the Government of Algeria (2013 to 2015) and Minister of the Environment in the Government of Algeria (2021). Arabic ) injiniyan noma ne kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan ƙasar Aljeriya. Ta kasance Ministar Tsare-tsare na Yankuna da Muhalli a Gwamnatin Algeria (2013 zuwa 2015) da kuma Ministar Muhalli a Gwamnatin Algeria (2021). == Tarihin Rayuwa == Boudjemaa was secretary of state to the minister of regional planning in 2012.<ref name=":1" /> In September 2013, she was promoted to Minister of Regional Planning and the Environment.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> In June 2015, Boudjemaa was ousted from the government when her department was abolished and attached to the Ministry of Water Resources.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-02 |title=Algérie : dur dur d'être femme ministre |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/233383/politique/alg-rie-dur-dur-d-tre-femme-ministre/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126102223/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/233383/politique/alg-rie-dur-dur-d-tre-femme-ministre/ |archive-date=26 January 2025 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=[[Jeune Afrique]] |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ya kasance sakataren jiha na ministan tsare-tsare na yanki a shekarar 2012. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Azzegag |first=Samira |date=2021-02-23 |title=Dalila Boudjemaa, ministre de l'Environnement : Priorite a la biodiversite et a la lutte contre la pollution |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Dalila+Boudjemaa,+ministre+de+l'Environnement+:+Priorite+a+la...-a0652765503 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Horizons |language=fr |via=Free Online Library}}</ref> A watan Satumba na 2013, an ƙara mata matsayi zuwa Ministan Tsare-tsare na Yankuna da Muhalli. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Actualité : Dalila Boudjemaâ est formelle : L'exploitation du gaz schiste n'a «aucun impact» sur l'environnement |url=https://dknews-dz.com/article/29459-dalila-boudjemaa-est-formelle-lexploitation-du-gaz-schiste-na-aucun-impact-sur-lenvironnement.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126214657/https://dknews-dz.com/article/29459-dalila-boudjemaa-est-formelle-lexploitation-du-gaz-schiste-na-aucun-impact-sur-lenvironnement.html |archive-date=26 January 2025 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=DKNews |language=FR}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2015, an kori Boudjemaa daga gwamnati lokacin da aka soke sashenta aka kuma sanya ta a ma'aikatar albarkatun ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-02 |title=Algérie : dur dur d'être femme ministre |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/233383/politique/alg-rie-dur-dur-d-tre-femme-ministre/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126102223/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/233383/politique/alg-rie-dur-dur-d-tre-femme-ministre/ |archive-date=26 January 2025 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=[[Jeune Afrique]] |language=fr-FR}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, Boudjemaa ya kasance mai ba In 2020, Boudjemaa was an advisor to the president of the Republic of Algeria, responsible for <a href="./Ecology" rel="mw:WikiLink" data-linkid="63" data-cx="{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;sourceTitle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Ecology&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;thumbnail&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;source&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Bufo_boreas.jpg/120px-Bufo_boreas.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&amp;amp;utm_campaign=api&amp;amp;utm_content=thumbnail&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:80,&amp;quot;height&amp;quot;:60},&amp;quot;description&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Study of organisms and their environment&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;pageprops&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wikibase_item&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Q7150&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;pagelanguage&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;en&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;targetTitle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Ecology&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;thumbnail&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;source&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Grib_skov.jpg/120px-Grib_skov.jpg?utm_source=ha.wikipedia.org&amp;amp;utm_campaign=api&amp;amp;utm_content=thumbnail&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:80,&amp;quot;height&amp;quot;:75},&amp;quot;pageprops&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wikibase_item&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Q7150&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;pagelanguage&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;ha&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;targetFrom&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;link&amp;quot;}" class="cx-link" id="mwLQ" title="Ecology">ecology</a>. Jamhuriyar Aljeriya shawara, mai kula da [[Ecology|muhalli]] . Bayan sake Following a ministerial reshufflimg on 21 February 2021, Boudjemaa was reappointed as minister of the environment in the Third Djerad government, replacing [[Nassira Benharrats]]. She attended the 31st session of the African Ministerial Conference on the Environment (AMCEN). She held the office until 7 July 2021.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> ministoci a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu 2021, an sake nada Boudjemaa a matsayin ministan muhalli a gwamnatin Djerad ta uku, inda ya maye gurbin [[Nassira Benharrats]] . Ta halarci zaman taro na 31 na taron ministocin Afirka kan muhalli (AMCEN). Ta riƙe wannan muƙamin har zuwa ranar 7 ga Yuli, 2021.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Boudjemaa tana goyon bayan amfani da iskar shale, wanda ta yi iƙirarin cewa ba shi da Boudjemaa is in favour of the exploitation of shale gas, which she claims has no impact on the environment.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Algerie Presse Service: Shale Gas - No Negative Impact On Environment |url=https://www.naturalgasworld.com/shale-gas-no-negative-impact-environment |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Natural Gas World}}</ref> She has also encouraged Technical Landfill Centers (CET) to exploit their large stocks of waste to generate income as "waste has now become an economic issue," and has called for legislation to limit "the dangers of the use of plastic on health and the environment." tasiri ga muhalli. <ref name=":2" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Algerie Presse Service: Shale Gas - No Negative Impact On Environment |url=https://www.naturalgasworld.com/shale-gas-no-negative-impact-environment |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Natural Gas World}}</ref> Ta kuma ƙarfafa Cibiyoyin Zuba Jari na Fasaha (CET) da su yi amfani da tarin sharar da suke da ita don samar da kuɗi saboda "sharar ta zama matsala ta tattalin arziki," kuma ta yi kira da a yi doka ta takaita "haɗarin amfani da robobi ga lafiya da muhalli." [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 916u1hkmhbuqb2dm5fv0bteyxygx64g 0 165218 906610 2026-08-23T15:24:50Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369741801|Insurgency]]" 906610 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Warsaw_Uprising_poster_345.jpg|thumb|Wani mai tayar da kayar baya na Home Army kusa da hoton farfaganda a lokacin Warsaw Uprising na 1944Tashin hankali na Warsaw]] <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Tawayen ƙungiyar masu tayar da kayar baya (insurgency)''' wani nau’in '''tawaye ne na tashin hankali da ɗauke da makamai''', wanda ƙananan ƙungiyoyin mayaƙa masu ƙarancin makamai ke aiwatarwa ta hanyar amfani da '''yaƙin ɓata-gari (guerrilla warfare)''' a kan wata babbar '''hukuma ko gwamnati'''<ref name="FearonLaitin20032">{{Cite journal |last1=Fearon |first1=James D. |last2=Laitin |first2=David D. |date=2003 |title=Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/ethnicity-insurgency-and-civil-war/B1D5D0E7C782483C5D7E102A61AD6605 |journal=American Political Science Review |language=en |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=75–90 |doi=10.1017/S0003055403000534 |issn=1537-5943 |s2cid=8303905 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=Janet I.|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/how-insurgency-begins/8798DEF1B3A5563C402E4F5D4617C8CA|title=How Insurgency Begins: Rebel Group Formation in Uganda and Beyond|date=2020|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-47966-0|pages=17–18|doi=10.1017/9781108855969|s2cid=225014676}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kalyvas |first1=Stathis N. |last2=Balcells |first2=Laia |date=2010 |title=International System and Technologies of Rebellion: How the End of the Cold War Shaped Internal Conflict |journal=The American Political Science Review |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=415–429 |doi=10.1017/S0003055410000286 |issn=0003-0554 |jstor=40863761 |s2cid=17605053 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10261/45454}}</ref> Muhimmin abin da ke bayyana irin wannan tawaye shi ne '''rashin daidaiton ƙarfi (asymmetric)''' tsakanin ɓangarorin: ƙananan '''rundunonin mayaƙa marasa tsari (irregular forces)''' suna fuskantar babbar rundunar soja ta yau da kullum, wadda take da ingantattun makamai da kayan yaƙi, kuma yawanci tana ƙarƙashin '''ƙasa ko gwamnati'''.<ref name="KocherPepinskyKalyvas20112">{{Cite journal |last1=Kocher |first1=Matthew Adam |last2=Pepinsky |first2=Thomas B. |last3=Kalyvas |first3=Stathis N. |date=2011 |title=Aerial Bombing and Counterinsurgency in the Vietnam War |journal=American Journal of Political Science |language=en |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=201–218 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00498.x |issn=1540-5907 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Saboda wannan rashin daidaiton ƙarfi, masu tayar da kayar bayan kan guji shiga '''yaƙe kai tsaye masu girma''', maimakon haka sukan gauraya da fararen hula, musamman a '''yankunan karkara''', inda a hankali suke ƙara faɗaɗa ikon mallakar yankuna da kuma ƙarfafa rundunoninsu.[4] Sau da yawa, nasarar irin wannan tawayen tana dogara ne kan '''ikon mallaka da kuma haɗin gwiwa da al’ummar yankin'''.<ref name="KocherPepinskyKalyvas20113">{{Cite journal |last1=Kocher |first1=Matthew Adam |last2=Pepinsky |first2=Thomas B. |last3=Kalyvas |first3=Stathis N. |date=2011 |title=Aerial Bombing and Counterinsurgency in the Vietnam War |journal=American Journal of Political Science |language=en |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=201–218 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00498.x |issn=1540-5907 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Kalyvas20062">{{Cite book|last=Kalyvas|first=Stathis N.|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/logic-of-violence-in-civil-war/3DFE74EA492295FC6940D58CA8EF4D5C|title=The Logic of Violence in Civil War|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85409-2|series=Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics|location=Cambridge|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511818462|s2cid=14897960}}</ref> Ana iya yin tawaye ta hanyar yaki da tawaye, da sauran ayyukan siyasa, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa iri-iri. Saboda haɗuwa da masu tayar da kayar baya tare da fararen hula, masu tayar wa'azi suna haifar da tashin hankali mai yawa a kan fararen hula (ta jihar da masu tayay da kayar bayar baya). <ref name="KocherPepinskyKalyvas2011">{{Cite journal |last=Kocher |first=Matthew Adam |last2=Pepinsky |first2=Thomas B. |last3=Kalyvas |first3=Stathis N. |date=2011 |title=Aerial Bombing and Counterinsurgency in the Vietnam War |journal=American Journal of Political Science |language=en |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=201–218 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00498.x |issn=1540-5907 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yunkurin da Jiha ke yi na murkushe masu tayar da kayar baya akai-akai yana haifar da tashin hankali ba tare da nuna bambanci ba, yayin da ikon 'yan tawaye na yankin sau da yawa ya haɗa da tashin hankali ga fararen hula. [[ta'addanci]] ya ware kansa daga ta'addanci ta hanyar neman iko na siyasa maimakon yin amfani da tashin hankali ba tare da nuna bambanci ba, duk da haka, yana iya haɗawa da dabarun ta'addancin.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The A to Z of military terms |url=https://www.economist.com/military-terms-a-to-z |access-date=2023-12-18 |language=en |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D;</sup> Idan tawaye ya ɗauki salon '''tawaye da makamai''', ba lallai ne a ɗauke shi a matsayin '''insurgency (tawayen masu ɗauke da makamai)''' ba idan akwai yanayin '''yaƙin belligerency''', wato yanayin da wata ƙasa mai cikakken iko ko fiye da ɗaya ke cikin yaƙi da rundunonin ‘yan tawaye. Misali, a lokacin '''Yaƙin Basasar Amurka (American Civil War)''', ba a amince da '''Ƙasashen Tarayyar Kudancin Amurka (Confederate States of America)''' a matsayin ƙasa mai cikakken iko ba. Sai dai an amince da ita a matsayin '''ɓangaren da ke yaƙi (belligerent power)'''. Saboda haka, an bai wa jiragen ruwan yaƙin na Ƙungiyar Confederate a tashoshin jiragen ruwa na ƙasashen waje '''haƙƙoƙi iri ɗaya da jiragen ruwan yaƙin Amurka'''.<ref name="hall-246">Hall, Kermit L. ''The Oxford Guide to United States Supreme Court Decisions'', Oxford University Press US, 2001, {{ISBN|978-0-19-513924-2}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=nO093wNz1PoC&dq=insurrection+civil+war&pg=RA1-PA246 p. 246] "In supporting Lincoln on this issue, the Supreme Court upheld his theory of the Civil War as an insurrection against the United States government that could be suppressed according to the rules of war. In this way the United States was able to fight the war as if it were an international war, without actually having to recognize the ''de jure'' existence of the Confederate government."</ref><ref name="Goldstein-63">Goldstein, Erik; McKercher, B. J. C. ''Power and stability: British foreign policy, 1865–1965'', Routledge, 2003, {{ISBN|978-0-7146-8442-0}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=48EQZ8vM0-UC&dq=confederacy+belligerants+foreign+ports&pg=PA63 p. 63]</ref> Wani lokaci ana iya samun '''tawayen ƙungiyoyi biyu ko fiye a lokaci guda (multipolar insurgencies)''' a cikin ƙasa guda. '''Tawayen Iraki (Iraqi insurgency)''' misali ne na yanayin da '''gwamnatin da aka amince da ita'''[a] ke fuskantar ƙungiyoyin ‘yan tawaye da dama. Wasu tawayen tarihi, kamar '''Yaƙin Basasar Rasha (Russian Civil War)''', sun kasance masu ɓangarori da dama (''multipolar''), maimakon kasancewa rikici kai tsaye tsakanin ɓangarori biyu kawai. A lokacin '''Yaƙin Basasar Angola (Angolan Civil War)''', manyan ɓangarorin da ke yaƙi su ne '''MPLA''' da '''UNITA'''. A lokaci guda kuma, akwai wata ƙungiyar masu fafutukar ballewa daga ƙasa domin neman ‘yancin yankin '''Cabinda''', wadda '''FLEC''' ke jagoranta. Ma’anar '''multipolarity''' tana faɗaɗa ma’anar ''insurgency'' ta yadda za ta haɗa da yanayin da '''babu wata hukuma da aka amince da ita''', kamar yadda ya faru a '''Yaƙin Basasar Somaliya (Somali Civil War)''', musamman a lokacin daga '''1998 zuwa 2006'''. A wannan lokacin, Somaliya ta rabu zuwa ƙananan yankuna ko ƙasashe masu cin gashin kansu, waɗanda suke yin yaƙi da juna tare da kafa '''ƙawance masu sauyawa'''. == Ma'anar == [[Fayil:Kuruc_labanc_csatajelenet1.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Wadanda ake kira ''kuruc'' sun kasance 'yan tawaye masu adawa da Habsburg a Royal Hungary tsakanin 1671 da 1711.]] James Fearon da David Laitin sun bayyana tawaye a matsayin "fasahar rikice-rikicen soja da ke dauke da kananan kungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai da ke yin yakin basasa daga yankunan karkara".<ref name="FearonLaitin2003">{{Cite journal |last=Fearon |first=James D. |last2=Laitin |first2=David D. |date=2003 |title=Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/ethnicity-insurgency-and-civil-war/B1D5D0E7C782483C5D7E102A61AD6605 |journal=American Political Science Review |language=en |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=75–90 |doi=10.1017/S0003055403000534 |issn=1537-5943 |s2cid=8303905 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kalyvas |first=Stathis N. |last2=Kocher |first2=Matthew Adam |date=2007 |title=How "Free" Is Free Riding in Civil Wars? Violence, Insurgency, and the Collective Action Problem |journal=World Politics |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=177–216 |doi=10.1353/wp.2007.0023 |issn=0043-8871 |jstor=40060186 |s2cid=55598769 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Austin Long ya bayyana tawaye a matsayin "amfani da siyasa da na soja ta hanyar dakarun da ba su dace ba don canza tsarin siyasa na yanzu. Wadannan dakarun galibi suna haɗuwa da fararen hula don ɓoyewa daga dakarun kare tsarin siyasa".<ref>{{Citation|journal=William C.}}</ref>A cewar Matthew Adam Kocher, Thomas Pepinsky da Stathis Kalyvas, babban burin tayar da kayar baya shine samun iko akan fararen hula.<ref name="KocherPepinskyKalyvas2011" /> Don gudanar da sarrafawa kungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai suna amfani da ayyuka daban-daban, gami da nau'ikan tashin hankali, warware rikice-rikice, haraji, tsara motsi, samun damar taimako da ayyuka, da kuma matsalolin zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bahiss |first=Ibraheem |last2=Jackson |first2=Ashley |last3=Mayhew |first3=Leigh |last4=Weigand |first4=Florian |date=2022 |title=Rethinking armed group control: Towards a new conceptual framework |url=https://cdn.odi.org/media/documents/FINAL_Re-thinking_Armed_Group_Control.pdf |journal=ODI / Centre on Armed Groups}}</ref> == Tawayen da yaƙe-yaƙe == A cewar James D. Fearon, yaƙe-yaƙe suna da bayani mai ma'ana a bayansu, wanda ke bayyana dalilin da ya sa shugabannin suka fi son yin caca a yaƙe- yaƙe-Yaƙe da guje wa yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya.<ref name="Fearon1995">{{Cite journal |last=Fearon |first=James |date=Summer 1995 |title=Rationalist Explanations for War |journal=International Organization |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=379–414 |doi=10.1017/s0020818300033324 |jstor=2706903 |s2cid=38573183}}</ref> Fearon ya bayyana cewa matsakaicin ciniki na iya zama matsala saboda ƙasashe ba za su iya cinikin yankuna cikin sauƙi tare da yaduwar kishin ƙasa ba.<ref name="Fearon1995" /> Bugu da ƙari, yaƙe-yaƙe na iya ɗaukar nau'in yaƙe-yan ƙasa. A cikin labarinta Me ya sa mummunan mulki ke haifar da yakin basasa, Barbara F. Walter ta gabatar da ka'idar da ke bayyana rawar da cibiyoyi masu karfi ke takawa wajen hana tashin hankali wanda zai iya haifar da yakin farar hula. Walter ya yi imanin cewa cibiyoyin na iya ba da gudummawa ga manufofi huɗu.<ref name="Walter2014">{{Cite journal |last=Walter |first=Barbara |date=March 31, 2014 |title=Why Bad Governance Leads to Repeat Civil War |journal=Conflict Resolutions |volume=59 |issue=7 |pages=1242–1272 |doi=10.1177/0022002714528006 |s2cid=154632359}}</ref> Cibiyoyin suna da alhakin bincika gwamnati, ƙirƙirar hanyoyin zaman lafiya da yawa don taimakawa gwamnati warware matsaloli, sa gwamnati ta himmatu ga ka'idojin siyasa wanda ya haɗa da kiyaye zaman lafiya, da ƙirƙirar yanayi inda 'yan tawaye ba sa buƙatar kafa' yan bindiga.<ref name="Walter2014" /> Bugu da ƙari, Walter ya kara da cewa idan akwai rikici tsakanin gwamnati da masu tayar da kayar baya a matsayin yakin basasa, wannan rikici na iya haifar da sabuwar gwamnati da ke da alhakin mutane da yawa, waɗanda dole ne su shiga cikin sulhu a cikin tattaunawar siyasa. A cewar Walter, kasancewar cibiyoyin da ke da tasiri sosai na iya zama da fa'ida don hana sake maimaita yaƙe-yaƙe na basasa, amma gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka ba su da damar karɓar fitowar cibiyoyi masu ƙarfi saboda sakamakon ƙuntatawar cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati. A cikin littafinta Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in Salvador, Elisabeth Jean Wood ta bayyana cewa mahalarta gwagwarmayar haɗari suna sane da farashin da fa'idodin shiga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe. Wood ya nuna cewa "masu shiga cikin yakin neman zaɓe na Freedom Summer na 1964 a Kudancin Amurka sun yi haɗari sosai na cutar jiki wajen kalubalantar ayyukan da suka daɗe na ware launin fata a [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]]".Akwai dalilai da yawa da za a zaɓa waɗanda ke ƙarfafa tawaye da ƙungiyoyin tashin hankali game da mulkin kama-karya. Misali, masu tayar da kayar baya na iya samar da tsaro a matsayin kayan aiki, wanda ke kawar da cin zarafin gwamnati kuma ta haka ne ya zama daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke motsa masu tayar kayar baya. Ikon juyin juya hali na iya taimakawa wajen bayyana hanyar sadarwar zamantakewa da siyasa wanda a madadinsa ke ba da damar samun damar siyasa ga 'yan takara daban-daban, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da asalin jama'a da al'adun al'adu. Har ila yau, yaƙe-yaƙe da ta'addanci na iya samar da aiki da kuma samun dama ga ayyuka da albarkatun da gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka suka taɓa karɓar su.<ref name="Wood2003" /> == Dabaru == Masu tayar da kayar baya sun bambanta da amfani da dabarun da hanyoyin. A cikin wata kasida ta 2004, Robert R. Tomes ya yi magana game da abubuwa huɗu waɗanda "yawanci sun haɗa da tayar da kayar baya": <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tomes |first=Robert |date=2004-03-01 |title=Relearning Counterinsurgency Warfare |url=https://press.armywarcollege.edu/parameters/vol34/iss1/11 |journal=The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters |volume=34 |issue=1 |doi=10.55540/0031-1723.2193 |issn=0031-1723}}</ref> # Cibiyoyin sadarwar da ke kula da sirri # [[ta'addanci]] da aka yi amfani da shi don bunkasa rashin tsaro tsakanin jama'a da kuma fitar da su ga masu tayar da kayar baya don kariya # Ƙoƙarin da aka yi na haɓaka tallafi a cikin jama'a gaba ɗaya, sau da yawa ta hanyar lalata sabon tsarin mulki # hare-hare kan gwamnati Tomes' misali ne na ma'anar da ba ta rufe duk tashin hankali ba. Misali, Juyin Juya Halin Faransa ba shi da tsarin tantanin halitta, kuma a juyin juya hali na Amurka, ba a yi ƙoƙari sosai don tsoratar da fararen hula ba.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2016}}A cikin juyin mulki a jere a 1977 da 1999 a Pakistan, ayyukan farko sun mayar da hankali a cikin gwamnati maimakon neman goyon baya mai yawa. Duk da yake ma'anar Tomes ta dace da Mataki na Mao, ba ta magance manyan yaƙe-yaƙe na basasa. Mao ya ɗauka ta'addanci yawanci yana daga cikin matakan farko, amma ba koyaushe yake cikin tawaye na juyin juya hali ba. Tomes ya ba da ma'anar tawaye ta kai tsaye, wanda aka samo daga ma'anar Traminquier game da yaki da tawaye: "tsarin rikice-rikice na ayyuka - siyasa, tattalin arziki, tunanin mutum, soja - wanda ke da niyyar kawar da ikon da aka kafa a cikin ƙasa da maye gurbinsa da wani tsarin mulki. " Steven Metz ya lura cewa samfuran da suka gabata na tayar da kayar baya ba su dace da tayar da hankali na zamani ba, a cikin waɗannan lokuta na yanzu suna da damar samun halayen ƙasashe da yawa ko na ƙasashe fiye da na baya. Yawancin masu tayar da kayar baya na iya kasancewa cikin rikice-rikice masu rikitarwa, wadanda suka hada da "dakarun uku (ƙungiyoyin da ke shafar sakamakon, kamar 'yan bindiga) da na huɗu (ƙungiyoyi marasa makamai waɗanda ke shafar sakamako, kamar kafofin watsa labarai na duniya), " wadanda zasu iya bambanta da manyan masu tayar akasin da kayar da kayanta. Duk da yake tallafin jihar ya zama ba a saba gani ba, tallafin kungiyoyin kasa da kasa ya fi yawa. "Ƙirƙirar tawaye a cikin rikice-rikice masu rikitarwa da ke da alaƙa da raunin jihar ko gazawar..." (Dubi tattaunawar jihohin da suka gaza a ƙasa.) Metz ya nuna cewa masu tayar da kayar baya na zamani suna da rikitarwa da sauyawa fiye da yaƙe-yaƙe na gargajiya, inda masu fafutuka masu hankali ke neman gagarumin nasara. === Ta'addanci === Yawancin ta'addanci sun haɗa da ta'addancia. Duk da yake babu ma'anar ta'addanci a cikin dokar kasa da kasa, ma'anar aiki da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ke tallafawa sun haɗa da wanda Alex P. Schmid ya tsara don Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata kan Majalisar Dinkinobho da Ta'addanci. Da yake bayar da rahoto ga Sakatare Janar a shekara ta 2002, Kungiyar Aiki ta bayyana wadannan: Duk da haka wani rikici na ma'anoni ya haɗa da ta'addanci da ta'adda. Rubutun da ya lashe gasar 24th Annual United States Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Strategic Essay Contest, na Michael F. Morris, ya ce [ƙungiyar ta'addanci mai tsabta] "yana iya bin siyasa, har ma da juyin juya hali, manufofi, amma tashin hankali ya maye gurbin maimakon cika shirin siyasa". Morris ya nuna cewa amfani, ko rashin amfani, na ta'addanci ba ya bayyana ta'addancin, "amma cewa halaye na ƙungiya sun ba da wata hanya ta al'ada don raba su biyu. 'Yan ta'addance yawanci suna ba da umarni na dakarun yaƙi da suka fi na kungiyoyin ta'addani. "Masu tayar da kayar baya suna da manufar siyasa, kuma suna iya samar da ayyukan zamantakewa kuma suna da bayyane, har ma da doka, bangaren siyasa. Yankin ɓoye-ɓoye yana kai hare-hare kan sojojin soja tare da dabarun kamar hare-hare da Kwango, da kuma ayyukan ta'addanci kamar hare-haren da ke haifar da mutuwar fararen hula da gangan. Mao ya yi la'akari da ta'addanci a matsayin wani bangare na farko na matakai uku na yaƙin juyin juya hali da kuma wani bangare ne na kafa ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye. Misalai da yawa na ta'addanci sun fahimci cewa ayyukan ta'addancin da aka kammala sun fadada gibin tsaro; masanin ilimin 'yan ta'adda na Marxist Carlos Marighella ya ba da shawarar ayyukan ta'adda a matsayin hanyar cimma wani abu da ya dace da manufar bude gibin tsaro. === Juyin Juya Halin === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Duk da yake ba kowane tawaye ba ne ya shafi ta'addanci, mafi yawansu sun haɗa da wahalar bayyana dabarun, juyin mulki. "Lokacin da ake rushe ƙasa ba a kawar da ita ba; ana gudanar da ita. Rushewa a zahiri gudanarwa ce tare da alamar raguwa a gaba. "Abubuwan da suka faru na musamman na tayar da kayar baya ba tare da juyin mulki ba sune wadanda babu wata gwamnati da aka yarda da ita da ke ba da sabis na gudanarwa. Duk da yake kalmar "subversion" ba a amfani da ita sosai ta masu magana da yawun Amurka na yanzu, wannan na iya zama saboda hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita a baya, a cikin wani yanayi na musamman na adawa da kwaminisanci. Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka Dean Rusk ya yi amfani da shi ta wannan hanyar a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1962, lokacin da ya bayyana cewa ana buƙatar mataki na gaggawa kafin "ƙungiyoyin siyasa da sojoji na abokan gaba su sami filayen da ke haifar da ƙwai na kifi". {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2008}} == Yaki da ta'addanci == [[Fayil:Nigerian_Army_Boko_Haram_demonstration.jpg|thumb|Sojojin yaki da masu tayar da kayar baya na Najeriya suna nuna dabarun da aka yi amfani da su a kan [[Boko Haram]], 2016]] Kafin mutum ya kalubalanci tawaye, dole ne mutum ya fahimci abin da mutum ke kalubalantar. Yawanci mafi kyawun yaki da ta'addanci sun kasance Birtaniya a cikin gaggawa na Malay da kuma adawa da gwamnatin Filipino game da Tawayen Hukbalahap. A cikin Yakin Philippine-Amurka, sojojin Amurka sun sami nasarar murkushe masu tayar da kayar baya na Filipino a shekara ta 1902, duk da cewa tare da dabarun da yawancin mutanen zamani suka ɗauka ba a yarda da su ba. == Dubi kuma ==   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gjmljxs5bq4z66ry1cjutl2b017i8t2 906611 906610 2026-08-23T15:28:14Z Saad Nuhu 43323 906611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Warsaw_Uprising_poster_345.jpg|thumb|Wani mai tayar da kayar baya na Home Army kusa da hoton farfaganda a lokacin Warsaw Uprising na 1944Tashin hankali na Warsaw]] <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Tawayen ƙungiyar masu tayar da kayar baya (insurgency)''' wani nau’in '''tawaye ne na tashin hankali da ɗauke da makamai''', wanda ƙananan ƙungiyoyin mayaƙa masu ƙarancin makamai ke aiwatarwa ta hanyar amfani da '''yaƙin ɓata-gari (guerrilla warfare)''' a kan wata babbar '''hukuma ko gwamnati'''<ref name="FearonLaitin20032">{{Cite journal |last1=Fearon |first1=James D. |last2=Laitin |first2=David D. |date=2003 |title=Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/ethnicity-insurgency-and-civil-war/B1D5D0E7C782483C5D7E102A61AD6605 |journal=American Political Science Review |language=en |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=75–90 |doi=10.1017/S0003055403000534 |issn=1537-5943 |s2cid=8303905 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=Janet I.|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/how-insurgency-begins/8798DEF1B3A5563C402E4F5D4617C8CA|title=How Insurgency Begins: Rebel Group Formation in Uganda and Beyond|date=2020|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-47966-0|pages=17–18|doi=10.1017/9781108855969|s2cid=225014676}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kalyvas |first1=Stathis N. |last2=Balcells |first2=Laia |date=2010 |title=International System and Technologies of Rebellion: How the End of the Cold War Shaped Internal Conflict |journal=The American Political Science Review |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=415–429 |doi=10.1017/S0003055410000286 |issn=0003-0554 |jstor=40863761 |s2cid=17605053 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10261/45454}}</ref> Muhimmin abin da ke bayyana irin wannan tawaye shi ne '''rashin daidaiton ƙarfi (asymmetric)''' tsakanin ɓangarorin: ƙananan '''rundunonin mayaƙa marasa tsari (irregular forces)''' suna fuskantar babbar rundunar soja ta yau da kullum, wadda take da ingantattun makamai da kayan yaƙi, kuma yawanci tana ƙarƙashin '''ƙasa ko gwamnati'''.<ref name="KocherPepinskyKalyvas20112">{{Cite journal |last1=Kocher |first1=Matthew Adam |last2=Pepinsky |first2=Thomas B. |last3=Kalyvas |first3=Stathis N. |date=2011 |title=Aerial Bombing and Counterinsurgency in the Vietnam War |journal=American Journal of Political Science |language=en |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=201–218 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00498.x |issn=1540-5907 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Saboda wannan rashin daidaiton ƙarfi, masu tayar da kayar bayan kan guji shiga '''yaƙe kai tsaye masu girma''', maimakon haka sukan gauraya da fararen hula, musamman a '''yankunan karkara''', inda a hankali suke ƙara faɗaɗa ikon mallakar yankuna da kuma ƙarfafa rundunoninsu.[4] Sau da yawa, nasarar irin wannan tawayen tana dogara ne kan '''ikon mallaka da kuma haɗin gwiwa da al’ummar yankin'''.<ref name="KocherPepinskyKalyvas20113">{{Cite journal |last1=Kocher |first1=Matthew Adam |last2=Pepinsky |first2=Thomas B. |last3=Kalyvas |first3=Stathis N. |date=2011 |title=Aerial Bombing and Counterinsurgency in the Vietnam War |journal=American Journal of Political Science |language=en |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=201–218 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00498.x |issn=1540-5907 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Kalyvas20062">{{Cite book|last=Kalyvas|first=Stathis N.|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/logic-of-violence-in-civil-war/3DFE74EA492295FC6940D58CA8EF4D5C|title=The Logic of Violence in Civil War|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85409-2|series=Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics|location=Cambridge|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511818462|s2cid=14897960}}</ref> Ana iya yin tawaye ta hanyar yaki da tawaye, da sauran ayyukan siyasa, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa iri-iri. Saboda haɗuwa da masu tayar da kayar baya tare da fararen hula, masu tayar wa'azi suna haifar da tashin hankali mai yawa a kan fararen hula (ta jihar da masu tayay da kayar bayar baya). <ref name="KocherPepinskyKalyvas2011">{{Cite journal |last=Kocher |first=Matthew Adam |last2=Pepinsky |first2=Thomas B. |last3=Kalyvas |first3=Stathis N. |date=2011 |title=Aerial Bombing and Counterinsurgency in the Vietnam War |journal=American Journal of Political Science |language=en |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=201–218 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00498.x |issn=1540-5907 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yunkurin da Jiha ke yi na murkushe masu tayar da kayar baya akai-akai yana haifar da tashin hankali ba tare da nuna bambanci ba, yayin da ikon 'yan tawaye na yankin sau da yawa ya haɗa da tashin hankali ga fararen hula. [[ta'addanci]] ya ware kansa daga ta'addanci ta hanyar neman iko na siyasa maimakon yin amfani da tashin hankali ba tare da nuna bambanci ba, duk da haka, yana iya haɗawa da dabarun ta'addancin.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The A to Z of military terms |url=https://www.economist.com/military-terms-a-to-z |access-date=2023-12-18 |language=en |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D;</sup> Idan tawaye ya ɗauki salon '''tawaye da makamai''', ba lallai ne a ɗauke shi a matsayin '''insurgency (tawayen masu ɗauke da makamai)''' ba idan akwai yanayin '''yaƙin belligerency''', wato yanayin da wata ƙasa mai cikakken iko ko fiye da ɗaya ke cikin yaƙi da rundunonin ‘yan tawaye. Misali, a lokacin '''Yaƙin Basasar Amurka (American Civil War)''', ba a amince da '''Ƙasashen Tarayyar Kudancin Amurka (Confederate States of America)''' a matsayin ƙasa mai cikakken iko ba. Sai dai an amince da ita a matsayin '''ɓangaren da ke yaƙi (belligerent power)'''. Saboda haka, an bai wa jiragen ruwan yaƙin na Ƙungiyar Confederate a tashoshin jiragen ruwa na ƙasashen waje '''haƙƙoƙi iri ɗaya da jiragen ruwan yaƙin Amurka'''.<ref name="hall-246">Hall, Kermit L. ''The Oxford Guide to United States Supreme Court Decisions'', Oxford University Press US, 2001, {{ISBN|978-0-19-513924-2}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=nO093wNz1PoC&dq=insurrection+civil+war&pg=RA1-PA246 p. 246] "In supporting Lincoln on this issue, the Supreme Court upheld his theory of the Civil War as an insurrection against the United States government that could be suppressed according to the rules of war. In this way the United States was able to fight the war as if it were an international war, without actually having to recognize the ''de jure'' existence of the Confederate government."</ref><ref name="Goldstein-63">Goldstein, Erik; McKercher, B. J. C. ''Power and stability: British foreign policy, 1865–1965'', Routledge, 2003, {{ISBN|978-0-7146-8442-0}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=48EQZ8vM0-UC&dq=confederacy+belligerants+foreign+ports&pg=PA63 p. 63]</ref> Wani lokaci ana iya samun '''tawayen ƙungiyoyi biyu ko fiye a lokaci guda (multipolar insurgencies)''' a cikin ƙasa guda. '''Tawayen Iraki (Iraqi insurgency)''' misali ne na yanayin da '''gwamnatin da aka amince da ita'''[a] ke fuskantar ƙungiyoyin ‘yan tawaye da dama. Wasu tawayen tarihi, kamar '''Yaƙin Basasar Rasha (Russian Civil War)''', sun kasance masu ɓangarori da dama (''multipolar''), maimakon kasancewa rikici kai tsaye tsakanin ɓangarori biyu kawai. A lokacin '''Yaƙin Basasar Angola (Angolan Civil War)''', manyan ɓangarorin da ke yaƙi su ne '''MPLA''' da '''UNITA'''. A lokaci guda kuma, akwai wata ƙungiyar masu fafutukar ballewa daga ƙasa domin neman ‘yancin yankin '''Cabinda''', wadda '''FLEC''' ke jagoranta. Ma’anar '''multipolarity''' tana faɗaɗa ma’anar ''insurgency'' ta yadda za ta haɗa da yanayin da '''babu wata hukuma da aka amince da ita''', kamar yadda ya faru a '''Yaƙin Basasar Somaliya (Somali Civil War)''', musamman a lokacin daga '''1998 zuwa 2006'''. A wannan lokacin, Somaliya ta rabu zuwa ƙananan yankuna ko ƙasashe masu cin gashin kansu, waɗanda suke yin yaƙi da juna tare da kafa '''ƙawance masu sauyawa'''. == Ma'anar == [[Fayil:Kuruc_labanc_csatajelenet1.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Wadanda ake kira ''kuruc'' sun kasance 'yan tawaye masu adawa da Habsburg a Royal Hungary tsakanin 1671 da 1711.]] James Fearon da David Laitin sun bayyana tawaye a matsayin "fasahar rikice-rikicen soja da ke dauke da kananan kungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai da ke yin yakin basasa daga yankunan karkara".<ref name="FearonLaitin2003">{{Cite journal |last=Fearon |first=James D. |last2=Laitin |first2=David D. |date=2003 |title=Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/ethnicity-insurgency-and-civil-war/B1D5D0E7C782483C5D7E102A61AD6605 |journal=American Political Science Review |language=en |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=75–90 |doi=10.1017/S0003055403000534 |issn=1537-5943 |s2cid=8303905 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kalyvas |first=Stathis N. |last2=Kocher |first2=Matthew Adam |date=2007 |title=How "Free" Is Free Riding in Civil Wars? Violence, Insurgency, and the Collective Action Problem |journal=World Politics |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=177–216 |doi=10.1353/wp.2007.0023 |issn=0043-8871 |jstor=40060186 |s2cid=55598769 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Austin Long ya bayyana tawaye a matsayin "amfani da siyasa da na soja ta hanyar dakarun da ba su dace ba don canza tsarin siyasa na yanzu. Wadannan dakarun galibi suna haɗuwa da fararen hula don ɓoyewa daga dakarun kare tsarin siyasa".<ref>{{Citation|journal=William C.}}</ref>A cewar Matthew Adam Kocher, Thomas Pepinsky da Stathis Kalyvas, babban burin tayar da kayar baya shine samun iko akan fararen hula.<ref name="KocherPepinskyKalyvas2011" /> Don gudanar da sarrafawa kungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai suna amfani da ayyuka daban-daban, gami da nau'ikan tashin hankali, warware rikice-rikice, haraji, tsara motsi, samun damar taimako da ayyuka, da kuma matsalolin zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bahiss |first=Ibraheem |last2=Jackson |first2=Ashley |last3=Mayhew |first3=Leigh |last4=Weigand |first4=Florian |date=2022 |title=Rethinking armed group control: Towards a new conceptual framework |url=https://cdn.odi.org/media/documents/FINAL_Re-thinking_Armed_Group_Control.pdf |journal=ODI / Centre on Armed Groups}}</ref> == Tawayen da yaƙe-yaƙe == A cewar James D. Fearon, yaƙe-yaƙe suna da bayani mai ma'ana a bayansu, wanda ke bayyana dalilin da ya sa shugabannin suka fi son yin caca a yaƙe- yaƙe-Yaƙe da guje wa yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya.<ref name="Fearon1995">{{Cite journal |last=Fearon |first=James |date=Summer 1995 |title=Rationalist Explanations for War |journal=International Organization |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=379–414 |doi=10.1017/s0020818300033324 |jstor=2706903 |s2cid=38573183}}</ref> Fearon ya bayyana cewa matsakaicin ciniki na iya zama matsala saboda ƙasashe ba za su iya cinikin yankuna cikin sauƙi tare da yaduwar kishin ƙasa ba.<ref name="Fearon1995" /> Bugu da ƙari, yaƙe-yaƙe na iya ɗaukar nau'in yaƙe-yan ƙasa. A cikin labarinta Me ya sa mummunan mulki ke haifar da yakin basasa, Barbara F. Walter ta gabatar da ka'idar da ke bayyana rawar da cibiyoyi masu karfi ke takawa wajen hana tashin hankali wanda zai iya haifar da yakin farar hula. Walter ya yi imanin cewa cibiyoyin na iya ba da gudummawa ga manufofi huɗu.<ref name="Walter2014">{{Cite journal |last=Walter |first=Barbara |date=March 31, 2014 |title=Why Bad Governance Leads to Repeat Civil War |journal=Conflict Resolutions |volume=59 |issue=7 |pages=1242–1272 |doi=10.1177/0022002714528006 |s2cid=154632359}}</ref> Cibiyoyin suna da alhakin bincika gwamnati, ƙirƙirar hanyoyin zaman lafiya da yawa don taimakawa gwamnati warware matsaloli, sa gwamnati ta himmatu ga ka'idojin siyasa wanda ya haɗa da kiyaye zaman lafiya, da ƙirƙirar yanayi inda 'yan tawaye ba sa buƙatar kafa' yan bindiga.<ref name="Walter2014" /> Bugu da ƙari, Walter ya kara da cewa idan akwai rikici tsakanin gwamnati da masu tayar da kayar baya a matsayin yakin basasa, wannan rikici na iya haifar da sabuwar gwamnati da ke da alhakin mutane da yawa, waɗanda dole ne su shiga cikin sulhu a cikin tattaunawar siyasa. A cewar Walter, kasancewar cibiyoyin da ke da tasiri sosai na iya zama da fa'ida don hana sake maimaita yaƙe-yaƙe na basasa, amma gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka ba su da damar karɓar fitowar cibiyoyi masu ƙarfi saboda sakamakon ƙuntatawar cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati. A cikin littafinta Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in Salvador, Elisabeth Jean Wood ta bayyana cewa mahalarta gwagwarmayar haɗari suna sane da farashin da fa'idodin shiga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe. Wood ya nuna cewa "masu shiga cikin yakin neman zaɓe na Freedom Summer na 1964 a Kudancin Amurka sun yi haɗari sosai na cutar jiki wajen kalubalantar ayyukan da suka daɗe na ware launin fata a [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]]".Akwai dalilai da yawa da za a zaɓa waɗanda ke ƙarfafa tawaye da ƙungiyoyin tashin hankali game da mulkin kama-karya. Misali, masu tayar da kayar baya na iya samar da tsaro a matsayin kayan aiki, wanda ke kawar da cin zarafin gwamnati kuma ta haka ne ya zama daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke motsa masu tayar kayar baya. Ikon juyin juya hali na iya taimakawa wajen bayyana hanyar sadarwar zamantakewa da siyasa wanda a madadinsa ke ba da damar samun damar siyasa ga 'yan takara daban-daban, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da asalin jama'a da al'adun al'adu. Har ila yau, yaƙe-yaƙe da ta'addanci na iya samar da aiki da kuma samun dama ga ayyuka da albarkatun da gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka suka taɓa karɓar su.<ref name="Wood2003" /> == Dabaru == Masu tayar da kayar baya sun bambanta da amfani da dabarun da hanyoyin. A cikin wata kasida ta 2004, Robert R. Tomes ya yi magana game da abubuwa huɗu waɗanda "yawanci sun haɗa da tayar da kayar baya": <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tomes |first=Robert |date=2004-03-01 |title=Relearning Counterinsurgency Warfare |url=https://press.armywarcollege.edu/parameters/vol34/iss1/11 |journal=The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters |volume=34 |issue=1 |doi=10.55540/0031-1723.2193 |issn=0031-1723}}</ref> # Cibiyoyin sadarwar da ke kula da sirri # [[ta'addanci]] da aka yi amfani da shi don bunkasa rashin tsaro tsakanin jama'a da kuma fitar da su ga masu tayar da kayar baya don kariya # Ƙoƙarin da aka yi na haɓaka tallafi a cikin jama'a gaba ɗaya, sau da yawa ta hanyar lalata sabon tsarin mulki # hare-hare kan gwamnati Tomes' misali ne na ma'anar da ba ta rufe duk tashin hankali ba. Misali, Juyin Juya Halin Faransa ba shi da tsarin tantanin halitta, kuma a juyin juya hali na Amurka, ba a yi ƙoƙari sosai don tsoratar da fararen hula ba.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2016}}A cikin juyin mulki a jere a 1977 da 1999 a Pakistan, ayyukan farko sun mayar da hankali a cikin gwamnati maimakon neman goyon baya mai yawa. Duk da yake ma'anar Tomes ta dace da Mataki na Mao, ba ta magance manyan yaƙe-yaƙe na basasa. Mao ya ɗauka ta'addanci yawanci yana daga cikin matakan farko, amma ba koyaushe yake cikin tawaye na juyin juya hali ba. Tomes ya ba da ma'anar tawaye ta kai tsaye, wanda aka samo daga ma'anar Traminquier game da yaki da tawaye: "tsarin rikice-rikice na ayyuka - siyasa, tattalin arziki, tunanin mutum, soja - wanda ke da niyyar kawar da ikon da aka kafa a cikin ƙasa da maye gurbinsa da wani tsarin mulki. " Steven Metz ya lura cewa samfuran da suka gabata na tayar da kayar baya ba su dace da tayar da hankali na zamani ba, a cikin waɗannan lokuta na yanzu suna da damar samun halayen ƙasashe da yawa ko na ƙasashe fiye da na baya. Yawancin masu tayar da kayar baya na iya kasancewa cikin rikice-rikice masu rikitarwa, wadanda suka hada da "dakarun uku (ƙungiyoyin da ke shafar sakamakon, kamar 'yan bindiga) da na huɗu (ƙungiyoyi marasa makamai waɗanda ke shafar sakamako, kamar kafofin watsa labarai na duniya), " wadanda zasu iya bambanta da manyan masu tayar akasin da kayar da kayanta. Duk da yake tallafin jihar ya zama ba a saba gani ba, tallafin kungiyoyin kasa da kasa ya fi yawa. "Ƙirƙirar tawaye a cikin rikice-rikice masu rikitarwa da ke da alaƙa da raunin jihar ko gazawar..." (Dubi tattaunawar jihohin da suka gaza a ƙasa.) Metz ya nuna cewa masu tayar da kayar baya na zamani suna da rikitarwa da sauyawa fiye da yaƙe-yaƙe na gargajiya, inda masu fafutuka masu hankali ke neman gagarumin nasara. === Ta'addanci === Yawancin ta'addanci sun haɗa da ta'addancia. Duk da yake babu ma'anar ta'addanci a cikin dokar kasa da kasa, ma'anar aiki da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ke tallafawa sun haɗa da wanda Alex P. Schmid ya tsara don Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata kan Majalisar Dinkinobho da Ta'addanci. Da yake bayar da rahoto ga Sakatare Janar a shekara ta 2002, Kungiyar Aiki ta bayyana wadannan: Duk da haka wani rikici na ma'anoni ya haɗa da ta'addanci da ta'adda. Rubutun da ya lashe gasar 24th Annual United States Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Strategic Essay Contest, na Michael F. Morris, ya ce [ƙungiyar ta'addanci mai tsabta] "yana iya bin siyasa, har ma da juyin juya hali, manufofi, amma tashin hankali ya maye gurbin maimakon cika shirin siyasa". Morris ya nuna cewa amfani, ko rashin amfani, na ta'addanci ba ya bayyana ta'addancin, "amma cewa halaye na ƙungiya sun ba da wata hanya ta al'ada don raba su biyu. 'Yan ta'addance yawanci suna ba da umarni na dakarun yaƙi da suka fi na kungiyoyin ta'addani. "Masu tayar da kayar baya suna da manufar siyasa, kuma suna iya samar da ayyukan zamantakewa kuma suna da bayyane, har ma da doka, bangaren siyasa. Yankin ɓoye-ɓoye yana kai hare-hare kan sojojin soja tare da dabarun kamar hare-hare da Kwango, da kuma ayyukan ta'addanci kamar hare-haren da ke haifar da mutuwar fararen hula da gangan. Mao ya yi la'akari da ta'addanci a matsayin wani bangare na farko na matakai uku na yaƙin juyin juya hali da kuma wani bangare ne na kafa ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye. Misalai da yawa na ta'addanci sun fahimci cewa ayyukan ta'addancin da aka kammala sun fadada gibin tsaro; masanin ilimin 'yan ta'adda na Marxist Carlos Marighella ya ba da shawarar ayyukan ta'adda a matsayin hanyar cimma wani abu da ya dace da manufar bude gibin tsaro. === Juyin Juya Halin === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Duk da yake ba kowane tawaye ba ne ya shafi ta'addanci, mafi yawansu sun haɗa da wahalar bayyana dabarun, juyin mulki. "Lokacin da ake rushe ƙasa ba a kawar da ita ba; ana gudanar da ita. Rushewa a zahiri gudanarwa ce tare da alamar raguwa a gaba. "Abubuwan da suka faru na musamman na tayar da kayar baya ba tare da juyin mulki ba sune wadanda babu wata gwamnati da aka yarda da ita da ke ba da sabis na gudanarwa. Duk da yake kalmar "subversion" ba a amfani da ita sosai ta masu magana da yawun Amurka na yanzu, wannan na iya zama saboda hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita a baya, a cikin wani yanayi na musamman na adawa da kwaminisanci. Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka Dean Rusk ya yi amfani da shi ta wannan hanyar a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1962, lokacin da ya bayyana cewa ana buƙatar mataki na gaggawa kafin "ƙungiyoyin siyasa da sojoji na abokan gaba su sami filayen da ke haifar da ƙwai na kifi". {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2008}} == Yaki da ta'addanci == [[Fayil:Nigerian_Army_Boko_Haram_demonstration.jpg|thumb|Sojojin yaki da masu tayar da kayar baya na Najeriya suna nuna dabarun da aka yi amfani da su a kan [[Boko Haram]], 2016]] Kafin mutum ya kalubalanci tawaye, dole ne mutum ya fahimci abin da mutum ke kalubalantar. Yawanci mafi kyawun yaki da ta'addanci sun kasance Birtaniya a cikin gaggawa na Malay da kuma adawa da gwamnatin Filipino game da Tawayen Hukbalahap. A cikin Yakin Philippine-Amurka, sojojin Amurka sun sami nasarar murkushe masu tayar da kayar baya na Filipino a shekara ta 1902, duk da cewa tare da dabarun da yawancin mutanen zamani suka ɗauka ba a yarda da su ba. == Dubi kuma ==   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nsij7jvggzn3v14c3k25nc8584c3uzn 906613 906611 2026-08-23T15:33:30Z Saad Nuhu 43323 906613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Warsaw_Uprising_poster_345.jpg|thumb|Wani mai tayar da kayar baya na Home Army kusa da hoton farfaganda a lokacin Warsaw Uprising na 1944Tashin hankali na Warsaw]] <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Tawayen ƙungiyar masu tayar da kayar baya (insurgency)''' wani nau’in '''tawaye ne na tashin hankali da ɗauke da makamai''', wanda ƙananan ƙungiyoyin mayaƙa masu ƙarancin makamai ke aiwatarwa ta hanyar amfani da '''yaƙin ɓata-gari (guerrilla warfare)''' a kan wata babbar '''hukuma ko gwamnati'''<ref name="FearonLaitin20032">{{Cite journal |last1=Fearon |first1=James D. |last2=Laitin |first2=David D. |date=2003 |title=Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/ethnicity-insurgency-and-civil-war/B1D5D0E7C782483C5D7E102A61AD6605 |journal=American Political Science Review |language=en |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=75–90 |doi=10.1017/S0003055403000534 |issn=1537-5943 |s2cid=8303905 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=Janet I.|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/how-insurgency-begins/8798DEF1B3A5563C402E4F5D4617C8CA|title=How Insurgency Begins: Rebel Group Formation in Uganda and Beyond|date=2020|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-47966-0|pages=17–18|doi=10.1017/9781108855969|s2cid=225014676}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kalyvas |first1=Stathis N. |last2=Balcells |first2=Laia |date=2010 |title=International System and Technologies of Rebellion: How the End of the Cold War Shaped Internal Conflict |journal=The American Political Science Review |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=415–429 |doi=10.1017/S0003055410000286 |issn=0003-0554 |jstor=40863761 |s2cid=17605053 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10261/45454}}</ref> Muhimmin abin da ke bayyana irin wannan tawaye shi ne '''rashin daidaiton ƙarfi (asymmetric)''' tsakanin ɓangarorin: ƙananan '''rundunonin mayaƙa marasa tsari (irregular forces)''' suna fuskantar babbar rundunar soja ta yau da kullum, wadda take da ingantattun makamai da kayan yaƙi, kuma yawanci tana ƙarƙashin '''ƙasa ko gwamnati'''.<ref name="KocherPepinskyKalyvas20112">{{Cite journal |last1=Kocher |first1=Matthew Adam |last2=Pepinsky |first2=Thomas B. |last3=Kalyvas |first3=Stathis N. |date=2011 |title=Aerial Bombing and Counterinsurgency in the Vietnam War |journal=American Journal of Political Science |language=en |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=201–218 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00498.x |issn=1540-5907 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Saboda wannan rashin daidaiton ƙarfi, masu tayar da kayar bayan kan guji shiga '''yaƙe kai tsaye masu girma''', maimakon haka sukan gauraya da fararen hula, musamman a '''yankunan karkara''', inda a hankali suke ƙara faɗaɗa ikon mallakar yankuna da kuma ƙarfafa rundunoninsu. Sau da yawa, nasarar irin wannan tawayen tana dogara ne kan '''ikon mallaka da kuma haɗin gwiwa da al’ummar yankin'''.<ref name="KocherPepinskyKalyvas20113">{{Cite journal |last1=Kocher |first1=Matthew Adam |last2=Pepinsky |first2=Thomas B. |last3=Kalyvas |first3=Stathis N. |date=2011 |title=Aerial Bombing and Counterinsurgency in the Vietnam War |journal=American Journal of Political Science |language=en |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=201–218 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00498.x |issn=1540-5907 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Kalyvas20062">{{Cite book|last=Kalyvas|first=Stathis N.|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/logic-of-violence-in-civil-war/3DFE74EA492295FC6940D58CA8EF4D5C|title=The Logic of Violence in Civil War|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85409-2|series=Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics|location=Cambridge|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511818462|s2cid=14897960}}</ref> Ana iya yin tawaye ta hanyar yaki da tawaye, da sauran ayyukan siyasa, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa iri-iri. Saboda haɗuwa da masu tayar da kayar baya tare da fararen hula, masu tayar wa'azi suna haifar da tashin hankali mai yawa a kan fararen hula (ta jihar da masu tayay da kayar bayar baya). <ref name="KocherPepinskyKalyvas2011">{{Cite journal |last=Kocher |first=Matthew Adam |last2=Pepinsky |first2=Thomas B. |last3=Kalyvas |first3=Stathis N. |date=2011 |title=Aerial Bombing and Counterinsurgency in the Vietnam War |journal=American Journal of Political Science |language=en |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=201–218 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00498.x |issn=1540-5907 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yunkurin da Jiha ke yi na murkushe masu tayar da kayar baya akai-akai yana haifar da tashin hankali ba tare da nuna bambanci ba, yayin da ikon 'yan tawaye na yankin sau da yawa ya haɗa da tashin hankali ga fararen hula. [[ta'addanci]] ya ware kansa daga ta'addanci ta hanyar neman iko na siyasa maimakon yin amfani da tashin hankali ba tare da nuna bambanci ba, duk da haka, yana iya haɗawa da dabarun ta'addancin.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The A to Z of military terms |url=https://www.economist.com/military-terms-a-to-z |access-date=2023-12-18 |language=en |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D;</sup> Idan tawaye ya ɗauki salon '''tawaye da makamai''', ba lallai ne a ɗauke shi a matsayin '''insurgency (tawayen masu ɗauke da makamai)''' ba idan akwai yanayin '''yaƙin belligerency''', wato yanayin da wata ƙasa mai cikakken iko ko fiye da ɗaya ke cikin yaƙi da rundunonin ‘yan tawaye. Misali, a lokacin '''Yaƙin Basasar Amurka (American Civil War)''', ba a amince da '''Ƙasashen Tarayyar Kudancin Amurka (Confederate States of America)''' a matsayin ƙasa mai cikakken iko ba. Sai dai an amince da ita a matsayin '''ɓangaren da ke yaƙi (belligerent power)'''. Saboda haka, an bai wa jiragen ruwan yaƙin na Ƙungiyar Confederate a tashoshin jiragen ruwa na ƙasashen waje '''haƙƙoƙi iri ɗaya da jiragen ruwan yaƙin Amurka'''.<ref name="hall-246">Hall, Kermit L. ''The Oxford Guide to United States Supreme Court Decisions'', Oxford University Press US, 2001, {{ISBN|978-0-19-513924-2}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=nO093wNz1PoC&dq=insurrection+civil+war&pg=RA1-PA246 p. 246] "In supporting Lincoln on this issue, the Supreme Court upheld his theory of the Civil War as an insurrection against the United States government that could be suppressed according to the rules of war. In this way the United States was able to fight the war as if it were an international war, without actually having to recognize the ''de jure'' existence of the Confederate government."</ref><ref name="Goldstein-63">Goldstein, Erik; McKercher, B. J. C. ''Power and stability: British foreign policy, 1865–1965'', Routledge, 2003, {{ISBN|978-0-7146-8442-0}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=48EQZ8vM0-UC&dq=confederacy+belligerants+foreign+ports&pg=PA63 p. 63]</ref> Wani lokaci ana iya samun '''tawayen ƙungiyoyi biyu ko fiye a lokaci guda (multipolar insurgencies)''' a cikin ƙasa guda. '''Tawayen Iraki (Iraqi insurgency)''' misali ne na yanayin da '''gwamnatin da aka amince da ita'''[a] ke fuskantar ƙungiyoyin ‘yan tawaye da dama. Wasu tawayen tarihi, kamar '''Yaƙin Basasar Rasha (Russian Civil War)''', sun kasance masu ɓangarori da dama (''multipolar''), maimakon kasancewa rikici kai tsaye tsakanin ɓangarori biyu kawai. A lokacin '''Yaƙin Basasar Angola (Angolan Civil War)''', manyan ɓangarorin da ke yaƙi su ne '''MPLA''' da '''UNITA'''. A lokaci guda kuma, akwai wata ƙungiyar masu fafutukar ballewa daga ƙasa domin neman ‘yancin yankin '''Cabinda''', wadda '''FLEC''' ke jagoranta. Ma’anar '''multipolarity''' tana faɗaɗa ma’anar ''insurgency'' ta yadda za ta haɗa da yanayin da '''babu wata hukuma da aka amince da ita''', kamar yadda ya faru a '''Yaƙin Basasar Somaliya (Somali Civil War)''', musamman a lokacin daga '''1998 zuwa 2006'''. A wannan lokacin, Somaliya ta rabu zuwa ƙananan yankuna ko ƙasashe masu cin gashin kansu, waɗanda suke yin yaƙi da juna tare da kafa '''ƙawance masu sauyawa'''. == Ma'anar == [[Fayil:Kuruc_labanc_csatajelenet1.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Wadanda ake kira ''kuruc'' sun kasance 'yan tawaye masu adawa da Habsburg a Royal Hungary tsakanin 1671 da 1711.]] James Fearon da David Laitin sun bayyana tawaye a matsayin "fasahar rikice-rikicen soja da ke dauke da kananan kungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai da ke yin yakin basasa daga yankunan karkara".<ref name="FearonLaitin2003">{{Cite journal |last=Fearon |first=James D. |last2=Laitin |first2=David D. |date=2003 |title=Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/ethnicity-insurgency-and-civil-war/B1D5D0E7C782483C5D7E102A61AD6605 |journal=American Political Science Review |language=en |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=75–90 |doi=10.1017/S0003055403000534 |issn=1537-5943 |s2cid=8303905 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kalyvas |first=Stathis N. |last2=Kocher |first2=Matthew Adam |date=2007 |title=How "Free" Is Free Riding in Civil Wars? Violence, Insurgency, and the Collective Action Problem |journal=World Politics |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=177–216 |doi=10.1353/wp.2007.0023 |issn=0043-8871 |jstor=40060186 |s2cid=55598769 |doi-access=free}}</ref>Austin Long ya bayyana tawaye a matsayin "amfani da siyasa da na soja ta hanyar dakarun da ba su dace ba don canza tsarin siyasa na yanzu. Wadannan dakarun galibi suna haɗuwa da fararen hula don ɓoyewa daga dakarun kare tsarin siyasa".<ref>{{Citation|journal=William C.}}</ref>A cewar Matthew Adam Kocher, Thomas Pepinsky da Stathis Kalyvas, babban burin tayar da kayar baya shine samun iko akan fararen hula.<ref name="KocherPepinskyKalyvas2011" /> Don gudanar da sarrafawa kungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai suna amfani da ayyuka daban-daban, gami da nau'ikan tashin hankali, warware rikice-rikice, haraji, tsara motsi, samun damar taimako da ayyuka, da kuma matsalolin zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bahiss |first=Ibraheem |last2=Jackson |first2=Ashley |last3=Mayhew |first3=Leigh |last4=Weigand |first4=Florian |date=2022 |title=Rethinking armed group control: Towards a new conceptual framework |url=https://cdn.odi.org/media/documents/FINAL_Re-thinking_Armed_Group_Control.pdf |journal=ODI / Centre on Armed Groups}}</ref> == Tawayen da yaƙe-yaƙe == A cewar James D. Fearon, yaƙe-yaƙe suna da bayani mai ma'ana a bayansu, wanda ke bayyana dalilin da ya sa shugabannin suka fi son yin caca a yaƙe- yaƙe-Yaƙe da guje wa yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya.<ref name="Fearon1995">{{Cite journal |last=Fearon |first=James |date=Summer 1995 |title=Rationalist Explanations for War |journal=International Organization |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=379–414 |doi=10.1017/s0020818300033324 |jstor=2706903 |s2cid=38573183}}</ref> Fearon ya bayyana cewa matsakaicin ciniki na iya zama matsala saboda ƙasashe ba za su iya cinikin yankuna cikin sauƙi tare da yaduwar kishin ƙasa ba.<ref name="Fearon1995" /> Bugu da ƙari, yaƙe-yaƙe na iya ɗaukar nau'in yaƙe-yan ƙasa. A cikin labarinta Me ya sa mummunan mulki ke haifar da yakin basasa, Barbara F. Walter ta gabatar da ka'idar da ke bayyana rawar da cibiyoyi masu karfi ke takawa wajen hana tashin hankali wanda zai iya haifar da yakin farar hula. Walter ya yi imanin cewa cibiyoyin na iya ba da gudummawa ga manufofi huɗu.<ref name="Walter2014">{{Cite journal |last=Walter |first=Barbara |date=March 31, 2014 |title=Why Bad Governance Leads to Repeat Civil War |journal=Conflict Resolutions |volume=59 |issue=7 |pages=1242–1272 |doi=10.1177/0022002714528006 |s2cid=154632359}}</ref> Cibiyoyin suna da alhakin bincika gwamnati, ƙirƙirar hanyoyin zaman lafiya da yawa don taimakawa gwamnati warware matsaloli, sa gwamnati ta himmatu ga ka'idojin siyasa wanda ya haɗa da kiyaye zaman lafiya, da ƙirƙirar yanayi inda 'yan tawaye ba sa buƙatar kafa' yan bindiga.<ref name="Walter2014" /> Bugu da ƙari, Walter ya kara da cewa idan akwai rikici tsakanin gwamnati da masu tayar da kayar baya a matsayin yakin basasa, wannan rikici na iya haifar da sabuwar gwamnati da ke da alhakin mutane da yawa, waɗanda dole ne su shiga cikin sulhu a cikin tattaunawar siyasa. A cewar Walter, kasancewar cibiyoyin da ke da tasiri sosai na iya zama da fa'ida don hana sake maimaita yaƙe-yaƙe na basasa, amma gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka ba su da damar karɓar fitowar cibiyoyi masu ƙarfi saboda sakamakon ƙuntatawar cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati. A cikin littafinta Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in Salvador, Elisabeth Jean Wood ta bayyana cewa mahalarta gwagwarmayar haɗari suna sane da farashin da fa'idodin shiga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe. Wood ya nuna cewa "masu shiga cikin yakin neman zaɓe na Freedom Summer na 1964 a Kudancin Amurka sun yi haɗari sosai na cutar jiki wajen kalubalantar ayyukan da suka daɗe na ware launin fata a [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]]".Akwai dalilai da yawa da za a zaɓa waɗanda ke ƙarfafa tawaye da ƙungiyoyin tashin hankali game da mulkin kama-karya. Misali, masu tayar da kayar baya na iya samar da tsaro a matsayin kayan aiki, wanda ke kawar da cin zarafin gwamnati kuma ta haka ne ya zama daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke motsa masu tayar kayar baya. Ikon juyin juya hali na iya taimakawa wajen bayyana hanyar sadarwar zamantakewa da siyasa wanda a madadinsa ke ba da damar samun damar siyasa ga 'yan takara daban-daban, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da asalin jama'a da al'adun al'adu. Har ila yau, yaƙe-yaƙe da ta'addanci na iya samar da aiki da kuma samun dama ga ayyuka da albarkatun da gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka suka taɓa karɓar su.<ref name="Wood2003" /> == Dabaru == Masu tayar da kayar baya sun bambanta da amfani da dabarun da hanyoyin. A cikin wata kasida ta 2004, Robert R. Tomes ya yi magana game da abubuwa huɗu waɗanda "yawanci sun haɗa da tayar da kayar baya": <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tomes |first=Robert |date=2004-03-01 |title=Relearning Counterinsurgency Warfare |url=https://press.armywarcollege.edu/parameters/vol34/iss1/11 |journal=The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters |volume=34 |issue=1 |doi=10.55540/0031-1723.2193 |issn=0031-1723}}</ref> # Cibiyoyin sadarwar da ke kula da sirri # [[ta'addanci]] da aka yi amfani da shi don bunkasa rashin tsaro tsakanin jama'a da kuma fitar da su ga masu tayar da kayar baya don kariya # Ƙoƙarin da aka yi na haɓaka tallafi a cikin jama'a gaba ɗaya, sau da yawa ta hanyar lalata sabon tsarin mulki # hare-hare kan gwamnati Tomes' misali ne na ma'anar da ba ta rufe duk tashin hankali ba. Misali, Juyin Juya Halin Faransa ba shi da tsarin tantanin halitta, kuma a juyin juya hali na Amurka, ba a yi ƙoƙari sosai don tsoratar da fararen hula ba.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2016}}A cikin juyin mulki a jere a 1977 da 1999 a Pakistan, ayyukan farko sun mayar da hankali a cikin gwamnati maimakon neman goyon baya mai yawa. Duk da yake ma'anar Tomes ta dace da Mataki na Mao, ba ta magance manyan yaƙe-yaƙe na basasa. Mao ya ɗauka ta'addanci yawanci yana daga cikin matakan farko, amma ba koyaushe yake cikin tawaye na juyin juya hali ba. Tomes ya ba da ma'anar tawaye ta kai tsaye, wanda aka samo daga ma'anar Traminquier game da yaki da tawaye: "tsarin rikice-rikice na ayyuka - siyasa, tattalin arziki, tunanin mutum, soja - wanda ke da niyyar kawar da ikon da aka kafa a cikin ƙasa da maye gurbinsa da wani tsarin mulki. " Steven Metz ya lura cewa samfuran da suka gabata na tayar da kayar baya ba su dace da tayar da hankali na zamani ba, a cikin waɗannan lokuta na yanzu suna da damar samun halayen ƙasashe da yawa ko na ƙasashe fiye da na baya. Yawancin masu tayar da kayar baya na iya kasancewa cikin rikice-rikice masu rikitarwa, wadanda suka hada da "dakarun uku (ƙungiyoyin da ke shafar sakamakon, kamar 'yan bindiga) da na huɗu (ƙungiyoyi marasa makamai waɗanda ke shafar sakamako, kamar kafofin watsa labarai na duniya), " wadanda zasu iya bambanta da manyan masu tayar akasin da kayar da kayanta. Duk da yake tallafin jihar ya zama ba a saba gani ba, tallafin kungiyoyin kasa da kasa ya fi yawa. "Ƙirƙirar tawaye a cikin rikice-rikice masu rikitarwa da ke da alaƙa da raunin jihar ko gazawar..." (Dubi tattaunawar jihohin da suka gaza a ƙasa.) Metz ya nuna cewa masu tayar da kayar baya na zamani suna da rikitarwa da sauyawa fiye da yaƙe-yaƙe na gargajiya, inda masu fafutuka masu hankali ke neman gagarumin nasara. === Ta'addanci === Yawancin ta'addanci sun haɗa da ta'addancia. Duk da yake babu ma'anar ta'addanci a cikin dokar kasa da kasa, ma'anar aiki da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ke tallafawa sun haɗa da wanda Alex P. Schmid ya tsara don Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata kan Majalisar Dinkinobho da Ta'addanci. Da yake bayar da rahoto ga Sakatare Janar a shekara ta 2002, Kungiyar Aiki ta bayyana wadannan: Duk da haka wani rikici na ma'anoni ya haɗa da ta'addanci da ta'adda. Rubutun da ya lashe gasar 24th Annual United States Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Strategic Essay Contest, na Michael F. Morris, ya ce [ƙungiyar ta'addanci mai tsabta] "yana iya bin siyasa, har ma da juyin juya hali, manufofi, amma tashin hankali ya maye gurbin maimakon cika shirin siyasa". Morris ya nuna cewa amfani, ko rashin amfani, na ta'addanci ba ya bayyana ta'addancin, "amma cewa halaye na ƙungiya sun ba da wata hanya ta al'ada don raba su biyu. 'Yan ta'addance yawanci suna ba da umarni na dakarun yaƙi da suka fi na kungiyoyin ta'addani. "Masu tayar da kayar baya suna da manufar siyasa, kuma suna iya samar da ayyukan zamantakewa kuma suna da bayyane, har ma da doka, bangaren siyasa. Yankin ɓoye-ɓoye yana kai hare-hare kan sojojin soja tare da dabarun kamar hare-hare da Kwango, da kuma ayyukan ta'addanci kamar hare-haren da ke haifar da mutuwar fararen hula da gangan. Mao ya yi la'akari da ta'addanci a matsayin wani bangare na farko na matakai uku na yaƙin juyin juya hali da kuma wani bangare ne na kafa ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye. Misalai da yawa na ta'addanci sun fahimci cewa ayyukan ta'addancin da aka kammala sun fadada gibin tsaro; masanin ilimin 'yan ta'adda na Marxist Carlos Marighella ya ba da shawarar ayyukan ta'adda a matsayin hanyar cimma wani abu da ya dace da manufar bude gibin tsaro. === Juyin Juya Halin === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Duk da yake ba kowane tawaye ba ne ya shafi ta'addanci, mafi yawansu sun haɗa da wahalar bayyana dabarun, juyin mulki. "Lokacin da ake rushe ƙasa ba a kawar da ita ba; ana gudanar da ita. Rushewa a zahiri gudanarwa ce tare da alamar raguwa a gaba. "Abubuwan da suka faru na musamman na tayar da kayar baya ba tare da juyin mulki ba sune wadanda babu wata gwamnati da aka yarda da ita da ke ba da sabis na gudanarwa. Duk da yake kalmar "subversion" ba a amfani da ita sosai ta masu magana da yawun Amurka na yanzu, wannan na iya zama saboda hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita a baya, a cikin wani yanayi na musamman na adawa da kwaminisanci. Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka Dean Rusk ya yi amfani da shi ta wannan hanyar a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1962, lokacin da ya bayyana cewa ana buƙatar mataki na gaggawa kafin "ƙungiyoyin siyasa da sojoji na abokan gaba su sami filayen da ke haifar da ƙwai na kifi". {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2008}} == Yaki da ta'addanci == [[Fayil:Nigerian_Army_Boko_Haram_demonstration.jpg|thumb|Sojojin yaki da masu tayar da kayar baya na Najeriya suna nuna dabarun da aka yi amfani da su a kan [[Boko Haram]], 2016]] Kafin mutum ya kalubalanci tawaye, dole ne mutum ya fahimci abin da mutum ke kalubalantar. Yawanci mafi kyawun yaki da ta'addanci sun kasance Birtaniya a cikin gaggawa na Malay da kuma adawa da gwamnatin Filipino game da Tawayen Hukbalahap. A cikin Yakin Philippine-Amurka, sojojin Amurka sun sami nasarar murkushe masu tayar da kayar baya na Filipino a shekara ta 1902, duk da cewa tare da dabarun da yawancin mutanen zamani suka ɗauka ba a yarda da su ba. == Dubi kuma ==   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9dr9j5gjo8crcamtykj6np76zbfdvq4 0 165219 906616 2026-08-23T15:49:54Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1325768454|Castaways Beach, Queensland]]" 906616 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Castaways Beach''' wani yanki ne na bakin teku a cikin Shire na Noosa, Queensland, Australia . Tana da nisan kilomita 5.1 (3 ta hanyar kudu maso gabashin Noosa Heads . A cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta 2021, Castaways Beach tana da yawan mutane 683. == Yanayin ƙasa == [[Fayil:Castaways_Beach_looking_south.jpg|left|thumb|Castaways Beach yana kallon kudu]] Yankin yana da iyaka a gabas da Tekun Coral kuma a yamma da Tafkin Weyba . <ref name="globe" /> Baya ga gabashin gidaje a bakin tekun, yawancin Castaways Beach suna cikin Noosa National Park . Castaways Creek ya tashi a kudancin unguwar kuma yana gudana gabas zuwa cikin Tekun Coral (26°26′14′′S 153°06′19′′E / 26.4372°S 153.1052°E / -26.4372; 153.10 52 (Castaways Creek (mouth))). Bakinsa ya raba bakin tekun yashi zuwa rairayin bakin teku biyu: * Castaways Beach (26°25′53′′S 153°06′27′′E / 26.4314°S 153.1075°E / -26.4314; 153.1065 (Castaways Beach)) wanda ya kai arewa zuwa unguwar makwabta ta Sunrise Beach<ref name="MountainRangesBeachesPassages">{{Cite web |date=12 November 2020 |title=Mountain ranges beaches and sea passages – Queensland |url=https://www.data.qld.gov.au/dataset/geographic-features-queensland-series/resource/1db1dfe1-ab2a-4405-9164-0a54c3b31dda |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125060730/https://www.data.qld.gov.au/dataset/geographic-features-queensland-series/resource/1db1dfe1-ab2a-4405-9164-0a54c3b31dda |archive-date=25 November 2020 |access-date=25 November 2020 |website=Queensland Open Data |publisher=[[Queensland Government]]}}</ref> * Marcus Beach (26°27′00′′S 153°06′13′′E / 26.4501°S 153.1036°E / -26.4501; 153.1046 (Marcus Beach)) wanda ya kai kudu zuwa unguwar Marcus Beach <ref name="MountainRangesBeachesPassages" /> == Tarihi == Tsakanin shekara ta 2008 da 2013, Castaways Beach (da sauran Shire na Noosa) ya kasance a cikin Yankin Sunshine Coast (bayan wani karamar hukuma da ba a yarda da ita ba wanda daga baya aka juya).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Noosa Shire |url=https://queenslandplaces.com.au/noosa-shire |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328173351/https://queenslandplaces.com.au/noosa-shire |archive-date=28 March 2021 |access-date=2021-05-04 |website=Queensland Places |publisher=[[University of Queensland]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2016 |title=Backward Glance: History of Local Government on the Sunshine Coast |url=https://www.sunshinecoast.qld.gov.au/news/Backward-Glance-history-of-local-government-160316 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802011827/https://www.sunshinecoast.qld.gov.au/news/Backward-Glance-history-of-local-government-160316 |archive-date=2 August 2023 |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=[[Sunshine Coast Regional Council]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2014 |title=The Noosa De-amalgamation: Building a New Organisation |url=https://www.noosa.qld.gov.au/downloads/file/6/2014-01-13-deamalgamation-report-attachment-pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406073934/https://www.noosa.qld.gov.au/downloads/file/6/2014-01-13-deamalgamation-report-attachment-pdf |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=[[Noosa Shire Council]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> == Yawan jama'a == A cikin ƙidayar shekara ta 2006, Castaways Beach tana da yawan mutane 617. A cikin ƙidayar 2011, Castaways Beach tana da yawan mutane 606, raguwar kashi 1% a yankin tun ƙidayar shekara ta 2006. Mafi yawan shekarun da suka fi dacewa a Castaways Beach sun kasance shekaru 45-54. A cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta 2016, Castaways Beach tana da yawan mutane 656. A cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta 2021, Castaways Beach tana da yawan mutane 683. == Ilimi == Babu makarantu a Castaways Beach. Makarantar firamare da sakandare ta gwamnati mafi kusa ita ce Sunshine Beach State School da Sunshine Beach Jihar High School, duka biyu a Sunshine Beach zuwa arewa. == Manazarta == bdrbf7vwx469zuu16nbuwyn9dg1dixd 906617 906616 2026-08-23T15:52:16Z Pharouqenr 25549 906617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Castaways Beach''' wani yanki ne na bakin teku a cikin Shire na Noosa, Queensland, Australia . Tana da nisan kilomita 5.1 (3 ta hanyar kudu maso gabashin Noosa Heads . A cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta 2021, Castaways Beach tana da yawan mutane 683. == Yanayin ƙasa == [[Fayil:Castaways_Beach_looking_south.jpg|left|thumb|Castaways Beach yana kallon kudu]] Yankin yana da iyaka a gabas da Tekun Coral kuma a yamma da Tafkin Weyba . <ref name="globe" /> Baya ga gabashin gidaje a bakin tekun, yawancin Castaways Beach suna cikin Noosa National Park . Castaways Creek ya tashi a kudancin unguwar kuma yana gudana gabas zuwa cikin Tekun Coral (26°26′14′′S 153°06′19′′E / 26.4372°S 153.1052°E / -26.4372; 153.10 52 (Castaways Creek (mouth))). Bakinsa ya raba bakin tekun yashi zuwa rairayin bakin teku biyu: * Castaways Beach (26°25′53′′S 153°06′27′′E / 26.4314°S 153.1075°E / -26.4314; 153.1065 (Castaways Beach)) wanda ya kai arewa zuwa unguwar makwabta ta Sunrise Beach<ref name="MountainRangesBeachesPassages">{{Cite web |date=12 November 2020 |title=Mountain ranges beaches and sea passages – Queensland |url=https://www.data.qld.gov.au/dataset/geographic-features-queensland-series/resource/1db1dfe1-ab2a-4405-9164-0a54c3b31dda |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125060730/https://www.data.qld.gov.au/dataset/geographic-features-queensland-series/resource/1db1dfe1-ab2a-4405-9164-0a54c3b31dda |archive-date=25 November 2020 |access-date=25 November 2020 |website=Queensland Open Data |publisher=[[Queensland Government]]}}</ref> * Marcus Beach (26°27′00′′S 153°06′13′′E / 26.4501°S 153.1036°E / -26.4501; 153.1046 (Marcus Beach)) wanda ya kai kudu zuwa unguwar Marcus Beach <ref name="MountainRangesBeachesPassages" /> == Tarihi == Tsakanin shekara ta 2008 da 2013, Castaways Beach (da sauran Shire na Noosa) ya kasance a cikin Yankin Sunshine Coast (bayan wani karamar hukuma da ba a yarda da ita ba wanda daga baya aka juya).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Noosa Shire |url=https://queenslandplaces.com.au/noosa-shire |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328173351/https://queenslandplaces.com.au/noosa-shire |archive-date=28 March 2021 |access-date=2021-05-04 |website=Queensland Places |publisher=[[University of Queensland]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2016 |title=Backward Glance: History of Local Government on the Sunshine Coast |url=https://www.sunshinecoast.qld.gov.au/news/Backward-Glance-history-of-local-government-160316 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802011827/https://www.sunshinecoast.qld.gov.au/news/Backward-Glance-history-of-local-government-160316 |archive-date=2 August 2023 |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=[[Sunshine Coast Regional Council]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2014 |title=The Noosa De-amalgamation: Building a New Organisation |url=https://www.noosa.qld.gov.au/downloads/file/6/2014-01-13-deamalgamation-report-attachment-pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406073934/https://www.noosa.qld.gov.au/downloads/file/6/2014-01-13-deamalgamation-report-attachment-pdf |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=[[Noosa Shire Council]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> == Yawan jama'a == A cikin ƙidayar shekara ta 2006, Castaways Beach tana da yawan mutane 617. A cikin ƙidayar 2011, Castaways Beach tana da yawan mutane 606, raguwar kashi 1% a yankin tun ƙidayar shekara ta 2006. Mafi yawan shekarun da suka fi dacewa a Castaways Beach sun kasance shekaru 45-54. A cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta 2016, Castaways Beach tana da yawan mutane 656. A cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta 2021, Castaways Beach tana da yawan mutane 683. == Ilimi == Babu makarantu a Castaways Beach. Makarantar firamare da sakandare ta gwamnati mafi kusa ita ce Sunshine Beach State School da Sunshine Beach Jihar High School, duka biyu a Sunshine Beach zuwa arewa. == Manazarta == 3n1g2d71zxaoq54trs5l4ibfabxtdx8 0 165220 906634 2026-08-23T17:57:50Z Ummu Ilham 45024 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369644508|Supervolcano]]" 906634 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Supervolcano_World_Map.png|thumb|Taswirar duniya na sanannun tsaunuka na VEI 7 da VEI 8<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#ED1C24|VEI 8 (supervolcanoes)}}<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#FF7E00|VEI 7}}]] '''Supervolcano shi ne wani nau’in dutsen mai aman wuta wanda ya taɓa yin fashewa mai kai matakin 8 (VEI 8) a ma’aunin Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI), wanda shi ne matakin mafi girma da aka sani a wannan ma’auni.,<ref>{{cite journal |author=de Silva, Shanaka |year=2008 |title=Arc magmatism, calderas, and supervolcanos |journal=Geology |volume=36 |issue=8 |page=671 |bibcode=2008Geo....36..671D |doi=10.1130/focus082008.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan yana nufin cewa yawan abubuwan da fashewar ta fitar ya fi kilomita cubic 1,000 (mil cubic 240).''' [[Fayil:HotspotsSRP_update2013.JPG|thumb|Yanayin hotspot na Yellowstone a tsawon lokaci. Lambobin suna nuna miliyoyin shekaru kafin yanzu.]] [[Fayil:Toba_overview.jpg|thumb|Hoton tauraron dan adam na Tafkin Toba, shafin yanar gizon fashewar VEI 8 c. shekaru 75,000 da suka gabata]] [[Fayil:Long_Valley_Caldera_cross_section.gif|right|thumb|Sashe na ƙetare ta hanyar Long Valley Caldera]] Supervolcanoes suna samuwa ne lokacin da '''magma''' daga cikin '''mantle''' ya tashi zuwa cikin '''ɓawon Duniya (crust)''', amma ya kasa huda ya fito ta cikinsa. Sai matsa lamba ta ci gaba da taruwa a cikin wani babban tafkin magma da ke ƙara girma, har sai ɓawon Duniya ya kasa ɗaukar wannan matsa lamba, sannan ya tsage ko ya fashe. Wannan na iya faruwa a wuraren da ake kira '''hotspots''' (misali, '''Yellowstone Caldera''') ko kuma a '''wuraren da faranti na tectonic ke nutsewa ƙarƙashin juna (subduction zones)''', kamar '''Toba'''., <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wotzlaw |first=Jörn-Frederik |last2=Bindeman |first2=Ilya N. |last3=Watts |first3=Kathryn E. |last4=Schmitt |first4=Axel K. |last5=Caricchi |first5=Luca |last6=Schaltegger |first6=Urs |date=September 2014 |title=Linking rapid magma reservoir assembly and eruption trigger mechanisms at evolved Yellowstone-type supervolcanoes |journal=Geology |volume=42 |issue=9 |pages=807–810 |bibcode=2014Geo....42..807W |doi=10.1130/g35979.1 |issn=1943-2682}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Budd |first=David A. |last2=Troll |first2=Valentin R. |last3=Deegan |first3=Frances M. |last4=Jolis |first4=Ester M. |last5=Smith |first5=Victoria C. |last6=Whitehouse |first6=Martin J. |last7=Harris |first7=Chris |last8=Freda |first8=Carmela |last9=Hilton |first9=David R. |last10=Halldórsson |first10=Sæmundur A. |last11=Bindeman |first11=Ilya N. |date=25 January 2017 |title=Magma reservoir dynamics at Toba caldera, Indonesia, recorded by oxygen isotope zoning in quartz |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |bibcode=2017NatSR...740624B |doi=10.1038/srep40624 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=5264179 |pmid=28120860 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Babban fashewar dutsen wuta kuma galibi ana danganta shi da manyan larduna masu zafi, wanda zai iya rufe manyan wurare tare da laka da toka na dutsen wuta. Wadannan na iya haifar da [[Canjin yanayi da canji|Canjin yanayi]] na dogon lokaci (kamar [[Lokacin hunturu na dutsen wuta|haifar da ƙaramin zamanin kankara]]) da kuma barazana ga jinsunan da suka lalace. Rushewar Oruanui na Dutsen Taupō na New Zealand (kimanin shekaru 25,600 da suka gabata) shine fashewar VEI-8 mafi kwanan nan a duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wilson |first=C. J. N. |author-link=Colin J. N. Wilson |year=2001 |title=The 26.5ka Oruanui eruption, New Zealand: An introduction and overview |journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research |volume=112 |issue=1–4 |pages=133–174 |bibcode=2001JVGR..112..133W |doi=10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00239-6}}</ref> == Kalmomin == An fara amfani da kalmar "supervolcano" a cikin mahallin dutsen wuta a cikin 1949.<ref name="supervolcano, n.2">[http://oed.com/view/Entry/311217 ''supervolcano, n.''] Oxford English Dictionary, third edition, online version June 2012. Retrieved on 17 August 2012.</ref><ref name="Byers Jr. 3252">{{cite journal |last=Byers Jr. |first=F. M. |date=May 1949 |title=Review of ''The Ancient Volcanoes of Oregon'', by H. Williams |journal=The Journal of Geology |volume=57 |issue=3 |page=325 |doi=10.1086/625620 |jstor=30058772}}</ref>bayanin kula 1] Asalinsa ya kasance a farkon karni na 20 na muhawara ta kimiyya game da tarihin ilimin ƙasa da siffofin yankin Three Sisters na [[Oregon]] a Amurka. A cikin 1925, Edwin T. Hodge ya ba da shawarar cewa babban dutsen wuta, wanda ya kira Dutsen Multnomah, ya wanzu a wannan yankin. [Littafi na 1]Ya yi imanin cewa tsaunuka da yawa a yankin 'yan uwa mata uku sun kasance ragowar Dutsen Multnomah bayan an lalata shi da yawa ta hanyar fashewar dutsen wuta, kamar Dutsen Mazama.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 February 2000 |title=Supervolcanoes |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/1999/supervolcanoes.shtml |access-date=30 November 2023 |work=bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>[https://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Yellowstone/description_yellowstone.html USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204061306/http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Yellowstone/description_yellowstone.html|date=4 February 2012}}. Vulcan.wr.usgs.gov. Retrieved on 18 November 2011.</ref>A cikin littafinsa na 1948 The Ancient Volcanoes of Oregon, masanin dutsen wuta Howel Williams ya yi watsi da yiwuwar wanzuwar Dutsen Multnomah, amma a cikin 1949 wani masanin dutse, F. M. Byers Jr., ya sake nazarin littafin, kuma a cikin bita, Byers yana nufin Dutsen Mult Nomah a matsayin "babban dutsen wuta". <ref name="supervolcano, n.">[http://oed.com/view/Entry/311217 ''supervolcano, n.''] Oxford English Dictionary, third edition, online version June 2012. Retrieved on 17 August 2012.</ref> <ref name="Byers Jr. 325">{{Cite journal |last=Byers Jr. |first=F. M. |date=May 1949 |title=Review of ''The Ancient Volcanoes of Oregon'', by H. Williams |journal=The Journal of Geology |volume=57 |issue=3 |page=325 |doi=10.1086/625620 |jstor=30058772}}</ref> Fiye da shekaru hamsin bayan da aka buga bita na Byers, kalmar supervolcano ta shahara da shirin talabijin na kimiyya na [[BBC]] Horizon a cikin 2000, yana nufin fashewar da ke haifar da adadi mai yawa na fitarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2000 |title=Supervolcanoes |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/1999/supervolcanoes.shtml |access-date=30 November 2023 |website=bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Ana amfani da kalmar ''megacaldera'' a wasu lokuta don manyan tsaunuka masu fashewa, kamar Blake River Megacaldera Complex a cikin Abitibi greenstone belt na Ontario da [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]], Kanada.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pearson |first=V. |last2=Daigneault |first2=R. |date=January 2009 |title=An Archean megacaldera complex: The Blake River Group, Abitibi greenstone belt |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301926808001897 |journal=Precambrian Research |volume=168 |issue=1–2 |pages=66–82 |bibcode=2009PreR..168...66P |doi=10.1016/j.precamres.2008.03.009 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kodayake babu ƙayyadadden girman fashewa don "supervolcano", akwai aƙalla nau'ikan fashewar dutsen da aka gano a matsayin supervolcanoes: [[Babban lardin wuta|manyan larduna masu cin wuta]] da manyan fashewa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Bryan |first=S.E. |date=2010 |title=The largest volcanic eruptions on Earth |url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/40259/1/c40259.pdf |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |volume=102 |issue=3–4 |pages=207–229 |bibcode=2010ESRv..102..207B |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.001}}</ref> == Manyan larduna masu cin wuta == [[Fayil:Flood_Basalt_Map.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Taswirar manyan larduna masu cike da ambaliyar ruwa a duk duniya]] Manyan larduna masu zafi, kamar su Iceland, Siberian Traps, Deccan Traps, da Ontong Java Plateau, yankuna ne masu yawa na basalts a kan sikelin nahiyar da ya haifar da fashewar ambaliyar basalt. Lokacin da aka halicce su, waɗannan yankuna galibi suna da murabba'in kilomita kuma suna da ƙididdiga a kan tsari na miliyoyin cubic kilomita. A mafi yawan lokuta, ana shimfiɗa lavas sama da shekaru miliyoyin. Suna fitar da iskar gas mai yawa. Yankin Réunion ya samar da Deccan Traps kimanin shekaru miliyan 66 da suka gabata, daidai da taron lalacewar Cretaceous-Paleogene. &nbsp;Yarjejeniyar kimiyya ita ce [[Abubuwan da suka faru na Cretaceous-Paleogene|Tasirin asteroid]] shine dalilin abin da ya faru, amma aikin dutsen mai fitattun wuta na iya haifar da damuwa game da muhalli a kan jinsunan da suka wanzu har zuwa iyakar Cretaceous-Paleogene.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keller |first=G |date=2014 |title=Deccan volcanism, the Chicxulub impact, and the end-Cretaceous mass extinction: Coincidence? Cause and effect? |journal=Geological Society of America Special Papers |volume=505 |pages=57–89 |doi=10.1130/2014.2505(03) |isbn=978-0-8137-2505-5}}</ref> Wasu masana kimiyya sun yi la'akari da cewa dutsen wuta a kusa da Deccan Traps na iya karfafawa ta hanyar tasirin Chicxulub, wanda zai kasance kusa da maɓallin antipodal na Traps a wannan lokacin. Bugu da ƙari, babban abin da ya faru na ambaliyar ruwa (Siberian Traps) ya faru kusan shekaru miliyan 250 da suka gabata kuma ya dace da mafi girman halaka a tarihi, taron halaka na Permian-Triassic, kodayake ba a san ko shi ne kawai ke da alhakin halaka.&nbsp; Irin wannan ruwan ba fashewa ba ne, kodayake maɓuɓɓugar lava na iya faruwa. Yawancin masu ilimin dutsen wuta suna la'akari da [[Ayislan|Iceland]] a matsayin babban lardin da ake samu a halin yanzu. Babban zubar da ruwa na ƙarshe ya faru ne a cikin shekara ta 1783-84 daga rami na Laki, wanda ke da kimanin kilomita {{Convert|40|km|mi}} (25 tsawo. An kiyasta km3 cu na dutsen basaltic an zuba shi a lokacin fashewar (VEI 4). The Ontong Java Plateau has an area of about {{Convert|2000000|km2|sqmi}}, and the province was at least 50% larger before the Manihiki and Hikurangi Plateaus broke away. == Babban fashewar fashewa == Ana rarraba fashewar dutsen wuta ta amfani da ƙididdigar fashewar wuta. Yana da sikelin logarithmic, kuma karuwar daya a cikin lambar VEI daidai yake da karuwar sau goma a cikin girman kayan fashewa. VEI 7 ko VEI 8 fashewa suna da ƙarfi sosai cewa sau da yawa suna samar da calderas na zagaye maimakon [[Dutsen wuta|cones]] saboda janyewar magma zuwa ƙasa yana haifar da dutsen da ke sama ya rushe cikin ɗakin magma mara amfani a ƙarƙashinsa. === Sanannun manyan fashewa === Dangane da ƙididdigar da ba ta cika ba, an gano aƙalla fashewar VEI 8 60.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=BG |first=Mason |date=2004 |title=The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth |journal=Bull Volcanol |volume=66 |issue=8 |pages=735–748 |bibcode=2004BVol...66..735M |doi=10.1007/s00445-004-0355-9 |s2cid=129680497}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="whitespace:no-wrap" |+Well-known VEI 8 eruptions !Name !Zone !Location ! class="unsortable" |Notes ! data-sort-type="number" |Years ago (approx.) ! data-sort-type="number" |Ejecta bulk volume (approx.) ! class="unsortable" |Reference |- |Los Chocoyos eruption |Atitlán Caldera, Sololá |[[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]] | | style="text-align:right;" |{{Sort|86,500|75,000–98,000}} | style="text-align:right;" |1,220&nbsp;km³ |<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cisneros de León |first=Alejandro |last2=Schindlbeck-Belo |first2=Julie C. |last3=Kutterolf |first3=Steffen |last4=Danišík |first4=Martin |last5=Schmitt |first5=Axel K. |last6=Freundt |first6=Armin |last7=Pérez |first7=Wendy |last8=Harvey |first8=Janet C. |last9=Wang |first9=Kuo-Lung |last10=Lee |first10=Hao-Yang |date=2021 |title=A history of violence: magma incubation, timing and tephra distribution of the Los Chocoyos supereruption (Atitlán Caldera, Guatemala) |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jqs.3265 |journal=Journal of Quaternary Science |language=en |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=169–179 |bibcode=2021JQS....36..169C |doi=10.1002/jqs.3265 |issn=1099-1417}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baudry |first=Alec |last2=Singer |first2=Brad S. |last3=Jicha |first3=Brian |last4=Jilly-Rehak |first4=Christine E. |last5=Vazquez |first5=Jorge A. |last6=Keller |first6=C. Brenhin |date=2024-10-01 |title=A Bayesian age from dispersed plagioclase and zircon dates in the Los Chocoyos ash, Central America |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X24002590 |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=643 |bibcode=2024E&PSL.64318826B |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2024.118826 |issn=0012-821X |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- |[[Ƙaramin fashewar Toba|Youngest Toba eruption]] |Toba Caldera, North Sumatra |[[Sumatra]], Indonesia |Produced 439–631 million tons of sulfuric acid. Largest eruption in the last 25 million years. | style="text-align:right;" |74,000 | style="text-align:right;" |{{Sort|7,600|2,800–13,200&nbsp;km³}} |<ref name="sci">{{Cite journal |last=Petraglia |first=M. |last2=Korisettar |first2=R. |last3=Boivin |first3=N. |last4=Clarkson |first4=C. |last5=Ditchfield |first5=P. |last6=Jones |first6=S. |last7=Koshy |first7=J. |last8=Lahr |first8=M. M. |last9=Oppenheimer |first9=C. |last10=Pyle |first10=D. |last11=Roberts |first11=R. |last12=Schwenninger |first12=J.-L. |last13=Arnold |first13=L. |last14=White |first14=K. |display-authors=8 |year=2007 |title=Middle Paleolithic Assemblages from the Indian Subcontinent Before and After the Toba Super-Eruption |url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/era/2117 |journal=Science |volume=317 |issue=5834 |pages=114–116 |bibcode=2007Sci...317..114P |doi=10.1126/science.1141564 |pmid=17615356 |s2cid=20380351 |url-access=subscription |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Knight, M.D. 1986, p. 10,355">{{Cite journal |last=Knight, M.D., Walker, G.P.L., Ellwood, B.B., and Diehl, J.F. |year=1986 |title=Stratigraphy, paleomagnetism, and magnetic fabric of the Toba Tuffs: Constraints on their sources and eruptive styles |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=91 |issue=B10 |pages=10355–10382 |bibcode=1986JGR....9110355K |doi=10.1029/JB091iB10p10355}}</ref><ref name="Ninkovich, D. 1978, pp. 286–298">{{Cite journal |last=Ninkovich, D., Sparks, R.S.J., and Ledbetter, M.T. |year=1978 |title=The exceptional magnitude and intensity of the Toba eruption, Sumatra: An example of using deep-sea tephra layers as a geological tool |journal=Bulletin Volcanologique |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=286–298 |bibcode=1978BVol...41..286N |doi=10.1007/BF02597228 |s2cid=128626019}}</ref><ref name="geo.mtu.edu">{{Cite journal |last=Rose, W.I. |last2=Chesner, C.A. |name-list-style=amp |year=1987 |title=Dispersal of ash in the great Toba eruption, 75 ka |url=http://www.geo.mtu.edu/~raman/papers/RoseTobaFallGeology.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Geology |volume=15 |issue=10 |pages=913–917 |bibcode=1987Geo....15..913R |doi=10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<913:DOAITG>2.0.CO;2 |issn=0091-7613 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617032134/http://www.geo.mtu.edu/~raman/papers/RoseTobaFallGeology.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2010}}</ref><ref name="Williams, M.A.J. 1982, pp. 139–162">{{Cite journal |last=Williams, M.A.J. |last2=Royce, K. |name-list-style=amp |year=1982 |title=Quaternary geology of the middle son valley, North Central India: Implications for prehistoric archaeology |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=38 |issue=3–4 |page=139 |bibcode=1982PPP....38..139W |doi=10.1016/0031-0182(82)90001-3}}</ref><ref name="Costa">{{Cite journal |last=Antonio Costa |last2=Victoria C. Smith |last3=Giovanni Macedonio |last4=Naomi E. Matthews |date=2014 |title=The magnitude and impact of the Youngest Toba Tuff super-eruption |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=2 |page=16 |bibcode=2014FrEaS...2...16C |doi=10.3389/feart.2014.00016 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lin |first=Jiamei |last2=Abbott |first2=Peter M. |last3=Sigl |first3=Michael |last4=Steffensen |first4=Jørgen P. |last5=Mulvaney |first5=Robert |last6=Severi |first6=Mirko |last7=Svensson |first7=Anders |date=2023 |title=Bipolar ice-core records constrain possible dates and global radiative forcing following the ~74 ka Toba eruption |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |language=en |volume=312 |bibcode=2023QSRv..31208162L |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108162 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |- |Flat Landing Brook Formation |Tetagouche Group |New Brunswick, Canada |Possibly the largest known supereruption. Existence as a single eruption is controversial, and it could have been a multiple 2,000+ km³ event that spanned less than a million years | style="text-align:right;" |466,000,000 | style="text-align:right;" |{{Sort|7,000|2,000–12,000&nbsp;km³}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lexique du substrat rocheux |url=http://dnr-mrn.gnb.ca/Lexicon/Lexicon/Lexicon_View.aspx?UnitId=137 |access-date=22 December 2019 |website=dnr-mrn.gnb.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A mid-Darriwilian super volcano in northern New Brunswick, rapid climate change and the start of the great Ordovician biodiversification event |url=http://www.mineralogicalassociation.ca/doc/StJohns2012_GAC-MAC_Abstracts.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212184601/http://www.mineralogicalassociation.ca/doc/StJohns2012_GAC-MAC_Abstracts.pdf |archive-date=12 December 2019 |access-date=11 November 2023 |pages=118–119}}</ref> |- |Wah Wah Springs Caldera |Indian Peak–Caliente Caldera Complex |[[Utah]], United States |The largest of the Indian Peak-Caliente Caldera Complex eruptions, preserved as the Wah Wah Springs Tuff; includes pyroclastic flows more than {{Convert|500|m|ft}} thick | style="text-align:right;" |30,600,000 | style="text-align:right;" |{{Sort|5,700|5,500–5,900&nbsp;km³}} |<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tingey |first=David G. |last2=Hart |first2=Garret L. |last3=Gromme |first3=Sherman |last4=Deino |first4=Alan L. |last5=Christiansen |first5=Eric H. |last6=Best |first6=Myron G. |date=1 August 2013 |title=The 36–18 Ma Indian Peak–Caliente ignimbrite field and calderas, southeastern Great Basin, USA: Multicyclic super-eruptions |journal=Geosphere |language=en |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=864–950 |bibcode=2013Geosp...9..864B |doi=10.1130/GES00902.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="geology.com">{{Cite web |last=King |first=Hobart M. |title=Volcanic Explosivity Index: Measuring the size of an eruption |url=https://geology.com/stories/13/volcanic-explosivity-index/ |website=Geology.com}}</ref> |- |La Garita Caldera |San Juan volcanic field |[[Colorado]], United States |Fish Canyon eruption | style="text-align:right;" |27,800,000 | style="text-align:right;" |5,000&nbsp;km³ |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ort |first=Michael |date=22 September 1997 |title=La Garita Caldera |url=http://staff.aist.go.jp/s-takarada/CEV/newsletter/lagarita.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519165154/http://staff.aist.go.jp/s-takarada/CEV/newsletter/lagarita.html |archive-date=19 May 2011 |access-date=5 August 2010 |publisher=[[Northern Arizona University]]}}</ref><ref name="Lipman">{{Cite journal |last=Lipman |first=Peter W. |date=2 November 2007 |title=Geologic Map of the Central San Juan Caldera Cluster, Southwestern Colorado |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2799/ |url-status=live |series=USGS Investigations Series I-2799 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831221119/http://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2799/ |archive-date=31 August 2010 |access-date=6 August 2010}}</ref> |- |Grey's Landing Supereruption |Yellowstone hotspot |United States |Deposited the Grey's Landing Ignimbrite | style="text-align:right;" |8,720,000 | style="text-align:right;" |2,800&nbsp;km³ |<ref name="New">{{Cite journal |last=Knott |first=Thomas |last2=Branney |first2=M. |last3=Reichow |first3=Marc |last4=Finn |first4=David |last5=Tapster |first5=Simon |last6=Coe |first6=Robert |date=June 2020 |title=Discovery of two new super-eruptions from the Yellowstone hotspot track (USA): Is the Yellowstone hotspot waning? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341810855 |journal=Geology |volume=48 |issue=9 |pages=934–938 |bibcode=2020Geo....48..934K |doi=10.1130/G47384.1 |access-date=21 June 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |- |La Pacana |Andes Central Volcanic Zone |Chile |Responsible for the Antana Ignimbrite | style="text-align:right;" |4,000,000 | style="text-align:right;" |2,500&nbsp;km³ |<ref name="Lindsay2001">{{Cite journal |last=Lindsay |first=J. M. |date=1 March 2001 |title=Magmatic Evolution of the La Pacana Caldera System, Central Andes, Chile: Compositional Variation of Two Cogenetic, Large-Volume Felsic Ignimbrites |journal=Journal of Petrology |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=459–486 |bibcode=2001JPet...42..459L |doi=10.1093/petrology/42.3.459 |issn=0022-3530 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |- |Huckleberry Ridge eruption |Yellowstone hotspot |[[Idaho]], United States |Huckleberry Ridge Tuff; consisted of three distinct eruptions separated by years to decades | style="text-align:right;" |2,100,000 | style="text-align:right;" |{{Sort|2,475|2,450–2,500&nbsp;km³}} |<ref name="largeeruptions" /><ref name="usgs.gov">{{Cite web |date=July 2024 |title=What is a supervolcano? What is a supereruption? |url=https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-a-supervolcano-what-a-supereruption |publisher=USGS}}</ref> |- |Whakamaru Caldera |Taupō Volcanic Zone |North Island, New Zealand |Whakamaru Ignimbrite/Mount Curl Tephra | style="text-align:right;" |340,000 | style="text-align:right;" |2,000&nbsp;km³ |<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Froggatt |first=P. C. |last2=Nelson, C. S. |last3=Carter, L. |last4=Griggs, G. |last5=Black, K. P. |date=13 February 1986 |title=An exceptionally large late Quaternary eruption from New Zealand |journal=Nature |volume=319 |issue=6054 |pages=578–582 |bibcode=1986Natur.319..578F |doi=10.1038/319578a0 |s2cid=4332421 |quote=The minimum total volume of tephra is 1,200 km³ but probably nearer 2,000 km³, ...}}</ref> |- |Heise Volcanic Field |Yellowstone hotspot |[[Idaho]], United States |Kilgore Tuff | style="text-align:right;" |4,500,000 | style="text-align:right;" |1,800&nbsp;km³ |<ref name="Morgan">{{Cite journal |last=Lisa A. Morgan |last2=William C. McIntosh |name-list-style=amp |year=2005 |title=Timing and development of the Heise volcanic field, Snake River Plain, Idaho, western USA |journal=GSA Bulletin |volume=117 |issue=3–4 |pages=288–306 |bibcode=2005GSAB..117..288M |doi=10.1130/B25519.1 |s2cid=53648675}}</ref> |- |McMullen Supereruption |Yellowstone hotspot |Southern [[Idaho]], United States |McMullen Ignimbrite | style="text-align:right;" |8,990,000 | style="text-align:right;" |1,700&nbsp;km³ |<ref name="New" /> |- |Heise Volcanic Field |Yellowstone hotspot |[[Idaho]], United States |Blacktail Tuff | style="text-align:right;" |6,000,000 | style="text-align:right;" |1,500&nbsp;km³ |<ref name="Morgan" /> |- |Cerro Guacha |Altiplano–Puna volcanic complex |Sur Lípez, Bolivia |Guacha ignimbrite, two smaller eruptions identified | style="text-align:right;" |5,700,000 | style="text-align:right;" |1,300&nbsp;km³ |<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Salisbury |first=M. J. |last2=Jicha |first2=B. R. |last3=de Silva |first3=S. L. |last4=Singer |first4=B. S. |last5=Jimenez |first5=N. C. |last6=Ort |first6=M. H. |date=21 December 2010 |title=40Ar/39Ar chronostratigraphy of Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex ignimbrites reveals the development of a major magmatic province |url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1481932 |journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin |volume=123 |issue=5–6 |pages=821–840 |bibcode=2011GSAB..123..821S |doi=10.1130/B30280.1}}</ref> |- |Mangakino Caldera |Taupō Volcanic Zone |North Island, New Zealand |Kidnappers eruption | style="text-align:right;" |1,080,000 | style="text-align:right;" |1,200&nbsp;km³ | |- |Oruanui eruption |Taupō Volcanic Zone |North Island, New Zealand |Taupō Volcano (Lake Taupō) | style="text-align:right;" |26,500 | style="text-align:right;" |1,170&nbsp;km³ |<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wilson |first=C. J. N |date=1 December 2001 |title=The 26.5ka Oruanui eruption, New Zealand: an introduction and overview |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377027301002396 |journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research |language=en |volume=112 |issue=1 |pages=133–174 |bibcode=2001JVGR..112..133W |doi=10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00239-6 |issn=0377-0273 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- |Galán |Andes Central Volcanic Zone |Catamarca, Argentina |Consisted of three distinct eruptions, separated by 30-40 thousand years | style="text-align:right;" |2,500,000 | style="text-align:right;" |1,050&nbsp;km³ |<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kay |first=Suzanne Mahlburg |last2=Coira |first2=Beatriz |last3=Wörner |first3=Gerhard |last4=Kay |first4=Robert W. |last5=Singer |first5=Bradley S. |date=1 December 2011 |title=Geochemical, isotopic and single crystal 40Ar/39Ar age constraints on the evolution of the Cerro Galán ignimbrites |journal=Bulletin of Volcanology |language=en |volume=73 |issue=10 |pages=1487–1511 |bibcode=2011BVol...73.1487K |doi=10.1007/s00445-010-0410-7 |issn=1432-0819 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> |- |Lava Creek eruption |Yellowstone hotspot |[[Idaho]], [[Montana]], and [[Wyoming]], United States |Lava Creek Tuff; consisted of two distinct eruptions separated by years | style="text-align:right;" |640,000 | style="text-align:right;" |1,000&nbsp;km³ |<ref name="usgs.gov" /><ref name="geology.com" /> |} == Bayyanawar kafofin watsa labarai == * Nova ta nuna wani labari "Mystery of the Megavolcano" a watan Satumbar 2006 yana nazarin irin wannan fashewa a cikin shekaru 100,000 da suka gabata. * Supervolcano shine taken fim din bala'in talabijin na Burtaniya da Kanada, wanda aka fara fitarwa a shekarar 2005. Yana ba da labarin almara game da wani supereruption a Yellowstone . * A cikin fim din bala'i na shekara ta ''2012'', wani babban fashewar Yellowstone yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga bala'in duniya. * Labarin siyasa na <nowiki><i id="mwAj0">Aljanna</i></nowiki> na 2025 ya faru ne bayan fashewar wani dutse mai ban mamaki na [[Antatika|Antarctic]] da kuma megatsunami na gaba, wanda ya sa Gwamnatin tarayya ta Amurka da sauran fitattun mutane su koma wani birni na karkashin kasa a [[Colorado]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2025 |title='Paradise' Solves Some Mysteries (and Sets More Up) In Episode 7 |url=https://www.menshealth.com/entertainment/a63936913/paradise-episode-7-twists-explained/ |access-date=27 February 2025 |website=Men's Health |language=en-US}}</ref> == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == <gallery widths="200" heights="200"> Fayil:Taupo.Volcanic.Zone.North.Island.NZ.JPG|Volcano, lake, and caldera locations in the Taupō Volcanic Zone </gallery> == Dubi kuma == * Global catastrophic risk - Hadarin bala'i na duniya * Timeline of volcanism on Earth * Toba catastrophe theory - Babban fashewar dutse shekaru 74,000 da suka gabata a IndonesiaShafuka da ke nuna taƙaitaccen bayanin manufofi * Volcanic winter - Abubuwan da suka faru na yanayin zafi wanda ya haifar da fashewar dutse == Bayani ==   == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{Cite journal |last=Mason, Ben G. |last2=Pyle, David M. |last3=Oppenheimer, Clive |year=2004 |title=The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth |journal=Bulletin of Volcanology |volume=66 |issue=8 |pages=735–748 |bibcode=2004BVol...66..735M |doi=10.1007/s00445-004-0355-9 |s2cid=129680497}} *   * {{Cite journal |last=Timmreck |first=C. |last2=Graf, H.-F. |year=2006 |title=The initial dispersal and radiative forcing of a Northern Hemisphere mid-latitude super volcano: a model study |journal=Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=35–49 |bibcode=2006ACP.....6...35T |doi=10.5194/acp-6-35-2006 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3qvq4mhrd6lznyr6u896lw7qn4nkq37 906635 906634 2026-08-23T17:58:29Z Ummu Ilham 45024 906635 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Supervolcano_World_Map.png|thumb|Taswirar duniya na sanannun tsaunuka na VEI 7 da VEI 8<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#ED1C24|VEI 8 (supervolcanoes)}}<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#FF7E00|VEI 7}}]] '''Supervolcano shi ne wani nau’in dutsen mai aman wuta wanda ya taɓa yin fashewa mai kai matakin 8 (VEI 8) a ma’aunin Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI), wanda shi ne matakin mafi girma da aka sani a wannan ma’auni.,<ref>{{cite journal |author=de Silva, Shanaka |year=2008 |title=Arc magmatism, calderas, and supervolcanos |journal=Geology |volume=36 |issue=8 |page=671 |bibcode=2008Geo....36..671D |doi=10.1130/focus082008.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan yana nufin cewa yawan abubuwan da fashewar ta fitar ya fi kilomita cubic 1,000 (mil cubic 240).''' [[Fayil:HotspotsSRP_update2013.JPG|thumb|Yanayin hotspot na Yellowstone a tsawon lokaci. Lambobin suna nuna miliyoyin shekaru kafin yanzu.]] [[Fayil:Toba_overview.jpg|thumb|Hoton tauraron dan adam na Tafkin Toba, shafin yanar gizon fashewar VEI 8 c. shekaru 75,000 da suka gabata]] [[Fayil:Long_Valley_Caldera_cross_section.gif|right|thumb|Sashe na ƙetare ta hanyar Long Valley Caldera]] Supervolcanoes suna samuwa ne lokacin da '''magma''' daga cikin '''mantle''' ya tashi zuwa cikin '''ɓawon Duniya (crust)''', amma ya kasa huda ya fito ta cikinsa. Sai matsa lamba ta ci gaba da taruwa a cikin wani babban tafkin magma da ke ƙara girma, har sai ɓawon Duniya ya kasa ɗaukar wannan matsa lamba, sannan ya tsage ko ya fashe.. Wannan na iya faruwa a wuraren da ake kira '''hotspots''' (misali, '''Yellowstone Caldera''') ko kuma a '''wuraren da faranti na tectonic ke nutsewa ƙarƙashin juna (subduction zones)''', kamar '''Toba'''., <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wotzlaw |first=Jörn-Frederik |last2=Bindeman |first2=Ilya N. |last3=Watts |first3=Kathryn E. |last4=Schmitt |first4=Axel K. |last5=Caricchi |first5=Luca |last6=Schaltegger |first6=Urs |date=September 2014 |title=Linking rapid magma reservoir assembly and eruption trigger mechanisms at evolved Yellowstone-type supervolcanoes |journal=Geology |volume=42 |issue=9 |pages=807–810 |bibcode=2014Geo....42..807W |doi=10.1130/g35979.1 |issn=1943-2682}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Budd |first=David A. |last2=Troll |first2=Valentin R. |last3=Deegan |first3=Frances M. |last4=Jolis |first4=Ester M. |last5=Smith |first5=Victoria C. |last6=Whitehouse |first6=Martin J. |last7=Harris |first7=Chris |last8=Freda |first8=Carmela |last9=Hilton |first9=David R. |last10=Halldórsson |first10=Sæmundur A. |last11=Bindeman |first11=Ilya N. |date=25 January 2017 |title=Magma reservoir dynamics at Toba caldera, Indonesia, recorded by oxygen isotope zoning in quartz |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |bibcode=2017NatSR...740624B |doi=10.1038/srep40624 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=5264179 |pmid=28120860 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Babban fashewar dutsen wuta kuma galibi ana danganta shi da manyan larduna masu zafi, wanda zai iya rufe manyan wurare tare da laka da toka na dutsen wuta. Wadannan na iya haifar da [[Canjin yanayi da canji|Canjin yanayi]] na dogon lokaci (kamar [[Lokacin hunturu na dutsen wuta|haifar da ƙaramin zamanin kankara]]) da kuma barazana ga jinsunan da suka lalace. Rushewar Oruanui na Dutsen Taupō na New Zealand (kimanin shekaru 25,600 da suka gabata) shine fashewar VEI-8 mafi kwanan nan a duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wilson |first=C. J. N. |author-link=Colin J. N. Wilson |year=2001 |title=The 26.5ka Oruanui eruption, New Zealand: An introduction and overview |journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research |volume=112 |issue=1–4 |pages=133–174 |bibcode=2001JVGR..112..133W |doi=10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00239-6}}</ref> == Kalmomin == An fara amfani da kalmar "supervolcano" a cikin mahallin dutsen wuta a cikin 1949.<ref name="supervolcano, n.2">[http://oed.com/view/Entry/311217 ''supervolcano, n.''] Oxford English Dictionary, third edition, online version June 2012. Retrieved on 17 August 2012.</ref><ref name="Byers Jr. 3252">{{cite journal |last=Byers Jr. |first=F. M. |date=May 1949 |title=Review of ''The Ancient Volcanoes of Oregon'', by H. Williams |journal=The Journal of Geology |volume=57 |issue=3 |page=325 |doi=10.1086/625620 |jstor=30058772}}</ref>bayanin kula 1] Asalinsa ya kasance a farkon karni na 20 na muhawara ta kimiyya game da tarihin ilimin ƙasa da siffofin yankin Three Sisters na [[Oregon]] a Amurka. A cikin 1925, Edwin T. Hodge ya ba da shawarar cewa babban dutsen wuta, wanda ya kira Dutsen Multnomah, ya wanzu a wannan yankin. [Littafi na 1]Ya yi imanin cewa tsaunuka da yawa a yankin 'yan uwa mata uku sun kasance ragowar Dutsen Multnomah bayan an lalata shi da yawa ta hanyar fashewar dutsen wuta, kamar Dutsen Mazama.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 February 2000 |title=Supervolcanoes |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/1999/supervolcanoes.shtml |access-date=30 November 2023 |work=bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>[https://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Yellowstone/description_yellowstone.html USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204061306/http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Yellowstone/description_yellowstone.html|date=4 February 2012}}. Vulcan.wr.usgs.gov. Retrieved on 18 November 2011.</ref>A cikin littafinsa na 1948 The Ancient Volcanoes of Oregon, masanin dutsen wuta Howel Williams ya yi watsi da yiwuwar wanzuwar Dutsen Multnomah, amma a cikin 1949 wani masanin dutse, F. M. Byers Jr., ya sake nazarin littafin, kuma a cikin bita, Byers yana nufin Dutsen Mult Nomah a matsayin "babban dutsen wuta". <ref name="supervolcano, n.">[http://oed.com/view/Entry/311217 ''supervolcano, n.''] Oxford English Dictionary, third edition, online version June 2012. Retrieved on 17 August 2012.</ref> <ref name="Byers Jr. 325">{{Cite journal |last=Byers Jr. |first=F. M. |date=May 1949 |title=Review of ''The Ancient Volcanoes of Oregon'', by H. Williams |journal=The Journal of Geology |volume=57 |issue=3 |page=325 |doi=10.1086/625620 |jstor=30058772}}</ref> Fiye da shekaru hamsin bayan da aka buga bita na Byers, kalmar supervolcano ta shahara da shirin talabijin na kimiyya na [[BBC]] Horizon a cikin 2000, yana nufin fashewar da ke haifar da adadi mai yawa na fitarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2000 |title=Supervolcanoes |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/1999/supervolcanoes.shtml |access-date=30 November 2023 |website=bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Ana amfani da kalmar ''megacaldera'' a wasu lokuta don manyan tsaunuka masu fashewa, kamar Blake River Megacaldera Complex a cikin Abitibi greenstone belt na Ontario da [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]], Kanada.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pearson |first=V. |last2=Daigneault |first2=R. |date=January 2009 |title=An Archean megacaldera complex: The Blake River Group, Abitibi greenstone belt |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301926808001897 |journal=Precambrian Research |volume=168 |issue=1–2 |pages=66–82 |bibcode=2009PreR..168...66P |doi=10.1016/j.precamres.2008.03.009 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kodayake babu ƙayyadadden girman fashewa don "supervolcano", akwai aƙalla nau'ikan fashewar dutsen da aka gano a matsayin supervolcanoes: [[Babban lardin wuta|manyan larduna masu cin wuta]] da manyan fashewa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Bryan |first=S.E. |date=2010 |title=The largest volcanic eruptions on Earth |url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/40259/1/c40259.pdf |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |volume=102 |issue=3–4 |pages=207–229 |bibcode=2010ESRv..102..207B |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.001}}</ref> == Manyan larduna masu cin wuta == [[Fayil:Flood_Basalt_Map.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Taswirar manyan larduna masu cike da ambaliyar ruwa a duk duniya]] Manyan larduna masu zafi, kamar su Iceland, Siberian Traps, Deccan Traps, da Ontong Java Plateau, yankuna ne masu yawa na basalts a kan sikelin nahiyar da ya haifar da fashewar ambaliyar basalt. Lokacin da aka halicce su, waɗannan yankuna galibi suna da murabba'in kilomita kuma suna da ƙididdiga a kan tsari na miliyoyin cubic kilomita. A mafi yawan lokuta, ana shimfiɗa lavas sama da shekaru miliyoyin. Suna fitar da iskar gas mai yawa. Yankin Réunion ya samar da Deccan Traps kimanin shekaru miliyan 66 da suka gabata, daidai da taron lalacewar Cretaceous-Paleogene. &nbsp;Yarjejeniyar kimiyya ita ce [[Abubuwan da suka faru na Cretaceous-Paleogene|Tasirin asteroid]] shine dalilin abin da ya faru, amma aikin dutsen mai fitattun wuta na iya haifar da damuwa game da muhalli a kan jinsunan da suka wanzu har zuwa iyakar Cretaceous-Paleogene.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keller |first=G |date=2014 |title=Deccan volcanism, the Chicxulub impact, and the end-Cretaceous mass extinction: Coincidence? Cause and effect? |journal=Geological Society of America Special Papers |volume=505 |pages=57–89 |doi=10.1130/2014.2505(03) |isbn=978-0-8137-2505-5}}</ref> Wasu masana kimiyya sun yi la'akari da cewa dutsen wuta a kusa da Deccan Traps na iya karfafawa ta hanyar tasirin Chicxulub, wanda zai kasance kusa da maɓallin antipodal na Traps a wannan lokacin. Bugu da ƙari, babban abin da ya faru na ambaliyar ruwa (Siberian Traps) ya faru kusan shekaru miliyan 250 da suka gabata kuma ya dace da mafi girman halaka a tarihi, taron halaka na Permian-Triassic, kodayake ba a san ko shi ne kawai ke da alhakin halaka.&nbsp; Irin wannan ruwan ba fashewa ba ne, kodayake maɓuɓɓugar lava na iya faruwa. Yawancin masu ilimin dutsen wuta suna la'akari da [[Ayislan|Iceland]] a matsayin babban lardin da ake samu a halin yanzu. Babban zubar da ruwa na ƙarshe ya faru ne a cikin shekara ta 1783-84 daga rami na Laki, wanda ke da kimanin kilomita {{Convert|40|km|mi}} (25 tsawo. An kiyasta km3 cu na dutsen basaltic an zuba shi a lokacin fashewar (VEI 4). The Ontong Java Plateau has an area of about {{Convert|2000000|km2|sqmi}}, and the province was at least 50% larger before the Manihiki and Hikurangi Plateaus broke away. == Babban fashewar fashewa == Ana rarraba fashewar dutsen wuta ta amfani da ƙididdigar fashewar wuta. Yana da sikelin logarithmic, kuma karuwar daya a cikin lambar VEI daidai yake da karuwar sau goma a cikin girman kayan fashewa. VEI 7 ko VEI 8 fashewa suna da ƙarfi sosai cewa sau da yawa suna samar da calderas na zagaye maimakon [[Dutsen wuta|cones]] saboda janyewar magma zuwa ƙasa yana haifar da dutsen da ke sama ya rushe cikin ɗakin magma mara amfani a ƙarƙashinsa. === Sanannun manyan fashewa === Dangane da ƙididdigar da ba ta cika ba, an gano aƙalla fashewar VEI 8 60.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=BG |first=Mason |date=2004 |title=The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth |journal=Bull Volcanol |volume=66 |issue=8 |pages=735–748 |bibcode=2004BVol...66..735M |doi=10.1007/s00445-004-0355-9 |s2cid=129680497}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="whitespace:no-wrap" |+Well-known VEI 8 eruptions !Name !Zone !Location ! class="unsortable" |Notes ! data-sort-type="number" |Years ago (approx.) ! data-sort-type="number" |Ejecta bulk volume (approx.) ! class="unsortable" |Reference |- |Los Chocoyos eruption |Atitlán Caldera, Sololá |[[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]] | | style="text-align:right;" |{{Sort|86,500|75,000–98,000}} | style="text-align:right;" |1,220&nbsp;km³ |<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cisneros de León |first=Alejandro |last2=Schindlbeck-Belo |first2=Julie C. |last3=Kutterolf |first3=Steffen |last4=Danišík |first4=Martin |last5=Schmitt |first5=Axel K. |last6=Freundt |first6=Armin |last7=Pérez |first7=Wendy |last8=Harvey |first8=Janet C. |last9=Wang |first9=Kuo-Lung |last10=Lee |first10=Hao-Yang |date=2021 |title=A history of violence: magma incubation, timing and tephra distribution of the Los Chocoyos supereruption (Atitlán Caldera, Guatemala) |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jqs.3265 |journal=Journal of Quaternary Science |language=en |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=169–179 |bibcode=2021JQS....36..169C |doi=10.1002/jqs.3265 |issn=1099-1417}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baudry |first=Alec |last2=Singer |first2=Brad S. |last3=Jicha |first3=Brian |last4=Jilly-Rehak |first4=Christine E. |last5=Vazquez |first5=Jorge A. |last6=Keller |first6=C. Brenhin |date=2024-10-01 |title=A Bayesian age from dispersed plagioclase and zircon dates in the Los Chocoyos ash, Central America |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X24002590 |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=643 |bibcode=2024E&PSL.64318826B |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2024.118826 |issn=0012-821X |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- |[[Ƙaramin fashewar Toba|Youngest Toba eruption]] |Toba Caldera, North Sumatra |[[Sumatra]], Indonesia |Produced 439–631 million tons of sulfuric acid. Largest eruption in the last 25 million years. | style="text-align:right;" |74,000 | style="text-align:right;" |{{Sort|7,600|2,800–13,200&nbsp;km³}} |<ref name="sci">{{Cite journal |last=Petraglia |first=M. |last2=Korisettar |first2=R. |last3=Boivin |first3=N. |last4=Clarkson |first4=C. |last5=Ditchfield |first5=P. |last6=Jones |first6=S. |last7=Koshy |first7=J. |last8=Lahr |first8=M. M. |last9=Oppenheimer |first9=C. |last10=Pyle |first10=D. |last11=Roberts |first11=R. |last12=Schwenninger |first12=J.-L. |last13=Arnold |first13=L. |last14=White |first14=K. |display-authors=8 |year=2007 |title=Middle Paleolithic Assemblages from the Indian Subcontinent Before and After the Toba Super-Eruption |url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/era/2117 |journal=Science |volume=317 |issue=5834 |pages=114–116 |bibcode=2007Sci...317..114P |doi=10.1126/science.1141564 |pmid=17615356 |s2cid=20380351 |url-access=subscription |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Knight, M.D. 1986, p. 10,355">{{Cite journal |last=Knight, M.D., Walker, G.P.L., Ellwood, B.B., and Diehl, J.F. |year=1986 |title=Stratigraphy, paleomagnetism, and magnetic fabric of the Toba Tuffs: Constraints on their sources and eruptive styles |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=91 |issue=B10 |pages=10355–10382 |bibcode=1986JGR....9110355K |doi=10.1029/JB091iB10p10355}}</ref><ref name="Ninkovich, D. 1978, pp. 286–298">{{Cite journal |last=Ninkovich, D., Sparks, R.S.J., and Ledbetter, M.T. |year=1978 |title=The exceptional magnitude and intensity of the Toba eruption, Sumatra: An example of using deep-sea tephra layers as a geological tool |journal=Bulletin Volcanologique |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=286–298 |bibcode=1978BVol...41..286N |doi=10.1007/BF02597228 |s2cid=128626019}}</ref><ref name="geo.mtu.edu">{{Cite journal |last=Rose, W.I. |last2=Chesner, C.A. |name-list-style=amp |year=1987 |title=Dispersal of ash in the great Toba eruption, 75 ka |url=http://www.geo.mtu.edu/~raman/papers/RoseTobaFallGeology.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Geology |volume=15 |issue=10 |pages=913–917 |bibcode=1987Geo....15..913R |doi=10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<913:DOAITG>2.0.CO;2 |issn=0091-7613 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617032134/http://www.geo.mtu.edu/~raman/papers/RoseTobaFallGeology.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2010}}</ref><ref name="Williams, M.A.J. 1982, pp. 139–162">{{Cite journal |last=Williams, M.A.J. |last2=Royce, K. |name-list-style=amp |year=1982 |title=Quaternary geology of the middle son valley, North Central India: Implications for prehistoric archaeology |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=38 |issue=3–4 |page=139 |bibcode=1982PPP....38..139W |doi=10.1016/0031-0182(82)90001-3}}</ref><ref name="Costa">{{Cite journal |last=Antonio Costa |last2=Victoria C. Smith |last3=Giovanni Macedonio |last4=Naomi E. Matthews |date=2014 |title=The magnitude and impact of the Youngest Toba Tuff super-eruption |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=2 |page=16 |bibcode=2014FrEaS...2...16C |doi=10.3389/feart.2014.00016 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lin |first=Jiamei |last2=Abbott |first2=Peter M. |last3=Sigl |first3=Michael |last4=Steffensen |first4=Jørgen P. |last5=Mulvaney |first5=Robert |last6=Severi |first6=Mirko |last7=Svensson |first7=Anders |date=2023 |title=Bipolar ice-core records constrain possible dates and global radiative forcing following the ~74 ka Toba eruption |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |language=en |volume=312 |bibcode=2023QSRv..31208162L |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108162 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |- |Flat Landing Brook Formation |Tetagouche Group |New Brunswick, Canada |Possibly the largest known supereruption. Existence as a single eruption is controversial, and it could have been a multiple 2,000+ km³ event that spanned less than a million years | style="text-align:right;" |466,000,000 | style="text-align:right;" |{{Sort|7,000|2,000–12,000&nbsp;km³}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lexique du substrat rocheux |url=http://dnr-mrn.gnb.ca/Lexicon/Lexicon/Lexicon_View.aspx?UnitId=137 |access-date=22 December 2019 |website=dnr-mrn.gnb.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A mid-Darriwilian super volcano in northern New Brunswick, rapid climate change and the start of the great Ordovician biodiversification event |url=http://www.mineralogicalassociation.ca/doc/StJohns2012_GAC-MAC_Abstracts.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212184601/http://www.mineralogicalassociation.ca/doc/StJohns2012_GAC-MAC_Abstracts.pdf |archive-date=12 December 2019 |access-date=11 November 2023 |pages=118–119}}</ref> |- |Wah Wah Springs Caldera |Indian Peak–Caliente Caldera Complex |[[Utah]], United States |The largest of the Indian Peak-Caliente Caldera Complex eruptions, preserved as the Wah Wah Springs Tuff; includes pyroclastic flows more than {{Convert|500|m|ft}} thick | style="text-align:right;" |30,600,000 | style="text-align:right;" |{{Sort|5,700|5,500–5,900&nbsp;km³}} |<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tingey |first=David G. |last2=Hart |first2=Garret L. |last3=Gromme |first3=Sherman |last4=Deino |first4=Alan L. |last5=Christiansen |first5=Eric H. |last6=Best |first6=Myron G. |date=1 August 2013 |title=The 36–18 Ma Indian Peak–Caliente ignimbrite field and calderas, southeastern Great Basin, USA: Multicyclic super-eruptions |journal=Geosphere |language=en |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=864–950 |bibcode=2013Geosp...9..864B |doi=10.1130/GES00902.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="geology.com">{{Cite web |last=King |first=Hobart M. |title=Volcanic Explosivity Index: Measuring the size of an eruption |url=https://geology.com/stories/13/volcanic-explosivity-index/ |website=Geology.com}}</ref> |- |La Garita Caldera |San Juan volcanic field |[[Colorado]], United States |Fish Canyon eruption | style="text-align:right;" |27,800,000 | style="text-align:right;" |5,000&nbsp;km³ |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ort |first=Michael |date=22 September 1997 |title=La Garita Caldera |url=http://staff.aist.go.jp/s-takarada/CEV/newsletter/lagarita.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519165154/http://staff.aist.go.jp/s-takarada/CEV/newsletter/lagarita.html |archive-date=19 May 2011 |access-date=5 August 2010 |publisher=[[Northern Arizona University]]}}</ref><ref name="Lipman">{{Cite journal |last=Lipman |first=Peter W. |date=2 November 2007 |title=Geologic Map of the Central San Juan Caldera Cluster, Southwestern Colorado |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2799/ |url-status=live |series=USGS Investigations Series I-2799 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831221119/http://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2799/ |archive-date=31 August 2010 |access-date=6 August 2010}}</ref> |- |Grey's Landing Supereruption |Yellowstone hotspot |United States |Deposited the Grey's Landing Ignimbrite | style="text-align:right;" |8,720,000 | style="text-align:right;" |2,800&nbsp;km³ |<ref name="New">{{Cite journal |last=Knott |first=Thomas |last2=Branney |first2=M. |last3=Reichow |first3=Marc |last4=Finn |first4=David |last5=Tapster |first5=Simon |last6=Coe |first6=Robert |date=June 2020 |title=Discovery of two new super-eruptions from the Yellowstone hotspot track (USA): Is the Yellowstone hotspot waning? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341810855 |journal=Geology |volume=48 |issue=9 |pages=934–938 |bibcode=2020Geo....48..934K |doi=10.1130/G47384.1 |access-date=21 June 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |- |La Pacana |Andes Central Volcanic Zone |Chile |Responsible for the Antana Ignimbrite | style="text-align:right;" |4,000,000 | style="text-align:right;" |2,500&nbsp;km³ |<ref name="Lindsay2001">{{Cite journal |last=Lindsay |first=J. M. |date=1 March 2001 |title=Magmatic Evolution of the La Pacana Caldera System, Central Andes, Chile: Compositional Variation of Two Cogenetic, Large-Volume Felsic Ignimbrites |journal=Journal of Petrology |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=459–486 |bibcode=2001JPet...42..459L |doi=10.1093/petrology/42.3.459 |issn=0022-3530 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |- |Huckleberry Ridge eruption |Yellowstone hotspot |[[Idaho]], United States |Huckleberry Ridge Tuff; consisted of three distinct eruptions separated by years to decades | style="text-align:right;" |2,100,000 | style="text-align:right;" |{{Sort|2,475|2,450–2,500&nbsp;km³}} |<ref name="largeeruptions" /><ref name="usgs.gov">{{Cite web |date=July 2024 |title=What is a supervolcano? What is a supereruption? |url=https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-a-supervolcano-what-a-supereruption |publisher=USGS}}</ref> |- |Whakamaru Caldera |Taupō Volcanic Zone |North Island, New Zealand |Whakamaru Ignimbrite/Mount Curl Tephra | style="text-align:right;" |340,000 | style="text-align:right;" |2,000&nbsp;km³ |<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Froggatt |first=P. C. |last2=Nelson, C. S. |last3=Carter, L. |last4=Griggs, G. |last5=Black, K. P. |date=13 February 1986 |title=An exceptionally large late Quaternary eruption from New Zealand |journal=Nature |volume=319 |issue=6054 |pages=578–582 |bibcode=1986Natur.319..578F |doi=10.1038/319578a0 |s2cid=4332421 |quote=The minimum total volume of tephra is 1,200 km³ but probably nearer 2,000 km³, ...}}</ref> |- |Heise Volcanic Field |Yellowstone hotspot |[[Idaho]], United States |Kilgore Tuff | style="text-align:right;" |4,500,000 | style="text-align:right;" |1,800&nbsp;km³ |<ref name="Morgan">{{Cite journal |last=Lisa A. Morgan |last2=William C. McIntosh |name-list-style=amp |year=2005 |title=Timing and development of the Heise volcanic field, Snake River Plain, Idaho, western USA |journal=GSA Bulletin |volume=117 |issue=3–4 |pages=288–306 |bibcode=2005GSAB..117..288M |doi=10.1130/B25519.1 |s2cid=53648675}}</ref> |- |McMullen Supereruption |Yellowstone hotspot |Southern [[Idaho]], United States |McMullen Ignimbrite | style="text-align:right;" |8,990,000 | style="text-align:right;" |1,700&nbsp;km³ |<ref name="New" /> |- |Heise Volcanic Field |Yellowstone hotspot |[[Idaho]], United States |Blacktail Tuff | style="text-align:right;" |6,000,000 | style="text-align:right;" |1,500&nbsp;km³ |<ref name="Morgan" /> |- |Cerro Guacha |Altiplano–Puna volcanic complex |Sur Lípez, Bolivia |Guacha ignimbrite, two smaller eruptions identified | style="text-align:right;" |5,700,000 | style="text-align:right;" |1,300&nbsp;km³ |<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Salisbury |first=M. J. |last2=Jicha |first2=B. R. |last3=de Silva |first3=S. L. |last4=Singer |first4=B. S. |last5=Jimenez |first5=N. C. |last6=Ort |first6=M. H. |date=21 December 2010 |title=40Ar/39Ar chronostratigraphy of Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex ignimbrites reveals the development of a major magmatic province |url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1481932 |journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin |volume=123 |issue=5–6 |pages=821–840 |bibcode=2011GSAB..123..821S |doi=10.1130/B30280.1}}</ref> |- |Mangakino Caldera |Taupō Volcanic Zone |North Island, New Zealand |Kidnappers eruption | style="text-align:right;" |1,080,000 | style="text-align:right;" |1,200&nbsp;km³ | |- |Oruanui eruption |Taupō Volcanic Zone |North Island, New Zealand |Taupō Volcano (Lake Taupō) | style="text-align:right;" |26,500 | style="text-align:right;" |1,170&nbsp;km³ |<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wilson |first=C. J. N |date=1 December 2001 |title=The 26.5ka Oruanui eruption, New Zealand: an introduction and overview |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377027301002396 |journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research |language=en |volume=112 |issue=1 |pages=133–174 |bibcode=2001JVGR..112..133W |doi=10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00239-6 |issn=0377-0273 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- |Galán |Andes Central Volcanic Zone |Catamarca, Argentina |Consisted of three distinct eruptions, separated by 30-40 thousand years | style="text-align:right;" |2,500,000 | style="text-align:right;" |1,050&nbsp;km³ |<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kay |first=Suzanne Mahlburg |last2=Coira |first2=Beatriz |last3=Wörner |first3=Gerhard |last4=Kay |first4=Robert W. |last5=Singer |first5=Bradley S. |date=1 December 2011 |title=Geochemical, isotopic and single crystal 40Ar/39Ar age constraints on the evolution of the Cerro Galán ignimbrites |journal=Bulletin of Volcanology |language=en |volume=73 |issue=10 |pages=1487–1511 |bibcode=2011BVol...73.1487K |doi=10.1007/s00445-010-0410-7 |issn=1432-0819 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> |- |Lava Creek eruption |Yellowstone hotspot |[[Idaho]], [[Montana]], and [[Wyoming]], United States |Lava Creek Tuff; consisted of two distinct eruptions separated by years | style="text-align:right;" |640,000 | style="text-align:right;" |1,000&nbsp;km³ |<ref name="usgs.gov" /><ref name="geology.com" /> |} == Bayyanawar kafofin watsa labarai == * Nova ta nuna wani labari "Mystery of the Megavolcano" a watan Satumbar 2006 yana nazarin irin wannan fashewa a cikin shekaru 100,000 da suka gabata. * Supervolcano shine taken fim din bala'in talabijin na Burtaniya da Kanada, wanda aka fara fitarwa a shekarar 2005. Yana ba da labarin almara game da wani supereruption a Yellowstone . * A cikin fim din bala'i na shekara ta ''2012'', wani babban fashewar Yellowstone yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga bala'in duniya. * Labarin siyasa na <nowiki><i id="mwAj0">Aljanna</i></nowiki> na 2025 ya faru ne bayan fashewar wani dutse mai ban mamaki na [[Antatika|Antarctic]] da kuma megatsunami na gaba, wanda ya sa Gwamnatin tarayya ta Amurka da sauran fitattun mutane su koma wani birni na karkashin kasa a [[Colorado]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2025 |title='Paradise' Solves Some Mysteries (and Sets More Up) In Episode 7 |url=https://www.menshealth.com/entertainment/a63936913/paradise-episode-7-twists-explained/ |access-date=27 February 2025 |website=Men's Health |language=en-US}}</ref> == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == <gallery widths="200" heights="200"> Fayil:Taupo.Volcanic.Zone.North.Island.NZ.JPG|Volcano, lake, and caldera locations in the Taupō Volcanic Zone </gallery> == Dubi kuma == * Global catastrophic risk - Hadarin bala'i na duniya * Timeline of volcanism on Earth * Toba catastrophe theory - Babban fashewar dutse shekaru 74,000 da suka gabata a IndonesiaShafuka da ke nuna taƙaitaccen bayanin manufofi * Volcanic winter - Abubuwan da suka faru na yanayin zafi wanda ya haifar da fashewar dutse == Bayani ==   == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{Cite journal |last=Mason, Ben G. |last2=Pyle, David M. |last3=Oppenheimer, Clive |year=2004 |title=The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth |journal=Bulletin of Volcanology |volume=66 |issue=8 |pages=735–748 |bibcode=2004BVol...66..735M |doi=10.1007/s00445-004-0355-9 |s2cid=129680497}} *   * {{Cite journal |last=Timmreck |first=C. |last2=Graf, H.-F. |year=2006 |title=The initial dispersal and radiative forcing of a Northern Hemisphere mid-latitude super volcano: a model study |journal=Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=35–49 |bibcode=2006ACP.....6...35T |doi=10.5194/acp-6-35-2006 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 530ks35c49p33o4npx794ckjs5qhgnv 0 165221 906637 2026-08-23T18:06:18Z Ummu Ilham 45024 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369206661|Volcanic explosivity index]]" 906637 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:VEIfigure_en.svg|thumb|327x327px|VEI da haɗin kai]] Alamar fashewar dutsen wuta ('''VEI''') sikelin ne da aka yi amfani da shi don auna girman fashewar fashewar wuta. Christopher G. Newhall na binciken ilimin ƙasa na Amurka da Stephen Self ne suka tsara shi a shekarar 1982. Ana amfani da '''yawan abubuwan da fashewar ta samar''', '''tsayin gajimaren fashewar''', da kuma '''bayanai na lura kai tsaye''' (wanda ake bayyana su da kalmomi daga ''“mai laushi”'' zuwa ''“mai girman gaske”'') wajen tantance ƙimar ƙarfin fashewar. Ma’aunin '''VEI''' (Volcanic Explosivity Index) ba shi da iyakar sama, amma manyan fashewar da aka sani a tarihi ana ba su ƙimar '''8'''. Ana ba fashewar da ba ta da ƙarfi, wato wadda ta fitar da ƙasa da '''10,000 m³ (350,000 ft³)''' na '''tephra''', ƙimar '''0'''. Ƙimar '''8''' tana wakiltar fashewar supervolcano wadda za ta iya fitar da kusan '''1.0 × 10¹² m³''' (kimanin mil cubic 240) na tephra, tare da gajimaren fashewa da zai iya kaiwa sama da '''kilomita 20 (ƙafa 66,000)'''. Ma’aunin yana bin tsarin '''logarithmic''', inda kowane mataki ke wakiltar ƙaruwa sau '''10''' a cikin ma’aunin abubuwan da aka fitar, sai dai tsakanin '''VEI-0, VEI-1 da VEI-2''', inda tsarin ƙaruwa ya bambanta.<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Newhall |first=Christopher G. |last2=Self |first2=Stephen |year=1982 |title=The Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): An Estimate of Explosive Magnitude for Historical Volcanism |url=http://www.agu.org/books/hg/v002/HG002p0143/HG002p0143.pdf |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] |volume=87 |issue=C2 |pages=1231–1238 |bibcode=1982JGR....87.1231N |doi=10.1029/JC087iC02p01231 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213194307/http://www.agu.org/books/hg/v002/HG002p0143/HG002p0143.pdf |archive-date=December 13, 2013}}</ref> == Rarraba == Tare da alamun da ke gudana daga 0 zuwa 8, VEI da ke da alaƙa da fashewa ya dogara da yawan kayan dutsen wuta da aka jefa, zuwa wane tsawo, da kuma tsawon lokacin fashewar. Sikeli yana da logarithmic daga VEI-2 da sama; karuwar 1 index yana nuna fashewar da ke da iko sau 10. Saboda haka, akwai raguwa a cikin ma'anar VEI tsakanin alamomi 1 da 2. Ƙananan iyakar ƙarar fitarwa yana tsalle ta hanyar ɗari, daga 10,000 zuwa 1,000,000 (,000 zuwa 35,310,000 , yayin da factor shine goma tsakanin dukkan alamomi mafi girma. A cikin tebur mai zuwa, mitar kowane VEI yana nuna kimanin mitar sabbin fashewar wannan VEI ko mafi girma. {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" |VEI ! rowspan="2" |Fitar da yawa (babban) <br /><br /> ! style="width: 350px;" |Rarraba ! style="width: 100px;" |Bayyanawa ! style="width: 100px;" |Furen ! style="width: 150px;" |Lokaci-lokaci ! style="width: 100px;" |Allurar da ake amfani da ita a sararin samaniya<br /> ! style="width: 100px;" |Injin Stratospheric <ref> {{Cite web |title=Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) |url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/eruptioncriteria.cfm#VEI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110173623/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/eruptioncriteria.cfm |archive-date=November 10, 2011 |access-date=August 21, 2014 |website=Global Volcanism Program |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History]]}}</ref><br /> |- ! colspan="7" style="font-size:90%; color:#888;" |Misalan |- ! rowspan="2" style="background-color: white;" |0 | rowspan="2" |< 10⁴ m³&nbsp; |Hawaiian |Rashin jituwa |< 100 m |dindindin |Ba a kula da shi ba |babu |- | colspan="7" style="font-size:90%; color:#888; max-width:1px; background:white;" |Kīlauea, Mawson Peak (na yanzu), Fagradalsfjall (2021-2023), [[Mauna Loa]] (1975, 1984, 2022), Piton de la Fournaise (na yanzu) |- ! rowspan="2" style="background-color: #FFC;" |[[:Category:VEI-1 volcanoes|<span style="color: black;">1</span>]] | rowspan="2" |> 10⁴ m³&nbsp; |Hawaiian / Strombolian |Mai tawali'u |{{Nowrap|100 m – 1 km}} |yau da kullun |ƙarami |babu |- | colspan="7" style="font-size:90%; color:#888; background:white;" |Yakedake (1995), Dieng Volcanic Complex (1964, 1979, 2017), Havre Seamount (2012), Sundhnúkur (2023-2025) |- ! rowspan="2" style="background-color: #FF3;" |<nowiki><span id="mwYw" style="color: black;">2</span></nowiki> | rowspan="2" |> 10⁶ m³&nbsp; |Strombolian / VulcanianVulcan |Mai fashewa |1-5 km&nbsp; |Makonni 2 |matsakaici |babu |- | colspan="7" style="font-size:90%; color:#888; max-width:1px; background:white;" |Dutsen Etna, Stromboli (tun daga 1934), Unzen (1792), Tsibirin Ritter (1888), Tsibirin White (2019), Marapi (2023) |- ! rowspan="2" style="background-color: #FC0;" |<nowiki><span id="mwfw" style="color: black;">3</span></nowiki> | rowspan="2" |> 10⁷ m³&nbsp; |Strombolian / Vulcanian / Peléan / Sub-Plinian |Mai tsanani |3-15 km&nbsp; |Watanni 3 |mai yawa |mai yiwuwa |- | colspan="7" style="font-size:90%; color:#888; max-width:1px; background:white;" |Surtsey (1963-1967), Nevado del Ruiz (1985), Redoubt (1989-1990), Ontake (2014), Kanlaon (2024) |- ! rowspan="2" style="background-color: #F90;" |<nowiki><span id="mwmg" style="color: black;">4</span></nowiki> | rowspan="2" |> 0.1 km³&nbsp;&nbsp; |Peléan / Plinian / Sub-Plinian |Bala'i |> 10 km&nbsp; |Watanni 18 |mai yawa |bayyane |- | colspan="7" style="font-size:90%; color:#888; max-width:1px; background:white;" |Bandai (1888), Pelée (1902), Lamington (1951), Eyjafjallajökull (2010), Merapi (2010), Semeru (2021) |- ! rowspan="2" style="background-color: #F60;" |<nowiki><span id="mwuA" style="color: black;">5</span></nowiki> | rowspan="2" |> 1 km³&nbsp;&nbsp; |Peléan / Plinian |Cataclymic |> kilomita 20&nbsp; |Shekaru 12 |mai yawa |muhimman abubuwa |- | colspan="7" style="font-size:90%; color:#888; max-width:1px; background:white;" |Vesuvius ([[Fashewar Dutsen Vesuvius a cikin 79 AD|79]]), Fuji (1707), [[Dutsen Tarawera|Tarawera]] (1886), St. Helens (1980), Puyehue (2011), Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai (2022) |- ! rowspan="2" style="background-color: #F00;" |<nowiki><span id="mw1Q" style="color: white;">6</span></nowiki> | rowspan="2" |> 10 km³&nbsp;&nbsp; |Plinian / Ultra-Plinian |Mai Girma |> kilomita 30&nbsp; |Shekaru 50-100 |mai yawa |mai yawa |- | colspan="7" style="font-size:90%; color:#888; max-width:1px; background:white;" |Tafkin Ilopango (450), Paektu (946), Huaynaputina (1600), Krakatoa ([[1883 fashewar Krakatoa|1883]]), Santa Maria (1902), Novarupta (1912), Pinatubo (1991) |- ! rowspan="2" style="background-color: #900;" |<nowiki><span id="mw9Q" style="color: white;">7</span></nowiki> | rowspan="2" |> 100 km³&nbsp;&nbsp; |Ultra-Plinian |Babban babba |> kilomita 40&nbsp; |Shekaru 500-1,000 |mai yawa |mai yawa |- | colspan="7" style="font-size:90%; color:#888; max-width:1px; background:white;" |[[Filin Phlegraean|Campi Flegrei]] ([[Fashewar Ignimbrite na Campanian|37 kyr]]), Crater Lake (6000 BC ~ 4000 BC), Kuril Lake (6400 BC), Kikai (1600 KZ), Taal Caldera (~4000 BC) , Cerro Blanco (2300 BC), Santorini (1600 BC), Taupo (232), Samalas (1257), Tambora (1815) |- ! rowspan="2" style="background-color: black;" |<nowiki><span id="mwARQ" style="color: white;">8</span></nowiki> | rowspan="2" |> 1,000 km³&nbsp;&nbsp; |Ultra-Plinian |Babban kaya |> 50 km&nbsp; |> Shekaru 50,000 |babba |babba |- | colspan="7" style="font-size:90%; color:#888; max-width:1px; background:white;" |Wah Springs (30 Mya), La Garita (26.3 Mya), Yellowstone (2.1 Mya, 640 kyr), Toba ([[Ƙaramin fashewar Toba|74 kyr]]), Taupō (26.5 kyr) |} Kimanin fashewar fashewa 40 na girman VEI-8 a cikin shekaru miliyan 132 da suka gabata ([[Shekara|Mya]]) an gano su, daga cikinsu 30 sun faru a cikin shekaru 36 da suka gabata. Idan aka yi la'akari da ƙididdigar mitar ta kasance a kan tsari na sau ɗaya a cikin shekaru 50,000,<ref name="Dosseto2">{{cite book|title=Timescales of Magmatic Processes: From Core to Atmosphere|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|date=2011|last1=Dosseto|first1=A.|editor-last1=Turner|editor-first1=S. P.|editor-last2=Van-Orman|editor-first2=J. A.|isbn=978-1-4443-3260-5}}</ref>Upakwai yiwuwar irin waɗannan fashewa da yawa a cikin Mya 132 da suka gabata waɗanda ba a san su ba tukuna. Dangane da ƙididdigar da ba ta cika ba, wasu marubutan suna zaton cewa an gano aƙalla fashewar VEI-8 60.<ref name="Mason2004" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bryan |first=S.E. |date=2010 |title=The largest volcanic eruptions on Earth |url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/40259/1/c40259.pdf |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |volume=102 |issue=3–4 |pages=207–229 |bibcode=2010ESRv..102..207B |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.001}}</ref> Mafi kwanan nan shine Rushewar Oruanui ta Tafkin Taupō, sama da shekaru 27,000 da suka gabata, wanda ke nufin cewa babu wani fashewar [[Holocene]] tare da VEI na 8.<ref name="Mason2004"> {{Cite journal |last=Mason |first=Ben G. |last2=Pyle |first2=David M. |last3=Oppenheimer |first3=Clive |year=2004 |title=The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth |journal=[[Bulletin of Volcanology]] |volume=66 |issue=8 |pages=735–748 |bibcode=2004BVol...66..735M |doi=10.1007/s00445-004-0355-9 |s2cid=129680497}}</ref> Akwai akalla fashewar VEI-7 10 a cikin shekaru 11,700 da suka gabata. Har ila yau, akwai fashewar fashewar Plinian 58, da fashewar caldera 13, mai girma, amma ba a san girman ba. A shekara ta 2010, [[Shirin Volcanism na Duniya]] na Cibiyar Smithsonian ya tsara aikin VEI don fashewar dutsen wuta 7,742 da suka faru a lokacin [[Holocene]] (shekaru 11,700 da suka gabata) wanda ke da kusan kashi 75% na jimlar fashewar da aka sani a lokacin Holocen. Daga cikin wadannan fashewa 7,742, kusan 49% suna da VEI na 2 ko ƙasa, kuma 90% suna da VEi na 3 ko ƙasa.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Siebert|first1=L.|last2=Simkin|first2=T.|last3=Kimberly|first3=P.|date=2010|title=Volcanoes of the World|edition=3rd|pages=28–38|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0-520-26877-7}}</ref> == Ƙuntatawa == A kark[[Tokar dutse mai aman wuta|ash]] VEI, ash, lava, lava bom, da ignimbrite duk ana bi da su iri ɗaya. Density da vesicularity (gas bubbling) na kayan dutsen wuta da ake tambaya ba a la'akari da su ba. Sabanin haka, ana lissafin DRE (daidai da dutse mai yawa) wani lokacin don ba da ainihin adadin [[Magma]] da ya fashe. Wani rauni na VEI shine cewa ba ya la'akari da fitar da wutar lantarki na fashewa, wanda ya sa VEI ya zama da wahala sosai a tantance shi tare da fashewar prehistoric ko ba a lura da shi ba. Kodayake VEI ya dace sosai don rarraba girman fashewar fashewa, alamar ba ta da mahimmanci kamar hayakin sulfur dioxide wajen lissafin tasirin yanayi da yanayi.<ref name="JRMS">{{Cite journal |last=Miles |first=M. G. |last2=Grainger |first2=R. G. |last3=Highwood |first3=E. J. |year=2004 |title=Volcanic Aerosols: The significance of volcanic eruption strength and frequency for climate |url=http://eodg.atm.ox.ac.uk/eodg/papers/2004Miles1.pdf |journal=[[Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society]] |volume=130 |issue=602 |pages=2361–2376 |bibcode=2004QJRMS.130.2361M |doi=10.1256/qj.03.60 |s2cid=53005926}}</ref> == Jerin sanannun fashewa == {{Volcanic Eruption Map}} * Tsarin lokaci na dutsen wuta a Duniya (yawanci VEI-6, a cikin 2 kya) * Jerin fashewar dutsen wuta 1500-2000 * [[Jerin fashewar dutsen wuta a karni na 21]] * [[Jerin fashewar aman wuta ta adadin wadanda suka mutu|Jerin fashewar dutsen wuta ta yawan wadanda suka mutu]] * Jerin manyan fashewar dutsen wuta na Holocene (VEI-5-7) * Jerin manyan fashewar dutse (VEI-5-8, a cikin 450+ Mya) * [[Jerin mafi girman fashewar aman wuta|Jerin manyan fashewar dutse]] (VEI-7-8, galibi a cikin 500 Mya) == Dubi kuma == * Supervolcano - Dutsen da ya fashe tare da alamar fashewar dutsen mai fashewa na 8 * Decade Volcanoes - Saitin tsaunuka masu fashewa da aka dauka musamman haɗari * Dispersal index - Alamar yaduwar dutsen wuta * Jerin tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta * Jerin bala'o'i ta hanyar yawan wadanda suka mutu {{Clear}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} lyise100m8hqbhih8bqj4vqmi1zei4o 906638 906637 2026-08-23T18:06:45Z Ummu Ilham 45024 906638 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:VEIfigure_en.svg|thumb|327x327px|VEI da haɗin kai]] Alamar fashewar dutsen wuta ('''VEI''') sikelin ne da aka yi amfani da shi don auna girman fashewar fashewar wuta. Christopher G. Newhall na binciken ilimin ƙasa na Amurka da Stephen Self ne suka tsara shi a shekarar 1982. Ana amfani da '''yawan abubuwan da fashewar ta samar''', '''tsayin gajimaren fashewar''', da kuma '''bayanai na lura kai tsaye''' (wanda ake bayyana su da kalmomi daga ''“mai laushi”'' zuwa ''“mai girman gaske”'') wajen tantance ƙimar ƙarfin fashewar.. Ma’aunin '''VEI''' (Volcanic Explosivity Index) ba shi da iyakar sama, amma manyan fashewar da aka sani a tarihi ana ba su ƙimar '''8'''. Ana ba fashewar da ba ta da ƙarfi, wato wadda ta fitar da ƙasa da '''10,000 m³ (350,000 ft³)''' na '''tephra''', ƙimar '''0'''. Ƙimar '''8''' tana wakiltar fashewar supervolcano wadda za ta iya fitar da kusan '''1.0 × 10¹² m³''' (kimanin mil cubic 240) na tephra, tare da gajimaren fashewa da zai iya kaiwa sama da '''kilomita 20 (ƙafa 66,000)'''. Ma’aunin yana bin tsarin '''logarithmic''', inda kowane mataki ke wakiltar ƙaruwa sau '''10''' a cikin ma’aunin abubuwan da aka fitar, sai dai tsakanin '''VEI-0, VEI-1 da VEI-2''', inda tsarin ƙaruwa ya bambanta.<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Newhall |first=Christopher G. |last2=Self |first2=Stephen |year=1982 |title=The Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): An Estimate of Explosive Magnitude for Historical Volcanism |url=http://www.agu.org/books/hg/v002/HG002p0143/HG002p0143.pdf |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] |volume=87 |issue=C2 |pages=1231–1238 |bibcode=1982JGR....87.1231N |doi=10.1029/JC087iC02p01231 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213194307/http://www.agu.org/books/hg/v002/HG002p0143/HG002p0143.pdf |archive-date=December 13, 2013}}</ref> == Rarraba == Tare da alamun da ke gudana daga 0 zuwa 8, VEI da ke da alaƙa da fashewa ya dogara da yawan kayan dutsen wuta da aka jefa, zuwa wane tsawo, da kuma tsawon lokacin fashewar. Sikeli yana da logarithmic daga VEI-2 da sama; karuwar 1 index yana nuna fashewar da ke da iko sau 10. Saboda haka, akwai raguwa a cikin ma'anar VEI tsakanin alamomi 1 da 2. Ƙananan iyakar ƙarar fitarwa yana tsalle ta hanyar ɗari, daga 10,000 zuwa 1,000,000 (,000 zuwa 35,310,000 , yayin da factor shine goma tsakanin dukkan alamomi mafi girma. A cikin tebur mai zuwa, mitar kowane VEI yana nuna kimanin mitar sabbin fashewar wannan VEI ko mafi girma. {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" |VEI ! rowspan="2" |Fitar da yawa (babban) <br /><br /> ! style="width: 350px;" |Rarraba ! style="width: 100px;" |Bayyanawa ! style="width: 100px;" |Furen ! style="width: 150px;" |Lokaci-lokaci ! style="width: 100px;" |Allurar da ake amfani da ita a sararin samaniya<br /> ! style="width: 100px;" |Injin Stratospheric <ref> {{Cite web |title=Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) |url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/eruptioncriteria.cfm#VEI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110173623/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/eruptioncriteria.cfm |archive-date=November 10, 2011 |access-date=August 21, 2014 |website=Global Volcanism Program |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History]]}}</ref><br /> |- ! colspan="7" style="font-size:90%; color:#888;" |Misalan |- ! rowspan="2" style="background-color: white;" |0 | rowspan="2" |< 10⁴ m³&nbsp; |Hawaiian |Rashin jituwa |< 100 m |dindindin |Ba a kula da shi ba |babu |- | colspan="7" style="font-size:90%; color:#888; max-width:1px; background:white;" |Kīlauea, Mawson Peak (na yanzu), Fagradalsfjall (2021-2023), [[Mauna Loa]] (1975, 1984, 2022), Piton de la Fournaise (na yanzu) |- ! rowspan="2" style="background-color: #FFC;" |[[:Category:VEI-1 volcanoes|<span style="color: black;">1</span>]] | rowspan="2" |> 10⁴ m³&nbsp; |Hawaiian / Strombolian |Mai tawali'u |{{Nowrap|100 m – 1 km}} |yau da kullun |ƙarami |babu |- | colspan="7" style="font-size:90%; color:#888; background:white;" |Yakedake (1995), Dieng Volcanic Complex (1964, 1979, 2017), Havre Seamount (2012), Sundhnúkur (2023-2025) |- ! rowspan="2" style="background-color: #FF3;" |<nowiki><span id="mwYw" style="color: black;">2</span></nowiki> | rowspan="2" |> 10⁶ m³&nbsp; |Strombolian / VulcanianVulcan |Mai fashewa |1-5 km&nbsp; |Makonni 2 |matsakaici |babu |- | colspan="7" style="font-size:90%; color:#888; max-width:1px; background:white;" |Dutsen Etna, Stromboli (tun daga 1934), Unzen (1792), Tsibirin Ritter (1888), Tsibirin White (2019), Marapi (2023) |- ! rowspan="2" style="background-color: #FC0;" |<nowiki><span id="mwfw" style="color: black;">3</span></nowiki> | rowspan="2" |> 10⁷ m³&nbsp; |Strombolian / Vulcanian / Peléan / Sub-Plinian |Mai tsanani |3-15 km&nbsp; |Watanni 3 |mai yawa |mai yiwuwa |- | colspan="7" style="font-size:90%; color:#888; max-width:1px; background:white;" |Surtsey (1963-1967), Nevado del Ruiz (1985), Redoubt (1989-1990), Ontake (2014), Kanlaon (2024) |- ! rowspan="2" style="background-color: #F90;" |<nowiki><span id="mwmg" style="color: black;">4</span></nowiki> | rowspan="2" |> 0.1 km³&nbsp;&nbsp; |Peléan / Plinian / Sub-Plinian |Bala'i |> 10 km&nbsp; |Watanni 18 |mai yawa |bayyane |- | colspan="7" style="font-size:90%; color:#888; max-width:1px; background:white;" |Bandai (1888), Pelée (1902), Lamington (1951), Eyjafjallajökull (2010), Merapi (2010), Semeru (2021) |- ! rowspan="2" style="background-color: #F60;" |<nowiki><span id="mwuA" style="color: black;">5</span></nowiki> | rowspan="2" |> 1 km³&nbsp;&nbsp; |Peléan / Plinian |Cataclymic |> kilomita 20&nbsp; |Shekaru 12 |mai yawa |muhimman abubuwa |- | colspan="7" style="font-size:90%; color:#888; max-width:1px; background:white;" |Vesuvius ([[Fashewar Dutsen Vesuvius a cikin 79 AD|79]]), Fuji (1707), [[Dutsen Tarawera|Tarawera]] (1886), St. Helens (1980), Puyehue (2011), Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai (2022) |- ! rowspan="2" style="background-color: #F00;" |<nowiki><span id="mw1Q" style="color: white;">6</span></nowiki> | rowspan="2" |> 10 km³&nbsp;&nbsp; |Plinian / Ultra-Plinian |Mai Girma |> kilomita 30&nbsp; |Shekaru 50-100 |mai yawa |mai yawa |- | colspan="7" style="font-size:90%; color:#888; max-width:1px; background:white;" |Tafkin Ilopango (450), Paektu (946), Huaynaputina (1600), Krakatoa ([[1883 fashewar Krakatoa|1883]]), Santa Maria (1902), Novarupta (1912), Pinatubo (1991) |- ! rowspan="2" style="background-color: #900;" |<nowiki><span id="mw9Q" style="color: white;">7</span></nowiki> | rowspan="2" |> 100 km³&nbsp;&nbsp; |Ultra-Plinian |Babban babba |> kilomita 40&nbsp; |Shekaru 500-1,000 |mai yawa |mai yawa |- | colspan="7" style="font-size:90%; color:#888; max-width:1px; background:white;" |[[Filin Phlegraean|Campi Flegrei]] ([[Fashewar Ignimbrite na Campanian|37 kyr]]), Crater Lake (6000 BC ~ 4000 BC), Kuril Lake (6400 BC), Kikai (1600 KZ), Taal Caldera (~4000 BC) , Cerro Blanco (2300 BC), Santorini (1600 BC), Taupo (232), Samalas (1257), Tambora (1815) |- ! rowspan="2" style="background-color: black;" |<nowiki><span id="mwARQ" style="color: white;">8</span></nowiki> | rowspan="2" |> 1,000 km³&nbsp;&nbsp; |Ultra-Plinian |Babban kaya |> 50 km&nbsp; |> Shekaru 50,000 |babba |babba |- | colspan="7" style="font-size:90%; color:#888; max-width:1px; background:white;" |Wah Springs (30 Mya), La Garita (26.3 Mya), Yellowstone (2.1 Mya, 640 kyr), Toba ([[Ƙaramin fashewar Toba|74 kyr]]), Taupō (26.5 kyr) |} Kimanin fashewar fashewa 40 na girman VEI-8 a cikin shekaru miliyan 132 da suka gabata ([[Shekara|Mya]]) an gano su, daga cikinsu 30 sun faru a cikin shekaru 36 da suka gabata. Idan aka yi la'akari da ƙididdigar mitar ta kasance a kan tsari na sau ɗaya a cikin shekaru 50,000,<ref name="Dosseto2">{{cite book|title=Timescales of Magmatic Processes: From Core to Atmosphere|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|date=2011|last1=Dosseto|first1=A.|editor-last1=Turner|editor-first1=S. P.|editor-last2=Van-Orman|editor-first2=J. A.|isbn=978-1-4443-3260-5}}</ref>Upakwai yiwuwar irin waɗannan fashewa da yawa a cikin Mya 132 da suka gabata waɗanda ba a san su ba tukuna. Dangane da ƙididdigar da ba ta cika ba, wasu marubutan suna zaton cewa an gano aƙalla fashewar VEI-8 60.<ref name="Mason2004" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bryan |first=S.E. |date=2010 |title=The largest volcanic eruptions on Earth |url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/40259/1/c40259.pdf |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |volume=102 |issue=3–4 |pages=207–229 |bibcode=2010ESRv..102..207B |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.001}}</ref> Mafi kwanan nan shine Rushewar Oruanui ta Tafkin Taupō, sama da shekaru 27,000 da suka gabata, wanda ke nufin cewa babu wani fashewar [[Holocene]] tare da VEI na 8.<ref name="Mason2004"> {{Cite journal |last=Mason |first=Ben G. |last2=Pyle |first2=David M. |last3=Oppenheimer |first3=Clive |year=2004 |title=The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth |journal=[[Bulletin of Volcanology]] |volume=66 |issue=8 |pages=735–748 |bibcode=2004BVol...66..735M |doi=10.1007/s00445-004-0355-9 |s2cid=129680497}}</ref> Akwai akalla fashewar VEI-7 10 a cikin shekaru 11,700 da suka gabata. Har ila yau, akwai fashewar fashewar Plinian 58, da fashewar caldera 13, mai girma, amma ba a san girman ba. A shekara ta 2010, [[Shirin Volcanism na Duniya]] na Cibiyar Smithsonian ya tsara aikin VEI don fashewar dutsen wuta 7,742 da suka faru a lokacin [[Holocene]] (shekaru 11,700 da suka gabata) wanda ke da kusan kashi 75% na jimlar fashewar da aka sani a lokacin Holocen. Daga cikin wadannan fashewa 7,742, kusan 49% suna da VEI na 2 ko ƙasa, kuma 90% suna da VEi na 3 ko ƙasa.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Siebert|first1=L.|last2=Simkin|first2=T.|last3=Kimberly|first3=P.|date=2010|title=Volcanoes of the World|edition=3rd|pages=28–38|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0-520-26877-7}}</ref> == Ƙuntatawa == A kark[[Tokar dutse mai aman wuta|ash]] VEI, ash, lava, lava bom, da ignimbrite duk ana bi da su iri ɗaya. Density da vesicularity (gas bubbling) na kayan dutsen wuta da ake tambaya ba a la'akari da su ba. Sabanin haka, ana lissafin DRE (daidai da dutse mai yawa) wani lokacin don ba da ainihin adadin [[Magma]] da ya fashe. Wani rauni na VEI shine cewa ba ya la'akari da fitar da wutar lantarki na fashewa, wanda ya sa VEI ya zama da wahala sosai a tantance shi tare da fashewar prehistoric ko ba a lura da shi ba. Kodayake VEI ya dace sosai don rarraba girman fashewar fashewa, alamar ba ta da mahimmanci kamar hayakin sulfur dioxide wajen lissafin tasirin yanayi da yanayi.<ref name="JRMS">{{Cite journal |last=Miles |first=M. G. |last2=Grainger |first2=R. G. |last3=Highwood |first3=E. J. |year=2004 |title=Volcanic Aerosols: The significance of volcanic eruption strength and frequency for climate |url=http://eodg.atm.ox.ac.uk/eodg/papers/2004Miles1.pdf |journal=[[Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society]] |volume=130 |issue=602 |pages=2361–2376 |bibcode=2004QJRMS.130.2361M |doi=10.1256/qj.03.60 |s2cid=53005926}}</ref> == Jerin sanannun fashewa == {{Volcanic Eruption Map}} * Tsarin lokaci na dutsen wuta a Duniya (yawanci VEI-6, a cikin 2 kya) * Jerin fashewar dutsen wuta 1500-2000 * [[Jerin fashewar dutsen wuta a karni na 21]] * [[Jerin fashewar aman wuta ta adadin wadanda suka mutu|Jerin fashewar dutsen wuta ta yawan wadanda suka mutu]] * Jerin manyan fashewar dutsen wuta na Holocene (VEI-5-7) * Jerin manyan fashewar dutse (VEI-5-8, a cikin 450+ Mya) * [[Jerin mafi girman fashewar aman wuta|Jerin manyan fashewar dutse]] (VEI-7-8, galibi a cikin 500 Mya) == Dubi kuma == * Supervolcano - Dutsen da ya fashe tare da alamar fashewar dutsen mai fashewa na 8 * Decade Volcanoes - Saitin tsaunuka masu fashewa da aka dauka musamman haɗari * Dispersal index - Alamar yaduwar dutsen wuta * Jerin tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta * Jerin bala'o'i ta hanyar yawan wadanda suka mutu {{Clear}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} gtbxfgibpj7apodjpdy4g077p6g7sw8 0 165222 906641 2026-08-23T18:28:30Z Ummu Ilham 45024 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368925359|Economic sociology]]" 906641 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:The_Social_Economy_Diagram.png|alt=A diagram of actors facilitating economic exchange and their relations.|thumb|351x351px|Hoton 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ke sauƙaƙe musayar tattalin arziki da alakarsu]]  <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Sociology na tattalin arziki (Economic Sociology) wani fanni ne da ke nazarin dalilan zamantakewa da sakamakon zamantakewa na abubuwan da suka shafi tattalin arziki daban-daban. Ana iya raba wannan fanni gabaɗaya zuwa zamanin gargajiya (classical period) da kuma zamanin zamani (contemporary period), wanda aka fi sani da “sabon sociology na tattalin arziki” (new economic sociology).''' Lokacin gargajiya ya damu musamman game da zamani da bangarorin da suka hada da daidaitawa, secularisation, birane, da zamantakewar zamantakewa. Kamar yadda [[Kimiyar al'umma|ilimin zamantakewa]] ya tashi da farko a matsayin martani ga zamani na [[jari-hujja]], tattalin arziki ya taka rawar gani a cikin binciken zamantakewar al'umma. William Stanley Jevons ne ya kirkiro takamaiman kalmar "al'ummar tattalin arziki" a cikin 1879, daga baya za a yi amfani da ita a cikin ayyukan Emile Durkheim, [[Max Weber]] da Georg Simmel tsakanin 1890 da 1920.<ref name="press.princeton.edu3">{{cite book|chapter-url=http://assets.press.princeton.edu/chapters/s7525.pdf|title=Principles of Economic Sociology|chapter=The Classics in Economic Sociology|last=Swedberg|first=Richard|year=2003|pages=1–31|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1400829378}}</ref>Ayyukan Weber game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin tattalin arziki da addini da al'adun "Rashin jin daɗi" na Yamma zamani watakila shine mafi yawan wakiltar tsarin da aka tsara a cikin al'adun zamantakewar tattalin arziki. Ilimin zamantakewar tattalin arziki na zamani na iya haɗawa da nazarin dukkan fannoni na zamantakewar zamani na abubuwan da suka faru na tattalin arziki; ilimin zamantakewar tattalin arziƙi na iya la'akari da shi a matsayin filin a cikin haɗuwa da tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Yankunan bincike akai-akai a cikin ilimin zamantakewar tattalin arziki na zamani sun haɗa da sakamakon zamantakewa na musayar tattalin arziki, ma'anar zamantakewa da suka haɗa da kuma hulɗar zamantakewa da suke sauƙaƙewa ko hanawa.<ref>{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Swedberg|year=1990|title=Economics and Sociology: Redefining Their Boundaries: Conversations with Economists and Sociologists|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-00376-4|chapter=Description and chapter-preview links|pages=v–vi|url=https://archive.org/details/economicssociolo0000swed|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Kayan gargajiya == Sociology na tattalin arziki ya samo asali ne a matsayin wata sabuwar hanya ta nazarin '''abubuwan da suka shafi tattalin arziki''', musamman ta hanyar jaddada rawar da '''tsare-tsaren tattalin arziki da cibiyoyi''' suke takawa a cikin al’umma, da kuma yadda al’umma ke yin tasiri ga yanayi da tsarin waɗannan tsare-tsare da cibiyoyi. Dangantaka tsakanin '''jari-hujja (capitalism)''' da '''zamani (modernity)''' na daga cikin muhimman batutuwan wannan fanni. Ana iya ganin hakan sosai a cikin littafin '''Max Weber''', ''The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism'' (1905), da littafin '''Georg Simmel''', ''The Philosophy of Money'' (1900). Ana iya cewa tushen sociology na tattalin arziki ya fara bayyana a cikin ayyukan '''Alexis de Tocqueville''', musamman ''Democracy in America'' (1835–1840) da ''The Old Regime and the Revolution'' (1856).<ref name="press.princeton.edu2">{{cite book|chapter-url=http://assets.press.princeton.edu/chapters/s7525.pdf|title=Principles of Economic Sociology|chapter=The Classics in Economic Sociology|last=Swedberg|first=Richard|year=2003|pages=1–31|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1400829378}}</ref> '''Karl Marx''' ya yi amfani da ra’ayinsa na '''historical materialism (jari-hujjar tarihi)''' wajen ƙoƙarin bayyana yadda ƙarfin tattalin arziki ke yin tasiri ga tsarin al’umma a mataki na asali. Littafin '''Émile Durkheim''', ''The Division of Labour in Society'', an buga shi a shekarar '''1922''', yayin da littafin '''Max Weber''', ''Economy and Society'', shi ma aka fitar da shi a wannan shekarar.. == Zamani na zamani == Ilimin zamantakewar tattalin arziki na zamani yana mai da hankali musamman kan sakamakon zamantakewar musayar tattalin arziki, ma'anar zamantakewar da suka haɗa da kuma hulɗar zamantakewar da suke sauƙaƙe ko hanawa. Manyan mutane a cikin ilimin zamantakewar tattalin arziki na zamani sun hada da Fred L. Block, James S. Coleman, Paula Ingila, Mark Granovetter, Harrison White, Paul DiMaggio, Joel M. Podolny, Lynette Spillman, Richard Swedberg da Viviana Zelizer a Amurka, da Carlo Trigilia, <ref name="gil">{{Cite journal |last=Gilding |first=Michael |date=September 2005 |title=The New Economic Sociology and Its Relevance to Australia |url= |journal=Journal of Sociology |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=309–325 |doi=10.1177/1440783305057080 |s2cid=145713342 |access-date=}}</ref> Donald Angus MacKenzie, Laurent Thévenot da Jens Beckert a Turai. Ga wannan za a iya ƙara Amitai Etzioni, wanda ya haɓaka ra'ayin zamantakewar al'umma, da Chuck Sabel, Wolfgang Streeck da Michael Mousseau waɗanda ke aiki a cikin al'adar Tattalin arzikin siyasa / zamantakewa,<ref>{{cite book|last=Etzioni|first=Amitai|year=1988|title=The Moral Dimension: Toward a New Economics|publisher=Free Press|isbn=978-0029099018}}</ref> Mai da hankali kan nazarin lissafi da haɓaka amfani a cikin karni na 20 ya haifar da wasu su ga tattalin arziki a matsayin horo da ke motsawa daga tushensa a cikin kimiyyar zamantakewa. Yawancin zarge-zarge na tattalin arziki ko manufofin tattalin arziki sun fara ne daga zargin cewa ƙirar ƙira ta ɓace wasu mahimman abubuwan zamantakewa waɗanda ke buƙatar magance su. Ilimin zamantakewar tattalin arziki wani yunkuri ne na masana ilimin zamantakewa don sake bayyana tambayoyin zamantakewa da masana tattalin arziki suka saba magance su. Don haka kuma amsar yunkurin da masana tattalin arziki (kamar Gary Becker) suka yi don kawo hanyoyin tattalin arziki - musamman haɓaka amfani da ka'idar wasan - ga nazarin yanayin zamantakewa waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da samarwa ko kasuwanci. &nbsp;&nbsp;Karl Polanyi, a cikin littafinsa The Great Transformation, shi ne masanin ra'ayi na farko da ya gabatar da ra'ayin "ƙaddamarwa", ma'ana cewa tattalin arziki "ya shiga" a cikin cibiyoyin zamantakewa waɗanda ke da mahimmanci don kasuwa ba ta lalata wasu fannoni na rayuwar ɗan adam ba. Ma'anar "ƙaddamarwa" tana hidimtawa masana zamantakewa waɗanda ke nazarin ci gaban fasaha. Mark Granovetter da Patrick McGuire sun tsara taswirar hanyoyin sadarwar jama'a wanda ya ƙayyade tattalin arzikin masana'antar lantarki a Amurka.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shamir|first=Ronen|year=2013|title=Current Flow: The Electrification of Palestine|location=Stanford|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=9780804788687|url=https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=22869}}</ref>onen Shamir ya bincika yadda wutar lantarki a Mandatory Palestine ya sauƙaƙa kirkirar tattalin arzikin kabilanci.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Roth |year=2012 |title=Leaving commonplaces on the commonplace. Cornerstones of a polyphonic market theory |journal=Journal for Critical Organization Inquiry |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=43–52 |ssrn=2192754}}</ref>Hanyar shakku ta kasuwa, duk da haka, an soki ta don karfafawa maimakon iyakance tattalin arzikin al'umma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roth |year=2012 |title=Leaving commonplaces on the commonplace. Cornerstones of a polyphonic market theory |journal=Journal for Critical Organization Inquiry |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=43–52 |ssrn=2192754}}</ref> === Sabon ilimin zamantakewar tattalin arziki === Wani lokaci na zamani na ilimin zamantakewar tattalin arziki, wanda aka fi sani da sabon ilimin zamantakewar zamantakewar tattalin arzikin, an karfafa shi ta hanyar aikin Mark Granovetter na 1985 mai taken "Ayyukan Tattalin Arziki da Tsarin Jama'a: Matsalar Embeddedness".<ref name="Granovetter-1985">{{Cite journal |last=Granovetter |first=Mark |date=November 1985 |title=Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2780199 |journal=The American Journal of Sociology |volume=91 |issue=3 |pages=481–510 |doi=10.1086/228311 |jstor=2780199 |s2cid=17242802}}</ref> Wadannan ayyukan sun bayyana manufar [[Shigarwa|sakawa]], wanda ya bayyana cewa dangantakar tattalin arziki tsakanin mutane ko kamfanoni tana faruwa a cikin dangantakar zamantakewa da ke akwai (kuma an tsara su ta waɗannan dangantakar da kuma manyan tsarin zamantakewa wanda waɗannan dangantakar suna da wani ɓangare). Binciken cibiyar sadarwar jama'a shine hanyar farko don nazarin wannan sabon abu. Ka'idar Granovetter game da ƙarfin raunin dangantaka da ra'ayin Ronald Burt na ramukan tsari sune sanannun gudummawar da aka fi sani da wannan fagen. == Ilimin zamantakewar Marxist == Tunanin Marxist na zamani ya mayar da hankali kan tasirin zamantakewar [[jari-hujja]] (ko "farashin [[Faticism na kayan masarufi|kayan masarufi]]") da Ci gaban tattalin arziki a cikin tsarin dangantakar tattalin arziki da ke samar da su. Manyan masu ilimin kimiyya sun hada da Georg Lukács, Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer, Walter Benjamin, Guy Debord, Louis Althusser, Nicos Poulantzas, Ralph Miliband, Jürgen Habermas, Raymond Williams, [[Fredric Jameson]], Antonio Negri, da Stuart Hall. == Harkokin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki == Ilimin zamantakewar tattalin arziki wani lokaci yana da alaƙa da zamantakewar al'umma. Socioeconomics yana hulɗa da tambayoyin nazari, siyasa da ɗabi'a da ke tasowa a tsakiya tsakanin tattalin arziki da al'umma daga hangen nesa mai zurfi tare da alaƙa da bayan ilimin zamantakewa zuwa tattalin arzikin siyasa, falsafar ɗabi'aa, tattalin arzikin ma'aikata da tarihi. == Ƙungiyoyin ilimi == The Society for the Advancement of Socio-Economics (SASE) kungiya ce ta ilimi ta kasa da kasa wacce membobinta ke da hannu a cikin nazarin zamantakewa na tattalin arziki da hanyoyin tattalin arziki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Society for the Advancement of Socio-Economics |url=https://sase.org |access-date=2013-12-30 |publisher=SASE}}</ref> An kafa Social-Economic Review a matsayin mujallar hukuma ta SASE a shekara ta 2003. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Socio-Economic Review |url=http://ser.oxfordjournals.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050617041501/http://ser.oxfordjournals.org/ |archive-date=2005-06-17 |access-date=2014-06-05 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> Jaridar tana da niyyar karfafa aiki a kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin al'umma, tattalin arziki, cibiyoyi da kasuwanni, alkawuran ɗabi'a da kuma neman son kai. Yawancin labaran suna mai da hankali kan ayyukan tattalin arziki a cikin zamantakewa da tarihinsa, daga ilimin zamantakewa, kimiyyar siyasa, tattalin arziki da kuma gudanarwa da kimiyyar manufofi. A cewar Jaridar Citation Reports, mujallar tana da tasirin tasirin 2015 na 1.926, inda ta kasance ta 56 daga cikin mujallu 344 a cikin rukunin "Economics", ta 21 daga cikin muhallu 163 a cikin rukunin" Kimiyya ta Siyasa" da kuma ta 19 daga cikin mufullu 142 a cikin rukunin ""Sociology". ".<ref name="WoS2">{{cite book|year=2016|chapter=Journals Ranked by Impact: Economics, Political Science and Public Administration|title=2015 Journal Citation Reports|publisher=[[Thomson Reuters]]|edition=Social Sciences|series=[[Web of Science]]|title-link=Journal Citation Reports}}</ref> Sashen Harkokin Tattalin Arziki na Ƙungiyar Jama'a ta Amirka ya zama Sashen Dindindin a watan Janairun shekara ta 2001. A cewar shafin yanar gizon, tana da kusan mambobi 800.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Section membership |url=http://www.asanet.org/asa-communities/asa-sections/all-about-sections/section-membership-history/section-membership-crossrefrence-table |access-date=2017-04-07 |publisher=American Sociological Association}}</ref> Wani rukuni na malamai a wannan yanki yana aiki a matsayin Kwamitin Bincike a Tattalin Arziki da Al'umma (RC02) a cikin Ƙungiyar Harkokin Jama'a ta Duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jose I. Reguera |date=2013-12-19 |title=ISA - Research Committee on Economy and Society RC02 |url=http://www.isa-sociology.org/rc02.htm |access-date=2017-04-07 |publisher=Isa-sociology.org}}</ref> Ilimin zamantakewar tattalin arziki da tattalin arzikin siyasa (ES / PE), wanda aka kafa a cikin 2011, ƙungiya ce ta kan layi wacce ke tattara masu bincike da ke sha'awar ilimin zamantakewar tattalin arziƙi da batutuwa masu alaƙa.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Economic Sociology and Political Economy community", Accounts - the Newsletter of the American Sociological Association's Economic Sociology section, 15(2): 17–20, 2014 |url=http://www.asanet.org/sectionecon/documents/accounts2014winter2.pdf#page=8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Komlik, Oleg. 2014. "The Global Community of Economic Sociology and Political Economy." The European Economic Sociology Newsletter 16 (1): 37–38 |url=http://econsoc.mpifg.de/archive/econ_soc_16-1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801053707/http://econsoc.mpifg.de/archive/econ_soc_16-1.pdf |archive-date=2019-08-01 |access-date=2017-04-07}}</ref><templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pqw1nlri7fxqv2b5063qv9gskwvx56e 906643 906641 2026-08-23T18:29:55Z Ummu Ilham 45024 906643 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sociology na tattalin arziki (Economic Sociology) wani fanni ne da ke nazarin dalilan zamantakewa da sakamakon zamantakewa na abubuwan da suka shafi tattalin arziki daban-daban. Ana iya raba wannan fanni gabaɗaya zuwa zamanin gargajiya (classical period) da kuma zamanin zamani (contemporary period), wanda aka fi sani da “sabon sociology na tattalin arziki” (new economic sociology).''' Lokacin gargajiya ya damu musamman game da zamani da bangarorin da suka hada da daidaitawa, secularisation, birane, da zamantakewar zamantakewa. Kamar yadda [[Kimiyar al'umma|ilimin zamantakewa]] ya tashi da farko a matsayin martani ga zamani na [[jari-hujja]], tattalin arziki ya taka rawar gani a cikin binciken zamantakewar al'umma. William Stanley Jevons ne ya kirkiro takamaiman kalmar "al'ummar tattalin arziki" a cikin 1879, daga baya za a yi amfani da ita a cikin ayyukan Emile Durkheim, [[Max Weber]] da Georg Simmel tsakanin 1890 da 1920.<ref name="press.princeton.edu3">{{cite book|chapter-url=http://assets.press.princeton.edu/chapters/s7525.pdf|title=Principles of Economic Sociology|chapter=The Classics in Economic Sociology|last=Swedberg|first=Richard|year=2003|pages=1–31|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1400829378}}</ref>Ayyukan Weber game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin tattalin arziki da addini da al'adun "Rashin jin daɗi" na Yamma zamani watakila shine mafi yawan wakiltar tsarin da aka tsara a cikin al'adun zamantakewar tattalin arziki. Ilimin zamantakewar tattalin arziki na zamani na iya haɗawa da nazarin dukkan fannoni na zamantakewar zamani na abubuwan da suka faru na tattalin arziki; ilimin zamantakewar tattalin arziƙi na iya la'akari da shi a matsayin filin a cikin haɗuwa da tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Yankunan bincike akai-akai a cikin ilimin zamantakewar tattalin arziki na zamani sun haɗa da sakamakon zamantakewa na musayar tattalin arziki, ma'anar zamantakewa da suka haɗa da kuma hulɗar zamantakewa da suke sauƙaƙewa ko hanawa.<ref>{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Swedberg|year=1990|title=Economics and Sociology: Redefining Their Boundaries: Conversations with Economists and Sociologists|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-00376-4|chapter=Description and chapter-preview links|pages=v–vi|url=https://archive.org/details/economicssociolo0000swed|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Kayan gargajiya == Sociology na tattalin arziki ya samo asali ne a matsayin wata sabuwar hanya ta nazarin '''abubuwan da suka shafi tattalin arziki''', musamman ta hanyar jaddada rawar da '''tsare-tsaren tattalin arziki da cibiyoyi''' suke takawa a cikin al’umma, da kuma yadda al’umma ke yin tasiri ga yanayi da tsarin waɗannan tsare-tsare da cibiyoyi. Dangantaka tsakanin '''jari-hujja (capitalism)''' da '''zamani (modernity)''' na daga cikin muhimman batutuwan wannan fanni. Ana iya ganin hakan sosai a cikin littafin '''Max Weber''', ''The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism'' (1905), da littafin '''Georg Simmel''', ''The Philosophy of Money'' (1900). Ana iya cewa tushen sociology na tattalin arziki ya fara bayyana a cikin ayyukan '''Alexis de Tocqueville''', musamman ''Democracy in America'' (1835–1840) da ''The Old Regime and the Revolution'' (1856).<ref name="press.princeton.edu2">{{cite book|chapter-url=http://assets.press.princeton.edu/chapters/s7525.pdf|title=Principles of Economic Sociology|chapter=The Classics in Economic Sociology|last=Swedberg|first=Richard|year=2003|pages=1–31|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1400829378}}</ref> '''Karl Marx''' ya yi amfani da ra’ayinsa na '''historical materialism (jari-hujjar tarihi)''' wajen ƙoƙarin bayyana yadda ƙarfin tattalin arziki ke yin tasiri ga tsarin al’umma a mataki na asali. Littafin '''Émile Durkheim''', ''The Division of Labour in Society'', an buga shi a shekarar '''1922''', yayin da littafin '''Max Weber''', ''Economy and Society'', shi ma aka fitar da shi a wannan shekarar.. == Zamani na zamani == Ilimin zamantakewar tattalin arziki na zamani yana mai da hankali musamman kan sakamakon zamantakewar musayar tattalin arziki, ma'anar zamantakewar da suka haɗa da kuma hulɗar zamantakewar da suke sauƙaƙe ko hanawa. Manyan mutane a cikin ilimin zamantakewar tattalin arziki na zamani sun hada da Fred L. Block, James S. Coleman, Paula Ingila, Mark Granovetter, Harrison White, Paul DiMaggio, Joel M. Podolny, Lynette Spillman, Richard Swedberg da Viviana Zelizer a Amurka, da Carlo Trigilia, <ref name="gil">{{Cite journal |last=Gilding |first=Michael |date=September 2005 |title=The New Economic Sociology and Its Relevance to Australia |url= |journal=Journal of Sociology |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=309–325 |doi=10.1177/1440783305057080 |s2cid=145713342 |access-date=}}</ref> Donald Angus MacKenzie, Laurent Thévenot da Jens Beckert a Turai. Ga wannan za a iya ƙara Amitai Etzioni, wanda ya haɓaka ra'ayin zamantakewar al'umma, da Chuck Sabel, Wolfgang Streeck da Michael Mousseau waɗanda ke aiki a cikin al'adar Tattalin arzikin siyasa / zamantakewa,<ref>{{cite book|last=Etzioni|first=Amitai|year=1988|title=The Moral Dimension: Toward a New Economics|publisher=Free Press|isbn=978-0029099018}}</ref> Mai da hankali kan nazarin lissafi da haɓaka amfani a cikin karni na 20 ya haifar da wasu su ga tattalin arziki a matsayin horo da ke motsawa daga tushensa a cikin kimiyyar zamantakewa. Yawancin zarge-zarge na tattalin arziki ko manufofin tattalin arziki sun fara ne daga zargin cewa ƙirar ƙira ta ɓace wasu mahimman abubuwan zamantakewa waɗanda ke buƙatar magance su. Ilimin zamantakewar tattalin arziki wani yunkuri ne na masana ilimin zamantakewa don sake bayyana tambayoyin zamantakewa da masana tattalin arziki suka saba magance su. Don haka kuma amsar yunkurin da masana tattalin arziki (kamar Gary Becker) suka yi don kawo hanyoyin tattalin arziki - musamman haɓaka amfani da ka'idar wasan - ga nazarin yanayin zamantakewa waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da samarwa ko kasuwanci. &nbsp;&nbsp;Karl Polanyi, a cikin littafinsa The Great Transformation, shi ne masanin ra'ayi na farko da ya gabatar da ra'ayin "ƙaddamarwa", ma'ana cewa tattalin arziki "ya shiga" a cikin cibiyoyin zamantakewa waɗanda ke da mahimmanci don kasuwa ba ta lalata wasu fannoni na rayuwar ɗan adam ba. Ma'anar "ƙaddamarwa" tana hidimtawa masana zamantakewa waɗanda ke nazarin ci gaban fasaha. Mark Granovetter da Patrick McGuire sun tsara taswirar hanyoyin sadarwar jama'a wanda ya ƙayyade tattalin arzikin masana'antar lantarki a Amurka.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shamir|first=Ronen|year=2013|title=Current Flow: The Electrification of Palestine|location=Stanford|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=9780804788687|url=https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=22869}}</ref>onen Shamir ya bincika yadda wutar lantarki a Mandatory Palestine ya sauƙaƙa kirkirar tattalin arzikin kabilanci.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Roth |year=2012 |title=Leaving commonplaces on the commonplace. Cornerstones of a polyphonic market theory |journal=Journal for Critical Organization Inquiry |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=43–52 |ssrn=2192754}}</ref>Hanyar shakku ta kasuwa, duk da haka, an soki ta don karfafawa maimakon iyakance tattalin arzikin al'umma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roth |year=2012 |title=Leaving commonplaces on the commonplace. Cornerstones of a polyphonic market theory |journal=Journal for Critical Organization Inquiry |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=43–52 |ssrn=2192754}}</ref> === Sabon ilimin zamantakewar tattalin arziki === Wani lokaci na zamani na ilimin zamantakewar tattalin arziki, wanda aka fi sani da sabon ilimin zamantakewar zamantakewar tattalin arzikin, an karfafa shi ta hanyar aikin Mark Granovetter na 1985 mai taken "Ayyukan Tattalin Arziki da Tsarin Jama'a: Matsalar Embeddedness".<ref name="Granovetter-1985">{{Cite journal |last=Granovetter |first=Mark |date=November 1985 |title=Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2780199 |journal=The American Journal of Sociology |volume=91 |issue=3 |pages=481–510 |doi=10.1086/228311 |jstor=2780199 |s2cid=17242802}}</ref> Wadannan ayyukan sun bayyana manufar [[Shigarwa|sakawa]], wanda ya bayyana cewa dangantakar tattalin arziki tsakanin mutane ko kamfanoni tana faruwa a cikin dangantakar zamantakewa da ke akwai (kuma an tsara su ta waɗannan dangantakar da kuma manyan tsarin zamantakewa wanda waɗannan dangantakar suna da wani ɓangare). Binciken cibiyar sadarwar jama'a shine hanyar farko don nazarin wannan sabon abu. Ka'idar Granovetter game da ƙarfin raunin dangantaka da ra'ayin Ronald Burt na ramukan tsari sune sanannun gudummawar da aka fi sani da wannan fagen. == Ilimin zamantakewar Marxist == Tunanin Marxist na zamani ya mayar da hankali kan tasirin zamantakewar [[jari-hujja]] (ko "farashin [[Faticism na kayan masarufi|kayan masarufi]]") da Ci gaban tattalin arziki a cikin tsarin dangantakar tattalin arziki da ke samar da su. Manyan masu ilimin kimiyya sun hada da Georg Lukács, Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer, Walter Benjamin, Guy Debord, Louis Althusser, Nicos Poulantzas, Ralph Miliband, Jürgen Habermas, Raymond Williams, [[Fredric Jameson]], Antonio Negri, da Stuart Hall. == Harkokin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki == Ilimin zamantakewar tattalin arziki wani lokaci yana da alaƙa da zamantakewar al'umma. Socioeconomics yana hulɗa da tambayoyin nazari, siyasa da ɗabi'a da ke tasowa a tsakiya tsakanin tattalin arziki da al'umma daga hangen nesa mai zurfi tare da alaƙa da bayan ilimin zamantakewa zuwa tattalin arzikin siyasa, falsafar ɗabi'aa, tattalin arzikin ma'aikata da tarihi. == Ƙungiyoyin ilimi == The Society for the Advancement of Socio-Economics (SASE) kungiya ce ta ilimi ta kasa da kasa wacce membobinta ke da hannu a cikin nazarin zamantakewa na tattalin arziki da hanyoyin tattalin arziki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Society for the Advancement of Socio-Economics |url=https://sase.org |access-date=2013-12-30 |publisher=SASE}}</ref> An kafa Social-Economic Review a matsayin mujallar hukuma ta SASE a shekara ta 2003. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Socio-Economic Review |url=http://ser.oxfordjournals.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050617041501/http://ser.oxfordjournals.org/ |archive-date=2005-06-17 |access-date=2014-06-05 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> Jaridar tana da niyyar karfafa aiki a kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin al'umma, tattalin arziki, cibiyoyi da kasuwanni, alkawuran ɗabi'a da kuma neman son kai. Yawancin labaran suna mai da hankali kan ayyukan tattalin arziki a cikin zamantakewa da tarihinsa, daga ilimin zamantakewa, kimiyyar siyasa, tattalin arziki da kuma gudanarwa da kimiyyar manufofi. A cewar Jaridar Citation Reports, mujallar tana da tasirin tasirin 2015 na 1.926, inda ta kasance ta 56 daga cikin mujallu 344 a cikin rukunin "Economics", ta 21 daga cikin muhallu 163 a cikin rukunin" Kimiyya ta Siyasa" da kuma ta 19 daga cikin mufullu 142 a cikin rukunin ""Sociology". ".<ref name="WoS2">{{cite book|year=2016|chapter=Journals Ranked by Impact: Economics, Political Science and Public Administration|title=2015 Journal Citation Reports|publisher=[[Thomson Reuters]]|edition=Social Sciences|series=[[Web of Science]]|title-link=Journal Citation Reports}}</ref> Sashen Harkokin Tattalin Arziki na Ƙungiyar Jama'a ta Amirka ya zama Sashen Dindindin a watan Janairun shekara ta 2001. A cewar shafin yanar gizon, tana da kusan mambobi 800.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Section membership |url=http://www.asanet.org/asa-communities/asa-sections/all-about-sections/section-membership-history/section-membership-crossrefrence-table |access-date=2017-04-07 |publisher=American Sociological Association}}</ref> Wani rukuni na malamai a wannan yanki yana aiki a matsayin Kwamitin Bincike a Tattalin Arziki da Al'umma (RC02) a cikin Ƙungiyar Harkokin Jama'a ta Duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jose I. Reguera |date=2013-12-19 |title=ISA - Research Committee on Economy and Society RC02 |url=http://www.isa-sociology.org/rc02.htm |access-date=2017-04-07 |publisher=Isa-sociology.org}}</ref> Ilimin zamantakewar tattalin arziki da tattalin arzikin siyasa (ES / PE), wanda aka kafa a cikin 2011, ƙungiya ce ta kan layi wacce ke tattara masu bincike da ke sha'awar ilimin zamantakewar tattalin arziƙi da batutuwa masu alaƙa.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Economic Sociology and Political Economy community", Accounts - the Newsletter of the American Sociological Association's Economic Sociology section, 15(2): 17–20, 2014 |url=http://www.asanet.org/sectionecon/documents/accounts2014winter2.pdf#page=8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Komlik, Oleg. 2014. "The Global Community of Economic Sociology and Political Economy." The European Economic Sociology Newsletter 16 (1): 37–38 |url=http://econsoc.mpifg.de/archive/econ_soc_16-1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801053707/http://econsoc.mpifg.de/archive/econ_soc_16-1.pdf |archive-date=2019-08-01 |access-date=2017-04-07}}</ref><templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kugv2cbs05bfw3daclpuab0klvv7exk 906706 906643 2026-08-23T21:22:00Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Kayan gargajiya */ 906706 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sociology na tattalin arziki (Economic Sociology) wani fanni ne da ke nazarin dalilan zamantakewa da sakamakon zamantakewa na abubuwan da suka shafi tattalin arziki daban-daban. Ana iya raba wannan fanni gabaɗaya zuwa zamanin gargajiya (classical period) da kuma zamanin zamani (contemporary period), wanda aka fi sani da “sabon sociology na tattalin arziki” (new economic sociology).''' Lokacin gargajiya ya damu musamman game da zamani da bangarorin da suka hada da daidaitawa, secularisation, birane, da zamantakewar zamantakewa. Kamar yadda [[Kimiyar al'umma|ilimin zamantakewa]] ya tashi da farko a matsayin martani ga zamani na [[jari-hujja]], tattalin arziki ya taka rawar gani a cikin binciken zamantakewar al'umma. William Stanley Jevons ne ya kirkiro takamaiman kalmar "al'ummar tattalin arziki" a cikin 1879, daga baya za a yi amfani da ita a cikin ayyukan Emile Durkheim, [[Max Weber]] da Georg Simmel tsakanin 1890 da 1920.<ref name="press.princeton.edu3">{{cite book|chapter-url=http://assets.press.princeton.edu/chapters/s7525.pdf|title=Principles of Economic Sociology|chapter=The Classics in Economic Sociology|last=Swedberg|first=Richard|year=2003|pages=1–31|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1400829378}}</ref>Ayyukan Weber game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin tattalin arziki da addini da al'adun "Rashin jin daɗi" na Yamma zamani watakila shine mafi yawan wakiltar tsarin da aka tsara a cikin al'adun zamantakewar tattalin arziki. Ilimin zamantakewar tattalin arziki na zamani na iya haɗawa da nazarin dukkan fannoni na zamantakewar zamani na abubuwan da suka faru na tattalin arziki; ilimin zamantakewar tattalin arziƙi na iya la'akari da shi a matsayin filin a cikin haɗuwa da tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Yankunan bincike akai-akai a cikin ilimin zamantakewar tattalin arziki na zamani sun haɗa da sakamakon zamantakewa na musayar tattalin arziki, ma'anar zamantakewa da suka haɗa da kuma hulɗar zamantakewa da suke sauƙaƙewa ko hanawa.<ref>{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Swedberg|year=1990|title=Economics and Sociology: Redefining Their Boundaries: Conversations with Economists and Sociologists|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-00376-4|chapter=Description and chapter-preview links|pages=v–vi|url=https://archive.org/details/economicssociolo0000swed|url-access=registration}}</ref> == Kayan gargajiya == Sociology na tattalin arziki ya samo asali ne a matsayin wata sabuwar hanya ta nazarin '''abubuwan da suka shafi tattalin arziki''', musamman ta hanyar jaddada rawar da '''tsare-tsaren tattalin arziki da cibiyoyi''' suke takawa a cikin al’umma, da kuma yadda al’umma ke yin tasiri ga yanayi da tsarin waɗannan tsare-tsare da cibiyoyi. Dangantaka tsakanin '''jari-hujja (capitalism)''' da '''zamani (modernity)''' na daga cikin muhimman batutuwan wannan fanni. Ana iya ganin hakan sosai a cikin littafin '''Max Weber''', ''The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism'' ( a shekarar 1905), da littafin '''Georg Simmel''', ''The Philosophy of Money'' ( a shekarar 1900). Ana iya cewa tushen sociology na tattalin arziki ya fara bayyana a cikin ayyukan '''Alexis de Tocqueville''', musamman ''Democracy in America'' ( daga shekarar 1835 zuwa shekara ta 1840) da ''The Old Regime and the Revolution'' ( a shekarar 1856).<ref name="press.princeton.edu2">{{cite book|chapter-url=http://assets.press.princeton.edu/chapters/s7525.pdf|title=Principles of Economic Sociology|chapter=The Classics in Economic Sociology|last=Swedberg|first=Richard|year=2003|pages=1–31|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1400829378}}</ref> '''Karl Marx''' ya yi amfani da ra’ayinsa na '''historical materialism (jari-hujjar tarihi)''' wajen ƙoƙarin bayyana yadda ƙarfin tattalin arziki ke yin tasiri ga tsarin al’umma a mataki na asali. Littafin '''Émile Durkheim''', ''The Division of Labour in Society'', an buga shi a shekarar '''1922''', yayin da littafin '''Max Weber''', ''Economy and Society'', shi ma aka fitar da shi a wannan shekarar.. == Zamani na zamani == Ilimin zamantakewar tattalin arziki na zamani yana mai da hankali musamman kan sakamakon zamantakewar musayar tattalin arziki, ma'anar zamantakewar da suka haɗa da kuma hulɗar zamantakewar da suke sauƙaƙe ko hanawa. Manyan mutane a cikin ilimin zamantakewar tattalin arziki na zamani sun hada da Fred L. Block, James S. Coleman, Paula Ingila, Mark Granovetter, Harrison White, Paul DiMaggio, Joel M. Podolny, Lynette Spillman, Richard Swedberg da Viviana Zelizer a Amurka, da Carlo Trigilia, <ref name="gil">{{Cite journal |last=Gilding |first=Michael |date=September 2005 |title=The New Economic Sociology and Its Relevance to Australia |url= |journal=Journal of Sociology |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=309–325 |doi=10.1177/1440783305057080 |s2cid=145713342 |access-date=}}</ref> Donald Angus MacKenzie, Laurent Thévenot da Jens Beckert a Turai. Ga wannan za a iya ƙara Amitai Etzioni, wanda ya haɓaka ra'ayin zamantakewar al'umma, da Chuck Sabel, Wolfgang Streeck da Michael Mousseau waɗanda ke aiki a cikin al'adar Tattalin arzikin siyasa / zamantakewa,<ref>{{cite book|last=Etzioni|first=Amitai|year=1988|title=The Moral Dimension: Toward a New Economics|publisher=Free Press|isbn=978-0029099018}}</ref> Mai da hankali kan nazarin lissafi da haɓaka amfani a cikin karni na 20 ya haifar da wasu su ga tattalin arziki a matsayin horo da ke motsawa daga tushensa a cikin kimiyyar zamantakewa. Yawancin zarge-zarge na tattalin arziki ko manufofin tattalin arziki sun fara ne daga zargin cewa ƙirar ƙira ta ɓace wasu mahimman abubuwan zamantakewa waɗanda ke buƙatar magance su. Ilimin zamantakewar tattalin arziki wani yunkuri ne na masana ilimin zamantakewa don sake bayyana tambayoyin zamantakewa da masana tattalin arziki suka saba magance su. Don haka kuma amsar yunkurin da masana tattalin arziki (kamar Gary Becker) suka yi don kawo hanyoyin tattalin arziki - musamman haɓaka amfani da ka'idar wasan - ga nazarin yanayin zamantakewa waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da samarwa ko kasuwanci. &nbsp;&nbsp;Karl Polanyi, a cikin littafinsa The Great Transformation, shi ne masanin ra'ayi na farko da ya gabatar da ra'ayin "ƙaddamarwa", ma'ana cewa tattalin arziki "ya shiga" a cikin cibiyoyin zamantakewa waɗanda ke da mahimmanci don kasuwa ba ta lalata wasu fannoni na rayuwar ɗan adam ba. Ma'anar "ƙaddamarwa" tana hidimtawa masana zamantakewa waɗanda ke nazarin ci gaban fasaha. Mark Granovetter da Patrick McGuire sun tsara taswirar hanyoyin sadarwar jama'a wanda ya ƙayyade tattalin arzikin masana'antar lantarki a Amurka.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shamir|first=Ronen|year=2013|title=Current Flow: The Electrification of Palestine|location=Stanford|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=9780804788687|url=https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=22869}}</ref>onen Shamir ya bincika yadda wutar lantarki a Mandatory Palestine ya sauƙaƙa kirkirar tattalin arzikin kabilanci.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Roth |year=2012 |title=Leaving commonplaces on the commonplace. Cornerstones of a polyphonic market theory |journal=Journal for Critical Organization Inquiry |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=43–52 |ssrn=2192754}}</ref>Hanyar shakku ta kasuwa, duk da haka, an soki ta don karfafawa maimakon iyakance tattalin arzikin al'umma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roth |year=2012 |title=Leaving commonplaces on the commonplace. Cornerstones of a polyphonic market theory |journal=Journal for Critical Organization Inquiry |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=43–52 |ssrn=2192754}}</ref> === Sabon ilimin zamantakewar tattalin arziki === Wani lokaci na zamani na ilimin zamantakewar tattalin arziki, wanda aka fi sani da sabon ilimin zamantakewar zamantakewar tattalin arzikin, an karfafa shi ta hanyar aikin Mark Granovetter na 1985 mai taken "Ayyukan Tattalin Arziki da Tsarin Jama'a: Matsalar Embeddedness".<ref name="Granovetter-1985">{{Cite journal |last=Granovetter |first=Mark |date=November 1985 |title=Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2780199 |journal=The American Journal of Sociology |volume=91 |issue=3 |pages=481–510 |doi=10.1086/228311 |jstor=2780199 |s2cid=17242802}}</ref> Wadannan ayyukan sun bayyana manufar [[Shigarwa|sakawa]], wanda ya bayyana cewa dangantakar tattalin arziki tsakanin mutane ko kamfanoni tana faruwa a cikin dangantakar zamantakewa da ke akwai (kuma an tsara su ta waɗannan dangantakar da kuma manyan tsarin zamantakewa wanda waɗannan dangantakar suna da wani ɓangare). Binciken cibiyar sadarwar jama'a shine hanyar farko don nazarin wannan sabon abu. Ka'idar Granovetter game da ƙarfin raunin dangantaka da ra'ayin Ronald Burt na ramukan tsari sune sanannun gudummawar da aka fi sani da wannan fagen. == Ilimin zamantakewar Marxist == Tunanin Marxist na zamani ya mayar da hankali kan tasirin zamantakewar [[jari-hujja]] (ko "farashin [[Faticism na kayan masarufi|kayan masarufi]]") da Ci gaban tattalin arziki a cikin tsarin dangantakar tattalin arziki da ke samar da su. Manyan masu ilimin kimiyya sun hada da Georg Lukács, Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer, Walter Benjamin, Guy Debord, Louis Althusser, Nicos Poulantzas, Ralph Miliband, Jürgen Habermas, Raymond Williams, [[Fredric Jameson]], Antonio Negri, da Stuart Hall. == Harkokin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki == Ilimin zamantakewar tattalin arziki wani lokaci yana da alaƙa da zamantakewar al'umma. Socioeconomics yana hulɗa da tambayoyin nazari, siyasa da ɗabi'a da ke tasowa a tsakiya tsakanin tattalin arziki da al'umma daga hangen nesa mai zurfi tare da alaƙa da bayan ilimin zamantakewa zuwa tattalin arzikin siyasa, falsafar ɗabi'aa, tattalin arzikin ma'aikata da tarihi. == Ƙungiyoyin ilimi == The Society for the Advancement of Socio-Economics (SASE) kungiya ce ta ilimi ta kasa da kasa wacce membobinta ke da hannu a cikin nazarin zamantakewa na tattalin arziki da hanyoyin tattalin arziki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Society for the Advancement of Socio-Economics |url=https://sase.org |access-date=2013-12-30 |publisher=SASE}}</ref> An kafa Social-Economic Review a matsayin mujallar hukuma ta SASE a shekara ta 2003. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Socio-Economic Review |url=http://ser.oxfordjournals.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050617041501/http://ser.oxfordjournals.org/ |archive-date=2005-06-17 |access-date=2014-06-05 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> Jaridar tana da niyyar karfafa aiki a kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin al'umma, tattalin arziki, cibiyoyi da kasuwanni, alkawuran ɗabi'a da kuma neman son kai. Yawancin labaran suna mai da hankali kan ayyukan tattalin arziki a cikin zamantakewa da tarihinsa, daga ilimin zamantakewa, kimiyyar siyasa, tattalin arziki da kuma gudanarwa da kimiyyar manufofi. A cewar Jaridar Citation Reports, mujallar tana da tasirin tasirin 2015 na 1.926, inda ta kasance ta 56 daga cikin mujallu 344 a cikin rukunin "Economics", ta 21 daga cikin muhallu 163 a cikin rukunin" Kimiyya ta Siyasa" da kuma ta 19 daga cikin mufullu 142 a cikin rukunin ""Sociology". ".<ref name="WoS2">{{cite book|year=2016|chapter=Journals Ranked by Impact: Economics, Political Science and Public Administration|title=2015 Journal Citation Reports|publisher=[[Thomson Reuters]]|edition=Social Sciences|series=[[Web of Science]]|title-link=Journal Citation Reports}}</ref> Sashen Harkokin Tattalin Arziki na Ƙungiyar Jama'a ta Amirka ya zama Sashen Dindindin a watan Janairun shekara ta 2001. A cewar shafin yanar gizon, tana da kusan mambobi 800.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Section membership |url=http://www.asanet.org/asa-communities/asa-sections/all-about-sections/section-membership-history/section-membership-crossrefrence-table |access-date=2017-04-07 |publisher=American Sociological Association}}</ref> Wani rukuni na malamai a wannan yanki yana aiki a matsayin Kwamitin Bincike a Tattalin Arziki da Al'umma (RC02) a cikin Ƙungiyar Harkokin Jama'a ta Duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jose I. Reguera |date=2013-12-19 |title=ISA - Research Committee on Economy and Society RC02 |url=http://www.isa-sociology.org/rc02.htm |access-date=2017-04-07 |publisher=Isa-sociology.org}}</ref> Ilimin zamantakewar tattalin arziki da tattalin arzikin siyasa (ES / PE), wanda aka kafa a cikin 2011, ƙungiya ce ta kan layi wacce ke tattara masu bincike da ke sha'awar ilimin zamantakewar tattalin arziƙi da batutuwa masu alaƙa.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Economic Sociology and Political Economy community", Accounts - the Newsletter of the American Sociological Association's Economic Sociology section, 15(2): 17–20, 2014 |url=http://www.asanet.org/sectionecon/documents/accounts2014winter2.pdf#page=8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Komlik, Oleg. 2014. "The Global Community of Economic Sociology and Political Economy." The European Economic Sociology Newsletter 16 (1): 37–38 |url=http://econsoc.mpifg.de/archive/econ_soc_16-1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801053707/http://econsoc.mpifg.de/archive/econ_soc_16-1.pdf |archive-date=2019-08-01 |access-date=2017-04-07}}</ref><templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cqo3b5c0sp5c7qocxuz2qthgaoxd57i 0 165223 906645 2026-08-23T18:38:22Z Ummu Ilham 45024 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368463577|Ministry of the Environment (Japan)]]" 906645 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:Koseirodosho1.jpg|right|thumb|240x240px|Ginin ofis]] '''Ma’aikatar Muhalli ta Japan''' (環境省, ''Kankyō-shō'') wata ma’aikata ce ta matakin '''Majalisar Ministoci (Cabinet)''' a cikin '''Gwamnatin Japan''', wadda ke da alhakin kula da muhalli a duniya, dakile gurɓatar muhalli, da kuma kiyaye yanayi da albarkatun halittu. An kafa ma’aikatar ne a shekarar '''2001''', daga tsohuwar '''Hukumar Muhalli (Environmental Agency)''' wadda aka kafa a shekarar '''1971''' kuma take ƙarƙashin matakin majalisar ministoci. '''Ministan Muhalli''' memba ne na Majalisar Ministocin Japan, kuma '''Firayim Ministan Japan''' ne ke zaɓensa, yawanci daga cikin mambobin '''Majalisar Dokokin Ƙasa ta Japan (National Diet)'''<ref name="kokugo2">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Nihon Kokugo Daijiten|title=Kankyō-shō|trans-title=Ministry of the Environment|url=http://rekishi.jkn21.com/|access-date=2012-05-31|year=2012|publisher=Shogakukan|location=Tokyo|language=ja|oclc=56431036|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/|archive-date=2007-08-25}}</ref><ref name="end2">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Japan|title=Ministry of Environment|url=http://rekishi.jkn21.com/|access-date=2012-05-31|year=2012|publisher=Shogakukan|location=Tokyo|oclc=56431036|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/|archive-date=2007-08-25}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2006, Ministan Muhalli na lokacin [[Yuriko Koike]], ya kirkiro zane na ''furoshiki'' don inganta amfani da shi a duniyar zamani.<ref name="furoshiki">{{Cite web |date=August 2006 |title=もったいないふろしき |trans-title=Mottainai Furoshiki |url=https://www.env.go.jp/recycle/info/furoshiki/ |access-date=28 September 2025 |website=Ministry of the Environment |language=Japanese}}</ref> A watan Agustan shekara ta 2011, majalisar ministocin Japan ta amince da wani shiri na kafa sabon mai kula da makamashi a karkashin Ma'aikatar Muhalli,,<ref>http://www.japantoday.com/category/politics/view/cabinet-approves-plan-to-set-up-new-nuclear-watchdog [[Japan Today]]</ref>kuma an kafa Hukumar Kula da Nukiliya a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2012.<ref>Nuclear Regulation Authority [http://www.nsr.go.jp/english/ index] Retrieved on September 22, 2012</ref> == Ƙungiya == * Sakatariyar Minista (ma'aikacin majalisa) * Ofishin Manufofin Muhalli * Ofishin Muhalli na Duniya (Hukumar Muhalli ta Duniya) * Ofishin Gudanar da Muhalli (水・大気 muhalli) * Ofishin Kula da Yanayi (Hukuncin Muhalli) * Ofishin Maido da Muhalli da Gudanar da albarkatu (maido da muhalli・ maido da albarkatu) == Kyakkyawan Biz == Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta fara ba da shawarar Kamfen ɗin Cool Biz a lokacin rani na shekara ta 2005 a matsayin hanyar taimakawa wajen rage amfani da wutar lantarki ta hanyar iyakance amfani da sanyaya iska da kuma ba da damar sanya kayan aikin ofis. Ministan Muhalli na lokacin [[Yuriko Koike]] ne ya gabatar da wannan ra'ayin a karkashin Firayim Minista Junichiro Koizumi. === Super Cool Biz === Bayan Girgizar ƙasa da tsunami ta Tōhoku a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, rufe tashoshin makamashin nukiliya da yawa saboda dalilai na tsaro ya haifar da karancin makamashi. Don adana makamashi, gwamnati ta ba da shawarar saita masu sanyaya iska a digiri 28 na Celsius, kashe kwamfutoci da ba a amfani da su ba, kuma ta yi kira ga sauya lokutan aiki zuwa safiya da kuma yin hutu na rani fiye da yadda aka saba. Daga nan ne gwamnati ta kaddamar da kamfen din ''Super Cool Biz'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Let's SUPER COOLBIZ &#124; 今年は、「COOLBIZ」をさらに進化させた「SUPER COOLBIZ」として推進！ |url=http://www.challenge25.go.jp/practice/coolbiz/coolbiz2011/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811061945/http://www.challenge25.go.jp/practice/coolbiz/coolbiz2011/ |archive-date=2011-08-11 |access-date=2019-07-08}} Japan's Ministry of the Environment Official Super Cool Biz 2011 Campaign site {{In lang|ja}}</ref> don ƙarfafa ma'aikata su sa tufafin da suka dace da ofishin duk da haka suna da kyau don jimrewa da zafi na rani. Ana ba da izinin riguna da masu horar da Polo, yayin da jeans da takalma suma suna karɓa a wasu yanayi. Yuni 1 ya nuna farkon kamfen ɗin Ma'aikatar Muhalli, tare da tallace-tallace na jarida da hotuna na ma'aikatan ma'aikatun suna murmushi da gangan a teburinsu suna sanye da rigunan polo da rigunan kariyushi na Okinawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2011-06-12 |title=Super Cool Biz |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2011/06/12/editorials/super-cool-biz/ |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=The Japan Times |language=en}}</ref> An sake maimaita kamfen ɗin a cikin 2012 da 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Super Coolbiz 2012 |url=http://www.challenge25.go.jp/practice/coolbiz/coolbiz2012/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919093600/http://www.challenge25.go.jp/practice/coolbiz/coolbiz2012/ |archive-date=2012-09-19 |access-date=2019-07-08}} Japan's Ministry of the Environment Official Super Cool Biz 2012 Campaign site {{In lang|ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=スーパークールビス2013 &#124; Supercoolbiz2013 |url=https://www.challenge25.go.jp/practice/coolbiz/coolbiz2013/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814014924/https://www.challenge25.go.jp/practice/coolbiz/coolbiz2013/ |archive-date=2013-08-14 |access-date=2019-07-08}} Japan's Ministry of the Environment Official Super Cool Biz 2013 Campaign site {{In lang|ja}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 9h8qbazzp2qf1oav9lkx4k15des0cu0 906646 906645 2026-08-23T18:38:51Z Ummu Ilham 45024 906646 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:Koseirodosho1.jpg|right|thumb|240x240px|Ginin ofis]] '''Ma’aikatar Muhalli ta Japan''' (環境省, ''Kankyō-shō'') wata ma’aikata ce ta matakin '''Majalisar Ministoci (Cabinet)''' a cikin '''Gwamnatin Japan''', wadda ke da alhakin kula da muhalli a duniya, dakile gurɓatar muhalli, da kuma kiyaye yanayi da albarkatun halittu.. An kafa ma’aikatar ne a shekarar '''2001''', daga tsohuwar '''Hukumar Muhalli (Environmental Agency)''' wadda aka kafa a shekarar '''1971''' kuma take ƙarƙashin matakin majalisar ministoci. '''Ministan Muhalli''' memba ne na Majalisar Ministocin Japan, kuma '''Firayim Ministan Japan''' ne ke zaɓensa, yawanci daga cikin mambobin '''Majalisar Dokokin Ƙasa ta Japan (National Diet)'''<ref name="kokugo2">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Nihon Kokugo Daijiten|title=Kankyō-shō|trans-title=Ministry of the Environment|url=http://rekishi.jkn21.com/|access-date=2012-05-31|year=2012|publisher=Shogakukan|location=Tokyo|language=ja|oclc=56431036|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/|archive-date=2007-08-25}}</ref><ref name="end2">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Japan|title=Ministry of Environment|url=http://rekishi.jkn21.com/|access-date=2012-05-31|year=2012|publisher=Shogakukan|location=Tokyo|oclc=56431036|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/|archive-date=2007-08-25}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2006, Ministan Muhalli na lokacin [[Yuriko Koike]], ya kirkiro zane na ''furoshiki'' don inganta amfani da shi a duniyar zamani.<ref name="furoshiki">{{Cite web |date=August 2006 |title=もったいないふろしき |trans-title=Mottainai Furoshiki |url=https://www.env.go.jp/recycle/info/furoshiki/ |access-date=28 September 2025 |website=Ministry of the Environment |language=Japanese}}</ref> A watan Agustan shekara ta 2011, majalisar ministocin Japan ta amince da wani shiri na kafa sabon mai kula da makamashi a karkashin Ma'aikatar Muhalli,,<ref>http://www.japantoday.com/category/politics/view/cabinet-approves-plan-to-set-up-new-nuclear-watchdog [[Japan Today]]</ref>kuma an kafa Hukumar Kula da Nukiliya a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2012.<ref>Nuclear Regulation Authority [http://www.nsr.go.jp/english/ index] Retrieved on September 22, 2012</ref> == Ƙungiya == * Sakatariyar Minista (ma'aikacin majalisa) * Ofishin Manufofin Muhalli * Ofishin Muhalli na Duniya (Hukumar Muhalli ta Duniya) * Ofishin Gudanar da Muhalli (水・大気 muhalli) * Ofishin Kula da Yanayi (Hukuncin Muhalli) * Ofishin Maido da Muhalli da Gudanar da albarkatu (maido da muhalli・ maido da albarkatu) == Kyakkyawan Biz == Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta fara ba da shawarar Kamfen ɗin Cool Biz a lokacin rani na shekara ta 2005 a matsayin hanyar taimakawa wajen rage amfani da wutar lantarki ta hanyar iyakance amfani da sanyaya iska da kuma ba da damar sanya kayan aikin ofis. Ministan Muhalli na lokacin [[Yuriko Koike]] ne ya gabatar da wannan ra'ayin a karkashin Firayim Minista Junichiro Koizumi. === Super Cool Biz === Bayan Girgizar ƙasa da tsunami ta Tōhoku a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, rufe tashoshin makamashin nukiliya da yawa saboda dalilai na tsaro ya haifar da karancin makamashi. Don adana makamashi, gwamnati ta ba da shawarar saita masu sanyaya iska a digiri 28 na Celsius, kashe kwamfutoci da ba a amfani da su ba, kuma ta yi kira ga sauya lokutan aiki zuwa safiya da kuma yin hutu na rani fiye da yadda aka saba. Daga nan ne gwamnati ta kaddamar da kamfen din ''Super Cool Biz'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Let's SUPER COOLBIZ &#124; 今年は、「COOLBIZ」をさらに進化させた「SUPER COOLBIZ」として推進！ |url=http://www.challenge25.go.jp/practice/coolbiz/coolbiz2011/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811061945/http://www.challenge25.go.jp/practice/coolbiz/coolbiz2011/ |archive-date=2011-08-11 |access-date=2019-07-08}} Japan's Ministry of the Environment Official Super Cool Biz 2011 Campaign site {{In lang|ja}}</ref> don ƙarfafa ma'aikata su sa tufafin da suka dace da ofishin duk da haka suna da kyau don jimrewa da zafi na rani. Ana ba da izinin riguna da masu horar da Polo, yayin da jeans da takalma suma suna karɓa a wasu yanayi. Yuni 1 ya nuna farkon kamfen ɗin Ma'aikatar Muhalli, tare da tallace-tallace na jarida da hotuna na ma'aikatan ma'aikatun suna murmushi da gangan a teburinsu suna sanye da rigunan polo da rigunan kariyushi na Okinawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2011-06-12 |title=Super Cool Biz |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2011/06/12/editorials/super-cool-biz/ |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=The Japan Times |language=en}}</ref> An sake maimaita kamfen ɗin a cikin 2012 da 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Super Coolbiz 2012 |url=http://www.challenge25.go.jp/practice/coolbiz/coolbiz2012/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919093600/http://www.challenge25.go.jp/practice/coolbiz/coolbiz2012/ |archive-date=2012-09-19 |access-date=2019-07-08}} Japan's Ministry of the Environment Official Super Cool Biz 2012 Campaign site {{In lang|ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=スーパークールビス2013 &#124; Supercoolbiz2013 |url=https://www.challenge25.go.jp/practice/coolbiz/coolbiz2013/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814014924/https://www.challenge25.go.jp/practice/coolbiz/coolbiz2013/ |archive-date=2013-08-14 |access-date=2019-07-08}} Japan's Ministry of the Environment Official Super Cool Biz 2013 Campaign site {{In lang|ja}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} faxzncbdavwwnq4xuvxqrha34sbd4ro 906709 906646 2026-08-23T21:23:27Z Baffa ali 47435 906709 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:Koseirodosho1.jpg|right|thumb|240x240px|Ginin ofis]] '''Ma’aikatar Muhalli ta Japan''' (環境省, ''Kankyō-shō'') wata ma’aikata ce ta matakin '''Majalisar Ministoci (Cabinet)''' a cikin '''Gwamnatin Japan''', wadda ke da alhakin kula da muhalli a duniya, dakile gurɓatar muhalli, da kuma kiyaye yanayi da albarkatun halittu.. An kafa ma’aikatar ne a shekarar '''2001''', daga tsohuwar '''Hukumar Muhalli (Environmental Agency)''' wadda aka kafa a shekarar '''1971''' kuma take ƙarƙashin matakin majalisar ministoci. '''Ministan Muhalli''' memba ne na Majalisar Ministocin Japan, kuma '''Firayim Ministan Japan''' ne ke zaɓensa, yawanci daga cikin mambobin '''Majalisar Dokokin Ƙasa ta Japan (National Diet)'''<ref name="kokugo2">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Nihon Kokugo Daijiten|title=Kankyō-shō|trans-title=Ministry of the Environment|url=http://rekishi.jkn21.com/|access-date=2012-05-31|year=2012|publisher=Shogakukan|location=Tokyo|language=ja|oclc=56431036|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/|archive-date=2007-08-25}}</ref><ref name="end2">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Japan|title=Ministry of Environment|url=http://rekishi.jkn21.com/|access-date=2012-05-31|year=2012|publisher=Shogakukan|location=Tokyo|oclc=56431036|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/|archive-date=2007-08-25}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2006, Ministan Muhalli na lokacin [[Yuriko Koike]], ya kirkiro zane na ''furoshiki'' don inganta amfani da shi a duniyar zamani.<ref name="furoshiki">{{Cite web |date=August 2006 |title=もったいないふろしき |trans-title=Mottainai Furoshiki |url=https://www.env.go.jp/recycle/info/furoshiki/ |access-date=28 September 2025 |website=Ministry of the Environment |language=Japanese}}</ref> A watan Agustan shekara ta 2011, majalisar ministocin Japan ta amince da wani shiri na kafa sabon mai kula da makamashi a karkashin Ma'aikatar Muhalli,,<ref>http://www.japantoday.com/category/politics/view/cabinet-approves-plan-to-set-up-new-nuclear-watchdog [[Japan Today]]</ref>kuma an kafa Hukumar Kula da Nukiliya a ranar 19 ga watan Satumba, a shekara 2012.<ref>Nuclear Regulation Authority [http://www.nsr.go.jp/english/ index] Retrieved on September 22, 2012</ref> == Ƙungiya == * Sakatariyar Minista (ma'aikacin majalisa) * Ofishin Manufofin Muhalli * Ofishin Muhalli na Duniya (Hukumar Muhalli ta Duniya) * Ofishin Gudanar da Muhalli (水・大気 muhalli) * Ofishin Kula da Yanayi (Hukuncin Muhalli) * Ofishin Maido da Muhalli da Gudanar da albarkatu (maido da muhalli・ maido da albarkatu) == Kyakkyawan Biz == Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta fara ba da shawarar Kamfen ɗin Cool Biz a lokacin rani na shekara ta 2005 a matsayin hanyar taimakawa wajen rage amfani da wutar lantarki ta hanyar iyakance amfani da sanyaya iska da kuma ba da damar sanya kayan aikin ofis. Ministan Muhalli na lokacin [[Yuriko Koike]] ne ya gabatar da wannan ra'ayin a karkashin Firayim Minista Junichiro Koizumi. === Super Cool Biz === Bayan Girgizar ƙasa da tsunami ta Tōhoku a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, rufe tashoshin makamashin nukiliya da yawa saboda dalilai na tsaro ya haifar da karancin makamashi. Don adana makamashi, gwamnati ta ba da shawarar saita masu sanyaya iska a digiri 28 na Celsius, kashe kwamfutoci da ba a amfani da su ba, kuma ta yi kira ga sauya lokutan aiki zuwa safiya da kuma yin hutu na rani fiye da yadda aka saba. Daga nan ne gwamnati ta kaddamar da kamfen din ''Super Cool Biz'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Let's SUPER COOLBIZ &#124; 今年は、「COOLBIZ」をさらに進化させた「SUPER COOLBIZ」として推進！ |url=http://www.challenge25.go.jp/practice/coolbiz/coolbiz2011/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811061945/http://www.challenge25.go.jp/practice/coolbiz/coolbiz2011/ |archive-date=2011-08-11 |access-date=2019-07-08}} Japan's Ministry of the Environment Official Super Cool Biz 2011 Campaign site {{In lang|ja}}</ref> don ƙarfafa ma'aikata su sa tufafin da suka dace da ofishin duk da haka suna da kyau don jimrewa da zafi na rani. Ana ba da izinin riguna da masu horar da Polo, yayin da jeans da takalma suma suna karɓa a wasu yanayi. Yuni 1 ya nuna farkon kamfen ɗin Ma'aikatar Muhalli, tare da tallace-tallace na jarida da hotuna na ma'aikatan ma'aikatun suna murmushi da gangan a teburinsu suna sanye da rigunan polo da rigunan kariyushi na Okinawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2011-06-12 |title=Super Cool Biz |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2011/06/12/editorials/super-cool-biz/ |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=The Japan Times |language=en}}</ref> An sake maimaita kamfen ɗin a cikin 2012 da 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Super Coolbiz 2012 |url=http://www.challenge25.go.jp/practice/coolbiz/coolbiz2012/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919093600/http://www.challenge25.go.jp/practice/coolbiz/coolbiz2012/ |archive-date=2012-09-19 |access-date=2019-07-08}} Japan's Ministry of the Environment Official Super Cool Biz 2012 Campaign site {{In lang|ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=スーパークールビス2013 &#124; Supercoolbiz2013 |url=https://www.challenge25.go.jp/practice/coolbiz/coolbiz2013/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814014924/https://www.challenge25.go.jp/practice/coolbiz/coolbiz2013/ |archive-date=2013-08-14 |access-date=2019-07-08}} Japan's Ministry of the Environment Official Super Cool Biz 2013 Campaign site {{In lang|ja}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} t2oflnnga5iy7u1pe6xn39x1jwy9icl 0 165224 906648 2026-08-23T18:48:33Z Ummu Ilham 45024 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369059004|Styrofoam]]" 906648 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Styrofoam-grey-board.jpg|thumb|Styrofoam insulation extruded polystyrene foam (XPS), mallakar DuPont kuma ya ƙera]] '''Styrofoam sunan wata alama ce ta kumfar polystyrene mai rufaffun ƙwayoyin halitta (closed-cell extruded polystyrene foam – XPS), wadda ake ƙera ta domin samar da allunan ci gaba na rufe gine-gine (building insulation). Ana amfani da ita a cikin bangon gine-gine, rufi, da harsashin gini (foundations) domin samar da kariyar zafi (thermal insulation) da kuma zama shingen hana ruwa.''' '''Wannan kayan yana da launin shuɗi mai haske, kuma DuPont ce ke mallakarsa da ƙera shi. Haka kuma, DuPont ta samar da wasu nau’ikan kumfa masu launin kore da fari.'''.<ref name="nocup">{{Cite web |title=You can't drink coffee from a STYROFOAM cup. |url=http://craft.dow.com/craft/about/cup.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201163706/http://craft.dow.com/craft/about/cup.htm |archive-date=2005-12-01 |publisher=The Dow Chemical Company}}</ref> [[Fayil:Pueblo_Chemical_Agent-Destruction_Pilot_Plant,_Static_Detonation_Chamber_Assembly_Site_(48879909448).jpg|thumb|Ma'aikacin shigar da allon kariya na Styrofoam.]] Kalmar ''styrofoam'' ana jayayya da zama alamar kasuwanci; kamar yadda ake amfani da ita sau da yawa a Amurka a matsayin kalma don komawa ga fadada (ba extruded) polystyrene foam (EPS). <ref name="gc">{{Cite web |date=31 January 2020 |title=Has styrofoam become a generic trademark? |url=https://www.genericides.org/trademark/styrofoam |access-date=April 29, 2021 |website=genericides.org}}</ref> A waje da Amurka, ana kiran EPS kawai "polystyrene" tare da kalmar "styrofoam" ana amfani da ita a cikin ikonsa don bayyana duk nau'ikan polystyrene mai extruded, ba kawai alamar Dupont kanta ba. Ana amfani da Polystyrene (EPS) sau da yawa a cikin kwantena na abinci, kofuna kofi, kuma a matsayin kayan kwanciya a cikin marufi.<ref name="what-is-styrofoam">{{Cite web |date=March 24, 2008 |title=What is STYROFOAM? |url=http://building.dow.com/styrofoam/what.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324134328/http://building.dow.com/styrofoam/what.htm |archive-date=2008-03-24}}</ref><ref name="nocup" /> Styrofoam, duk da haka, abu ne mai yawa fiye da EPS kuma ya fi dacewa da ayyuka kamar rufin kai.<ref name="gc" /> Bugu da ƙari, yana da matsakaici a cikin masu narkewa da yawa, cyanoacrylate, da kuma abubuwan da ke narkewa na fenti. == Tarihi == A cikin shekarun 1940, masu bincike, da farko a Dow's Chemical Physics Lab, karkashin jagorancin Ray McIntire, sun sami hanyar yin polystyrene mai kumfa. Sun sake gano hanyar da aka fara amfani da ita ta hanyar mai kirkiro na Sweden Carl Georg Munters, kuma sun sami lasisi na musamman ga takardar shaidar Munters a Amurka. Dow ya sami hanyoyin da za a daidaita hanyar Munters don yin adadi mai yawa na polystyrene mai ƙuntata a matsayin kumfa mai rufewa wanda ke tsayayya da danshi. An gabatar da takardar shaidar a kan wannan daidaitawa a cikin 1947.<ref>{{cite patent|country=US|number=2450436|status=|title=Manufacture of cellular thermoplastic products|pubdate=1948-10-05|gdate=1948-10-05|fdate=1947-07-26|pridate=|inventor=Otis Ray McIntire|invent1=|invent2=|assign1=|assign2=|class=|url=}}</ref> == Amfani da shi == Styrofoam yana da amfani iri-iri. Styrofoam ya ƙunshi kashi 98% na iska, yana mai da shi mai sauƙi da ƙarfi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the Difference between EPS Polystyrene and (styrofoam)? |url=http://www.forte-eps-solutions.com/styrofoam-sheets-polystyrene-insulation-difference-new-jersey-new-york-ontario-quebec.html}}</ref> DuPont yana samar da kayan gini na Styrofoam, gami da nau'ikan rufin rufi da rufin bututu. Darajar R-darajar da ake da ita na Styrofoam mai rufi kusan 5 ° F⋅ft² / BTU don takardar kauri na inci 1.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dow Announces New Technology for STYROFOAM Insulation |url=http://building.dow.com/media/news/2007/20071205a.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812230057/http://building.dow.com/media/news/2007/20071205a.htm |archive-date=2011-08-12}}</ref> Ana iya amfani da Styrofoam a ƙarƙashin hanyoyi da sauran gine-gine don hana rikice-rikice na ƙasa saboda daskarewa da narkewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geotechnical applications of Styrofoam |url=http://building.dow.com/na/en/applications/geotech/index.htm |access-date=2009-10-28 |publisher=Dow Chemical}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Engineering considerations when building on permafrost |url=http://www.alaskool.org/resources/regional/nw_reg_pro/permafrost.html |access-date=2007-08-30}}</ref> DuPont kuma tana samar da tubalan Styrofoam da sauran siffofi don amfani da masu sayar da furanni da kayan sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STYROFOAM Brand Foam Crafts |url=http://craft.dow.com |access-date=2010-12-31}}</ref> DuPont insulation Styrofoam yana da launi mai launin shudi; Styropoam don aikace-aikacen sana'a yana samuwa a fari da kore.<ref name="nocup" /> == Batutuwan muhalli == [[Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka|EPA]] da Hukumar Bincike ta Duniya kan Ciwon daji sun ba da rahoton iyakantaccen shaida cewa styrene yana haifar da ciwon daji ga mutane da dabbobi na gwaji, ma'ana cewa akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin fallasawa da ciwon kansa kuma cewa sanarwa tabbatacce ne, amma ba za a iya cire wasu bayani da tabbaci ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1994 |title=(Styrene) Fact Sheet: Support Document (CAS No. 100-42-5) |url=http://www.epa.gov/chemfact/styre-sd.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043958/http://www.epa.gov/chemfact/styre-sd.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=8 January 2020 |website=[[EPA]]}} </ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2002 |title=STYRENE (Group 2B) |url=https://www.inchem.org/documents/iarc/vol82/82-07.html |access-date=8 January 2020 |website=[[INCHEM]]}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin alamun kasuwanci na yau da kullun * Gidan Shahararren Masu Inventors na Kasa * Lambar ganewa ta resin * Kwamitin tsari mai rufi == Manazarta == bacn9qsx83az2hpu512zeexgk32ilp2 906650 906648 2026-08-23T18:49:03Z Ummu Ilham 45024 906650 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Styrofoam-grey-board.jpg|thumb|Styrofoam insulation extruded polystyrene foam (XPS), mallakar DuPont kuma ya ƙera]] '''Styrofoam sunan wata alama ce ta kumfar polystyrene mai rufaffun ƙwayoyin halitta (closed-cell extruded polystyrene foam – XPS), wadda ake ƙera ta domin samar da allunan ci gaba na rufe gine-gine (building insulation). Ana amfani da ita a cikin bangon gine-gine, rufi, da harsashin gini (foundations) domin samar da kariyar zafi (thermal insulation) da kuma zama shingen hana ruwa.''' '''Wannan kayan yana da launin shuɗi mai haske, kuma DuPont ce ke mallakarsa da ƙera shi. Haka kuma, DuPont ta samar da wasu nau’ikan kumfa masu launin kore da fari.'''.<ref name="nocup">{{Cite web |title=You can't drink coffee from a STYROFOAM cup. |url=http://craft.dow.com/craft/about/cup.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201163706/http://craft.dow.com/craft/about/cup.htm |archive-date=2005-12-01 |publisher=The Dow Chemical Company}}</ref> [[Fayil:Pueblo_Chemical_Agent-Destruction_Pilot_Plant,_Static_Detonation_Chamber_Assembly_Site_(48879909448).jpg|thumb|Ma'aikacin shigar da allon kariya na Styrofoam.]] Kalmar ''styrofoam'' ana jayayya da zama alamar kasuwanci; kamar yadda ake amfani da ita sau da yawa a Amurka a matsayin kalma don komawa ga fadada (ba extruded) polystyrene foam (EPS). <ref name="gc">{{Cite web |date=31 January 2020 |title=Has styrofoam become a generic trademark? |url=https://www.genericides.org/trademark/styrofoam |access-date=April 29, 2021 |website=genericides.org}}</ref> A waje da Amurka, ana kiran EPS kawai "polystyrene" tare da kalmar "styrofoam" ana amfani da ita a cikin ikonsa don bayyana duk nau'ikan polystyrene mai extruded, ba kawai alamar Dupont kanta ba. Ana amfani da Polystyrene (EPS) sau da yawa a cikin kwantena na abinci, kofuna kofi, kuma a matsayin kayan kwanciya a cikin marufi.<ref name="what-is-styrofoam">{{Cite web |date=March 24, 2008 |title=What is STYROFOAM? |url=http://building.dow.com/styrofoam/what.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324134328/http://building.dow.com/styrofoam/what.htm |archive-date=2008-03-24}}</ref><ref name="nocup" /> Styrofoam, duk da haka, abu ne mai yawa fiye da EPS kuma ya fi dacewa da ayyuka kamar rufin kai.<ref name="gc" /> Bugu da ƙari, yana da matsakaici a cikin masu narkewa da yawa, cyanoacrylate, da kuma abubuwan da ke narkewa na fenti.. == Tarihi == A cikin shekarun 1940, masu bincike, da farko a Dow's Chemical Physics Lab, karkashin jagorancin Ray McIntire, sun sami hanyar yin polystyrene mai kumfa. Sun sake gano hanyar da aka fara amfani da ita ta hanyar mai kirkiro na Sweden Carl Georg Munters, kuma sun sami lasisi na musamman ga takardar shaidar Munters a Amurka. Dow ya sami hanyoyin da za a daidaita hanyar Munters don yin adadi mai yawa na polystyrene mai ƙuntata a matsayin kumfa mai rufewa wanda ke tsayayya da danshi. An gabatar da takardar shaidar a kan wannan daidaitawa a cikin 1947.<ref>{{cite patent|country=US|number=2450436|status=|title=Manufacture of cellular thermoplastic products|pubdate=1948-10-05|gdate=1948-10-05|fdate=1947-07-26|pridate=|inventor=Otis Ray McIntire|invent1=|invent2=|assign1=|assign2=|class=|url=}}</ref> == Amfani da shi == Styrofoam yana da amfani iri-iri. Styrofoam ya ƙunshi kashi 98% na iska, yana mai da shi mai sauƙi da ƙarfi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the Difference between EPS Polystyrene and (styrofoam)? |url=http://www.forte-eps-solutions.com/styrofoam-sheets-polystyrene-insulation-difference-new-jersey-new-york-ontario-quebec.html}}</ref> DuPont yana samar da kayan gini na Styrofoam, gami da nau'ikan rufin rufi da rufin bututu. Darajar R-darajar da ake da ita na Styrofoam mai rufi kusan 5 ° F⋅ft² / BTU don takardar kauri na inci 1.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dow Announces New Technology for STYROFOAM Insulation |url=http://building.dow.com/media/news/2007/20071205a.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812230057/http://building.dow.com/media/news/2007/20071205a.htm |archive-date=2011-08-12}}</ref> Ana iya amfani da Styrofoam a ƙarƙashin hanyoyi da sauran gine-gine don hana rikice-rikice na ƙasa saboda daskarewa da narkewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geotechnical applications of Styrofoam |url=http://building.dow.com/na/en/applications/geotech/index.htm |access-date=2009-10-28 |publisher=Dow Chemical}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Engineering considerations when building on permafrost |url=http://www.alaskool.org/resources/regional/nw_reg_pro/permafrost.html |access-date=2007-08-30}}</ref> DuPont kuma tana samar da tubalan Styrofoam da sauran siffofi don amfani da masu sayar da furanni da kayan sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STYROFOAM Brand Foam Crafts |url=http://craft.dow.com |access-date=2010-12-31}}</ref> DuPont insulation Styrofoam yana da launi mai launin shudi; Styropoam don aikace-aikacen sana'a yana samuwa a fari da kore.<ref name="nocup" /> == Batutuwan muhalli == [[Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka|EPA]] da Hukumar Bincike ta Duniya kan Ciwon daji sun ba da rahoton iyakantaccen shaida cewa styrene yana haifar da ciwon daji ga mutane da dabbobi na gwaji, ma'ana cewa akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin fallasawa da ciwon kansa kuma cewa sanarwa tabbatacce ne, amma ba za a iya cire wasu bayani da tabbaci ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1994 |title=(Styrene) Fact Sheet: Support Document (CAS No. 100-42-5) |url=http://www.epa.gov/chemfact/styre-sd.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043958/http://www.epa.gov/chemfact/styre-sd.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=8 January 2020 |website=[[EPA]]}} </ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2002 |title=STYRENE (Group 2B) |url=https://www.inchem.org/documents/iarc/vol82/82-07.html |access-date=8 January 2020 |website=[[INCHEM]]}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin alamun kasuwanci na yau da kullun * Gidan Shahararren Masu Inventors na Kasa * Lambar ganewa ta resin * Kwamitin tsari mai rufi == Manazarta == 0b6jcpnusjmrn5i5qvk2fssq62nb6u5 906686 906650 2026-08-23T20:32:06Z Kamal JB 24987 906686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Styrofoam-grey-board.jpg|thumb|Styrofoam insulation extruded polystyrene foam (XPS), mallakar DuPont kuma ya ƙera]] '''Styrofoam sunan wata alama ce ta kumfar polystyrene mai rufaffun ƙwayoyin halitta (closed-cell extruded polystyrene foam – XPS), wadda ake ƙera ta domin samar da allunan ci gaba na rufe gine-gine (building insulation). Ana amfani da ita a cikin bangon gine-gine, rufi, da harsashin gini (foundations) domin samar da kariyar zafi (thermal insulation) da kuma zama shingen hana ruwa.''' '''Wannan kayan yana da launin shuɗi mai haske, kuma DuPont ce ke mallakarsa da ƙera shi. Haka kuma, DuPont ta samar da wasu nau’ikan kumfa masu launin kore da fari.'''.<ref name="nocup">{{Cite web |title=You can't drink coffee from a STYROFOAM cup. |url=http://craft.dow.com/craft/about/cup.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201163706/http://craft.dow.com/craft/about/cup.htm |archive-date=2005-12-01 |publisher=The Dow Chemical Company}}</ref> [[Fayil:Pueblo_Chemical_Agent-Destruction_Pilot_Plant,_Static_Detonation_Chamber_Assembly_Site_(48879909448).jpg|thumb|Ma'aikacin shigar da allon kariya na Styrofoam.]] Kalmar ''styrofoam'' ana jayayya da zama alamar kasuwanci; kamar yadda ake amfani da ita sau da yawa a Amurka a matsayin kalma don komawa ga fadada (ba extruded) polystyrene foam (EPS). <ref name="gc">{{Cite web |date=31 January 2020 |title=Has styrofoam become a generic trademark? |url=https://www.genericides.org/trademark/styrofoam |access-date=April 29, 2021 |website=genericides.org}}</ref> A waje da Amurka, ana kiran EPS kawai "polystyrene" tare da kalmar "styrofoam" ana amfani da ita a cikin ikonsa don bayyana duk nau'ikan polystyrene mai extruded, ba kawai alamar Dupont kanta ba. Ana amfani da Polystyrene (EPS) sau da yawa a cikin kwantena na abinci, kofuna kofi, kuma a matsayin kayan kwanciya a cikin marufi.<ref name="what-is-styrofoam">{{Cite web |date=March 24, 2008 |title=What is STYROFOAM? |url=http://building.dow.com/styrofoam/what.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324134328/http://building.dow.com/styrofoam/what.htm |archive-date=2008-03-24}}</ref><ref name="nocup" /> Styrofoam, duk da haka, abu ne mai yawa fiye da EPS kuma ya fi dacewa da ayyuka kamar rufin kai.<ref name="gc" /> Bugu da ƙari, yana da matsakaici a cikin masu narkewa da yawa, cyanoacrylate, da kuma abubuwan da ke narkewa na fenti.. == Tarihi == A cikin shekarun 1940, masu bincike, da farko a Dow's Chemical Physics Lab, karkashin jagorancin Ray McIntire, sun sami hanyar yin polystyrene mai kumfa. Sun sake gano hanyar da aka fara amfani da ita ta hanyar mai kirkiro na Sweden Carl Georg Munters, kuma sun sami lasisi na musamman ga takardar shaidar Munters a Amurka. Dow ya sami hanyoyin da za a daidaita hanyar Munters don yin adadi mai yawa na polystyrene mai ƙuntata a matsayin kumfa mai rufewa wanda ke tsayayya da danshi. An gabatar da takardar shaidar a kan wannan daidaitawa a cikin 1947.<ref>{{cite patent|country=US|number=2450436|status=|title=Manufacture of cellular thermoplastic products|pubdate=1948-10-05|gdate=1948-10-05|fdate=1947-07-26|pridate=|inventor=Otis Ray McIntire|invent1=|invent2=|assign1=|assign2=|class=|url=}}</ref> == Amfani da shi == Styrofoam yana da amfani iri-iri. Styrofoam ya ƙunshi kashi 98% na iska, yana mai da shi mai sauƙi da ƙarfi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the Difference between EPS Polystyrene and (styrofoam)? |url=http://www.forte-eps-solutions.com/styrofoam-sheets-polystyrene-insulation-difference-new-jersey-new-york-ontario-quebec.html}}</ref> DuPont yana samar da kayan gini na Styrofoam, gami da nau'ikan rufin rufi da rufin bututu. Darajar R-darajar da ake da ita na Styrofoam mai rufi kusan 5 ° F⋅ft² / BTU don takardar kauri na inci 1.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dow Announces New Technology for STYROFOAM Insulation |url=http://building.dow.com/media/news/2007/20071205a.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812230057/http://building.dow.com/media/news/2007/20071205a.htm |archive-date=2011-08-12}}</ref> Ana iya amfani da Styrofoam a ƙarƙashin hanyoyi da sauran gine-gine don hana rikice-rikice na ƙasa saboda daskarewa da narkewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geotechnical applications of Styrofoam |url=http://building.dow.com/na/en/applications/geotech/index.htm |access-date=2009-10-28 |publisher=Dow Chemical}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Engineering considerations when building on permafrost |url=http://www.alaskool.org/resources/regional/nw_reg_pro/permafrost.html |access-date=2007-08-30}}</ref> DuPont kuma tana samar da tubalan Styrofoam da sauran siffofi don amfani da masu sayar da furanni da kayan sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STYROFOAM Brand Foam Crafts |url=http://craft.dow.com |access-date=2010-12-31}}</ref> DuPont insulation Styrofoam yana da launi mai launin shudi; Styropoam don aikace-aikacen sana'a yana samuwa a fari da kore.<ref name="nocup" /> == Batutuwan muhalli == [[Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka|EPA]] da Hukumar Bincike ta Duniya kan Ciwon daji sun ba da rahoton iyakantaccen shaida cewa styrene yana haifar da ciwon daji ga mutane da dabbobi na gwaji, ma'ana cewa akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin fallasawa da ciwon kansa kuma cewa sanarwa tabbatacce ne, amma ba za a iya cire wasu bayani da tabbaci ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1994 |title=(Styrene) Fact Sheet: Support Document (CAS No. 100-42-5) |url=http://www.epa.gov/chemfact/styre-sd.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043958/http://www.epa.gov/chemfact/styre-sd.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=8 January 2020 |website=[[EPA]]}} </ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2002 |title=STYRENE (Group 2B) |url=https://www.inchem.org/documents/iarc/vol82/82-07.html |access-date=8 January 2020 |website=[[INCHEM]]}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin alamun kasuwanci na yau da kullun * Gidan Shahararren Masu Inventors na Kasa * Lambar ganewa ta resin * Kwamitin tsari mai rufi == Manazarta == e29kb82q4foaeijfmh7kdas6xquoc68 906688 906686 2026-08-23T20:32:54Z Kamal JB 24987 906688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Styrofoam-grey-board.jpg|thumb|Styrofoam insulation extruded polystyrene foam (XPS), mallakar DuPont kuma ya ƙera]] '''Styrofoam sunan wata alama ce ta kumfar polystyrene mai rufaffun ƙwayoyin halitta (closed-cell extruded polystyrene foam – XPS), wadda ake ƙera ta domin samar da allunan ci gaba na rufe gine-gine (building insulation). Ana amfani da ita a cikin bangon gine-gine, rufi, da harsashin gini (foundations) domin samar da kariyar zafi (thermal insulation) da kuma zama shingen hana ruwa.''' Wannan kayan yana da launin shuɗi mai haske, kuma DuPont ce ke mallakarsa da ƙera shi. Haka kuma, DuPont ta samar da wasu nau’ikan kumfa masu launin kore da fari.<ref name="nocup">{{Cite web |title=You can't drink coffee from a STYROFOAM cup. |url=http://craft.dow.com/craft/about/cup.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201163706/http://craft.dow.com/craft/about/cup.htm |archive-date=2005-12-01 |publisher=The Dow Chemical Company}}</ref> [[Fayil:Pueblo_Chemical_Agent-Destruction_Pilot_Plant,_Static_Detonation_Chamber_Assembly_Site_(48879909448).jpg|thumb|Ma'aikacin shigar da allon kariya na Styrofoam.]] Kalmar ''styrofoam'' ana jayayya da zama alamar kasuwanci; kamar yadda ake amfani da ita sau da yawa a Amurka a matsayin kalma don komawa ga fadada (ba extruded) polystyrene foam (EPS). <ref name="gc">{{Cite web |date=31 January 2020 |title=Has styrofoam become a generic trademark? |url=https://www.genericides.org/trademark/styrofoam |access-date=April 29, 2021 |website=genericides.org}}</ref> A waje da Amurka, ana kiran EPS kawai "polystyrene" tare da kalmar "styrofoam" ana amfani da ita a cikin ikonsa don bayyana duk nau'ikan polystyrene mai extruded, ba kawai alamar Dupont kanta ba. Ana amfani da Polystyrene (EPS) sau da yawa a cikin kwantena na abinci, kofuna kofi, kuma a matsayin kayan kwanciya a cikin marufi.<ref name="what-is-styrofoam">{{Cite web |date=March 24, 2008 |title=What is STYROFOAM? |url=http://building.dow.com/styrofoam/what.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324134328/http://building.dow.com/styrofoam/what.htm |archive-date=2008-03-24}}</ref><ref name="nocup" /> Styrofoam, duk da haka, abu ne mai yawa fiye da EPS kuma ya fi dacewa da ayyuka kamar rufin kai.<ref name="gc" /> Bugu da ƙari, yana da matsakaici a cikin masu narkewa da yawa, cyanoacrylate, da kuma abubuwan da ke narkewa na fenti.. == Tarihi == A cikin shekarun 1940, masu bincike, da farko a Dow's Chemical Physics Lab, karkashin jagorancin Ray McIntire, sun sami hanyar yin polystyrene mai kumfa. Sun sake gano hanyar da aka fara amfani da ita ta hanyar mai kirkiro na Sweden Carl Georg Munters, kuma sun sami lasisi na musamman ga takardar shaidar Munters a Amurka. Dow ya sami hanyoyin da za a daidaita hanyar Munters don yin adadi mai yawa na polystyrene mai ƙuntata a matsayin kumfa mai rufewa wanda ke tsayayya da danshi. An gabatar da takardar shaidar a kan wannan daidaitawa a cikin 1947.<ref>{{cite patent|country=US|number=2450436|status=|title=Manufacture of cellular thermoplastic products|pubdate=1948-10-05|gdate=1948-10-05|fdate=1947-07-26|pridate=|inventor=Otis Ray McIntire|invent1=|invent2=|assign1=|assign2=|class=|url=}}</ref> == Amfani da shi == Styrofoam yana da amfani iri-iri. Styrofoam ya ƙunshi kashi 98% na iska, yana mai da shi mai sauƙi da ƙarfi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the Difference between EPS Polystyrene and (styrofoam)? |url=http://www.forte-eps-solutions.com/styrofoam-sheets-polystyrene-insulation-difference-new-jersey-new-york-ontario-quebec.html}}</ref> DuPont yana samar da kayan gini na Styrofoam, gami da nau'ikan rufin rufi da rufin bututu. Darajar R-darajar da ake da ita na Styrofoam mai rufi kusan 5 ° F⋅ft² / BTU don takardar kauri na inci 1.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dow Announces New Technology for STYROFOAM Insulation |url=http://building.dow.com/media/news/2007/20071205a.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812230057/http://building.dow.com/media/news/2007/20071205a.htm |archive-date=2011-08-12}}</ref> Ana iya amfani da Styrofoam a ƙarƙashin hanyoyi da sauran gine-gine don hana rikice-rikice na ƙasa saboda daskarewa da narkewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geotechnical applications of Styrofoam |url=http://building.dow.com/na/en/applications/geotech/index.htm |access-date=2009-10-28 |publisher=Dow Chemical}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Engineering considerations when building on permafrost |url=http://www.alaskool.org/resources/regional/nw_reg_pro/permafrost.html |access-date=2007-08-30}}</ref> DuPont kuma tana samar da tubalan Styrofoam da sauran siffofi don amfani da masu sayar da furanni da kayan sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STYROFOAM Brand Foam Crafts |url=http://craft.dow.com |access-date=2010-12-31}}</ref> DuPont insulation Styrofoam yana da launi mai launin shudi; Styropoam don aikace-aikacen sana'a yana samuwa a fari da kore.<ref name="nocup" /> == Batutuwan muhalli == [[Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka|EPA]] da Hukumar Bincike ta Duniya kan Ciwon daji sun ba da rahoton iyakantaccen shaida cewa styrene yana haifar da ciwon daji ga mutane da dabbobi na gwaji, ma'ana cewa akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin fallasawa da ciwon kansa kuma cewa sanarwa tabbatacce ne, amma ba za a iya cire wasu bayani da tabbaci ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1994 |title=(Styrene) Fact Sheet: Support Document (CAS No. 100-42-5) |url=http://www.epa.gov/chemfact/styre-sd.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043958/http://www.epa.gov/chemfact/styre-sd.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=8 January 2020 |website=[[EPA]]}} </ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2002 |title=STYRENE (Group 2B) |url=https://www.inchem.org/documents/iarc/vol82/82-07.html |access-date=8 January 2020 |website=[[INCHEM]]}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin alamun kasuwanci na yau da kullun * Gidan Shahararren Masu Inventors na Kasa * Lambar ganewa ta resin * Kwamitin tsari mai rufi == Manazarta == 5bfzjzcl482jclrbugtes0jhh8dbd1a 906689 906688 2026-08-23T20:33:08Z Kamal JB 24987 906689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Styrofoam-grey-board.jpg|thumb|Styrofoam insulation extruded polystyrene foam (XPS), mallakar DuPont kuma ya ƙera]] '''Styrofoam sunan wata alama ce ta kumfar polystyrene mai rufaffun ƙwayoyin halitta (closed-cell extruded polystyrene foam – XPS), wadda ake ƙera ta domin samar da allunan ci gaba na rufe gine-gine (building insulation). Ana amfani da ita a cikin bangon gine-gine, rufi, da harsashin gini (foundations) domin samar da kariyar zafi (thermal insulation) da kuma zama shingen hana ruwaruwa. Wannan kayan yana da launin shuɗi mai haske, kuma DuPont ce ke mallakarsa da ƙera shi. Haka kuma, DuPont ta samar da wasu nau’ikan kumfa masu launin kore da fari.<ref name="nocup">{{Cite web |title=You can't drink coffee from a STYROFOAM cup. |url=http://craft.dow.com/craft/about/cup.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201163706/http://craft.dow.com/craft/about/cup.htm |archive-date=2005-12-01 |publisher=The Dow Chemical Company}}</ref> [[Fayil:Pueblo_Chemical_Agent-Destruction_Pilot_Plant,_Static_Detonation_Chamber_Assembly_Site_(48879909448).jpg|thumb|Ma'aikacin shigar da allon kariya na Styrofoam.]] Kalmar ''styrofoam'' ana jayayya da zama alamar kasuwanci; kamar yadda ake amfani da ita sau da yawa a Amurka a matsayin kalma don komawa ga fadada (ba extruded) polystyrene foam (EPS). <ref name="gc">{{Cite web |date=31 January 2020 |title=Has styrofoam become a generic trademark? |url=https://www.genericides.org/trademark/styrofoam |access-date=April 29, 2021 |website=genericides.org}}</ref> A waje da Amurka, ana kiran EPS kawai "polystyrene" tare da kalmar "styrofoam" ana amfani da ita a cikin ikonsa don bayyana duk nau'ikan polystyrene mai extruded, ba kawai alamar Dupont kanta ba. Ana amfani da Polystyrene (EPS) sau da yawa a cikin kwantena na abinci, kofuna kofi, kuma a matsayin kayan kwanciya a cikin marufi.<ref name="what-is-styrofoam">{{Cite web |date=March 24, 2008 |title=What is STYROFOAM? |url=http://building.dow.com/styrofoam/what.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324134328/http://building.dow.com/styrofoam/what.htm |archive-date=2008-03-24}}</ref><ref name="nocup" /> Styrofoam, duk da haka, abu ne mai yawa fiye da EPS kuma ya fi dacewa da ayyuka kamar rufin kai.<ref name="gc" /> Bugu da ƙari, yana da matsakaici a cikin masu narkewa da yawa, cyanoacrylate, da kuma abubuwan da ke narkewa na fenti.. == Tarihi == A cikin shekarun 1940, masu bincike, da farko a Dow's Chemical Physics Lab, karkashin jagorancin Ray McIntire, sun sami hanyar yin polystyrene mai kumfa. Sun sake gano hanyar da aka fara amfani da ita ta hanyar mai kirkiro na Sweden Carl Georg Munters, kuma sun sami lasisi na musamman ga takardar shaidar Munters a Amurka. Dow ya sami hanyoyin da za a daidaita hanyar Munters don yin adadi mai yawa na polystyrene mai ƙuntata a matsayin kumfa mai rufewa wanda ke tsayayya da danshi. An gabatar da takardar shaidar a kan wannan daidaitawa a cikin 1947.<ref>{{cite patent|country=US|number=2450436|status=|title=Manufacture of cellular thermoplastic products|pubdate=1948-10-05|gdate=1948-10-05|fdate=1947-07-26|pridate=|inventor=Otis Ray McIntire|invent1=|invent2=|assign1=|assign2=|class=|url=}}</ref> == Amfani da shi == Styrofoam yana da amfani iri-iri. Styrofoam ya ƙunshi kashi 98% na iska, yana mai da shi mai sauƙi da ƙarfi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the Difference between EPS Polystyrene and (styrofoam)? |url=http://www.forte-eps-solutions.com/styrofoam-sheets-polystyrene-insulation-difference-new-jersey-new-york-ontario-quebec.html}}</ref> DuPont yana samar da kayan gini na Styrofoam, gami da nau'ikan rufin rufi da rufin bututu. Darajar R-darajar da ake da ita na Styrofoam mai rufi kusan 5 ° F⋅ft² / BTU don takardar kauri na inci 1.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dow Announces New Technology for STYROFOAM Insulation |url=http://building.dow.com/media/news/2007/20071205a.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812230057/http://building.dow.com/media/news/2007/20071205a.htm |archive-date=2011-08-12}}</ref> Ana iya amfani da Styrofoam a ƙarƙashin hanyoyi da sauran gine-gine don hana rikice-rikice na ƙasa saboda daskarewa da narkewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geotechnical applications of Styrofoam |url=http://building.dow.com/na/en/applications/geotech/index.htm |access-date=2009-10-28 |publisher=Dow Chemical}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Engineering considerations when building on permafrost |url=http://www.alaskool.org/resources/regional/nw_reg_pro/permafrost.html |access-date=2007-08-30}}</ref> DuPont kuma tana samar da tubalan Styrofoam da sauran siffofi don amfani da masu sayar da furanni da kayan sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STYROFOAM Brand Foam Crafts |url=http://craft.dow.com |access-date=2010-12-31}}</ref> DuPont insulation Styrofoam yana da launi mai launin shudi; Styropoam don aikace-aikacen sana'a yana samuwa a fari da kore.<ref name="nocup" /> == Batutuwan muhalli == [[Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka|EPA]] da Hukumar Bincike ta Duniya kan Ciwon daji sun ba da rahoton iyakantaccen shaida cewa styrene yana haifar da ciwon daji ga mutane da dabbobi na gwaji, ma'ana cewa akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin fallasawa da ciwon kansa kuma cewa sanarwa tabbatacce ne, amma ba za a iya cire wasu bayani da tabbaci ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1994 |title=(Styrene) Fact Sheet: Support Document (CAS No. 100-42-5) |url=http://www.epa.gov/chemfact/styre-sd.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043958/http://www.epa.gov/chemfact/styre-sd.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=8 January 2020 |website=[[EPA]]}} </ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2002 |title=STYRENE (Group 2B) |url=https://www.inchem.org/documents/iarc/vol82/82-07.html |access-date=8 January 2020 |website=[[INCHEM]]}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin alamun kasuwanci na yau da kullun * Gidan Shahararren Masu Inventors na Kasa * Lambar ganewa ta resin * Kwamitin tsari mai rufi == Manazarta == hevhjnpv3hn3t22xp3rairhdnj6k7pt 906690 906689 2026-08-23T20:33:29Z Kamal JB 24987 906690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Styrofoam-grey-board.jpg|thumb|Styrofoam insulation extruded polystyrene foam (XPS), mallakar DuPont kuma ya ƙera]] Styrofoam sunan wata alama ce ta kumfar polystyrene mai rufaffun ƙwayoyin halitta (closed-cell extruded polystyrene foam – XPS), wadda ake ƙera ta domin samar da allunan ci gaba na rufe gine-gine (building insulation). Ana amfani da ita a cikin bangon gine-gine, rufi, da harsashin gini (foundations) domin samar da kariyar zafi (thermal insulation) da kuma zama shingen hana ruwaruwa. Wannan kayan yana da launin shuɗi mai haske, kuma DuPont ce ke mallakarsa da ƙera shi. Haka kuma, DuPont ta samar da wasu nau’ikan kumfa masu launin kore da fari.<ref name="nocup">{{Cite web |title=You can't drink coffee from a STYROFOAM cup. |url=http://craft.dow.com/craft/about/cup.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201163706/http://craft.dow.com/craft/about/cup.htm |archive-date=2005-12-01 |publisher=The Dow Chemical Company}}</ref> [[Fayil:Pueblo_Chemical_Agent-Destruction_Pilot_Plant,_Static_Detonation_Chamber_Assembly_Site_(48879909448).jpg|thumb|Ma'aikacin shigar da allon kariya na Styrofoam.]] Kalmar ''styrofoam'' ana jayayya da zama alamar kasuwanci; kamar yadda ake amfani da ita sau da yawa a Amurka a matsayin kalma don komawa ga fadada (ba extruded) polystyrene foam (EPS). <ref name="gc">{{Cite web |date=31 January 2020 |title=Has styrofoam become a generic trademark? |url=https://www.genericides.org/trademark/styrofoam |access-date=April 29, 2021 |website=genericides.org}}</ref> A waje da Amurka, ana kiran EPS kawai "polystyrene" tare da kalmar "styrofoam" ana amfani da ita a cikin ikonsa don bayyana duk nau'ikan polystyrene mai extruded, ba kawai alamar Dupont kanta ba. Ana amfani da Polystyrene (EPS) sau da yawa a cikin kwantena na abinci, kofuna kofi, kuma a matsayin kayan kwanciya a cikin marufi.<ref name="what-is-styrofoam">{{Cite web |date=March 24, 2008 |title=What is STYROFOAM? |url=http://building.dow.com/styrofoam/what.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324134328/http://building.dow.com/styrofoam/what.htm |archive-date=2008-03-24}}</ref><ref name="nocup" /> Styrofoam, duk da haka, abu ne mai yawa fiye da EPS kuma ya fi dacewa da ayyuka kamar rufin kai.<ref name="gc" /> Bugu da ƙari, yana da matsakaici a cikin masu narkewa da yawa, cyanoacrylate, da kuma abubuwan da ke narkewa na fenti.. == Tarihi == A cikin shekarun 1940, masu bincike, da farko a Dow's Chemical Physics Lab, karkashin jagorancin Ray McIntire, sun sami hanyar yin polystyrene mai kumfa. Sun sake gano hanyar da aka fara amfani da ita ta hanyar mai kirkiro na Sweden Carl Georg Munters, kuma sun sami lasisi na musamman ga takardar shaidar Munters a Amurka. Dow ya sami hanyoyin da za a daidaita hanyar Munters don yin adadi mai yawa na polystyrene mai ƙuntata a matsayin kumfa mai rufewa wanda ke tsayayya da danshi. An gabatar da takardar shaidar a kan wannan daidaitawa a cikin 1947.<ref>{{cite patent|country=US|number=2450436|status=|title=Manufacture of cellular thermoplastic products|pubdate=1948-10-05|gdate=1948-10-05|fdate=1947-07-26|pridate=|inventor=Otis Ray McIntire|invent1=|invent2=|assign1=|assign2=|class=|url=}}</ref> == Amfani da shi == Styrofoam yana da amfani iri-iri. Styrofoam ya ƙunshi kashi 98% na iska, yana mai da shi mai sauƙi da ƙarfi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the Difference between EPS Polystyrene and (styrofoam)? |url=http://www.forte-eps-solutions.com/styrofoam-sheets-polystyrene-insulation-difference-new-jersey-new-york-ontario-quebec.html}}</ref> DuPont yana samar da kayan gini na Styrofoam, gami da nau'ikan rufin rufi da rufin bututu. Darajar R-darajar da ake da ita na Styrofoam mai rufi kusan 5 ° F⋅ft² / BTU don takardar kauri na inci 1.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dow Announces New Technology for STYROFOAM Insulation |url=http://building.dow.com/media/news/2007/20071205a.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812230057/http://building.dow.com/media/news/2007/20071205a.htm |archive-date=2011-08-12}}</ref> Ana iya amfani da Styrofoam a ƙarƙashin hanyoyi da sauran gine-gine don hana rikice-rikice na ƙasa saboda daskarewa da narkewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geotechnical applications of Styrofoam |url=http://building.dow.com/na/en/applications/geotech/index.htm |access-date=2009-10-28 |publisher=Dow Chemical}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Engineering considerations when building on permafrost |url=http://www.alaskool.org/resources/regional/nw_reg_pro/permafrost.html |access-date=2007-08-30}}</ref> DuPont kuma tana samar da tubalan Styrofoam da sauran siffofi don amfani da masu sayar da furanni da kayan sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STYROFOAM Brand Foam Crafts |url=http://craft.dow.com |access-date=2010-12-31}}</ref> DuPont insulation Styrofoam yana da launi mai launin shudi; Styropoam don aikace-aikacen sana'a yana samuwa a fari da kore.<ref name="nocup" /> == Batutuwan muhalli == [[Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka|EPA]] da Hukumar Bincike ta Duniya kan Ciwon daji sun ba da rahoton iyakantaccen shaida cewa styrene yana haifar da ciwon daji ga mutane da dabbobi na gwaji, ma'ana cewa akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin fallasawa da ciwon kansa kuma cewa sanarwa tabbatacce ne, amma ba za a iya cire wasu bayani da tabbaci ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1994 |title=(Styrene) Fact Sheet: Support Document (CAS No. 100-42-5) |url=http://www.epa.gov/chemfact/styre-sd.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043958/http://www.epa.gov/chemfact/styre-sd.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=8 January 2020 |website=[[EPA]]}} </ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2002 |title=STYRENE (Group 2B) |url=https://www.inchem.org/documents/iarc/vol82/82-07.html |access-date=8 January 2020 |website=[[INCHEM]]}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin alamun kasuwanci na yau da kullun * Gidan Shahararren Masu Inventors na Kasa * Lambar ganewa ta resin * Kwamitin tsari mai rufi == Manazarta == 5pty6xsalmdt5kw7oaww5z95vulx7lf 906691 906690 2026-08-23T20:33:58Z Kamal JB 24987 906691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Styrofoam-grey-board.jpg|thumb|Styrofoam insulation extruded polystyrene foam (XPS), mallakar DuPont kuma ya ƙera]] '''Styrofoam''' sunan wata alama ce ta kumfar polystyrene mai rufaffun ƙwayoyin halitta (closed-cell extruded polystyrene foam – XPS), wadda ake ƙera ta domin samar da allunan ci gaba na rufe gine-gine (building insulation). Ana amfani da ita a cikin bangon gine-gine, rufi, da harsashin gini (foundations) domin samar da kariyar zafi (thermal insulation) da kuma zama shingen hana ruwaruwa. Wannan kayan yana da launin shuɗi mai haske, kuma DuPont ce ke mallakarsa da ƙera shi. Haka kuma, DuPont ta samar da wasu nau’ikan kumfa masu launin kore da fari.<ref name="nocup">{{Cite web |title=You can't drink coffee from a STYROFOAM cup. |url=http://craft.dow.com/craft/about/cup.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201163706/http://craft.dow.com/craft/about/cup.htm |archive-date=2005-12-01 |publisher=The Dow Chemical Company}}</ref> [[Fayil:Pueblo_Chemical_Agent-Destruction_Pilot_Plant,_Static_Detonation_Chamber_Assembly_Site_(48879909448).jpg|thumb|Ma'aikacin shigar da allon kariya na Styrofoam.]] Kalmar ''styrofoam'' ana jayayya da zama alamar kasuwanci; kamar yadda ake amfani da ita sau da yawa a Amurka a matsayin kalma don komawa ga fadada (ba extruded) polystyrene foam (EPS). <ref name="gc">{{Cite web |date=31 January 2020 |title=Has styrofoam become a generic trademark? |url=https://www.genericides.org/trademark/styrofoam |access-date=April 29, 2021 |website=genericides.org}}</ref> A waje da Amurka, ana kiran EPS kawai "polystyrene" tare da kalmar "styrofoam" ana amfani da ita a cikin ikonsa don bayyana duk nau'ikan polystyrene mai extruded, ba kawai alamar Dupont kanta ba. Ana amfani da Polystyrene (EPS) sau da yawa a cikin kwantena na abinci, kofuna kofi, kuma a matsayin kayan kwanciya a cikin marufi.<ref name="what-is-styrofoam">{{Cite web |date=March 24, 2008 |title=What is STYROFOAM? |url=http://building.dow.com/styrofoam/what.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324134328/http://building.dow.com/styrofoam/what.htm |archive-date=2008-03-24}}</ref><ref name="nocup" /> Styrofoam, duk da haka, abu ne mai yawa fiye da EPS kuma ya fi dacewa da ayyuka kamar rufin kai.<ref name="gc" /> Bugu da ƙari, yana da matsakaici a cikin masu narkewa da yawa, cyanoacrylate, da kuma abubuwan da ke narkewa na fenti.. == Tarihi == A cikin shekarun 1940, masu bincike, da farko a Dow's Chemical Physics Lab, karkashin jagorancin Ray McIntire, sun sami hanyar yin polystyrene mai kumfa. Sun sake gano hanyar da aka fara amfani da ita ta hanyar mai kirkiro na Sweden Carl Georg Munters, kuma sun sami lasisi na musamman ga takardar shaidar Munters a Amurka. Dow ya sami hanyoyin da za a daidaita hanyar Munters don yin adadi mai yawa na polystyrene mai ƙuntata a matsayin kumfa mai rufewa wanda ke tsayayya da danshi. An gabatar da takardar shaidar a kan wannan daidaitawa a cikin 1947.<ref>{{cite patent|country=US|number=2450436|status=|title=Manufacture of cellular thermoplastic products|pubdate=1948-10-05|gdate=1948-10-05|fdate=1947-07-26|pridate=|inventor=Otis Ray McIntire|invent1=|invent2=|assign1=|assign2=|class=|url=}}</ref> == Amfani da shi == Styrofoam yana da amfani iri-iri. Styrofoam ya ƙunshi kashi 98% na iska, yana mai da shi mai sauƙi da ƙarfi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the Difference between EPS Polystyrene and (styrofoam)? |url=http://www.forte-eps-solutions.com/styrofoam-sheets-polystyrene-insulation-difference-new-jersey-new-york-ontario-quebec.html}}</ref> DuPont yana samar da kayan gini na Styrofoam, gami da nau'ikan rufin rufi da rufin bututu. Darajar R-darajar da ake da ita na Styrofoam mai rufi kusan 5 ° F⋅ft² / BTU don takardar kauri na inci 1.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dow Announces New Technology for STYROFOAM Insulation |url=http://building.dow.com/media/news/2007/20071205a.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812230057/http://building.dow.com/media/news/2007/20071205a.htm |archive-date=2011-08-12}}</ref> Ana iya amfani da Styrofoam a ƙarƙashin hanyoyi da sauran gine-gine don hana rikice-rikice na ƙasa saboda daskarewa da narkewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geotechnical applications of Styrofoam |url=http://building.dow.com/na/en/applications/geotech/index.htm |access-date=2009-10-28 |publisher=Dow Chemical}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Engineering considerations when building on permafrost |url=http://www.alaskool.org/resources/regional/nw_reg_pro/permafrost.html |access-date=2007-08-30}}</ref> DuPont kuma tana samar da tubalan Styrofoam da sauran siffofi don amfani da masu sayar da furanni da kayan sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STYROFOAM Brand Foam Crafts |url=http://craft.dow.com |access-date=2010-12-31}}</ref> DuPont insulation Styrofoam yana da launi mai launin shudi; Styropoam don aikace-aikacen sana'a yana samuwa a fari da kore.<ref name="nocup" /> == Batutuwan muhalli == [[Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka|EPA]] da Hukumar Bincike ta Duniya kan Ciwon daji sun ba da rahoton iyakantaccen shaida cewa styrene yana haifar da ciwon daji ga mutane da dabbobi na gwaji, ma'ana cewa akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin fallasawa da ciwon kansa kuma cewa sanarwa tabbatacce ne, amma ba za a iya cire wasu bayani da tabbaci ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1994 |title=(Styrene) Fact Sheet: Support Document (CAS No. 100-42-5) |url=http://www.epa.gov/chemfact/styre-sd.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043958/http://www.epa.gov/chemfact/styre-sd.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=8 January 2020 |website=[[EPA]]}} </ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2002 |title=STYRENE (Group 2B) |url=https://www.inchem.org/documents/iarc/vol82/82-07.html |access-date=8 January 2020 |website=[[INCHEM]]}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin alamun kasuwanci na yau da kullun * Gidan Shahararren Masu Inventors na Kasa * Lambar ganewa ta resin * Kwamitin tsari mai rufi == Manazarta == 7rs11png0osz95541h45et5a4arlgz5 0 165225 906667 2026-08-23T19:23:06Z Ummu Ilham 45024 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367749961|Urban sprawl]]" 906667 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /> [[Fayil:Chandler_Arizona_aerial.jpg|thumb|Ci gaban birni na yau da kullun a Amurka, wanda ke cikin Chandler, Arizona]] [[Fayil:Eixample_de_Palma.jpg|thumb|An urban development in [[Palma de Mayorka|Palma, Mallorca]]]] === '''Fassara zuwa Hausa''' === '''Yaduwar birane (Urban sprawl), wanda kuma ake kira yaduwar unguwannin birane (suburban sprawl) ko mamayar birane (urban encroachment), ana bayyana shi da cewa:'''<blockquote>'''“Faɗaɗawar birane da ƙananan garuruwa cikin sauri zuwa manyan yankunan ƙasa, wanda sau da yawa ke kasancewa da gidajen zama masu ƙarancin cunkoso, rarraba amfani da ƙasa zuwa ayyuka daban-daban, da ƙara dogaro da motoci masu zaman kansu wajen sufuri.”'''</blockquote>'''An kuma bayyana yaduwar birane a matsayin ci gaban gidaje, wuraren kasuwanci da hanyoyi ba tare da takaita ba a yankuna masu faɗin ƙasa, ba tare da kulawa sosai da tsare-tsaren tsara birane masu tsari da cunkoso mai kyau ba.''' '''A taƙaice, urban sprawl na nufin yadda birni yake ci gaba da bazuwa zuwa wajen birni, yana mamaye filayen da a da ba a gina su ba, kamar filayen noma da wuraren da ba a cika zama ba.'''. Yaduwar birane tana nufin wani nau'i na musamman na birni, kuma yana da alaƙa da sakamakon zamantakewa da muhalli da ke da alaƙa ti irin wannan ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarkodie |first=Samuel Asumadu |last2=Owusu |first2=Phebe Asantewaa |last3=Leirvik |first3=Thomas |date=2020-03-05 |title=Global effect of urban sprawl, industrialization, trade and economic development on carbon dioxide emissions |journal=Environmental Research Letters |language=en |volume=15 |issue=3 |page=034049 |bibcode=2020ERL....15c4049S |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ab7640 |issn=1748-9326 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A zamanin yau wasu yankunan da ke kusa da birni da aka bayyana a matsayin "sprawl" suna da ƙananan gidaje da yawa fiye da Babban birni da ke kusa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population of the Kansas City area |url=https://statisticalatlas.com/metro-area/Missouri/Kansas-City/Population |access-date=19 December 2023 |website=Statistical Atlas}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=American housing survey housing characteristics |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=DP04&g=160XX00US2053775,2938000,2938000 |access-date=19 December 2023 |publisher=US Census}}</ref> Yankunan da ke kusa da tsakiyar zamanai sun sha wahala daga asarar kariya daga ganuwar birni, kafin zuwan Yakin masana'antu. Wani lokaci yankunan birane da aka bayyana a matsayin mafi yawan "scracking" sune mafi yawan jama'a. Rashin fa'idodi na zamani da farashin yaduwar birane sun haɗa da ƙara lokacin tafiye-tafiye, farashin sufuri, gurɓataccen yanayi, da lalata ƙauyuka. Kudin shiga don ginawa da kiyaye ababen more rayuwa a cikin waɗannan yankuna ana samun su galibi ta hanyar dukiya da harajin tallace-tallace. Yawancin ayyuka a Amurka yanzu suna cikin unguwanni da ke samar da yawancin kudaden shiga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The land use and transportation connection Plano Texas |url=https://www.planotomorrow.org/DocumentCenter/View/930/The-Connection_Final?bidId= |access-date=19 December 2023 |publisher=City of Plano}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Suburbs continue to dominate jobs and job growth |url=http://www.newgeography.com/content/005264-suburbs-continue-dominate-jobs-and-job-growth |access-date=20 December 2023 |publisher=Bew Geography}}</ref> A [[Turai]], ana amfani da kalmar ''peri-urbanisation'' sau da yawa don nuna irin wannan ƙarfin da abubuwan da suka faru, amma a halin yanzu Hukumar Muhalli ta Turai tana amfani da kalmar ''Yaduwar birane''. Akwai rashin jituwa game da abin da ke tattare da yaduwa da kuma yadda za a tantance shi. Misali, wasu masu sharhi suna auna yaduwa ta hanyar yawan zama, ta amfani da matsakaicin rukunin zama a kowace kadada a cikin wani yanki. Sauran suna danganta shi da rarrabawar jama'a (rarraba yawan jama'a ba tare da cibiyar da aka ƙayyade ba), raguwa (ci gaba mai tsalle-tsalle, kamar yadda aka bayyana a ƙasa), rarraba amfani, da sauransu. Kalmar ''Yaduwar birane'' tana da matukar siyasa kuma kusan koyaushe tana da ma'ana mara kyau. Ana sukar ta saboda haifar da lalacewar muhalli, kara rarrabewa, da kuma lalata ƙarfin birane da ke akwai, kuma ana kai mata hari kan kyawawan dalilai. Mutane kalilan ne ke goyon bayan yaduwar birane a bayyane, saboda ma'anar kalmar. Kalmar ta zama kira don gudanar da ci gaban birane. == Ma'anar == [[Fayil:Urban_sprawl_per_country.png|thumb|Measures for urban sprawl in Europe: upper left the Dispersion of the built-up area (DIS), upper right the weighted urban proliferation (WUP)]] === Fassara zuwa Hausa === An yi amfani da kalmar '''“urban sprawl” (yaduwar birane)''' sau da yawa a cikin wasiƙun da '''Lewis Mumford''' da '''Frederic J. Osborn''' suka yi musayar ra’ayi. Osborn ne ya fara amfani da kalmar a cikin wasiƙarsa zuwa ga Mumford a shekara ta '''1941''', daga baya kuma Mumford ya yi amfani da ita, musamman wajen sukar '''ɓarnar filayen noma da kyawawan shimfidar wurare''' sakamakon faɗaɗawar unguwannin da ke wajen birane. An yi amfani da kalmar a cikin wani labari da aka wallafa a jaridar ''The Times'' a shekara ta '''1955''', inda aka yi amfani da ita a matsayin kalma mai nuna rashin gamsuwa da yanayin '''gefen birnin London'''. Ma’anonin '''urban sprawl''' sun bambanta. Masu bincike a wannan fanni sun amince cewa kalmar ba ta da cikakkiyar ma’ana guda ɗaya ko takamaiman bayani. '''Batty da abokan aikinsa''' sun bayyana urban sprawl a matsayin '''“ci gaban da ba a daidaita shi ba”'''; wato faɗaɗawar al’umma ba tare da la’akari da sakamakon da hakan zai haifar ba. A taƙaice, yana nufin '''ci gaban birane wanda ba a tsara shi ba, kuma yake ƙaruwa a hankali''', wanda sau da yawa ake ɗaukarsa a matsayin ci gaba '''marar ɗorewa'''. '''Bhatta da abokan aikinsa''' sun rubuta a shekara ta '''2010''' cewa, duk da rashin jituwa game da ainihin ma’anar urban sprawl, akwai '''yarjejeniya gaba ɗaya''' cewa yaduwar birane tana da alaƙa da '''ci gaban da ba a tsara shi ba kuma ba daidaitacce ba'''. Irin wannan ci gaba yana faruwa ne sakamakon '''abubuwa da matakai daban-daban''', kuma yana haifar da '''rashin ingantaccen amfani da albarkatu'''.<ref name="Bhatta">{{Cite journal |last=Bhatta |first=B. |last2=Saraswati |first2=S. |last3=Bandyopadhyay |first3=D. |date=December 2010 |title=Urban sprawl measurement from remote sensing data |journal=Applied Geography |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=731–740 |bibcode=2010AppGe..30..731B |doi=10.1016/j.apgeog.2010.02.002}}</ref> Reid Ewing has shown that sprawl has typically been characterized as urban developments exhibiting at least one of the following characteristics: low-density or single-use development, strip development, scattered development, and/or [[Tsalle-tsalle|leapfrog]] development (areas of development interspersed with vacant land).<ref name="UCL" /> He argued that a better way to identify sprawl was to use indicators rather than characteristics because this was a more flexible and less arbitrary method.<ref name="Ewing97">{{Cite journal |last=Ewing |first=Reid |date=1997 |title=Is Los Angeles-Style Sprawl Desirable? |journal=Journal of the American Planning Association |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=107–126 |doi=10.1080/01944369708975728}}</ref> He proposed using "accessibility" and "lack of functional open space" as indicators.<ref name="Ewing97" /> Ewing's approach has been criticized for assuming that sprawl is defined by negative characteristics.<ref name="UCL">{{Cite journal |last=Chin |first=Nancy |date=March 2002 |title=Unearthing the Roots of Urban Sprawl: A Critical Analysis of Form, Function and Methodology |url=https://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/pdf/paper47.pdf |journal=University College London Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis Working Papers Series |volume=47 |issn=1467-1298 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044026/https://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/pdf/paper47.pdf |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=April 19, 2015}}</ref> What constitutes sprawl may be considered a matter of degree and will always be somewhat subjective under many definitions of the term.<ref name="Ewing97" /> Ewing has also argued that suburban development does not, per se, constitute sprawl depending on the form it takes,<ref name="Ewing97" /> although Gordon & Richardson have argued that the term is sometimes used synonymously with suburbanization in a pejorative way.<ref name="G&R">{{Cite journal |last=Gordon |first=Peter |last2=Richardson |first2=Harry |date=1997 |title=Are Compact Cities a Desirable Planning Goal? |journal=Journal of the American Planning Association |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=95–106 |doi=10.1080/01944369708975727}}</ref> === Misalan da misalai masu ma'ana === According to the National Resources Inventory (NRI), about {{Convert|44|e6acre|sqmi km2}} of land in the United States was developed between 1982 and 2017. Presently, the NRI classifies approximately 100,000 more square kilometres (40,000 square miles) (an area approximately the size of [[Kentucky]]) as developed than the Census Bureau classifies as urban. The difference in the NRI classification is that it includes rural development, which by definition cannot be considered to be "urban" sprawl. According to the 2010 Census, approximately 3% of the U.S. land area is urban.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Census Bureau (2012) United States Summary: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts. 2010 Census of Population and Housing |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/2010/cph-2/cph-2-1.pdf}}</ref> As of 2010, 80.7% of the United States total population of 308,745,538 live within Urban areas.<ref name=":3" /> Nonetheless, some [[Yankin birni|urban areas]] like [[Detroit]] have expanded geographically even while losing population. But it was not just urbanized areas in the U.S. that lost population and sprawled substantially. According to data in "Cities and Automobile Dependence" by Kenworthy and Laube (1999), urbanized area population losses occurred while there was an expansion of sprawl between 1970 and 1990 in [[Amsterdam]], Netherlands; Brussels, Belgium; [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]], Denmark; [[Frankfurt]], [[Hamburg]] and [[München|Munich]], Germany; and Zürich, Switzerland, albeit without the dismantling of infrastructure that occurred in the United States.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> [[Fayil:Satellite_Image_of_Los_Angeles_from_Sentinel-2_2021-08-03.jpg|thumb|Duk da yaduwar birane da al'adun mota, Los Angeles ita ce mafi yawan birane da aka gina a Amurka.]] Duk da yaduwarta, Metropolitan Los Angeles ita ce mafi yawan birane (fiye da 1,000,000) a Amurka, kasancewar ta fi yawan biranen New York da San Francisco.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Growth in Urban Population Outpaces Rest of Nation, Census Bureau Reports |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/2010_census/cb12-50.html |access-date=October 20, 2013 |publisher=US Census}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Barragan |first=Bianca |date=2015-02-17 |title=Los Angeles is the Least Sprawling Big City in the US |url=http://la.curbed.com/2015/2/17/9991042/los-angeles-is-the-least-sprawling-big-city-in-the-us |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424022237/http://la.curbed.com/2015/2/17/9991042/los-angeles-is-the-least-sprawling-big-city-in-the-us |archive-date=April 24, 2016 |access-date=25 January 2017 |website=Curbed |publisher=Vox Media}}</ref> Yawancin biranen Los Angeles an gina su ne a mafi ƙarancin daidaito zuwa matsakaici, wanda ke haifar da mafi girman yawan jama'a ga dukan yankin. Wannan ya bambanta da New York, San Francisco ko Chicago waɗanda ke da ƙarancin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin da ke kewaye da yankunan da ke da ƙanƙanta, kamar gabashin Suffolk County a yankin metro na New York da Marin County a Yankin Bay Francisco Bay. Wasu lokuta na yaduwa suna kalubalantar ma'anar kalmar da kuma waɗanne yanayi ne ake buƙata don a yi la'akari da yaduwar birane. Yankunan birni irin su Babban Birnin Mexico, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Monkkonen |first=Paavo |year=2011 |title=Do Mexican Cities Sprawl? Housing Finance Reform and Changing Patterns of Urban Growth |journal=Urban Geography |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=406–423 |doi=10.2747/0272-3638.32.3.406 |s2cid=144340604}}</ref> Babban Birnin Delhi [[Beijing]], da Babban Birnin Tokyo galibi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin masu yawa duk da kasancewa da yawa da kuma amfani da juna.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Dalilan da suka haifar == Ra'ayoyi da yawa suna hasashe game da dalilin da ya sa aka kirkiro yaduwar birane da tashi a birane. Ka'idar "tserewa daga cuta" ta bayyana cewa fannoni na rayuwa a cikin birane, kamar manyan haraji, yawan aikata laifuka, ababen more rayuwa mara kyau da halaye na makaranta suna haifar da mutane da yawa da ke ƙaura daga birane zuwa yankunan da ke kewaye.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Wassmer |first=Robert W. |date=January 10, 2005 |title=Causes of Urban Sprawl (Decentralization) in the United States: Natural Evolution, Flight from Blight, and the Fiscalization of Land Use |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229048043 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105092838/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229048043_Causes_of_urban_sprawl_decentralization_in_the_United_States_natural_Evolution_flight_from_blight_and_the_fiscalization_of_land_use |archive-date=November 5, 2021}}</ref> A cewar The Limits to Growth, dalilan da ya sa mutane ke ƙaura zuwa yankunan da ke kewaye sun haɗa da hayaniya, gurɓataccen laifi, jarabawar miyagun ƙwayoyi, talauci, yajin aikin ma'aikata, da rushewar ayyukan zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Limits to Growth: A report for the Club of Rome's project on the predicament of mankind |url=https://collections.dartmouth.edu/teitexts/meadows/diplomatic/meadows_ltg-diplomatic.html |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=collections.dartmouth.edu}}</ref> Wani binciken ya gano cewa a matsakaita kowane laifi yana haifar da kusan wani ƙarin mutum da ya gudu. Ragewa a cikin kididdigar aikata laifuka yana taimakawa wajen juyawa.<ref name="i901">{{Cite journal |last=Ellen |first=Ingrid Gould |last2=O’Regan |first2=Katherine |date=2010 |title=Crime and urban flight revisited: The effect of the 1990s drop in crime on cities |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S009411901000032X |journal=Journal of Urban Economics |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=247–259 |doi=10.1016/j.jue.2010.05.002 |access-date=2026-05-10}}</ref> Others suggest that urban sprawl is a natural product of population increases, higher wages, and therefore better access to housing. Improvement in transportation also means that individuals are able to live further from large cities and industrial hubs, thus increasing demand for better housing further from the noise of cities. This leads to the creation of sprawling residential land development surrounding densely packed urban areas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brueckner |first=Jan K. |date=April 2000 |title=Urban Sprawl: Diagnosis and Remedies |journal=International Regional Science Review |language=en |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=160–171 |bibcode=2000IRSRv..23..160B |doi=10.1177/016001700761012710 |issn=0160-0176 |s2cid=153422102}}</ref> == Characteristics == Duk da rashin bayyana dalla-dalla game da abin da ke bayyana yaduwar yawancin ma'anoni galibi suna danganta halaye masu zuwa tare da yaduwar.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Ci gaban amfani guda ɗaya === This refers to a situation where commercial, residential, institutional and industrial areas are separated from one another. Consequently, large tracts of land are devoted to a single use and are segregated from one another by open space, infrastructure, or other barriers. As a result, the places where people live, work, shop, and recreate are far from one another, usually to the extent that walking, transit use and bicycling are impractical, so all these activities generally require a car. The degree to which different [[Amfani da Ƙasa|land uses]] are mixed together is often used as an indicator of sprawl in studies of the subject.<ref name="Bhatta" /> Dangane da wannan ma'auni, ana iya rarraba birni na kasar Sin a matsayin "babban yaduwa", kalmar da ke da alaƙa da kanta da Sabon Urbanist Peter Calthorpe ya kirkira. Ya bayyana cewa duk da gine-ginen da ke da tsawo, manyan gine-giginen kasar Sin (manyan gine-gidan zama) galibi suna amfani da su guda ɗaya kuma suna kewaye da manyan hanyoyi, waɗanda ke raba ayyuka daban-daban na birni kuma suna haifar da yanayin da ba shi da kyau ga masu tafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Peter Calthorpe]] |date=July 7, 2016 |title=China chokes on high-density sprawl |url=https://www.cnu.org/publicsquare/china-chokes-high-density-sprawl |website=Public Square: A CNU Journal |publisher=Congress for the New Urbanism}}</ref> === Yaduwar aiki da rashin daidaituwa na sararin samaniya === [[Fayil:Traffic_jam_Marginal_Pinheiros_6122_SAO_07_2009.jpg|left|thumb|Cutar zirga-zirga a cikin [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]], wanda, a cewar mujallar Time, yana da mafi munin cunkoshin zirga-zane a duniya ]] Job sprawl is another land use symptom of urban sprawl and car-dependent communities. It is defined as low-density, geographically spread-out patterns of employment, where the majority of jobs in a given metropolitan area are located outside of the main city's central business district (CBD), and increasingly in the suburban periphery. It is often the result of urban disinvestment, the geographic freedom of employment location allowed by predominantly car-dependent commuting patterns of many American suburbs, and many companies' desire to locate in low-density areas that are often more affordable and offer potential for expansion. Spatial mismatch is related to job sprawl and economic [[Adalcin Muhalli|environmental justice]]. Spatial mismatch is defined as the situation where poor urban, predominantly minority citizens are left without easy access to entry-level jobs, as a result of increasing job sprawl and limited transportation options to facilitate a reverse commute to the suburbs. Job sprawl has been measured and documented in various ways. It has been shown to be a growing trend in America's metropolitan areas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-27 |title=Residential Construction Trends in America's Metropolitan Regions |url=https://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth/residential-construction-trends-americas-metropolitan-regions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921211512/http://www2.epa.gov/smartgrowth/residential-construction-trends-americas-metropolitan-regions |archive-date=September 21, 2015 |website=Smart Growth |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)}}</ref> The Brookings Institution has published multiple articles on the topic. In 2005, author Michael Stoll defined job sprawl simply as jobs located more than {{Convert|5|mi|km}} radius from the CBD, and measured the concept based on year 2000 U.S. census data. Other ways of measuring the concept with more detailed rings around the CBD include a 2001 article by Edward Glaeser and Elizabeth Kneebone's 2009 article, which show that sprawling urban peripheries are gaining employment while areas closer to the CBD are losing jobs. These two authors used three geographic rings limited to a {{Convert|35|mi|km}} radius around the CBD: {{Convert|3|mi|km}} or less, 3 to {{Convert|10|mi|km}}, and 10 to {{Convert|35|mi|km}}. Kneebone's study showed the following nationwide breakdown for the largest metropolitan areas in 2006: 21.3% of jobs located in the inner ring, 33.6% of jobs in the 3–10 mile ring, and 45.1% in the 10–35 mile ring. This compares to the year 1998 – 23.3%, 34.2%, and 42.5% in those respective rings. The study shows CBD employment share shrinking, and job growth focused in the suburban and exurban outer metropolitan rings. === Low-density === [[Fayil:Bean_Station_neighborhoods_I.jpg|thumb|Gidaje masu ƙarancin ƙarfi da aka sanya tsakanin manyan gonaki a cikin al'umma ta waje a Tennessee]] Sprawl sau da yawa yana nufin ci gaba mai ƙarancin ƙarfi.<ref name="UCL" /> Babu cikakkiyar ma'anar "ƙananan yawa", amma yana iya nufin gidaje masu zaman kansu na iyali ɗaya a kan manyan kuri'u. Irin waɗannan gine-ginen yawanci suna da ƙananan hawa kuma suna da nisa sosai, an raba su da ciyawa, shimfidar wuri, hanyoyi ko wuraren ajiye motoci. A cikin Amurka gidaje 2-4 a kowace acre (5-10 a kowace hekta) ana iya la'akari da ƙarancin yawa yayin da a Burtaniya 8-12 a kowace acire (ko 20-30 a kowace hekita) har yanzu ana la'akari dashi ƙarancin ƙarfi.<ref name="UCL" /> Saboda ana amfani da motoci da yawa a Amurka, an sanya ƙasa da yawa don ajiye motoci. Tasirin ci gaban ƙarancin jama'a a cikin al'ummomi da yawa shine ƙasar da ta ci gaba ko "birane" tana ƙaruwa da sauri fiye da yawan jama'a ke ƙaruwa.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2015}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Sau da yawa ana rage yawan jama'a ta hanyar "ci gaban [[Tsalle-tsalle|leapfrog]]". Wannan kalmar tana nufin dangantaka, ko rashin ta, tsakanin sassan. Irin waɗannan ci gaba yawanci ana raba su da manyan belin kore, watau yankunan ƙasar da ba a inganta ba, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ƙididdigar ƙididdigal ko da ƙaranci da aka nuna ta hanyar ma'aunin yanki na acre. Wannan abu ne na karni na 20 da 21 wanda al'adar yanzu ta haifar da buƙatar mai haɓakawa don samar da kayan aikin rarraba a matsayin yanayin ci gaba. Yawancin lokaci, ana buƙatar mai haɓaka ya ware wani kashi na ƙasar da aka haɓaka don amfani da jama'a, gami da hanyoyi, wuraren shakatawa da makarantu. A baya, lokacin da [[Ƙaramar hukuma|karamar hukuma]] ta gina dukkan tituna a wani wuri, garin na iya fadada ba tare da katsewa ba kuma tare da tsarin yaduwa mai jituwa, saboda yana da ikon hukuntawa. Masu haɓaka masu zaman kansu gabaɗaya ba su da irin wannan iko (ko da yake a wasu lokuta suna iya samun kananan hukumomi da ke son taimakawa), kuma galibi suna zaɓar haɓaka a kan warƙoƙi waɗanda ke faruwa don siyarwa a lokacin da suke so su gina, maimakon biyan ƙarin ko jira don wuri mafi dacewa. Wasu bincike suna jayayya cewa ra'ayoyin addini game da yadda ya kamata mutane su rayu (kuma su mutu) suna inganta ci gaban ƙarancin jama'a kuma suna iya taimakawa ga yaduwar birane.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scarrow |first=Ryan |date=September 2019 |title=Graves or people |journal=Nature Sustainability |language=en |volume=2 |issue=9 |page=787 |bibcode=2019NatSu...2..787S |doi=10.1038/s41893-019-0383-2 |issn=2398-9629 |s2cid=202558093 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Conversion of agricultural land to urban use === Sau da yawa ana ɗaukar ƙasa don yaduwa daga [[Kasar Noma|filayen noma]] masu kyau, waɗanda galibi suna kusa da biranen da ke kewaye da su; girman yaduwar zamani ya cinye adadi mai yawa na ƙasar noma mafi yawan amfanin gona, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Krannich |first=Jess M. |date=Fall 2006 |title=A Modern Disaster: Agricultural Land, Urban Growth, and the Need for a Federally Organized Comprehensive Land Use Planning Model |url=https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1104&context=cjlpp |journal=Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy |volume=16 |issue=2 |at=Article 2 |access-date=June 8, 2015}}</ref> da kuma gandun daji, hamada da sauran wuraren jeji. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hasse |first=John E. |last2=Lathrop |first2=Richard G. |date=2003 |title=Land resource impact indicators of urban sprawl |journal=Applied Geography |volume=23 |issue=2–3 |pages=159–175 |bibcode=2003AppGe..23..159H |doi=10.1016/j.apgeog.2003.08.002}}</ref> A Amurka mai siyarwa na iya kauce wa haraji kan riba ta hanyar amfani da hutun haraji wanda ke cire musayar iri ɗaya daga harajin riba; ana amfani da kuɗin da aka samu daga siyarwar don siyan ƙasar noma a wasu wurare kuma ana ɗaukar ma'amala a matsayin "swap" ko cinikayya na irin waɗannan kadarori kuma babu haraji. Ta haka ne yaduwar birane ta hanyar tsarin haraji. A kasar Sin, an canza ƙasa daga karkara zuwa amfani da birane kafin buƙata, wanda ke haifar da ƙasar karkara da aka nufa don ci gaba a nan gaba, da kuma fadada birane.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fang |first=Yiping |last2=Pal |first2=Anirban |date=2016-07-07 |title=Drivers of urban sprawl in urbanizing China – a political ecology analysis |url=https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1163&context=usp_fac |journal=Environment and Urbanization |language=en |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=599–616 |bibcode=2016EnUrb..28..599F |doi=10.1177/0956247816647344 |issn=0956-2478 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Housing subdivisions === [[Fayil:Derry_and_Thompson.JPG|right|thumb|Sprawl a [[Ontario]]" id="mwAZg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Milton, Ontario">Milton, Ontario . Wannan hoton misali ne na ci gaban birane na Kanada, kodayake kwanan nan ana yin ƙoƙari don rage irin wannan ci gaba a manyan birane da yawa.]] Gidajen gidaje sune manyan yankuna na ƙasa waɗanda suka ƙunshi gaba ɗaya sababbin gidaje da aka gina. Sabon kamfanin gine-ginen Urbanist Duany Plater-Zyberk &amp;amp; Company ya bayyana cewa yankunan gidaje "wani lokacin ana kiransu ƙauyuka, garuruwa, da unguwa ta hanyar masu haɓaka su, wanda ke yaudara tunda waɗannan kalmomin suna nuna wuraren da ba na zama ba". Ana kuma kiran su ci gaba. Masu haɓaka ƙasa na iya ɗaukar gidaje a matsayin ma'auni na adana kuɗi, wanda sau da yawa yakan haifar da rashin bambancin gine-gine a cikin gidaje. Rarraba-rarraba sau da yawa suna haɗa da hanyoyi masu lankwasawa da ƙetare-sacs. Wadannan sassan na iya ba da wurare kaɗan kawai don shiga da fita daga ci gaban, yana haifar da zirga-zirga don amfani da manyan tituna masu tarawa. Duk tafiye-tafiye, ba tare da la'akari da yadda yake da gajeren lokaci ba, dole ne su shiga hanyar mai tarawa a cikin tsarin kewayen birni. === Gida === Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], ciyawa na zama ya zama ruwan dare a cikin unguwanni, musamman, amma ba kawai a Arewacin Amurka ba. Ci gaban kungiyoyin kasar da kuma darussan golf a farkon karni na 20 sun kara inganta Al'adun ciyawa a Amurka. Lawns yanzu suna ɗaukar ƙasa mai yawa a cikin ci gaban birane, suna ba da gudummawa ga yaduwa.<ref name="Steinberg" /> === Ci gaban kasuwanci === [[Fayil:Breezewood,_Pennsylvania.jpg|thumb|Yankunan kasuwanci kamar wannan a Breezewood, Pennsylvania sun zama ruwan waje a yankunan karkara da ke kewayen birane a cikin manyan birane.<ref name="ruralsmartgrowth">{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Modernizing Rural And Small City Development Codes: Priority Smart Growth Fixes |url=https://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/app/legacy/documents/evening-presentation-green-river.pdf |access-date=October 16, 2020 |website=[[Smart Growth America]] |publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]]}}</ref>]] A yankunan yaduwa, ana rarraba amfani da kasuwanci daga wasu amfani. A cikin Amurka da Kanada, waɗannan galibi suna ɗaukar nau'ikan manyan kantuna, waɗanda ke nufin tarin gine-gine da ke raba filin ajiye motoci na yau da kullun, yawanci ana gina su a kan babbar hanyar da ke da ayyukan kasuwanci (watau, "strip"). Irin wannan ci gaba a [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]] ana kiranta Retail Parks . Strip malls da suka kunshi mafi yawan manyan akwatunan ajiya ko masu kisan gilla wani lokacin ana kiransu "cibiyoyin wutar lantarki" (Amurka). Wadannan ci gaba suna da ƙarancin yawa; gine-ginen suna da hawa ɗaya kuma akwai isasshen sarari don ajiye motoci da samun dama ga motocin isar da motoci. Wannan hali yana nunawa a cikin shimfidar wuri mai faɗi na wuraren ajiye motoci da hanyoyin tafiya da alamun alamun wuraren sayarwa. Wasu manyan kantuna suna fuskantar canji zuwa Cibiyoyin salon rayuwa; wanda ke haifar da saka hannun jari a yankuna da wurare na yau da kullun (plazas, cafes) da kuma sauya haya daga kayan yau da kullun zuwa cinikin nishaɗi. Another prominent form of retail development in areas characterized by sprawl is the shopping mall. Unlike the strip mall, this is usually composed of a single building surrounded by a parking lot that contains multiple shops, usually "anchored" by one or more department stores. The function and size is also distinct from the strip mall. The focus is almost exclusively on recreational shopping rather than daily goods. Shopping malls also tend to serve a wider (regional) public and require higher-order infrastructure such as highway access and can have floorspaces in excess of {{Convert|1|e6sqft|m2}}. Shopping malls are often detrimental to downtown shopping centres of nearby cities since the shopping malls act as a surrogate for the city centre. Some downtowns have responded to this challenge by building shopping centres of their own. Fast food chains are often built early in areas with low property values where the population is expected to boom and where large traffic is predicted, and set a precedent for future development. Eric Schlosser, in his book ''Fast Food Nation'', argues that fast food chains accelerate suburban sprawl and help set its tone with their expansive parking lots, flashy signs, and plastic architecture (65). Duany Plater Zyberk &amp;amp; Company believe that this reinforces a destructive pattern of growth in an endless quest to move away from the sprawl that only results in creating more of it. Land use policies are one potential avenue to reduce the effects of urban sprawl. These policies take the form of boundaries to urban growth, regional development rights, and development centralized in urban areas. Housing policies, such as inclusionary zoning, rental vouchers in suburban areas, and a focus on employer-assisted housing are another approach to combatting urban sprawl. Gasoline taxes and increased funding towards the construction of public transportation also help to reduce the necessity of commuting in and out of urban areas. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] j31k5fabkcvy2gbks50e7wrmrqmdzsd 906668 906667 2026-08-23T19:24:07Z Ummu Ilham 45024 906668 wikitext text/x-wiki === '''Fassara zuwa Hausa''' === '''Yaduwar birane (Urban sprawl), wanda kuma ake kira yaduwar unguwannin birane (suburban sprawl) ko mamayar birane (urban encroachment), ana bayyana shi da cewa:'''<blockquote>'''“Faɗaɗawar birane da ƙananan garuruwa cikin sauri zuwa manyan yankunan ƙasa, wanda sau da yawa ke kasancewa da gidajen zama masu ƙarancin cunkoso, rarraba amfani da ƙasa zuwa ayyuka daban-daban, da ƙara dogaro da motoci masu zaman kansu wajen sufuri.”'''</blockquote>'''An kuma bayyana yaduwar birane a matsayin ci gaban gidaje, wuraren kasuwanci da hanyoyi ba tare da takaita ba a yankuna masu faɗin ƙasa, ba tare da kulawa sosai da tsare-tsaren tsara birane masu tsari da cunkoso mai kyau ba.''' '''A taƙaice, urban sprawl na nufin yadda birni yake ci gaba da bazuwa zuwa wajen birni, yana mamaye filayen da a da ba a gina su ba, kamar filayen noma da wuraren da ba a cika zama ba.'''. Yaduwar birane tana nufin wani nau'i na musamman na birni, kuma yana da alaƙa da sakamakon zamantakewa da muhalli da ke da alaƙa ti irin wannan ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarkodie |first=Samuel Asumadu |last2=Owusu |first2=Phebe Asantewaa |last3=Leirvik |first3=Thomas |date=2020-03-05 |title=Global effect of urban sprawl, industrialization, trade and economic development on carbon dioxide emissions |journal=Environmental Research Letters |language=en |volume=15 |issue=3 |page=034049 |bibcode=2020ERL....15c4049S |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ab7640 |issn=1748-9326 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A zamanin yau wasu yankunan da ke kusa da birni da aka bayyana a matsayin "sprawl" suna da ƙananan gidaje da yawa fiye da Babban birni da ke kusa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population of the Kansas City area |url=https://statisticalatlas.com/metro-area/Missouri/Kansas-City/Population |access-date=19 December 2023 |website=Statistical Atlas}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=American housing survey housing characteristics |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=DP04&g=160XX00US2053775,2938000,2938000 |access-date=19 December 2023 |publisher=US Census}}</ref> Yankunan da ke kusa da tsakiyar zamanai sun sha wahala daga asarar kariya daga ganuwar birni, kafin zuwan Yakin masana'antu. Wani lokaci yankunan birane da aka bayyana a matsayin mafi yawan "scracking" sune mafi yawan jama'a. Rashin fa'idodi na zamani da farashin yaduwar birane sun haɗa da ƙara lokacin tafiye-tafiye, farashin sufuri, gurɓataccen yanayi, da lalata ƙauyuka. Kudin shiga don ginawa da kiyaye ababen more rayuwa a cikin waɗannan yankuna ana samun su galibi ta hanyar dukiya da harajin tallace-tallace. Yawancin ayyuka a Amurka yanzu suna cikin unguwanni da ke samar da yawancin kudaden shiga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The land use and transportation connection Plano Texas |url=https://www.planotomorrow.org/DocumentCenter/View/930/The-Connection_Final?bidId= |access-date=19 December 2023 |publisher=City of Plano}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Suburbs continue to dominate jobs and job growth |url=http://www.newgeography.com/content/005264-suburbs-continue-dominate-jobs-and-job-growth |access-date=20 December 2023 |publisher=Bew Geography}}</ref> A [[Turai]], ana amfani da kalmar ''peri-urbanisation'' sau da yawa don nuna irin wannan ƙarfin da abubuwan da suka faru, amma a halin yanzu Hukumar Muhalli ta Turai tana amfani da kalmar ''Yaduwar birane''. Akwai rashin jituwa game da abin da ke tattare da yaduwa da kuma yadda za a tantance shi. Misali, wasu masu sharhi suna auna yaduwa ta hanyar yawan zama, ta amfani da matsakaicin rukunin zama a kowace kadada a cikin wani yanki. Sauran suna danganta shi da rarrabawar jama'a (rarraba yawan jama'a ba tare da cibiyar da aka ƙayyade ba), raguwa (ci gaba mai tsalle-tsalle, kamar yadda aka bayyana a ƙasa), rarraba amfani, da sauransu. Kalmar ''Yaduwar birane'' tana da matukar siyasa kuma kusan koyaushe tana da ma'ana mara kyau. Ana sukar ta saboda haifar da lalacewar muhalli, kara rarrabewa, da kuma lalata ƙarfin birane da ke akwai, kuma ana kai mata hari kan kyawawan dalilai. Mutane kalilan ne ke goyon bayan yaduwar birane a bayyane, saboda ma'anar kalmar. Kalmar ta zama kira don gudanar da ci gaban birane. == Ma'anar == [[Fayil:Urban_sprawl_per_country.png|thumb|Measures for urban sprawl in Europe: upper left the Dispersion of the built-up area (DIS), upper right the weighted urban proliferation (WUP)]] === Fassara zuwa Hausa === An yi amfani da kalmar '''“urban sprawl” (yaduwar birane)''' sau da yawa a cikin wasiƙun da '''Lewis Mumford''' da '''Frederic J. Osborn''' suka yi musayar ra’ayi. Osborn ne ya fara amfani da kalmar a cikin wasiƙarsa zuwa ga Mumford a shekara ta '''1941''', daga baya kuma Mumford ya yi amfani da ita, musamman wajen sukar '''ɓarnar filayen noma da kyawawan shimfidar wurare''' sakamakon faɗaɗawar unguwannin da ke wajen birane. An yi amfani da kalmar a cikin wani labari da aka wallafa a jaridar ''The Times'' a shekara ta '''1955''', inda aka yi amfani da ita a matsayin kalma mai nuna rashin gamsuwa da yanayin '''gefen birnin London'''. Ma’anonin '''urban sprawl''' sun bambanta. Masu bincike a wannan fanni sun amince cewa kalmar ba ta da cikakkiyar ma’ana guda ɗaya ko takamaiman bayani. '''Batty da abokan aikinsa''' sun bayyana urban sprawl a matsayin '''“ci gaban da ba a daidaita shi ba”'''; wato faɗaɗawar al’umma ba tare da la’akari da sakamakon da hakan zai haifar ba. A taƙaice, yana nufin '''ci gaban birane wanda ba a tsara shi ba, kuma yake ƙaruwa a hankali''', wanda sau da yawa ake ɗaukarsa a matsayin ci gaba '''marar ɗorewa'''. '''Bhatta da abokan aikinsa''' sun rubuta a shekara ta '''2010''' cewa, duk da rashin jituwa game da ainihin ma’anar urban sprawl, akwai '''yarjejeniya gaba ɗaya''' cewa yaduwar birane tana da alaƙa da '''ci gaban da ba a tsara shi ba kuma ba daidaitacce ba'''. Irin wannan ci gaba yana faruwa ne sakamakon '''abubuwa da matakai daban-daban''', kuma yana haifar da '''rashin ingantaccen amfani da albarkatu'''.<ref name="Bhatta">{{Cite journal |last=Bhatta |first=B. |last2=Saraswati |first2=S. |last3=Bandyopadhyay |first3=D. |date=December 2010 |title=Urban sprawl measurement from remote sensing data |journal=Applied Geography |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=731–740 |bibcode=2010AppGe..30..731B |doi=10.1016/j.apgeog.2010.02.002}}</ref> Reid Ewing has shown that sprawl has typically been characterized as urban developments exhibiting at least one of the following characteristics: low-density or single-use development, strip development, scattered development, and/or [[Tsalle-tsalle|leapfrog]] development (areas of development interspersed with vacant land).<ref name="UCL" /> He argued that a better way to identify sprawl was to use indicators rather than characteristics because this was a more flexible and less arbitrary method.<ref name="Ewing97">{{Cite journal |last=Ewing |first=Reid |date=1997 |title=Is Los Angeles-Style Sprawl Desirable? |journal=Journal of the American Planning Association |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=107–126 |doi=10.1080/01944369708975728}}</ref> He proposed using "accessibility" and "lack of functional open space" as indicators.<ref name="Ewing97" /> Ewing's approach has been criticized for assuming that sprawl is defined by negative characteristics.<ref name="UCL">{{Cite journal |last=Chin |first=Nancy |date=March 2002 |title=Unearthing the Roots of Urban Sprawl: A Critical Analysis of Form, Function and Methodology |url=https://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/pdf/paper47.pdf |journal=University College London Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis Working Papers Series |volume=47 |issn=1467-1298 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044026/https://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/pdf/paper47.pdf |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=April 19, 2015}}</ref> What constitutes sprawl may be considered a matter of degree and will always be somewhat subjective under many definitions of the term.<ref name="Ewing97" /> Ewing has also argued that suburban development does not, per se, constitute sprawl depending on the form it takes,<ref name="Ewing97" /> although Gordon & Richardson have argued that the term is sometimes used synonymously with suburbanization in a pejorative way.<ref name="G&R">{{Cite journal |last=Gordon |first=Peter |last2=Richardson |first2=Harry |date=1997 |title=Are Compact Cities a Desirable Planning Goal? |journal=Journal of the American Planning Association |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=95–106 |doi=10.1080/01944369708975727}}</ref> === Misalan da misalai masu ma'ana === According to the National Resources Inventory (NRI), about {{Convert|44|e6acre|sqmi km2}} of land in the United States was developed between 1982 and 2017. Presently, the NRI classifies approximately 100,000 more square kilometres (40,000 square miles) (an area approximately the size of [[Kentucky]]) as developed than the Census Bureau classifies as urban. The difference in the NRI classification is that it includes rural development, which by definition cannot be considered to be "urban" sprawl. According to the 2010 Census, approximately 3% of the U.S. land area is urban.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Census Bureau (2012) United States Summary: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts. 2010 Census of Population and Housing |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/2010/cph-2/cph-2-1.pdf}}</ref> As of 2010, 80.7% of the United States total population of 308,745,538 live within Urban areas.<ref name=":3" /> Nonetheless, some [[Yankin birni|urban areas]] like [[Detroit]] have expanded geographically even while losing population. But it was not just urbanized areas in the U.S. that lost population and sprawled substantially. According to data in "Cities and Automobile Dependence" by Kenworthy and Laube (1999), urbanized area population losses occurred while there was an expansion of sprawl between 1970 and 1990 in [[Amsterdam]], Netherlands; Brussels, Belgium; [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]], Denmark; [[Frankfurt]], [[Hamburg]] and [[München|Munich]], Germany; and Zürich, Switzerland, albeit without the dismantling of infrastructure that occurred in the United States.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> [[Fayil:Satellite_Image_of_Los_Angeles_from_Sentinel-2_2021-08-03.jpg|thumb|Duk da yaduwar birane da al'adun mota, Los Angeles ita ce mafi yawan birane da aka gina a Amurka.]] Duk da yaduwarta, Metropolitan Los Angeles ita ce mafi yawan birane (fiye da 1,000,000) a Amurka, kasancewar ta fi yawan biranen New York da San Francisco.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Growth in Urban Population Outpaces Rest of Nation, Census Bureau Reports |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/2010_census/cb12-50.html |access-date=October 20, 2013 |publisher=US Census}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Barragan |first=Bianca |date=2015-02-17 |title=Los Angeles is the Least Sprawling Big City in the US |url=http://la.curbed.com/2015/2/17/9991042/los-angeles-is-the-least-sprawling-big-city-in-the-us |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424022237/http://la.curbed.com/2015/2/17/9991042/los-angeles-is-the-least-sprawling-big-city-in-the-us |archive-date=April 24, 2016 |access-date=25 January 2017 |website=Curbed |publisher=Vox Media}}</ref> Yawancin biranen Los Angeles an gina su ne a mafi ƙarancin daidaito zuwa matsakaici, wanda ke haifar da mafi girman yawan jama'a ga dukan yankin. Wannan ya bambanta da New York, San Francisco ko Chicago waɗanda ke da ƙarancin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin da ke kewaye da yankunan da ke da ƙanƙanta, kamar gabashin Suffolk County a yankin metro na New York da Marin County a Yankin Bay Francisco Bay. Wasu lokuta na yaduwa suna kalubalantar ma'anar kalmar da kuma waɗanne yanayi ne ake buƙata don a yi la'akari da yaduwar birane. Yankunan birni irin su Babban Birnin Mexico, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Monkkonen |first=Paavo |year=2011 |title=Do Mexican Cities Sprawl? Housing Finance Reform and Changing Patterns of Urban Growth |journal=Urban Geography |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=406–423 |doi=10.2747/0272-3638.32.3.406 |s2cid=144340604}}</ref> Babban Birnin Delhi [[Beijing]], da Babban Birnin Tokyo galibi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin masu yawa duk da kasancewa da yawa da kuma amfani da juna.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Dalilan da suka haifar == Ra'ayoyi da yawa suna hasashe game da dalilin da ya sa aka kirkiro yaduwar birane da tashi a birane. Ka'idar "tserewa daga cuta" ta bayyana cewa fannoni na rayuwa a cikin birane, kamar manyan haraji, yawan aikata laifuka, ababen more rayuwa mara kyau da halaye na makaranta suna haifar da mutane da yawa da ke ƙaura daga birane zuwa yankunan da ke kewaye.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Wassmer |first=Robert W. |date=January 10, 2005 |title=Causes of Urban Sprawl (Decentralization) in the United States: Natural Evolution, Flight from Blight, and the Fiscalization of Land Use |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229048043 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105092838/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229048043_Causes_of_urban_sprawl_decentralization_in_the_United_States_natural_Evolution_flight_from_blight_and_the_fiscalization_of_land_use |archive-date=November 5, 2021}}</ref> A cewar The Limits to Growth, dalilan da ya sa mutane ke ƙaura zuwa yankunan da ke kewaye sun haɗa da hayaniya, gurɓataccen laifi, jarabawar miyagun ƙwayoyi, talauci, yajin aikin ma'aikata, da rushewar ayyukan zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Limits to Growth: A report for the Club of Rome's project on the predicament of mankind |url=https://collections.dartmouth.edu/teitexts/meadows/diplomatic/meadows_ltg-diplomatic.html |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=collections.dartmouth.edu}}</ref> Wani binciken ya gano cewa a matsakaita kowane laifi yana haifar da kusan wani ƙarin mutum da ya gudu. Ragewa a cikin kididdigar aikata laifuka yana taimakawa wajen juyawa.<ref name="i901">{{Cite journal |last=Ellen |first=Ingrid Gould |last2=O’Regan |first2=Katherine |date=2010 |title=Crime and urban flight revisited: The effect of the 1990s drop in crime on cities |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S009411901000032X |journal=Journal of Urban Economics |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=247–259 |doi=10.1016/j.jue.2010.05.002 |access-date=2026-05-10}}</ref> Others suggest that urban sprawl is a natural product of population increases, higher wages, and therefore better access to housing. Improvement in transportation also means that individuals are able to live further from large cities and industrial hubs, thus increasing demand for better housing further from the noise of cities. This leads to the creation of sprawling residential land development surrounding densely packed urban areas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brueckner |first=Jan K. |date=April 2000 |title=Urban Sprawl: Diagnosis and Remedies |journal=International Regional Science Review |language=en |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=160–171 |bibcode=2000IRSRv..23..160B |doi=10.1177/016001700761012710 |issn=0160-0176 |s2cid=153422102}}</ref> == Characteristics == Duk da rashin bayyana dalla-dalla game da abin da ke bayyana yaduwar yawancin ma'anoni galibi suna danganta halaye masu zuwa tare da yaduwar.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Ci gaban amfani guda ɗaya === This refers to a situation where commercial, residential, institutional and industrial areas are separated from one another. Consequently, large tracts of land are devoted to a single use and are segregated from one another by open space, infrastructure, or other barriers. As a result, the places where people live, work, shop, and recreate are far from one another, usually to the extent that walking, transit use and bicycling are impractical, so all these activities generally require a car. The degree to which different [[Amfani da Ƙasa|land uses]] are mixed together is often used as an indicator of sprawl in studies of the subject.<ref name="Bhatta" /> Dangane da wannan ma'auni, ana iya rarraba birni na kasar Sin a matsayin "babban yaduwa", kalmar da ke da alaƙa da kanta da Sabon Urbanist Peter Calthorpe ya kirkira. Ya bayyana cewa duk da gine-ginen da ke da tsawo, manyan gine-giginen kasar Sin (manyan gine-gidan zama) galibi suna amfani da su guda ɗaya kuma suna kewaye da manyan hanyoyi, waɗanda ke raba ayyuka daban-daban na birni kuma suna haifar da yanayin da ba shi da kyau ga masu tafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Peter Calthorpe]] |date=July 7, 2016 |title=China chokes on high-density sprawl |url=https://www.cnu.org/publicsquare/china-chokes-high-density-sprawl |website=Public Square: A CNU Journal |publisher=Congress for the New Urbanism}}</ref> === Yaduwar aiki da rashin daidaituwa na sararin samaniya === [[Fayil:Traffic_jam_Marginal_Pinheiros_6122_SAO_07_2009.jpg|left|thumb|Cutar zirga-zirga a cikin [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]], wanda, a cewar mujallar Time, yana da mafi munin cunkoshin zirga-zane a duniya ]] Job sprawl is another land use symptom of urban sprawl and car-dependent communities. It is defined as low-density, geographically spread-out patterns of employment, where the majority of jobs in a given metropolitan area are located outside of the main city's central business district (CBD), and increasingly in the suburban periphery. It is often the result of urban disinvestment, the geographic freedom of employment location allowed by predominantly car-dependent commuting patterns of many American suburbs, and many companies' desire to locate in low-density areas that are often more affordable and offer potential for expansion. Spatial mismatch is related to job sprawl and economic [[Adalcin Muhalli|environmental justice]]. Spatial mismatch is defined as the situation where poor urban, predominantly minority citizens are left without easy access to entry-level jobs, as a result of increasing job sprawl and limited transportation options to facilitate a reverse commute to the suburbs. Job sprawl has been measured and documented in various ways. It has been shown to be a growing trend in America's metropolitan areas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-27 |title=Residential Construction Trends in America's Metropolitan Regions |url=https://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth/residential-construction-trends-americas-metropolitan-regions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921211512/http://www2.epa.gov/smartgrowth/residential-construction-trends-americas-metropolitan-regions |archive-date=September 21, 2015 |website=Smart Growth |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)}}</ref> The Brookings Institution has published multiple articles on the topic. In 2005, author Michael Stoll defined job sprawl simply as jobs located more than {{Convert|5|mi|km}} radius from the CBD, and measured the concept based on year 2000 U.S. census data. Other ways of measuring the concept with more detailed rings around the CBD include a 2001 article by Edward Glaeser and Elizabeth Kneebone's 2009 article, which show that sprawling urban peripheries are gaining employment while areas closer to the CBD are losing jobs. These two authors used three geographic rings limited to a {{Convert|35|mi|km}} radius around the CBD: {{Convert|3|mi|km}} or less, 3 to {{Convert|10|mi|km}}, and 10 to {{Convert|35|mi|km}}. Kneebone's study showed the following nationwide breakdown for the largest metropolitan areas in 2006: 21.3% of jobs located in the inner ring, 33.6% of jobs in the 3–10 mile ring, and 45.1% in the 10–35 mile ring. This compares to the year 1998 – 23.3%, 34.2%, and 42.5% in those respective rings. The study shows CBD employment share shrinking, and job growth focused in the suburban and exurban outer metropolitan rings. === Low-density === [[Fayil:Bean_Station_neighborhoods_I.jpg|thumb|Gidaje masu ƙarancin ƙarfi da aka sanya tsakanin manyan gonaki a cikin al'umma ta waje a Tennessee]] Sprawl sau da yawa yana nufin ci gaba mai ƙarancin ƙarfi.<ref name="UCL" /> Babu cikakkiyar ma'anar "ƙananan yawa", amma yana iya nufin gidaje masu zaman kansu na iyali ɗaya a kan manyan kuri'u. Irin waɗannan gine-ginen yawanci suna da ƙananan hawa kuma suna da nisa sosai, an raba su da ciyawa, shimfidar wuri, hanyoyi ko wuraren ajiye motoci. A cikin Amurka gidaje 2-4 a kowace acre (5-10 a kowace hekta) ana iya la'akari da ƙarancin yawa yayin da a Burtaniya 8-12 a kowace acire (ko 20-30 a kowace hekita) har yanzu ana la'akari dashi ƙarancin ƙarfi.<ref name="UCL" /> Saboda ana amfani da motoci da yawa a Amurka, an sanya ƙasa da yawa don ajiye motoci. Tasirin ci gaban ƙarancin jama'a a cikin al'ummomi da yawa shine ƙasar da ta ci gaba ko "birane" tana ƙaruwa da sauri fiye da yawan jama'a ke ƙaruwa.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2015}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Sau da yawa ana rage yawan jama'a ta hanyar "ci gaban [[Tsalle-tsalle|leapfrog]]". Wannan kalmar tana nufin dangantaka, ko rashin ta, tsakanin sassan. Irin waɗannan ci gaba yawanci ana raba su da manyan belin kore, watau yankunan ƙasar da ba a inganta ba, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ƙididdigar ƙididdigal ko da ƙaranci da aka nuna ta hanyar ma'aunin yanki na acre. Wannan abu ne na karni na 20 da 21 wanda al'adar yanzu ta haifar da buƙatar mai haɓakawa don samar da kayan aikin rarraba a matsayin yanayin ci gaba. Yawancin lokaci, ana buƙatar mai haɓaka ya ware wani kashi na ƙasar da aka haɓaka don amfani da jama'a, gami da hanyoyi, wuraren shakatawa da makarantu. A baya, lokacin da [[Ƙaramar hukuma|karamar hukuma]] ta gina dukkan tituna a wani wuri, garin na iya fadada ba tare da katsewa ba kuma tare da tsarin yaduwa mai jituwa, saboda yana da ikon hukuntawa. Masu haɓaka masu zaman kansu gabaɗaya ba su da irin wannan iko (ko da yake a wasu lokuta suna iya samun kananan hukumomi da ke son taimakawa), kuma galibi suna zaɓar haɓaka a kan warƙoƙi waɗanda ke faruwa don siyarwa a lokacin da suke so su gina, maimakon biyan ƙarin ko jira don wuri mafi dacewa. Wasu bincike suna jayayya cewa ra'ayoyin addini game da yadda ya kamata mutane su rayu (kuma su mutu) suna inganta ci gaban ƙarancin jama'a kuma suna iya taimakawa ga yaduwar birane.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scarrow |first=Ryan |date=September 2019 |title=Graves or people |journal=Nature Sustainability |language=en |volume=2 |issue=9 |page=787 |bibcode=2019NatSu...2..787S |doi=10.1038/s41893-019-0383-2 |issn=2398-9629 |s2cid=202558093 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Conversion of agricultural land to urban use === Sau da yawa ana ɗaukar ƙasa don yaduwa daga [[Kasar Noma|filayen noma]] masu kyau, waɗanda galibi suna kusa da biranen da ke kewaye da su; girman yaduwar zamani ya cinye adadi mai yawa na ƙasar noma mafi yawan amfanin gona, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Krannich |first=Jess M. |date=Fall 2006 |title=A Modern Disaster: Agricultural Land, Urban Growth, and the Need for a Federally Organized Comprehensive Land Use Planning Model |url=https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1104&context=cjlpp |journal=Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy |volume=16 |issue=2 |at=Article 2 |access-date=June 8, 2015}}</ref> da kuma gandun daji, hamada da sauran wuraren jeji. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hasse |first=John E. |last2=Lathrop |first2=Richard G. |date=2003 |title=Land resource impact indicators of urban sprawl |journal=Applied Geography |volume=23 |issue=2–3 |pages=159–175 |bibcode=2003AppGe..23..159H |doi=10.1016/j.apgeog.2003.08.002}}</ref> A Amurka mai siyarwa na iya kauce wa haraji kan riba ta hanyar amfani da hutun haraji wanda ke cire musayar iri ɗaya daga harajin riba; ana amfani da kuɗin da aka samu daga siyarwar don siyan ƙasar noma a wasu wurare kuma ana ɗaukar ma'amala a matsayin "swap" ko cinikayya na irin waɗannan kadarori kuma babu haraji. Ta haka ne yaduwar birane ta hanyar tsarin haraji. A kasar Sin, an canza ƙasa daga karkara zuwa amfani da birane kafin buƙata, wanda ke haifar da ƙasar karkara da aka nufa don ci gaba a nan gaba, da kuma fadada birane.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fang |first=Yiping |last2=Pal |first2=Anirban |date=2016-07-07 |title=Drivers of urban sprawl in urbanizing China – a political ecology analysis |url=https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1163&context=usp_fac |journal=Environment and Urbanization |language=en |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=599–616 |bibcode=2016EnUrb..28..599F |doi=10.1177/0956247816647344 |issn=0956-2478 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Housing subdivisions === [[Fayil:Derry_and_Thompson.JPG|right|thumb|Sprawl a [[Ontario]]" id="mwAZg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Milton, Ontario">Milton, Ontario . Wannan hoton misali ne na ci gaban birane na Kanada, kodayake kwanan nan ana yin ƙoƙari don rage irin wannan ci gaba a manyan birane da yawa.]] Gidajen gidaje sune manyan yankuna na ƙasa waɗanda suka ƙunshi gaba ɗaya sababbin gidaje da aka gina. Sabon kamfanin gine-ginen Urbanist Duany Plater-Zyberk &amp;amp; Company ya bayyana cewa yankunan gidaje "wani lokacin ana kiransu ƙauyuka, garuruwa, da unguwa ta hanyar masu haɓaka su, wanda ke yaudara tunda waɗannan kalmomin suna nuna wuraren da ba na zama ba". Ana kuma kiran su ci gaba. Masu haɓaka ƙasa na iya ɗaukar gidaje a matsayin ma'auni na adana kuɗi, wanda sau da yawa yakan haifar da rashin bambancin gine-gine a cikin gidaje. Rarraba-rarraba sau da yawa suna haɗa da hanyoyi masu lankwasawa da ƙetare-sacs. Wadannan sassan na iya ba da wurare kaɗan kawai don shiga da fita daga ci gaban, yana haifar da zirga-zirga don amfani da manyan tituna masu tarawa. Duk tafiye-tafiye, ba tare da la'akari da yadda yake da gajeren lokaci ba, dole ne su shiga hanyar mai tarawa a cikin tsarin kewayen birni. === Gida === Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], ciyawa na zama ya zama ruwan dare a cikin unguwanni, musamman, amma ba kawai a Arewacin Amurka ba. Ci gaban kungiyoyin kasar da kuma darussan golf a farkon karni na 20 sun kara inganta Al'adun ciyawa a Amurka. Lawns yanzu suna ɗaukar ƙasa mai yawa a cikin ci gaban birane, suna ba da gudummawa ga yaduwa.<ref name="Steinberg" /> === Ci gaban kasuwanci === [[Fayil:Breezewood,_Pennsylvania.jpg|thumb|Yankunan kasuwanci kamar wannan a Breezewood, Pennsylvania sun zama ruwan waje a yankunan karkara da ke kewayen birane a cikin manyan birane.<ref name="ruralsmartgrowth">{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Modernizing Rural And Small City Development Codes: Priority Smart Growth Fixes |url=https://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/app/legacy/documents/evening-presentation-green-river.pdf |access-date=October 16, 2020 |website=[[Smart Growth America]] |publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]]}}</ref>]] A yankunan yaduwa, ana rarraba amfani da kasuwanci daga wasu amfani. A cikin Amurka da Kanada, waɗannan galibi suna ɗaukar nau'ikan manyan kantuna, waɗanda ke nufin tarin gine-gine da ke raba filin ajiye motoci na yau da kullun, yawanci ana gina su a kan babbar hanyar da ke da ayyukan kasuwanci (watau, "strip"). Irin wannan ci gaba a [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]] ana kiranta Retail Parks . Strip malls da suka kunshi mafi yawan manyan akwatunan ajiya ko masu kisan gilla wani lokacin ana kiransu "cibiyoyin wutar lantarki" (Amurka). Wadannan ci gaba suna da ƙarancin yawa; gine-ginen suna da hawa ɗaya kuma akwai isasshen sarari don ajiye motoci da samun dama ga motocin isar da motoci. Wannan hali yana nunawa a cikin shimfidar wuri mai faɗi na wuraren ajiye motoci da hanyoyin tafiya da alamun alamun wuraren sayarwa. Wasu manyan kantuna suna fuskantar canji zuwa Cibiyoyin salon rayuwa; wanda ke haifar da saka hannun jari a yankuna da wurare na yau da kullun (plazas, cafes) da kuma sauya haya daga kayan yau da kullun zuwa cinikin nishaɗi. Another prominent form of retail development in areas characterized by sprawl is the shopping mall. Unlike the strip mall, this is usually composed of a single building surrounded by a parking lot that contains multiple shops, usually "anchored" by one or more department stores. The function and size is also distinct from the strip mall. The focus is almost exclusively on recreational shopping rather than daily goods. Shopping malls also tend to serve a wider (regional) public and require higher-order infrastructure such as highway access and can have floorspaces in excess of {{Convert|1|e6sqft|m2}}. Shopping malls are often detrimental to downtown shopping centres of nearby cities since the shopping malls act as a surrogate for the city centre. Some downtowns have responded to this challenge by building shopping centres of their own. Fast food chains are often built early in areas with low property values where the population is expected to boom and where large traffic is predicted, and set a precedent for future development. Eric Schlosser, in his book ''Fast Food Nation'', argues that fast food chains accelerate suburban sprawl and help set its tone with their expansive parking lots, flashy signs, and plastic architecture (65). Duany Plater Zyberk &amp;amp; Company believe that this reinforces a destructive pattern of growth in an endless quest to move away from the sprawl that only results in creating more of it. Land use policies are one potential avenue to reduce the effects of urban sprawl. These policies take the form of boundaries to urban growth, regional development rights, and development centralized in urban areas. Housing policies, such as inclusionary zoning, rental vouchers in suburban areas, and a focus on employer-assisted housing are another approach to combatting urban sprawl. Gasoline taxes and increased funding towards the construction of public transportation also help to reduce the necessity of commuting in and out of urban areas. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tit4pjzsje5dn39aa6h1qkt9v7r041f 0 165226 906670 2026-08-23T19:55:57Z Qassamy 47996 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343127576|Bergie]]" 906670 wikitext text/x-wiki Bergie kalma ce da aka yi amfani da ita don wani ɓangare na marasa gida a Cape Town, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga [[Afrikaans]] ''berg'' ma'anar "dutse" - . Kalmar da ke da ma'ana ɗaya da ita wato "stroller" yawanci tana nufin yaran titi waɗanda ke rayuwa salon "bergie". Su 'yan baranda ne kuma 'yan dibar shara, wani lokacin suna bara, suna yin ƙananan ayyuka, ko kuma suna aiki a matsayin masu tsaron mota marasa izini domin samun sadaka. Yawancinsu 'yan Cape Coloureds ne masu magana d [[Afrikaans]] da aka gauraya da wasu kalmomin Ingilishi, kuma an san su da jin daɗinsu na ban dariya, yaren lalata da shan barasa. An nuna salon rayuwarsu a cikin littafin 1987 The Strollers na Lesley Beake, fim din fim na 1998 Pavement Aristocrats: The Bergies of Cape Town na [[François Verster]], da kuma wasan Suip!''Ku bi!'', wani baƙar fata mai ban dariya wanda Heinrich Reisenhofer ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni. Bergie, wani ɗan gajeren fim na Dian Weys, ya nuna yadda jami'in tilasta bin doka ya cire mutanen da ba su da gida don samun hanyar tafiyar kilomita 10.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bergie |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt19383068/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1 |website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref>{{Spaces}} == Dubi kuma == * Rashin gida a Afirka ta Kudu * Hobo * Mafarki == Manazarta == 6ru3f4m350dpewnrvw0irwtxf8tgrny 906671 906670 2026-08-23T19:57:02Z Qassamy 47996 906671 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Bergie kalma ce da aka yi amfani da ita don wani ɓangare na marasa gida a Cape Town, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga [[Afrikaans]] ''berg'' ma'anar "dutse" - . Kalmar da ke da ma'ana ɗaya da ita wato "stroller" yawanci tana nufin yaran titi waɗanda ke rayuwa salon "bergie". Su 'yan baranda ne kuma 'yan dibar shara, wani lokacin suna bara, suna yin ƙananan ayyuka, ko kuma suna aiki a matsayin masu tsaron mota marasa izini domin samun sadaka. Yawancinsu 'yan Cape Coloureds ne masu magana d [[Afrikaans]] da aka gauraya da wasu kalmomin Ingilishi, kuma an san su da jin daɗinsu na ban dariya, yaren lalata da shan barasa. An nuna salon rayuwarsu a cikin littafin 1987 The Strollers na Lesley Beake, fim din fim na 1998 Pavement Aristocrats: The Bergies of Cape Town na [[François Verster]], da kuma wasan Suip!''Ku bi!'', wani baƙar fata mai ban dariya wanda Heinrich Reisenhofer ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni. Bergie, wani ɗan gajeren fim na Dian Weys, ya nuna yadda jami'in tilasta bin doka ya cire mutanen da ba su da gida don samun hanyar tafiyar kilomita 10.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bergie |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt19383068/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1 |website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref>{{Spaces}} == Dubi kuma == * Rashin gida a Afirka ta Kudu * Hobo * Mafarki == Manazarta == 717vhuxd3u4dw82ujpidxt8k9rr2xp2 0 165227 906674 2026-08-23T20:05:00Z Bappahumar 45200 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334240892|MV Empire MacKendrick]]" 906674 wikitext text/x-wiki '''MV ''Empire MacKendrick''''' jirgin ruwa ne na Merchant Aircraft Carrier ko kuma jirgin MAC da aka sauya shi ya zama Jirgin hatsi. Kamfanin Burntisland Shipbuilding Company Ltd, Fife, [[Scotland]], ya gina ta ne a karkashin umarni daga Ma'aikatar Sufurin Yakin kuma an kawo ta a ranar 12 ga Disamba 1943. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Burntisland Shipyard - List of Ships Page 5 |url=http://www.burntisland.net/ships5.htm |access-date=26 January 2009 |website=Burntisland.net}}</ref> A matsayinta na jirgin MAC, ma’aikatan jiragen sama kawai da kuma ma’aikatan da suka zama dole don kula da jirgin ne ma’aikatan sojan ruwa. William Thomson & Co (Ben Line) ne ke sarrafa ta.<ref name="EmpireShips">{{Cite web |title=List and history of the Empire ships - M |url=http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/EmpireM.html |access-date=18 March 2007 |website=Mariners}}</ref> Bayan yaƙin, an sauya jirgin zuwa mai ɗaukar hatsi. A shekarar 1967, yayin da yake ƙarƙashin kulawar Bulgaria, an makale da shi a cikin Yellow Fleet a cikin [[Suez canal|Suez Canal]] ta Yaƙin Kwanaki shida . An tarwatsa shi a Split a shekarar 1975. <ref name="EmpireShips" /> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin masu ɗaukar jirgin sama == Manazarta == duic5bybvsbwacuvn4s5njpu6yq6q4t 906675 906674 2026-08-23T20:05:28Z Bappahumar 45200 906675 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''MV ''Empire MacKendrick''''' jirgin ruwa ne na Merchant Aircraft Carrier ko kuma jirgin MAC da aka sauya shi ya zama Jirgin hatsi. Kamfanin Burntisland Shipbuilding Company Ltd, Fife, [[Scotland]], ya gina ta ne a karkashin umarni daga Ma'aikatar Sufurin Yakin kuma an kawo ta a ranar 12 ga Disamba 1943. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Burntisland Shipyard - List of Ships Page 5 |url=http://www.burntisland.net/ships5.htm |access-date=26 January 2009 |website=Burntisland.net}}</ref> A matsayinta na jirgin MAC, ma’aikatan jiragen sama kawai da kuma ma’aikatan da suka zama dole don kula da jirgin ne ma’aikatan sojan ruwa. William Thomson & Co (Ben Line) ne ke sarrafa ta.<ref name="EmpireShips">{{Cite web |title=List and history of the Empire ships - M |url=http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/EmpireM.html |access-date=18 March 2007 |website=Mariners}}</ref> Bayan yaƙin, an sauya jirgin zuwa mai ɗaukar hatsi. A shekarar 1967, yayin da yake ƙarƙashin kulawar Bulgaria, an makale da shi a cikin Yellow Fleet a cikin [[Suez canal|Suez Canal]] ta Yaƙin Kwanaki shida . An tarwatsa shi a Split a shekarar 1975. <ref name="EmpireShips" /> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin masu ɗaukar jirgin sama == Manazarta == s5wh7xygph813mpib93fff3eisp338q 0 165228 906676 2026-08-23T20:13:17Z Ummu Ilham 45024 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370038159|Immigration]]" 906676 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:Net_Migration_Rate,_Population_Reference_Bureau,_Current.svg|right|thumb|Yawan ƙaura na gaba ga kowane mutum 1,000 a cikin 2023. A kan net mutane suna tafiya daga ƙasashe masu ja zuwa ƙasashe masu launin shudi.]] <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Excerpt|History of human migration}}{{Multiple image|right}}<templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Multiple image|right}}{{Excerpt|History of human migration}} === '''Fassara zuwa Hausa''' === '''Shige da fice (Immigration) shi ne motsin mutane daga wata ƙasa zuwa wata ƙasa a duniya, inda mutanen ba su kasance mazauna ƙasar da suka je ba a da, ko kuma ba su da ƙasa (nationality) ta wannan ƙasar, da nufin zama a can a matsayin mazauna na dindindin (permanent residents).''' '''Mutanen da ke zirga-zirga zuwa wurin aiki (commuters), masu yawon buɗe ido (tourists), da sauran mutanen da ke yin zama na ɗan gajeren lokaci a ƙasar da suka ziyarta, ba sa cikin ma’anar shige da fice ko ƙaura. Sai dai idan mutum ya wuce lokacin da aka ba shi izinin zama da takardar izinin tafiya (travel visa), hakan na iya sa ya zama ɗan gudun hijira ko baƙon da ya koma mazaunin ƙasar, dangane da dokokin ƙasar.''' '''Haka kuma, a wasu lokuta ana iya haɗa ma’aikatan da ke zuwa aiki na wani lokaci (seasonal labour) cikin ma’anar shige da fice.''' A fannin tattalin arziki, bincike ya nuna cewa ƙaura na iya zama mai fa'ida ga ƙasashe masu karɓa da aikawa.<ref name="di GiovanniLevchenko2015">{{Cite journal |last=di Giovanni |first=Julian |last2=Levchenko |first2=Andrei A. |last3=Ortega |first3=Francesc |date=1 February 2015 |title=A Global View of Cross-Border Migration |url=https://econ-papers.upf.edu/papers/1414.pdf |journal=Journal of the European Economic Association |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=168–202 |doi=10.1111/jeea.12110 |issn=1542-4774 |s2cid=3465938}}</ref><ref name="WorldBank2016">{{Cite web |last=Willenbockel |first=Dirk Andreas |last2=Go |first2=Delfin Sia |last3=Ahmed |first3=S. Amer |date=11 April 2016 |title=Global migration revisited: short-term pains, long-term gains, and the potential of south-south migration |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2016/04/26208170/global-migration-revisited-short-term-pains-long-term-gains-potential-south-south-migration |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503090538/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2016/04/26208170/global-migration-revisited-short-term-pains-long-term-gains-potential-south-south-migration |archive-date=3 May 2016 |website=The World Bank |language=en}}</ref> Littattafan ilimi suna ba da haɗin gwiwar binciken don dangantakar da ke tsakanin shige da fice da aikata laifuka a duk duniya. Bincike ya nuna cewa ƙasar asalin ta shafi saurin da zurfin daidaitawar baƙi, amma akwai daidaitawa mai yawa gabaɗaya ga baƙi na farko da na biyu.<ref name="VillarrealTamborini2018">{{Cite journal |last=Villarreal |first=Andrés |last2=Tamborini |first2=Christopher R. |year=2018 |title=Immigrants' Economic Assimilation: Evidence from Longitudinal Earnings Records |journal=American Sociological Review |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=686–715 |doi=10.1177/0003122418780366 |pmc=6290669 |pmid=30555169}}</ref><ref name="Blau2015">{{Cite journal |last=Blau |first=Francine D. |date=2015 |title=Immigrants and Gender Roles: Assimilation vs. Culture |url=http://www.iza.org/conference_files/amm2014/blau_f340.pdf |journal=IZA Journal of Migration |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1186/s40176-015-0048-5 |s2cid=53414354 |access-date=13 October 2018 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nuna bambanci bisa ga kasa doka ce a yawancin ƙasashe.<ref name="Fennelly">{{Cite journal |last=Fennelly |first=David |last2=Murphy |first2=Clíodhna |date=2021 |title=Racial Discrimination and Nationality and Migration Exceptions: Reconciling CERD and the Race Equality Directive |journal=Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=308–328 |doi=10.1177/09240519211055648 |s2cid=243839359 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An sami shaidar [[Wariya|nuna bambanci]] ga mutanen da aka haifa a kasashen waje a cikin shari'ar aikata laifuka, kasuwanci, tattalin arziki, gidaje, kiwon lafiya, kafofin watsa labarai, da siyasa.<ref name="ZschirntRuedin2016">{{Cite journal |last=Zschirnt |first=Eva |last2=Ruedin |first2=Didier |date=27 May 2016 |title=Ethnic discrimination in hiring decisions: a meta-analysis of correspondence tests 1990–2015 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/3559839 |journal=Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies |volume=42 |issue=7 |pages=1115–1134 |doi=10.1080/1369183X.2015.1133279 |issn=1369-183X |s2cid=10261744}}</ref><ref name="Rich2014">{{Cite journal |last=Rich |first=Judy |date=October 2014 |title=What Do Field Experiments of Discrimination in Markets Tell Us? A Meta Analysis of Studies Conducted since 2000 |url=http://www.iza.org/en/webcontent/publications/papers/viewAbstract?dp_id=8584 |journal=IZA Discussion Papers |language=en |issue=8584 |ssrn=2517887 |access-date=24 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="RehaviStarr2014">{{Cite journal |last=Rehavi |first=M. Marit |last2=Starr |first2=Sonja B. |date=2014 |title=Racial Disparity in Federal Criminal Sentences |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/articles/1414 |journal=Journal of Political Economy |language=en |volume=122 |issue=6 |pages=1320–1354 |doi=10.1086/677255 |issn=0022-3808 |s2cid=3348344}}</ref><ref name="Enos2016">{{Cite journal |last=Enos |first=Ryan D. |date=1 January 2016 |title=What the Demolition of Public Housing Teaches Us about the Impact of Racial Threat on Political Behavior |journal=American Journal of Political Science |language=en |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=123–142 |doi=10.1111/ajps.12156 |s2cid=51895998}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kirkiro kalmar shige da fice a cikin karni na 17, yana nufin ƙungiyoyin jama'a marasa yaki tsakanin jihohin da ke tasowa. Lokacin da mutane suka haye iyakokin ƙasa yayin ƙaura, ana kiransu ''baƙi'' ko baƙi daga hangen nesa na ƙasar da aka nufa. Sabanin haka, daga hangen nesa na ƙasar da suka bar, ana kiransu 'yan gudun hijira ko' yan gudun hijira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=outmigrant |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/outmigrant |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718140923/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/outmigrant |archive-date=18 July 2012 |access-date=11 May 2016 |website=OxfordDictionaries.com |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>{{Multiple image|right}} == Kididdiga == {{Multiple image|right}}{{excerpt|Environmental migrant}}Ya zuwa 2015, yawan baƙi na duniya ya kai miliyan 244 a duk duniya, wanda ke nuna karuwar 41% tun daga 2000. Mafi yawan baƙi na duniya suna zaune a [[Immigration to the United States|Amurka]], tare da kashi 19% na jimlar duniya. Kashi ɗaya bisa uku na baƙi na duniya suna zaune a kasashe 20 kawai. [[Immigration to Germany|Jamus]] da Rasha sun karbi bakuncin baƙi miliyan 12 kowannensu, suna da matsayi na biyu da na uku a ƙasashe masu yawan baƙi a duk duniya. Saudi Arabia ta karbi bakuncin baƙi miliyan 10, sannan United Kingdom (miliyan 9) da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (miliyan 8). <ref name="UN.org-2015">{{Cite web |date=December 2015 |title=Trends in international migration, 2015 |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/populationfacts/docs/MigrationPopFacts20154.pdf |access-date=16 May 2016 |website=UN.org |publisher=[[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]], Population Division}}</ref> A mafi yawan sassan duniya, ƙaura tana faruwa tsakanin ƙasashe da ke cikin babban yanki ɗaya. Tsakanin 2000 da 2015, Asiya ta kara yawan baƙi na duniya fiye da kowane babban yanki a duniya, ta sami miliyan 26. Turai ta kara da ta biyu mafi girma tare da kimanin miliyan 20.<ref name="UN.org-2015" /> === Fassara zuwa Hausa === A shekarar '''2015''', adadin '''baƙin haure na ƙasa da ƙasa (international migrants)''' waɗanda shekarunsu suka gaza '''20''' ya kai '''miliyan 37''', yayin da '''miliyan 177''' suke tsakanin shekarun '''20 zuwa 64'''. Baƙin hauren da ke zaune a '''Afirka''' su ne suka fi kasancewa matasa, inda '''matsakaicin shekarunsu''' ya kasance '''shekara 29'''. Sai '''Asiya''', mai matsakaicin shekaru '''35''', sannan '''Latin Amurka da Caribbean''', mai shekaru '''36'''. A gefe guda, baƙin haure sun fi kasancewa manya a '''Arewacin Amurka''', inda matsakaicin shekarunsu ya kai '''42''', sai '''Turai''' mai '''43''', sannan '''Oceania''' mai '''44'''. <ref name="UN.org-2015" /> Kusan rabin (43%) na dukkan baƙi na duniya sun samo asali ne daga Asiya, kuma Turai ita ce wurin haihuwar yawan baƙi na biyu (25%), sannan Latin Amurka (15%). [[Indiyawa a Najeriya|Indiya]] tana da mafi girma a duniya (mutane miliyan 16), sannan Mexico (miliyan 12) da Rasha (miliyan 11). <ref name="UN.org-2015" /><div style="display:inline-table; vertical-align:top;">{{owidslider|start=2024|list=Template:OWID/Migrant stock total#gallery|location=commons|caption=|title=|language=|file=[[File:Migrant stock total, World, 2024 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|right|[[List of sovereign states by immigrant and emigrant population|The number of migrants and migrant workers per country]]]]|startingView=World}}</div>Binciken da Gallup ya yi a shekarar 2012 ya gano cewa idan aka ba da damar, manya miliyan 640 za su yi ƙaura zuwa wata ƙasa, tare da kashi 23% na waɗannan masu son zama baƙi da za su zaɓi [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a matsayin mazaunin da suke so a nan gaba, yayin da kashi 7% na masu amsawa, waɗanda ke wakiltar mutane miliyan 45, za su zaɓi Ingila. [[Kanada]], [[Faransa]], [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]], Australia, [[Jamus]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]], [[Italiya]], da [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]] sun kasance sauran manyan kasashe goma da ake so.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2012 |title=150 Million Adults Worldwide Would Migrate to the U.S |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/153992/150-Million-Adults-Worldwide-Migrate.aspx |access-date=14 May 2014 |publisher=Gallup.com}}</ref> == Abubuwan turawa da janyewa == [[Fayil:Multilingual_Pisnice_1858.JPG|thumb|Kasuwar Vietnamese mafi girma a [[Prag|Prague]], wanda aka fi sani da "Little Hanoi". A shekara ta 2009, akwai kimanin 70,000 Vietnamese a [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]].]] [[Fayil:Ridley_road_market_dalston_1.jpg|right|thumb|[[Landan]] ta zama ƙabila da yawa sakamakon shige da fice. A Landan a cikin 2008, yara Baƙar fata na Burtaniya da na Asiya sun fi yawan yara fararen Burtaniya da kimanin 3 zuwa 2 a makarantun gwamnati.]] One theory of immigration distinguishes between ''push and pull factors'', referring to the economic, political, and social influences by which people migrate from or to specific countries. Immigrants are motivated to leave their former countries of citizenship, or habitual residence, for a variety of reasons, including: a lack of local access to resources, a desire for economic prosperity, to find or engage in paid work, to better their [[Matsayin Rayuwa|standard of living]], family reunification, retirement, [[Masu Hijirar Muhalli|climate or environmentally induced]] migration, exile, escape from prejudice, conflict or natural disaster, or simply the wish to change one's quality of life. Commuters, [[Yawon bude ido|tourists]], and other short-term stays in a destination country do not fall under the definition of immigration or migration; seasonal labour immigration is sometimes included, however. '''Abubuwan da ke motsawa''' (ko abubuwan da ke ƙayyadewa) suna nufin da farko ga dalilin barin ƙasar asalin mutum (ko dai da son rai ko ba da son rai ba), yayin da abubuwan da ke jawowa (ko dalilai masu jan hankali) suna nufin dalilin mutum a baya ko ƙarfafawa zuwa ƙaura zuwa wata ƙasa. Game da ƙaura ta tattalin arziki (yawanci ƙaura ta ma'aikata), bambance-bambance a cikin yawan albashi ya zama ruwan dare. Idan darajar albashi a cikin sabuwar ƙasa ta wuce darajar albuuda a cikin ƙasarsu, zai iya zaɓar ƙaura, muddin farashin bai yi yawa ba. Musamman a cikin karni na 19, fadada tattalin arzikin Amurka ya kara yawan baƙi, kuma kusan kashi 15% na yawan jama'a an haife su ne 'yan kasashen waje, <ref>{{Cite web |last=York |first=Harlan |date=4 July 2015 |title=How Many People are Immigrants? |url=https://immigrationlawnj.com/how-many-people-are-immigrants/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909231007/https://immigrationlawnj.com/how-many-people-are-immigrants/ |archive-date=9 September 2015 |access-date=30 July 2015 |website=Harlan York and Associates}}</ref> don haka ya zama adadi mai yawa na ma'aikata. Yayinda fasahar sufuri ta inganta, lokacin tafiye-tafiye, da farashi sun ragu sosai tsakanin karni na 18 da farkon karni na 20. Tafiya a fadin Tekun Atlantika ya ɗauki makonni 5 a cikin karni na 18, amma a lokacin karni na 20 ya ɗauki kwanaki 8 kawai. Lokacin da farashin damar ya fi ƙasa, yawan shige da fice ya fi girma. Tserewa daga [[talauci]] (na mutum ko ga dangi da ke zaune a baya) wani abu ne na gargajiya, kuma kasancewar ayyuka aiki shine abin da ya shafi. [[Natural disaster|Bala'o'i na halitta]] na iya kara yawan ƙaura da ke haifar da talauci. Bincike ya nuna cewa ga ƙasashe masu matsakaicin kuɗi, yanayin zafi mafi girma yana ƙara yawan ƙaura zuwa birane da sauran ƙasashe. Ga ƙasashe masu karamin karfi, yanayin zafi mafi girma yana rage ƙaura.<ref name="CattaneoPeri2016">{{Cite journal |last=Cattaneo |first=Cristina |last2=Peri |first2=Giovanni |year=2016 |title=The Migration Response to Increasing Temperatures |url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w21622.pdf |journal=[[Journal of Development Economics]] |volume=122 |issue=C |pages=127–146 |bibcode=2016JDevE.122..127C |doi=10.1016/j.jdeveco.2016.05.004}}</ref> Binciken da ke bincika abubuwan turawa da janyewa don ƙaura daga [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]] ya gano cewa abubuwan muhalli sun taka muhimmiyar rawa idan aka kwatanta da tattalin arziki. Lokacin da suka nemi mutane kai tsaye su kwatanta shi, sun sami sakamako mai zuwa: <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2025 |title=Climate-Change Vulnerability and Climate Migration: Evidence from Guatemala |url=https://www.american.edu/spa/news/climate-change-vulnerability-08082025.cfm |access-date=12 August 2025 |website=American University}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Amsa !Yaduwar |- |Mafi kyawun albashi tare da ƙarancin haɗarin yanayi |68% |- |Mafi kyawun albashi tare da ƙarin haɗarin yanayi |32% |} Shige da fice da shige da ficewa wani lokacin wajibi ne a cikin kwangilar aiki: masu wa'azi na addini da ma'aikatan Kamfanoni na kasa da kasa, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasa da ƙasa, da kuma sabis na diflomasiyya, ta hanyar ma'anar, don aiki "a kasashen waje". Sau da yawa ana kiransu "baƙi", kuma yanayin aikinsu yawanci daidai ne ko mafi kyau fiye da waɗanda ke neman aiki a ƙasar da ke karɓar bakuncin (don irin wannan aiki). Abubuwan da ba na tattalin arziki ba sun haɗa da tsanantawa (addini da in ba haka ba), cin zarafi akai-akai, zalunci, zalunci na kabilanci, [[Kisan kiyashi|kisan kare dangi]], haɗari ga fararen hula a lokacin [[yaƙi]], da kuma warewar jama'a.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chiswick |first=Barry |date=March 2000 |title=The Earnings of Male Hispanic Immigrants in the United States |type=Working paper |publisher=[[University of Illinois at Chicago]] Institute for the Study of Labor |ssrn=224241}}</ref> Dalilan siyasa na al'ada suna motsa kwararar 'yan gudun hijira; alal misali, mutane na iya yin hijira don tserewa daga [[Mulkin kama-karya|mulkin kama karya]].<ref name="Borjas2016">{{Cite journal |last=Borjas |first=George J. |date=1 April 1982 |title=The Earnings of Male Hispanic Immigrants in the United States |journal=Industrial & Labor Relations Review |language=en |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=343–353 |doi=10.1177/001979398203500304 |issn=0019-7939 |s2cid=36445207}}</ref> Wasu ƙaura ne saboda dalilai na mutum, bisa ga dangantaka (misali kasancewa tare da iyali ko abokin tarayya), kamar a cikin sake haɗuwa da iyali ko auren ƙasashe (musamman a cikin misalin rashin daidaituwa na jinsi) ko dangantakar jinsi ɗaya. Sauran suna ƙaura don samun dama mafi aminci don bayyana asalin jinsi da samun damar kula da tabbatar da jinsi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Cerezo |first=Alison |last2=Morales |first2=Alejandro |last3=Quintero |first3=Danielle |last4=Rothman |first4=Stephanie |date=2014 |title=Trans migrations: Exploring life at the intersection of transgender identity and immigration. |url=https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/sgd0000031 |journal=Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=170–180 |doi=10.1037/sgd0000031 |issn=2329-0390 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya gano bambancin jinsi, shekaru, da al'adu a cikin mallakar ra'ayin yin ƙaura.<ref name="Rubin2013">{{Cite journal |last=Rubin |first=Mark |date=July 2013 |title="It Wasn't My Idea to Come Here!": Young Women Lack Ownership of the Idea to Immigrate – Mark Rubin's Social Psychology Research |url=https://sites.google.com/site/markrubinsocialpsychresearch/-it-wasn-t-my-idea-to-come-here-young-women-lack-ownership-of-the-idea-to-immigrate |journal=International Journal of Intercultural Relations |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=497–501 |doi=10.1016/j.ijintrel.2013.02.001 |issn=0147-1767 |access-date=3 October 2018 |ref=Rubin2013}}</ref> A wasu lokuta, mutum na iya so ya yi ƙaura zuwa sabuwar ƙasa ta hanyar canja wurin kishin kasa. Tserewa daga shari'ar aikata laifuka (misali, guje wa kamawa) wani dalili ne na mutum. Irin wannan ƙaura da shige da fice ba doka ba ce, idan an san wani laifi a duniya, kodayake masu laifi na iya ɓoye ainihin su ko samun wasu hanyoyi don kauce wa ganowa. Misali, akwai rahotanni na masu aikata laifukan yaki da ke nuna kansu a matsayin wadanda ke fama da yaki ko rikici sannan kuma suna neman mafaka a wata kasa daban.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haskell |first=Leslie |date=18 September 2014 |title=EU asylum and war criminals: No place to hide |url=https://euobserver.com/opinion/125664 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=EUobserver.com |publisher=EUobserver}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Knight |first=Ben |date=11 April 2016 |title=Refugees in Germany reporting dozens of war crimes |url=http://www.dw.com/en/refugees-in-germany-reporting-dozens-of-war-crimes/a-19179291 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Porter |first=Tom |date=26 February 2016 |title=Sweden: Syrian asylum seeker suspected of war crimes under Assad regime arrested in Stockholm |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/sweden-syrian-asylum-seeker-suspected-war-crimes-under-assad-regime-arrested-stockholm-1546149 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=International Business Times}}</ref> Shingen shige da fice ya zo ba kawai a cikin doka ba ko siyasa; shingen halitta da zamantakewa ga shige dafi na iya zama mai ƙarfi sosai. Baƙi lokacin da suke barin ƙasarsu suna barin duk abin da aka saba da shi: danginsu, abokai, cibiyar tallafi, da al'adu. Har ila yau, suna buƙatar warware dukiyarsu, kuma suna biyan kuɗin ƙaura. Lokacin da suka isa sabuwar ƙasa, wannan sau da yawa yana da rashin tabbas da yawa ciki har da neman aiki, inda za su rayu, sabbin dokoki, sabbin ka'idojin al'adu, harshe ko batutuwan magana, yiwuwar [[wariyar launin fata]], da sauran halayen warewa ga su da danginsu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nunez |first=Christina |date=12 December 2014 |title=The 7 biggest challenges facing refugees and immigrants in the US |url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/the-7-biggest-challenges-facing-refugees-and-immig/ |access-date=16 May 2016 |website=Global Citizen |publisher=Global Poverty Project}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charles Rodriguez |first=U. |last2=Venegas de la Torre |first2=M. D. L. P. |last3=Hecker |first3=V. |last4=Laing |first4=R. A. |last5=Larouche |first5=R. |date=2022 |title=The Relationship Between Nature and Immigrants' Integration, Wellbeing and Physical Activity: A Scoping Review |journal=Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=190–218 |doi=10.1007/s10903-022-01339-3 |pmid=35201532 |s2cid=247060104}}</ref><ref name="Djajić2013">{{Cite journal |last=Djajić |first=Slobodan |date=1 September 2013 |title=Barriers to immigration and the dynamics of emigration |journal=Journal of Macroeconomics |volume=37 |pages=41–52 |doi=10.1016/j.jmacro.2013.06.001}}</ref> [[Fayil:Čížov_(Zaisa)_-_preserved_part_of_Iron_curtain.JPG|thumb|An tsara Iron Curtain a Turai a matsayin hanyar hana ƙaura. "Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan ban dariya na tarihin Turai bayan yakin cewa, da zarar 'yancin tafiya ga Turawa da ke zaune a ƙarƙashin mulkin kwaminisanci, wanda Yamma ta daɗe tana buƙata, a ƙarshe an ba da shi a cikin 1989/90, ba da daɗewa ba ya zama mafi wuya ga Yamma kanta, kuma an gina sabbin shingen don maye gurbin Iron Curtain. "- Anita Böcker <ref>Anita Böcker (1998) [https://books.google.com/books?id=ejOg0L5pbHUC ''Regulation of migration: international experiences'']. Het Spinhuis. p. 218. {{ISBN|90-5589-095-2}}</ref>]] Nuna bambanci da azabtarwa bisa ga Jima'i da jinsi an ba da izini a cikin kasashe da yawa, tare da wasu suna sanya hukuncin kisa ga ayyukan jima'i. Wannan tsari na nuna bambanci ya bayyana a cikin manufofin shige da fice, inda dokoki zasu iya ƙuntata damar yin amfani da ayyuka da mafaka masu aminci ga Ƙungiyoyin da aka ware, gami da mutanen launin fata da membobin Al'ummar LGBTQ.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seuffert |first=Nan |date=2009-01-01 |title=Reflections on Transgender Immigration |journal=Griffith Law Review |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=428–452 |doi=10.1080/10383441.2009.10854649 |issn=1038-3441}}</ref> Kasashen da ake neman [[Mai Neman Mafaka|mafaka]] ma ba su da cikakken 'yanci daga nuna bambanci, suna rikitar da kokarin cimma matsaya.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Redcay |first=Alex |last2=Luquet |first2=Wade |last3=Huggin |first3=McKenzie E. |date=2019-12-01 |title=Immigration and Asylum for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Individuals |journal=Journal of Human Rights and Social Work |language=en |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=248–256 |doi=10.1007/s41134-019-00092-2 |issn=2365-1792}}</ref> === Environmental migration === {{Excerpt|History of human migration}} === Baƙi na tattalin arziki === [[Fayil:Indo-Bangladeshi_Barrier.JPG|right|thumb|Shingen Indo-Bangladeshi a cikin 2007. [[Indiya]] tana gina shingen rabuwa tare da iyakar kilomita 4,000 (2,500 tare da Bangladesh don hana shige da fice ba bisa ka'ida ba.]] Kasashe da yawa suna da ƙuntatawa na shige da fice da biza waɗanda ke hana mutum shiga ƙasar don manufar samun aiki ba tare da takardar izinin aiki ba. A matsayin keta dokokin shige da fice na [[Jaha|Jiha]], za a iya hana mutumin da aka ayyana shi a matsayin mai bautar tattalin arziki shiga cikin ƙasa. Bankin Duniya ya kiyasta cewa kudaden da aka aikawa sun kai dala biliyan 420 a shekara ta 2009, daga cikinsu dala biliyan 317 sun tafi kasashe masu tasowa. == Tasirin Tattalin Arziki == Research suggests that immigration can be beneficial both to the receiving and sending countries.<ref name="di GiovanniLevchenko2015" /><ref name="WorldBank2016" /> Immigration can have positive economic effects on the native population,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-21 |title=The Positive Economic Impact Of Immigration |url=https://www.fwd.us/news/immigration-facts-the-positive-economic-impact-of-immigration/ |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=FWD.us |language=en}}</ref> mixed effects where low-skilled immigration adversely affects underprivileged natives,<ref name="CardDustmann2012">{{Cite journal |last=Card |first=David |last2=Dustmann |first2=Christian |last3=Preston |first3=Ian |date=1 February 2012 |title=Immigration, Wages, and Compositional Amenities |url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w15521.pdf |journal=Journal of the European Economic Association |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=78–119 |doi=10.1111/j.1542-4774.2011.01051.x |issn=1542-4774 |s2cid=154303869}}</ref><ref name="IGM Forum">{{Cite web |title=Migration Within Europe {{!}} IGM Forum |url=http://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/migration-within-europe |access-date=7 December 2016 |website=www.igmchicago.org}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Poll Results {{!}} IGM Forum |url=http://www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel/poll-results?SurveyID=SV_0JtSLKwzqNSfrAF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905120022/http://www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel/poll-results?SurveyID=SV_0JtSLKwzqNSfrAF |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=19 September 2015 |website=www.igmchicago.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Poll Results {{!}} IGM Forum |url=http://www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel/poll-results?SurveyID=SV_5vuNnqkBeAMAfHv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029232825/http://www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel/poll-results?SurveyID=SV_5vuNnqkBeAMAfHv |archive-date=29 October 2019 |access-date=19 September 2015 |website=www.igmchicago.org}}</ref> reduce wages due to elasticity of labor supply,<ref name="g315">{{Cite journal |last=Borjas |first=George J. |last2=Freeman |first2=Richard B. |last3=Katz |first3=Lawrence F. |last4=DiNardo |first4=John |last5=Abowd |first5=John M. |year=1997 |title=How Much Do Immigration and Trade Affect Labor Market Outcomes? |journal=Brookings Papers on Economic Activity |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |volume=1997 |issue=1 |pages=1–90 |doi=10.2307/2534701 |issn=0007-2303 |jstor=2534701}}</ref> or achieve negative projected economic life-cycle impacts. Studies suggest that the elimination of barriers to migration would have profound effects on world GDP, with estimates of gains ranging between 67 and 147 percent for the scenarios in which 37 to 53 percent of the developing countries' workers migrate to the developed countries.<ref name="Iregui2003">{{Cite journal |last=Iregui |first=Ana Maria |date=1 January 2003 |title=Efficiency Gains from the Elimination of Global Restrictions on Labour Mobility: An Analysis using a Multiregional CGE Model |url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/unu/wpaper/dp2003-27.html |journal=Wider Working Paper Series}}</ref><ref name="Clemens2011">{{Cite journal |last=Clemens |first=Michael A |date=1 August 2011 |title=Economics and Emigration: Trillion-Dollar Bills on the Sidewalk? |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1912544_code794896.pdf?abstractid=1912544&mirid=1 |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=83–106 |doi=10.1257/jep.25.3.83 |issn=0895-3309 |s2cid=59507836 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="HamiltonWhalley1984">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=B. |last2=Whalley |first2=J. |date=1 February 1984 |title=Efficiency and distributional implications of global restrictions on labour mobility: calculations and policy implications |journal=Journal of Development Economics |volume=14 |issue=1–2 |pages=61–75 |doi=10.1016/0304-3878(84)90043-9 |issn=0304-3878 |pmid=12266702}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dustmann |first=Christian |last2=Preston |first2=Ian P. |date=2 August 2019 |title=Free Movement, Open Borders, and the Global Gains from Labor Mobility |journal=Annual Review of Economics |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=783–808 |doi=10.1146/annurev-economics-080218-025843 |issn=1941-1383 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Some development economists argue that reducing barriers to labor mobility or trade between developing countries and developed countries would be one of the most efficient tools of poverty reduction.<ref name="Milanovic2015">{{Cite journal |last=Milanovic |first=Branko |date=7 January 2014 |title=Global Inequality of Opportunity: How Much of Our Income Is Determined by Where We Live? |journal=Review of Economics and Statistics |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=452–460 |doi=10.1162/REST_a_00432 |issn=0034-6535 |s2cid=11046799 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Clemens-2019">{{Cite journal |last=Clemens |first=Michael A. |last2=Pritchett |first2=Lant |date=2019 |title=The New Economic Case for Migration Restrictions: An Assessment |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304387818306382 |journal=Journal of Development Economics |language=en |volume=138 |issue=9730 |pages=153–164 |doi=10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.12.003 |issn=0304-3878 |s2cid=204418677 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Work permits can crowd out citizens<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Doran |first=Kirk |last2=Gelber |first2=Alexander |last3=Isen |first3=Adam |date=2022 |title=The Effects of High-Skilled Immigration Policy on Firms: Evidence from Visa Lotteries |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/720467 |journal=Journal of Political Economy |volume=130 |issue=10 |pages=2501–2533 |doi=10.1086/720467 |issn=0022-3808 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> and increase unemployment.<ref name="a450">{{Cite journal |last=Dustmann |first=Christian |last2=Schönberg |first2=Uta |last3=Stuhler |first3=Jan |date=2017 |title=Labor Supply Shocks, Native Wages, and the Adjustment of Local Employment* |url=https://academic.oup.com/qje/article/132/1/435/2724541 |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=132 |issue=1 |pages=435–483 |doi=10.1093/qje/qjw032 |issn=0033-5533 |access-date=2026-08-18}}</ref><ref name="s728">{{Cite journal |last=Hunt |first=Jennifer |date=1992 |title=The Impact of the 1962 Repatriates from Algeria on the French Labor Market |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/001979399204500310 |journal=ILR Review |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=556–572 |doi=10.1177/001979399204500310 |issn=0019-7939 |access-date=2026-08-18}}</ref> Due to the compositional effect immigrants with below [[median income]] decrease and immigrants with above median income increase the median income of the whole population of a country.<ref name="g327">{{Cite journal |last=Dustmann |first=Christian |last2=Kastis |first2=Yannis |last3=Preston |first3=Ian |date=2024 |title=Inequality and immigration |url=https://academic.oup.com/ooec/article/3/Supplement_1/i453/7708103 |journal=Oxford Open Economics |volume=3 |issue=Supplement_1 |pages=i453–i473 |doi=10.1093/ooec/odad052 |issn=2752-5074 |access-date=2026-05-23 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Ingancin cibiyoyin === Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2015 ya gano "wasu shaidu cewa yawancin baƙi suna da tasiri mai kyau a kan ingancin ma'aikata. A mafi ƙaranci, sakamakonmu ya nuna cewa babu wani mummunan tasiri ga 'yancin tattalin arziki da ke da alaƙa da ƙarin shige da fice".<ref name="ClarkLawson2015">{{Cite journal |last=Clark |first=J.R. |last2=Lawson |first2=Robert |last3=Nowrasteh |first3=Alex |last4=Powell |first4=Benjamin |last5=Murphy |first5=Ryan |date=June 2015 |title=Does immigration impact institutions? |url=https://issuelab.org/resources/31059/31059.pdf |journal=[[Public Choice (journal)|Public Choice]] |volume=163 |issue=3 |pages=321–335 |doi=10.1007/s11127-015-0254-y |s2cid=55968273}}</ref>Wani binciken, yana kallon karuwar yawan jama'ar Isra'ila a cikin shekarun 1990 saboda ba a iyakance shige da fice na Yahudawa daga Tarayyar Soviet ba, ya gano cewa yawan shige da shige da Fice bai lalata cibiyoyin siyasa ba, kuma ya kara ingancin cibiyoyin tattalin arziki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Powell |first=Benjamin |last2=Clark |first2=J.R. |last3=Nowrasteh |first3=Alex |date=1 September 2017 |title=Does mass immigration destroy institutions? 1990s Israel as a natural experiment |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S016726811730166X |journal=Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization |language=en |volume=141 |pages=83–95 |doi=10.1016/j.jebo.2017.06.008 |issn=0167-2681 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2017 a cikin ''Jaridar Kimiyya ta Siyasa ta Burtaniya'' ya yi jayayya cewa yankunan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya ba tare da bautar ba sun karɓi cibiyoyin dimokuradiyya mafi kyau don jawo hankalin ma'aikatan ƙaura zuwa yankunansu.<ref name="Nikolova2015">{{Cite journal |last=Nikolova |first=Elena |date=1 January 2017 |title=Destined for Democracy? Labour Markets and Political Change in Colonial British America |url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1573632/ |journal=British Journal of Political Science |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=19–45 |doi=10.1017/S0007123415000101 |issn=0007-1234 |s2cid=17112994}}</ref><ref name="NikolovaNikolova2017">{{Cite journal |last=Nikolova |first=Elena |last2=Nikolova |first2=Milena |date=1 September 2017 |title=Suffrage, labour markets and coalitions in colonial Virginia |url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1573630/ |journal=European Journal of Political Economy |volume=49 |pages=108–122 |doi=10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2017.01.002 |s2cid=157369080}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2018 ya kasa samun shaidar cewa shige da fice zuwa Amurka yana raunana 'yancin tattalin arziki.<ref name="PadillaCachanosky2018">{{Cite journal |last=Padilla |first=Alexandre |last2=Cachanosky |first2=Nicolás |date=5 February 2018 |title=The Grecian horse: does immigration lead to the deterioration of American institutions? |journal=Public Choice |language=en |volume=174 |issue=3–4 |pages=351–405 |doi=10.1007/s11127-018-0509-5 |issn=0048-5829 |s2cid=157264613}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2019 a Jordan ya gano cewa yawan 'yan gudun hijira zuwa Jordan a lokacin Yakin Gulf yana da tasiri mai kyau a kan cibiyoyin tattalin arzikin Jordan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blondin |first=Cole |last2=Forrester |first2=Andrew C. |last3=Nowrasteh |first3=Alex |year=2019 |title=How Mass Immigration Affects Countries with Weak Economic Institutions: A Natural Experiment in Jordan |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/944551555006432470/pdf/How-Mass-Immigration-Affects-Countries-with-Weak-Economic-Institutions-A-Natural-Experiment-in-Jordan.pdf |journal=The World Bank Economic Review |language=en |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=533–549 |doi=10.1093/wber/lhy032}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == {{Columns-list|* [[Immigration country]] * [[Immigration minister]] * [[Immigration reform]] * [[International migration]] * [[Internal migration]] * [[Multiculturalism]] * [[People smuggling]] * [[Repatriation]] * [[Non-citizen suffrage]] * [[Non-resident citizen voting]] * [[Skilled worker#Migration]] * [[White genocide conspiracy theory]] * [[Women migrant workers from developing countries]] * [[Xenophobia]]}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ffmivy3ezmfgt3b93mgb8jqdvp3q6il 906679 906676 2026-08-23T20:16:58Z Ummu Ilham 45024 906679 wikitext text/x-wiki === '''Fassara zuwa Hausa''' === '''Shige da fice (Immigration) shi ne motsin mutane daga wata ƙasa zuwa wata ƙasa a duniya, inda mutanen ba su kasance mazauna ƙasar da suka je ba a da, ko kuma ba su da ƙasa (nationality) ta wannan ƙasar, da nufin zama a can a matsayin mazauna na dindindin (permanent residents).''' '''Mutanen da ke zirga-zirga zuwa wurin aiki (commuters), masu yawon buɗe ido (tourists), da sauran mutanen da ke yin zama na ɗan gajeren lokaci a ƙasar da suka ziyarta, ba sa cikin ma’anar shige da fice ko ƙaura. Sai dai idan mutum ya wuce lokacin da aka ba shi izinin zama da takardar izinin tafiya (travel visa), hakan na iya sa ya zama ɗan gudun hijira ko baƙon da ya koma mazaunin ƙasar, dangane da dokokin ƙasar.''' '''Haka kuma, a wasu lokuta ana iya haɗa ma’aikatan da ke zuwa aiki na wani lokaci (seasonal labour) cikin ma’anar shige da fice.''' A fannin tattalin arziki, bincike ya nuna cewa ƙaura na iya zama mai fa'ida ga ƙasashe masu karɓa da aikawa.<ref name="di GiovanniLevchenko2015">{{Cite journal |last=di Giovanni |first=Julian |last2=Levchenko |first2=Andrei A. |last3=Ortega |first3=Francesc |date=1 February 2015 |title=A Global View of Cross-Border Migration |url=https://econ-papers.upf.edu/papers/1414.pdf |journal=Journal of the European Economic Association |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=168–202 |doi=10.1111/jeea.12110 |issn=1542-4774 |s2cid=3465938}}</ref><ref name="WorldBank2016">{{Cite web |last=Willenbockel |first=Dirk Andreas |last2=Go |first2=Delfin Sia |last3=Ahmed |first3=S. Amer |date=11 April 2016 |title=Global migration revisited: short-term pains, long-term gains, and the potential of south-south migration |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2016/04/26208170/global-migration-revisited-short-term-pains-long-term-gains-potential-south-south-migration |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503090538/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2016/04/26208170/global-migration-revisited-short-term-pains-long-term-gains-potential-south-south-migration |archive-date=3 May 2016 |website=The World Bank |language=en}}</ref> Littattafan ilimi suna ba da haɗin gwiwar binciken don dangantakar da ke tsakanin shige da fice da aikata laifuka a duk duniya. Bincike ya nuna cewa ƙasar asalin ta shafi saurin da zurfin daidaitawar baƙi, amma akwai daidaitawa mai yawa gabaɗaya ga baƙi na farko da na biyu.<ref name="VillarrealTamborini2018">{{Cite journal |last=Villarreal |first=Andrés |last2=Tamborini |first2=Christopher R. |year=2018 |title=Immigrants' Economic Assimilation: Evidence from Longitudinal Earnings Records |journal=American Sociological Review |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=686–715 |doi=10.1177/0003122418780366 |pmc=6290669 |pmid=30555169}}</ref><ref name="Blau2015">{{Cite journal |last=Blau |first=Francine D. |date=2015 |title=Immigrants and Gender Roles: Assimilation vs. Culture |url=http://www.iza.org/conference_files/amm2014/blau_f340.pdf |journal=IZA Journal of Migration |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1186/s40176-015-0048-5 |s2cid=53414354 |access-date=13 October 2018 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nuna bambanci bisa ga kasa doka ce a yawancin ƙasashe.<ref name="Fennelly">{{Cite journal |last=Fennelly |first=David |last2=Murphy |first2=Clíodhna |date=2021 |title=Racial Discrimination and Nationality and Migration Exceptions: Reconciling CERD and the Race Equality Directive |journal=Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=308–328 |doi=10.1177/09240519211055648 |s2cid=243839359 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An sami shaidar [[Wariya|nuna bambanci]] ga mutanen da aka haifa a kasashen waje a cikin shari'ar aikata laifuka, kasuwanci, tattalin arziki, gidaje, kiwon lafiya, kafofin watsa labarai, da siyasa.<ref name="ZschirntRuedin2016">{{Cite journal |last=Zschirnt |first=Eva |last2=Ruedin |first2=Didier |date=27 May 2016 |title=Ethnic discrimination in hiring decisions: a meta-analysis of correspondence tests 1990–2015 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/3559839 |journal=Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies |volume=42 |issue=7 |pages=1115–1134 |doi=10.1080/1369183X.2015.1133279 |issn=1369-183X |s2cid=10261744}}</ref><ref name="Rich2014">{{Cite journal |last=Rich |first=Judy |date=October 2014 |title=What Do Field Experiments of Discrimination in Markets Tell Us? A Meta Analysis of Studies Conducted since 2000 |url=http://www.iza.org/en/webcontent/publications/papers/viewAbstract?dp_id=8584 |journal=IZA Discussion Papers |language=en |issue=8584 |ssrn=2517887 |access-date=24 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="RehaviStarr2014">{{Cite journal |last=Rehavi |first=M. Marit |last2=Starr |first2=Sonja B. |date=2014 |title=Racial Disparity in Federal Criminal Sentences |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/articles/1414 |journal=Journal of Political Economy |language=en |volume=122 |issue=6 |pages=1320–1354 |doi=10.1086/677255 |issn=0022-3808 |s2cid=3348344}}</ref><ref name="Enos2016">{{Cite journal |last=Enos |first=Ryan D. |date=1 January 2016 |title=What the Demolition of Public Housing Teaches Us about the Impact of Racial Threat on Political Behavior |journal=American Journal of Political Science |language=en |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=123–142 |doi=10.1111/ajps.12156 |s2cid=51895998}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kirkiro kalmar shige da fice a cikin karni na 17, yana nufin ƙungiyoyin jama'a marasa yaki tsakanin jihohin da ke tasowa. Lokacin da mutane suka haye iyakokin ƙasa yayin ƙaura, ana kiransu ''baƙi'' ko baƙi daga hangen nesa na ƙasar da aka nufa. Sabanin haka, daga hangen nesa na ƙasar da suka bar, ana kiransu 'yan gudun hijira ko' yan gudun hijira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=outmigrant |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/outmigrant |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718140923/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/outmigrant |archive-date=18 July 2012 |access-date=11 May 2016 |website=OxfordDictionaries.com |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>{{Multiple image|right}} == Kididdiga == {{Multiple image|right}}{{excerpt|Environmental migrant}}Ya zuwa 2015, yawan baƙi na duniya ya kai miliyan 244 a duk duniya, wanda ke nuna karuwar 41% tun daga 2000. Mafi yawan baƙi na duniya suna zaune a [[Immigration to the United States|Amurka]], tare da kashi 19% na jimlar duniya. Kashi ɗaya bisa uku na baƙi na duniya suna zaune a kasashe 20 kawai. [[Immigration to Germany|Jamus]] da Rasha sun karbi bakuncin baƙi miliyan 12 kowannensu, suna da matsayi na biyu da na uku a ƙasashe masu yawan baƙi a duk duniya. Saudi Arabia ta karbi bakuncin baƙi miliyan 10, sannan United Kingdom (miliyan 9) da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (miliyan 8). <ref name="UN.org-2015">{{Cite web |date=December 2015 |title=Trends in international migration, 2015 |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/populationfacts/docs/MigrationPopFacts20154.pdf |access-date=16 May 2016 |website=UN.org |publisher=[[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]], Population Division}}</ref> A mafi yawan sassan duniya, ƙaura tana faruwa tsakanin ƙasashe da ke cikin babban yanki ɗaya. Tsakanin 2000 da 2015, Asiya ta kara yawan baƙi na duniya fiye da kowane babban yanki a duniya, ta sami miliyan 26. Turai ta kara da ta biyu mafi girma tare da kimanin miliyan 20.<ref name="UN.org-2015" /> === Fassara zuwa Hausa === A shekarar '''2015''', adadin '''baƙin haure na ƙasa da ƙasa (international migrants)''' waɗanda shekarunsu suka gaza '''20''' ya kai '''miliyan 37''', yayin da '''miliyan 177''' suke tsakanin shekarun '''20 zuwa 64'''. Baƙin hauren da ke zaune a '''Afirka''' su ne suka fi kasancewa matasa, inda '''matsakaicin shekarunsu''' ya kasance '''shekara 29'''. Sai '''Asiya''', mai matsakaicin shekaru '''35''', sannan '''Latin Amurka da Caribbean''', mai shekaru '''36'''. A gefe guda, baƙin haure sun fi kasancewa manya a '''Arewacin Amurka''', inda matsakaicin shekarunsu ya kai '''42''', sai '''Turai''' mai '''43''', sannan '''Oceania''' mai '''44'''. <ref name="UN.org-2015" /> Kusan rabin (43%) na dukkan baƙi na duniya sun samo asali ne daga Asiya, kuma Turai ita ce wurin haihuwar yawan baƙi na biyu (25%), sannan Latin Amurka (15%). [[Indiyawa a Najeriya|Indiya]] tana da mafi girma a duniya (mutane miliyan 16), sannan Mexico (miliyan 12) da Rasha (miliyan 11). <ref name="UN.org-2015" /><div style="display:inline-table; vertical-align:top;">{{owidslider|start=2024|list=Template:OWID/Migrant stock total#gallery|location=commons|caption=|title=|language=|file=[[File:Migrant stock total, World, 2024 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|right|[[List of sovereign states by immigrant and emigrant population|The number of migrants and migrant workers per country]]]]|startingView=World}}</div>Binciken da Gallup ya yi a shekarar 2012 ya gano cewa idan aka ba da damar, manya miliyan 640 za su yi ƙaura zuwa wata ƙasa, tare da kashi 23% na waɗannan masu son zama baƙi da za su zaɓi [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a matsayin mazaunin da suke so a nan gaba, yayin da kashi 7% na masu amsawa, waɗanda ke wakiltar mutane miliyan 45, za su zaɓi Ingila. [[Kanada]], [[Faransa]], [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]], Australia, [[Jamus]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]], [[Italiya]], da [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]] sun kasance sauran manyan kasashe goma da ake so.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2012 |title=150 Million Adults Worldwide Would Migrate to the U.S |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/153992/150-Million-Adults-Worldwide-Migrate.aspx |access-date=14 May 2014 |publisher=Gallup.com}}</ref> == Abubuwan turawa da janyewa == [[Fayil:Multilingual_Pisnice_1858.JPG|thumb|Kasuwar Vietnamese mafi girma a [[Prag|Prague]], wanda aka fi sani da "Little Hanoi". A shekara ta 2009, akwai kimanin 70,000 Vietnamese a [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]].]] [[Fayil:Ridley_road_market_dalston_1.jpg|right|thumb|[[Landan]] ta zama ƙabila da yawa sakamakon shige da fice. A Landan a cikin 2008, yara Baƙar fata na Burtaniya da na Asiya sun fi yawan yara fararen Burtaniya da kimanin 3 zuwa 2 a makarantun gwamnati.]] One theory of immigration distinguishes between ''push and pull factors'', referring to the economic, political, and social influences by which people migrate from or to specific countries. Immigrants are motivated to leave their former countries of citizenship, or habitual residence, for a variety of reasons, including: a lack of local access to resources, a desire for economic prosperity, to find or engage in paid work, to better their [[Matsayin Rayuwa|standard of living]], family reunification, retirement, [[Masu Hijirar Muhalli|climate or environmentally induced]] migration, exile, escape from prejudice, conflict or natural disaster, or simply the wish to change one's quality of life. Commuters, [[Yawon bude ido|tourists]], and other short-term stays in a destination country do not fall under the definition of immigration or migration; seasonal labour immigration is sometimes included, however. '''Abubuwan da ke motsawa''' (ko abubuwan da ke ƙayyadewa) suna nufin da farko ga dalilin barin ƙasar asalin mutum (ko dai da son rai ko ba da son rai ba), yayin da abubuwan da ke jawowa (ko dalilai masu jan hankali) suna nufin dalilin mutum a baya ko ƙarfafawa zuwa ƙaura zuwa wata ƙasa. Game da ƙaura ta tattalin arziki (yawanci ƙaura ta ma'aikata), bambance-bambance a cikin yawan albashi ya zama ruwan dare. Idan darajar albashi a cikin sabuwar ƙasa ta wuce darajar albuuda a cikin ƙasarsu, zai iya zaɓar ƙaura, muddin farashin bai yi yawa ba. Musamman a cikin karni na 19, fadada tattalin arzikin Amurka ya kara yawan baƙi, kuma kusan kashi 15% na yawan jama'a an haife su ne 'yan kasashen waje, <ref>{{Cite web |last=York |first=Harlan |date=4 July 2015 |title=How Many People are Immigrants? |url=https://immigrationlawnj.com/how-many-people-are-immigrants/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909231007/https://immigrationlawnj.com/how-many-people-are-immigrants/ |archive-date=9 September 2015 |access-date=30 July 2015 |website=Harlan York and Associates}}</ref> don haka ya zama adadi mai yawa na ma'aikata. Yayinda fasahar sufuri ta inganta, lokacin tafiye-tafiye, da farashi sun ragu sosai tsakanin karni na 18 da farkon karni na 20. Tafiya a fadin Tekun Atlantika ya ɗauki makonni 5 a cikin karni na 18, amma a lokacin karni na 20 ya ɗauki kwanaki 8 kawai. Lokacin da farashin damar ya fi ƙasa, yawan shige da fice ya fi girma. Tserewa daga [[talauci]] (na mutum ko ga dangi da ke zaune a baya) wani abu ne na gargajiya, kuma kasancewar ayyuka aiki shine abin da ya shafi. [[Natural disaster|Bala'o'i na halitta]] na iya kara yawan ƙaura da ke haifar da talauci. Bincike ya nuna cewa ga ƙasashe masu matsakaicin kuɗi, yanayin zafi mafi girma yana ƙara yawan ƙaura zuwa birane da sauran ƙasashe. Ga ƙasashe masu karamin karfi, yanayin zafi mafi girma yana rage ƙaura.<ref name="CattaneoPeri2016">{{Cite journal |last=Cattaneo |first=Cristina |last2=Peri |first2=Giovanni |year=2016 |title=The Migration Response to Increasing Temperatures |url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w21622.pdf |journal=[[Journal of Development Economics]] |volume=122 |issue=C |pages=127–146 |bibcode=2016JDevE.122..127C |doi=10.1016/j.jdeveco.2016.05.004}}</ref> Binciken da ke bincika abubuwan turawa da janyewa don ƙaura daga [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]] ya gano cewa abubuwan muhalli sun taka muhimmiyar rawa idan aka kwatanta da tattalin arziki. Lokacin da suka nemi mutane kai tsaye su kwatanta shi, sun sami sakamako mai zuwa: <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2025 |title=Climate-Change Vulnerability and Climate Migration: Evidence from Guatemala |url=https://www.american.edu/spa/news/climate-change-vulnerability-08082025.cfm |access-date=12 August 2025 |website=American University}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Amsa !Yaduwar |- |Mafi kyawun albashi tare da ƙarancin haɗarin yanayi |68% |- |Mafi kyawun albashi tare da ƙarin haɗarin yanayi |32% |} Shige da fice da shige da ficewa wani lokacin wajibi ne a cikin kwangilar aiki: masu wa'azi na addini da ma'aikatan Kamfanoni na kasa da kasa, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasa da ƙasa, da kuma sabis na diflomasiyya, ta hanyar ma'anar, don aiki "a kasashen waje". Sau da yawa ana kiransu "baƙi", kuma yanayin aikinsu yawanci daidai ne ko mafi kyau fiye da waɗanda ke neman aiki a ƙasar da ke karɓar bakuncin (don irin wannan aiki). Abubuwan da ba na tattalin arziki ba sun haɗa da tsanantawa (addini da in ba haka ba), cin zarafi akai-akai, zalunci, zalunci na kabilanci, [[Kisan kiyashi|kisan kare dangi]], haɗari ga fararen hula a lokacin [[yaƙi]], da kuma warewar jama'a.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chiswick |first=Barry |date=March 2000 |title=The Earnings of Male Hispanic Immigrants in the United States |type=Working paper |publisher=[[University of Illinois at Chicago]] Institute for the Study of Labor |ssrn=224241}}</ref> Dalilan siyasa na al'ada suna motsa kwararar 'yan gudun hijira; alal misali, mutane na iya yin hijira don tserewa daga [[Mulkin kama-karya|mulkin kama karya]].<ref name="Borjas2016">{{Cite journal |last=Borjas |first=George J. |date=1 April 1982 |title=The Earnings of Male Hispanic Immigrants in the United States |journal=Industrial & Labor Relations Review |language=en |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=343–353 |doi=10.1177/001979398203500304 |issn=0019-7939 |s2cid=36445207}}</ref> Wasu ƙaura ne saboda dalilai na mutum, bisa ga dangantaka (misali kasancewa tare da iyali ko abokin tarayya), kamar a cikin sake haɗuwa da iyali ko auren ƙasashe (musamman a cikin misalin rashin daidaituwa na jinsi) ko dangantakar jinsi ɗaya. Sauran suna ƙaura don samun dama mafi aminci don bayyana asalin jinsi da samun damar kula da tabbatar da jinsi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Cerezo |first=Alison |last2=Morales |first2=Alejandro |last3=Quintero |first3=Danielle |last4=Rothman |first4=Stephanie |date=2014 |title=Trans migrations: Exploring life at the intersection of transgender identity and immigration. |url=https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/sgd0000031 |journal=Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=170–180 |doi=10.1037/sgd0000031 |issn=2329-0390 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya gano bambancin jinsi, shekaru, da al'adu a cikin mallakar ra'ayin yin ƙaura.<ref name="Rubin2013">{{Cite journal |last=Rubin |first=Mark |date=July 2013 |title="It Wasn't My Idea to Come Here!": Young Women Lack Ownership of the Idea to Immigrate – Mark Rubin's Social Psychology Research |url=https://sites.google.com/site/markrubinsocialpsychresearch/-it-wasn-t-my-idea-to-come-here-young-women-lack-ownership-of-the-idea-to-immigrate |journal=International Journal of Intercultural Relations |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=497–501 |doi=10.1016/j.ijintrel.2013.02.001 |issn=0147-1767 |access-date=3 October 2018 |ref=Rubin2013}}</ref> A wasu lokuta, mutum na iya so ya yi ƙaura zuwa sabuwar ƙasa ta hanyar canja wurin kishin kasa. Tserewa daga shari'ar aikata laifuka (misali, guje wa kamawa) wani dalili ne na mutum. Irin wannan ƙaura da shige da fice ba doka ba ce, idan an san wani laifi a duniya, kodayake masu laifi na iya ɓoye ainihin su ko samun wasu hanyoyi don kauce wa ganowa. Misali, akwai rahotanni na masu aikata laifukan yaki da ke nuna kansu a matsayin wadanda ke fama da yaki ko rikici sannan kuma suna neman mafaka a wata kasa daban.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haskell |first=Leslie |date=18 September 2014 |title=EU asylum and war criminals: No place to hide |url=https://euobserver.com/opinion/125664 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=EUobserver.com |publisher=EUobserver}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Knight |first=Ben |date=11 April 2016 |title=Refugees in Germany reporting dozens of war crimes |url=http://www.dw.com/en/refugees-in-germany-reporting-dozens-of-war-crimes/a-19179291 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Porter |first=Tom |date=26 February 2016 |title=Sweden: Syrian asylum seeker suspected of war crimes under Assad regime arrested in Stockholm |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/sweden-syrian-asylum-seeker-suspected-war-crimes-under-assad-regime-arrested-stockholm-1546149 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=International Business Times}}</ref> Shingen shige da fice ya zo ba kawai a cikin doka ba ko siyasa; shingen halitta da zamantakewa ga shige dafi na iya zama mai ƙarfi sosai. Baƙi lokacin da suke barin ƙasarsu suna barin duk abin da aka saba da shi: danginsu, abokai, cibiyar tallafi, da al'adu. Har ila yau, suna buƙatar warware dukiyarsu, kuma suna biyan kuɗin ƙaura. Lokacin da suka isa sabuwar ƙasa, wannan sau da yawa yana da rashin tabbas da yawa ciki har da neman aiki, inda za su rayu, sabbin dokoki, sabbin ka'idojin al'adu, harshe ko batutuwan magana, yiwuwar [[wariyar launin fata]], da sauran halayen warewa ga su da danginsu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nunez |first=Christina |date=12 December 2014 |title=The 7 biggest challenges facing refugees and immigrants in the US |url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/the-7-biggest-challenges-facing-refugees-and-immig/ |access-date=16 May 2016 |website=Global Citizen |publisher=Global Poverty Project}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charles Rodriguez |first=U. |last2=Venegas de la Torre |first2=M. D. L. P. |last3=Hecker |first3=V. |last4=Laing |first4=R. A. |last5=Larouche |first5=R. |date=2022 |title=The Relationship Between Nature and Immigrants' Integration, Wellbeing and Physical Activity: A Scoping Review |journal=Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=190–218 |doi=10.1007/s10903-022-01339-3 |pmid=35201532 |s2cid=247060104}}</ref><ref name="Djajić2013">{{Cite journal |last=Djajić |first=Slobodan |date=1 September 2013 |title=Barriers to immigration and the dynamics of emigration |journal=Journal of Macroeconomics |volume=37 |pages=41–52 |doi=10.1016/j.jmacro.2013.06.001}}</ref> [[Fayil:Čížov_(Zaisa)_-_preserved_part_of_Iron_curtain.JPG|thumb|An tsara Iron Curtain a Turai a matsayin hanyar hana ƙaura. "Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan ban dariya na tarihin Turai bayan yakin cewa, da zarar 'yancin tafiya ga Turawa da ke zaune a ƙarƙashin mulkin kwaminisanci, wanda Yamma ta daɗe tana buƙata, a ƙarshe an ba da shi a cikin 1989/90, ba da daɗewa ba ya zama mafi wuya ga Yamma kanta, kuma an gina sabbin shingen don maye gurbin Iron Curtain. "- Anita Böcker <ref>Anita Böcker (1998) [https://books.google.com/books?id=ejOg0L5pbHUC ''Regulation of migration: international experiences'']. Het Spinhuis. p. 218. {{ISBN|90-5589-095-2}}</ref>]] Nuna bambanci da azabtarwa bisa ga Jima'i da jinsi an ba da izini a cikin kasashe da yawa, tare da wasu suna sanya hukuncin kisa ga ayyukan jima'i. Wannan tsari na nuna bambanci ya bayyana a cikin manufofin shige da fice, inda dokoki zasu iya ƙuntata damar yin amfani da ayyuka da mafaka masu aminci ga Ƙungiyoyin da aka ware, gami da mutanen launin fata da membobin Al'ummar LGBTQ.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seuffert |first=Nan |date=2009-01-01 |title=Reflections on Transgender Immigration |journal=Griffith Law Review |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=428–452 |doi=10.1080/10383441.2009.10854649 |issn=1038-3441}}</ref> Kasashen da ake neman [[Mai Neman Mafaka|mafaka]] ma ba su da cikakken 'yanci daga nuna bambanci, suna rikitar da kokarin cimma matsaya.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Redcay |first=Alex |last2=Luquet |first2=Wade |last3=Huggin |first3=McKenzie E. |date=2019-12-01 |title=Immigration and Asylum for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Individuals |journal=Journal of Human Rights and Social Work |language=en |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=248–256 |doi=10.1007/s41134-019-00092-2 |issn=2365-1792}}</ref> === Environmental migration === {{Excerpt|History of human migration}} === Baƙi na tattalin arziki === [[Fayil:Indo-Bangladeshi_Barrier.JPG|right|thumb|Shingen Indo-Bangladeshi a cikin 2007. [[Indiya]] tana gina shingen rabuwa tare da iyakar kilomita 4,000 (2,500 tare da Bangladesh don hana shige da fice ba bisa ka'ida ba.]] Kasashe da yawa suna da ƙuntatawa na shige da fice da biza waɗanda ke hana mutum shiga ƙasar don manufar samun aiki ba tare da takardar izinin aiki ba. A matsayin keta dokokin shige da fice na [[Jaha|Jiha]], za a iya hana mutumin da aka ayyana shi a matsayin mai bautar tattalin arziki shiga cikin ƙasa. Bankin Duniya ya kiyasta cewa kudaden da aka aikawa sun kai dala biliyan 420 a shekara ta 2009, daga cikinsu dala biliyan 317 sun tafi kasashe masu tasowa. == Tasirin Tattalin Arziki == Research suggests that immigration can be beneficial both to the receiving and sending countries.<ref name="di GiovanniLevchenko2015" /><ref name="WorldBank2016" /> Immigration can have positive economic effects on the native population,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-21 |title=The Positive Economic Impact Of Immigration |url=https://www.fwd.us/news/immigration-facts-the-positive-economic-impact-of-immigration/ |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=FWD.us |language=en}}</ref> mixed effects where low-skilled immigration adversely affects underprivileged natives,<ref name="CardDustmann2012">{{Cite journal |last=Card |first=David |last2=Dustmann |first2=Christian |last3=Preston |first3=Ian |date=1 February 2012 |title=Immigration, Wages, and Compositional Amenities |url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w15521.pdf |journal=Journal of the European Economic Association |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=78–119 |doi=10.1111/j.1542-4774.2011.01051.x |issn=1542-4774 |s2cid=154303869}}</ref><ref name="IGM Forum">{{Cite web |title=Migration Within Europe {{!}} IGM Forum |url=http://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/migration-within-europe |access-date=7 December 2016 |website=www.igmchicago.org}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Poll Results {{!}} IGM Forum |url=http://www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel/poll-results?SurveyID=SV_0JtSLKwzqNSfrAF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905120022/http://www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel/poll-results?SurveyID=SV_0JtSLKwzqNSfrAF |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=19 September 2015 |website=www.igmchicago.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Poll Results {{!}} IGM Forum |url=http://www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel/poll-results?SurveyID=SV_5vuNnqkBeAMAfHv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029232825/http://www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel/poll-results?SurveyID=SV_5vuNnqkBeAMAfHv |archive-date=29 October 2019 |access-date=19 September 2015 |website=www.igmchicago.org}}</ref> reduce wages due to elasticity of labor supply,<ref name="g315">{{Cite journal |last=Borjas |first=George J. |last2=Freeman |first2=Richard B. |last3=Katz |first3=Lawrence F. |last4=DiNardo |first4=John |last5=Abowd |first5=John M. |year=1997 |title=How Much Do Immigration and Trade Affect Labor Market Outcomes? |journal=Brookings Papers on Economic Activity |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |volume=1997 |issue=1 |pages=1–90 |doi=10.2307/2534701 |issn=0007-2303 |jstor=2534701}}</ref> or achieve negative projected economic life-cycle impacts. Studies suggest that the elimination of barriers to migration would have profound effects on world GDP, with estimates of gains ranging between 67 and 147 percent for the scenarios in which 37 to 53 percent of the developing countries' workers migrate to the developed countries.<ref name="Iregui2003">{{Cite journal |last=Iregui |first=Ana Maria |date=1 January 2003 |title=Efficiency Gains from the Elimination of Global Restrictions on Labour Mobility: An Analysis using a Multiregional CGE Model |url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/unu/wpaper/dp2003-27.html |journal=Wider Working Paper Series}}</ref><ref name="Clemens2011">{{Cite journal |last=Clemens |first=Michael A |date=1 August 2011 |title=Economics and Emigration: Trillion-Dollar Bills on the Sidewalk? |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1912544_code794896.pdf?abstractid=1912544&mirid=1 |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=83–106 |doi=10.1257/jep.25.3.83 |issn=0895-3309 |s2cid=59507836 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="HamiltonWhalley1984">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=B. |last2=Whalley |first2=J. |date=1 February 1984 |title=Efficiency and distributional implications of global restrictions on labour mobility: calculations and policy implications |journal=Journal of Development Economics |volume=14 |issue=1–2 |pages=61–75 |doi=10.1016/0304-3878(84)90043-9 |issn=0304-3878 |pmid=12266702}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dustmann |first=Christian |last2=Preston |first2=Ian P. |date=2 August 2019 |title=Free Movement, Open Borders, and the Global Gains from Labor Mobility |journal=Annual Review of Economics |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=783–808 |doi=10.1146/annurev-economics-080218-025843 |issn=1941-1383 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Some development economists argue that reducing barriers to labor mobility or trade between developing countries and developed countries would be one of the most efficient tools of poverty reduction.<ref name="Milanovic2015">{{Cite journal |last=Milanovic |first=Branko |date=7 January 2014 |title=Global Inequality of Opportunity: How Much of Our Income Is Determined by Where We Live? |journal=Review of Economics and Statistics |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=452–460 |doi=10.1162/REST_a_00432 |issn=0034-6535 |s2cid=11046799 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Clemens-2019">{{Cite journal |last=Clemens |first=Michael A. |last2=Pritchett |first2=Lant |date=2019 |title=The New Economic Case for Migration Restrictions: An Assessment |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304387818306382 |journal=Journal of Development Economics |language=en |volume=138 |issue=9730 |pages=153–164 |doi=10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.12.003 |issn=0304-3878 |s2cid=204418677 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Work permits can crowd out citizens<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Doran |first=Kirk |last2=Gelber |first2=Alexander |last3=Isen |first3=Adam |date=2022 |title=The Effects of High-Skilled Immigration Policy on Firms: Evidence from Visa Lotteries |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/720467 |journal=Journal of Political Economy |volume=130 |issue=10 |pages=2501–2533 |doi=10.1086/720467 |issn=0022-3808 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> and increase unemployment.<ref name="a450">{{Cite journal |last=Dustmann |first=Christian |last2=Schönberg |first2=Uta |last3=Stuhler |first3=Jan |date=2017 |title=Labor Supply Shocks, Native Wages, and the Adjustment of Local Employment* |url=https://academic.oup.com/qje/article/132/1/435/2724541 |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=132 |issue=1 |pages=435–483 |doi=10.1093/qje/qjw032 |issn=0033-5533 |access-date=2026-08-18}}</ref><ref name="s728">{{Cite journal |last=Hunt |first=Jennifer |date=1992 |title=The Impact of the 1962 Repatriates from Algeria on the French Labor Market |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/001979399204500310 |journal=ILR Review |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=556–572 |doi=10.1177/001979399204500310 |issn=0019-7939 |access-date=2026-08-18}}</ref> Due to the compositional effect immigrants with below [[median income]] decrease and immigrants with above median income increase the median income of the whole population of a country.<ref name="g327">{{Cite journal |last=Dustmann |first=Christian |last2=Kastis |first2=Yannis |last3=Preston |first3=Ian |date=2024 |title=Inequality and immigration |url=https://academic.oup.com/ooec/article/3/Supplement_1/i453/7708103 |journal=Oxford Open Economics |volume=3 |issue=Supplement_1 |pages=i453–i473 |doi=10.1093/ooec/odad052 |issn=2752-5074 |access-date=2026-05-23 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Ingancin cibiyoyin === Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2015 ya gano "wasu shaidu cewa yawancin baƙi suna da tasiri mai kyau a kan ingancin ma'aikata. A mafi ƙaranci, sakamakonmu ya nuna cewa babu wani mummunan tasiri ga 'yancin tattalin arziki da ke da alaƙa da ƙarin shige da fice".<ref name="ClarkLawson2015">{{Cite journal |last=Clark |first=J.R. |last2=Lawson |first2=Robert |last3=Nowrasteh |first3=Alex |last4=Powell |first4=Benjamin |last5=Murphy |first5=Ryan |date=June 2015 |title=Does immigration impact institutions? |url=https://issuelab.org/resources/31059/31059.pdf |journal=[[Public Choice (journal)|Public Choice]] |volume=163 |issue=3 |pages=321–335 |doi=10.1007/s11127-015-0254-y |s2cid=55968273}}</ref>Wani binciken, yana kallon karuwar yawan jama'ar Isra'ila a cikin shekarun 1990 saboda ba a iyakance shige da fice na Yahudawa daga Tarayyar Soviet ba, ya gano cewa yawan shige da shige da Fice bai lalata cibiyoyin siyasa ba, kuma ya kara ingancin cibiyoyin tattalin arziki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Powell |first=Benjamin |last2=Clark |first2=J.R. |last3=Nowrasteh |first3=Alex |date=1 September 2017 |title=Does mass immigration destroy institutions? 1990s Israel as a natural experiment |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S016726811730166X |journal=Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization |language=en |volume=141 |pages=83–95 |doi=10.1016/j.jebo.2017.06.008 |issn=0167-2681 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2017 a cikin ''Jaridar Kimiyya ta Siyasa ta Burtaniya'' ya yi jayayya cewa yankunan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya ba tare da bautar ba sun karɓi cibiyoyin dimokuradiyya mafi kyau don jawo hankalin ma'aikatan ƙaura zuwa yankunansu.<ref name="Nikolova2015">{{Cite journal |last=Nikolova |first=Elena |date=1 January 2017 |title=Destined for Democracy? Labour Markets and Political Change in Colonial British America |url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1573632/ |journal=British Journal of Political Science |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=19–45 |doi=10.1017/S0007123415000101 |issn=0007-1234 |s2cid=17112994}}</ref><ref name="NikolovaNikolova2017">{{Cite journal |last=Nikolova |first=Elena |last2=Nikolova |first2=Milena |date=1 September 2017 |title=Suffrage, labour markets and coalitions in colonial Virginia |url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1573630/ |journal=European Journal of Political Economy |volume=49 |pages=108–122 |doi=10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2017.01.002 |s2cid=157369080}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2018 ya kasa samun shaidar cewa shige da fice zuwa Amurka yana raunana 'yancin tattalin arziki.<ref name="PadillaCachanosky2018">{{Cite journal |last=Padilla |first=Alexandre |last2=Cachanosky |first2=Nicolás |date=5 February 2018 |title=The Grecian horse: does immigration lead to the deterioration of American institutions? |journal=Public Choice |language=en |volume=174 |issue=3–4 |pages=351–405 |doi=10.1007/s11127-018-0509-5 |issn=0048-5829 |s2cid=157264613}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2019 a Jordan ya gano cewa yawan 'yan gudun hijira zuwa Jordan a lokacin Yakin Gulf yana da tasiri mai kyau a kan cibiyoyin tattalin arzikin Jordan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blondin |first=Cole |last2=Forrester |first2=Andrew C. |last3=Nowrasteh |first3=Alex |year=2019 |title=How Mass Immigration Affects Countries with Weak Economic Institutions: A Natural Experiment in Jordan |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/944551555006432470/pdf/How-Mass-Immigration-Affects-Countries-with-Weak-Economic-Institutions-A-Natural-Experiment-in-Jordan.pdf |journal=The World Bank Economic Review |language=en |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=533–549 |doi=10.1093/wber/lhy032}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == {{Columns-list|* [[Immigration country]] * [[Immigration minister]] * [[Immigration reform]] * [[International migration]] * [[Internal migration]] * [[Multiculturalism]] * [[People smuggling]] * [[Repatriation]] * [[Non-citizen suffrage]] * [[Non-resident citizen voting]] * [[Skilled worker#Migration]] * [[White genocide conspiracy theory]] * [[Women migrant workers from developing countries]] * [[Xenophobia]]}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0t8xg9ao1bwvbtsn3hlh8yvfkeke03h 906683 906679 2026-08-23T20:27:54Z Kamal JB 24987 /* Manazarta */ 906683 wikitext text/x-wiki === '''Fassara zuwa Hausa''' === '''Shige da fice (Immigration) shi ne motsin mutane daga wata ƙasa zuwa wata ƙasa a duniya, inda mutanen ba su kasance mazauna ƙasar da suka je ba a da, ko kuma ba su da ƙasa (nationality) ta wannan ƙasar, da nufin zama a can a matsayin mazauna na dindindin (permanent residents).''' '''Mutanen da ke zirga-zirga zuwa wurin aiki (commuters), masu yawon buɗe ido (tourists), da sauran mutanen da ke yin zama na ɗan gajeren lokaci a ƙasar da suka ziyarta, ba sa cikin ma’anar shige da fice ko ƙaura. Sai dai idan mutum ya wuce lokacin da aka ba shi izinin zama da takardar izinin tafiya (travel visa), hakan na iya sa ya zama ɗan gudun hijira ko baƙon da ya koma mazaunin ƙasar, dangane da dokokin ƙasar.''' '''Haka kuma, a wasu lokuta ana iya haɗa ma’aikatan da ke zuwa aiki na wani lokaci (seasonal labour) cikin ma’anar shige da fice.''' A fannin tattalin arziki, bincike ya nuna cewa ƙaura na iya zama mai fa'ida ga ƙasashe masu karɓa da aikawa.<ref name="di GiovanniLevchenko2015">{{Cite journal |last=di Giovanni |first=Julian |last2=Levchenko |first2=Andrei A. |last3=Ortega |first3=Francesc |date=1 February 2015 |title=A Global View of Cross-Border Migration |url=https://econ-papers.upf.edu/papers/1414.pdf |journal=Journal of the European Economic Association |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=168–202 |doi=10.1111/jeea.12110 |issn=1542-4774 |s2cid=3465938}}</ref><ref name="WorldBank2016">{{Cite web |last=Willenbockel |first=Dirk Andreas |last2=Go |first2=Delfin Sia |last3=Ahmed |first3=S. Amer |date=11 April 2016 |title=Global migration revisited: short-term pains, long-term gains, and the potential of south-south migration |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2016/04/26208170/global-migration-revisited-short-term-pains-long-term-gains-potential-south-south-migration |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503090538/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2016/04/26208170/global-migration-revisited-short-term-pains-long-term-gains-potential-south-south-migration |archive-date=3 May 2016 |website=The World Bank |language=en}}</ref> Littattafan ilimi suna ba da haɗin gwiwar binciken don dangantakar da ke tsakanin shige da fice da aikata laifuka a duk duniya. Bincike ya nuna cewa ƙasar asalin ta shafi saurin da zurfin daidaitawar baƙi, amma akwai daidaitawa mai yawa gabaɗaya ga baƙi na farko da na biyu.<ref name="VillarrealTamborini2018">{{Cite journal |last=Villarreal |first=Andrés |last2=Tamborini |first2=Christopher R. |year=2018 |title=Immigrants' Economic Assimilation: Evidence from Longitudinal Earnings Records |journal=American Sociological Review |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=686–715 |doi=10.1177/0003122418780366 |pmc=6290669 |pmid=30555169}}</ref><ref name="Blau2015">{{Cite journal |last=Blau |first=Francine D. |date=2015 |title=Immigrants and Gender Roles: Assimilation vs. Culture |url=http://www.iza.org/conference_files/amm2014/blau_f340.pdf |journal=IZA Journal of Migration |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1186/s40176-015-0048-5 |s2cid=53414354 |access-date=13 October 2018 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nuna bambanci bisa ga kasa doka ce a yawancin ƙasashe.<ref name="Fennelly">{{Cite journal |last=Fennelly |first=David |last2=Murphy |first2=Clíodhna |date=2021 |title=Racial Discrimination and Nationality and Migration Exceptions: Reconciling CERD and the Race Equality Directive |journal=Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=308–328 |doi=10.1177/09240519211055648 |s2cid=243839359 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An sami shaidar [[Wariya|nuna bambanci]] ga mutanen da aka haifa a kasashen waje a cikin shari'ar aikata laifuka, kasuwanci, tattalin arziki, gidaje, kiwon lafiya, kafofin watsa labarai, da siyasa.<ref name="ZschirntRuedin2016">{{Cite journal |last=Zschirnt |first=Eva |last2=Ruedin |first2=Didier |date=27 May 2016 |title=Ethnic discrimination in hiring decisions: a meta-analysis of correspondence tests 1990–2015 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/3559839 |journal=Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies |volume=42 |issue=7 |pages=1115–1134 |doi=10.1080/1369183X.2015.1133279 |issn=1369-183X |s2cid=10261744}}</ref><ref name="Rich2014">{{Cite journal |last=Rich |first=Judy |date=October 2014 |title=What Do Field Experiments of Discrimination in Markets Tell Us? A Meta Analysis of Studies Conducted since 2000 |url=http://www.iza.org/en/webcontent/publications/papers/viewAbstract?dp_id=8584 |journal=IZA Discussion Papers |language=en |issue=8584 |ssrn=2517887 |access-date=24 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="RehaviStarr2014">{{Cite journal |last=Rehavi |first=M. Marit |last2=Starr |first2=Sonja B. |date=2014 |title=Racial Disparity in Federal Criminal Sentences |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/articles/1414 |journal=Journal of Political Economy |language=en |volume=122 |issue=6 |pages=1320–1354 |doi=10.1086/677255 |issn=0022-3808 |s2cid=3348344}}</ref><ref name="Enos2016">{{Cite journal |last=Enos |first=Ryan D. |date=1 January 2016 |title=What the Demolition of Public Housing Teaches Us about the Impact of Racial Threat on Political Behavior |journal=American Journal of Political Science |language=en |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=123–142 |doi=10.1111/ajps.12156 |s2cid=51895998}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kirkiro kalmar shige da fice a cikin karni na 17, yana nufin ƙungiyoyin jama'a marasa yaki tsakanin jihohin da ke tasowa. Lokacin da mutane suka haye iyakokin ƙasa yayin ƙaura, ana kiransu ''baƙi'' ko baƙi daga hangen nesa na ƙasar da aka nufa. Sabanin haka, daga hangen nesa na ƙasar da suka bar, ana kiransu 'yan gudun hijira ko' yan gudun hijira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=outmigrant |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/outmigrant |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718140923/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/outmigrant |archive-date=18 July 2012 |access-date=11 May 2016 |website=OxfordDictionaries.com |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>{{Multiple image|right}} == Kididdiga == {{Multiple image|right}}{{excerpt|Environmental migrant}}Ya zuwa 2015, yawan baƙi na duniya ya kai miliyan 244 a duk duniya, wanda ke nuna karuwar 41% tun daga 2000. Mafi yawan baƙi na duniya suna zaune a [[Immigration to the United States|Amurka]], tare da kashi 19% na jimlar duniya. Kashi ɗaya bisa uku na baƙi na duniya suna zaune a kasashe 20 kawai. [[Immigration to Germany|Jamus]] da Rasha sun karbi bakuncin baƙi miliyan 12 kowannensu, suna da matsayi na biyu da na uku a ƙasashe masu yawan baƙi a duk duniya. Saudi Arabia ta karbi bakuncin baƙi miliyan 10, sannan United Kingdom (miliyan 9) da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (miliyan 8). <ref name="UN.org-2015">{{Cite web |date=December 2015 |title=Trends in international migration, 2015 |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/populationfacts/docs/MigrationPopFacts20154.pdf |access-date=16 May 2016 |website=UN.org |publisher=[[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]], Population Division}}</ref> A mafi yawan sassan duniya, ƙaura tana faruwa tsakanin ƙasashe da ke cikin babban yanki ɗaya. Tsakanin 2000 da 2015, Asiya ta kara yawan baƙi na duniya fiye da kowane babban yanki a duniya, ta sami miliyan 26. Turai ta kara da ta biyu mafi girma tare da kimanin miliyan 20.<ref name="UN.org-2015" /> === Fassara zuwa Hausa === A shekarar '''2015''', adadin '''baƙin haure na ƙasa da ƙasa (international migrants)''' waɗanda shekarunsu suka gaza '''20''' ya kai '''miliyan 37''', yayin da '''miliyan 177''' suke tsakanin shekarun '''20 zuwa 64'''. Baƙin hauren da ke zaune a '''Afirka''' su ne suka fi kasancewa matasa, inda '''matsakaicin shekarunsu''' ya kasance '''shekara 29'''. Sai '''Asiya''', mai matsakaicin shekaru '''35''', sannan '''Latin Amurka da Caribbean''', mai shekaru '''36'''. A gefe guda, baƙin haure sun fi kasancewa manya a '''Arewacin Amurka''', inda matsakaicin shekarunsu ya kai '''42''', sai '''Turai''' mai '''43''', sannan '''Oceania''' mai '''44'''. <ref name="UN.org-2015" /> Kusan rabin (43%) na dukkan baƙi na duniya sun samo asali ne daga Asiya, kuma Turai ita ce wurin haihuwar yawan baƙi na biyu (25%), sannan Latin Amurka (15%). [[Indiyawa a Najeriya|Indiya]] tana da mafi girma a duniya (mutane miliyan 16), sannan Mexico (miliyan 12) da Rasha (miliyan 11). <ref name="UN.org-2015" /><div style="display:inline-table; vertical-align:top;">{{owidslider|start=2024|list=Template:OWID/Migrant stock total#gallery|location=commons|caption=|title=|language=|file=[[File:Migrant stock total, World, 2024 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|right|[[List of sovereign states by immigrant and emigrant population|The number of migrants and migrant workers per country]]]]|startingView=World}}</div>Binciken da Gallup ya yi a shekarar 2012 ya gano cewa idan aka ba da damar, manya miliyan 640 za su yi ƙaura zuwa wata ƙasa, tare da kashi 23% na waɗannan masu son zama baƙi da za su zaɓi [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a matsayin mazaunin da suke so a nan gaba, yayin da kashi 7% na masu amsawa, waɗanda ke wakiltar mutane miliyan 45, za su zaɓi Ingila. [[Kanada]], [[Faransa]], [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]], Australia, [[Jamus]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]], [[Italiya]], da [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]] sun kasance sauran manyan kasashe goma da ake so.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2012 |title=150 Million Adults Worldwide Would Migrate to the U.S |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/153992/150-Million-Adults-Worldwide-Migrate.aspx |access-date=14 May 2014 |publisher=Gallup.com}}</ref> == Abubuwan turawa da janyewa == [[Fayil:Multilingual_Pisnice_1858.JPG|thumb|Kasuwar Vietnamese mafi girma a [[Prag|Prague]], wanda aka fi sani da "Little Hanoi". A shekara ta 2009, akwai kimanin 70,000 Vietnamese a [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]].]] [[Fayil:Ridley_road_market_dalston_1.jpg|right|thumb|[[Landan]] ta zama ƙabila da yawa sakamakon shige da fice. A Landan a cikin 2008, yara Baƙar fata na Burtaniya da na Asiya sun fi yawan yara fararen Burtaniya da kimanin 3 zuwa 2 a makarantun gwamnati.]] One theory of immigration distinguishes between ''push and pull factors'', referring to the economic, political, and social influences by which people migrate from or to specific countries. Immigrants are motivated to leave their former countries of citizenship, or habitual residence, for a variety of reasons, including: a lack of local access to resources, a desire for economic prosperity, to find or engage in paid work, to better their [[Matsayin Rayuwa|standard of living]], family reunification, retirement, [[Masu Hijirar Muhalli|climate or environmentally induced]] migration, exile, escape from prejudice, conflict or natural disaster, or simply the wish to change one's quality of life. Commuters, [[Yawon bude ido|tourists]], and other short-term stays in a destination country do not fall under the definition of immigration or migration; seasonal labour immigration is sometimes included, however. '''Abubuwan da ke motsawa''' (ko abubuwan da ke ƙayyadewa) suna nufin da farko ga dalilin barin ƙasar asalin mutum (ko dai da son rai ko ba da son rai ba), yayin da abubuwan da ke jawowa (ko dalilai masu jan hankali) suna nufin dalilin mutum a baya ko ƙarfafawa zuwa ƙaura zuwa wata ƙasa. Game da ƙaura ta tattalin arziki (yawanci ƙaura ta ma'aikata), bambance-bambance a cikin yawan albashi ya zama ruwan dare. Idan darajar albashi a cikin sabuwar ƙasa ta wuce darajar albuuda a cikin ƙasarsu, zai iya zaɓar ƙaura, muddin farashin bai yi yawa ba. Musamman a cikin karni na 19, fadada tattalin arzikin Amurka ya kara yawan baƙi, kuma kusan kashi 15% na yawan jama'a an haife su ne 'yan kasashen waje, <ref>{{Cite web |last=York |first=Harlan |date=4 July 2015 |title=How Many People are Immigrants? |url=https://immigrationlawnj.com/how-many-people-are-immigrants/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909231007/https://immigrationlawnj.com/how-many-people-are-immigrants/ |archive-date=9 September 2015 |access-date=30 July 2015 |website=Harlan York and Associates}}</ref> don haka ya zama adadi mai yawa na ma'aikata. Yayinda fasahar sufuri ta inganta, lokacin tafiye-tafiye, da farashi sun ragu sosai tsakanin karni na 18 da farkon karni na 20. Tafiya a fadin Tekun Atlantika ya ɗauki makonni 5 a cikin karni na 18, amma a lokacin karni na 20 ya ɗauki kwanaki 8 kawai. Lokacin da farashin damar ya fi ƙasa, yawan shige da fice ya fi girma. Tserewa daga [[talauci]] (na mutum ko ga dangi da ke zaune a baya) wani abu ne na gargajiya, kuma kasancewar ayyuka aiki shine abin da ya shafi. [[Natural disaster|Bala'o'i na halitta]] na iya kara yawan ƙaura da ke haifar da talauci. Bincike ya nuna cewa ga ƙasashe masu matsakaicin kuɗi, yanayin zafi mafi girma yana ƙara yawan ƙaura zuwa birane da sauran ƙasashe. Ga ƙasashe masu karamin karfi, yanayin zafi mafi girma yana rage ƙaura.<ref name="CattaneoPeri2016">{{Cite journal |last=Cattaneo |first=Cristina |last2=Peri |first2=Giovanni |year=2016 |title=The Migration Response to Increasing Temperatures |url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w21622.pdf |journal=[[Journal of Development Economics]] |volume=122 |issue=C |pages=127–146 |bibcode=2016JDevE.122..127C |doi=10.1016/j.jdeveco.2016.05.004}}</ref> Binciken da ke bincika abubuwan turawa da janyewa don ƙaura daga [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]] ya gano cewa abubuwan muhalli sun taka muhimmiyar rawa idan aka kwatanta da tattalin arziki. Lokacin da suka nemi mutane kai tsaye su kwatanta shi, sun sami sakamako mai zuwa: <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2025 |title=Climate-Change Vulnerability and Climate Migration: Evidence from Guatemala |url=https://www.american.edu/spa/news/climate-change-vulnerability-08082025.cfm |access-date=12 August 2025 |website=American University}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Amsa !Yaduwar |- |Mafi kyawun albashi tare da ƙarancin haɗarin yanayi |68% |- |Mafi kyawun albashi tare da ƙarin haɗarin yanayi |32% |} Shige da fice da shige da ficewa wani lokacin wajibi ne a cikin kwangilar aiki: masu wa'azi na addini da ma'aikatan Kamfanoni na kasa da kasa, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasa da ƙasa, da kuma sabis na diflomasiyya, ta hanyar ma'anar, don aiki "a kasashen waje". Sau da yawa ana kiransu "baƙi", kuma yanayin aikinsu yawanci daidai ne ko mafi kyau fiye da waɗanda ke neman aiki a ƙasar da ke karɓar bakuncin (don irin wannan aiki). Abubuwan da ba na tattalin arziki ba sun haɗa da tsanantawa (addini da in ba haka ba), cin zarafi akai-akai, zalunci, zalunci na kabilanci, [[Kisan kiyashi|kisan kare dangi]], haɗari ga fararen hula a lokacin [[yaƙi]], da kuma warewar jama'a.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chiswick |first=Barry |date=March 2000 |title=The Earnings of Male Hispanic Immigrants in the United States |type=Working paper |publisher=[[University of Illinois at Chicago]] Institute for the Study of Labor |ssrn=224241}}</ref> Dalilan siyasa na al'ada suna motsa kwararar 'yan gudun hijira; alal misali, mutane na iya yin hijira don tserewa daga [[Mulkin kama-karya|mulkin kama karya]].<ref name="Borjas2016">{{Cite journal |last=Borjas |first=George J. |date=1 April 1982 |title=The Earnings of Male Hispanic Immigrants in the United States |journal=Industrial & Labor Relations Review |language=en |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=343–353 |doi=10.1177/001979398203500304 |issn=0019-7939 |s2cid=36445207}}</ref> Wasu ƙaura ne saboda dalilai na mutum, bisa ga dangantaka (misali kasancewa tare da iyali ko abokin tarayya), kamar a cikin sake haɗuwa da iyali ko auren ƙasashe (musamman a cikin misalin rashin daidaituwa na jinsi) ko dangantakar jinsi ɗaya. Sauran suna ƙaura don samun dama mafi aminci don bayyana asalin jinsi da samun damar kula da tabbatar da jinsi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Cerezo |first=Alison |last2=Morales |first2=Alejandro |last3=Quintero |first3=Danielle |last4=Rothman |first4=Stephanie |date=2014 |title=Trans migrations: Exploring life at the intersection of transgender identity and immigration. |url=https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/sgd0000031 |journal=Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=170–180 |doi=10.1037/sgd0000031 |issn=2329-0390 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya gano bambancin jinsi, shekaru, da al'adu a cikin mallakar ra'ayin yin ƙaura.<ref name="Rubin2013">{{Cite journal |last=Rubin |first=Mark |date=July 2013 |title="It Wasn't My Idea to Come Here!": Young Women Lack Ownership of the Idea to Immigrate – Mark Rubin's Social Psychology Research |url=https://sites.google.com/site/markrubinsocialpsychresearch/-it-wasn-t-my-idea-to-come-here-young-women-lack-ownership-of-the-idea-to-immigrate |journal=International Journal of Intercultural Relations |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=497–501 |doi=10.1016/j.ijintrel.2013.02.001 |issn=0147-1767 |access-date=3 October 2018 |ref=Rubin2013}}</ref> A wasu lokuta, mutum na iya so ya yi ƙaura zuwa sabuwar ƙasa ta hanyar canja wurin kishin kasa. Tserewa daga shari'ar aikata laifuka (misali, guje wa kamawa) wani dalili ne na mutum. Irin wannan ƙaura da shige da fice ba doka ba ce, idan an san wani laifi a duniya, kodayake masu laifi na iya ɓoye ainihin su ko samun wasu hanyoyi don kauce wa ganowa. Misali, akwai rahotanni na masu aikata laifukan yaki da ke nuna kansu a matsayin wadanda ke fama da yaki ko rikici sannan kuma suna neman mafaka a wata kasa daban.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haskell |first=Leslie |date=18 September 2014 |title=EU asylum and war criminals: No place to hide |url=https://euobserver.com/opinion/125664 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=EUobserver.com |publisher=EUobserver}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Knight |first=Ben |date=11 April 2016 |title=Refugees in Germany reporting dozens of war crimes |url=http://www.dw.com/en/refugees-in-germany-reporting-dozens-of-war-crimes/a-19179291 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Porter |first=Tom |date=26 February 2016 |title=Sweden: Syrian asylum seeker suspected of war crimes under Assad regime arrested in Stockholm |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/sweden-syrian-asylum-seeker-suspected-war-crimes-under-assad-regime-arrested-stockholm-1546149 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=International Business Times}}</ref> Shingen shige da fice ya zo ba kawai a cikin doka ba ko siyasa; shingen halitta da zamantakewa ga shige dafi na iya zama mai ƙarfi sosai. Baƙi lokacin da suke barin ƙasarsu suna barin duk abin da aka saba da shi: danginsu, abokai, cibiyar tallafi, da al'adu. Har ila yau, suna buƙatar warware dukiyarsu, kuma suna biyan kuɗin ƙaura. Lokacin da suka isa sabuwar ƙasa, wannan sau da yawa yana da rashin tabbas da yawa ciki har da neman aiki, inda za su rayu, sabbin dokoki, sabbin ka'idojin al'adu, harshe ko batutuwan magana, yiwuwar [[wariyar launin fata]], da sauran halayen warewa ga su da danginsu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nunez |first=Christina |date=12 December 2014 |title=The 7 biggest challenges facing refugees and immigrants in the US |url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/the-7-biggest-challenges-facing-refugees-and-immig/ |access-date=16 May 2016 |website=Global Citizen |publisher=Global Poverty Project}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charles Rodriguez |first=U. |last2=Venegas de la Torre |first2=M. D. L. P. |last3=Hecker |first3=V. |last4=Laing |first4=R. A. |last5=Larouche |first5=R. |date=2022 |title=The Relationship Between Nature and Immigrants' Integration, Wellbeing and Physical Activity: A Scoping Review |journal=Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=190–218 |doi=10.1007/s10903-022-01339-3 |pmid=35201532 |s2cid=247060104}}</ref><ref name="Djajić2013">{{Cite journal |last=Djajić |first=Slobodan |date=1 September 2013 |title=Barriers to immigration and the dynamics of emigration |journal=Journal of Macroeconomics |volume=37 |pages=41–52 |doi=10.1016/j.jmacro.2013.06.001}}</ref> [[Fayil:Čížov_(Zaisa)_-_preserved_part_of_Iron_curtain.JPG|thumb|An tsara Iron Curtain a Turai a matsayin hanyar hana ƙaura. "Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan ban dariya na tarihin Turai bayan yakin cewa, da zarar 'yancin tafiya ga Turawa da ke zaune a ƙarƙashin mulkin kwaminisanci, wanda Yamma ta daɗe tana buƙata, a ƙarshe an ba da shi a cikin 1989/90, ba da daɗewa ba ya zama mafi wuya ga Yamma kanta, kuma an gina sabbin shingen don maye gurbin Iron Curtain. "- Anita Böcker <ref>Anita Böcker (1998) [https://books.google.com/books?id=ejOg0L5pbHUC ''Regulation of migration: international experiences'']. Het Spinhuis. p. 218. {{ISBN|90-5589-095-2}}</ref>]] Nuna bambanci da azabtarwa bisa ga Jima'i da jinsi an ba da izini a cikin kasashe da yawa, tare da wasu suna sanya hukuncin kisa ga ayyukan jima'i. Wannan tsari na nuna bambanci ya bayyana a cikin manufofin shige da fice, inda dokoki zasu iya ƙuntata damar yin amfani da ayyuka da mafaka masu aminci ga Ƙungiyoyin da aka ware, gami da mutanen launin fata da membobin Al'ummar LGBTQ.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seuffert |first=Nan |date=2009-01-01 |title=Reflections on Transgender Immigration |journal=Griffith Law Review |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=428–452 |doi=10.1080/10383441.2009.10854649 |issn=1038-3441}}</ref> Kasashen da ake neman [[Mai Neman Mafaka|mafaka]] ma ba su da cikakken 'yanci daga nuna bambanci, suna rikitar da kokarin cimma matsaya.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Redcay |first=Alex |last2=Luquet |first2=Wade |last3=Huggin |first3=McKenzie E. |date=2019-12-01 |title=Immigration and Asylum for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Individuals |journal=Journal of Human Rights and Social Work |language=en |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=248–256 |doi=10.1007/s41134-019-00092-2 |issn=2365-1792}}</ref> === Environmental migration === {{Excerpt|History of human migration}} === Baƙi na tattalin arziki === [[Fayil:Indo-Bangladeshi_Barrier.JPG|right|thumb|Shingen Indo-Bangladeshi a cikin 2007. [[Indiya]] tana gina shingen rabuwa tare da iyakar kilomita 4,000 (2,500 tare da Bangladesh don hana shige da fice ba bisa ka'ida ba.]] Kasashe da yawa suna da ƙuntatawa na shige da fice da biza waɗanda ke hana mutum shiga ƙasar don manufar samun aiki ba tare da takardar izinin aiki ba. A matsayin keta dokokin shige da fice na [[Jaha|Jiha]], za a iya hana mutumin da aka ayyana shi a matsayin mai bautar tattalin arziki shiga cikin ƙasa. Bankin Duniya ya kiyasta cewa kudaden da aka aikawa sun kai dala biliyan 420 a shekara ta 2009, daga cikinsu dala biliyan 317 sun tafi kasashe masu tasowa. == Tasirin Tattalin Arziki == Research suggests that immigration can be beneficial both to the receiving and sending countries.<ref name="di GiovanniLevchenko2015" /><ref name="WorldBank2016" /> Immigration can have positive economic effects on the native population,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-21 |title=The Positive Economic Impact Of Immigration |url=https://www.fwd.us/news/immigration-facts-the-positive-economic-impact-of-immigration/ |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=FWD.us |language=en}}</ref> mixed effects where low-skilled immigration adversely affects underprivileged natives,<ref name="CardDustmann2012">{{Cite journal |last=Card |first=David |last2=Dustmann |first2=Christian |last3=Preston |first3=Ian |date=1 February 2012 |title=Immigration, Wages, and Compositional Amenities |url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w15521.pdf |journal=Journal of the European Economic Association |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=78–119 |doi=10.1111/j.1542-4774.2011.01051.x |issn=1542-4774 |s2cid=154303869}}</ref><ref name="IGM Forum">{{Cite web |title=Migration Within Europe {{!}} IGM Forum |url=http://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/migration-within-europe |access-date=7 December 2016 |website=www.igmchicago.org}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Poll Results {{!}} IGM Forum |url=http://www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel/poll-results?SurveyID=SV_0JtSLKwzqNSfrAF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905120022/http://www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel/poll-results?SurveyID=SV_0JtSLKwzqNSfrAF |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=19 September 2015 |website=www.igmchicago.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Poll Results {{!}} IGM Forum |url=http://www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel/poll-results?SurveyID=SV_5vuNnqkBeAMAfHv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029232825/http://www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel/poll-results?SurveyID=SV_5vuNnqkBeAMAfHv |archive-date=29 October 2019 |access-date=19 September 2015 |website=www.igmchicago.org}}</ref> reduce wages due to elasticity of labor supply,<ref name="g315">{{Cite journal |last=Borjas |first=George J. |last2=Freeman |first2=Richard B. |last3=Katz |first3=Lawrence F. |last4=DiNardo |first4=John |last5=Abowd |first5=John M. |year=1997 |title=How Much Do Immigration and Trade Affect Labor Market Outcomes? |journal=Brookings Papers on Economic Activity |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |volume=1997 |issue=1 |pages=1–90 |doi=10.2307/2534701 |issn=0007-2303 |jstor=2534701}}</ref> or achieve negative projected economic life-cycle impacts. Studies suggest that the elimination of barriers to migration would have profound effects on world GDP, with estimates of gains ranging between 67 and 147 percent for the scenarios in which 37 to 53 percent of the developing countries' workers migrate to the developed countries.<ref name="Iregui2003">{{Cite journal |last=Iregui |first=Ana Maria |date=1 January 2003 |title=Efficiency Gains from the Elimination of Global Restrictions on Labour Mobility: An Analysis using a Multiregional CGE Model |url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/unu/wpaper/dp2003-27.html |journal=Wider Working Paper Series}}</ref><ref name="Clemens2011">{{Cite journal |last=Clemens |first=Michael A |date=1 August 2011 |title=Economics and Emigration: Trillion-Dollar Bills on the Sidewalk? |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1912544_code794896.pdf?abstractid=1912544&mirid=1 |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=83–106 |doi=10.1257/jep.25.3.83 |issn=0895-3309 |s2cid=59507836 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="HamiltonWhalley1984">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=B. |last2=Whalley |first2=J. |date=1 February 1984 |title=Efficiency and distributional implications of global restrictions on labour mobility: calculations and policy implications |journal=Journal of Development Economics |volume=14 |issue=1–2 |pages=61–75 |doi=10.1016/0304-3878(84)90043-9 |issn=0304-3878 |pmid=12266702}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dustmann |first=Christian |last2=Preston |first2=Ian P. |date=2 August 2019 |title=Free Movement, Open Borders, and the Global Gains from Labor Mobility |journal=Annual Review of Economics |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=783–808 |doi=10.1146/annurev-economics-080218-025843 |issn=1941-1383 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Some development economists argue that reducing barriers to labor mobility or trade between developing countries and developed countries would be one of the most efficient tools of poverty reduction.<ref name="Milanovic2015">{{Cite journal |last=Milanovic |first=Branko |date=7 January 2014 |title=Global Inequality of Opportunity: How Much of Our Income Is Determined by Where We Live? |journal=Review of Economics and Statistics |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=452–460 |doi=10.1162/REST_a_00432 |issn=0034-6535 |s2cid=11046799 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Clemens-2019">{{Cite journal |last=Clemens |first=Michael A. |last2=Pritchett |first2=Lant |date=2019 |title=The New Economic Case for Migration Restrictions: An Assessment |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304387818306382 |journal=Journal of Development Economics |language=en |volume=138 |issue=9730 |pages=153–164 |doi=10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.12.003 |issn=0304-3878 |s2cid=204418677 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Work permits can crowd out citizens<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Doran |first=Kirk |last2=Gelber |first2=Alexander |last3=Isen |first3=Adam |date=2022 |title=The Effects of High-Skilled Immigration Policy on Firms: Evidence from Visa Lotteries |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/720467 |journal=Journal of Political Economy |volume=130 |issue=10 |pages=2501–2533 |doi=10.1086/720467 |issn=0022-3808 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> and increase unemployment.<ref name="a450">{{Cite journal |last=Dustmann |first=Christian |last2=Schönberg |first2=Uta |last3=Stuhler |first3=Jan |date=2017 |title=Labor Supply Shocks, Native Wages, and the Adjustment of Local Employment* |url=https://academic.oup.com/qje/article/132/1/435/2724541 |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=132 |issue=1 |pages=435–483 |doi=10.1093/qje/qjw032 |issn=0033-5533 |access-date=2026-08-18}}</ref><ref name="s728">{{Cite journal |last=Hunt |first=Jennifer |date=1992 |title=The Impact of the 1962 Repatriates from Algeria on the French Labor Market |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/001979399204500310 |journal=ILR Review |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=556–572 |doi=10.1177/001979399204500310 |issn=0019-7939 |access-date=2026-08-18}}</ref> Due to the compositional effect immigrants with below [[median income]] decrease and immigrants with above median income increase the median income of the whole population of a country.<ref name="g327">{{Cite journal |last=Dustmann |first=Christian |last2=Kastis |first2=Yannis |last3=Preston |first3=Ian |date=2024 |title=Inequality and immigration |url=https://academic.oup.com/ooec/article/3/Supplement_1/i453/7708103 |journal=Oxford Open Economics |volume=3 |issue=Supplement_1 |pages=i453–i473 |doi=10.1093/ooec/odad052 |issn=2752-5074 |access-date=2026-05-23 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Ingancin cibiyoyin === Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2015 ya gano "wasu shaidu cewa yawancin baƙi suna da tasiri mai kyau a kan ingancin ma'aikata. A mafi ƙaranci, sakamakonmu ya nuna cewa babu wani mummunan tasiri ga 'yancin tattalin arziki da ke da alaƙa da ƙarin shige da fice".<ref name="ClarkLawson2015">{{Cite journal |last=Clark |first=J.R. |last2=Lawson |first2=Robert |last3=Nowrasteh |first3=Alex |last4=Powell |first4=Benjamin |last5=Murphy |first5=Ryan |date=June 2015 |title=Does immigration impact institutions? |url=https://issuelab.org/resources/31059/31059.pdf |journal=[[Public Choice (journal)|Public Choice]] |volume=163 |issue=3 |pages=321–335 |doi=10.1007/s11127-015-0254-y |s2cid=55968273}}</ref>Wani binciken, yana kallon karuwar yawan jama'ar Isra'ila a cikin shekarun 1990 saboda ba a iyakance shige da fice na Yahudawa daga Tarayyar Soviet ba, ya gano cewa yawan shige da shige da Fice bai lalata cibiyoyin siyasa ba, kuma ya kara ingancin cibiyoyin tattalin arziki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Powell |first=Benjamin |last2=Clark |first2=J.R. |last3=Nowrasteh |first3=Alex |date=1 September 2017 |title=Does mass immigration destroy institutions? 1990s Israel as a natural experiment |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S016726811730166X |journal=Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization |language=en |volume=141 |pages=83–95 |doi=10.1016/j.jebo.2017.06.008 |issn=0167-2681 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2017 a cikin ''Jaridar Kimiyya ta Siyasa ta Burtaniya'' ya yi jayayya cewa yankunan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya ba tare da bautar ba sun karɓi cibiyoyin dimokuradiyya mafi kyau don jawo hankalin ma'aikatan ƙaura zuwa yankunansu.<ref name="Nikolova2015">{{Cite journal |last=Nikolova |first=Elena |date=1 January 2017 |title=Destined for Democracy? Labour Markets and Political Change in Colonial British America |url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1573632/ |journal=British Journal of Political Science |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=19–45 |doi=10.1017/S0007123415000101 |issn=0007-1234 |s2cid=17112994}}</ref><ref name="NikolovaNikolova2017">{{Cite journal |last=Nikolova |first=Elena |last2=Nikolova |first2=Milena |date=1 September 2017 |title=Suffrage, labour markets and coalitions in colonial Virginia |url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1573630/ |journal=European Journal of Political Economy |volume=49 |pages=108–122 |doi=10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2017.01.002 |s2cid=157369080}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2018 ya kasa samun shaidar cewa shige da fice zuwa Amurka yana raunana 'yancin tattalin arziki.<ref name="PadillaCachanosky2018">{{Cite journal |last=Padilla |first=Alexandre |last2=Cachanosky |first2=Nicolás |date=5 February 2018 |title=The Grecian horse: does immigration lead to the deterioration of American institutions? |journal=Public Choice |language=en |volume=174 |issue=3–4 |pages=351–405 |doi=10.1007/s11127-018-0509-5 |issn=0048-5829 |s2cid=157264613}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2019 a Jordan ya gano cewa yawan 'yan gudun hijira zuwa Jordan a lokacin Yakin Gulf yana da tasiri mai kyau a kan cibiyoyin tattalin arzikin Jordan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blondin |first=Cole |last2=Forrester |first2=Andrew C. |last3=Nowrasteh |first3=Alex |year=2019 |title=How Mass Immigration Affects Countries with Weak Economic Institutions: A Natural Experiment in Jordan |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/944551555006432470/pdf/How-Mass-Immigration-Affects-Countries-with-Weak-Economic-Institutions-A-Natural-Experiment-in-Jordan.pdf |journal=The World Bank Economic Review |language=en |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=533–549 |doi=10.1093/wber/lhy032}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == {{Columns-list|* [[Immigration country]] * [[Immigration minister]] * [[Immigration reform]] * [[International migration]] * [[Internal migration]] * [[Multiculturalism]] * [[People smuggling]] * [[Repatriation]] * [[Non-citizen suffrage]] * [[Non-resident citizen voting]] * [[Skilled worker#Migration]] * [[White genocide conspiracy theory]] * [[Women migrant workers from developing countries]] * [[Xenophobia]]}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] smuddtvpfo5s1gqq0rgnwjiae8mtqsq 906684 906683 2026-08-23T20:28:15Z Kamal JB 24987 /* Manazarta */ 906684 wikitext text/x-wiki === '''Fassara zuwa Hausa''' === '''Shige da fice (Immigration) shi ne motsin mutane daga wata ƙasa zuwa wata ƙasa a duniya, inda mutanen ba su kasance mazauna ƙasar da suka je ba a da, ko kuma ba su da ƙasa (nationality) ta wannan ƙasar, da nufin zama a can a matsayin mazauna na dindindin (permanent residents).''' '''Mutanen da ke zirga-zirga zuwa wurin aiki (commuters), masu yawon buɗe ido (tourists), da sauran mutanen da ke yin zama na ɗan gajeren lokaci a ƙasar da suka ziyarta, ba sa cikin ma’anar shige da fice ko ƙaura. Sai dai idan mutum ya wuce lokacin da aka ba shi izinin zama da takardar izinin tafiya (travel visa), hakan na iya sa ya zama ɗan gudun hijira ko baƙon da ya koma mazaunin ƙasar, dangane da dokokin ƙasar.''' '''Haka kuma, a wasu lokuta ana iya haɗa ma’aikatan da ke zuwa aiki na wani lokaci (seasonal labour) cikin ma’anar shige da fice.''' A fannin tattalin arziki, bincike ya nuna cewa ƙaura na iya zama mai fa'ida ga ƙasashe masu karɓa da aikawa.<ref name="di GiovanniLevchenko2015">{{Cite journal |last=di Giovanni |first=Julian |last2=Levchenko |first2=Andrei A. |last3=Ortega |first3=Francesc |date=1 February 2015 |title=A Global View of Cross-Border Migration |url=https://econ-papers.upf.edu/papers/1414.pdf |journal=Journal of the European Economic Association |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=168–202 |doi=10.1111/jeea.12110 |issn=1542-4774 |s2cid=3465938}}</ref><ref name="WorldBank2016">{{Cite web |last=Willenbockel |first=Dirk Andreas |last2=Go |first2=Delfin Sia |last3=Ahmed |first3=S. Amer |date=11 April 2016 |title=Global migration revisited: short-term pains, long-term gains, and the potential of south-south migration |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2016/04/26208170/global-migration-revisited-short-term-pains-long-term-gains-potential-south-south-migration |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503090538/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2016/04/26208170/global-migration-revisited-short-term-pains-long-term-gains-potential-south-south-migration |archive-date=3 May 2016 |website=The World Bank |language=en}}</ref> Littattafan ilimi suna ba da haɗin gwiwar binciken don dangantakar da ke tsakanin shige da fice da aikata laifuka a duk duniya. Bincike ya nuna cewa ƙasar asalin ta shafi saurin da zurfin daidaitawar baƙi, amma akwai daidaitawa mai yawa gabaɗaya ga baƙi na farko da na biyu.<ref name="VillarrealTamborini2018">{{Cite journal |last=Villarreal |first=Andrés |last2=Tamborini |first2=Christopher R. |year=2018 |title=Immigrants' Economic Assimilation: Evidence from Longitudinal Earnings Records |journal=American Sociological Review |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=686–715 |doi=10.1177/0003122418780366 |pmc=6290669 |pmid=30555169}}</ref><ref name="Blau2015">{{Cite journal |last=Blau |first=Francine D. |date=2015 |title=Immigrants and Gender Roles: Assimilation vs. Culture |url=http://www.iza.org/conference_files/amm2014/blau_f340.pdf |journal=IZA Journal of Migration |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1186/s40176-015-0048-5 |s2cid=53414354 |access-date=13 October 2018 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nuna bambanci bisa ga kasa doka ce a yawancin ƙasashe.<ref name="Fennelly">{{Cite journal |last=Fennelly |first=David |last2=Murphy |first2=Clíodhna |date=2021 |title=Racial Discrimination and Nationality and Migration Exceptions: Reconciling CERD and the Race Equality Directive |journal=Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=308–328 |doi=10.1177/09240519211055648 |s2cid=243839359 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An sami shaidar [[Wariya|nuna bambanci]] ga mutanen da aka haifa a kasashen waje a cikin shari'ar aikata laifuka, kasuwanci, tattalin arziki, gidaje, kiwon lafiya, kafofin watsa labarai, da siyasa.<ref name="ZschirntRuedin2016">{{Cite journal |last=Zschirnt |first=Eva |last2=Ruedin |first2=Didier |date=27 May 2016 |title=Ethnic discrimination in hiring decisions: a meta-analysis of correspondence tests 1990–2015 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/3559839 |journal=Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies |volume=42 |issue=7 |pages=1115–1134 |doi=10.1080/1369183X.2015.1133279 |issn=1369-183X |s2cid=10261744}}</ref><ref name="Rich2014">{{Cite journal |last=Rich |first=Judy |date=October 2014 |title=What Do Field Experiments of Discrimination in Markets Tell Us? A Meta Analysis of Studies Conducted since 2000 |url=http://www.iza.org/en/webcontent/publications/papers/viewAbstract?dp_id=8584 |journal=IZA Discussion Papers |language=en |issue=8584 |ssrn=2517887 |access-date=24 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="RehaviStarr2014">{{Cite journal |last=Rehavi |first=M. Marit |last2=Starr |first2=Sonja B. |date=2014 |title=Racial Disparity in Federal Criminal Sentences |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/articles/1414 |journal=Journal of Political Economy |language=en |volume=122 |issue=6 |pages=1320–1354 |doi=10.1086/677255 |issn=0022-3808 |s2cid=3348344}}</ref><ref name="Enos2016">{{Cite journal |last=Enos |first=Ryan D. |date=1 January 2016 |title=What the Demolition of Public Housing Teaches Us about the Impact of Racial Threat on Political Behavior |journal=American Journal of Political Science |language=en |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=123–142 |doi=10.1111/ajps.12156 |s2cid=51895998}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kirkiro kalmar shige da fice a cikin karni na 17, yana nufin ƙungiyoyin jama'a marasa yaki tsakanin jihohin da ke tasowa. Lokacin da mutane suka haye iyakokin ƙasa yayin ƙaura, ana kiransu ''baƙi'' ko baƙi daga hangen nesa na ƙasar da aka nufa. Sabanin haka, daga hangen nesa na ƙasar da suka bar, ana kiransu 'yan gudun hijira ko' yan gudun hijira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=outmigrant |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/outmigrant |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718140923/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/outmigrant |archive-date=18 July 2012 |access-date=11 May 2016 |website=OxfordDictionaries.com |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>{{Multiple image|right}} == Kididdiga == {{Multiple image|right}}{{excerpt|Environmental migrant}}Ya zuwa 2015, yawan baƙi na duniya ya kai miliyan 244 a duk duniya, wanda ke nuna karuwar 41% tun daga 2000. Mafi yawan baƙi na duniya suna zaune a [[Immigration to the United States|Amurka]], tare da kashi 19% na jimlar duniya. Kashi ɗaya bisa uku na baƙi na duniya suna zaune a kasashe 20 kawai. [[Immigration to Germany|Jamus]] da Rasha sun karbi bakuncin baƙi miliyan 12 kowannensu, suna da matsayi na biyu da na uku a ƙasashe masu yawan baƙi a duk duniya. Saudi Arabia ta karbi bakuncin baƙi miliyan 10, sannan United Kingdom (miliyan 9) da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (miliyan 8). <ref name="UN.org-2015">{{Cite web |date=December 2015 |title=Trends in international migration, 2015 |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/populationfacts/docs/MigrationPopFacts20154.pdf |access-date=16 May 2016 |website=UN.org |publisher=[[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]], Population Division}}</ref> A mafi yawan sassan duniya, ƙaura tana faruwa tsakanin ƙasashe da ke cikin babban yanki ɗaya. Tsakanin 2000 da 2015, Asiya ta kara yawan baƙi na duniya fiye da kowane babban yanki a duniya, ta sami miliyan 26. Turai ta kara da ta biyu mafi girma tare da kimanin miliyan 20.<ref name="UN.org-2015" /> === Fassara zuwa Hausa === A shekarar '''2015''', adadin '''baƙin haure na ƙasa da ƙasa (international migrants)''' waɗanda shekarunsu suka gaza '''20''' ya kai '''miliyan 37''', yayin da '''miliyan 177''' suke tsakanin shekarun '''20 zuwa 64'''. Baƙin hauren da ke zaune a '''Afirka''' su ne suka fi kasancewa matasa, inda '''matsakaicin shekarunsu''' ya kasance '''shekara 29'''. Sai '''Asiya''', mai matsakaicin shekaru '''35''', sannan '''Latin Amurka da Caribbean''', mai shekaru '''36'''. A gefe guda, baƙin haure sun fi kasancewa manya a '''Arewacin Amurka''', inda matsakaicin shekarunsu ya kai '''42''', sai '''Turai''' mai '''43''', sannan '''Oceania''' mai '''44'''. <ref name="UN.org-2015" /> Kusan rabin (43%) na dukkan baƙi na duniya sun samo asali ne daga Asiya, kuma Turai ita ce wurin haihuwar yawan baƙi na biyu (25%), sannan Latin Amurka (15%). [[Indiyawa a Najeriya|Indiya]] tana da mafi girma a duniya (mutane miliyan 16), sannan Mexico (miliyan 12) da Rasha (miliyan 11). <ref name="UN.org-2015" /><div style="display:inline-table; vertical-align:top;">{{owidslider|start=2024|list=Template:OWID/Migrant stock total#gallery|location=commons|caption=|title=|language=|file=[[File:Migrant stock total, World, 2024 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|right|[[List of sovereign states by immigrant and emigrant population|The number of migrants and migrant workers per country]]]]|startingView=World}}</div>Binciken da Gallup ya yi a shekarar 2012 ya gano cewa idan aka ba da damar, manya miliyan 640 za su yi ƙaura zuwa wata ƙasa, tare da kashi 23% na waɗannan masu son zama baƙi da za su zaɓi [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a matsayin mazaunin da suke so a nan gaba, yayin da kashi 7% na masu amsawa, waɗanda ke wakiltar mutane miliyan 45, za su zaɓi Ingila. [[Kanada]], [[Faransa]], [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]], Australia, [[Jamus]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]], [[Italiya]], da [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]] sun kasance sauran manyan kasashe goma da ake so.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2012 |title=150 Million Adults Worldwide Would Migrate to the U.S |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/153992/150-Million-Adults-Worldwide-Migrate.aspx |access-date=14 May 2014 |publisher=Gallup.com}}</ref> == Abubuwan turawa da janyewa == [[Fayil:Multilingual_Pisnice_1858.JPG|thumb|Kasuwar Vietnamese mafi girma a [[Prag|Prague]], wanda aka fi sani da "Little Hanoi". A shekara ta 2009, akwai kimanin 70,000 Vietnamese a [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]].]] [[Fayil:Ridley_road_market_dalston_1.jpg|right|thumb|[[Landan]] ta zama ƙabila da yawa sakamakon shige da fice. A Landan a cikin 2008, yara Baƙar fata na Burtaniya da na Asiya sun fi yawan yara fararen Burtaniya da kimanin 3 zuwa 2 a makarantun gwamnati.]] One theory of immigration distinguishes between ''push and pull factors'', referring to the economic, political, and social influences by which people migrate from or to specific countries. Immigrants are motivated to leave their former countries of citizenship, or habitual residence, for a variety of reasons, including: a lack of local access to resources, a desire for economic prosperity, to find or engage in paid work, to better their [[Matsayin Rayuwa|standard of living]], family reunification, retirement, [[Masu Hijirar Muhalli|climate or environmentally induced]] migration, exile, escape from prejudice, conflict or natural disaster, or simply the wish to change one's quality of life. Commuters, [[Yawon bude ido|tourists]], and other short-term stays in a destination country do not fall under the definition of immigration or migration; seasonal labour immigration is sometimes included, however. '''Abubuwan da ke motsawa''' (ko abubuwan da ke ƙayyadewa) suna nufin da farko ga dalilin barin ƙasar asalin mutum (ko dai da son rai ko ba da son rai ba), yayin da abubuwan da ke jawowa (ko dalilai masu jan hankali) suna nufin dalilin mutum a baya ko ƙarfafawa zuwa ƙaura zuwa wata ƙasa. Game da ƙaura ta tattalin arziki (yawanci ƙaura ta ma'aikata), bambance-bambance a cikin yawan albashi ya zama ruwan dare. Idan darajar albashi a cikin sabuwar ƙasa ta wuce darajar albuuda a cikin ƙasarsu, zai iya zaɓar ƙaura, muddin farashin bai yi yawa ba. Musamman a cikin karni na 19, fadada tattalin arzikin Amurka ya kara yawan baƙi, kuma kusan kashi 15% na yawan jama'a an haife su ne 'yan kasashen waje, <ref>{{Cite web |last=York |first=Harlan |date=4 July 2015 |title=How Many People are Immigrants? |url=https://immigrationlawnj.com/how-many-people-are-immigrants/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909231007/https://immigrationlawnj.com/how-many-people-are-immigrants/ |archive-date=9 September 2015 |access-date=30 July 2015 |website=Harlan York and Associates}}</ref> don haka ya zama adadi mai yawa na ma'aikata. Yayinda fasahar sufuri ta inganta, lokacin tafiye-tafiye, da farashi sun ragu sosai tsakanin karni na 18 da farkon karni na 20. Tafiya a fadin Tekun Atlantika ya ɗauki makonni 5 a cikin karni na 18, amma a lokacin karni na 20 ya ɗauki kwanaki 8 kawai. Lokacin da farashin damar ya fi ƙasa, yawan shige da fice ya fi girma. Tserewa daga [[talauci]] (na mutum ko ga dangi da ke zaune a baya) wani abu ne na gargajiya, kuma kasancewar ayyuka aiki shine abin da ya shafi. [[Natural disaster|Bala'o'i na halitta]] na iya kara yawan ƙaura da ke haifar da talauci. Bincike ya nuna cewa ga ƙasashe masu matsakaicin kuɗi, yanayin zafi mafi girma yana ƙara yawan ƙaura zuwa birane da sauran ƙasashe. Ga ƙasashe masu karamin karfi, yanayin zafi mafi girma yana rage ƙaura.<ref name="CattaneoPeri2016">{{Cite journal |last=Cattaneo |first=Cristina |last2=Peri |first2=Giovanni |year=2016 |title=The Migration Response to Increasing Temperatures |url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w21622.pdf |journal=[[Journal of Development Economics]] |volume=122 |issue=C |pages=127–146 |bibcode=2016JDevE.122..127C |doi=10.1016/j.jdeveco.2016.05.004}}</ref> Binciken da ke bincika abubuwan turawa da janyewa don ƙaura daga [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]] ya gano cewa abubuwan muhalli sun taka muhimmiyar rawa idan aka kwatanta da tattalin arziki. Lokacin da suka nemi mutane kai tsaye su kwatanta shi, sun sami sakamako mai zuwa: <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2025 |title=Climate-Change Vulnerability and Climate Migration: Evidence from Guatemala |url=https://www.american.edu/spa/news/climate-change-vulnerability-08082025.cfm |access-date=12 August 2025 |website=American University}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Amsa !Yaduwar |- |Mafi kyawun albashi tare da ƙarancin haɗarin yanayi |68% |- |Mafi kyawun albashi tare da ƙarin haɗarin yanayi |32% |} Shige da fice da shige da ficewa wani lokacin wajibi ne a cikin kwangilar aiki: masu wa'azi na addini da ma'aikatan Kamfanoni na kasa da kasa, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasa da ƙasa, da kuma sabis na diflomasiyya, ta hanyar ma'anar, don aiki "a kasashen waje". Sau da yawa ana kiransu "baƙi", kuma yanayin aikinsu yawanci daidai ne ko mafi kyau fiye da waɗanda ke neman aiki a ƙasar da ke karɓar bakuncin (don irin wannan aiki). Abubuwan da ba na tattalin arziki ba sun haɗa da tsanantawa (addini da in ba haka ba), cin zarafi akai-akai, zalunci, zalunci na kabilanci, [[Kisan kiyashi|kisan kare dangi]], haɗari ga fararen hula a lokacin [[yaƙi]], da kuma warewar jama'a.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chiswick |first=Barry |date=March 2000 |title=The Earnings of Male Hispanic Immigrants in the United States |type=Working paper |publisher=[[University of Illinois at Chicago]] Institute for the Study of Labor |ssrn=224241}}</ref> Dalilan siyasa na al'ada suna motsa kwararar 'yan gudun hijira; alal misali, mutane na iya yin hijira don tserewa daga [[Mulkin kama-karya|mulkin kama karya]].<ref name="Borjas2016">{{Cite journal |last=Borjas |first=George J. |date=1 April 1982 |title=The Earnings of Male Hispanic Immigrants in the United States |journal=Industrial & Labor Relations Review |language=en |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=343–353 |doi=10.1177/001979398203500304 |issn=0019-7939 |s2cid=36445207}}</ref> Wasu ƙaura ne saboda dalilai na mutum, bisa ga dangantaka (misali kasancewa tare da iyali ko abokin tarayya), kamar a cikin sake haɗuwa da iyali ko auren ƙasashe (musamman a cikin misalin rashin daidaituwa na jinsi) ko dangantakar jinsi ɗaya. Sauran suna ƙaura don samun dama mafi aminci don bayyana asalin jinsi da samun damar kula da tabbatar da jinsi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Cerezo |first=Alison |last2=Morales |first2=Alejandro |last3=Quintero |first3=Danielle |last4=Rothman |first4=Stephanie |date=2014 |title=Trans migrations: Exploring life at the intersection of transgender identity and immigration. |url=https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/sgd0000031 |journal=Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=170–180 |doi=10.1037/sgd0000031 |issn=2329-0390 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya gano bambancin jinsi, shekaru, da al'adu a cikin mallakar ra'ayin yin ƙaura.<ref name="Rubin2013">{{Cite journal |last=Rubin |first=Mark |date=July 2013 |title="It Wasn't My Idea to Come Here!": Young Women Lack Ownership of the Idea to Immigrate – Mark Rubin's Social Psychology Research |url=https://sites.google.com/site/markrubinsocialpsychresearch/-it-wasn-t-my-idea-to-come-here-young-women-lack-ownership-of-the-idea-to-immigrate |journal=International Journal of Intercultural Relations |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=497–501 |doi=10.1016/j.ijintrel.2013.02.001 |issn=0147-1767 |access-date=3 October 2018 |ref=Rubin2013}}</ref> A wasu lokuta, mutum na iya so ya yi ƙaura zuwa sabuwar ƙasa ta hanyar canja wurin kishin kasa. Tserewa daga shari'ar aikata laifuka (misali, guje wa kamawa) wani dalili ne na mutum. Irin wannan ƙaura da shige da fice ba doka ba ce, idan an san wani laifi a duniya, kodayake masu laifi na iya ɓoye ainihin su ko samun wasu hanyoyi don kauce wa ganowa. Misali, akwai rahotanni na masu aikata laifukan yaki da ke nuna kansu a matsayin wadanda ke fama da yaki ko rikici sannan kuma suna neman mafaka a wata kasa daban.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haskell |first=Leslie |date=18 September 2014 |title=EU asylum and war criminals: No place to hide |url=https://euobserver.com/opinion/125664 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=EUobserver.com |publisher=EUobserver}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Knight |first=Ben |date=11 April 2016 |title=Refugees in Germany reporting dozens of war crimes |url=http://www.dw.com/en/refugees-in-germany-reporting-dozens-of-war-crimes/a-19179291 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Porter |first=Tom |date=26 February 2016 |title=Sweden: Syrian asylum seeker suspected of war crimes under Assad regime arrested in Stockholm |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/sweden-syrian-asylum-seeker-suspected-war-crimes-under-assad-regime-arrested-stockholm-1546149 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=International Business Times}}</ref> Shingen shige da fice ya zo ba kawai a cikin doka ba ko siyasa; shingen halitta da zamantakewa ga shige dafi na iya zama mai ƙarfi sosai. Baƙi lokacin da suke barin ƙasarsu suna barin duk abin da aka saba da shi: danginsu, abokai, cibiyar tallafi, da al'adu. Har ila yau, suna buƙatar warware dukiyarsu, kuma suna biyan kuɗin ƙaura. Lokacin da suka isa sabuwar ƙasa, wannan sau da yawa yana da rashin tabbas da yawa ciki har da neman aiki, inda za su rayu, sabbin dokoki, sabbin ka'idojin al'adu, harshe ko batutuwan magana, yiwuwar [[wariyar launin fata]], da sauran halayen warewa ga su da danginsu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nunez |first=Christina |date=12 December 2014 |title=The 7 biggest challenges facing refugees and immigrants in the US |url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/the-7-biggest-challenges-facing-refugees-and-immig/ |access-date=16 May 2016 |website=Global Citizen |publisher=Global Poverty Project}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charles Rodriguez |first=U. |last2=Venegas de la Torre |first2=M. D. L. P. |last3=Hecker |first3=V. |last4=Laing |first4=R. A. |last5=Larouche |first5=R. |date=2022 |title=The Relationship Between Nature and Immigrants' Integration, Wellbeing and Physical Activity: A Scoping Review |journal=Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=190–218 |doi=10.1007/s10903-022-01339-3 |pmid=35201532 |s2cid=247060104}}</ref><ref name="Djajić2013">{{Cite journal |last=Djajić |first=Slobodan |date=1 September 2013 |title=Barriers to immigration and the dynamics of emigration |journal=Journal of Macroeconomics |volume=37 |pages=41–52 |doi=10.1016/j.jmacro.2013.06.001}}</ref> [[Fayil:Čížov_(Zaisa)_-_preserved_part_of_Iron_curtain.JPG|thumb|An tsara Iron Curtain a Turai a matsayin hanyar hana ƙaura. "Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan ban dariya na tarihin Turai bayan yakin cewa, da zarar 'yancin tafiya ga Turawa da ke zaune a ƙarƙashin mulkin kwaminisanci, wanda Yamma ta daɗe tana buƙata, a ƙarshe an ba da shi a cikin 1989/90, ba da daɗewa ba ya zama mafi wuya ga Yamma kanta, kuma an gina sabbin shingen don maye gurbin Iron Curtain. "- Anita Böcker <ref>Anita Böcker (1998) [https://books.google.com/books?id=ejOg0L5pbHUC ''Regulation of migration: international experiences'']. Het Spinhuis. p. 218. {{ISBN|90-5589-095-2}}</ref>]] Nuna bambanci da azabtarwa bisa ga Jima'i da jinsi an ba da izini a cikin kasashe da yawa, tare da wasu suna sanya hukuncin kisa ga ayyukan jima'i. Wannan tsari na nuna bambanci ya bayyana a cikin manufofin shige da fice, inda dokoki zasu iya ƙuntata damar yin amfani da ayyuka da mafaka masu aminci ga Ƙungiyoyin da aka ware, gami da mutanen launin fata da membobin Al'ummar LGBTQ.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seuffert |first=Nan |date=2009-01-01 |title=Reflections on Transgender Immigration |journal=Griffith Law Review |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=428–452 |doi=10.1080/10383441.2009.10854649 |issn=1038-3441}}</ref> Kasashen da ake neman [[Mai Neman Mafaka|mafaka]] ma ba su da cikakken 'yanci daga nuna bambanci, suna rikitar da kokarin cimma matsaya.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Redcay |first=Alex |last2=Luquet |first2=Wade |last3=Huggin |first3=McKenzie E. |date=2019-12-01 |title=Immigration and Asylum for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Individuals |journal=Journal of Human Rights and Social Work |language=en |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=248–256 |doi=10.1007/s41134-019-00092-2 |issn=2365-1792}}</ref> === Environmental migration === {{Excerpt|History of human migration}} === Baƙi na tattalin arziki === [[Fayil:Indo-Bangladeshi_Barrier.JPG|right|thumb|Shingen Indo-Bangladeshi a cikin 2007. [[Indiya]] tana gina shingen rabuwa tare da iyakar kilomita 4,000 (2,500 tare da Bangladesh don hana shige da fice ba bisa ka'ida ba.]] Kasashe da yawa suna da ƙuntatawa na shige da fice da biza waɗanda ke hana mutum shiga ƙasar don manufar samun aiki ba tare da takardar izinin aiki ba. A matsayin keta dokokin shige da fice na [[Jaha|Jiha]], za a iya hana mutumin da aka ayyana shi a matsayin mai bautar tattalin arziki shiga cikin ƙasa. Bankin Duniya ya kiyasta cewa kudaden da aka aikawa sun kai dala biliyan 420 a shekara ta 2009, daga cikinsu dala biliyan 317 sun tafi kasashe masu tasowa. == Tasirin Tattalin Arziki == Research suggests that immigration can be beneficial both to the receiving and sending countries.<ref name="di GiovanniLevchenko2015" /><ref name="WorldBank2016" /> Immigration can have positive economic effects on the native population,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-21 |title=The Positive Economic Impact Of Immigration |url=https://www.fwd.us/news/immigration-facts-the-positive-economic-impact-of-immigration/ |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=FWD.us |language=en}}</ref> mixed effects where low-skilled immigration adversely affects underprivileged natives,<ref name="CardDustmann2012">{{Cite journal |last=Card |first=David |last2=Dustmann |first2=Christian |last3=Preston |first3=Ian |date=1 February 2012 |title=Immigration, Wages, and Compositional Amenities |url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w15521.pdf |journal=Journal of the European Economic Association |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=78–119 |doi=10.1111/j.1542-4774.2011.01051.x |issn=1542-4774 |s2cid=154303869}}</ref><ref name="IGM Forum">{{Cite web |title=Migration Within Europe {{!}} IGM Forum |url=http://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/migration-within-europe |access-date=7 December 2016 |website=www.igmchicago.org}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Poll Results {{!}} IGM Forum |url=http://www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel/poll-results?SurveyID=SV_0JtSLKwzqNSfrAF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905120022/http://www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel/poll-results?SurveyID=SV_0JtSLKwzqNSfrAF |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=19 September 2015 |website=www.igmchicago.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Poll Results {{!}} IGM Forum |url=http://www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel/poll-results?SurveyID=SV_5vuNnqkBeAMAfHv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029232825/http://www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel/poll-results?SurveyID=SV_5vuNnqkBeAMAfHv |archive-date=29 October 2019 |access-date=19 September 2015 |website=www.igmchicago.org}}</ref> reduce wages due to elasticity of labor supply,<ref name="g315">{{Cite journal |last=Borjas |first=George J. |last2=Freeman |first2=Richard B. |last3=Katz |first3=Lawrence F. |last4=DiNardo |first4=John |last5=Abowd |first5=John M. |year=1997 |title=How Much Do Immigration and Trade Affect Labor Market Outcomes? |journal=Brookings Papers on Economic Activity |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |volume=1997 |issue=1 |pages=1–90 |doi=10.2307/2534701 |issn=0007-2303 |jstor=2534701}}</ref> or achieve negative projected economic life-cycle impacts. Studies suggest that the elimination of barriers to migration would have profound effects on world GDP, with estimates of gains ranging between 67 and 147 percent for the scenarios in which 37 to 53 percent of the developing countries' workers migrate to the developed countries.<ref name="Iregui2003">{{Cite journal |last=Iregui |first=Ana Maria |date=1 January 2003 |title=Efficiency Gains from the Elimination of Global Restrictions on Labour Mobility: An Analysis using a Multiregional CGE Model |url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/unu/wpaper/dp2003-27.html |journal=Wider Working Paper Series}}</ref><ref name="Clemens2011">{{Cite journal |last=Clemens |first=Michael A |date=1 August 2011 |title=Economics and Emigration: Trillion-Dollar Bills on the Sidewalk? |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1912544_code794896.pdf?abstractid=1912544&mirid=1 |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=83–106 |doi=10.1257/jep.25.3.83 |issn=0895-3309 |s2cid=59507836 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="HamiltonWhalley1984">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=B. |last2=Whalley |first2=J. |date=1 February 1984 |title=Efficiency and distributional implications of global restrictions on labour mobility: calculations and policy implications |journal=Journal of Development Economics |volume=14 |issue=1–2 |pages=61–75 |doi=10.1016/0304-3878(84)90043-9 |issn=0304-3878 |pmid=12266702}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dustmann |first=Christian |last2=Preston |first2=Ian P. |date=2 August 2019 |title=Free Movement, Open Borders, and the Global Gains from Labor Mobility |journal=Annual Review of Economics |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=783–808 |doi=10.1146/annurev-economics-080218-025843 |issn=1941-1383 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Some development economists argue that reducing barriers to labor mobility or trade between developing countries and developed countries would be one of the most efficient tools of poverty reduction.<ref name="Milanovic2015">{{Cite journal |last=Milanovic |first=Branko |date=7 January 2014 |title=Global Inequality of Opportunity: How Much of Our Income Is Determined by Where We Live? |journal=Review of Economics and Statistics |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=452–460 |doi=10.1162/REST_a_00432 |issn=0034-6535 |s2cid=11046799 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Clemens-2019">{{Cite journal |last=Clemens |first=Michael A. |last2=Pritchett |first2=Lant |date=2019 |title=The New Economic Case for Migration Restrictions: An Assessment |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304387818306382 |journal=Journal of Development Economics |language=en |volume=138 |issue=9730 |pages=153–164 |doi=10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.12.003 |issn=0304-3878 |s2cid=204418677 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Work permits can crowd out citizens<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Doran |first=Kirk |last2=Gelber |first2=Alexander |last3=Isen |first3=Adam |date=2022 |title=The Effects of High-Skilled Immigration Policy on Firms: Evidence from Visa Lotteries |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/720467 |journal=Journal of Political Economy |volume=130 |issue=10 |pages=2501–2533 |doi=10.1086/720467 |issn=0022-3808 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> and increase unemployment.<ref name="a450">{{Cite journal |last=Dustmann |first=Christian |last2=Schönberg |first2=Uta |last3=Stuhler |first3=Jan |date=2017 |title=Labor Supply Shocks, Native Wages, and the Adjustment of Local Employment* |url=https://academic.oup.com/qje/article/132/1/435/2724541 |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=132 |issue=1 |pages=435–483 |doi=10.1093/qje/qjw032 |issn=0033-5533 |access-date=2026-08-18}}</ref><ref name="s728">{{Cite journal |last=Hunt |first=Jennifer |date=1992 |title=The Impact of the 1962 Repatriates from Algeria on the French Labor Market |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/001979399204500310 |journal=ILR Review |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=556–572 |doi=10.1177/001979399204500310 |issn=0019-7939 |access-date=2026-08-18}}</ref> Due to the compositional effect immigrants with below [[median income]] decrease and immigrants with above median income increase the median income of the whole population of a country.<ref name="g327">{{Cite journal |last=Dustmann |first=Christian |last2=Kastis |first2=Yannis |last3=Preston |first3=Ian |date=2024 |title=Inequality and immigration |url=https://academic.oup.com/ooec/article/3/Supplement_1/i453/7708103 |journal=Oxford Open Economics |volume=3 |issue=Supplement_1 |pages=i453–i473 |doi=10.1093/ooec/odad052 |issn=2752-5074 |access-date=2026-05-23 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Ingancin cibiyoyin === Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2015 ya gano "wasu shaidu cewa yawancin baƙi suna da tasiri mai kyau a kan ingancin ma'aikata. A mafi ƙaranci, sakamakonmu ya nuna cewa babu wani mummunan tasiri ga 'yancin tattalin arziki da ke da alaƙa da ƙarin shige da fice".<ref name="ClarkLawson2015">{{Cite journal |last=Clark |first=J.R. |last2=Lawson |first2=Robert |last3=Nowrasteh |first3=Alex |last4=Powell |first4=Benjamin |last5=Murphy |first5=Ryan |date=June 2015 |title=Does immigration impact institutions? |url=https://issuelab.org/resources/31059/31059.pdf |journal=[[Public Choice (journal)|Public Choice]] |volume=163 |issue=3 |pages=321–335 |doi=10.1007/s11127-015-0254-y |s2cid=55968273}}</ref>Wani binciken, yana kallon karuwar yawan jama'ar Isra'ila a cikin shekarun 1990 saboda ba a iyakance shige da fice na Yahudawa daga Tarayyar Soviet ba, ya gano cewa yawan shige da shige da Fice bai lalata cibiyoyin siyasa ba, kuma ya kara ingancin cibiyoyin tattalin arziki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Powell |first=Benjamin |last2=Clark |first2=J.R. |last3=Nowrasteh |first3=Alex |date=1 September 2017 |title=Does mass immigration destroy institutions? 1990s Israel as a natural experiment |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S016726811730166X |journal=Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization |language=en |volume=141 |pages=83–95 |doi=10.1016/j.jebo.2017.06.008 |issn=0167-2681 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2017 a cikin ''Jaridar Kimiyya ta Siyasa ta Burtaniya'' ya yi jayayya cewa yankunan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya ba tare da bautar ba sun karɓi cibiyoyin dimokuradiyya mafi kyau don jawo hankalin ma'aikatan ƙaura zuwa yankunansu.<ref name="Nikolova2015">{{Cite journal |last=Nikolova |first=Elena |date=1 January 2017 |title=Destined for Democracy? Labour Markets and Political Change in Colonial British America |url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1573632/ |journal=British Journal of Political Science |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=19–45 |doi=10.1017/S0007123415000101 |issn=0007-1234 |s2cid=17112994}}</ref><ref name="NikolovaNikolova2017">{{Cite journal |last=Nikolova |first=Elena |last2=Nikolova |first2=Milena |date=1 September 2017 |title=Suffrage, labour markets and coalitions in colonial Virginia |url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1573630/ |journal=European Journal of Political Economy |volume=49 |pages=108–122 |doi=10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2017.01.002 |s2cid=157369080}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2018 ya kasa samun shaidar cewa shige da fice zuwa Amurka yana raunana 'yancin tattalin arziki.<ref name="PadillaCachanosky2018">{{Cite journal |last=Padilla |first=Alexandre |last2=Cachanosky |first2=Nicolás |date=5 February 2018 |title=The Grecian horse: does immigration lead to the deterioration of American institutions? |journal=Public Choice |language=en |volume=174 |issue=3–4 |pages=351–405 |doi=10.1007/s11127-018-0509-5 |issn=0048-5829 |s2cid=157264613}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2019 a Jordan ya gano cewa yawan 'yan gudun hijira zuwa Jordan a lokacin Yakin Gulf yana da tasiri mai kyau a kan cibiyoyin tattalin arzikin Jordan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blondin |first=Cole |last2=Forrester |first2=Andrew C. |last3=Nowrasteh |first3=Alex |year=2019 |title=How Mass Immigration Affects Countries with Weak Economic Institutions: A Natural Experiment in Jordan |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/944551555006432470/pdf/How-Mass-Immigration-Affects-Countries-with-Weak-Economic-Institutions-A-Natural-Experiment-in-Jordan.pdf |journal=The World Bank Economic Review |language=en |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=533–549 |doi=10.1093/wber/lhy032}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == {{Columns-list|* [[Immigration country]] * [[Immigration minister]] * [[Immigration reform]] * [[International migration]] * [[Internal migration]] * [[Multiculturalism]] * [[People smuggling]] * [[Repatriation]] * [[Non-citizen suffrage]] * [[Non-resident citizen voting]] * [[Skilled worker#Migration]] * [[White genocide conspiracy theory]] * [[Women migrant workers from developing countries]] * [[Xenophobia]]}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cyxxtr05kxa4pwuuugqesipbo1oncd5 906685 906684 2026-08-23T20:28:51Z Kamal JB 24987 906685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} === '''Fassara zuwa Hausa''' === '''Shige da fice (Immigration) shi ne motsin mutane daga wata ƙasa zuwa wata ƙasa a duniya, inda mutanen ba su kasance mazauna ƙasar da suka je ba a da, ko kuma ba su da ƙasa (nationality) ta wannan ƙasar, da nufin zama a can a matsayin mazauna na dindindin (permanent residents).''' '''Mutanen da ke zirga-zirga zuwa wurin aiki (commuters), masu yawon buɗe ido (tourists), da sauran mutanen da ke yin zama na ɗan gajeren lokaci a ƙasar da suka ziyarta, ba sa cikin ma’anar shige da fice ko ƙaura. Sai dai idan mutum ya wuce lokacin da aka ba shi izinin zama da takardar izinin tafiya (travel visa), hakan na iya sa ya zama ɗan gudun hijira ko baƙon da ya koma mazaunin ƙasar, dangane da dokokin ƙasar.''' '''Haka kuma, a wasu lokuta ana iya haɗa ma’aikatan da ke zuwa aiki na wani lokaci (seasonal labour) cikin ma’anar shige da fice.''' A fannin tattalin arziki, bincike ya nuna cewa ƙaura na iya zama mai fa'ida ga ƙasashe masu karɓa da aikawa.<ref name="di GiovanniLevchenko2015">{{Cite journal |last=di Giovanni |first=Julian |last2=Levchenko |first2=Andrei A. |last3=Ortega |first3=Francesc |date=1 February 2015 |title=A Global View of Cross-Border Migration |url=https://econ-papers.upf.edu/papers/1414.pdf |journal=Journal of the European Economic Association |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=168–202 |doi=10.1111/jeea.12110 |issn=1542-4774 |s2cid=3465938}}</ref><ref name="WorldBank2016">{{Cite web |last=Willenbockel |first=Dirk Andreas |last2=Go |first2=Delfin Sia |last3=Ahmed |first3=S. Amer |date=11 April 2016 |title=Global migration revisited: short-term pains, long-term gains, and the potential of south-south migration |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2016/04/26208170/global-migration-revisited-short-term-pains-long-term-gains-potential-south-south-migration |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503090538/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2016/04/26208170/global-migration-revisited-short-term-pains-long-term-gains-potential-south-south-migration |archive-date=3 May 2016 |website=The World Bank |language=en}}</ref> Littattafan ilimi suna ba da haɗin gwiwar binciken don dangantakar da ke tsakanin shige da fice da aikata laifuka a duk duniya. Bincike ya nuna cewa ƙasar asalin ta shafi saurin da zurfin daidaitawar baƙi, amma akwai daidaitawa mai yawa gabaɗaya ga baƙi na farko da na biyu.<ref name="VillarrealTamborini2018">{{Cite journal |last=Villarreal |first=Andrés |last2=Tamborini |first2=Christopher R. |year=2018 |title=Immigrants' Economic Assimilation: Evidence from Longitudinal Earnings Records |journal=American Sociological Review |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=686–715 |doi=10.1177/0003122418780366 |pmc=6290669 |pmid=30555169}}</ref><ref name="Blau2015">{{Cite journal |last=Blau |first=Francine D. |date=2015 |title=Immigrants and Gender Roles: Assimilation vs. Culture |url=http://www.iza.org/conference_files/amm2014/blau_f340.pdf |journal=IZA Journal of Migration |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1186/s40176-015-0048-5 |s2cid=53414354 |access-date=13 October 2018 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nuna bambanci bisa ga kasa doka ce a yawancin ƙasashe.<ref name="Fennelly">{{Cite journal |last=Fennelly |first=David |last2=Murphy |first2=Clíodhna |date=2021 |title=Racial Discrimination and Nationality and Migration Exceptions: Reconciling CERD and the Race Equality Directive |journal=Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=308–328 |doi=10.1177/09240519211055648 |s2cid=243839359 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An sami shaidar [[Wariya|nuna bambanci]] ga mutanen da aka haifa a kasashen waje a cikin shari'ar aikata laifuka, kasuwanci, tattalin arziki, gidaje, kiwon lafiya, kafofin watsa labarai, da siyasa.<ref name="ZschirntRuedin2016">{{Cite journal |last=Zschirnt |first=Eva |last2=Ruedin |first2=Didier |date=27 May 2016 |title=Ethnic discrimination in hiring decisions: a meta-analysis of correspondence tests 1990–2015 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/3559839 |journal=Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies |volume=42 |issue=7 |pages=1115–1134 |doi=10.1080/1369183X.2015.1133279 |issn=1369-183X |s2cid=10261744}}</ref><ref name="Rich2014">{{Cite journal |last=Rich |first=Judy |date=October 2014 |title=What Do Field Experiments of Discrimination in Markets Tell Us? A Meta Analysis of Studies Conducted since 2000 |url=http://www.iza.org/en/webcontent/publications/papers/viewAbstract?dp_id=8584 |journal=IZA Discussion Papers |language=en |issue=8584 |ssrn=2517887 |access-date=24 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="RehaviStarr2014">{{Cite journal |last=Rehavi |first=M. Marit |last2=Starr |first2=Sonja B. |date=2014 |title=Racial Disparity in Federal Criminal Sentences |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/articles/1414 |journal=Journal of Political Economy |language=en |volume=122 |issue=6 |pages=1320–1354 |doi=10.1086/677255 |issn=0022-3808 |s2cid=3348344}}</ref><ref name="Enos2016">{{Cite journal |last=Enos |first=Ryan D. |date=1 January 2016 |title=What the Demolition of Public Housing Teaches Us about the Impact of Racial Threat on Political Behavior |journal=American Journal of Political Science |language=en |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=123–142 |doi=10.1111/ajps.12156 |s2cid=51895998}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kirkiro kalmar shige da fice a cikin karni na 17, yana nufin ƙungiyoyin jama'a marasa yaki tsakanin jihohin da ke tasowa. Lokacin da mutane suka haye iyakokin ƙasa yayin ƙaura, ana kiransu ''baƙi'' ko baƙi daga hangen nesa na ƙasar da aka nufa. Sabanin haka, daga hangen nesa na ƙasar da suka bar, ana kiransu 'yan gudun hijira ko' yan gudun hijira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=outmigrant |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/outmigrant |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718140923/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/outmigrant |archive-date=18 July 2012 |access-date=11 May 2016 |website=OxfordDictionaries.com |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>{{Multiple image|right}} == Kididdiga == {{Multiple image|right}}{{excerpt|Environmental migrant}}Ya zuwa 2015, yawan baƙi na duniya ya kai miliyan 244 a duk duniya, wanda ke nuna karuwar 41% tun daga 2000. Mafi yawan baƙi na duniya suna zaune a [[Immigration to the United States|Amurka]], tare da kashi 19% na jimlar duniya. Kashi ɗaya bisa uku na baƙi na duniya suna zaune a kasashe 20 kawai. [[Immigration to Germany|Jamus]] da Rasha sun karbi bakuncin baƙi miliyan 12 kowannensu, suna da matsayi na biyu da na uku a ƙasashe masu yawan baƙi a duk duniya. Saudi Arabia ta karbi bakuncin baƙi miliyan 10, sannan United Kingdom (miliyan 9) da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (miliyan 8). <ref name="UN.org-2015">{{Cite web |date=December 2015 |title=Trends in international migration, 2015 |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/populationfacts/docs/MigrationPopFacts20154.pdf |access-date=16 May 2016 |website=UN.org |publisher=[[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]], Population Division}}</ref> A mafi yawan sassan duniya, ƙaura tana faruwa tsakanin ƙasashe da ke cikin babban yanki ɗaya. Tsakanin 2000 da 2015, Asiya ta kara yawan baƙi na duniya fiye da kowane babban yanki a duniya, ta sami miliyan 26. Turai ta kara da ta biyu mafi girma tare da kimanin miliyan 20.<ref name="UN.org-2015" /> === Fassara zuwa Hausa === A shekarar '''2015''', adadin '''baƙin haure na ƙasa da ƙasa (international migrants)''' waɗanda shekarunsu suka gaza '''20''' ya kai '''miliyan 37''', yayin da '''miliyan 177''' suke tsakanin shekarun '''20 zuwa 64'''. Baƙin hauren da ke zaune a '''Afirka''' su ne suka fi kasancewa matasa, inda '''matsakaicin shekarunsu''' ya kasance '''shekara 29'''. Sai '''Asiya''', mai matsakaicin shekaru '''35''', sannan '''Latin Amurka da Caribbean''', mai shekaru '''36'''. A gefe guda, baƙin haure sun fi kasancewa manya a '''Arewacin Amurka''', inda matsakaicin shekarunsu ya kai '''42''', sai '''Turai''' mai '''43''', sannan '''Oceania''' mai '''44'''. <ref name="UN.org-2015" /> Kusan rabin (43%) na dukkan baƙi na duniya sun samo asali ne daga Asiya, kuma Turai ita ce wurin haihuwar yawan baƙi na biyu (25%), sannan Latin Amurka (15%). [[Indiyawa a Najeriya|Indiya]] tana da mafi girma a duniya (mutane miliyan 16), sannan Mexico (miliyan 12) da Rasha (miliyan 11). <ref name="UN.org-2015" /><div style="display:inline-table; vertical-align:top;">{{owidslider|start=2024|list=Template:OWID/Migrant stock total#gallery|location=commons|caption=|title=|language=|file=[[File:Migrant stock total, World, 2024 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|right|[[List of sovereign states by immigrant and emigrant population|The number of migrants and migrant workers per country]]]]|startingView=World}}</div>Binciken da Gallup ya yi a shekarar 2012 ya gano cewa idan aka ba da damar, manya miliyan 640 za su yi ƙaura zuwa wata ƙasa, tare da kashi 23% na waɗannan masu son zama baƙi da za su zaɓi [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a matsayin mazaunin da suke so a nan gaba, yayin da kashi 7% na masu amsawa, waɗanda ke wakiltar mutane miliyan 45, za su zaɓi Ingila. [[Kanada]], [[Faransa]], [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]], Australia, [[Jamus]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]], [[Italiya]], da [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]] sun kasance sauran manyan kasashe goma da ake so.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2012 |title=150 Million Adults Worldwide Would Migrate to the U.S |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/153992/150-Million-Adults-Worldwide-Migrate.aspx |access-date=14 May 2014 |publisher=Gallup.com}}</ref> == Abubuwan turawa da janyewa == [[Fayil:Multilingual_Pisnice_1858.JPG|thumb|Kasuwar Vietnamese mafi girma a [[Prag|Prague]], wanda aka fi sani da "Little Hanoi". A shekara ta 2009, akwai kimanin 70,000 Vietnamese a [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]].]] [[Fayil:Ridley_road_market_dalston_1.jpg|right|thumb|[[Landan]] ta zama ƙabila da yawa sakamakon shige da fice. A Landan a cikin 2008, yara Baƙar fata na Burtaniya da na Asiya sun fi yawan yara fararen Burtaniya da kimanin 3 zuwa 2 a makarantun gwamnati.]] One theory of immigration distinguishes between ''push and pull factors'', referring to the economic, political, and social influences by which people migrate from or to specific countries. Immigrants are motivated to leave their former countries of citizenship, or habitual residence, for a variety of reasons, including: a lack of local access to resources, a desire for economic prosperity, to find or engage in paid work, to better their [[Matsayin Rayuwa|standard of living]], family reunification, retirement, [[Masu Hijirar Muhalli|climate or environmentally induced]] migration, exile, escape from prejudice, conflict or natural disaster, or simply the wish to change one's quality of life. Commuters, [[Yawon bude ido|tourists]], and other short-term stays in a destination country do not fall under the definition of immigration or migration; seasonal labour immigration is sometimes included, however. '''Abubuwan da ke motsawa''' (ko abubuwan da ke ƙayyadewa) suna nufin da farko ga dalilin barin ƙasar asalin mutum (ko dai da son rai ko ba da son rai ba), yayin da abubuwan da ke jawowa (ko dalilai masu jan hankali) suna nufin dalilin mutum a baya ko ƙarfafawa zuwa ƙaura zuwa wata ƙasa. Game da ƙaura ta tattalin arziki (yawanci ƙaura ta ma'aikata), bambance-bambance a cikin yawan albashi ya zama ruwan dare. Idan darajar albashi a cikin sabuwar ƙasa ta wuce darajar albuuda a cikin ƙasarsu, zai iya zaɓar ƙaura, muddin farashin bai yi yawa ba. Musamman a cikin karni na 19, fadada tattalin arzikin Amurka ya kara yawan baƙi, kuma kusan kashi 15% na yawan jama'a an haife su ne 'yan kasashen waje, <ref>{{Cite web |last=York |first=Harlan |date=4 July 2015 |title=How Many People are Immigrants? |url=https://immigrationlawnj.com/how-many-people-are-immigrants/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909231007/https://immigrationlawnj.com/how-many-people-are-immigrants/ |archive-date=9 September 2015 |access-date=30 July 2015 |website=Harlan York and Associates}}</ref> don haka ya zama adadi mai yawa na ma'aikata. Yayinda fasahar sufuri ta inganta, lokacin tafiye-tafiye, da farashi sun ragu sosai tsakanin karni na 18 da farkon karni na 20. Tafiya a fadin Tekun Atlantika ya ɗauki makonni 5 a cikin karni na 18, amma a lokacin karni na 20 ya ɗauki kwanaki 8 kawai. Lokacin da farashin damar ya fi ƙasa, yawan shige da fice ya fi girma. Tserewa daga [[talauci]] (na mutum ko ga dangi da ke zaune a baya) wani abu ne na gargajiya, kuma kasancewar ayyuka aiki shine abin da ya shafi. [[Natural disaster|Bala'o'i na halitta]] na iya kara yawan ƙaura da ke haifar da talauci. Bincike ya nuna cewa ga ƙasashe masu matsakaicin kuɗi, yanayin zafi mafi girma yana ƙara yawan ƙaura zuwa birane da sauran ƙasashe. Ga ƙasashe masu karamin karfi, yanayin zafi mafi girma yana rage ƙaura.<ref name="CattaneoPeri2016">{{Cite journal |last=Cattaneo |first=Cristina |last2=Peri |first2=Giovanni |year=2016 |title=The Migration Response to Increasing Temperatures |url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w21622.pdf |journal=[[Journal of Development Economics]] |volume=122 |issue=C |pages=127–146 |bibcode=2016JDevE.122..127C |doi=10.1016/j.jdeveco.2016.05.004}}</ref> Binciken da ke bincika abubuwan turawa da janyewa don ƙaura daga [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]] ya gano cewa abubuwan muhalli sun taka muhimmiyar rawa idan aka kwatanta da tattalin arziki. Lokacin da suka nemi mutane kai tsaye su kwatanta shi, sun sami sakamako mai zuwa: <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2025 |title=Climate-Change Vulnerability and Climate Migration: Evidence from Guatemala |url=https://www.american.edu/spa/news/climate-change-vulnerability-08082025.cfm |access-date=12 August 2025 |website=American University}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Amsa !Yaduwar |- |Mafi kyawun albashi tare da ƙarancin haɗarin yanayi |68% |- |Mafi kyawun albashi tare da ƙarin haɗarin yanayi |32% |} Shige da fice da shige da ficewa wani lokacin wajibi ne a cikin kwangilar aiki: masu wa'azi na addini da ma'aikatan Kamfanoni na kasa da kasa, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasa da ƙasa, da kuma sabis na diflomasiyya, ta hanyar ma'anar, don aiki "a kasashen waje". Sau da yawa ana kiransu "baƙi", kuma yanayin aikinsu yawanci daidai ne ko mafi kyau fiye da waɗanda ke neman aiki a ƙasar da ke karɓar bakuncin (don irin wannan aiki). Abubuwan da ba na tattalin arziki ba sun haɗa da tsanantawa (addini da in ba haka ba), cin zarafi akai-akai, zalunci, zalunci na kabilanci, [[Kisan kiyashi|kisan kare dangi]], haɗari ga fararen hula a lokacin [[yaƙi]], da kuma warewar jama'a.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chiswick |first=Barry |date=March 2000 |title=The Earnings of Male Hispanic Immigrants in the United States |type=Working paper |publisher=[[University of Illinois at Chicago]] Institute for the Study of Labor |ssrn=224241}}</ref> Dalilan siyasa na al'ada suna motsa kwararar 'yan gudun hijira; alal misali, mutane na iya yin hijira don tserewa daga [[Mulkin kama-karya|mulkin kama karya]].<ref name="Borjas2016">{{Cite journal |last=Borjas |first=George J. |date=1 April 1982 |title=The Earnings of Male Hispanic Immigrants in the United States |journal=Industrial & Labor Relations Review |language=en |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=343–353 |doi=10.1177/001979398203500304 |issn=0019-7939 |s2cid=36445207}}</ref> Wasu ƙaura ne saboda dalilai na mutum, bisa ga dangantaka (misali kasancewa tare da iyali ko abokin tarayya), kamar a cikin sake haɗuwa da iyali ko auren ƙasashe (musamman a cikin misalin rashin daidaituwa na jinsi) ko dangantakar jinsi ɗaya. Sauran suna ƙaura don samun dama mafi aminci don bayyana asalin jinsi da samun damar kula da tabbatar da jinsi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Cerezo |first=Alison |last2=Morales |first2=Alejandro |last3=Quintero |first3=Danielle |last4=Rothman |first4=Stephanie |date=2014 |title=Trans migrations: Exploring life at the intersection of transgender identity and immigration. |url=https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/sgd0000031 |journal=Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=170–180 |doi=10.1037/sgd0000031 |issn=2329-0390 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya gano bambancin jinsi, shekaru, da al'adu a cikin mallakar ra'ayin yin ƙaura.<ref name="Rubin2013">{{Cite journal |last=Rubin |first=Mark |date=July 2013 |title="It Wasn't My Idea to Come Here!": Young Women Lack Ownership of the Idea to Immigrate – Mark Rubin's Social Psychology Research |url=https://sites.google.com/site/markrubinsocialpsychresearch/-it-wasn-t-my-idea-to-come-here-young-women-lack-ownership-of-the-idea-to-immigrate |journal=International Journal of Intercultural Relations |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=497–501 |doi=10.1016/j.ijintrel.2013.02.001 |issn=0147-1767 |access-date=3 October 2018 |ref=Rubin2013}}</ref> A wasu lokuta, mutum na iya so ya yi ƙaura zuwa sabuwar ƙasa ta hanyar canja wurin kishin kasa. Tserewa daga shari'ar aikata laifuka (misali, guje wa kamawa) wani dalili ne na mutum. Irin wannan ƙaura da shige da fice ba doka ba ce, idan an san wani laifi a duniya, kodayake masu laifi na iya ɓoye ainihin su ko samun wasu hanyoyi don kauce wa ganowa. Misali, akwai rahotanni na masu aikata laifukan yaki da ke nuna kansu a matsayin wadanda ke fama da yaki ko rikici sannan kuma suna neman mafaka a wata kasa daban.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haskell |first=Leslie |date=18 September 2014 |title=EU asylum and war criminals: No place to hide |url=https://euobserver.com/opinion/125664 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=EUobserver.com |publisher=EUobserver}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Knight |first=Ben |date=11 April 2016 |title=Refugees in Germany reporting dozens of war crimes |url=http://www.dw.com/en/refugees-in-germany-reporting-dozens-of-war-crimes/a-19179291 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Porter |first=Tom |date=26 February 2016 |title=Sweden: Syrian asylum seeker suspected of war crimes under Assad regime arrested in Stockholm |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/sweden-syrian-asylum-seeker-suspected-war-crimes-under-assad-regime-arrested-stockholm-1546149 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=International Business Times}}</ref> Shingen shige da fice ya zo ba kawai a cikin doka ba ko siyasa; shingen halitta da zamantakewa ga shige dafi na iya zama mai ƙarfi sosai. Baƙi lokacin da suke barin ƙasarsu suna barin duk abin da aka saba da shi: danginsu, abokai, cibiyar tallafi, da al'adu. Har ila yau, suna buƙatar warware dukiyarsu, kuma suna biyan kuɗin ƙaura. Lokacin da suka isa sabuwar ƙasa, wannan sau da yawa yana da rashin tabbas da yawa ciki har da neman aiki, inda za su rayu, sabbin dokoki, sabbin ka'idojin al'adu, harshe ko batutuwan magana, yiwuwar [[wariyar launin fata]], da sauran halayen warewa ga su da danginsu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nunez |first=Christina |date=12 December 2014 |title=The 7 biggest challenges facing refugees and immigrants in the US |url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/the-7-biggest-challenges-facing-refugees-and-immig/ |access-date=16 May 2016 |website=Global Citizen |publisher=Global Poverty Project}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charles Rodriguez |first=U. |last2=Venegas de la Torre |first2=M. D. L. P. |last3=Hecker |first3=V. |last4=Laing |first4=R. A. |last5=Larouche |first5=R. |date=2022 |title=The Relationship Between Nature and Immigrants' Integration, Wellbeing and Physical Activity: A Scoping Review |journal=Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=190–218 |doi=10.1007/s10903-022-01339-3 |pmid=35201532 |s2cid=247060104}}</ref><ref name="Djajić2013">{{Cite journal |last=Djajić |first=Slobodan |date=1 September 2013 |title=Barriers to immigration and the dynamics of emigration |journal=Journal of Macroeconomics |volume=37 |pages=41–52 |doi=10.1016/j.jmacro.2013.06.001}}</ref> [[Fayil:Čížov_(Zaisa)_-_preserved_part_of_Iron_curtain.JPG|thumb|An tsara Iron Curtain a Turai a matsayin hanyar hana ƙaura. "Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan ban dariya na tarihin Turai bayan yakin cewa, da zarar 'yancin tafiya ga Turawa da ke zaune a ƙarƙashin mulkin kwaminisanci, wanda Yamma ta daɗe tana buƙata, a ƙarshe an ba da shi a cikin 1989/90, ba da daɗewa ba ya zama mafi wuya ga Yamma kanta, kuma an gina sabbin shingen don maye gurbin Iron Curtain. "- Anita Böcker <ref>Anita Böcker (1998) [https://books.google.com/books?id=ejOg0L5pbHUC ''Regulation of migration: international experiences'']. Het Spinhuis. p. 218. {{ISBN|90-5589-095-2}}</ref>]] Nuna bambanci da azabtarwa bisa ga Jima'i da jinsi an ba da izini a cikin kasashe da yawa, tare da wasu suna sanya hukuncin kisa ga ayyukan jima'i. Wannan tsari na nuna bambanci ya bayyana a cikin manufofin shige da fice, inda dokoki zasu iya ƙuntata damar yin amfani da ayyuka da mafaka masu aminci ga Ƙungiyoyin da aka ware, gami da mutanen launin fata da membobin Al'ummar LGBTQ.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seuffert |first=Nan |date=2009-01-01 |title=Reflections on Transgender Immigration |journal=Griffith Law Review |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=428–452 |doi=10.1080/10383441.2009.10854649 |issn=1038-3441}}</ref> Kasashen da ake neman [[Mai Neman Mafaka|mafaka]] ma ba su da cikakken 'yanci daga nuna bambanci, suna rikitar da kokarin cimma matsaya.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Redcay |first=Alex |last2=Luquet |first2=Wade |last3=Huggin |first3=McKenzie E. |date=2019-12-01 |title=Immigration and Asylum for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Individuals |journal=Journal of Human Rights and Social Work |language=en |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=248–256 |doi=10.1007/s41134-019-00092-2 |issn=2365-1792}}</ref> === Environmental migration === {{Excerpt|History of human migration}} === Baƙi na tattalin arziki === [[Fayil:Indo-Bangladeshi_Barrier.JPG|right|thumb|Shingen Indo-Bangladeshi a cikin 2007. [[Indiya]] tana gina shingen rabuwa tare da iyakar kilomita 4,000 (2,500 tare da Bangladesh don hana shige da fice ba bisa ka'ida ba.]] Kasashe da yawa suna da ƙuntatawa na shige da fice da biza waɗanda ke hana mutum shiga ƙasar don manufar samun aiki ba tare da takardar izinin aiki ba. A matsayin keta dokokin shige da fice na [[Jaha|Jiha]], za a iya hana mutumin da aka ayyana shi a matsayin mai bautar tattalin arziki shiga cikin ƙasa. Bankin Duniya ya kiyasta cewa kudaden da aka aikawa sun kai dala biliyan 420 a shekara ta 2009, daga cikinsu dala biliyan 317 sun tafi kasashe masu tasowa. == Tasirin Tattalin Arziki == Research suggests that immigration can be beneficial both to the receiving and sending countries.<ref name="di GiovanniLevchenko2015" /><ref name="WorldBank2016" /> Immigration can have positive economic effects on the native population,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-21 |title=The Positive Economic Impact Of Immigration |url=https://www.fwd.us/news/immigration-facts-the-positive-economic-impact-of-immigration/ |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=FWD.us |language=en}}</ref> mixed effects where low-skilled immigration adversely affects underprivileged natives,<ref name="CardDustmann2012">{{Cite journal |last=Card |first=David |last2=Dustmann |first2=Christian |last3=Preston |first3=Ian |date=1 February 2012 |title=Immigration, Wages, and Compositional Amenities |url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w15521.pdf |journal=Journal of the European Economic Association |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=78–119 |doi=10.1111/j.1542-4774.2011.01051.x |issn=1542-4774 |s2cid=154303869}}</ref><ref name="IGM Forum">{{Cite web |title=Migration Within Europe {{!}} IGM Forum |url=http://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/migration-within-europe |access-date=7 December 2016 |website=www.igmchicago.org}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Poll Results {{!}} IGM Forum |url=http://www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel/poll-results?SurveyID=SV_0JtSLKwzqNSfrAF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905120022/http://www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel/poll-results?SurveyID=SV_0JtSLKwzqNSfrAF |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=19 September 2015 |website=www.igmchicago.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Poll Results {{!}} IGM Forum |url=http://www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel/poll-results?SurveyID=SV_5vuNnqkBeAMAfHv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029232825/http://www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel/poll-results?SurveyID=SV_5vuNnqkBeAMAfHv |archive-date=29 October 2019 |access-date=19 September 2015 |website=www.igmchicago.org}}</ref> reduce wages due to elasticity of labor supply,<ref name="g315">{{Cite journal |last=Borjas |first=George J. |last2=Freeman |first2=Richard B. |last3=Katz |first3=Lawrence F. |last4=DiNardo |first4=John |last5=Abowd |first5=John M. |year=1997 |title=How Much Do Immigration and Trade Affect Labor Market Outcomes? |journal=Brookings Papers on Economic Activity |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |volume=1997 |issue=1 |pages=1–90 |doi=10.2307/2534701 |issn=0007-2303 |jstor=2534701}}</ref> or achieve negative projected economic life-cycle impacts. Studies suggest that the elimination of barriers to migration would have profound effects on world GDP, with estimates of gains ranging between 67 and 147 percent for the scenarios in which 37 to 53 percent of the developing countries' workers migrate to the developed countries.<ref name="Iregui2003">{{Cite journal |last=Iregui |first=Ana Maria |date=1 January 2003 |title=Efficiency Gains from the Elimination of Global Restrictions on Labour Mobility: An Analysis using a Multiregional CGE Model |url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/unu/wpaper/dp2003-27.html |journal=Wider Working Paper Series}}</ref><ref name="Clemens2011">{{Cite journal |last=Clemens |first=Michael A |date=1 August 2011 |title=Economics and Emigration: Trillion-Dollar Bills on the Sidewalk? |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1912544_code794896.pdf?abstractid=1912544&mirid=1 |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=83–106 |doi=10.1257/jep.25.3.83 |issn=0895-3309 |s2cid=59507836 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="HamiltonWhalley1984">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=B. |last2=Whalley |first2=J. |date=1 February 1984 |title=Efficiency and distributional implications of global restrictions on labour mobility: calculations and policy implications |journal=Journal of Development Economics |volume=14 |issue=1–2 |pages=61–75 |doi=10.1016/0304-3878(84)90043-9 |issn=0304-3878 |pmid=12266702}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dustmann |first=Christian |last2=Preston |first2=Ian P. |date=2 August 2019 |title=Free Movement, Open Borders, and the Global Gains from Labor Mobility |journal=Annual Review of Economics |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=783–808 |doi=10.1146/annurev-economics-080218-025843 |issn=1941-1383 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Some development economists argue that reducing barriers to labor mobility or trade between developing countries and developed countries would be one of the most efficient tools of poverty reduction.<ref name="Milanovic2015">{{Cite journal |last=Milanovic |first=Branko |date=7 January 2014 |title=Global Inequality of Opportunity: How Much of Our Income Is Determined by Where We Live? |journal=Review of Economics and Statistics |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=452–460 |doi=10.1162/REST_a_00432 |issn=0034-6535 |s2cid=11046799 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Clemens-2019">{{Cite journal |last=Clemens |first=Michael A. |last2=Pritchett |first2=Lant |date=2019 |title=The New Economic Case for Migration Restrictions: An Assessment |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304387818306382 |journal=Journal of Development Economics |language=en |volume=138 |issue=9730 |pages=153–164 |doi=10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.12.003 |issn=0304-3878 |s2cid=204418677 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Work permits can crowd out citizens<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Doran |first=Kirk |last2=Gelber |first2=Alexander |last3=Isen |first3=Adam |date=2022 |title=The Effects of High-Skilled Immigration Policy on Firms: Evidence from Visa Lotteries |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/720467 |journal=Journal of Political Economy |volume=130 |issue=10 |pages=2501–2533 |doi=10.1086/720467 |issn=0022-3808 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> and increase unemployment.<ref name="a450">{{Cite journal |last=Dustmann |first=Christian |last2=Schönberg |first2=Uta |last3=Stuhler |first3=Jan |date=2017 |title=Labor Supply Shocks, Native Wages, and the Adjustment of Local Employment* |url=https://academic.oup.com/qje/article/132/1/435/2724541 |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=132 |issue=1 |pages=435–483 |doi=10.1093/qje/qjw032 |issn=0033-5533 |access-date=2026-08-18}}</ref><ref name="s728">{{Cite journal |last=Hunt |first=Jennifer |date=1992 |title=The Impact of the 1962 Repatriates from Algeria on the French Labor Market |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/001979399204500310 |journal=ILR Review |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=556–572 |doi=10.1177/001979399204500310 |issn=0019-7939 |access-date=2026-08-18}}</ref> Due to the compositional effect immigrants with below [[median income]] decrease and immigrants with above median income increase the median income of the whole population of a country.<ref name="g327">{{Cite journal |last=Dustmann |first=Christian |last2=Kastis |first2=Yannis |last3=Preston |first3=Ian |date=2024 |title=Inequality and immigration |url=https://academic.oup.com/ooec/article/3/Supplement_1/i453/7708103 |journal=Oxford Open Economics |volume=3 |issue=Supplement_1 |pages=i453–i473 |doi=10.1093/ooec/odad052 |issn=2752-5074 |access-date=2026-05-23 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Ingancin cibiyoyin === Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2015 ya gano "wasu shaidu cewa yawancin baƙi suna da tasiri mai kyau a kan ingancin ma'aikata. A mafi ƙaranci, sakamakonmu ya nuna cewa babu wani mummunan tasiri ga 'yancin tattalin arziki da ke da alaƙa da ƙarin shige da fice".<ref name="ClarkLawson2015">{{Cite journal |last=Clark |first=J.R. |last2=Lawson |first2=Robert |last3=Nowrasteh |first3=Alex |last4=Powell |first4=Benjamin |last5=Murphy |first5=Ryan |date=June 2015 |title=Does immigration impact institutions? |url=https://issuelab.org/resources/31059/31059.pdf |journal=[[Public Choice (journal)|Public Choice]] |volume=163 |issue=3 |pages=321–335 |doi=10.1007/s11127-015-0254-y |s2cid=55968273}}</ref>Wani binciken, yana kallon karuwar yawan jama'ar Isra'ila a cikin shekarun 1990 saboda ba a iyakance shige da fice na Yahudawa daga Tarayyar Soviet ba, ya gano cewa yawan shige da shige da Fice bai lalata cibiyoyin siyasa ba, kuma ya kara ingancin cibiyoyin tattalin arziki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Powell |first=Benjamin |last2=Clark |first2=J.R. |last3=Nowrasteh |first3=Alex |date=1 September 2017 |title=Does mass immigration destroy institutions? 1990s Israel as a natural experiment |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S016726811730166X |journal=Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization |language=en |volume=141 |pages=83–95 |doi=10.1016/j.jebo.2017.06.008 |issn=0167-2681 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2017 a cikin ''Jaridar Kimiyya ta Siyasa ta Burtaniya'' ya yi jayayya cewa yankunan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya ba tare da bautar ba sun karɓi cibiyoyin dimokuradiyya mafi kyau don jawo hankalin ma'aikatan ƙaura zuwa yankunansu.<ref name="Nikolova2015">{{Cite journal |last=Nikolova |first=Elena |date=1 January 2017 |title=Destined for Democracy? Labour Markets and Political Change in Colonial British America |url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1573632/ |journal=British Journal of Political Science |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=19–45 |doi=10.1017/S0007123415000101 |issn=0007-1234 |s2cid=17112994}}</ref><ref name="NikolovaNikolova2017">{{Cite journal |last=Nikolova |first=Elena |last2=Nikolova |first2=Milena |date=1 September 2017 |title=Suffrage, labour markets and coalitions in colonial Virginia |url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1573630/ |journal=European Journal of Political Economy |volume=49 |pages=108–122 |doi=10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2017.01.002 |s2cid=157369080}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2018 ya kasa samun shaidar cewa shige da fice zuwa Amurka yana raunana 'yancin tattalin arziki.<ref name="PadillaCachanosky2018">{{Cite journal |last=Padilla |first=Alexandre |last2=Cachanosky |first2=Nicolás |date=5 February 2018 |title=The Grecian horse: does immigration lead to the deterioration of American institutions? |journal=Public Choice |language=en |volume=174 |issue=3–4 |pages=351–405 |doi=10.1007/s11127-018-0509-5 |issn=0048-5829 |s2cid=157264613}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2019 a Jordan ya gano cewa yawan 'yan gudun hijira zuwa Jordan a lokacin Yakin Gulf yana da tasiri mai kyau a kan cibiyoyin tattalin arzikin Jordan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blondin |first=Cole |last2=Forrester |first2=Andrew C. |last3=Nowrasteh |first3=Alex |year=2019 |title=How Mass Immigration Affects Countries with Weak Economic Institutions: A Natural Experiment in Jordan |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/944551555006432470/pdf/How-Mass-Immigration-Affects-Countries-with-Weak-Economic-Institutions-A-Natural-Experiment-in-Jordan.pdf |journal=The World Bank Economic Review |language=en |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=533–549 |doi=10.1093/wber/lhy032}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == {{Columns-list|* [[Immigration country]] * [[Immigration minister]] * [[Immigration reform]] * [[International migration]] * [[Internal migration]] * [[Multiculturalism]] * [[People smuggling]] * [[Repatriation]] * [[Non-citizen suffrage]] * [[Non-resident citizen voting]] * [[Skilled worker#Migration]] * [[White genocide conspiracy theory]] * [[Women migrant workers from developing countries]] * [[Xenophobia]]}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3xdctzifxj9hkfm3vhabikfkh3atecz 906733 906685 2026-08-23T21:42:18Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Kididdiga */ 906733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} === '''Fassara zuwa Hausa''' === '''Shige da fice (Immigration) shi ne motsin mutane daga wata ƙasa zuwa wata ƙasa a duniya, inda mutanen ba su kasance mazauna ƙasar da suka je ba a da, ko kuma ba su da ƙasa (nationality) ta wannan ƙasar, da nufin zama a can a matsayin mazauna na dindindin (permanent residents).''' '''Mutanen da ke zirga-zirga zuwa wurin aiki (commuters), masu yawon buɗe ido (tourists), da sauran mutanen da ke yin zama na ɗan gajeren lokaci a ƙasar da suka ziyarta, ba sa cikin ma’anar shige da fice ko ƙaura. Sai dai idan mutum ya wuce lokacin da aka ba shi izinin zama da takardar izinin tafiya (travel visa), hakan na iya sa ya zama ɗan gudun hijira ko baƙon da ya koma mazaunin ƙasar, dangane da dokokin ƙasar.''' '''Haka kuma, a wasu lokuta ana iya haɗa ma’aikatan da ke zuwa aiki na wani lokaci (seasonal labour) cikin ma’anar shige da fice.''' A fannin tattalin arziki, bincike ya nuna cewa ƙaura na iya zama mai fa'ida ga ƙasashe masu karɓa da aikawa.<ref name="di GiovanniLevchenko2015">{{Cite journal |last=di Giovanni |first=Julian |last2=Levchenko |first2=Andrei A. |last3=Ortega |first3=Francesc |date=1 February 2015 |title=A Global View of Cross-Border Migration |url=https://econ-papers.upf.edu/papers/1414.pdf |journal=Journal of the European Economic Association |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=168–202 |doi=10.1111/jeea.12110 |issn=1542-4774 |s2cid=3465938}}</ref><ref name="WorldBank2016">{{Cite web |last=Willenbockel |first=Dirk Andreas |last2=Go |first2=Delfin Sia |last3=Ahmed |first3=S. Amer |date=11 April 2016 |title=Global migration revisited: short-term pains, long-term gains, and the potential of south-south migration |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2016/04/26208170/global-migration-revisited-short-term-pains-long-term-gains-potential-south-south-migration |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503090538/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2016/04/26208170/global-migration-revisited-short-term-pains-long-term-gains-potential-south-south-migration |archive-date=3 May 2016 |website=The World Bank |language=en}}</ref> Littattafan ilimi suna ba da haɗin gwiwar binciken don dangantakar da ke tsakanin shige da fice da aikata laifuka a duk duniya. Bincike ya nuna cewa ƙasar asalin ta shafi saurin da zurfin daidaitawar baƙi, amma akwai daidaitawa mai yawa gabaɗaya ga baƙi na farko da na biyu.<ref name="VillarrealTamborini2018">{{Cite journal |last=Villarreal |first=Andrés |last2=Tamborini |first2=Christopher R. |year=2018 |title=Immigrants' Economic Assimilation: Evidence from Longitudinal Earnings Records |journal=American Sociological Review |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=686–715 |doi=10.1177/0003122418780366 |pmc=6290669 |pmid=30555169}}</ref><ref name="Blau2015">{{Cite journal |last=Blau |first=Francine D. |date=2015 |title=Immigrants and Gender Roles: Assimilation vs. Culture |url=http://www.iza.org/conference_files/amm2014/blau_f340.pdf |journal=IZA Journal of Migration |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1186/s40176-015-0048-5 |s2cid=53414354 |access-date=13 October 2018 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nuna bambanci bisa ga kasa doka ce a yawancin ƙasashe.<ref name="Fennelly">{{Cite journal |last=Fennelly |first=David |last2=Murphy |first2=Clíodhna |date=2021 |title=Racial Discrimination and Nationality and Migration Exceptions: Reconciling CERD and the Race Equality Directive |journal=Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=308–328 |doi=10.1177/09240519211055648 |s2cid=243839359 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An sami shaidar [[Wariya|nuna bambanci]] ga mutanen da aka haifa a kasashen waje a cikin shari'ar aikata laifuka, kasuwanci, tattalin arziki, gidaje, kiwon lafiya, kafofin watsa labarai, da siyasa.<ref name="ZschirntRuedin2016">{{Cite journal |last=Zschirnt |first=Eva |last2=Ruedin |first2=Didier |date=27 May 2016 |title=Ethnic discrimination in hiring decisions: a meta-analysis of correspondence tests 1990–2015 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/3559839 |journal=Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies |volume=42 |issue=7 |pages=1115–1134 |doi=10.1080/1369183X.2015.1133279 |issn=1369-183X |s2cid=10261744}}</ref><ref name="Rich2014">{{Cite journal |last=Rich |first=Judy |date=October 2014 |title=What Do Field Experiments of Discrimination in Markets Tell Us? A Meta Analysis of Studies Conducted since 2000 |url=http://www.iza.org/en/webcontent/publications/papers/viewAbstract?dp_id=8584 |journal=IZA Discussion Papers |language=en |issue=8584 |ssrn=2517887 |access-date=24 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="RehaviStarr2014">{{Cite journal |last=Rehavi |first=M. Marit |last2=Starr |first2=Sonja B. |date=2014 |title=Racial Disparity in Federal Criminal Sentences |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/articles/1414 |journal=Journal of Political Economy |language=en |volume=122 |issue=6 |pages=1320–1354 |doi=10.1086/677255 |issn=0022-3808 |s2cid=3348344}}</ref><ref name="Enos2016">{{Cite journal |last=Enos |first=Ryan D. |date=1 January 2016 |title=What the Demolition of Public Housing Teaches Us about the Impact of Racial Threat on Political Behavior |journal=American Journal of Political Science |language=en |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=123–142 |doi=10.1111/ajps.12156 |s2cid=51895998}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kirkiro kalmar shige da fice a cikin karni na 17, yana nufin ƙungiyoyin jama'a marasa yaki tsakanin jihohin da ke tasowa. Lokacin da mutane suka haye iyakokin ƙasa yayin ƙaura, ana kiransu ''baƙi'' ko baƙi daga hangen nesa na ƙasar da aka nufa. Sabanin haka, daga hangen nesa na ƙasar da suka bar, ana kiransu 'yan gudun hijira ko' yan gudun hijira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=outmigrant |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/outmigrant |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718140923/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/outmigrant |archive-date=18 July 2012 |access-date=11 May 2016 |website=OxfordDictionaries.com |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>{{Multiple image|right}} == Kididdiga == {{Multiple image|right}}{{excerpt|Environmental migrant}}Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, yawan baƙi na duniya ya kai miliyan dari biyu 244 a duk duniya, wanda ke nuna karuwar 41% tun daga 2000. Mafi yawan baƙi na duniya suna zaune a [[Immigration to the United States|Amurka]], tare da kashi 19% na jimlar duniya. Kashi ɗaya bisa uku na baƙi na duniya suna zaune a kasashe 20 kawai. [[Immigration to Germany|Jamus]] da Rasha sun karbi bakuncin baƙi miliyan 12 kowannensu, suna da matsayi na biyu da na uku a ƙasashe masu yawan baƙi a duk duniya. Saudi Arabia ta karbi bakuncin baƙi miliyan 10, sannan United Kingdom (miliyan tara 9) da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (miliyan 8). <ref name="UN.org-2015">{{Cite web |date=December 2015 |title=Trends in international migration, 2015 |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/populationfacts/docs/MigrationPopFacts20154.pdf |access-date=16 May 2016 |website=UN.org |publisher=[[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]], Population Division}}</ref> A mafi yawan sassan duniya, ƙaura tana faruwa tsakanin ƙasashe da ke cikin babban yanki ɗaya. Tsakanin shekarar 2000 da shekara ta 2015, Asiya ta kara yawan baƙi na duniya fiye da kowane babban yanki a duniya, ta sami miliyan a shirin da tara 26. Turai ta kara da ta biyu mafi girma tare da kimanin miliyan a shirin 20.<ref name="UN.org-2015" /> === Fassara zuwa Hausa === A shekarar '''2015''', adadin '''baƙin haure na ƙasa da ƙasa (international migrants)''' waɗanda shekarunsu suka gaza '''20''' ya kai '''miliyan talatin da bakwai 37''', yayin da '''miliyan dari da saba in da bakwai 177''' suke tsakanin shekarun '''20 zuwa 64'''. Baƙin hauren da ke zaune a '''Afirka''' su ne suka fi kasancewa matasa, inda '''matsakaicin shekarunsu''' ya kasance '''shekara 29'''. Sai '''Asiya''', mai matsakaicin shekaru '''35''', sannan '''Latin Amurka da Caribbean''', mai shekaru '''36'''. A gefe guda, baƙin haure sun fi kasancewa manya a '''Arewacin Amurka''', inda matsakaicin shekarunsu ya kai '''42''', sai '''Turai''' mai '''43''', sannan '''Oceania''' mai '''44'''. <ref name="UN.org-2015" /> Kusan rabin (43%) na dukkan baƙi na duniya sun samo asali ne daga Asiya, kuma Turai ita ce wurin haihuwar yawan baƙi na biyu (25%), sannan Latin Amurka (15%). [[Indiyawa a Najeriya|Indiya]] tana da mafi girma a duniya (mutane miliyan 16), sannan Mexico (miliyan 12) da Rasha (miliyan sha daya 11). <ref name="UN.org-2015" /><div style="display:inline-table; vertical-align:top;">{{owidslider|start=2024|list=Template:OWID/Migrant stock total#gallery|location=commons|caption=|title=|language=|file=[[File:Migrant stock total, World, 2024 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|right|[[List of sovereign states by immigrant and emigrant population|The number of migrants and migrant workers per country]]]]|startingView=World}}</div>Binciken da Gallup ya yi a shekarar 2012 ya gano cewa idan aka ba da damar, manya miliyan 640 za su yi ƙaura zuwa wata ƙasa, tare da kashi 23% na waɗannan masu son zama baƙi da za su zaɓi [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a matsayin mazaunin da suke so a nan gaba, yayin da kashi 7% na masu amsawa, waɗanda ke wakiltar mutane miliyan 45, za su zaɓi Ingila. [[Kanada]], [[Faransa]], [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]], Australia, [[Jamus]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]], [[Italiya]], da [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]] sun kasance sauran manyan kasashe goma da ake so.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2012 |title=150 Million Adults Worldwide Would Migrate to the U.S |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/153992/150-Million-Adults-Worldwide-Migrate.aspx |access-date=14 May 2014 |publisher=Gallup.com}}</ref> == Abubuwan turawa da janyewa == [[Fayil:Multilingual_Pisnice_1858.JPG|thumb|Kasuwar Vietnamese mafi girma a [[Prag|Prague]], wanda aka fi sani da "Little Hanoi". A shekara ta 2009, akwai kimanin 70,000 Vietnamese a [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]].]] [[Fayil:Ridley_road_market_dalston_1.jpg|right|thumb|[[Landan]] ta zama ƙabila da yawa sakamakon shige da fice. A Landan a cikin 2008, yara Baƙar fata na Burtaniya da na Asiya sun fi yawan yara fararen Burtaniya da kimanin 3 zuwa 2 a makarantun gwamnati.]] One theory of immigration distinguishes between ''push and pull factors'', referring to the economic, political, and social influences by which people migrate from or to specific countries. Immigrants are motivated to leave their former countries of citizenship, or habitual residence, for a variety of reasons, including: a lack of local access to resources, a desire for economic prosperity, to find or engage in paid work, to better their [[Matsayin Rayuwa|standard of living]], family reunification, retirement, [[Masu Hijirar Muhalli|climate or environmentally induced]] migration, exile, escape from prejudice, conflict or natural disaster, or simply the wish to change one's quality of life. Commuters, [[Yawon bude ido|tourists]], and other short-term stays in a destination country do not fall under the definition of immigration or migration; seasonal labour immigration is sometimes included, however. '''Abubuwan da ke motsawa''' (ko abubuwan da ke ƙayyadewa) suna nufin da farko ga dalilin barin ƙasar asalin mutum (ko dai da son rai ko ba da son rai ba), yayin da abubuwan da ke jawowa (ko dalilai masu jan hankali) suna nufin dalilin mutum a baya ko ƙarfafawa zuwa ƙaura zuwa wata ƙasa. Game da ƙaura ta tattalin arziki (yawanci ƙaura ta ma'aikata), bambance-bambance a cikin yawan albashi ya zama ruwan dare. Idan darajar albashi a cikin sabuwar ƙasa ta wuce darajar albuuda a cikin ƙasarsu, zai iya zaɓar ƙaura, muddin farashin bai yi yawa ba. Musamman a cikin karni na 19, fadada tattalin arzikin Amurka ya kara yawan baƙi, kuma kusan kashi 15% na yawan jama'a an haife su ne 'yan kasashen waje, <ref>{{Cite web |last=York |first=Harlan |date=4 July 2015 |title=How Many People are Immigrants? |url=https://immigrationlawnj.com/how-many-people-are-immigrants/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909231007/https://immigrationlawnj.com/how-many-people-are-immigrants/ |archive-date=9 September 2015 |access-date=30 July 2015 |website=Harlan York and Associates}}</ref> don haka ya zama adadi mai yawa na ma'aikata. Yayinda fasahar sufuri ta inganta, lokacin tafiye-tafiye, da farashi sun ragu sosai tsakanin karni na 18 da farkon karni na 20. Tafiya a fadin Tekun Atlantika ya ɗauki makonni 5 a cikin karni na 18, amma a lokacin karni na 20 ya ɗauki kwanaki 8 kawai. Lokacin da farashin damar ya fi ƙasa, yawan shige da fice ya fi girma. Tserewa daga [[talauci]] (na mutum ko ga dangi da ke zaune a baya) wani abu ne na gargajiya, kuma kasancewar ayyuka aiki shine abin da ya shafi. [[Natural disaster|Bala'o'i na halitta]] na iya kara yawan ƙaura da ke haifar da talauci. Bincike ya nuna cewa ga ƙasashe masu matsakaicin kuɗi, yanayin zafi mafi girma yana ƙara yawan ƙaura zuwa birane da sauran ƙasashe. Ga ƙasashe masu karamin karfi, yanayin zafi mafi girma yana rage ƙaura.<ref name="CattaneoPeri2016">{{Cite journal |last=Cattaneo |first=Cristina |last2=Peri |first2=Giovanni |year=2016 |title=The Migration Response to Increasing Temperatures |url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w21622.pdf |journal=[[Journal of Development Economics]] |volume=122 |issue=C |pages=127–146 |bibcode=2016JDevE.122..127C |doi=10.1016/j.jdeveco.2016.05.004}}</ref> Binciken da ke bincika abubuwan turawa da janyewa don ƙaura daga [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]] ya gano cewa abubuwan muhalli sun taka muhimmiyar rawa idan aka kwatanta da tattalin arziki. Lokacin da suka nemi mutane kai tsaye su kwatanta shi, sun sami sakamako mai zuwa: <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2025 |title=Climate-Change Vulnerability and Climate Migration: Evidence from Guatemala |url=https://www.american.edu/spa/news/climate-change-vulnerability-08082025.cfm |access-date=12 August 2025 |website=American University}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Amsa !Yaduwar |- |Mafi kyawun albashi tare da ƙarancin haɗarin yanayi |68% |- |Mafi kyawun albashi tare da ƙarin haɗarin yanayi |32% |} Shige da fice da shige da ficewa wani lokacin wajibi ne a cikin kwangilar aiki: masu wa'azi na addini da ma'aikatan Kamfanoni na kasa da kasa, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasa da ƙasa, da kuma sabis na diflomasiyya, ta hanyar ma'anar, don aiki "a kasashen waje". Sau da yawa ana kiransu "baƙi", kuma yanayin aikinsu yawanci daidai ne ko mafi kyau fiye da waɗanda ke neman aiki a ƙasar da ke karɓar bakuncin (don irin wannan aiki). Abubuwan da ba na tattalin arziki ba sun haɗa da tsanantawa (addini da in ba haka ba), cin zarafi akai-akai, zalunci, zalunci na kabilanci, [[Kisan kiyashi|kisan kare dangi]], haɗari ga fararen hula a lokacin [[yaƙi]], da kuma warewar jama'a.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chiswick |first=Barry |date=March 2000 |title=The Earnings of Male Hispanic Immigrants in the United States |type=Working paper |publisher=[[University of Illinois at Chicago]] Institute for the Study of Labor |ssrn=224241}}</ref> Dalilan siyasa na al'ada suna motsa kwararar 'yan gudun hijira; alal misali, mutane na iya yin hijira don tserewa daga [[Mulkin kama-karya|mulkin kama karya]].<ref name="Borjas2016">{{Cite journal |last=Borjas |first=George J. |date=1 April 1982 |title=The Earnings of Male Hispanic Immigrants in the United States |journal=Industrial & Labor Relations Review |language=en |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=343–353 |doi=10.1177/001979398203500304 |issn=0019-7939 |s2cid=36445207}}</ref> Wasu ƙaura ne saboda dalilai na mutum, bisa ga dangantaka (misali kasancewa tare da iyali ko abokin tarayya), kamar a cikin sake haɗuwa da iyali ko auren ƙasashe (musamman a cikin misalin rashin daidaituwa na jinsi) ko dangantakar jinsi ɗaya. Sauran suna ƙaura don samun dama mafi aminci don bayyana asalin jinsi da samun damar kula da tabbatar da jinsi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Cerezo |first=Alison |last2=Morales |first2=Alejandro |last3=Quintero |first3=Danielle |last4=Rothman |first4=Stephanie |date=2014 |title=Trans migrations: Exploring life at the intersection of transgender identity and immigration. |url=https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/sgd0000031 |journal=Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=170–180 |doi=10.1037/sgd0000031 |issn=2329-0390 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya gano bambancin jinsi, shekaru, da al'adu a cikin mallakar ra'ayin yin ƙaura.<ref name="Rubin2013">{{Cite journal |last=Rubin |first=Mark |date=July 2013 |title="It Wasn't My Idea to Come Here!": Young Women Lack Ownership of the Idea to Immigrate – Mark Rubin's Social Psychology Research |url=https://sites.google.com/site/markrubinsocialpsychresearch/-it-wasn-t-my-idea-to-come-here-young-women-lack-ownership-of-the-idea-to-immigrate |journal=International Journal of Intercultural Relations |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=497–501 |doi=10.1016/j.ijintrel.2013.02.001 |issn=0147-1767 |access-date=3 October 2018 |ref=Rubin2013}}</ref> A wasu lokuta, mutum na iya so ya yi ƙaura zuwa sabuwar ƙasa ta hanyar canja wurin kishin kasa. Tserewa daga shari'ar aikata laifuka (misali, guje wa kamawa) wani dalili ne na mutum. Irin wannan ƙaura da shige da fice ba doka ba ce, idan an san wani laifi a duniya, kodayake masu laifi na iya ɓoye ainihin su ko samun wasu hanyoyi don kauce wa ganowa. Misali, akwai rahotanni na masu aikata laifukan yaki da ke nuna kansu a matsayin wadanda ke fama da yaki ko rikici sannan kuma suna neman mafaka a wata kasa daban.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haskell |first=Leslie |date=18 September 2014 |title=EU asylum and war criminals: No place to hide |url=https://euobserver.com/opinion/125664 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=EUobserver.com |publisher=EUobserver}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Knight |first=Ben |date=11 April 2016 |title=Refugees in Germany reporting dozens of war crimes |url=http://www.dw.com/en/refugees-in-germany-reporting-dozens-of-war-crimes/a-19179291 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Porter |first=Tom |date=26 February 2016 |title=Sweden: Syrian asylum seeker suspected of war crimes under Assad regime arrested in Stockholm |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/sweden-syrian-asylum-seeker-suspected-war-crimes-under-assad-regime-arrested-stockholm-1546149 |access-date=13 May 2016 |website=International Business Times}}</ref> Shingen shige da fice ya zo ba kawai a cikin doka ba ko siyasa; shingen halitta da zamantakewa ga shige dafi na iya zama mai ƙarfi sosai. Baƙi lokacin da suke barin ƙasarsu suna barin duk abin da aka saba da shi: danginsu, abokai, cibiyar tallafi, da al'adu. Har ila yau, suna buƙatar warware dukiyarsu, kuma suna biyan kuɗin ƙaura. Lokacin da suka isa sabuwar ƙasa, wannan sau da yawa yana da rashin tabbas da yawa ciki har da neman aiki, inda za su rayu, sabbin dokoki, sabbin ka'idojin al'adu, harshe ko batutuwan magana, yiwuwar [[wariyar launin fata]], da sauran halayen warewa ga su da danginsu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nunez |first=Christina |date=12 December 2014 |title=The 7 biggest challenges facing refugees and immigrants in the US |url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/the-7-biggest-challenges-facing-refugees-and-immig/ |access-date=16 May 2016 |website=Global Citizen |publisher=Global Poverty Project}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charles Rodriguez |first=U. |last2=Venegas de la Torre |first2=M. D. L. P. |last3=Hecker |first3=V. |last4=Laing |first4=R. A. |last5=Larouche |first5=R. |date=2022 |title=The Relationship Between Nature and Immigrants' Integration, Wellbeing and Physical Activity: A Scoping Review |journal=Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=190–218 |doi=10.1007/s10903-022-01339-3 |pmid=35201532 |s2cid=247060104}}</ref><ref name="Djajić2013">{{Cite journal |last=Djajić |first=Slobodan |date=1 September 2013 |title=Barriers to immigration and the dynamics of emigration |journal=Journal of Macroeconomics |volume=37 |pages=41–52 |doi=10.1016/j.jmacro.2013.06.001}}</ref> [[Fayil:Čížov_(Zaisa)_-_preserved_part_of_Iron_curtain.JPG|thumb|An tsara Iron Curtain a Turai a matsayin hanyar hana ƙaura. "Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan ban dariya na tarihin Turai bayan yakin cewa, da zarar 'yancin tafiya ga Turawa da ke zaune a ƙarƙashin mulkin kwaminisanci, wanda Yamma ta daɗe tana buƙata, a ƙarshe an ba da shi a cikin 1989/90, ba da daɗewa ba ya zama mafi wuya ga Yamma kanta, kuma an gina sabbin shingen don maye gurbin Iron Curtain. "- Anita Böcker <ref>Anita Böcker (1998) [https://books.google.com/books?id=ejOg0L5pbHUC ''Regulation of migration: international experiences'']. Het Spinhuis. p. 218. {{ISBN|90-5589-095-2}}</ref>]] Nuna bambanci da azabtarwa bisa ga Jima'i da jinsi an ba da izini a cikin kasashe da yawa, tare da wasu suna sanya hukuncin kisa ga ayyukan jima'i. Wannan tsari na nuna bambanci ya bayyana a cikin manufofin shige da fice, inda dokoki zasu iya ƙuntata damar yin amfani da ayyuka da mafaka masu aminci ga Ƙungiyoyin da aka ware, gami da mutanen launin fata da membobin Al'ummar LGBTQ.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seuffert |first=Nan |date=2009-01-01 |title=Reflections on Transgender Immigration |journal=Griffith Law Review |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=428–452 |doi=10.1080/10383441.2009.10854649 |issn=1038-3441}}</ref> Kasashen da ake neman [[Mai Neman Mafaka|mafaka]] ma ba su da cikakken 'yanci daga nuna bambanci, suna rikitar da kokarin cimma matsaya.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Redcay |first=Alex |last2=Luquet |first2=Wade |last3=Huggin |first3=McKenzie E. |date=2019-12-01 |title=Immigration and Asylum for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Individuals |journal=Journal of Human Rights and Social Work |language=en |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=248–256 |doi=10.1007/s41134-019-00092-2 |issn=2365-1792}}</ref> === Environmental migration === {{Excerpt|History of human migration}} === Baƙi na tattalin arziki === [[Fayil:Indo-Bangladeshi_Barrier.JPG|right|thumb|Shingen Indo-Bangladeshi a cikin 2007. [[Indiya]] tana gina shingen rabuwa tare da iyakar kilomita 4,000 (2,500 tare da Bangladesh don hana shige da fice ba bisa ka'ida ba.]] Kasashe da yawa suna da ƙuntatawa na shige da fice da biza waɗanda ke hana mutum shiga ƙasar don manufar samun aiki ba tare da takardar izinin aiki ba. A matsayin keta dokokin shige da fice na [[Jaha|Jiha]], za a iya hana mutumin da aka ayyana shi a matsayin mai bautar tattalin arziki shiga cikin ƙasa. Bankin Duniya ya kiyasta cewa kudaden da aka aikawa sun kai dala biliyan 420 a shekara ta 2009, daga cikinsu dala biliyan 317 sun tafi kasashe masu tasowa. == Tasirin Tattalin Arziki == Research suggests that immigration can be beneficial both to the receiving and sending countries.<ref name="di GiovanniLevchenko2015" /><ref name="WorldBank2016" /> Immigration can have positive economic effects on the native population,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-21 |title=The Positive Economic Impact Of Immigration |url=https://www.fwd.us/news/immigration-facts-the-positive-economic-impact-of-immigration/ |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=FWD.us |language=en}}</ref> mixed effects where low-skilled immigration adversely affects underprivileged natives,<ref name="CardDustmann2012">{{Cite journal |last=Card |first=David |last2=Dustmann |first2=Christian |last3=Preston |first3=Ian |date=1 February 2012 |title=Immigration, Wages, and Compositional Amenities |url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w15521.pdf |journal=Journal of the European Economic Association |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=78–119 |doi=10.1111/j.1542-4774.2011.01051.x |issn=1542-4774 |s2cid=154303869}}</ref><ref name="IGM Forum">{{Cite web |title=Migration Within Europe {{!}} IGM Forum |url=http://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/migration-within-europe |access-date=7 December 2016 |website=www.igmchicago.org}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Poll Results {{!}} IGM Forum |url=http://www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel/poll-results?SurveyID=SV_0JtSLKwzqNSfrAF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905120022/http://www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel/poll-results?SurveyID=SV_0JtSLKwzqNSfrAF |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=19 September 2015 |website=www.igmchicago.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Poll Results {{!}} IGM Forum |url=http://www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel/poll-results?SurveyID=SV_5vuNnqkBeAMAfHv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029232825/http://www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel/poll-results?SurveyID=SV_5vuNnqkBeAMAfHv |archive-date=29 October 2019 |access-date=19 September 2015 |website=www.igmchicago.org}}</ref> reduce wages due to elasticity of labor supply,<ref name="g315">{{Cite journal |last=Borjas |first=George J. |last2=Freeman |first2=Richard B. |last3=Katz |first3=Lawrence F. |last4=DiNardo |first4=John |last5=Abowd |first5=John M. |year=1997 |title=How Much Do Immigration and Trade Affect Labor Market Outcomes? |journal=Brookings Papers on Economic Activity |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |volume=1997 |issue=1 |pages=1–90 |doi=10.2307/2534701 |issn=0007-2303 |jstor=2534701}}</ref> or achieve negative projected economic life-cycle impacts. Studies suggest that the elimination of barriers to migration would have profound effects on world GDP, with estimates of gains ranging between 67 and 147 percent for the scenarios in which 37 to 53 percent of the developing countries' workers migrate to the developed countries.<ref name="Iregui2003">{{Cite journal |last=Iregui |first=Ana Maria |date=1 January 2003 |title=Efficiency Gains from the Elimination of Global Restrictions on Labour Mobility: An Analysis using a Multiregional CGE Model |url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/unu/wpaper/dp2003-27.html |journal=Wider Working Paper Series}}</ref><ref name="Clemens2011">{{Cite journal |last=Clemens |first=Michael A |date=1 August 2011 |title=Economics and Emigration: Trillion-Dollar Bills on the Sidewalk? |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1912544_code794896.pdf?abstractid=1912544&mirid=1 |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=83–106 |doi=10.1257/jep.25.3.83 |issn=0895-3309 |s2cid=59507836 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="HamiltonWhalley1984">{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=B. |last2=Whalley |first2=J. |date=1 February 1984 |title=Efficiency and distributional implications of global restrictions on labour mobility: calculations and policy implications |journal=Journal of Development Economics |volume=14 |issue=1–2 |pages=61–75 |doi=10.1016/0304-3878(84)90043-9 |issn=0304-3878 |pmid=12266702}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dustmann |first=Christian |last2=Preston |first2=Ian P. |date=2 August 2019 |title=Free Movement, Open Borders, and the Global Gains from Labor Mobility |journal=Annual Review of Economics |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=783–808 |doi=10.1146/annurev-economics-080218-025843 |issn=1941-1383 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Some development economists argue that reducing barriers to labor mobility or trade between developing countries and developed countries would be one of the most efficient tools of poverty reduction.<ref name="Milanovic2015">{{Cite journal |last=Milanovic |first=Branko |date=7 January 2014 |title=Global Inequality of Opportunity: How Much of Our Income Is Determined by Where We Live? |journal=Review of Economics and Statistics |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=452–460 |doi=10.1162/REST_a_00432 |issn=0034-6535 |s2cid=11046799 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Clemens-2019">{{Cite journal |last=Clemens |first=Michael A. |last2=Pritchett |first2=Lant |date=2019 |title=The New Economic Case for Migration Restrictions: An Assessment |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304387818306382 |journal=Journal of Development Economics |language=en |volume=138 |issue=9730 |pages=153–164 |doi=10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.12.003 |issn=0304-3878 |s2cid=204418677 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Work permits can crowd out citizens<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Doran |first=Kirk |last2=Gelber |first2=Alexander |last3=Isen |first3=Adam |date=2022 |title=The Effects of High-Skilled Immigration Policy on Firms: Evidence from Visa Lotteries |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/720467 |journal=Journal of Political Economy |volume=130 |issue=10 |pages=2501–2533 |doi=10.1086/720467 |issn=0022-3808 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> and increase unemployment.<ref name="a450">{{Cite journal |last=Dustmann |first=Christian |last2=Schönberg |first2=Uta |last3=Stuhler |first3=Jan |date=2017 |title=Labor Supply Shocks, Native Wages, and the Adjustment of Local Employment* |url=https://academic.oup.com/qje/article/132/1/435/2724541 |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=132 |issue=1 |pages=435–483 |doi=10.1093/qje/qjw032 |issn=0033-5533 |access-date=2026-08-18}}</ref><ref name="s728">{{Cite journal |last=Hunt |first=Jennifer |date=1992 |title=The Impact of the 1962 Repatriates from Algeria on the French Labor Market |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/001979399204500310 |journal=ILR Review |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=556–572 |doi=10.1177/001979399204500310 |issn=0019-7939 |access-date=2026-08-18}}</ref> Due to the compositional effect immigrants with below [[median income]] decrease and immigrants with above median income increase the median income of the whole population of a country.<ref name="g327">{{Cite journal |last=Dustmann |first=Christian |last2=Kastis |first2=Yannis |last3=Preston |first3=Ian |date=2024 |title=Inequality and immigration |url=https://academic.oup.com/ooec/article/3/Supplement_1/i453/7708103 |journal=Oxford Open Economics |volume=3 |issue=Supplement_1 |pages=i453–i473 |doi=10.1093/ooec/odad052 |issn=2752-5074 |access-date=2026-05-23 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Ingancin cibiyoyin === Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2015 ya gano "wasu shaidu cewa yawancin baƙi suna da tasiri mai kyau a kan ingancin ma'aikata. A mafi ƙaranci, sakamakonmu ya nuna cewa babu wani mummunan tasiri ga 'yancin tattalin arziki da ke da alaƙa da ƙarin shige da fice".<ref name="ClarkLawson2015">{{Cite journal |last=Clark |first=J.R. |last2=Lawson |first2=Robert |last3=Nowrasteh |first3=Alex |last4=Powell |first4=Benjamin |last5=Murphy |first5=Ryan |date=June 2015 |title=Does immigration impact institutions? |url=https://issuelab.org/resources/31059/31059.pdf |journal=[[Public Choice (journal)|Public Choice]] |volume=163 |issue=3 |pages=321–335 |doi=10.1007/s11127-015-0254-y |s2cid=55968273}}</ref>Wani binciken, yana kallon karuwar yawan jama'ar Isra'ila a cikin shekarun 1990 saboda ba a iyakance shige da fice na Yahudawa daga Tarayyar Soviet ba, ya gano cewa yawan shige da shige da Fice bai lalata cibiyoyin siyasa ba, kuma ya kara ingancin cibiyoyin tattalin arziki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Powell |first=Benjamin |last2=Clark |first2=J.R. |last3=Nowrasteh |first3=Alex |date=1 September 2017 |title=Does mass immigration destroy institutions? 1990s Israel as a natural experiment |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S016726811730166X |journal=Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization |language=en |volume=141 |pages=83–95 |doi=10.1016/j.jebo.2017.06.008 |issn=0167-2681 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2017 a cikin ''Jaridar Kimiyya ta Siyasa ta Burtaniya'' ya yi jayayya cewa yankunan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya ba tare da bautar ba sun karɓi cibiyoyin dimokuradiyya mafi kyau don jawo hankalin ma'aikatan ƙaura zuwa yankunansu.<ref name="Nikolova2015">{{Cite journal |last=Nikolova |first=Elena |date=1 January 2017 |title=Destined for Democracy? Labour Markets and Political Change in Colonial British America |url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1573632/ |journal=British Journal of Political Science |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=19–45 |doi=10.1017/S0007123415000101 |issn=0007-1234 |s2cid=17112994}}</ref><ref name="NikolovaNikolova2017">{{Cite journal |last=Nikolova |first=Elena |last2=Nikolova |first2=Milena |date=1 September 2017 |title=Suffrage, labour markets and coalitions in colonial Virginia |url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1573630/ |journal=European Journal of Political Economy |volume=49 |pages=108–122 |doi=10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2017.01.002 |s2cid=157369080}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2018 ya kasa samun shaidar cewa shige da fice zuwa Amurka yana raunana 'yancin tattalin arziki.<ref name="PadillaCachanosky2018">{{Cite journal |last=Padilla |first=Alexandre |last2=Cachanosky |first2=Nicolás |date=5 February 2018 |title=The Grecian horse: does immigration lead to the deterioration of American institutions? |journal=Public Choice |language=en |volume=174 |issue=3–4 |pages=351–405 |doi=10.1007/s11127-018-0509-5 |issn=0048-5829 |s2cid=157264613}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2019 a Jordan ya gano cewa yawan 'yan gudun hijira zuwa Jordan a lokacin Yakin Gulf yana da tasiri mai kyau a kan cibiyoyin tattalin arzikin Jordan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blondin |first=Cole |last2=Forrester |first2=Andrew C. |last3=Nowrasteh |first3=Alex |year=2019 |title=How Mass Immigration Affects Countries with Weak Economic Institutions: A Natural Experiment in Jordan |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/944551555006432470/pdf/How-Mass-Immigration-Affects-Countries-with-Weak-Economic-Institutions-A-Natural-Experiment-in-Jordan.pdf |journal=The World Bank Economic Review |language=en |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=533–549 |doi=10.1093/wber/lhy032}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == {{Columns-list|* [[Immigration country]] * [[Immigration minister]] * [[Immigration reform]] * [[International migration]] * [[Internal migration]] * [[Multiculturalism]] * [[People smuggling]] * [[Repatriation]] * [[Non-citizen suffrage]] * [[Non-resident citizen voting]] * [[Skilled worker#Migration]] * [[White genocide conspiracy theory]] * [[Women migrant workers from developing countries]] * [[Xenophobia]]}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qpjdhir9g82cqs0pzr7ymeyt4171ge1 0 165229 906693 2026-08-23T20:36:51Z Kamal JB 24987 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334247509|Walter Niedermayr]]" 906693 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Walter_Niedermayr_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Walter Niedermayr (2015) ]] '''Walter Niedermayr''' (an haife shi 27 Fabrairu 1952) ɗan Italiya ne mai ɗaukar hoto kuma malami. == Ayyuka == Niedermayr ya fi shahara ne saboda hotunan da yake dauka na binciken sararin samaniya a matsayin gaskiyar da mutane suka mamaye kuma suka tsara shi, suna tambayar wuraren da ke tsakanin wakilci da tunanin. Wannan aikin ya fara ne a shekarar 1987 tare da jerin Alpine Landschaften (Alpine Landscapes), kuma ya ci gaba da Raumfolgen (Space Con / Sequences) (1991), Rohbauten (Shell Constructions) (1997) da Artefakte (Artafacti) (1992). Jerin sa na Bildraum (Hoto-Space) (2001) yana mai da hankali kan gine-gine, sarari da muhalli. Tsakanin 2005 da 2008, ya yi aiki a kan jerin ''Iran'', yayin da tsakanin 2009 da 2010, ya yi aiki akan The Aspen Series a [[Colorado]] . Tsakanin 2011 da 2014, Niedermayr ya koyar da daukar hoto mai kyau a Faculty of Design and Art a Jami'ar Free ta Bozen-Bolzano a Bolzano . == Zaɓuɓɓukan nune-nunen kai tsaye == * 2012: "Conjonctions", Istituto Italiano di Cultura de [[Faris|Paris]], Paris <ref>{{Cite web |title=Istituto di Cultura – Parigi |url=http://www.iicparigi.esteri.it/IIC_Parigi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601160059/http://www.iicparigi.esteri.it/IIC_Parigi |archive-date=1 June 2013 |access-date=29 May 2013}}</ref> * 2015: "Walter Niedermayr. Spheres na Tsinkaya da Kasuwanci", Watan Hoto, [[Bratislava]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Projection spheres and adventure realms &#124; Bratislava City Gallery &#124; Allowance organisation of the City of Bratislava, capital of the Slovak Republic |url=http://www.gmb.sk/en/exhibition/detail/mountain-mutations/Bratislava |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405025013/http://www.gmb.sk/en/exhibition/detail/mountain-mutations/Bratislava |archive-date=5 April 2018 |access-date=14 October 2016}}</ref> * 2015: "Walter Niedermayr. Bayyanawa", Ersel, [[Torino|Turin]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2018 |title=Walter Niedermayr – Appearances |url=https://www.ersel.it/Ersel/Dal-1936/EventiSponsorizzazioni/ArchivioEventi/EVENTI2015/walter-niedermayr0.html#.WACiEdx3_Js/Spazio}}</ref> * 2017: "Walter Niedermayr", Galerie Johann Widauer, Innsbruck == Littattafai == * ''Ka mutu a cikin wani abu. Na hau faduwa.'', Ar / Ge Kunst, Bozen, da Raetia, 1994. {{ISBN|978-88-7283-049-9}} * ''Ka adana Augenblicks. Wurin shakatawa na ɗan lokaci.'', Editoci Francesco Bonami, Siegrid Hauser, Ar / Ge Kunst, Bozen, da Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 1998.  {{ISBN|978-3-89322-962-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-89322-962-8|<bdi>978-3-89322-962-8</bdi>]] * ''An sake shi. [Hasiya]'', rubutun Moritz Küng, ar/ge Kunst Galerie Museum, Bolzano 1998.  {{ISBN|3-9500803-0-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-9500803-0-9|<bdi>3-9500803-0-9</bdi>]] * ''Raumfolgen 1991-2001'', rubutun Martin Prinzhorn, Carl Aigner da Andrea Domesle, Eikon, Vienna, 2001.  {{ISBN|978-3-9501157-9-6}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-9501157-9-6|<bdi>978-3-9501157-9-6</bdi>]] * [Hotuna a shafi na 9]  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-1260-6}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-1260-6|<bdi>978-3-7757-1260-6</bdi>]] * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga yaren Girka.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-1405-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-1405-1|<bdi>978-3-7757-1405-1</bdi>]] * [Hotuna a shafi na 9]  {{ISBN|978-3-85160-078-0}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-85160-078-0|<bdi>978-3-85160-078-0</bdi>]] * ''Novartis Campus-Fabrikstrasse, 4, Sanaa/Sejima+Nishizawa: Ayyukan Walter Niedermayr'', rubutun Ulrike Jehle-Schulte, Architekturmuseum Basel/Merian, 2006.  {{ISBN|978-3-85616-519-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-85616-519-2|<bdi>978-3-85616-519-2</bdi>]] * Walter Niedermayr ya fara ne da Kazuyo Sejima + Ryue Nishizawa / Sanaa, Edita Moritz Küng, DeSingel, Antwerp / Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 2007.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-1890-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-1890-5|<bdi>978-3-7757-1890-5</bdi>]] * ''Tashar Z Sachsenhausen'', Editocin HG Merz + Walter Niedermayr, Mawallafi Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 2009.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-2397-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-2397-8|<bdi>978-3-7757-2397-8</bdi>]] * [Hotuna a shafi na 9]  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-2738-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-2738-9|<bdi>978-3-7757-2738-9</bdi>]] * ''Walter Niedermayr ya fito'', Editoci Filippo Maggia da Francesca Lazzarini, Skira, Milan 2011.  {{ISBN|978-88-572-0975-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-88-572-0975-3|<bdi>978-88-572-0975-3</bdi>]] * ''Walter Niedermayr ya fara ne'' da Musa, Edita Tiziana Serena, Linea di Confine edita, Rubiera/Koenig Books, London 2011.  {{ISBN|978-3-86560-395-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-86560-395-1|<bdi>978-3-86560-395-1</bdi>]] * Walter Niedermayr - The Aspen Series, Rubutun Chris Byrne, Catherine Grout, Paula Crown, Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 2013, .{{ISBN|978-3-7757-3212-3}} * ''Walter Niedermayr ya yi tafiya a cikin Raumaneignungen. Lech 2015-2016'', Rubutun Catherine Grout da tattaunawa tsakanin Gerold da Katia Schneider, Walter Niedermayr da Arno Ritter, Ostfildern 2016, .{{ISBN|978-3-7757-4266-5}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] eordnp9ows156n2hu9vd8r2y1b1t2xd 906694 906693 2026-08-23T20:37:12Z Kamal JB 24987 906694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Walter_Niedermayr_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Walter Niedermayr (2015) ]] '''Walter Niedermayr''' (an haife shi 27 Fabrairu 1952) ɗan Italiya ne mai ɗaukar hoto kuma malami. == Ayyuka == Niedermayr ya fi shahara ne saboda hotunan da yake dauka na binciken sararin samaniya a matsayin gaskiyar da mutane suka mamaye kuma suka tsara shi, suna tambayar wuraren da ke tsakanin wakilci da tunanin. Wannan aikin ya fara ne a shekarar 1987 tare da jerin Alpine Landschaften (Alpine Landscapes), kuma ya ci gaba da Raumfolgen (Space Con / Sequences) (1991), Rohbauten (Shell Constructions) (1997) da Artefakte (Artafacti) (1992). Jerin sa na Bildraum (Hoto-Space) (2001) yana mai da hankali kan gine-gine, sarari da muhalli. Tsakanin 2005 da 2008, ya yi aiki a kan jerin ''Iran'', yayin da tsakanin 2009 da 2010, ya yi aiki akan The Aspen Series a [[Colorado]] . Tsakanin 2011 da 2014, Niedermayr ya koyar da daukar hoto mai kyau a Faculty of Design and Art a Jami'ar Free ta Bozen-Bolzano a Bolzano . == Zaɓuɓɓukan nune-nunen kai tsaye == * 2012: "Conjonctions", Istituto Italiano di Cultura de [[Faris|Paris]], Paris <ref>{{Cite web |title=Istituto di Cultura – Parigi |url=http://www.iicparigi.esteri.it/IIC_Parigi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601160059/http://www.iicparigi.esteri.it/IIC_Parigi |archive-date=1 June 2013 |access-date=29 May 2013}}</ref> * 2015: "Walter Niedermayr. Spheres na Tsinkaya da Kasuwanci", Watan Hoto, [[Bratislava]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Projection spheres and adventure realms &#124; Bratislava City Gallery &#124; Allowance organisation of the City of Bratislava, capital of the Slovak Republic |url=http://www.gmb.sk/en/exhibition/detail/mountain-mutations/Bratislava |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405025013/http://www.gmb.sk/en/exhibition/detail/mountain-mutations/Bratislava |archive-date=5 April 2018 |access-date=14 October 2016}}</ref> * 2015: "Walter Niedermayr. Bayyanawa", Ersel, [[Torino|Turin]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2018 |title=Walter Niedermayr – Appearances |url=https://www.ersel.it/Ersel/Dal-1936/EventiSponsorizzazioni/ArchivioEventi/EVENTI2015/walter-niedermayr0.html#.WACiEdx3_Js/Spazio}}</ref> * 2017: "Walter Niedermayr", Galerie Johann Widauer, Innsbruck == Littattafai == * ''Ka mutu a cikin wani abu. Na hau faduwa.'', Ar / Ge Kunst, Bozen, da Raetia, 1994. {{ISBN|978-88-7283-049-9}} * ''Ka adana Augenblicks. Wurin shakatawa na ɗan lokaci.'', Editoci Francesco Bonami, Siegrid Hauser, Ar / Ge Kunst, Bozen, da Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 1998.  {{ISBN|978-3-89322-962-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-89322-962-8|<bdi>978-3-89322-962-8</bdi>]] * ''An sake shi. [Hasiya]'', rubutun Moritz Küng, ar/ge Kunst Galerie Museum, Bolzano 1998.  {{ISBN|3-9500803-0-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-9500803-0-9|<bdi>3-9500803-0-9</bdi>]] * ''Raumfolgen 1991-2001'', rubutun Martin Prinzhorn, Carl Aigner da Andrea Domesle, Eikon, Vienna, 2001.  {{ISBN|978-3-9501157-9-6}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-9501157-9-6|<bdi>978-3-9501157-9-6</bdi>]] * [Hotuna a shafi na 9]  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-1260-6}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-1260-6|<bdi>978-3-7757-1260-6</bdi>]] * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga yaren Girka.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-1405-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-1405-1|<bdi>978-3-7757-1405-1</bdi>]] * [Hotuna a shafi na 9]  {{ISBN|978-3-85160-078-0}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-85160-078-0|<bdi>978-3-85160-078-0</bdi>]] * ''Novartis Campus-Fabrikstrasse, 4, Sanaa/Sejima+Nishizawa: Ayyukan Walter Niedermayr'', rubutun Ulrike Jehle-Schulte, Architekturmuseum Basel/Merian, 2006.  {{ISBN|978-3-85616-519-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-85616-519-2|<bdi>978-3-85616-519-2</bdi>]] * Walter Niedermayr ya fara ne da Kazuyo Sejima + Ryue Nishizawa / Sanaa, Edita Moritz Küng, DeSingel, Antwerp / Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 2007.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-1890-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-1890-5|<bdi>978-3-7757-1890-5</bdi>]] * ''Tashar Z Sachsenhausen'', Editocin HG Merz + Walter Niedermayr, Mawallafi Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 2009.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-2397-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-2397-8|<bdi>978-3-7757-2397-8</bdi>]] * [Hotuna a shafi na 9]  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-2738-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-2738-9|<bdi>978-3-7757-2738-9</bdi>]] * ''Walter Niedermayr ya fito'', Editoci Filippo Maggia da Francesca Lazzarini, Skira, Milan 2011.  {{ISBN|978-88-572-0975-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-88-572-0975-3|<bdi>978-88-572-0975-3</bdi>]] * ''Walter Niedermayr ya fara ne'' da Musa, Edita Tiziana Serena, Linea di Confine edita, Rubiera/Koenig Books, London 2011.  {{ISBN|978-3-86560-395-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-86560-395-1|<bdi>978-3-86560-395-1</bdi>]] * Walter Niedermayr - The Aspen Series, Rubutun Chris Byrne, Catherine Grout, Paula Crown, Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 2013, .{{ISBN|978-3-7757-3212-3}} * ''Walter Niedermayr ya yi tafiya a cikin Raumaneignungen. Lech 2015-2016'', Rubutun Catherine Grout da tattaunawa tsakanin Gerold da Katia Schneider, Walter Niedermayr da Arno Ritter, Ostfildern 2016, .{{ISBN|978-3-7757-4266-5}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] ijc7yqw8cxk7e3trcswho5o53fw4eq0 906695 906694 2026-08-23T20:38:03Z Kamal JB 24987 906695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Walter_Niedermayr_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Walter Niedermayr (2015) ]] '''Walter Niedermayr''' (an haife shi a ranar27 Fabrairu 1952) ɗan Italiya ne mai ɗaukar hoto kuma malami. == Ayyuka == Niedermayr ya fi shahara ne saboda hotunan da yake dauka na binciken sararin samaniya a matsayin gaskiyar da mutane suka mamaye kuma suka tsara shi, suna tambayar wuraren da ke tsakanin wakilci da tunanin. Wannan aikin ya fara ne a shekarar 1987 tare da jerin Alpine Landschaften (Alpine Landscapes), kuma ya ci gaba da Raumfolgen (Space Con / Sequences) (1991), Rohbauten (Shell Constructions) (1997) da Artefakte (Artafacti) (1992). Jerin sa na Bildraum (Hoto-Space) (2001) yana mai da hankali kan gine-gine, sarari da muhalli. Tsakanin 2005 da 2008, ya yi aiki a kan jerin ''Iran'', yayin da tsakanin 2009 da 2010, ya yi aiki akan The Aspen Series a [[Colorado]] . Tsakanin 2011 da 2014, Niedermayr ya koyar da daukar hoto mai kyau a Faculty of Design and Art a Jami'ar Free ta Bozen-Bolzano a Bolzano . == Zaɓuɓɓukan nune-nunen kai tsaye == * 2012: "Conjonctions", Istituto Italiano di Cultura de [[Faris|Paris]], Paris <ref>{{Cite web |title=Istituto di Cultura – Parigi |url=http://www.iicparigi.esteri.it/IIC_Parigi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601160059/http://www.iicparigi.esteri.it/IIC_Parigi |archive-date=1 June 2013 |access-date=29 May 2013}}</ref> * 2015: "Walter Niedermayr. Spheres na Tsinkaya da Kasuwanci", Watan Hoto, [[Bratislava]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Projection spheres and adventure realms &#124; Bratislava City Gallery &#124; Allowance organisation of the City of Bratislava, capital of the Slovak Republic |url=http://www.gmb.sk/en/exhibition/detail/mountain-mutations/Bratislava |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405025013/http://www.gmb.sk/en/exhibition/detail/mountain-mutations/Bratislava |archive-date=5 April 2018 |access-date=14 October 2016}}</ref> * 2015: "Walter Niedermayr. Bayyanawa", Ersel, [[Torino|Turin]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2018 |title=Walter Niedermayr – Appearances |url=https://www.ersel.it/Ersel/Dal-1936/EventiSponsorizzazioni/ArchivioEventi/EVENTI2015/walter-niedermayr0.html#.WACiEdx3_Js/Spazio}}</ref> * 2017: "Walter Niedermayr", Galerie Johann Widauer, Innsbruck == Littattafai == * ''Ka mutu a cikin wani abu. Na hau faduwa.'', Ar / Ge Kunst, Bozen, da Raetia, 1994. {{ISBN|978-88-7283-049-9}} * ''Ka adana Augenblicks. Wurin shakatawa na ɗan lokaci.'', Editoci Francesco Bonami, Siegrid Hauser, Ar / Ge Kunst, Bozen, da Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 1998.  {{ISBN|978-3-89322-962-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-89322-962-8|<bdi>978-3-89322-962-8</bdi>]] * ''An sake shi. [Hasiya]'', rubutun Moritz Küng, ar/ge Kunst Galerie Museum, Bolzano 1998.  {{ISBN|3-9500803-0-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-9500803-0-9|<bdi>3-9500803-0-9</bdi>]] * ''Raumfolgen 1991-2001'', rubutun Martin Prinzhorn, Carl Aigner da Andrea Domesle, Eikon, Vienna, 2001.  {{ISBN|978-3-9501157-9-6}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-9501157-9-6|<bdi>978-3-9501157-9-6</bdi>]] * [Hotuna a shafi na 9]  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-1260-6}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-1260-6|<bdi>978-3-7757-1260-6</bdi>]] * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga yaren Girka.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-1405-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-1405-1|<bdi>978-3-7757-1405-1</bdi>]] * [Hotuna a shafi na 9]  {{ISBN|978-3-85160-078-0}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-85160-078-0|<bdi>978-3-85160-078-0</bdi>]] * ''Novartis Campus-Fabrikstrasse, 4, Sanaa/Sejima+Nishizawa: Ayyukan Walter Niedermayr'', rubutun Ulrike Jehle-Schulte, Architekturmuseum Basel/Merian, 2006.  {{ISBN|978-3-85616-519-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-85616-519-2|<bdi>978-3-85616-519-2</bdi>]] * Walter Niedermayr ya fara ne da Kazuyo Sejima + Ryue Nishizawa / Sanaa, Edita Moritz Küng, DeSingel, Antwerp / Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 2007.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-1890-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-1890-5|<bdi>978-3-7757-1890-5</bdi>]] * ''Tashar Z Sachsenhausen'', Editocin HG Merz + Walter Niedermayr, Mawallafi Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 2009.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-2397-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-2397-8|<bdi>978-3-7757-2397-8</bdi>]] * [Hotuna a shafi na 9]  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-2738-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-2738-9|<bdi>978-3-7757-2738-9</bdi>]] * ''Walter Niedermayr ya fito'', Editoci Filippo Maggia da Francesca Lazzarini, Skira, Milan 2011.  {{ISBN|978-88-572-0975-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-88-572-0975-3|<bdi>978-88-572-0975-3</bdi>]] * ''Walter Niedermayr ya fara ne'' da Musa, Edita Tiziana Serena, Linea di Confine edita, Rubiera/Koenig Books, London 2011.  {{ISBN|978-3-86560-395-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-86560-395-1|<bdi>978-3-86560-395-1</bdi>]] * Walter Niedermayr - The Aspen Series, Rubutun Chris Byrne, Catherine Grout, Paula Crown, Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 2013, .{{ISBN|978-3-7757-3212-3}} * ''Walter Niedermayr ya yi tafiya a cikin Raumaneignungen. Lech 2015-2016'', Rubutun Catherine Grout da tattaunawa tsakanin Gerold da Katia Schneider, Walter Niedermayr da Arno Ritter, Ostfildern 2016, .{{ISBN|978-3-7757-4266-5}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] 1lhsexbgwe3g22ucjg32r47macgeb29 906697 906695 2026-08-23T20:38:30Z Kamal JB 24987 906697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Walter_Niedermayr_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Walter Niedermayr (2015) ]] '''Walter Niedermayr''' (an haife shi a ranar 27 Fabrairu 1952) ɗan Italiya ne mai ɗaukar hoto kuma malami. == Ayyuka == Niedermayr ya fi shahara ne saboda hotunan da yake dauka na binciken sararin samaniya a matsayin gaskiyar da mutane suka mamaye kuma suka tsara shi, suna tambayar wuraren da ke tsakanin wakilci da tunanin. Wannan aikin ya fara ne a shekarar 1987 tare da jerin Alpine Landschaften (Alpine Landscapes), kuma ya ci gaba da Raumfolgen (Space Con / Sequences) (1991), Rohbauten (Shell Constructions) (1997) da Artefakte (Artafacti) (1992). Jerin sa na Bildraum (Hoto-Space) (2001) yana mai da hankali kan gine-gine, sarari da muhalli. Tsakanin 2005 da 2008, ya yi aiki a kan jerin ''Iran'', yayin da tsakanin 2009 da 2010, ya yi aiki akan The Aspen Series a [[Colorado]] . Tsakanin 2011 da 2014, Niedermayr ya koyar da daukar hoto mai kyau a Faculty of Design and Art a Jami'ar Free ta Bozen-Bolzano a Bolzano . == Zaɓuɓɓukan nune-nunen kai tsaye == * 2012: "Conjonctions", Istituto Italiano di Cultura de [[Faris|Paris]], Paris <ref>{{Cite web |title=Istituto di Cultura – Parigi |url=http://www.iicparigi.esteri.it/IIC_Parigi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601160059/http://www.iicparigi.esteri.it/IIC_Parigi |archive-date=1 June 2013 |access-date=29 May 2013}}</ref> * 2015: "Walter Niedermayr. Spheres na Tsinkaya da Kasuwanci", Watan Hoto, [[Bratislava]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Projection spheres and adventure realms &#124; Bratislava City Gallery &#124; Allowance organisation of the City of Bratislava, capital of the Slovak Republic |url=http://www.gmb.sk/en/exhibition/detail/mountain-mutations/Bratislava |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405025013/http://www.gmb.sk/en/exhibition/detail/mountain-mutations/Bratislava |archive-date=5 April 2018 |access-date=14 October 2016}}</ref> * 2015: "Walter Niedermayr. Bayyanawa", Ersel, [[Torino|Turin]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2018 |title=Walter Niedermayr – Appearances |url=https://www.ersel.it/Ersel/Dal-1936/EventiSponsorizzazioni/ArchivioEventi/EVENTI2015/walter-niedermayr0.html#.WACiEdx3_Js/Spazio}}</ref> * 2017: "Walter Niedermayr", Galerie Johann Widauer, Innsbruck == Littattafai == * ''Ka mutu a cikin wani abu. Na hau faduwa.'', Ar / Ge Kunst, Bozen, da Raetia, 1994. {{ISBN|978-88-7283-049-9}} * ''Ka adana Augenblicks. Wurin shakatawa na ɗan lokaci.'', Editoci Francesco Bonami, Siegrid Hauser, Ar / Ge Kunst, Bozen, da Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 1998.  {{ISBN|978-3-89322-962-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-89322-962-8|<bdi>978-3-89322-962-8</bdi>]] * ''An sake shi. [Hasiya]'', rubutun Moritz Küng, ar/ge Kunst Galerie Museum, Bolzano 1998.  {{ISBN|3-9500803-0-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-9500803-0-9|<bdi>3-9500803-0-9</bdi>]] * ''Raumfolgen 1991-2001'', rubutun Martin Prinzhorn, Carl Aigner da Andrea Domesle, Eikon, Vienna, 2001.  {{ISBN|978-3-9501157-9-6}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-9501157-9-6|<bdi>978-3-9501157-9-6</bdi>]] * [Hotuna a shafi na 9]  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-1260-6}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-1260-6|<bdi>978-3-7757-1260-6</bdi>]] * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga yaren Girka.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-1405-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-1405-1|<bdi>978-3-7757-1405-1</bdi>]] * [Hotuna a shafi na 9]  {{ISBN|978-3-85160-078-0}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-85160-078-0|<bdi>978-3-85160-078-0</bdi>]] * ''Novartis Campus-Fabrikstrasse, 4, Sanaa/Sejima+Nishizawa: Ayyukan Walter Niedermayr'', rubutun Ulrike Jehle-Schulte, Architekturmuseum Basel/Merian, 2006.  {{ISBN|978-3-85616-519-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-85616-519-2|<bdi>978-3-85616-519-2</bdi>]] * Walter Niedermayr ya fara ne da Kazuyo Sejima + Ryue Nishizawa / Sanaa, Edita Moritz Küng, DeSingel, Antwerp / Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 2007.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-1890-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-1890-5|<bdi>978-3-7757-1890-5</bdi>]] * ''Tashar Z Sachsenhausen'', Editocin HG Merz + Walter Niedermayr, Mawallafi Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 2009.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-2397-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-2397-8|<bdi>978-3-7757-2397-8</bdi>]] * [Hotuna a shafi na 9]  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-2738-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-2738-9|<bdi>978-3-7757-2738-9</bdi>]] * ''Walter Niedermayr ya fito'', Editoci Filippo Maggia da Francesca Lazzarini, Skira, Milan 2011.  {{ISBN|978-88-572-0975-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-88-572-0975-3|<bdi>978-88-572-0975-3</bdi>]] * ''Walter Niedermayr ya fara ne'' da Musa, Edita Tiziana Serena, Linea di Confine edita, Rubiera/Koenig Books, London 2011.  {{ISBN|978-3-86560-395-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-86560-395-1|<bdi>978-3-86560-395-1</bdi>]] * Walter Niedermayr - The Aspen Series, Rubutun Chris Byrne, Catherine Grout, Paula Crown, Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 2013, .{{ISBN|978-3-7757-3212-3}} * ''Walter Niedermayr ya yi tafiya a cikin Raumaneignungen. Lech 2015-2016'', Rubutun Catherine Grout da tattaunawa tsakanin Gerold da Katia Schneider, Walter Niedermayr da Arno Ritter, Ostfildern 2016, .{{ISBN|978-3-7757-4266-5}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] mmj8wwvvpeaes56x8pslg7dfnwr2pbs 906698 906697 2026-08-23T20:39:00Z Kamal JB 24987 906698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Walter_Niedermayr_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Walter Niedermayr (2015) ]] '''Walter Niedermayr''' (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu 1952) ɗan Italiya ne mai ɗaukar hoto kuma malami. == Ayyuka == Niedermayr ya fi shahara ne saboda hotunan da yake dauka na binciken sararin samaniya a matsayin gaskiyar da mutane suka mamaye kuma suka tsara shi, suna tambayar wuraren da ke tsakanin wakilci da tunanin. Wannan aikin ya fara ne a shekarar 1987 tare da jerin Alpine Landschaften (Alpine Landscapes), kuma ya ci gaba da Raumfolgen (Space Con / Sequences) (1991), Rohbauten (Shell Constructions) (1997) da Artefakte (Artafacti) (1992). Jerin sa na Bildraum (Hoto-Space) (2001) yana mai da hankali kan gine-gine, sarari da muhalli. Tsakanin 2005 da 2008, ya yi aiki a kan jerin ''Iran'', yayin da tsakanin 2009 da 2010, ya yi aiki akan The Aspen Series a [[Colorado]] . Tsakanin 2011 da 2014, Niedermayr ya koyar da daukar hoto mai kyau a Faculty of Design and Art a Jami'ar Free ta Bozen-Bolzano a Bolzano . == Zaɓuɓɓukan nune-nunen kai tsaye == * 2012: "Conjonctions", Istituto Italiano di Cultura de [[Faris|Paris]], Paris <ref>{{Cite web |title=Istituto di Cultura – Parigi |url=http://www.iicparigi.esteri.it/IIC_Parigi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601160059/http://www.iicparigi.esteri.it/IIC_Parigi |archive-date=1 June 2013 |access-date=29 May 2013}}</ref> * 2015: "Walter Niedermayr. Spheres na Tsinkaya da Kasuwanci", Watan Hoto, [[Bratislava]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Projection spheres and adventure realms &#124; Bratislava City Gallery &#124; Allowance organisation of the City of Bratislava, capital of the Slovak Republic |url=http://www.gmb.sk/en/exhibition/detail/mountain-mutations/Bratislava |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405025013/http://www.gmb.sk/en/exhibition/detail/mountain-mutations/Bratislava |archive-date=5 April 2018 |access-date=14 October 2016}}</ref> * 2015: "Walter Niedermayr. Bayyanawa", Ersel, [[Torino|Turin]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2018 |title=Walter Niedermayr – Appearances |url=https://www.ersel.it/Ersel/Dal-1936/EventiSponsorizzazioni/ArchivioEventi/EVENTI2015/walter-niedermayr0.html#.WACiEdx3_Js/Spazio}}</ref> * 2017: "Walter Niedermayr", Galerie Johann Widauer, Innsbruck == Littattafai == * ''Ka mutu a cikin wani abu. Na hau faduwa.'', Ar / Ge Kunst, Bozen, da Raetia, 1994. {{ISBN|978-88-7283-049-9}} * ''Ka adana Augenblicks. Wurin shakatawa na ɗan lokaci.'', Editoci Francesco Bonami, Siegrid Hauser, Ar / Ge Kunst, Bozen, da Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 1998.  {{ISBN|978-3-89322-962-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-89322-962-8|<bdi>978-3-89322-962-8</bdi>]] * ''An sake shi. [Hasiya]'', rubutun Moritz Küng, ar/ge Kunst Galerie Museum, Bolzano 1998.  {{ISBN|3-9500803-0-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-9500803-0-9|<bdi>3-9500803-0-9</bdi>]] * ''Raumfolgen 1991-2001'', rubutun Martin Prinzhorn, Carl Aigner da Andrea Domesle, Eikon, Vienna, 2001.  {{ISBN|978-3-9501157-9-6}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-9501157-9-6|<bdi>978-3-9501157-9-6</bdi>]] * [Hotuna a shafi na 9]  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-1260-6}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-1260-6|<bdi>978-3-7757-1260-6</bdi>]] * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga yaren Girka.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-1405-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-1405-1|<bdi>978-3-7757-1405-1</bdi>]] * [Hotuna a shafi na 9]  {{ISBN|978-3-85160-078-0}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-85160-078-0|<bdi>978-3-85160-078-0</bdi>]] * ''Novartis Campus-Fabrikstrasse, 4, Sanaa/Sejima+Nishizawa: Ayyukan Walter Niedermayr'', rubutun Ulrike Jehle-Schulte, Architekturmuseum Basel/Merian, 2006.  {{ISBN|978-3-85616-519-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-85616-519-2|<bdi>978-3-85616-519-2</bdi>]] * Walter Niedermayr ya fara ne da Kazuyo Sejima + Ryue Nishizawa / Sanaa, Edita Moritz Küng, DeSingel, Antwerp / Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 2007.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-1890-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-1890-5|<bdi>978-3-7757-1890-5</bdi>]] * ''Tashar Z Sachsenhausen'', Editocin HG Merz + Walter Niedermayr, Mawallafi Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 2009.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-2397-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-2397-8|<bdi>978-3-7757-2397-8</bdi>]] * [Hotuna a shafi na 9]  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-2738-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-2738-9|<bdi>978-3-7757-2738-9</bdi>]] * ''Walter Niedermayr ya fito'', Editoci Filippo Maggia da Francesca Lazzarini, Skira, Milan 2011.  {{ISBN|978-88-572-0975-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-88-572-0975-3|<bdi>978-88-572-0975-3</bdi>]] * ''Walter Niedermayr ya fara ne'' da Musa, Edita Tiziana Serena, Linea di Confine edita, Rubiera/Koenig Books, London 2011.  {{ISBN|978-3-86560-395-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-86560-395-1|<bdi>978-3-86560-395-1</bdi>]] * Walter Niedermayr - The Aspen Series, Rubutun Chris Byrne, Catherine Grout, Paula Crown, Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 2013, .{{ISBN|978-3-7757-3212-3}} * ''Walter Niedermayr ya yi tafiya a cikin Raumaneignungen. Lech 2015-2016'', Rubutun Catherine Grout da tattaunawa tsakanin Gerold da Katia Schneider, Walter Niedermayr da Arno Ritter, Ostfildern 2016, .{{ISBN|978-3-7757-4266-5}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] ccjcalnf3s88zpzodr9v7cgutmi34fo 906699 906698 2026-08-23T20:39:29Z Kamal JB 24987 906699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Walter_Niedermayr_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Walter Niedermayr (2015) ]] '''Walter Niedermayr''' (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu na shekara1952) ɗan Italiya ne mai ɗaukar hoto kuma malami. == Ayyuka == Niedermayr ya fi shahara ne saboda hotunan da yake dauka na binciken sararin samaniya a matsayin gaskiyar da mutane suka mamaye kuma suka tsara shi, suna tambayar wuraren da ke tsakanin wakilci da tunanin. Wannan aikin ya fara ne a shekarar 1987 tare da jerin Alpine Landschaften (Alpine Landscapes), kuma ya ci gaba da Raumfolgen (Space Con / Sequences) (1991), Rohbauten (Shell Constructions) (1997) da Artefakte (Artafacti) (1992). Jerin sa na Bildraum (Hoto-Space) (2001) yana mai da hankali kan gine-gine, sarari da muhalli. Tsakanin 2005 da 2008, ya yi aiki a kan jerin ''Iran'', yayin da tsakanin 2009 da 2010, ya yi aiki akan The Aspen Series a [[Colorado]] . Tsakanin 2011 da 2014, Niedermayr ya koyar da daukar hoto mai kyau a Faculty of Design and Art a Jami'ar Free ta Bozen-Bolzano a Bolzano . == Zaɓuɓɓukan nune-nunen kai tsaye == * 2012: "Conjonctions", Istituto Italiano di Cultura de [[Faris|Paris]], Paris <ref>{{Cite web |title=Istituto di Cultura – Parigi |url=http://www.iicparigi.esteri.it/IIC_Parigi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601160059/http://www.iicparigi.esteri.it/IIC_Parigi |archive-date=1 June 2013 |access-date=29 May 2013}}</ref> * 2015: "Walter Niedermayr. Spheres na Tsinkaya da Kasuwanci", Watan Hoto, [[Bratislava]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Projection spheres and adventure realms &#124; Bratislava City Gallery &#124; Allowance organisation of the City of Bratislava, capital of the Slovak Republic |url=http://www.gmb.sk/en/exhibition/detail/mountain-mutations/Bratislava |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405025013/http://www.gmb.sk/en/exhibition/detail/mountain-mutations/Bratislava |archive-date=5 April 2018 |access-date=14 October 2016}}</ref> * 2015: "Walter Niedermayr. Bayyanawa", Ersel, [[Torino|Turin]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2018 |title=Walter Niedermayr – Appearances |url=https://www.ersel.it/Ersel/Dal-1936/EventiSponsorizzazioni/ArchivioEventi/EVENTI2015/walter-niedermayr0.html#.WACiEdx3_Js/Spazio}}</ref> * 2017: "Walter Niedermayr", Galerie Johann Widauer, Innsbruck == Littattafai == * ''Ka mutu a cikin wani abu. Na hau faduwa.'', Ar / Ge Kunst, Bozen, da Raetia, 1994. {{ISBN|978-88-7283-049-9}} * ''Ka adana Augenblicks. Wurin shakatawa na ɗan lokaci.'', Editoci Francesco Bonami, Siegrid Hauser, Ar / Ge Kunst, Bozen, da Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 1998.  {{ISBN|978-3-89322-962-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-89322-962-8|<bdi>978-3-89322-962-8</bdi>]] * ''An sake shi. [Hasiya]'', rubutun Moritz Küng, ar/ge Kunst Galerie Museum, Bolzano 1998.  {{ISBN|3-9500803-0-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-9500803-0-9|<bdi>3-9500803-0-9</bdi>]] * ''Raumfolgen 1991-2001'', rubutun Martin Prinzhorn, Carl Aigner da Andrea Domesle, Eikon, Vienna, 2001.  {{ISBN|978-3-9501157-9-6}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-9501157-9-6|<bdi>978-3-9501157-9-6</bdi>]] * [Hotuna a shafi na 9]  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-1260-6}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-1260-6|<bdi>978-3-7757-1260-6</bdi>]] * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga yaren Girka.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-1405-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-1405-1|<bdi>978-3-7757-1405-1</bdi>]] * [Hotuna a shafi na 9]  {{ISBN|978-3-85160-078-0}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-85160-078-0|<bdi>978-3-85160-078-0</bdi>]] * ''Novartis Campus-Fabrikstrasse, 4, Sanaa/Sejima+Nishizawa: Ayyukan Walter Niedermayr'', rubutun Ulrike Jehle-Schulte, Architekturmuseum Basel/Merian, 2006.  {{ISBN|978-3-85616-519-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-85616-519-2|<bdi>978-3-85616-519-2</bdi>]] * Walter Niedermayr ya fara ne da Kazuyo Sejima + Ryue Nishizawa / Sanaa, Edita Moritz Küng, DeSingel, Antwerp / Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 2007.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-1890-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-1890-5|<bdi>978-3-7757-1890-5</bdi>]] * ''Tashar Z Sachsenhausen'', Editocin HG Merz + Walter Niedermayr, Mawallafi Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 2009.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-2397-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-2397-8|<bdi>978-3-7757-2397-8</bdi>]] * [Hotuna a shafi na 9]  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-2738-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-2738-9|<bdi>978-3-7757-2738-9</bdi>]] * ''Walter Niedermayr ya fito'', Editoci Filippo Maggia da Francesca Lazzarini, Skira, Milan 2011.  {{ISBN|978-88-572-0975-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-88-572-0975-3|<bdi>978-88-572-0975-3</bdi>]] * ''Walter Niedermayr ya fara ne'' da Musa, Edita Tiziana Serena, Linea di Confine edita, Rubiera/Koenig Books, London 2011.  {{ISBN|978-3-86560-395-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-86560-395-1|<bdi>978-3-86560-395-1</bdi>]] * Walter Niedermayr - The Aspen Series, Rubutun Chris Byrne, Catherine Grout, Paula Crown, Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 2013, .{{ISBN|978-3-7757-3212-3}} * ''Walter Niedermayr ya yi tafiya a cikin Raumaneignungen. Lech 2015-2016'', Rubutun Catherine Grout da tattaunawa tsakanin Gerold da Katia Schneider, Walter Niedermayr da Arno Ritter, Ostfildern 2016, .{{ISBN|978-3-7757-4266-5}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] adrbaz8g2ixlz9nytvrofefyrd5hrhr 906700 906699 2026-08-23T20:39:49Z Kamal JB 24987 906700 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Walter_Niedermayr_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Walter Niedermayr (2015) ]] '''Walter Niedermayr''' (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu na shekara ta 1952) ɗan Italiya ne mai ɗaukar hoto kuma malami. == Ayyuka == Niedermayr ya fi shahara ne saboda hotunan da yake dauka na binciken sararin samaniya a matsayin gaskiyar da mutane suka mamaye kuma suka tsara shi, suna tambayar wuraren da ke tsakanin wakilci da tunanin. Wannan aikin ya fara ne a shekarar 1987 tare da jerin Alpine Landschaften (Alpine Landscapes), kuma ya ci gaba da Raumfolgen (Space Con / Sequences) (1991), Rohbauten (Shell Constructions) (1997) da Artefakte (Artafacti) (1992). Jerin sa na Bildraum (Hoto-Space) (2001) yana mai da hankali kan gine-gine, sarari da muhalli. Tsakanin 2005 da 2008, ya yi aiki a kan jerin ''Iran'', yayin da tsakanin 2009 da 2010, ya yi aiki akan The Aspen Series a [[Colorado]] . Tsakanin 2011 da 2014, Niedermayr ya koyar da daukar hoto mai kyau a Faculty of Design and Art a Jami'ar Free ta Bozen-Bolzano a Bolzano . == Zaɓuɓɓukan nune-nunen kai tsaye == * 2012: "Conjonctions", Istituto Italiano di Cultura de [[Faris|Paris]], Paris <ref>{{Cite web |title=Istituto di Cultura – Parigi |url=http://www.iicparigi.esteri.it/IIC_Parigi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601160059/http://www.iicparigi.esteri.it/IIC_Parigi |archive-date=1 June 2013 |access-date=29 May 2013}}</ref> * 2015: "Walter Niedermayr. Spheres na Tsinkaya da Kasuwanci", Watan Hoto, [[Bratislava]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Projection spheres and adventure realms &#124; Bratislava City Gallery &#124; Allowance organisation of the City of Bratislava, capital of the Slovak Republic |url=http://www.gmb.sk/en/exhibition/detail/mountain-mutations/Bratislava |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405025013/http://www.gmb.sk/en/exhibition/detail/mountain-mutations/Bratislava |archive-date=5 April 2018 |access-date=14 October 2016}}</ref> * 2015: "Walter Niedermayr. Bayyanawa", Ersel, [[Torino|Turin]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2018 |title=Walter Niedermayr – Appearances |url=https://www.ersel.it/Ersel/Dal-1936/EventiSponsorizzazioni/ArchivioEventi/EVENTI2015/walter-niedermayr0.html#.WACiEdx3_Js/Spazio}}</ref> * 2017: "Walter Niedermayr", Galerie Johann Widauer, Innsbruck == Littattafai == * ''Ka mutu a cikin wani abu. Na hau faduwa.'', Ar / Ge Kunst, Bozen, da Raetia, 1994. {{ISBN|978-88-7283-049-9}} * ''Ka adana Augenblicks. Wurin shakatawa na ɗan lokaci.'', Editoci Francesco Bonami, Siegrid Hauser, Ar / Ge Kunst, Bozen, da Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 1998.  {{ISBN|978-3-89322-962-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-89322-962-8|<bdi>978-3-89322-962-8</bdi>]] * ''An sake shi. [Hasiya]'', rubutun Moritz Küng, ar/ge Kunst Galerie Museum, Bolzano 1998.  {{ISBN|3-9500803-0-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-9500803-0-9|<bdi>3-9500803-0-9</bdi>]] * ''Raumfolgen 1991-2001'', rubutun Martin Prinzhorn, Carl Aigner da Andrea Domesle, Eikon, Vienna, 2001.  {{ISBN|978-3-9501157-9-6}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-9501157-9-6|<bdi>978-3-9501157-9-6</bdi>]] * [Hotuna a shafi na 9]  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-1260-6}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-1260-6|<bdi>978-3-7757-1260-6</bdi>]] * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga yaren Girka.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-1405-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-1405-1|<bdi>978-3-7757-1405-1</bdi>]] * [Hotuna a shafi na 9]  {{ISBN|978-3-85160-078-0}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-85160-078-0|<bdi>978-3-85160-078-0</bdi>]] * ''Novartis Campus-Fabrikstrasse, 4, Sanaa/Sejima+Nishizawa: Ayyukan Walter Niedermayr'', rubutun Ulrike Jehle-Schulte, Architekturmuseum Basel/Merian, 2006.  {{ISBN|978-3-85616-519-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-85616-519-2|<bdi>978-3-85616-519-2</bdi>]] * Walter Niedermayr ya fara ne da Kazuyo Sejima + Ryue Nishizawa / Sanaa, Edita Moritz Küng, DeSingel, Antwerp / Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 2007.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-1890-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-1890-5|<bdi>978-3-7757-1890-5</bdi>]] * ''Tashar Z Sachsenhausen'', Editocin HG Merz + Walter Niedermayr, Mawallafi Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 2009.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-2397-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-2397-8|<bdi>978-3-7757-2397-8</bdi>]] * [Hotuna a shafi na 9]  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-2738-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-2738-9|<bdi>978-3-7757-2738-9</bdi>]] * ''Walter Niedermayr ya fito'', Editoci Filippo Maggia da Francesca Lazzarini, Skira, Milan 2011.  {{ISBN|978-88-572-0975-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-88-572-0975-3|<bdi>978-88-572-0975-3</bdi>]] * ''Walter Niedermayr ya fara ne'' da Musa, Edita Tiziana Serena, Linea di Confine edita, Rubiera/Koenig Books, London 2011.  {{ISBN|978-3-86560-395-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-86560-395-1|<bdi>978-3-86560-395-1</bdi>]] * Walter Niedermayr - The Aspen Series, Rubutun Chris Byrne, Catherine Grout, Paula Crown, Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 2013, .{{ISBN|978-3-7757-3212-3}} * ''Walter Niedermayr ya yi tafiya a cikin Raumaneignungen. Lech 2015-2016'', Rubutun Catherine Grout da tattaunawa tsakanin Gerold da Katia Schneider, Walter Niedermayr da Arno Ritter, Ostfildern 2016, .{{ISBN|978-3-7757-4266-5}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] fii3fiedn7kxdb6w39rd531iaxhnmja 906732 906700 2026-08-23T21:37:57Z Kamal JB 24987 906732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Walter_Niedermayr_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Walter Niedermayr (2015) ]] '''Walter Niedermayr''' (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu na shekara ta 1952) ɗan [[Italiya]] ne mai ɗaukar hoto kuma malami. == Ayyuka == Niedermayr ya fi shahara ne saboda hotunan da yake dauka na binciken sararin samaniya a matsayin gaskiyar da mutane suka mamaye kuma suka tsara shi, suna tambayar wuraren da ke tsakanin wakilci da tunanin. Wannan aikin ya fara ne a shekarar 1987 tare da jerin Alpine Landschaften (Alpine Landscapes), kuma ya ci gaba da Raumfolgen (Space Con / Sequences) (1991), Rohbauten (Shell Constructions) (1997) da Artefakte (Artafacti) (1992). Jerin sa na Bildraum (Hoto-Space) (2001) yana mai da hankali kan gine-gine, sarari da muhalli. Tsakanin 2005 da 2008, ya yi aiki a kan jerin ''Iran'', yayin da tsakanin 2009 da 2010, ya yi aiki akan The Aspen Series a [[Colorado]] . Tsakanin 2011 da 2014, Niedermayr ya koyar da daukar hoto mai kyau a Faculty of Design and Art a Jami'ar Free ta Bozen-Bolzano a Bolzano . == Zaɓuɓɓukan nune-nunen kai tsaye == * 2012: "Conjonctions", Istituto Italiano di Cultura de [[Faris|Paris]], Paris <ref>{{Cite web |title=Istituto di Cultura – Parigi |url=http://www.iicparigi.esteri.it/IIC_Parigi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601160059/http://www.iicparigi.esteri.it/IIC_Parigi |archive-date=1 June 2013 |access-date=29 May 2013}}</ref> * 2015: "Walter Niedermayr. Spheres na Tsinkaya da Kasuwanci", Watan Hoto, [[Bratislava]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Projection spheres and adventure realms &#124; Bratislava City Gallery &#124; Allowance organisation of the City of Bratislava, capital of the Slovak Republic |url=http://www.gmb.sk/en/exhibition/detail/mountain-mutations/Bratislava |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405025013/http://www.gmb.sk/en/exhibition/detail/mountain-mutations/Bratislava |archive-date=5 April 2018 |access-date=14 October 2016}}</ref> * 2015: "Walter Niedermayr. Bayyanawa", Ersel, [[Torino|Turin]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2018 |title=Walter Niedermayr – Appearances |url=https://www.ersel.it/Ersel/Dal-1936/EventiSponsorizzazioni/ArchivioEventi/EVENTI2015/walter-niedermayr0.html#.WACiEdx3_Js/Spazio}}</ref> * 2017: "Walter Niedermayr", Galerie Johann Widauer, Innsbruck == Littattafai == * ''Ka mutu a cikin wani abu. Na hau faduwa.'', Ar / Ge Kunst, Bozen, da Raetia, 1994. {{ISBN|978-88-7283-049-9}} * ''Ka adana Augenblicks. Wurin shakatawa na ɗan lokaci.'', Editoci Francesco Bonami, Siegrid Hauser, Ar / Ge Kunst, Bozen, da Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 1998.  {{ISBN|978-3-89322-962-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-89322-962-8|<bdi>978-3-89322-962-8</bdi>]] * ''An sake shi. [Hasiya]'', rubutun Moritz Küng, ar/ge Kunst Galerie Museum, Bolzano 1998.  {{ISBN|3-9500803-0-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-9500803-0-9|<bdi>3-9500803-0-9</bdi>]] * ''Raumfolgen 1991-2001'', rubutun Martin Prinzhorn, Carl Aigner da Andrea Domesle, Eikon, Vienna, 2001.  {{ISBN|978-3-9501157-9-6}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-9501157-9-6|<bdi>978-3-9501157-9-6</bdi>]] * [Hotuna a shafi na 9]  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-1260-6}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-1260-6|<bdi>978-3-7757-1260-6</bdi>]] * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga yaren Girka.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-1405-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-1405-1|<bdi>978-3-7757-1405-1</bdi>]] * [Hotuna a shafi na 9]  {{ISBN|978-3-85160-078-0}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-85160-078-0|<bdi>978-3-85160-078-0</bdi>]] * ''Novartis Campus-Fabrikstrasse, 4, Sanaa/Sejima+Nishizawa: Ayyukan Walter Niedermayr'', rubutun Ulrike Jehle-Schulte, Architekturmuseum Basel/Merian, 2006.  {{ISBN|978-3-85616-519-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-85616-519-2|<bdi>978-3-85616-519-2</bdi>]] * Walter Niedermayr ya fara ne da Kazuyo Sejima + Ryue Nishizawa / Sanaa, Edita Moritz Küng, DeSingel, Antwerp / Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 2007.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-1890-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-1890-5|<bdi>978-3-7757-1890-5</bdi>]] * ''Tashar Z Sachsenhausen'', Editocin HG Merz + Walter Niedermayr, Mawallafi Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 2009.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-2397-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-2397-8|<bdi>978-3-7757-2397-8</bdi>]] * [Hotuna a shafi na 9]  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-2738-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-2738-9|<bdi>978-3-7757-2738-9</bdi>]] * ''Walter Niedermayr ya fito'', Editoci Filippo Maggia da Francesca Lazzarini, Skira, Milan 2011.  {{ISBN|978-88-572-0975-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-88-572-0975-3|<bdi>978-88-572-0975-3</bdi>]] * ''Walter Niedermayr ya fara ne'' da Musa, Edita Tiziana Serena, Linea di Confine edita, Rubiera/Koenig Books, London 2011.  {{ISBN|978-3-86560-395-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-86560-395-1|<bdi>978-3-86560-395-1</bdi>]] * Walter Niedermayr - The Aspen Series, Rubutun Chris Byrne, Catherine Grout, Paula Crown, Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 2013, .{{ISBN|978-3-7757-3212-3}} * ''Walter Niedermayr ya yi tafiya a cikin Raumaneignungen. Lech 2015-2016'', Rubutun Catherine Grout da tattaunawa tsakanin Gerold da Katia Schneider, Walter Niedermayr da Arno Ritter, Ostfildern 2016, .{{ISBN|978-3-7757-4266-5}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] jomqwjsxosonjqi6ks1q9pjzii8sirq 906736 906732 2026-08-23T21:46:03Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Ayyuka */ 906736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Walter_Niedermayr_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Walter Niedermayr (2015) ]] '''Walter Niedermayr''' (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu na shekara ta 1952) ɗan [[Italiya]] ne mai ɗaukar hoto kuma malami. == Ayyuka == Niedermayr ya fi shahara ne saboda hotunan da yake dauka na binciken sararin samaniya a matsayin gaskiyar da mutane suka mamaye kuma suka tsara shi, suna tambayar wuraren da ke tsakanin wakilci da tunanin. Wannan aikin ya fara ne a shekarar 1987 tare da jerin Alpine Landschaften (Alpine Landscapes), kuma ya ci gaba da Raumfolgen (Space Con / Sequences) ( ashekarar 1991), Rohbauten (Shell Constructions) ( ashekarar 1997) da Artefakte (Artafacti) (a shekarar 1992). Jerin sa na Bildraum (Hoto-Space) ( a shekarar 2001) yana mai da hankali kan gine-gine, sarari da muhalli. Tsakanin shekarar 2005 da shekarar 2008, ya yi aiki a kan jerin ''Iran'', yayin da tsakanin shekarar 2009 da shekara ta 2010, ya yi aiki akan The Aspen Series a [[Colorado]] . Tsakanin shekarar 2013 da 2014, Niedermayr ya koyar da daukar hoto mai kyau a Faculty of Design and Art a Jami'ar Free ta Bozen-Bolzano a Bolzano . == Zaɓuɓɓukan nune-nunen kai tsaye == * 2012: "Conjonctions", Istituto Italiano di Cultura de [[Faris|Paris]], Paris <ref>{{Cite web |title=Istituto di Cultura – Parigi |url=http://www.iicparigi.esteri.it/IIC_Parigi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601160059/http://www.iicparigi.esteri.it/IIC_Parigi |archive-date=1 June 2013 |access-date=29 May 2013}}</ref> * 2015: "Walter Niedermayr. Spheres na Tsinkaya da Kasuwanci", Watan Hoto, [[Bratislava]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Projection spheres and adventure realms &#124; Bratislava City Gallery &#124; Allowance organisation of the City of Bratislava, capital of the Slovak Republic |url=http://www.gmb.sk/en/exhibition/detail/mountain-mutations/Bratislava |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405025013/http://www.gmb.sk/en/exhibition/detail/mountain-mutations/Bratislava |archive-date=5 April 2018 |access-date=14 October 2016}}</ref> * 2015: "Walter Niedermayr. Bayyanawa", Ersel, [[Torino|Turin]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2018 |title=Walter Niedermayr – Appearances |url=https://www.ersel.it/Ersel/Dal-1936/EventiSponsorizzazioni/ArchivioEventi/EVENTI2015/walter-niedermayr0.html#.WACiEdx3_Js/Spazio}}</ref> * 2017: "Walter Niedermayr", Galerie Johann Widauer, Innsbruck == Littattafai == * ''Ka mutu a cikin wani abu. Na hau faduwa.'', Ar / Ge Kunst, Bozen, da Raetia, 1994. {{ISBN|978-88-7283-049-9}} * ''Ka adana Augenblicks. Wurin shakatawa na ɗan lokaci.'', Editoci Francesco Bonami, Siegrid Hauser, Ar / Ge Kunst, Bozen, da Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 1998.  {{ISBN|978-3-89322-962-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-89322-962-8|<bdi>978-3-89322-962-8</bdi>]] * ''An sake shi. [Hasiya]'', rubutun Moritz Küng, ar/ge Kunst Galerie Museum, Bolzano 1998.  {{ISBN|3-9500803-0-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-9500803-0-9|<bdi>3-9500803-0-9</bdi>]] * ''Raumfolgen 1991-2001'', rubutun Martin Prinzhorn, Carl Aigner da Andrea Domesle, Eikon, Vienna, 2001.  {{ISBN|978-3-9501157-9-6}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-9501157-9-6|<bdi>978-3-9501157-9-6</bdi>]] * [Hotuna a shafi na 9]  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-1260-6}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-1260-6|<bdi>978-3-7757-1260-6</bdi>]] * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga yaren Girka.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-1405-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-1405-1|<bdi>978-3-7757-1405-1</bdi>]] * [Hotuna a shafi na 9]  {{ISBN|978-3-85160-078-0}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-85160-078-0|<bdi>978-3-85160-078-0</bdi>]] * ''Novartis Campus-Fabrikstrasse, 4, Sanaa/Sejima+Nishizawa: Ayyukan Walter Niedermayr'', rubutun Ulrike Jehle-Schulte, Architekturmuseum Basel/Merian, 2006.  {{ISBN|978-3-85616-519-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-85616-519-2|<bdi>978-3-85616-519-2</bdi>]] * Walter Niedermayr ya fara ne da Kazuyo Sejima + Ryue Nishizawa / Sanaa, Edita Moritz Küng, DeSingel, Antwerp / Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 2007.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-1890-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-1890-5|<bdi>978-3-7757-1890-5</bdi>]] * ''Tashar Z Sachsenhausen'', Editocin HG Merz + Walter Niedermayr, Mawallafi Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 2009.  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-2397-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-2397-8|<bdi>978-3-7757-2397-8</bdi>]] * [Hotuna a shafi na 9]  {{ISBN|978-3-7757-2738-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-2738-9|<bdi>978-3-7757-2738-9</bdi>]] * ''Walter Niedermayr ya fito'', Editoci Filippo Maggia da Francesca Lazzarini, Skira, Milan 2011.  {{ISBN|978-88-572-0975-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-88-572-0975-3|<bdi>978-88-572-0975-3</bdi>]] * ''Walter Niedermayr ya fara ne'' da Musa, Edita Tiziana Serena, Linea di Confine edita, Rubiera/Koenig Books, London 2011.  {{ISBN|978-3-86560-395-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-86560-395-1|<bdi>978-3-86560-395-1</bdi>]] * Walter Niedermayr - The Aspen Series, Rubutun Chris Byrne, Catherine Grout, Paula Crown, Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern 2013, .{{ISBN|978-3-7757-3212-3}} * ''Walter Niedermayr ya yi tafiya a cikin Raumaneignungen. Lech 2015-2016'', Rubutun Catherine Grout da tattaunawa tsakanin Gerold da Katia Schneider, Walter Niedermayr da Arno Ritter, Ostfildern 2016, .{{ISBN|978-3-7757-4266-5}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] 1udyei6te3m1yls8hnkktvyyttq15vc 0 165230 906701 2026-08-23T21:05:01Z Muhibba Waziri 40514 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358678323|Senida Mesi]]" 906701 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Senida Mesi''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga Disamba '''Senida Mesi''' (born 16 December 1977) is an Albanian politician and professor. She served as the Deputy Prime Minister of Albania from 13 September 2017 to 17 January 2019. She also has been a member of parliament representing Shkodër from 2017 to 2021.) 'yar siyasa ce kuma farfesa 'yar ƙasar Albaniya. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Firayim Ministar Albania daga 13 ga Satumba, 2017 zuwa 17 ga Janairu, 2019. Ta kuma kasance 'yar majalisa mai wakiltar Shkodër daga 2017 zuwa 2021. == Rayuwa ta Early life == An haifi Mesi a Shkodër, Albania a ranar 16 ga Mesi was born in Shkodër, Albania on 16 December 1977.<ref name="OfficialBio_20180321" /> In 2000, she graduated from the business administration department of the University of Tirana.<ref name="OfficialBio_20180321" /> In 2013, Mesi was certified as an accountant.<ref name="OfficialBio_20180321" /> 1977. <ref name="OfficialBio_20180321">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=Senida Mesi |url=https://kryeministria.al/en/government/prime-minister-cabinet/mesi-senida |access-date=21 March 2018 |publisher=Albanian Government}}</ref> A shekarar 2000, ta kammala karatunta daga sashen gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci na Jami'ar Tirana . <ref name="OfficialBio_20180321" /> A shekarar 2013, an ba Mesi takardar shaidar zama akawu. <ref name="OfficialBio_20180321" /> Mesi ta yi lectured at the University of Shkodër "Luigj Gurakuqi" until she was elected to Parliament in 2017. a Jami'ar Shkodër "Luigj Gurakuqi" har zuwa lokacin da aka zabe ta a Majalisar a 2017. == Aikin Political career == A shekarar 2015, an zaɓi Mesi a matsayin memba na , Mesi was elected a member of the municipal council for Shkodër.<ref name="OfficialBio_20180321" /> During the 2017 parliamentary elections, Mesi ran as a member of the Socialist Party.<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=Senida Mesi |url=http://ps.al/familja-jone/senida-mesi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915045810/http://ps.al/familja-jone/senida-mesi |archive-date=15 September 2019 |access-date=21 March 2018 |publisher=[[Socialist Party of Albania]] |language=sq}}</ref> On 25 June 2017, Mesi was elected a member of the Parliament of Albania for Shkodër.<ref name="OfficialBio_20180321" /> In August 2017, Edi Rama announced that Mesi would be the next deputy prime minister of Albania birni ta Shkodër. <ref name="OfficialBio_20180321" /> A lokacin zaɓen 'yan majalisa na 2017, Mesi ya tsaya takara a matsayin memba na Jam'iyyar Gurguzu . <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=Senida Mesi |url=http://ps.al/familja-jone/senida-mesi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915045810/http://ps.al/familja-jone/senida-mesi |archive-date=15 September 2019 |access-date=21 March 2018 |publisher=[[Socialist Party of Albania]] |language=sq}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Yuni 2017, an zaɓi Mesi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Albania mai wakiltar Shkodër. <ref name="OfficialBio_20180321" /> A watan Agusta na 2017, Edi Rama ya sanar da cewa Mesi zai zama mataimakin firayim minista na gaba a Albania. == Ray lifeuwa ta sirri == Mesi ya Mesi is married to Dr. Artan Mesi. They have three children.<ref name="OfficialBio_20180321" /> Dr. Atan Mesi. Suna da 'ya'ya uku. <ref name="OfficialBio_20180321" /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] p6kmec25ifh638j939h1f8f5q5boo2k 906737 906701 2026-08-23T21:48:53Z Baffa ali 47435 906737 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Senida Mesi''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga Disamba '''Senida Mesi''' (born 16 December 1977) is an Albanian politician and professor. She served as the Deputy Prime Minister of Albania from 13 September 2017 to 17 January 2019. She also has been a member of parliament representing Shkodër from 2017 to 2021.) 'yar siyasa ce kuma farfesa 'yar ƙasar Albaniya. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Firayim Ministar Albania daga 13 ga Satumba, 2017 zuwa 17 ga Janairu, 2019. Ta kuma kasance 'yar majalisa mai wakiltar Shkodër daga 2017 zuwa 2021. == Rayuwa ta Early life == An haifi Mesi a Shkodër, Albania a ranar 16 ga Mesi was born in Shkodër, Albania on 16 December 1977.<ref name="OfficialBio_20180321" /> In 2000, she graduated from the business administration department of the University of Tirana.<ref name="OfficialBio_20180321" /> In 2013, Mesi was certified as an accountant.<ref name="OfficialBio_20180321" /> 1977. <ref name="OfficialBio_20180321">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=Senida Mesi |url=https://kryeministria.al/en/government/prime-minister-cabinet/mesi-senida |access-date=21 March 2018 |publisher=Albanian Government}}</ref> A shekarar 2000, ta kammala karatunta daga sashen gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci na Jami'ar Tirana . <ref name="OfficialBio_20180321" /> A shekarar 2013, an ba Mesi takardar shaidar zama akawu. <ref name="OfficialBio_20180321" /> Mesi ta yi lectured at the University of Shkodër "Luigj Gurakuqi" until she was elected to Parliament in 2017. a Jami'ar Shkodër "Luigj Gurakuqi" har zuwa lokacin da aka zabe ta a Majalisar a shekarar 2017. == Aikin Political career == A shekarar 2015, an zaɓi Mesi a matsayin memba na , Mesi was elected a member of the municipal council for Shkodër.<ref name="OfficialBio_20180321" /> During the 2017 parliamentary elections, Mesi ran as a member of the Socialist Party.<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=Senida Mesi |url=http://ps.al/familja-jone/senida-mesi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915045810/http://ps.al/familja-jone/senida-mesi |archive-date=15 September 2019 |access-date=21 March 2018 |publisher=[[Socialist Party of Albania]] |language=sq}}</ref> On 25 June 2017, Mesi was elected a member of the Parliament of Albania for Shkodër.<ref name="OfficialBio_20180321" /> In August 2017, Edi Rama announced that Mesi would be the next deputy prime minister of Albania birni ta Shkodër. <ref name="OfficialBio_20180321" /> A lokacin zaɓen 'yan majalisa na 2017, Mesi ya tsaya takara a matsayin memba na Jam'iyyar Gurguzu . <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=Senida Mesi |url=http://ps.al/familja-jone/senida-mesi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915045810/http://ps.al/familja-jone/senida-mesi |archive-date=15 September 2019 |access-date=21 March 2018 |publisher=[[Socialist Party of Albania]] |language=sq}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Yuni 2017, an zaɓi Mesi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Albania mai wakiltar Shkodër. <ref name="OfficialBio_20180321" /> A watan Agusta na 2017, Edi Rama ya sanar da cewa Mesi zai zama mataimakin firayim minista na gaba a Albania. == Ray lifeuwa ta sirri == Mesi ya Mesi is married to Dr. Artan Mesi. They have three children.<ref name="OfficialBio_20180321" /> Dr. Atan Mesi. Suna da 'ya'ya uku. <ref name="OfficialBio_20180321" /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] ngp8vb4kwmnuk8y90vih1vovhdm45vs 0 165231 906703 2026-08-23T21:12:24Z Ummu Ilham 45024 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360568432|Community]]" 906703 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:A_community_townhall_at_Makoko_community.jpg|thumb|Gidan gari a Makoko, Najeriya]] === '''Fassara zuwa Hausa''' === '''Al’umma (Community) wata ƙungiyar zamantakewa ce, wato gungun mutane da ke da ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin abubuwan da suke da muhimmanci a zamantakewa tare. Waɗannan abubuwa na iya kasancewa wuri, ƙa’idojin zamantakewa, al’ada, addini, ƙimomi, ɗabi’u, ko ainihin mutum da kansa (identity).''' '''Al’ummomi na iya kasancewa da jin cewa suna da wuri guda a wani yanki na ƙasa, kamar ƙasa, ƙauye, gari, ko unguwa. Haka kuma, al’umma na iya samuwa a sararin intanet (virtual space) ta hanyar dandamalin sadarwa.''' '''Kyakkyawar dangantaka mai ɗorewa wadda ta wuce alaƙar jini ta kusa ita ma tana taimakawa wajen samar da jin kasancewa cikin al’umma. Wannan yana da muhimmanci ga ainihin mutum, ayyukansa da matsayinsa a cikin cibiyoyin zamantakewa kamar iyali, gida, wurin aiki, gwamnati, al’umma gaba ɗaya, da kuma ɗan Adam baki ɗaya.''' '''Ko da yake al’ummomi yawanci ƙanana ne idan aka kwatanta da sauran alaƙar zamantakewar mutum, kalmar “al’umma” na iya kuma nufin manyan ƙungiyoyin da mutane ke alaƙa da su, kamar al’ummomin ƙasa, al’ummar ƙasa da ƙasa, da al’ummomin intanet (virtual communities).'''.<ref> See also: {{Cite book|last3=Paul James (academic)}} </ref> Dangane da nau'ikan zamantakewa, al'umma na iya zama kamar ƙaramin rukuni na zamantakewa<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rydin|first1=Yvonne|editor-last1=Cullingworth|editor-first1=J. Barry|date=1 October 1999|chapter=Public participation in planning: Public participation and collective decision making|title=British Planning: 50 Years of Urban and Regional Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gq6glh_ILtwC|publication-place=London|publisher=The Athlone Press|page=196|isbn=9780485006049|access-date=6 September 2024|quote=[...] planning decisions are a form of collective decision making. This is not the same thing as decision making by the local community since that represents only a subset of the broader social collectivity.}}</ref> A cikin ra'ayoyin ci gaba, al'umma na iya fitowa daga cikin al'umma.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Howell|first1=Signe|author-link1=Signe Howell|editor-last1=Amit|editor-first1=Vered|year=2002|chapter=Community beyond place: Adoptive families in Norway|title=Realizing Community: Concepts, Social Relationships and Sentiments|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wOIFSqxWCn4C|series=European Association of Social Anthropologists|publication-place=London|publisher=Psychology Press|page=98|isbn=9780415229074|access-date=6 September 2024|quote=[...] without [...] interaction [...], a category of collectivity is likely to remain a conceptual category rather than [...] become a community. It seems likely that some sort of social intimacy, particularly when this takes place at vulnerable times, must occur to serve as a paradigmatic vehicle for the wider sense of shared experience.}}</ref> Kalmar [[Turanci|Harshen Ingilishi]] "al'umma" ta samo asali ne daga Tsohon Faransanci {{Lang|fro|comuneté}} (Faransa na zamani: ''{{Lang|fr|communauté}}''), wanda ya fito ne daga [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] ''communitas'' "al'ada", "ruhun jama'a" (daga Latin communis, "al'ida").<ref>{{cite OED|community|1005093760}}</ref> Al'ummomin mutane na iya samun niyyar, imani, [[Kadarorin muhalli|albarkatun]], abubuwan da aka fi so, bukatun, da haɗari gaba ɗaya, suna shafar asalin mahalarta da matakin haɗin kansu.[[:en:Group_cohesiveness|.]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Melih|first=Bulu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=memeBQAAQBAJ&q=Human+communities+may+share+intent%2C+belief%2C+resources%2C+preferences%2C+needs%2C+and+risks+in+common%2C+affecting+the+identity+of+the+participants+and+their+degree+of+cohesiveness&pg=PA104|title=City Competitiveness and Improving Urban Subsystems: Technologies and Applications: Technologies and Applications|date=2011|publisher=IGI Global|isbn=978-1-61350-175-7|language=en|quote=In human communities, intent, belief, resources, preferences, needs, risks, and a number of other conditions may be present and common, affecting the identity of the participants and their degree of cohesiveness.}}</ref> == Ra'ayoyin fannoni daban-daban == === Archaeology === Nazarin archaeological na al'ummomin zamantakewa suna amfani da kalmar "al'umma" a hanyoyi biyu, suna nuna amfani a wasu yankuna. Ma'anar farko ita ce ma'anar al'umma a matsayin wurin da mutane ke zaune. A cikin wannan ma'anar ta zahiri tana da alaƙa da manufar tsohuwar ƙauyen - ko [[Ƙauye|ƙauyen]], ƙauye. Ma'anar ta biyu tana kama da amfani da kalmar a wasu [[kimiyyar zamantakewa]]: al'umma rukuni ne na mutanen da ke zaune kusa da juna waɗanda ke hulɗa da jama'a. Ma'amala ta zamantakewa a kan karamin sikelin na iya zama da wahala a gano shi tare da bayanan archaeological. Yawancin sake ginawa na al'ummomin zamantakewa ta hanyar masu binciken tarihi sun dogara da ka'idar cewa hulɗar zamantakewa a baya ta kasance ta hanyar nesa ta jiki. Sabili da haka, ƙaramin ƙauyen ƙauye mai yiwuwa ya zama al'umma ta zamantakewa kuma yankunan birane da sauran manyan ƙauyuka na iya kafa al'ummomi. Masu binciken tarihi galibi suna amfani da kamanceceniya a cikin al'adun kayan aiki - daga nau'ikan gidaje zuwa salon tukwane - don sake gina al'ummomi a baya. Wannan hanyar rarraba ta dogara ne akan zaton cewa mutane ko gidaje za su raba ƙarin kamanceceniya a cikin nau'ikan da salon kayan su tare da wasu membobin al'umma fiye da yadda za su yi da baƙi.<ref>Canuto, Marcello A. and Jason Yaeger (editors) (2000) ''The Archaeology of Communities''. Routledge, New York. Hegmon, Michelle (2002) Concepts of Community in Archaeological Research. In ''Seeking the Center: Archaeology and Ancient Communities in the Mesa Verde Region,'' edited by Mark D. Varien and Richard H. Wilshusen, pp. 263–279. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.</ref> === Muhalli === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>A cikin [[Ecology|ilimin muhalli]], al'umma ita ce tarin jama'a - mai yiwuwa na nau'o'i daban-daban - suna hulɗa da juna. Ilimin muhalli na al'umma reshe ne na ilimin muhalli wanda ke nazarin hulɗar tsakanin da tsakanin jinsuna. Yana la'akari da yadda irin wannan hulɗa, tare da hulɗa tsakanin jinsuna da yanayin abiotic, ya shafi tsarin zamantakewa da wadatar jinsuna, bambancin da alamu na yalwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicolson |first=Malcolm |date=March 1993 |title=L. A. Real and J. H. Brown (eds.), Foundations of Ecology: Classic Papers with Commentaries. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press (with the Ecological Society of America), 1991. Pp. xiv + 905. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400030673 |journal=The British Journal for the History of Science |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=129–130 |doi=10.1017/s0007087400030673 |issn=0007-0874 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Dabbobi suna hulɗa ta hanyoyi uku: gasa, farauta da kuma mutunci: * Gasar yawanci tana haifar da mummunan abu sau biyu - wato jinsunan biyu sun rasa a cikin hulɗar. * Predation ya haɗa da yanayin nasara / asara, tare da nau'in daya da ya ci nasara. * Mutualism yana ganin jinsunan biyu suna aiki tare a wata hanya, tare da duka biyu suna cin nasara. Manyan nau'ikan al'ummomin muhalli guda biyu sune manyan al'ummomi, waɗanda ke da ikon kansu da kuma sarrafa kansu (kamar gandun daji ko tafki), da ƙananan al'ummoki, waɗanda ke dogaro da wasu al'ummori (kamar fungi da ke lalata katako) kuma sune gine-ginen manyan al'umma. Bugu da ƙari, zamu iya kafa wasu ƙananan ƙungiyoyi marasa ilimin lissafi na biocenosis, kamar su guilds. === Falsafa === Dangane da muhawara game da ma'anar "Al'ummar Turai," jerin masana falsafa na Turai sun fara nuna damuwa game da yadda aka tsara al'umma a al'ada a Yamma. Sun yi tambaya ko tsarin rufewa, na warewa, da na ainihi na al'umma da aka samu a cikin al'adun Kwaminisanci a cikin falsafar Anglo-Amurka da Ka'idar Jama'a ta gargajiya, sun dace da duniyarmu ta duniya. Koyaya, maimakon barin sha'awar kasancewa cikin al'umma, suna ƙoƙari su sake fahimtar al'umma a cikin hanyar buɗewa da ta haɗa kai. An yaba wa Jean-Luc Nancy da fara wannan muhawara tare da littafinsa The Inoperative Community, sannan Maurice Blanchot's The Unavowable Community, Giorgio Agamben's The Coming Community, da Roberto Esposito's Communitas .<ref>Nancy, Jean-Luc. 1991. ''The Inoperative Community''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1991; Blanchot, Maurice. 1988. ''The Unavowable Community'', trans. Pierre Joris. Barrytown, NY: Station Hill; Agamben, Giorgio. 1993. ''The Coming Community'', trans. Michael Hardt. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; and Esposito, Roberto. 2010. ''Communitas: The Origin and Destiny of Community'', trans. Timothy C. Campbell. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.</ref> Jean-Luc Nancy ya sake fasalin ka'idarsa game da al'umma a cikin Being Singular Plural, kuma ya gabatar da jerin tunani game da sharuɗɗa da dalilai na wannan muhawara a cikin The Disavowed Community .<ref>Nancy, Jean-Luc. 1991. ''The Inoperative Community''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1991; Blanchot, Maurice. 1988. ''The Unavowable Community'', trans. Pierre Joris. Barrytown, NY: Station Hill; Agamben, Giorgio. 1993. ''The Coming Community'', trans. Michael Hardt. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; and Esposito, Roberto. 2010. ''Communitas: The Origin and Destiny of Community'', trans. Timothy C. Campbell. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.</ref> JSauran littattafan da suka danganci wannan jerin sun hada da Zygmunt Bauman's Community, Greg Bird's Containing Community, Miranda Joseph's Against the Romance of Community, da Alphonso Lingis" The Community of Those Who Have Nothing in Common .<ref>Bauman, Zygmunt. 2001. ''Community: Seeking Safety in an Insecure World''. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; Bird, Greg. 2016. ''Containing Community: From Political Economy to Ontology in Agamben, Esposito, and Nancy''. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.; Joseph, Miranda. 2002. ''Against the Romance of Community''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; and Lingis, Alphonso. 1994. ''The Community of Those Who Have Nothing in Common''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.</ref> === Magana === Ma'anar "al'umma" sau da yawa tana da kyakkyawar ma'anar ma'ana, wanda 'yan siyasa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da masu tallace-tallace suka yi amfani da shi don inganta ji da ƙungiyoyi na jin daɗin juna, farin ciki da haɗin kai <ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Wilson|editor1-first=Alexander|title=Advertising and the Community|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oOBRAQAAIAAJ|series=Reprints of economic classes|year=1968|edition=reprint|location=Manchester|publisher=Manchester University Press|page=39|isbn=978-0719003363|access-date=6 June 2021|quote=In Britain, by far the more fashionable concern is that for advertising's value to the community.}}</ref>yana juyawa zuwa ga al'ummar utopian da ke kusa da cimma. Sabanin haka, kalmar annoba "rarrabawar al'umma" na iya samun mummunar tasiri, kuma maimakon "al'umma masu aikata laifuka,<ref>For example: {{cite news |last1=Basu |first1=Mohana |title=What is community transmission — how one can contract COVID-19 without travelling |url=https://theprint.in/health/what-is-community-transmission-how-one-can-contract-covid-19-without-travelling/380398/ |access-date=6 June 2021 |work=ThePrint |publisher=Printline Media Pvt Ltd |publication-date=13 March 2020 |quote=[...] when the source of transmission for a large number of people is not traceable it is called a community transmission. [...]Most types of influenza and bird flu outbreaks in the past were known to have spread through community transmission. The outbreak of H1N1 in 2009, commonly known as swine flu, was primarily through community transmission. [...] In the case of community transmission, contact tracing is inadequate in containing the disease. [...] This is particularly worrisome for health officials because that means the virus is in the community but no one knows where it has come from or track its origins. This also means the virus can be widespread in a community.}}</ref>sau da yawa yana magana game da "ƙungiyar masu aikata laifula" ko kuma "ƙungiya masu aikata laphida". === Ilimin zamantakewa === === Fassara zuwa Hausa === Nazarin farko na '''ilimin zamantakewar al’umma (sociology)''' ya bayyana al’ummomi a matsayin '''ƙungiyoyin da ke gefe ko waɗanda ba su da cikakken iko''', waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin tasirin '''manyan masu iko a cikin al’umma'''. Daga cikin irin waɗannan binciken na farko na ilimi akwai littafin '''''Who Governs?''''' na '''Robert Dahl''', da kuma rubuce-rubucen '''Floyd Hunter''' da suka shafi birnin '''Atlanta'''. A farkon '''ƙarni na 21''', masana ilimi, ’yan siyasa da masu fafutukar zamantakewa sun sake ba da muhimmanci ga '''manufar al’umma (community)'''. ’Yan siyasar da ke fatan samun nasara a '''zaɓen dimokuraɗiyya''' suka fara sake daidaita manufofinsu da '''muradun al’umma''', domin samun goyon bayan jama’a..<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Neighborhood Politics of Last Resort: Post-Katrina New Orleans and the Right to the City|author1=Stephen Danley|page=3|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|year=2018|isbn=9780773555891}}</ref> === Sauran === Shona (a Zimbabwe) sun haɗa da Ruhohin kakanninmu (midzimu) a cikin ra'ayinsu game da al'umma.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Auret |first=Diana |date=1982-01-01 |title=The Mhondoro spirits of supratribal significance in the culture of the Shona |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00020188208707585 |journal=African Studies |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=173–187 |doi=10.1080/00020188208707585 |issn=0002-0184 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Muhimman ra'ayoyi == === ''Gemeinschaft da Gesellschaft'' === In {{Lang|de|Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft}} (1887), German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies described two types of human association: {{Lang|de|Gemeinschaft}} (usually translated as "community") and {{Lang|de|Gesellschaft}} ("society" or "association"). Tönnies proposed the ''{{Lang|de|Gemeinschaft}}–''{{Lang|de|Gesellschaft}} dichotomy as a way to think about social ties. No group is exclusively one or the other. {{Lang|de|Gemeinschaft}} stress personal social interactions, and the roles, values, and beliefs based on such interactions. {{Lang|de|Gesellschaft}} stress indirect interactions, impersonal roles, formal values, and beliefs based on such interactions.<ref>Tönnies, Ferdinand (1887). ''Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft'', Leipzig: Fues's Verlag. An English translation of the 8th edition 1935 by Charles P. Loomis appeared in 1940 as ''Fundamental Concepts of Sociology (Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft)'', New York: American Book Co.; in 1955 as ''Community and Association (Gemeinschaft und gesellschaft''[sic]'')'', London: Routledge & Kegan Paul; and in 1957 as ''Community and Society'', East Lansing: Michigan State U.P. Loomis includes as an Introduction, representing Tönnies' "most recent thinking", his 1931 article "Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft" in ''Handwörterbuch der Soziologie'' (Stuttgart, Enke V.).</ref> === Jin al'umma === A cikin binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1986, McMillan da Chavis<ref>McMillan, D.W., & Chavis, D.M. 1986. "Sense of community: A definition and theory," p. 16.</ref>sun gano abubuwa huɗu na "ma'anar al'umma": # zama memba: jin na kasancewa ko rabawa ma'anar dangantaka ta mutum, # tasiri: mattering, yin bambanci ga rukuni da kuma rukuni mattering ga membobinta # karfafawa: hadewa da cika bukatun, # haɗi na motsin rai. [[Fayil:Bigdayout_crowd2.jpg|thumb|Har zuwa wane irin mahalarta ayyukan hadin gwiwa suna fuskantar jin daɗin al'umma?]] Chavis da abokan aiki ne suka haɓaka "ma'anar al'umma" (SCI), kuma wasu sun sake fasalin su kuma sun daidaita su. Kodayake an tsara shi ne don tantance ma'anar al'umma a cikin unguwanni, an daidaita alamar don amfani a makarantu, wurin aiki, da nau'ikan al'ummomi iri-iri. Nazarin da American Psychological Association ta gudanar ya nuna cewa matasa da ke jin daɗin kasancewa cikin al'umma, musamman ƙananan al'ummomi, suna samun ƙarancin cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa da baƙin ciki fiye da waɗanda ba su da jin ƙauna da kasancewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McMillan |first=David W. |last2=Chavis |first2=David M. |date=1986 |title=Sense of community: A definition and theory |url=https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1987-03834-001 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Community Psychology |volume=14 |pages=6–23 |doi=10.1002/1520-6629(198601)14:1<6::AID-JCOP2290140103>3.0.CO;2-I |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907122231/https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1987-03834-001 |archive-date=2022-09-07 |access-date=2022-12-29}}</ref> ==== Haɗin kai ==== [[Fayil:Lewes_Bonfire,_Martyrs_Crosses.jpg|thumb|Lewes Bonfire Night procession don tunawa da shahidai 17 na Furotesta da aka ƙone a kan gungume daga 1555 zuwa 1557]] Tsarin ilmantarwa don karɓar tsarin halayyar al'umma ana kiransa zamantakewa. Lokacin da ya fi dacewa na zamantakewa yawanci shine farkon matakan rayuwa, lokacin da mutane ke haɓaka ƙwarewa da ilimi kuma suna koyon Matsayi da ake buƙata don aiki a cikin [[Al'ada|al'adu]] da [[Yanayin zamantakewa]].<ref name="Socialization2">Newman, D. 2005. [http://www.pineforge.com/upm-data/9006_Chapter_5.pdf Chapter 5. "Building Identity: Socialization"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106033450/http://www.pineforge.com/upm-data/9006_Chapter_5.pdf|date=2012-01-06}} pp. 134–140.</ref>Ga wasu masu ilimin halayyar dan adam, musamman wadanda ke cikin al'adar psychodynamic, mafi mahimmancin lokacin zamantakewa yana tsakanin shekaru daya zuwa goma. Amma zamantakewa kuma ya haɗa da manya da ke motsawa cikin yanayi daban-daban inda dole ne su koyi sabon saitin halaye..<ref name="Socialization">Newman, D. 2005. [http://www.pineforge.com/upm-data/9006_Chapter_5.pdf Chapter 5. "Building Identity: Socialization"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106033450/http://www.pineforge.com/upm-data/9006_Chapter_5.pdf|date=2012-01-06}} pp. 134–140.</ref> Socialization yana da tasiri da farko daga iyali, ta hanyar da yara ke fara koyon [[Hanyar zamantakewa|ka'idoji]] al'umma. Sauran mahimman tasirin sun haɗa da makarantu, ƙungiyoyin tsara, mutane, kafofin watsa labarai, Wurin aiki, da gwamnati. Matsayin da aka karɓi ƙa'idodin wata al'umma ko al'umma yana ƙayyade shirye-shiryen mutum na yin hulɗa da wasu. Ka'idojin [[Toleration|haƙuri]], musayar, da amincewa suna da mahimmanci "al'amuran zuciya", kamar yadda na Tocqueville ya sanya shi, a cikin sa hannun mutum a cikin al'umma. == Ci gaba == Ci gaban al'umma sau da yawa yana da alaƙa da [[Ayyukan al'umma|aikin al'umma]] ko tsara al'umma, kuma yana iya haɗawa da masu ruwa da tsaki, tushe, gwamnatoci, ko ƙungiyoyin kwangila ciki har da Kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba (NGOs), jami'o'i ko hukumomin gwamnati don ci gaba da jin daɗin jama'a na gida, yanki kuma, wani lokacin, al'ummomin ƙasa. Ƙarin ƙoƙari na ƙauyuka, wanda ake kira Ginin al'umma ko shirya al'umma, suna neman karfafa mutane da ƙungiyoyin mutane ta hanyar ba su ƙwarewar da suke buƙata don haifar da canji a cikin al'ummominsu.<ref>Kelly, Anthony, ''With Head, Heart and Hand: Dimensions of Community Building'' (Boolarong Press) {{ISBN|978-0-86439-076-9}}{{Page needed|date=May 2023}}</ref> Wadannan ƙwarewa galibi suna taimakawa wajen gina ikon siyasa ta hanyar kafa manyan kungiyoyin zamantakewa da ke aiki don ajanda ɗaya. Masu aikin ci gaban al'umma sun fahimci yadda za su yi aiki tare da mutane da kuma shafar matsayin al'ummomi a cikin mahallin manyan cibiyoyin zamantakewa. Masu gudanar da gwamnati, akasin haka, sun fahimci ci gaban al'umma a cikin yanayin ci gaban karkara da birane, gidaje da ci gaban tattalin arziki, da al'umma, ci gaban ƙungiya da kasuwanci. Shirye-shiryen da aka amince da su na jami'o'i, a matsayin wani ɓangare na cibiyoyin ba da digiri, galibi ana amfani da su don gina tushen ilimi don fitar da darussan a cikin gudanarwar jama'a, [[Kimiyar al'umma|ilimin zamantakewa]] da Nazarin al'umma. Babban Binciken Jama'a daga Cibiyar Binciken Ra'ayi ta Kasa a Jami'ar Chicago da kuma Saguaro Seminar a Makarantar Harvard Kennedy misalai ne na ci gaban al'umma na kasa a Amurka. Makarantar Maxwell ta Citizenship da Harkokin Jama'a a Jami'ar Syracuse a Jihar New York tana ba da mahimman darussan a cikin al'umma da ci gaban tattalin arziki, da kuma yankuna daga ci gaban da ba na riba ba zuwa kasafin kudin Amurka (federal zuwa na gida, kudaden al'umma). A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, [[Jami'ar Oxford]] ta jagoranci samar da bincike mai zurfi a fagen ta hanyar ''Jaridar Ci Gaban Al'umma,'' wanda masana zamantakewa da masu ci gaban al'umma ke amfani da shi a duk duniya. A tsakiya tsakanin ''ci gaba'' al'umma da ''gini'' al'umma akwai shirye-shirye da kungiyoyi da yawa tare da kayan aikin ci gaban al-umma. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai na wannan shine shirin Cibiyar Ci gaban Al'umma ta Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma. Cibiyar tana samar da kayan aikin da za a iya saukewa don tantance kadarorin al'umma da yin haɗin kai tsakanin kungiyoyin da ba na riba ba da sauran kungiyoyin da za su iya taimakawa wajen gina al'umma. Cibiyar tana mai da hankali kan taimakawa al'ummomi ci gaba ta hanyar "tattara dukiyar unguwa" - gini daga ciki zuwa waje maimakon waje a ciki. &nbsp;A fagen nakasassu, gina al'umma ya kasance a cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990 tare da tushen John McKnight. === Gine-gine da shirya === [[Fayil:Affinity_group_collateral_damage.jpg|thumb|Kungiyar adawa da yaki "Collateral Damage" tana nuna rashin amincewa da Yaƙin Iraki]] A cikin The Different Drum: Community-Making and Peace (1987) Scott Peck ya yi jayayya cewa kusan haɗari na al'umma da ke wanzu a lokutan rikici za a iya gina shi da gangan. Peck ya yi imanin cewa gina al'umma mai hankali tsari ne na ƙira da gangan wanda ya dogara da ilimin da aikace-aikacen wasu dokoki. Ya bayyana cewa wannan tsari yana wucewa ta matakai huɗu: # Pseudocommunity: Lokacin da mutane suka fara haɗuwa, suna ƙoƙarin zama "mai kyau" kuma suna gabatar da abin da suke ji shine halayensu mafi kyau da abokantaka. # '''Rikici''': Mutane suna wucewa fiye da rashin gaskiya na pseudo-al'umma kuma suna jin lafiya don gabatar da kansu "inuwa". # '''Rashin amfani''': Yana wucewa bayan yunkurin gyarawa, warkarwa da juyawa daga matakin rikici, lokacin da duk mutane suka sami damar amincewa da raunin kansu da rashin jin daɗi, na kowa ga mutane. # '''Al'umma ta Gaskiya''': Daraja mai zurfi da sauraron gaskiya ga bukatun sauran mutane a cikin wannan al'umma. A cikin 1991, Peck ya ce gina ma'anar al'umma yana da sauƙi amma kiyaye wannan ma'anar zamantakewa yana da wahala a duniyar zamani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sense of Community: A Definition and Theory — Dr. David McMillan |url=https://www.drdavidmcmillan.com/sense-of-community/sense-of-community-a-definition-and-theory |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229114933/https://www.drdavidmcmillan.com/sense-of-community/sense-of-community-a-definition-and-theory |archive-date=2022-12-29 |access-date=2022-12-29}}</ref> Tattaunawa da M. Scott Peck ta Alan Atkisson . A cikin Yanayi # 29, shafi na 26. &nbsp;Abubuwa guda uku na tsara al'umma sune shirya al'umma, gina hadin gwiwa, da kuma "tsarin al'umma na cibiyar", (wanda ake kira "tsarin jama'a mai zurfi", misali wanda shine shirya al'ummar addini, ko shirya al'ummomi na Ikilisiya). Gine-gine na al'umma na iya amfani da ayyuka iri-iri, daga abubuwan da suka faru masu sauƙi (misali, potlucks, ƙananan kungiyoyin littattafai) zuwa ƙoƙari mafi girma (misali، bukukuwan taro, ayyukan gini waɗanda suka haɗa da mahalarta cikin gida maimakon 'yan kwangila na waje). Ginin al'umma wanda aka tsara don aikin ɗan ƙasa yawanci ana kiransa "tsarin al'umma". A cikin waɗannan lokuta, ƙungiyoyin al'umma da aka tsara suna neman lissafi daga zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai da haɓaka wakilci kai tsaye a cikin ƙungiyoyin yanke shawara. Inda tattaunawar aminci ta gaza, waɗannan ƙungiyoyin da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin mazabar suna neman matsawa masu yanke shawara ta hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da yin zanga-zanga, kauracewa, zama, korafi, da siyasa ta zaɓe. Shirye-shiryen al'umma na iya mai da hankali kan fiye da warware takamaiman batutuwa. Shirya sau da yawa yana nufin gina tsarin wutar lantarki mai sauƙi, sau da yawa tare da manufar ƙarshe na rarraba wutar lantarki daidai a duk faɗin al'umma. Masu shirya al'umma gabaɗaya suna neman gina ƙungiyoyi masu buɗewa da dimokuradiyya a cikin mulki. Irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna sauƙaƙewa da ƙarfafa yanke shawara tare da mai da hankali kan lafiyar al'umma gaba ɗaya maimakon takamaiman ƙungiyar sha'awa. Idan al'ummomi sun bunkasa bisa ga wani abu da suke da alaƙa, ko wuri ko dabi'u, to, ƙalubalen da ake samu ga al'ummomin da ke tasowa shine yadda za a haɗa mutum da bambance-bambance. Rebekah Nathan ta ba da shawarar a cikin littafinta, My Freshman Year, muna janyo hankalin mu ga al'ummomin da ke tasowa gaba ɗaya bisa daidaito, duk da alkawuran da aka bayyana ga bambancin, kamar waɗanda aka samu a shafukan yanar gizo na jami'a. == Nau'o'in == [[Fayil:Stonehenge_Summer_Solstice_eve_02.jpg|thumb|Wata al'umma mai sha'awa ta taru a Stonehenge, Ingila, don lokacin rani.]] # Tushen wuri: ya fito ne daga unguwa yankin, unguwa, [[Ƙauye|ƙauyen]], gari ko birni, yanki, al'umma ko ma duniya gaba ɗaya. Wadannan kuma ana kiransu '''al'ummomin wuri'''. # '''Tushen ainihi''': ya fito ne daga ƙungiyar gida, al'adun al'adu, kabilanci, [[addini]], al'adu da yawa ko [[wayewa]] mai yawa, ko al'adun duniya na yau. Ana iya haɗa su a matsayin al'ummomin da ke da bukata ko ''ainihi'', kamar [[Nakasa|nakasassu]], ko tsofaffi marasa ƙarfi. # '''Tushen ƙungiya''': ya fito ne daga al'ummomin da aka shirya ba bisa ka'ida ba a kusa da ƙungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, tsarin yanke shawara na [[siyasa]], kamfanonin tattalin arziki, ko ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru a ƙaramin sikelin ƙasa ko na duniya. # '''Da gangan''': haɗuwa da dukkan nau'ikan uku da suka gabata, waɗannan al'ummomin zama ne masu haɗin kai tare da manufar zamantakewa ko ruhaniya, daga Masallatai da ashrams zuwa ƙauyuka na zamani da hadin gwiwar gidaje. Rarrabawar al'umma ta al'ada tana da matsaloli da yawa: (1) suna ba da ra'ayi cewa ana iya bayyana wata al'umma a matsayin irin wannan ko wani; (2) suna da alaƙa da dangantakar al'umma na zamani da na al'ada; (3) suna ɗaukar nau'ikan zamantakewa kamar kabilanci ko kabilanci kamar yadda aka ba su, manta da cewa mutane daban-daban da aka ayyana suna zaune a cikin nau'ikan al'ummomi daban-daban - masu tushe, masu sha'awa, da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Paul James (academic)}}</ref> A mayar da martani ga waɗannan matsalolin, Paul James da abokan aikinsa sun haɓaka lissafin lissafi wanda ke tsara alaƙar al'umma, kuma ya fahimci cewa ainihin al'ummomi na iya kasancewa da nau'ikan alaƙa daban-daban a lokaci guda: <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Paul James (academic)}}</ref> # '''Dangantakar al'umma''' ta hanyar rayuwa. Wannan ya haɗa da ba da fifiko ga al'ummomin da ke taruwa a kusa da wasu hanyoyin rayuwa da aka zaɓa, kamar ɗabi'a ko dangantaka mai sha'awa ko kawai rayuwa ko aiki a wuri ɗaya. Saboda haka wadannan sub-forms: ## al'umma-rayuwa kamar yadda aka iyakance ta ɗabi'a, wani nau'i ne da yawancin al'ummomin addini na gargajiya suka ɗauka. ## rayuwar al'umma a matsayin abin sha'awa, gami da wasanni, nishaɗi da al'ummomin kasuwanci waɗanda ke taruwa don lokutan aiki na yau da kullun. ## rayuwar al'umma kamar yadda ke da alaƙa, inda makwabta ko daidaituwa na ƙungiya ta samar da al'umma mai sauƙi, ko al'umma ta wuri (duba ƙasa). # '''Dangantakar al'umma da aka tsara'''. Wannan shi ne inda ake bi da al'umma da gangan a matsayin abin da za a tsara shi kuma a sake kirkireshi. Ana iya tsara shi ta hanyar ƙananan tallace-tallace, alal misali al'umma mai ƙofar, ko kuma yana iya ɗaukar nau'ikan ƙungiyoyin da ke ci gaba na mutanen da ke neman haɗin siyasa, al'ummomin aiki bisa ga ayyukan ƙwararru, al'umman haɗin gwiwa waɗanda ke neman haɓaka da tallafawa ƙwarewar mutum, cin gashin kai da mutuality. al'umma tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan siffofin al'umma da aka tsara ko tunanin. A cikin waɗannan kalmomi, al'ummomi na iya zama gida da / ko haɗuwa; al'umma ɗaya na iya ƙunsar wani - misali al'umma mai tushe na iya ƙ ƙunsar [[Ƙabilar|al'ummomin kabilanci]] da yawa. Dukkanin jerin da ke sama za a iya amfani da su a cikin matrix mai yanke giciye dangane da juna. == Al'ummomin Intanet == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Gabaɗaya, al'ummomin kama-da-wane suna darajar ilimi da bayanai a matsayin kudin ko hanyar zamantakewa. Abin da ke bambanta al'ummomin kama-da-wane daga takwarorinsu na zahiri shine girman da tasirin "ƙananan alaƙa", wanda shine dangantakar da masanan ko baƙi suka samar don samun bayanai ta hanyar hanyoyin sadarwar kan layi. Dangantaka tsakanin mambobi a cikin al'umma mai kama-da-wane tana mai da hankali kan musayar bayanai game da takamaiman batutuwa. Binciken da Pew Intanet da The American Life Project suka gudanar a shekara ta 2001 sun gano wadanda ke da hannu a cikin nishaɗi, ƙwararru, da ƙungiyoyin wasanni masu kama da juna sun mai da hankali ga ayyukansu don samun bayanai. Cutar zalunci da cin zarafi ta taso ne daga musayar bayanai tsakanin baƙi, musamman tsakanin matasa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Peter K. |last2=Mahdavi |first2=Jess |last3=Carvalho |first3=Manuel |last4=Fisher |first4=Sonja |last5=Russell |first5=Shanette |last6=Tippett |first6=Neil |date=2008 |title=Cyberbullying: its nature and impact in secondary school pupils |journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=376–385 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x |issn=1469-7610 |pmid=18363945}}</ref> a cikin al'ummomin kama-da-wane. Duk da yunkurin aiwatar da manufofi na yaki da zalunci, Sheri Bauman, farfesa na ba da shawara a Jami'ar Arizona, ya yi iƙirarin "mafi kyawun dabarun don hana zalunci" na iya kashe kudaden shiga na kamfanoni.<ref> {{Cite web |last=Wellemeyer |first=James |date=July 17, 2019 |title=Instagram, Facebook and Twitter struggle to contain the epidemic in online bullying |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/why-it-may-be-too-late-for-instagram-facebook-and-twitter-to-contain-the-epidemic-in-online-bullying-2019-07-15 |access-date=September 30, 2019 |website=MarketWatch}} </ref> Al'ummomin da ke da matsakaici na Intanet na iya hulɗa tare da ayyukan Rayuwa ta ainihi na waje, wanda zai iya samar da ƙungiyoyi masu ƙarfi da haɗin kai kamar QAnon. == Dubi kuma == * Da'irorin dorewa * Kwaminisanci * Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na al'umma * Makamashi na iska na al'umma * Ka'idar da aka yi amfani da ita * Bayani game da al'umma * [[Al'ummar Wikipedia]] == Bayani == {{Reflist}} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fhqr3yrzopr71ys06ad1gy89dnkwlfk 906704 906703 2026-08-23T21:13:40Z Ummu Ilham 45024 906704 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:A_community_townhall_at_Makoko_community.jpg|thumb|Gidan gari a Makoko, Najeriya]] === '''Fassara zuwa Hausa''' === '''Al’umma (Community) wata ƙungiyar zamantakewa ce, wato gungun mutane da ke da ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin abubuwan da suke da muhimmanci a zamantakewa tare. Waɗannan abubuwa na iya kasancewa wuri, ƙa’idojin zamantakewa, al’ada, addini, ƙimomi, ɗabi’u, ko ainihin mutum da kansa (identity).''' '''Al’ummomi na iya kasancewa da jin cewa suna da wuri guda a wani yanki na ƙasa, kamar ƙasa, ƙauye, gari, ko unguwa. Haka kuma, al’umma na iya samuwa a sararin intanet (virtual space) ta hanyar dandamalin sadarwa.''' '''Kyakkyawar dangantaka mai ɗorewa wadda ta wuce alaƙar jini ta kusa ita ma tana taimakawa wajen samar da jin kasancewa cikin al’umma. Wannan yana da muhimmanci ga ainihin mutum, ayyukansa da matsayinsa a cikin cibiyoyin zamantakewa kamar iyali, gida, wurin aiki, gwamnati, al’umma gaba ɗaya, da kuma ɗan Adam baki ɗaya.''' '''Ko da yake al’ummomi yawanci ƙanana ne idan aka kwatanta da sauran alaƙar zamantakewar mutum, kalmar “al’umma” na iya kuma nufin manyan ƙungiyoyin da mutane ke alaƙa da su, kamar al’ummomin ƙasa, al’ummar ƙasa da ƙasa, da al’ummomin intanet (virtual communities).'''.<ref> See also: {{Cite book|last3=Paul James (academic)}} </ref> Dangane da nau'ikan zamantakewa, al'umma na iya zama kamar ƙaramin rukuni na zamantakewa<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rydin|first1=Yvonne|editor-last1=Cullingworth|editor-first1=J. Barry|date=1 October 1999|chapter=Public participation in planning: Public participation and collective decision making|title=British Planning: 50 Years of Urban and Regional Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gq6glh_ILtwC|publication-place=London|publisher=The Athlone Press|page=196|isbn=9780485006049|access-date=6 September 2024|quote=[...] planning decisions are a form of collective decision making. This is not the same thing as decision making by the local community since that represents only a subset of the broader social collectivity.}}</ref> A cikin ra'ayoyin ci gaba, al'umma na iya fitowa daga cikin al'umma.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Howell|first1=Signe|author-link1=Signe Howell|editor-last1=Amit|editor-first1=Vered|year=2002|chapter=Community beyond place: Adoptive families in Norway|title=Realizing Community: Concepts, Social Relationships and Sentiments|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wOIFSqxWCn4C|series=European Association of Social Anthropologists|publication-place=London|publisher=Psychology Press|page=98|isbn=9780415229074|access-date=6 September 2024|quote=[...] without [...] interaction [...], a category of collectivity is likely to remain a conceptual category rather than [...] become a community. It seems likely that some sort of social intimacy, particularly when this takes place at vulnerable times, must occur to serve as a paradigmatic vehicle for the wider sense of shared experience.}}</ref> Kalmar [[Turanci|Harshen Ingilishi]] "al'umma" ta samo asali ne daga Tsohon Faransanci {{Lang|fro|comuneté}} (Faransa na zamani: ''{{Lang|fr|communauté}}''), wanda ya fito ne daga [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] ''communitas'' "al'ada", "ruhun jama'a" (daga Latin communis, "al'ida").<ref>{{cite OED|community|1005093760}}</ref> Al'ummomin mutane na iya samun niyyar, imani, [[Kadarorin muhalli|albarkatun]], abubuwan da aka fi so, bukatun, da haɗari gaba ɗaya, suna shafar asalin mahalarta da matakin haɗin kansu.[[:en:Group_cohesiveness|.]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Melih|first=Bulu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=memeBQAAQBAJ&q=Human+communities+may+share+intent%2C+belief%2C+resources%2C+preferences%2C+needs%2C+and+risks+in+common%2C+affecting+the+identity+of+the+participants+and+their+degree+of+cohesiveness&pg=PA104|title=City Competitiveness and Improving Urban Subsystems: Technologies and Applications: Technologies and Applications|date=2011|publisher=IGI Global|isbn=978-1-61350-175-7|language=en|quote=In human communities, intent, belief, resources, preferences, needs, risks, and a number of other conditions may be present and common, affecting the identity of the participants and their degree of cohesiveness.}}</ref> == Ra'ayoyin fannoni daban-daban == === Archaeology === Nazarin archaeological na al'ummomin zamantakewa suna amfani da kalmar "al'umma" a hanyoyi biyu, suna nuna amfani a wasu yankuna. Ma'anar farko ita ce ma'anar al'umma a matsayin wurin da mutane ke zaune. A cikin wannan ma'anar ta zahiri tana da alaƙa da manufar tsohuwar ƙauyen - ko [[Ƙauye|ƙauyen]], ƙauye. Ma'anar ta biyu tana kama da amfani da kalmar a wasu [[kimiyyar zamantakewa]]: al'umma rukuni ne na mutanen da ke zaune kusa da juna waɗanda ke hulɗa da jama'a. Ma'amala ta zamantakewa a kan karamin sikelin na iya zama da wahala a gano shi tare da bayanan archaeological. Yawancin sake ginawa na al'ummomin zamantakewa ta hanyar masu binciken tarihi sun dogara da ka'idar cewa hulɗar zamantakewa a baya ta kasance ta hanyar nesa ta jiki. Sabili da haka, ƙaramin ƙauyen ƙauye mai yiwuwa ya zama al'umma ta zamantakewa kuma yankunan birane da sauran manyan ƙauyuka na iya kafa al'ummomi. Masu binciken tarihi galibi suna amfani da kamanceceniya a cikin al'adun kayan aiki - daga nau'ikan gidaje zuwa salon tukwane - don sake gina al'ummomi a baya. Wannan hanyar rarraba ta dogara ne akan zaton cewa mutane ko gidaje za su raba ƙarin kamanceceniya a cikin nau'ikan da salon kayan su tare da wasu membobin al'umma fiye da yadda za su yi da baƙi.<ref>Canuto, Marcello A. and Jason Yaeger (editors) (2000) ''The Archaeology of Communities''. Routledge, New York. Hegmon, Michelle (2002) Concepts of Community in Archaeological Research. In ''Seeking the Center: Archaeology and Ancient Communities in the Mesa Verde Region,'' edited by Mark D. Varien and Richard H. Wilshusen, pp. 263–279. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.</ref> === Muhalli === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>A cikin [[Ecology|ilimin muhalli]], al'umma ita ce tarin jama'a - mai yiwuwa na nau'o'i daban-daban - suna hulɗa da juna. Ilimin muhalli na al'umma reshe ne na ilimin muhalli wanda ke nazarin hulɗar tsakanin da tsakanin jinsuna. Yana la'akari da yadda irin wannan hulɗa, tare da hulɗa tsakanin jinsuna da yanayin abiotic, ya shafi tsarin zamantakewa da wadatar jinsuna, bambancin da alamu na yalwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicolson |first=Malcolm |date=March 1993 |title=L. A. Real and J. H. Brown (eds.), Foundations of Ecology: Classic Papers with Commentaries. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press (with the Ecological Society of America), 1991. Pp. xiv + 905. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400030673 |journal=The British Journal for the History of Science |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=129–130 |doi=10.1017/s0007087400030673 |issn=0007-0874 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Dabbobi suna hulɗa ta hanyoyi uku: gasa, farauta da kuma mutunci: * Gasar yawanci tana haifar da mummunan abu sau biyu - wato jinsunan biyu sun rasa a cikin hulɗar. * Predation ya haɗa da yanayin nasara / asara, tare da nau'in daya da ya ci nasara. * Mutualism yana ganin jinsunan biyu suna aiki tare a wata hanya, tare da duka biyu suna cin nasara. Manyan nau'ikan al'ummomin muhalli guda biyu sune manyan al'ummomi, waɗanda ke da ikon kansu da kuma sarrafa kansu (kamar gandun daji ko tafki), da ƙananan al'ummoki, waɗanda ke dogaro da wasu al'ummori (kamar fungi da ke lalata katako) kuma sune gine-ginen manyan al'umma. Bugu da ƙari, zamu iya kafa wasu ƙananan ƙungiyoyi marasa ilimin lissafi na biocenosis, kamar su guilds... === Falsafa === Dangane da muhawara game da ma'anar "Al'ummar Turai," jerin masana falsafa na Turai sun fara nuna damuwa game da yadda aka tsara al'umma a al'ada a Yamma. Sun yi tambaya ko tsarin rufewa, na warewa, da na ainihi na al'umma da aka samu a cikin al'adun Kwaminisanci a cikin falsafar Anglo-Amurka da Ka'idar Jama'a ta gargajiya, sun dace da duniyarmu ta duniya. Koyaya, maimakon barin sha'awar kasancewa cikin al'umma, suna ƙoƙari su sake fahimtar al'umma a cikin hanyar buɗewa da ta haɗa kai. An yaba wa Jean-Luc Nancy da fara wannan muhawara tare da littafinsa The Inoperative Community, sannan Maurice Blanchot's The Unavowable Community, Giorgio Agamben's The Coming Community, da Roberto Esposito's Communitas .<ref>Nancy, Jean-Luc. 1991. ''The Inoperative Community''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1991; Blanchot, Maurice. 1988. ''The Unavowable Community'', trans. Pierre Joris. Barrytown, NY: Station Hill; Agamben, Giorgio. 1993. ''The Coming Community'', trans. Michael Hardt. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; and Esposito, Roberto. 2010. ''Communitas: The Origin and Destiny of Community'', trans. Timothy C. Campbell. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.</ref> Jean-Luc Nancy ya sake fasalin ka'idarsa game da al'umma a cikin Being Singular Plural, kuma ya gabatar da jerin tunani game da sharuɗɗa da dalilai na wannan muhawara a cikin The Disavowed Community .<ref>Nancy, Jean-Luc. 1991. ''The Inoperative Community''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1991; Blanchot, Maurice. 1988. ''The Unavowable Community'', trans. Pierre Joris. Barrytown, NY: Station Hill; Agamben, Giorgio. 1993. ''The Coming Community'', trans. Michael Hardt. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; and Esposito, Roberto. 2010. ''Communitas: The Origin and Destiny of Community'', trans. Timothy C. Campbell. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.</ref> JSauran littattafan da suka danganci wannan jerin sun hada da Zygmunt Bauman's Community, Greg Bird's Containing Community, Miranda Joseph's Against the Romance of Community, da Alphonso Lingis" The Community of Those Who Have Nothing in Common .<ref>Bauman, Zygmunt. 2001. ''Community: Seeking Safety in an Insecure World''. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; Bird, Greg. 2016. ''Containing Community: From Political Economy to Ontology in Agamben, Esposito, and Nancy''. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.; Joseph, Miranda. 2002. ''Against the Romance of Community''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; and Lingis, Alphonso. 1994. ''The Community of Those Who Have Nothing in Common''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.</ref> === Magana === Ma'anar "al'umma" sau da yawa tana da kyakkyawar ma'anar ma'ana, wanda 'yan siyasa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da masu tallace-tallace suka yi amfani da shi don inganta ji da ƙungiyoyi na jin daɗin juna, farin ciki da haɗin kai <ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Wilson|editor1-first=Alexander|title=Advertising and the Community|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oOBRAQAAIAAJ|series=Reprints of economic classes|year=1968|edition=reprint|location=Manchester|publisher=Manchester University Press|page=39|isbn=978-0719003363|access-date=6 June 2021|quote=In Britain, by far the more fashionable concern is that for advertising's value to the community.}}</ref>yana juyawa zuwa ga al'ummar utopian da ke kusa da cimma. Sabanin haka, kalmar annoba "rarrabawar al'umma" na iya samun mummunar tasiri, kuma maimakon "al'umma masu aikata laifuka,<ref>For example: {{cite news |last1=Basu |first1=Mohana |title=What is community transmission — how one can contract COVID-19 without travelling |url=https://theprint.in/health/what-is-community-transmission-how-one-can-contract-covid-19-without-travelling/380398/ |access-date=6 June 2021 |work=ThePrint |publisher=Printline Media Pvt Ltd |publication-date=13 March 2020 |quote=[...] when the source of transmission for a large number of people is not traceable it is called a community transmission. [...]Most types of influenza and bird flu outbreaks in the past were known to have spread through community transmission. The outbreak of H1N1 in 2009, commonly known as swine flu, was primarily through community transmission. [...] In the case of community transmission, contact tracing is inadequate in containing the disease. [...] This is particularly worrisome for health officials because that means the virus is in the community but no one knows where it has come from or track its origins. This also means the virus can be widespread in a community.}}</ref>sau da yawa yana magana game da "ƙungiyar masu aikata laifula" ko kuma "ƙungiya masu aikata laphida". === Ilimin zamantakewa === === Fassara zuwa Hausa === Nazarin farko na '''ilimin zamantakewar al’umma (sociology)''' ya bayyana al’ummomi a matsayin '''ƙungiyoyin da ke gefe ko waɗanda ba su da cikakken iko''', waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin tasirin '''manyan masu iko a cikin al’umma'''. Daga cikin irin waɗannan binciken na farko na ilimi akwai littafin '''''Who Governs?''''' na '''Robert Dahl''', da kuma rubuce-rubucen '''Floyd Hunter''' da suka shafi birnin '''Atlanta'''. A farkon '''ƙarni na 21''', masana ilimi, ’yan siyasa da masu fafutukar zamantakewa sun sake ba da muhimmanci ga '''manufar al’umma (community)'''. ’Yan siyasar da ke fatan samun nasara a '''zaɓen dimokuraɗiyya''' suka fara sake daidaita manufofinsu da '''muradun al’umma''', domin samun goyon bayan jama’a..<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Neighborhood Politics of Last Resort: Post-Katrina New Orleans and the Right to the City|author1=Stephen Danley|page=3|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|year=2018|isbn=9780773555891}}</ref> === Sauran === Shona (a Zimbabwe) sun haɗa da Ruhohin kakanninmu (midzimu) a cikin ra'ayinsu game da al'umma.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Auret |first=Diana |date=1982-01-01 |title=The Mhondoro spirits of supratribal significance in the culture of the Shona |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00020188208707585 |journal=African Studies |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=173–187 |doi=10.1080/00020188208707585 |issn=0002-0184 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Muhimman ra'ayoyi == === ''Gemeinschaft da Gesellschaft'' === In {{Lang|de|Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft}} (1887), German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies described two types of human association: {{Lang|de|Gemeinschaft}} (usually translated as "community") and {{Lang|de|Gesellschaft}} ("society" or "association"). Tönnies proposed the ''{{Lang|de|Gemeinschaft}}–''{{Lang|de|Gesellschaft}} dichotomy as a way to think about social ties. No group is exclusively one or the other. {{Lang|de|Gemeinschaft}} stress personal social interactions, and the roles, values, and beliefs based on such interactions. {{Lang|de|Gesellschaft}} stress indirect interactions, impersonal roles, formal values, and beliefs based on such interactions.<ref>Tönnies, Ferdinand (1887). ''Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft'', Leipzig: Fues's Verlag. An English translation of the 8th edition 1935 by Charles P. Loomis appeared in 1940 as ''Fundamental Concepts of Sociology (Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft)'', New York: American Book Co.; in 1955 as ''Community and Association (Gemeinschaft und gesellschaft''[sic]'')'', London: Routledge & Kegan Paul; and in 1957 as ''Community and Society'', East Lansing: Michigan State U.P. Loomis includes as an Introduction, representing Tönnies' "most recent thinking", his 1931 article "Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft" in ''Handwörterbuch der Soziologie'' (Stuttgart, Enke V.).</ref> === Jin al'umma === A cikin binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1986, McMillan da Chavis<ref>McMillan, D.W., & Chavis, D.M. 1986. "Sense of community: A definition and theory," p. 16.</ref>sun gano abubuwa huɗu na "ma'anar al'umma": # zama memba: jin na kasancewa ko rabawa ma'anar dangantaka ta mutum, # tasiri: mattering, yin bambanci ga rukuni da kuma rukuni mattering ga membobinta # karfafawa: hadewa da cika bukatun, # haɗi na motsin rai. [[Fayil:Bigdayout_crowd2.jpg|thumb|Har zuwa wane irin mahalarta ayyukan hadin gwiwa suna fuskantar jin daɗin al'umma?]] Chavis da abokan aiki ne suka haɓaka "ma'anar al'umma" (SCI), kuma wasu sun sake fasalin su kuma sun daidaita su. Kodayake an tsara shi ne don tantance ma'anar al'umma a cikin unguwanni, an daidaita alamar don amfani a makarantu, wurin aiki, da nau'ikan al'ummomi iri-iri. Nazarin da American Psychological Association ta gudanar ya nuna cewa matasa da ke jin daɗin kasancewa cikin al'umma, musamman ƙananan al'ummomi, suna samun ƙarancin cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa da baƙin ciki fiye da waɗanda ba su da jin ƙauna da kasancewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McMillan |first=David W. |last2=Chavis |first2=David M. |date=1986 |title=Sense of community: A definition and theory |url=https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1987-03834-001 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Community Psychology |volume=14 |pages=6–23 |doi=10.1002/1520-6629(198601)14:1<6::AID-JCOP2290140103>3.0.CO;2-I |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907122231/https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1987-03834-001 |archive-date=2022-09-07 |access-date=2022-12-29}}</ref> ==== Haɗin kai ==== [[Fayil:Lewes_Bonfire,_Martyrs_Crosses.jpg|thumb|Lewes Bonfire Night procession don tunawa da shahidai 17 na Furotesta da aka ƙone a kan gungume daga 1555 zuwa 1557]] Tsarin ilmantarwa don karɓar tsarin halayyar al'umma ana kiransa zamantakewa. Lokacin da ya fi dacewa na zamantakewa yawanci shine farkon matakan rayuwa, lokacin da mutane ke haɓaka ƙwarewa da ilimi kuma suna koyon Matsayi da ake buƙata don aiki a cikin [[Al'ada|al'adu]] da [[Yanayin zamantakewa]].<ref name="Socialization2">Newman, D. 2005. [http://www.pineforge.com/upm-data/9006_Chapter_5.pdf Chapter 5. "Building Identity: Socialization"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106033450/http://www.pineforge.com/upm-data/9006_Chapter_5.pdf|date=2012-01-06}} pp. 134–140.</ref>Ga wasu masu ilimin halayyar dan adam, musamman wadanda ke cikin al'adar psychodynamic, mafi mahimmancin lokacin zamantakewa yana tsakanin shekaru daya zuwa goma. Amma zamantakewa kuma ya haɗa da manya da ke motsawa cikin yanayi daban-daban inda dole ne su koyi sabon saitin halaye..<ref name="Socialization">Newman, D. 2005. [http://www.pineforge.com/upm-data/9006_Chapter_5.pdf Chapter 5. "Building Identity: Socialization"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106033450/http://www.pineforge.com/upm-data/9006_Chapter_5.pdf|date=2012-01-06}} pp. 134–140.</ref> Socialization yana da tasiri da farko daga iyali, ta hanyar da yara ke fara koyon [[Hanyar zamantakewa|ka'idoji]] al'umma. Sauran mahimman tasirin sun haɗa da makarantu, ƙungiyoyin tsara, mutane, kafofin watsa labarai, Wurin aiki, da gwamnati. Matsayin da aka karɓi ƙa'idodin wata al'umma ko al'umma yana ƙayyade shirye-shiryen mutum na yin hulɗa da wasu. Ka'idojin [[Toleration|haƙuri]], musayar, da amincewa suna da mahimmanci "al'amuran zuciya", kamar yadda na Tocqueville ya sanya shi, a cikin sa hannun mutum a cikin al'umma. == Ci gaba == Ci gaban al'umma sau da yawa yana da alaƙa da [[Ayyukan al'umma|aikin al'umma]] ko tsara al'umma, kuma yana iya haɗawa da masu ruwa da tsaki, tushe, gwamnatoci, ko ƙungiyoyin kwangila ciki har da Kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba (NGOs), jami'o'i ko hukumomin gwamnati don ci gaba da jin daɗin jama'a na gida, yanki kuma, wani lokacin, al'ummomin ƙasa. Ƙarin ƙoƙari na ƙauyuka, wanda ake kira Ginin al'umma ko shirya al'umma, suna neman karfafa mutane da ƙungiyoyin mutane ta hanyar ba su ƙwarewar da suke buƙata don haifar da canji a cikin al'ummominsu.<ref>Kelly, Anthony, ''With Head, Heart and Hand: Dimensions of Community Building'' (Boolarong Press) {{ISBN|978-0-86439-076-9}}{{Page needed|date=May 2023}}</ref> Wadannan ƙwarewa galibi suna taimakawa wajen gina ikon siyasa ta hanyar kafa manyan kungiyoyin zamantakewa da ke aiki don ajanda ɗaya. Masu aikin ci gaban al'umma sun fahimci yadda za su yi aiki tare da mutane da kuma shafar matsayin al'ummomi a cikin mahallin manyan cibiyoyin zamantakewa. Masu gudanar da gwamnati, akasin haka, sun fahimci ci gaban al'umma a cikin yanayin ci gaban karkara da birane, gidaje da ci gaban tattalin arziki, da al'umma, ci gaban ƙungiya da kasuwanci. Shirye-shiryen da aka amince da su na jami'o'i, a matsayin wani ɓangare na cibiyoyin ba da digiri, galibi ana amfani da su don gina tushen ilimi don fitar da darussan a cikin gudanarwar jama'a, [[Kimiyar al'umma|ilimin zamantakewa]] da Nazarin al'umma. Babban Binciken Jama'a daga Cibiyar Binciken Ra'ayi ta Kasa a Jami'ar Chicago da kuma Saguaro Seminar a Makarantar Harvard Kennedy misalai ne na ci gaban al'umma na kasa a Amurka. Makarantar Maxwell ta Citizenship da Harkokin Jama'a a Jami'ar Syracuse a Jihar New York tana ba da mahimman darussan a cikin al'umma da ci gaban tattalin arziki, da kuma yankuna daga ci gaban da ba na riba ba zuwa kasafin kudin Amurka (federal zuwa na gida, kudaden al'umma). A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, [[Jami'ar Oxford]] ta jagoranci samar da bincike mai zurfi a fagen ta hanyar ''Jaridar Ci Gaban Al'umma,'' wanda masana zamantakewa da masu ci gaban al'umma ke amfani da shi a duk duniya. A tsakiya tsakanin ''ci gaba'' al'umma da ''gini'' al'umma akwai shirye-shirye da kungiyoyi da yawa tare da kayan aikin ci gaban al-umma. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai na wannan shine shirin Cibiyar Ci gaban Al'umma ta Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma. Cibiyar tana samar da kayan aikin da za a iya saukewa don tantance kadarorin al'umma da yin haɗin kai tsakanin kungiyoyin da ba na riba ba da sauran kungiyoyin da za su iya taimakawa wajen gina al'umma. Cibiyar tana mai da hankali kan taimakawa al'ummomi ci gaba ta hanyar "tattara dukiyar unguwa" - gini daga ciki zuwa waje maimakon waje a ciki. &nbsp;A fagen nakasassu, gina al'umma ya kasance a cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990 tare da tushen John McKnight. === Gine-gine da shirya === [[Fayil:Affinity_group_collateral_damage.jpg|thumb|Kungiyar adawa da yaki "Collateral Damage" tana nuna rashin amincewa da Yaƙin Iraki]] A cikin The Different Drum: Community-Making and Peace (1987) Scott Peck ya yi jayayya cewa kusan haɗari na al'umma da ke wanzu a lokutan rikici za a iya gina shi da gangan. Peck ya yi imanin cewa gina al'umma mai hankali tsari ne na ƙira da gangan wanda ya dogara da ilimin da aikace-aikacen wasu dokoki. Ya bayyana cewa wannan tsari yana wucewa ta matakai huɗu: # Pseudocommunity: Lokacin da mutane suka fara haɗuwa, suna ƙoƙarin zama "mai kyau" kuma suna gabatar da abin da suke ji shine halayensu mafi kyau da abokantaka. # '''Rikici''': Mutane suna wucewa fiye da rashin gaskiya na pseudo-al'umma kuma suna jin lafiya don gabatar da kansu "inuwa". # '''Rashin amfani''': Yana wucewa bayan yunkurin gyarawa, warkarwa da juyawa daga matakin rikici, lokacin da duk mutane suka sami damar amincewa da raunin kansu da rashin jin daɗi, na kowa ga mutane. # '''Al'umma ta Gaskiya''': Daraja mai zurfi da sauraron gaskiya ga bukatun sauran mutane a cikin wannan al'umma. A cikin 1991, Peck ya ce gina ma'anar al'umma yana da sauƙi amma kiyaye wannan ma'anar zamantakewa yana da wahala a duniyar zamani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sense of Community: A Definition and Theory — Dr. David McMillan |url=https://www.drdavidmcmillan.com/sense-of-community/sense-of-community-a-definition-and-theory |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229114933/https://www.drdavidmcmillan.com/sense-of-community/sense-of-community-a-definition-and-theory |archive-date=2022-12-29 |access-date=2022-12-29}}</ref> Tattaunawa da M. Scott Peck ta Alan Atkisson . A cikin Yanayi # 29, shafi na 26. &nbsp;Abubuwa guda uku na tsara al'umma sune shirya al'umma, gina hadin gwiwa, da kuma "tsarin al'umma na cibiyar", (wanda ake kira "tsarin jama'a mai zurfi", misali wanda shine shirya al'ummar addini, ko shirya al'ummomi na Ikilisiya). Gine-gine na al'umma na iya amfani da ayyuka iri-iri, daga abubuwan da suka faru masu sauƙi (misali, potlucks, ƙananan kungiyoyin littattafai) zuwa ƙoƙari mafi girma (misali، bukukuwan taro, ayyukan gini waɗanda suka haɗa da mahalarta cikin gida maimakon 'yan kwangila na waje). Ginin al'umma wanda aka tsara don aikin ɗan ƙasa yawanci ana kiransa "tsarin al'umma". A cikin waɗannan lokuta, ƙungiyoyin al'umma da aka tsara suna neman lissafi daga zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai da haɓaka wakilci kai tsaye a cikin ƙungiyoyin yanke shawara. Inda tattaunawar aminci ta gaza, waɗannan ƙungiyoyin da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin mazabar suna neman matsawa masu yanke shawara ta hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da yin zanga-zanga, kauracewa, zama, korafi, da siyasa ta zaɓe. Shirye-shiryen al'umma na iya mai da hankali kan fiye da warware takamaiman batutuwa. Shirya sau da yawa yana nufin gina tsarin wutar lantarki mai sauƙi, sau da yawa tare da manufar ƙarshe na rarraba wutar lantarki daidai a duk faɗin al'umma. Masu shirya al'umma gabaɗaya suna neman gina ƙungiyoyi masu buɗewa da dimokuradiyya a cikin mulki. Irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna sauƙaƙewa da ƙarfafa yanke shawara tare da mai da hankali kan lafiyar al'umma gaba ɗaya maimakon takamaiman ƙungiyar sha'awa. Idan al'ummomi sun bunkasa bisa ga wani abu da suke da alaƙa, ko wuri ko dabi'u, to, ƙalubalen da ake samu ga al'ummomin da ke tasowa shine yadda za a haɗa mutum da bambance-bambance. Rebekah Nathan ta ba da shawarar a cikin littafinta, My Freshman Year, muna janyo hankalin mu ga al'ummomin da ke tasowa gaba ɗaya bisa daidaito, duk da alkawuran da aka bayyana ga bambancin, kamar waɗanda aka samu a shafukan yanar gizo na jami'a. == Nau'o'in == [[Fayil:Stonehenge_Summer_Solstice_eve_02.jpg|thumb|Wata al'umma mai sha'awa ta taru a Stonehenge, Ingila, don lokacin rani.]] # Tushen wuri: ya fito ne daga unguwa yankin, unguwa, [[Ƙauye|ƙauyen]], gari ko birni, yanki, al'umma ko ma duniya gaba ɗaya. Wadannan kuma ana kiransu '''al'ummomin wuri'''. # '''Tushen ainihi''': ya fito ne daga ƙungiyar gida, al'adun al'adu, kabilanci, [[addini]], al'adu da yawa ko [[wayewa]] mai yawa, ko al'adun duniya na yau. Ana iya haɗa su a matsayin al'ummomin da ke da bukata ko ''ainihi'', kamar [[Nakasa|nakasassu]], ko tsofaffi marasa ƙarfi. # '''Tushen ƙungiya''': ya fito ne daga al'ummomin da aka shirya ba bisa ka'ida ba a kusa da ƙungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, tsarin yanke shawara na [[siyasa]], kamfanonin tattalin arziki, ko ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru a ƙaramin sikelin ƙasa ko na duniya. # '''Da gangan''': haɗuwa da dukkan nau'ikan uku da suka gabata, waɗannan al'ummomin zama ne masu haɗin kai tare da manufar zamantakewa ko ruhaniya, daga Masallatai da ashrams zuwa ƙauyuka na zamani da hadin gwiwar gidaje. Rarrabawar al'umma ta al'ada tana da matsaloli da yawa: (1) suna ba da ra'ayi cewa ana iya bayyana wata al'umma a matsayin irin wannan ko wani; (2) suna da alaƙa da dangantakar al'umma na zamani da na al'ada; (3) suna ɗaukar nau'ikan zamantakewa kamar kabilanci ko kabilanci kamar yadda aka ba su, manta da cewa mutane daban-daban da aka ayyana suna zaune a cikin nau'ikan al'ummomi daban-daban - masu tushe, masu sha'awa, da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Paul James (academic)}}</ref> A mayar da martani ga waɗannan matsalolin, Paul James da abokan aikinsa sun haɓaka lissafin lissafi wanda ke tsara alaƙar al'umma, kuma ya fahimci cewa ainihin al'ummomi na iya kasancewa da nau'ikan alaƙa daban-daban a lokaci guda: <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Paul James (academic)}}</ref> # '''Dangantakar al'umma''' ta hanyar rayuwa. Wannan ya haɗa da ba da fifiko ga al'ummomin da ke taruwa a kusa da wasu hanyoyin rayuwa da aka zaɓa, kamar ɗabi'a ko dangantaka mai sha'awa ko kawai rayuwa ko aiki a wuri ɗaya. Saboda haka wadannan sub-forms: ## al'umma-rayuwa kamar yadda aka iyakance ta ɗabi'a, wani nau'i ne da yawancin al'ummomin addini na gargajiya suka ɗauka. ## rayuwar al'umma a matsayin abin sha'awa, gami da wasanni, nishaɗi da al'ummomin kasuwanci waɗanda ke taruwa don lokutan aiki na yau da kullun. ## rayuwar al'umma kamar yadda ke da alaƙa, inda makwabta ko daidaituwa na ƙungiya ta samar da al'umma mai sauƙi, ko al'umma ta wuri (duba ƙasa). # '''Dangantakar al'umma da aka tsara'''. Wannan shi ne inda ake bi da al'umma da gangan a matsayin abin da za a tsara shi kuma a sake kirkireshi. Ana iya tsara shi ta hanyar ƙananan tallace-tallace, alal misali al'umma mai ƙofar, ko kuma yana iya ɗaukar nau'ikan ƙungiyoyin da ke ci gaba na mutanen da ke neman haɗin siyasa, al'ummomin aiki bisa ga ayyukan ƙwararru, al'umman haɗin gwiwa waɗanda ke neman haɓaka da tallafawa ƙwarewar mutum, cin gashin kai da mutuality. al'umma tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan siffofin al'umma da aka tsara ko tunanin. A cikin waɗannan kalmomi, al'ummomi na iya zama gida da / ko haɗuwa; al'umma ɗaya na iya ƙunsar wani - misali al'umma mai tushe na iya ƙ ƙunsar [[Ƙabilar|al'ummomin kabilanci]] da yawa. Dukkanin jerin da ke sama za a iya amfani da su a cikin matrix mai yanke giciye dangane da juna. == Al'ummomin Intanet == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Gabaɗaya, al'ummomin kama-da-wane suna darajar ilimi da bayanai a matsayin kudin ko hanyar zamantakewa. Abin da ke bambanta al'ummomin kama-da-wane daga takwarorinsu na zahiri shine girman da tasirin "ƙananan alaƙa", wanda shine dangantakar da masanan ko baƙi suka samar don samun bayanai ta hanyar hanyoyin sadarwar kan layi. Dangantaka tsakanin mambobi a cikin al'umma mai kama-da-wane tana mai da hankali kan musayar bayanai game da takamaiman batutuwa. Binciken da Pew Intanet da The American Life Project suka gudanar a shekara ta 2001 sun gano wadanda ke da hannu a cikin nishaɗi, ƙwararru, da ƙungiyoyin wasanni masu kama da juna sun mai da hankali ga ayyukansu don samun bayanai. Cutar zalunci da cin zarafi ta taso ne daga musayar bayanai tsakanin baƙi, musamman tsakanin matasa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Peter K. |last2=Mahdavi |first2=Jess |last3=Carvalho |first3=Manuel |last4=Fisher |first4=Sonja |last5=Russell |first5=Shanette |last6=Tippett |first6=Neil |date=2008 |title=Cyberbullying: its nature and impact in secondary school pupils |journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=376–385 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x |issn=1469-7610 |pmid=18363945}}</ref> a cikin al'ummomin kama-da-wane. Duk da yunkurin aiwatar da manufofi na yaki da zalunci, Sheri Bauman, farfesa na ba da shawara a Jami'ar Arizona, ya yi iƙirarin "mafi kyawun dabarun don hana zalunci" na iya kashe kudaden shiga na kamfanoni.<ref> {{Cite web |last=Wellemeyer |first=James |date=July 17, 2019 |title=Instagram, Facebook and Twitter struggle to contain the epidemic in online bullying |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/why-it-may-be-too-late-for-instagram-facebook-and-twitter-to-contain-the-epidemic-in-online-bullying-2019-07-15 |access-date=September 30, 2019 |website=MarketWatch}} </ref> Al'ummomin da ke da matsakaici na Intanet na iya hulɗa tare da ayyukan Rayuwa ta ainihi na waje, wanda zai iya samar da ƙungiyoyi masu ƙarfi da haɗin kai kamar QAnon. == Dubi kuma == * Da'irorin dorewa * Kwaminisanci * Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na al'umma * Makamashi na iska na al'umma * Ka'idar da aka yi amfani da ita * Bayani game da al'umma * [[Al'ummar Wikipedia]] == Bayani == {{Reflist}} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t3gk9l5fn6r8dnufd00xkav7i1gzhm4 3 165232 906707 2026-08-23T21:23:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906707 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Jpogba14! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Jpogba14|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 23 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 51krmq8317kamjb5s8b533wypriq73v 3 165233 906708 2026-08-23T21:23:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906708 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Lisbean! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Lisbean|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 23 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 5lnaqors3r37pw9c5prlwpkmeqy980i 3 165234 906710 2026-08-23T21:23:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906710 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Chigozirim2005! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Chigozirim2005|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 23 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) ar6rw420gaz6on59oixanm47dkykp1e 3 165235 906711 2026-08-23T21:23:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906711 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Rafsan Ahmad Ayaaz! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Rafsan Ahmad Ayaaz|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 23 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 8jldmfoudvhc1a5cuoqiqb8un96q93v 3 165236 906712 2026-08-23T21:23:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906712 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Glatisant! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Glatisant|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 23 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) audvi4piz2zfh3wwxprn0aix882wnxe 3 165237 906713 2026-08-23T21:24:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906713 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, ЭндерСтив! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/ЭндерСтив|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 23 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) blbgnl4oyuberlx6yy8krbgrkkaqpxe 3 165238 906714 2026-08-23T21:24:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906714 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sadik Nigerien! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sadik Nigerien|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 23 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) t3bmnphxfsag5is7qoa7s5e16x1op54 3 165239 906715 2026-08-23T21:24:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906715 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Amyka.office! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Amyka.office|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 23 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 2htmigc2sfw332l3atrrzbikf97rmsk 3 165240 906716 2026-08-23T21:24:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906716 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Lematth88! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Lematth88|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 23 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) a700gc8mttq9z3lesrbl6u1miy7z58m 3 165241 906717 2026-08-23T21:24:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906717 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Hcostille! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Hcostille|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 23 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) mq6via95eikzozsgwkcfrol4v7rd3ms 3 165242 906718 2026-08-23T21:24:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906718 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sunglocto! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sunglocto|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 23 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) q8jit5sqko7xx122cixjpfbizwvfrkw 3 165243 906719 2026-08-23T21:25:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906719 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Nikolay Kazak! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Nikolay Kazak|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 23 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 40ub6vafe45d1ua4kt2wfqhruhbhk0h 3 165244 906720 2026-08-23T21:25:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906720 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Husyakub! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Husyakub|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 23 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) j6lz1ik46jrc8yv51w4pknj4chggxn9 3 165245 906721 2026-08-23T21:25:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906721 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, MrFluffster! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/MrFluffster|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 23 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 27dl4jthj9wdew78k824z2g0rq7d9kr 3 165246 906722 2026-08-23T21:25:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906722 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Shuutaa! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Shuutaa|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 23 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) cbch951kxua5s0mpx9e0nd95wog60mj 3 165247 906723 2026-08-23T21:25:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906723 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Kyrasymborski! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Kyrasymborski|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 23 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 2zdiump3hxi9te33rtbjidhsyckrsan 3 165248 906724 2026-08-23T21:25:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906724 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Pthomson697! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Pthomson697|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 23 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) dfio77nl2zktrg99cws9yx18q5j77qs 3 165249 906725 2026-08-23T21:26:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906725 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, GrogmarkMan! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/GrogmarkMan|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 23 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) ipx60x0idb36oojcjnof6oewf677vt0 3 165250 906726 2026-08-23T21:26:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906726 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Amir Ghandi! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Amir Ghandi|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 23 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) d3bccg7sdt34l4elkr8pdwk1i5x6rix 3 165251 906727 2026-08-23T21:26:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906727 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Dark X 22! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Dark X 22|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 23 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 9i0xncrwixv7vh2oecympx53y6dq0nc 3 165252 906728 2026-08-23T21:26:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 906728 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Smart Andrew! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Smart Andrew|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 23 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) dpo2odp0esqflwxt9xkt2uon4aslnwp 0 165253 906785 2026-08-23T23:21:37Z Umaragamalafiya 47978 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1302117595|Bahrain Aid Flotilla]]" 906785 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Baharen|Bahrain]] Aid Flotilla wani yunkuri ne na nuna hadin kai tare da mutanen Bahrain a lokacin Tashin hankali na Bahrain . “Bahrain Aid Flotilla” wani yunƙuri ne da aka shirya domin nuna goyon baya da haɗin kai ga al’ummar Bahrain a lokacin zanga-zangar/jujjuya hankalin jama’a da aka yi a Bahrain. An sanar da shirin wannan flotilla (ayarin jiragen ruwa) a ranar 10 ga Mayu, 2011.[1] Masu shirya taron sun bayyana cewa manufarsu ita ce tunawa da mawaƙiyar Ayat al-Ghermezi.[2] Mehdi Eghrarian, shugaban Iranian Association of Islamic Revolution Followers, ya sanar cewa ayarin jiragen ruwan zai tashi daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Bushehr, da ke Tekun Farisa (Persian Gulf), a ranar 16 ga Mayu.[3] Sai dai wasu rahotannin labaran Iran sun bayyana cewa ayarin zai tashi ne a ranar 14 ga Mayu, kuma masu shirya taron sun gayyaci ɗaliban jami’o’i da ɗaliban makarantun addini (seminary), da kuma Musulmi daga wasu ƙasashe, da su shiga cikin wannan tafiya.[4] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} olk8ocmrbrd8jt6959zuiuznv1qme81 906793 906785 2026-08-23T23:35:54Z Baffa ali 47435 906793 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Baharen|Bahrain]] Aid Flotilla wani yunkuri ne na nuna hadin kai tare da mutanen Bahrain a lokacin Tashin hankali na Bahrain . “Bahrain Aid Flotilla” wani yunƙuri ne da aka shirya domin nuna goyon baya da haɗin kai ga al’ummar Bahrain a lokacin zanga-zangar/jujjuya hankalin jama’a da aka yi a Bahrain. An sanar da shirin wannan flotilla (ayarin jiragen ruwa) a ranar 10 ga watan Mayu, a shekara ta 2011.[1] Masu shirya taron sun bayyana cewa manufarsu ita ce tunawa da mawaƙiyar Ayat al-Ghermezi.[2] Mehdi Eghrarian, shugaban Iranian Association of Islamic Revolution Followers, ya sanar cewa ayarin jiragen ruwan zai tashi daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Bushehr, da ke Tekun Farisa (Persian Gulf), a ranar 16 ga watan Mayu.[3] Sai dai wasu rahotannin labaran Iran sun bayyana cewa ayarin zai tashi ne a ranar 14 ga watan Mayu, kuma masu shirya taron sun gayyaci ɗaliban jami’o’i da ɗaliban makarantun addini (seminary), da kuma Musulmi daga wasu ƙasashe, da su shiga cikin wannan tafiya.[4] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 85k93olannlocchxlzzn42bvizhfhfc 0 165254 906835 2026-08-24T04:46:59Z Ummu Ilham 45024 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369913581|Coast]]" 906835 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{excerpt|Coastline paradox|paragraphs=1,2|files=0}} [[Fayil:Spring_Lake,_New_Jersey_Beach_at_Sunrise.jpg|thumb|Sunrise a bakin tekun Jersey Shore a Spring Lake, [[New Jersey]], Amurka Ruwan bakin tekun Arewa maso gabashin megalopolis sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin bakin tekun birane masu [[Canjin yanayi|saurin dumama]] a duniya.<ref name="NYCFastestWarmingUrbanShorelineWorld">{{Cite web |last=Oliver Milman |title=US north-east faces rapid warming amid global climate crisis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/sep/23/atlantic-ocean-warming-climate-change |access-date=June 11, 2026 |publisher=The Guardian}}</ref>]] [[Fayil:Knights_Point_-_Tasmánské_moře_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|Yankin Yammacin Yamma New Zealand]] '''Karin teku''' (wanda ake kira '''layin gabar teku''', '''gabar ruwa''', ko '''gaɓar teku''') ita ce yankin '''ƙasa''' da yake kusa da '''teku''', ko kuma layin da ke samar da iyaka tsakanin ƙasa da '''teku''', '''tafki''', .<ref>{{cite American Heritage Dictionary|coast|access-date=2024-07-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|coastline|access-date=2024-07-19}}</ref>ko wani babban ruwa. Yanayin karin teku yana tasiri da '''siffar ƙasa''' da ke kewaye da shi da kuma '''zaizayar ƙasa ta ruwa''', musamman wadda '''raƙuman ruwa''' ke haifarwa. Nau’in '''duwatsu''' da '''ƙasa''' da ke cikin yankin suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙayyade irin gabar da za ta samu. A duniya, akwai kusan '''kilomita 620,000 (mil 385,250)''' na tsawon karin teku.. Yankunan ruwa sune yankuna masu mahimmanci a cikin yanayin halittu na halitta, sau da yawa gida ne ga nau'ikan halittu masu yawa. A ƙasa, suna da yanayin halittu, kamar Ruwa mai laushi ko wuraren da ke cikin ruwa, waɗanda ke da mahimmanci ga tsuntsaye da sauran dabbobi na ƙasa. A cikin yankunan da aka kare raƙuman ruwa, bakin teku suna da marshes na gishiri, mangroves, da kuma Seagras, dukansu zasu iya samar da wurin zama ga finfish, shellfish, da sauran Dabbobi na ruwa.<ref name=":12">{{cite book|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-90-481-2406-0|title=Ecological Connectivity Among Tropical Coastal Ecosystems|date=2009|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Netherlands]]|isbn=978-90-481-2405-3|editor-last=Nagelkerken|editor-first=Ivan|location=[[Dordrecht]]|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-90-481-2406-0}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{cite journal |last1=Nagelkerken |first1=I. |last2=Blaber |first2=S.J.M. |last3=Bouillon |first3=S. |last4=Green |first4=P. |last5=Haywood |first5=M. |last6=Kirton |first6=L.G. |last7=Meynecke |first7=J.-O. |last8=Pawlik |first8=J. |last9=Penrose |first9=H.M. |last10=Sasekumar |first10=A. |last11=Somerfield |first11=P.J. |date=2008 |title=The habitat function of mangroves for terrestrial and marine fauna: A review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304377007001830 |journal=[[Aquatic Botany]] |language=en |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=155–185 |bibcode=2008AqBot..89..155N |doi=10.1016/j.aquabot.2007.12.007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>Ana yawan samun bakin tekun dutse a bakin tekun da aka fallasa kuma suna samar da wurin zama ga dabbobi masu yawa (misali mussels, starfish, barnacles) da nau'ikan nau'ikan teku daban-daban. A cikin ilimin teku na zahiri, bakin teku shine faɗin da ya fi faɗi wanda aka gyara ta hanyar aikin jikin ruwa da ya gabata da na yanzu, kuma [[Bakin teku|rairayin bakin teku]] yana gefen bakin teku, gami da yankin intertidal inda akwai ɗaya. Tare da gabar tekun [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|wurare masu zafi]] tare da ruwa mai tsabta, mai karancin abinci, ana iya samun coral reefs sau da yawa a zurfin 1-50 . Dangane da wani atlas da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta shirya, kusan kashi 44% na Yawan mutane suna zaune a cikin kilomita {{Cvt|150|km|mi}} (93 na teku tun daga shekarar 2013.<ref name="UN Atlas">{{Cite web |title=UN Atlas of the Oceans |url=https://coastalchallenges.com/2010/01/31/un-atlas-60-of-us-live-in-the-coastal-areas |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102170907/http://coastalchallenges.com/2010/01/31/un-atlas-60-of-us-live-in-the-coastal-areas/ |archive-date=2 November 2013 |access-date=2013-10-31 |publisher=CoastalChallenges.com}}</ref> Saboda muhimmancinsa a cikin al'umma da yawan jama'a, bakin tekun yana da mahimmanci ga manyan sassa na abinci da tsarin tattalin arziki na duniya, kuma suna ba da sabis na yanayin halittu da yawa ga bil'adama. Misali, muhimman ayyukan ɗan adam suna faruwa a biranen tashar jiragen ruwa. Kifi na bakin teku (kasuwanci, nishaɗi, da abinci) da [[Kiwon Halitytun Ruwa|Kiwon kifi]] sune manyan ayyukan tattalin arziki kuma suna haifar da ayyuka, hanyoyin rayuwa, da furotin ga yawancin mutanen bakin teku. Sauran wuraren bakin teku kamar [[Bakin teku|rairayin bakin teku]] da wuraren shakatawa na bakin teku suna samar da kudaden shiga masu yawa ta hanyar yawon bude ido. Tsarin halittu na bakin teku na iya samar da kariya daga hauhawar matakin teku da tsunami. A kasashe da yawa, mangroves sune tushen itace na farko don man fetur (misali [[gawayi]]) da kayan gini. Tsarin halittu na bakin teku kamar mangroves da Seagras suna da karfin da ya fi girma don satar carbon fiye da yawancin yanayin halittu na ƙasa, kuma saboda haka na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa a nan gaba don taimakawa wajen rage tasirin canjin yanayi ta hanyar ɗaukar carbon dioxide na yanayi. Koyaya, mahimmancin tattalin arziki na bakin teku ya sa yawancin waɗannan al'ummomin suna fuskantar canjin yanayi, wanda ke haifar da karuwa a cikin [[matsanancin yanayi]] da hauhawar matakin teku, da kuma batutuwan da suka shafi kamar Rushewar bakin teku, shigar Ruwan gishiri, da [[Ambaliyar ruwa a bakin teku|Ambaliyar bakin teku]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Climate change and the coasts |url=https://worldoceanreview.com/en/wor-5/climate-change-threats-and-natural-hazards/climate-change-and-the-coasts |access-date=2020-12-19 |website=[[World Ocean Review]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Sauran batutuwan bakin teku, kamar gurɓataccen ruwa, tarkacewar ruwa, ci gaban bakin teku, da lalacewar yanayin halittu na ruwa, sun kara rikitar da amfani da mutum na bakin teku kuma suna barazana ga yanayin halittu.<ref name=":0" /> Sakamakon hulɗa na canjin yanayi, lalacewar mazaunin, Yawan kamun kifi, da [[Gurɓacewar Ruwa|gurɓataccen ruwa]] (musamman eutrophication) sun haifar da mutuwar yanayin halittu na bakin teku a duniya. Wannan ya haifar da rushewar yawan jama'a na kifi, [[Rashin bambancin halittu|asarar halittu masu yawa]], karuwar mamayewar nau'ikan baƙi, da asarar wuraren zama masu lafiya. An kama hankalin kasa da kasa ga waɗannan batutuwan a cikin Ci gaba mai dorewa Manufar 14 "Rayuwa a Kasa da Ruwa", wanda ya kafa manufofi ga manufofin kasa da kasa da aka mayar da hankali kan adana yanayin halittu na bakin teku da tallafawa Ayyukan tattalin arziki masu ɗorewa ga al'ummomin bakin teku. Hakazalika, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ayyana 2021-2030 Shekaru goma na Majalisar Dinkinobho kan Maido da Tsarin Halitta, amma maido da tsarin halittu na bakin teku bai sami isasshen kulawa ba.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Waltham |first=Nathan J. |last2=Elliott |first2=Michael |last3=Lee |first3=Shing Yip |last4=Lovelock |first4=Catherine |last5=Duarte |first5=Carlos M. |last6=Buelow |first6=Christina |last7=Simenstad |first7=Charles |last8=Nagelkerken |first8=Ivan |last9=Claassens |first9=Louw |last10=Wen |first10=Colin K-C |last11=Barletta |first11=Mario |date=2020 |title=UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021–2030—What Chance for Success in Restoring Coastal Ecosystems? |journal=Frontiers in Marine Science |volume=7 |bibcode=2020FrMaS...7...71W |doi=10.3389/fmars.2020.00071 |issn=2296-7745 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Tunda bakin teku suna canzawa koyaushe, ba za a iya ƙayyade ainihin iyaka bakin teku ba; wannan ƙalubalen auna ana kiransa rikitarwa na bakin teku. Ana amfani da kalmar ''Yankin bakin teku'' don komawa ga yankin inda hulɗar teku da hanyoyin ƙasa ke faruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nelson |first=Stephen A. |year=2007 |title=Coastal Zones |url=http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316085932/http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm |archive-date=2013-03-16 |access-date=2008-12-11}}</ref> Dukkanin kalmomin ''bakin teku'' da ''bakin teku'' galibi ana amfani da su don Bay wuri ko yankin da ke kan iyakar ''bakin teku'' (misali, New Zealand's West Coast, ko Gabas, Yamma, da gulf Coast na [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]].) Kogin bakin teku tare da kunkuntar nahiyar da ke kusa da bude teku ana kiransu bakin teku na ''Pelagic'', yayin da wasu bakin teku sun fi karewa a bakin teku a cikin gulf ko bay. Yankin, a gefe guda, na iya nufin sassan ƙasar da ke kusa da kowane babban ruwa, gami da teku (gidan teku) da tabkuna (gidan tafkin). {{Excerpt|Ecosystem service#Estuarine and coastal ecosystem services|paragraphs=1,2}}  == Girma == [[Fayil:Somalia_16.08.2009_08-30-13.jpg|right|thumb|[[Somaliya]] tana da iyakar bakin teku mafi tsawo a Afirka.]] [[Duniya]] tana da kusan kilomita 620,000 (390,000 na bakin teku. Gidajen bakin teku, waɗanda suka kai ga gefen tashoshin nahiyar, sun kai kusan kashi 7 cikin 100 na tekun Duniya, <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2016 |title=Ocean Habitats |url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/oceans/ocean-habitats.htm |access-date=25 September 2021 |website=Oceans, Coasts & Seashores |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> amma aƙalla kashi 85% na kifin da aka girbe na kasuwanci sun dogara da mahalli na bakin teku a lokacin akalla wani ɓangare na rayuwarsu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lellis-Dibble |first=K.A. |last2=McGlynn |first2=K.E. |last3=Bigford |first3=T.E. |year=2008 |title=Estuarine fish and shellfish species in US commercial and recreational fisheries: economic value as an incentive to protect and restore estuarine habitat |url=https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/3612 |journal=NOAA Technical Memo |volume=NMFS-F/SPO |access-date=24 September 2021}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2010, kimanin kashi 2.86% na Yankunan tattalin arziki na musamman sun kasance wani ɓangare na yankunan kariya na ruwa.<ref name="iucn.org">{{Cite web |date=2010-11-23 |title=Global Ocean Protection: Present Status and Future Possibilities |url=http://www.iucn.org/knowledge/publications_doc/publications/?6500/Global-ocean-protection--present-status-and-future-possibilities/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319150750/http://www.iucn.org/knowledge/publications_doc/publications/?6500/Global-ocean-protection--present-status-and-future-possibilities/ |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2012-06-07 |publisher=Iucn.org}}</ref> Ma’anar '''gabar teku (coast)''' tana bambanta gwargwadon yadda masana daban-daban suke kallonta. Masana kimiyyar '''ruwan teku (marine scientists)''' suna ɗaukar wuraren da suke da ruwa ko kuma suke tsakanin lokacin cika da komawar ruwa ('''intertidal zone'''), waɗanda ke da tsirrai, a matsayin '''tsarin halittun gabar teku (coastal ecosystems)'''. Waɗannan sun haɗa da '''ciyawar teku (seagrass)''' da '''fadamar gishiri (salt marsh)''' da sauran wurare makamantansu. A gefe guda, wasu masana kimiyyar ƙasa ('''terrestrial scientists''') na iya ɗaukar tsarin halittun gabar teku a matsayin wuraren da ke da '''tsirrai na ƙasa kawai''', waɗanda suke rayuwa a kusa da bakin teku. Wannan batu yana da alaƙa da '''estuaries''' da kuma '''tsarin halittun gabar teku''' da kuma ayyukan da suke samarwa ga muhalli da al’umma. While there is general agreement in the scientific community regarding the definition of coast, in the political sphere, the delineation of the extents of a coast differ according to [[Yanke hukunci|jurisdiction]].<ref>{{Cite web |title="The Coast" is Complicated: A Model to Consistently Describe the Nation's Coastal Population |url=https://coast.noaa.gov/htdata/SocioEconomic/the_coast_is_complicated_april_2013.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614012437/https://coast.noaa.gov/htdata/SocioEconomic/the_coast_is_complicated_april_2013.pdf |archive-date=June 14, 2023 |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=NOAA}}</ref> Government authorities in various countries may define coast differently for economic and social policy reasons. === Kalubale na auna iyakar bakin teku daidai === <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /> == Kafawa == [[Fayil:Porto_Covo_pano_April_2009-4.jpg|thumb|Yankin bakin tekun Atlantic, yana nuna yankin hawan igiyar ruwa. Porto Covo, gabar yammacin Portugal]] [[Fayil:Spiaggia_rosa,_isola_di_budelli,_sardegna.jpg|thumb|Yankin teku a Budelli, Italiya. Budelli rairayin bakin teku sananne ne saboda launi na yashi, wanda yake da ruwan hoda saboda kasancewar raguwar kwayar cuta da ake kira ''Miniacin miniacea'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2015 |title=Spiaggia Rosa |url=https://www.sardegnaturismo.it/it/esplora/spiaggia-rosa |access-date=27 December 2024 |language=it}}</ref>]] Sau da yawa ruwa yana ƙayyade kewayon abin da aka ajiye ko kuma ya rushe. Yankunan da ke da manyan tsaunuka suna ba da damar raƙuman ruwa su kai ga iyakar, kuma yankunan da ke dauke da ƙananan tsaunuka na ruwa suna samar da raguwa a ƙaramin tsawo. Girman da siffar bakin tekun yana rinjayar kewayon ruwa. Ruwa ba ya haifar da rushewa da kansu; duk da haka, raƙuman ruwa na iya rushewa yayin da raƙuman raƙuman ruwan suka tashi zuwa koguna kogin daga teku.{{Rp|421}} Masana '''ilimin ƙasa (geologists)''' suna rarraba gabar teku bisa ga '''tsawon tazarar hawan da saukar igiyar ruwa (tidal range)''' zuwa rukuni uku: * '''Gabar macrotidal:''' wadda tazarar hawan da saukar ruwa ta fi '''mita 4 (ƙafa 13)'''. * '''Gabar mesotidal:''' wadda tazarar hawan da saukar ruwa take tsakanin '''mita 2 zuwa 4 (ƙafa 6.6 zuwa 13)'''. * '''Gabar microtidal:''' wadda tazarar hawan da saukar ruwa take ƙasa da '''mita 2 (ƙafa 7)'''. Bambancin da ke tsakanin '''gabar macrotidal da mesotidal''' ya fi muhimmanci. Gabobin macrotidal ba su da '''tsibiran kariya (barrier islands)''' da '''tafkunan bakin teku (lagoons)'''. Maimakon haka, ana samun '''estuaries masu siffar mazurari (funnel-shaped estuaries)''', waɗanda ke ɗauke da tuddai ko dogayen tarin yashi da aka jera daidai da alkiblar '''igiyoyin ruwa na tidal'''. '''Tasirin raƙuman ruwa''' ya fi muhimmanci wajen ƙayyade '''siffofin shimfiɗar laka da tarkacen ƙasa (bedforms)''' da ake tarawa a kan gabar '''mesotidal da microtidal''', fiye da yadda yake a gabar '''macrotidal'''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Blatt|first1=Harvey|last2=Middleton|first2=Gerard|last3=Murray|first3=Raymond|title=Origin of sedimentary rocks|date=1980|publisher=Prentice-Hall|location=Englewood Cliffs, N.J.|isbn=0-13-642710-3|edition=2d|pages=656–659}}</ref> Raƙuman ruwa suna lalata bakin tekun yayin da suke karya a bakin tekun suna sakin makamashi; mafi girman raƙuman ruwa yana fitar da makamashi da yawa kuma yana motsawa. Yankunan bakin teku tare da gabar teku masu tsawo suna da ƙarin wuri don raƙuman ruwa su watsar da makamashi, yayin da bakin teku tare le duwatsu da gajerun fuskokin bakin teku ke ba da ɗan wuri don a watsar da ƙarfin raƙuman. A cikin waɗannan yankuna, ƙarfin raƙuman ruwa da ke fashewa a kan dutsen ya fi girma, kuma iska da ruwa suna matsawa cikin tsagewa a cikin dutse, suna tilasta dutsen ya rabu, yana fashe shi. Rashin ruwa da raƙuman ruwa suka ajiye ya fito ne daga fuskokin dutsen da aka rushe kuma raƙuman raƙuman suna motsawa tare da bakin teku. Wannan yana samar da [[Yankin bakin teku|Abrasion]] ko bakin teku mai tsawo. Rashin da koguna suka ajiye shine babban tasiri a kan adadin da ke cikin bakin teku da ke da bakin teku. A yau, sau da yawa ana toshe ajiyar kogi a bakin tekun ta hanyar madatsun ruwa da sauran na'urorin sarrafa mutum, waɗanda ke cire turɓaya daga rafin ta hanyar sa a ajiye shi a cikin ƙasa. Coral reefs suna ba da laka ga iyakar tsibirai masu zafi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How is beach sand created? - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution |url=https://www.whoi.edu/how-is-beach-sand-created/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628213754/https://www.whoi.edu/how-is-beach-sand-created/ |archive-date=2021-06-28 |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution |language=}}</ref> Kamar teku wanda ke tsara su, bakin teku yanayi ne mai ƙarfi tare da canji na yau da kullun. Hanyoyin halitta na [[Duniya]], musamman hauhawar matakin teku, raƙuman ruwa da abubuwan da suka faru na [[yanayi]] daban-daban, sun haifar da [[Zaizayar Kasa|rushewa]], karuwa da sake fasalin bakin teku da ambaliyar ruwa da ƙirƙirar ɗakunan ruwa da kwarin kogi da aka nutsar (Marias). == Muhimmancin mutane da yanayin halittu == [[Fayil:Aerial_photograph_of_Long_Beach,_NY_and_environs_from_the_WSW.jpg|thumb|Bayyanar sararin samaniya na yawan jama'a Long Beach, New York da kewayen Kudancin Long Island, Amurka, kamar yadda aka gani daga yamma-da- kudu maso yamma]] [[Fayil:花蓮新社梯田.jpg|thumb|Filin Paddy a bakin tekun Fengbin, Hualien, Taiwan]] {{excerpt|Marine pollution|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}}Yawancin mutanen duniya suna zaune a yankunan bakin teku.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudarzi |first=Sara |date=July 18, 2006 |title=Flocking to the Coast: World's Population Migrating into Danger |url=http://www.livescience.com/environment/060718_map_settle.html |journal=Live Science |access-date=2008-12-14}}</ref> A cewar wani atlas na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], kashi 44% na dukkan mutane suna zaune a cikin kilomita 150 (93 mi) na teku.<ref name="UN Atlas" /> Yawancin manyan birane suna kan ko kusa da tashar jiragen ruwa masu kyau kuma suna da tashar jiragen ruwa. Wasu wuraren da ba su da iyaka sun sami matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa ta hanyar gina tashoshin jiragen ruwa. Al'ummai suna kare bakin tekunsu daga mamayewar sojoji, masu safarar mutane da baƙi ba bisa ka'ida ba. An gina tsaron bakin teku a kasashe da yawa, kuma ƙasashen bakin teku yawanci suna da Rundunar Sojan Ruwa da wasu nau'ikan masu tsaron bakin tekun. ==== Yawon shakatawa ==== [[Fayil:Amalfi_Coast_(Italy,_October_2020)_-_75_(50558355441).jpg|thumb|Amalfi Coast, Italiya, tana jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido na duniya na dukkan azuzuwan a kowace shekara <ref name="uniq">{{Cite web |title=Bay of Naples & Amalfi Coast History |url=http://www.uniquecostiera.com/naplesAmalfiCoastHistory.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031120459/http://www.uniquecostiera.com/naplesAmalfiCoastHistory.html |archive-date=31 October 2011 |access-date=28 June 2011 |website=Unique Costiera}}</ref> kuma an jera shi a matsayin [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Gidan Tarihin Duniya]] na [[UNESCO]]. <ref name="unesco">{{Cite web |title=Costiera Amalfitana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/830 |access-date=14 September 2015 |publisher=[[UNESCO World Heritage Centre]]}}</ref>]] Kogin bakin teku, musamman wadanda ke da rairayin bakin teku da ruwa mai dumi, suna jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido, sau da yawa suna haifar da ci gaban al'ummomin shakatawa na bakin teku. A cikin kasashe da yawa na tsibirin kamar na [[Bahar Rum]], Kudancin Tekun Pacific da [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]], [[Yawon bude ido|yawon bude ido yana da mahimmanci ga tattalin arziki]]. Coasts suna ba da ayyukan nishaɗi kamar yin iyo, kamun kifi, hawan igiyar ruwa, jirgin ruwa, da wanka. [[File:The_CHW_system.png|thumb|Tsarin Coastal Hazard Wheel wanda UNEP ta buga don kula da bakin teku na duniya]] Gudanar da ci gaba da Gudanar da bakin teku na iya zama ƙalubale ga hukumomin yankin bakin teku waɗanda galibi ke gwagwarmaya don samar da kayan aikin kariya da sabbin mazauna ke buƙata, kuma ayyukan gudanarwa marasa kyau na gine-gine galibi suna barin waɗannan al'ummomi da ababen more rayuwa masu rauni ga matakai kamar Rushewar bakin teku da hauhawar matakin teku. A yawancin waɗannan al'ummomin, ayyukan gudanarwa kamar abinci mai gina jiki na bakin teku ko kuma lokacin da ababen more rayuwa na bakin teku ba ta da wadataccen kuɗi, [[Gudanar da ja da baya|Gudanar da koma baya]] don cire al'ummomi daga bakin teku.′ === Ayyukan muhalli === {{excerpt|Marine debris|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}} == Nau'o'in == === Yankin bakin teku mai tasowa === <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />Dangane da wata ka'ida ta rarrabuwa, bakin teku mai tasowa shine bakin teku wanda ya sami faduwa a matakin teku, saboda ko dai canjin matakin teku na duniya, ko hauhawar gida. Ana iya gano iyakokin bakin teku na gaggawa ta hanyar yanayin bakin teku, wanda ke sama da alamar hawan ruwa, kamar [[Yankin rairayin bakin teku|rairayin bakin teku da aka ɗaga]]. Sabanin haka, bakin tekun da ke karkashin ruwa shine inda matakin teku ya tashi, saboda canjin matakin teku na duniya, raguwar gida, ko sake dawowa. Ana iya gane iyakokin bakin teku ta hanyar abubuwan da suka nutse, ko kuma "sun nutse", kamar Marias (kwari da aka nutse) da fjords[[Fjord|Kogin da ke cikin ruwa]] === Yankin bakin teku na Concordant === Dangane da ka'idar rarrabuwa ta biyu, iyakar bakin teku ita ce iyakar bakin tekun inda ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na dutse ke gudana a layi daya da bakin teku. Wadannan nau'ikan dutse yawanci suna da juriya daban-daban, don haka bakin teku yana samar da siffofi na musamman, kamar su coves. Yankunan bakin teku masu rarrabewa suna da siffofi na musamman saboda raƙuman teku sun lalata duwatsu. Duwatsun da ba su da tsayayya suna lalacewa da sauri, suna haifar da ƙofofi ko Bay; duwatsun da suka fi tsayayya sun lalace a hankali, suna kasancewa a matsayin tuddai ko outcroppings. Za'a iya rarraba sassan bakin teku a matsayin bakin tekun makamashi mai ƙarfi ko bakin tekun da ke da karancin makamashi. Halayen bambance-bambance na bakin tekun makamashi mai ƙarfi shine cewa matsakaicin makamashi na raƙuman ruwa yana da girma sosai don haka lalacewar ƙananan kayan hatsi ya wuce saukowa, kuma saboda haka siffofin ƙasa kamar dutsen dutse, tuddai da wuraren da aka yanke raƙuman raƙuman ƙasa sun bunkasa.<ref name="field studies">{{Cite web |title=High energy coasts |url=https://www.field-studies-council.org/resources/16-18-geography/coasts/high-energy-coasts/ |access-date=13 April 2024 |website=www.field-studies-council.org}}</ref> Ƙananan yankunan da ke da makamashi galibi ana kare su daga raƙuman ruwa, ko kuma a yankuna inda matsakaicin raƙuman iska da yanayin kumbura suke da sauƙi. Ƙananan yankunan da ke da makamashi yawanci suna canzawa sannu a hankali, kuma suna da yanayin ajiya.<ref name="Vaia">{{Cite web |title=Classification of Coasts |url=https://www.vaia.com/en-us/explanations/geography/coasts-geography/classification-of-coasts/ |access-date=13 April 2024 |website=www.vaia.com}}</ref> ==== Raƙuman ruwa masu lalacewa da masu ginawa ==== === Rivieras === [[Fayil:Cinque_Terre_(Italy,_October_2020)_-_11_(50543748322).jpg|thumb|Cinque Terre, tare da Riviera ta Italiya]] ''Riviera'' kalma ce ta Italiyanci don "shinge", wanda aka samo daga Latin {{Lang|la|ripa}} ("kogi"). An yi amfani da shi azaman sunan da ya dace ga bakin Tekun Liguria, a cikin nau'in ''''Riviera'' ligure'', sannan aka taƙaita zuwa riviera. A tarihi, Riviera na Ligurian ya shimfiɗa daga Capo Corvo (Punta Bianca) kudu da [[Genoa]], arewa da yamma zuwa abin da ke yanzu yankin Faransa da ya wuce [[Monaco]] kuma wani lokacin har zuwa [[Marseille]].<ref name="Chambers" /> A yau, wannan bakin tekun ya kasu kashi zuwa Riviera ta Italiya da Riviera ta Faransa, kodayake Faransanci suna amfani da kalmar "Riviera" don komawa ga Riviera naItaliya kuma suna kiran ɓangaren Faransanci "Côte d'Azur".<ref name="Kolb" /> === Sauran rukunin bakin teku === * [[Yankin bakin teku|Yankin bakin teku mai tsawo]] ko bakin teku mai laushi shine inda aikin ruwa ya haifar da [[Dutsen|tsaunuka]] masu tsawo da aka sani da dutsen. * Yankin bakin teku mai laushi shine inda ƙasar ke sauka a hankali cikin teku. * Yankin bakin teku mai daraja shine inda iska da ruwa suka samar da bakin teku mai laushi da madaidaiciya. * A primary coast isone wanda galibi yana fuskantar farkon mataki ci gaba ta manyan dogon lokaci kamar tectonism da canjin yanayi A secondary coast ne daya inda da farko matakai da yawa sun daidaita, kuma da kuma gida matakai sun zama sanannun.<ref name="Vaia" /> * Yankin bakin teku mai lalacewa yana fuskantar lalacewa, yayin da bakin teku mai laushi ke tara kayan aiki.<ref name="Vaia" /> * Yankin [[Active coast|bakin teku mai aiki]] yana kan gefen farantin tectonic, yayin da [[Passive coast|bakin teku mai wucewa]] yawanci yana kan babban tashar nahiyar ko nesa da gefen farar.<ref name="Vaia" /> == Yanayin ƙasa == Labaran da ke ƙasa sun bayyana wasu yanayin bakin teku: [[Fayil:Accreting_coast_Image6.svg|thumb|Yanayin bakin teku. Fasali da aka nuna a nan a matsayin Bay zai, a wasu sassan (musamman kudancin) na Burtaniya, ana kiransa cove. Wannan tsakanin ƙauyen da tombolo wani bay ne na Burtaniya.]] === Rushewar dutse === * Yawancin turɓaya da aka ajiye a bakin tekun shine sakamakon rushewar dutsen da ke kewaye da shi, ko bluff. [[Yankin bakin teku|Duwatsun teku]] suna komawa ƙasa saboda ci gaba da raguwa da gangara ta hanyar raƙuman ruwa. Idan gangaren / dutsen da aka yanke an yi shi ne da wani abu da ba a haɗa shi ba zai lalace da sauri fiye da dutsen da ake yi da dutse. * An kafa bakan halitta lokacin da raƙuman ruwa suka rushe wani tudu. * Ana yin kogon teku lokacin da wasu gadajen dutse suka fi fuskantar rushewa fiye da gadajen dutsen da ke kewaye da su saboda wurare daban-daban na rauni. Wadannan yankuna suna lalacewa da sauri, suna haifar da rami ko rami wanda, ta hanyar lokaci, ta hanyar aikin raƙuman ruwa da rushewa, ya zama kogo. * An kafa tarin ne lokacin da raƙuman ruwa da iska suka rushe ko kuma wani bakan ya rushe ya bar ragowar bakin teku. * Tushen wani gajeren tarin teku ne wanda ya lalace ko ya fadi saboda rashin daidaituwa. * Rashin raguwar raƙuman ruwa yana haifar da raguwar gangaren da ke sama, wanda ke haifar da karuwar damuwa a kan kayan dutse da kuma yiwuwar cewa kayan gangaren zai faɗi. Rushewar da ta fadi ta tara a kasan dutsen kuma daga ƙarshe raƙuman ruwa sun cire ta. * Tsarin dandamali na raƙuman ruwa bayan rushewa da koma baya na dutsen teku yana faruwa na dogon lokaci. Dandalin da ke raguwa da hankali suna tasowa da wuri a farkon matakai na koma baya na dutse. Daga baya, tsawon dandalin ya ragu saboda raƙuman ruwa sun rasa makamashi yayin da suke raguwa a bakin teku.<ref name=":2" />   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="what makes the platform get shorter? (April 2024)">clarification needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Abubuwan da ke bakin teku da aka kafa ta hanyar laka === === Abubuwan da ke bakin teku da wani fasalin ya kafa === === Sauran fasalulluka a bakin tekun === == Ruwa na bakin teku == [[Fayil:Transport_of_carbon_across_territorial_boundaries_in_territorial_sea,_Exclusive_Economic_Zone,_continental_shelf,_high_seas,_and_deep_seabed.webp|thumb|Bayani game da yankuna daban-daban na ruwan bakin teku: shigarwa, samarwa, sufuri da hanyar adana carbon a cikin ruwan teku, gami da motsi a fadin yankunan teku na ikon ƙasa: teku na yanki, Yankin Tattalin Arziki na Musamman (EEZ), shelf na nahiyar, manyan teku (ruwan kasa da kasa), da zurfin teku.]] "Ruwa na bakin teku" (ko "teku na bakin teku") kalma ce da ke ɗauke da ma'anoni daban-daban dangane da mahallin, daga ma'anar ƙasa zuwa ruwa a cikin 'yan kilomita na bakin teku, zuwa bayyana duk tashar nahiyar da za ta iya kaiwa sama da kilomita ɗari daga ƙasa. Ana amfani da kalmar a wata hanya daban yayin bayyana iyakokin doka da tattalin arziki, kamar ruwan ƙasa da ruwan kasa da kasa, ko kuma lokacin da ake kwatanta yanayin yanayin yanayin bakin teku ko tsarin muhalli da ke aiki ta cikin shelf na nahiyar (Tsarin halittu na bakin teku). Yanayin ruwa mai ƙarfi na teku yana nufin cewa duk abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin teku suna da alaƙa, kodayake wasu rarrabuwa na yanki suna da amfani kuma sun dace. Ruwa na shelf na nahiyar yana wakiltar irin wannan yanki. An yi amfani da kalmar "ruwan bakin teku" a hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin mahallin daban-daban. A cikin kula da muhalli na [[Tarayyar Turai]] ya shimfiɗa daga bakin teku zuwa kawai 'yan mil na ruwa yayin da a Amurka EPA ta Amurka ta ɗauki wannan yankin don fadadawa da yawa daga bakin teku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=coastal waters — European Environment Agency |url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/help/glossary/eea-glossary/coastal-waters |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=www.eea.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=ORD |date=2017-11-02 |title=Coastal Waters |url=https://www.epa.gov/report-environment/coastal-waters |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en}}</ref> "Ruwa na bakin teku" yana da takamaiman ma'anoni a cikin mahallin jigilar Jirgin ruwa na bakin teku, da kuma ma'anonin daban-daban a cikin mahalli na yakin basasa.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2022}}[ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Masu nazarin teku da masu ilimin halittu na ruwa suna da wasu abubuwan da aka ɗauka. Ruwa na bakin teku yana da wurare masu yawa na ruwa daga ƙauyuka masu rufewa zuwa ruwa mai buɗewa na shelf na nahiyar. Hakazalika, kalmar Yankin bakin teku ba ta da ma'anar guda ɗaya. Yana da wani bangare na [[teku]], [[Tafki|tafkin]], ko [[Kogi|kogin]] wanda ke kusa da bakin teku.<ref name="Seekell2021">{{Cite journal |last=Seekell |first=D. |last2=Cael |first2=B. |last3=Norman |first3=S. |last4=Byström |first4=P. |year=2021 |title=Patterns and variation of littoral habitat size among lakes |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=48 |issue=20 |bibcode=2021GeoRL..4895046S |doi=10.1029/2021GL095046 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=244253181 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin yanayin bakin teku, yankin bakin teku ya shimfiɗa daga alamar ruwa mai girma, wanda ba a cika shi da yawa, zuwa yankunan bakin teku waɗanda ke cikin ruwa har abada. Ruwan bakin teku na iya fuskantar barazanar eutrophication na bakin teku da kuma cututtukan algae masu cutarwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maúre |first=Elígio de Raús |last2=Terauchi |first2=Genki |last3=Ishizaka |first3=Joji |last4=Clinton |first4=Nicholas |last5=DeWitt |first5=Michael |date=2021 |title=Globally consistent assessment of coastal eutrophication |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=6142 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-26391-9 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=8536747 |pmid=34686688 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Jickells |first=T. D. |date=1998 |title=Nutrient Biogeochemistry of the Coastal Zone |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.281.5374.217 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=281 |issue=5374 |pages=217–222 |doi=10.1126/science.281.5374.217 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=9660744 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Glibert |first=Patricia |last2=Burford |first2=Michele |date=2017 |title=Globally Changing Nutrient Loads and Harmful Algal Blooms: Recent Advances, New Paradigms, and Continuing Challenges |url=https://tos.org/oceanography/article/globally-changing-nutrient-loads-and-harmful-algal-blooms-recent-advances-n |journal=Oceanography |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=58–69 |bibcode=2017Ocgpy..30a..58G |doi=10.5670/oceanog.2017.110 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == A cikin ilimin ƙasa == Ana adana sediments da aka ajiye a bakin teku a matsayin ruwan tabarau na sandstone wanda ɓangaren sama na sandstone ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da ɓangaren ƙasa (tsarin da ke ƙanƙara sama). Masana ilimin ƙasa suna magana game da waɗannan su ne parasequences. Kowane mutum ya yi rikodin wani labari na koma baya na teku daga bakin teku a tsawon shekaru 10,000 zuwa 1,000,000. Wadannan sau da yawa suna nuna laminations da ke nuna nau'ikan nau'ikan sake zagayowar ruwa. Some of the best-studied shoreline deposits in the world are found along the former western shore of the Western Interior Seaway, a shallow sea that flooded central North America during the late Cretaceous [[Tarihin ilimin ƙasa da duwatsu|Period]] (about 100 to 66 million years ago). These are beautifully exposed along the Book Cliffs of [[Utah]] and [[Colorado]].{{Sfn|Blatt|Middleton|Murray|1980}} === Hanyoyin ilimin ƙasa === <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /> == Dabbobi na daji == === Dabbobi === Manyan dabbobi da ke zaune a yankunan bakin teku sun hada da puffins, turtles na teku da rockhopper penguins, da sauransu da yawa. Kwango na teku da nau'ikan barnacles daban-daban suna zaune a kan bakin teku na dutse da kuma cin abinci da teku ta ajiye. Ana amfani da wasu dabbobin bakin teku ga mutane a yankuna masu tasowa, kamar dolphins da seagulls waɗanda ke cin abincin da masu yawon bude ido suka jefa musu. Tunda yankunan bakin teku duk suna cikin Yankin bakin teku, akwai wadataccen rayuwar ruwa da aka samu a bakin teku, gami da dabbobi masu tsayi kamar corals, sponges, starfish, mussels, seaweeds, kifi, da sea anemones. Akwai nau'ikan tsuntsayen teku da yawa a bakin teku daban-daban. Wadannan sun hada da pelicans da cormorants, wadanda suka haɗu da terns da oystercatchers don neman kifi da shellfish. Akwai zakuna na teku a bakin tekun [[Wales]] da sauran ƙasashe. ==== Kifi na bakin teku ==== {{excerpt|Coastal fish}} === Shuke-shuke === Yawancin yankunan bakin teku sun shahara da gadajen kelp. Kelp shuke-shuke ne mai saurin girma wanda zai iya girma har zuwa rabin mita a rana a cikin yanayi mai kyau. Mangroves, Seagras, macroalgal beds, da gishiri marsh sune mahimman nau'ikan ciyayi na bakin teku a wurare masu zafi da matsakaici bi da bi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Nagelkerken |first=I. |last2=Blaber |first2=S.J.M. |last3=Bouillon |first3=S. |last4=Green |first4=P. |last5=Haywood |first5=M. |last6=Kirton |first6=L.G. |last7=Meynecke |first7=J.-O. |last8=Pawlik |first8=J. |last9=Penrose |first9=H.M. |last10=Sasekumar |first10=A. |last11=Somerfield |first11=P.J. |date=2008 |title=The habitat function of mangroves for terrestrial and marine fauna: A review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304377007001830 |journal=[[Aquatic Botany]] |language=en |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=155–185 |bibcode=2008AqBot..89..155N |doi=10.1016/j.aquabot.2007.12.007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Restinga wani nau'in ciyayi ne na bakin teku. == Barazanar == Har ila yau, bakin teku suna fuskantar tasirin muhalli da yawa da ke haifar da mutum da Hadarin ci gaban bakin teku. Mafi mahimmancin su ne: * [[Gurɓacewar Ruwa|gurɓataccen ruwa]] wanda zai iya zama a cikin gurɓataccen ruwan, gurɓatawar abinci mai gina jiki (wanda ke haifar da eutrophication na bakin teku da kuma fashewar algae mai cutarwa), zubar da mai ko tarkace na ruwa wanda ke gurɓata bakin teku da filastik da sauran sharar gida. * [[Tashin matakin teku|Hawan matakin teku]], da kuma batutuwan da suka danganci su kamar Rushewar bakin teku da shigar da Ruwan gishiri. [[Fayil:Marbleheadcoastline.jpg|thumb|Yankin bakin teku da aka kafa a Marblehead, Massachusetts. Da zarar tashar jiragen ruwa ce, yanzu an sadaukar da tashar jiragen kasa don yawon bude ido da nishaɗi. Lura cewa yashi da duwatsu sun yi duhu ta hanyar man fetur har zuwa layin ruwa mai girma.]] [[Fayil:Beach_at_Msasani_Bay,_Dar_es_Salaam,_Tanzania.JPG|thumb|Wannan yanki na bakin teku a babban birnin Tanzania Dar es Salaam yana aiki ne a matsayin zubar da shara na jama'a.]] [[Fayil:Aquatic_Dead_Zones.jpg|thumb|[[Yankin da ya mutu (ecology)|Yankunan da suka mutu]] suna faruwa ne lokacin da phosphorus da nitrogen daga taki ke haifar da karuwar microorganisms, wanda ke rage iskar oxygen kuma yana kashe fauna.]] ==== Rashin gurɓataccen ruwa ==== {{excerpt|Marine pollution|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}} ==== Rushewar ruwa ==== {{excerpt|Marine debris|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}} ==== Microplastics ==== {{excerpt|Plastic soup#Microplastics|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}}{{Excerpt|Sea level rise|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}} == Manufofin Duniya == An kama hankalin kasa da kasa don magance barazanar bakin teku a cikin Ci gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa 14 "Rayuwa a Kasa da Ruwa" wanda ya kafa manufofi na kasa da kasa da aka mayar da hankali kan adana yanayin halittu na bakin teku da tallafawa Ayyukan tattalin arziki masu ɗorewa ga al'ummomin bakin teku. Hakazalika, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ayyana 2021-2030 Shekaru goma na Majalisar Dinkinobho kan Maido da Tsarin Halitta, amma maido da tsarin halittu na bakin teku bai sami isasshen kulawa ba.<ref name=":3" /> == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p9nkqy3banpvemagzlah895rq7vjqu5 906842 906835 2026-08-24T04:51:50Z Ummu Ilham 45024 906842 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Knights_Point_-_Tasmánské_moře_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|Yankin Yammacin Yamma New Zealand]] '''Karin teku''' (wanda ake kira '''layin gabar teku''', '''gabar ruwa''', ko '''gaɓar teku''') ita ce yankin '''ƙasa''' da yake kusa da '''teku''', ko kuma layin da ke samar da iyaka tsakanin ƙasa da '''teku''', '''tafki''', .<ref>{{cite American Heritage Dictionary|coast|access-date=2024-07-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|coastline|access-date=2024-07-19}}</ref>ko wani babban ruwa. Yanayin karin teku yana tasiri da '''siffar ƙasa''' da ke kewaye da shi da kuma '''zaizayar ƙasa ta ruwa''', musamman wadda '''raƙuman ruwa''' ke haifarwa. Nau’in '''duwatsu''' da '''ƙasa''' da ke cikin yankin suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙayyade irin gabar da za ta samu. A duniya, akwai kusan '''kilomita 620,000 (mil 385,250)''' na tsawon karin teku.. Yankunan ruwa sune yankuna masu mahimmanci a cikin yanayin halittu na halitta, sau da yawa gida ne ga nau'ikan halittu masu yawa. A ƙasa, suna da yanayin halittu, kamar Ruwa mai laushi ko wuraren da ke cikin ruwa, waɗanda ke da mahimmanci ga tsuntsaye da sauran dabbobi na ƙasa. A cikin yankunan da aka kare raƙuman ruwa, bakin teku suna da marshes na gishiri, mangroves, da kuma Seagras, dukansu zasu iya samar da wurin zama ga finfish, shellfish, da sauran Dabbobi na ruwa.<ref name=":12">{{cite book|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-90-481-2406-0|title=Ecological Connectivity Among Tropical Coastal Ecosystems|date=2009|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Netherlands]]|isbn=978-90-481-2405-3|editor-last=Nagelkerken|editor-first=Ivan|location=[[Dordrecht]]|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-90-481-2406-0}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{cite journal |last1=Nagelkerken |first1=I. |last2=Blaber |first2=S.J.M. |last3=Bouillon |first3=S. |last4=Green |first4=P. |last5=Haywood |first5=M. |last6=Kirton |first6=L.G. |last7=Meynecke |first7=J.-O. |last8=Pawlik |first8=J. |last9=Penrose |first9=H.M. |last10=Sasekumar |first10=A. |last11=Somerfield |first11=P.J. |date=2008 |title=The habitat function of mangroves for terrestrial and marine fauna: A review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304377007001830 |journal=[[Aquatic Botany]] |language=en |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=155–185 |bibcode=2008AqBot..89..155N |doi=10.1016/j.aquabot.2007.12.007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>Ana yawan samun bakin tekun dutse a bakin tekun da aka fallasa kuma suna samar da wurin zama ga dabbobi masu yawa (misali mussels, starfish, barnacles) da nau'ikan nau'ikan teku daban-daban. A cikin ilimin teku na zahiri, bakin teku shine faɗin da ya fi faɗi wanda aka gyara ta hanyar aikin jikin ruwa da ya gabata da na yanzu, kuma [[Bakin teku|rairayin bakin teku]] yana gefen bakin teku, gami da yankin intertidal inda akwai ɗaya. Tare da gabar tekun [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|wurare masu zafi]] tare da ruwa mai tsabta, mai karancin abinci, ana iya samun coral reefs sau da yawa a zurfin 1-50 . Dangane da wani atlas da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta shirya, kusan kashi 44% na Yawan mutane suna zaune a cikin kilomita {{Cvt|150|km|mi}} (93 na teku tun daga shekarar 2013.<ref name="UN Atlas">{{Cite web |title=UN Atlas of the Oceans |url=https://coastalchallenges.com/2010/01/31/un-atlas-60-of-us-live-in-the-coastal-areas |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102170907/http://coastalchallenges.com/2010/01/31/un-atlas-60-of-us-live-in-the-coastal-areas/ |archive-date=2 November 2013 |access-date=2013-10-31 |publisher=CoastalChallenges.com}}</ref> Saboda muhimmancinsa a cikin al'umma da yawan jama'a, bakin tekun yana da mahimmanci ga manyan sassa na abinci da tsarin tattalin arziki na duniya, kuma suna ba da sabis na yanayin halittu da yawa ga bil'adama. Misali, muhimman ayyukan ɗan adam suna faruwa a biranen tashar jiragen ruwa. Kifi na bakin teku (kasuwanci, nishaɗi, da abinci) da [[Kiwon Halitytun Ruwa|Kiwon kifi]] sune manyan ayyukan tattalin arziki kuma suna haifar da ayyuka, hanyoyin rayuwa, da furotin ga yawancin mutanen bakin teku. Sauran wuraren bakin teku kamar [[Bakin teku|rairayin bakin teku]] da wuraren shakatawa na bakin teku suna samar da kudaden shiga masu yawa ta hanyar yawon bude ido. Tsarin halittu na bakin teku na iya samar da kariya daga hauhawar matakin teku da tsunami. A kasashe da yawa, mangroves sune tushen itace na farko don man fetur (misali [[gawayi]]) da kayan gini. Tsarin halittu na bakin teku kamar mangroves da Seagras suna da karfin da ya fi girma don satar carbon fiye da yawancin yanayin halittu na ƙasa, kuma saboda haka na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa a nan gaba don taimakawa wajen rage tasirin canjin yanayi ta hanyar ɗaukar carbon dioxide na yanayi. Koyaya, mahimmancin tattalin arziki na bakin teku ya sa yawancin waɗannan al'ummomin suna fuskantar canjin yanayi, wanda ke haifar da karuwa a cikin [[matsanancin yanayi]] da hauhawar matakin teku, da kuma batutuwan da suka shafi kamar Rushewar bakin teku, shigar Ruwan gishiri, da [[Ambaliyar ruwa a bakin teku|Ambaliyar bakin teku]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Climate change and the coasts |url=https://worldoceanreview.com/en/wor-5/climate-change-threats-and-natural-hazards/climate-change-and-the-coasts |access-date=2020-12-19 |website=[[World Ocean Review]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Sauran batutuwan bakin teku, kamar gurɓataccen ruwa, tarkacewar ruwa, ci gaban bakin teku, da lalacewar yanayin halittu na ruwa, sun kara rikitar da amfani da mutum na bakin teku kuma suna barazana ga yanayin halittu.<ref name=":0" /> Sakamakon hulɗa na canjin yanayi, lalacewar mazaunin, Yawan kamun kifi, da [[Gurɓacewar Ruwa|gurɓataccen ruwa]] (musamman eutrophication) sun haifar da mutuwar yanayin halittu na bakin teku a duniya. Wannan ya haifar da rushewar yawan jama'a na kifi, [[Rashin bambancin halittu|asarar halittu masu yawa]], karuwar mamayewar nau'ikan baƙi, da asarar wuraren zama masu lafiya. An kama hankalin kasa da kasa ga waɗannan batutuwan a cikin Ci gaba mai dorewa Manufar 14 "Rayuwa a Kasa da Ruwa", wanda ya kafa manufofi ga manufofin kasa da kasa da aka mayar da hankali kan adana yanayin halittu na bakin teku da tallafawa Ayyukan tattalin arziki masu ɗorewa ga al'ummomin bakin teku. Hakazalika, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ayyana 2021-2030 Shekaru goma na Majalisar Dinkinobho kan Maido da Tsarin Halitta, amma maido da tsarin halittu na bakin teku bai sami isasshen kulawa ba.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Waltham |first=Nathan J. |last2=Elliott |first2=Michael |last3=Lee |first3=Shing Yip |last4=Lovelock |first4=Catherine |last5=Duarte |first5=Carlos M. |last6=Buelow |first6=Christina |last7=Simenstad |first7=Charles |last8=Nagelkerken |first8=Ivan |last9=Claassens |first9=Louw |last10=Wen |first10=Colin K-C |last11=Barletta |first11=Mario |date=2020 |title=UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021–2030—What Chance for Success in Restoring Coastal Ecosystems? |journal=Frontiers in Marine Science |volume=7 |bibcode=2020FrMaS...7...71W |doi=10.3389/fmars.2020.00071 |issn=2296-7745 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Tunda bakin teku suna canzawa koyaushe, ba za a iya ƙayyade ainihin iyaka bakin teku ba; wannan ƙalubalen auna ana kiransa rikitarwa na bakin teku. Ana amfani da kalmar ''Yankin bakin teku'' don komawa ga yankin inda hulɗar teku da hanyoyin ƙasa ke faruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nelson |first=Stephen A. |year=2007 |title=Coastal Zones |url=http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316085932/http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm |archive-date=2013-03-16 |access-date=2008-12-11}}</ref> Dukkanin kalmomin ''bakin teku'' da ''bakin teku'' galibi ana amfani da su don Bay wuri ko yankin da ke kan iyakar ''bakin teku'' (misali, New Zealand's West Coast, ko Gabas, Yamma, da gulf Coast na [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]].) Kogin bakin teku tare da kunkuntar nahiyar da ke kusa da bude teku ana kiransu bakin teku na ''Pelagic'', yayin da wasu bakin teku sun fi karewa a bakin teku a cikin gulf ko bay. Yankin, a gefe guda, na iya nufin sassan ƙasar da ke kusa da kowane babban ruwa, gami da teku (gidan teku) da tabkuna (gidan tafkin). {{Excerpt|Ecosystem service#Estuarine and coastal ecosystem services|paragraphs=1,2}}  == Girma == [[Fayil:Somalia_16.08.2009_08-30-13.jpg|right|thumb|[[Somaliya]] tana da iyakar bakin teku mafi tsawo a Afirka.]] [[Duniya]] tana da kusan kilomita 620,000 (390,000 na bakin teku. Gidajen bakin teku, waɗanda suka kai ga gefen tashoshin nahiyar, sun kai kusan kashi 7 cikin 100 na tekun Duniya, <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2016 |title=Ocean Habitats |url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/oceans/ocean-habitats.htm |access-date=25 September 2021 |website=Oceans, Coasts & Seashores |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> amma aƙalla kashi 85% na kifin da aka girbe na kasuwanci sun dogara da mahalli na bakin teku a lokacin akalla wani ɓangare na rayuwarsu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lellis-Dibble |first=K.A. |last2=McGlynn |first2=K.E. |last3=Bigford |first3=T.E. |year=2008 |title=Estuarine fish and shellfish species in US commercial and recreational fisheries: economic value as an incentive to protect and restore estuarine habitat |url=https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/3612 |journal=NOAA Technical Memo |volume=NMFS-F/SPO |access-date=24 September 2021}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2010, kimanin kashi 2.86% na Yankunan tattalin arziki na musamman sun kasance wani ɓangare na yankunan kariya na ruwa.<ref name="iucn.org">{{Cite web |date=2010-11-23 |title=Global Ocean Protection: Present Status and Future Possibilities |url=http://www.iucn.org/knowledge/publications_doc/publications/?6500/Global-ocean-protection--present-status-and-future-possibilities/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319150750/http://www.iucn.org/knowledge/publications_doc/publications/?6500/Global-ocean-protection--present-status-and-future-possibilities/ |archive-date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2012-06-07 |publisher=Iucn.org}}</ref> Ma’anar '''gabar teku (coast)''' tana bambanta gwargwadon yadda masana daban-daban suke kallonta. Masana kimiyyar '''ruwan teku (marine scientists)''' suna ɗaukar wuraren da suke da ruwa ko kuma suke tsakanin lokacin cika da komawar ruwa ('''intertidal zone'''), waɗanda ke da tsirrai, a matsayin '''tsarin halittun gabar teku (coastal ecosystems)'''. Waɗannan sun haɗa da '''ciyawar teku (seagrass)''' da '''fadamar gishiri (salt marsh)''' da sauran wurare makamantansu. A gefe guda, wasu masana kimiyyar ƙasa ('''terrestrial scientists''') na iya ɗaukar tsarin halittun gabar teku a matsayin wuraren da ke da '''tsirrai na ƙasa kawai''', waɗanda suke rayuwa a kusa da bakin teku. Wannan batu yana da alaƙa da '''estuaries''' da kuma '''tsarin halittun gabar teku''' da kuma ayyukan da suke samarwa ga muhalli da al’umma. While there is general agreement in the scientific community regarding the definition of coast, in the political sphere, the delineation of the extents of a coast differ according to [[Yanke hukunci|jurisdiction]].<ref>{{Cite web |title="The Coast" is Complicated: A Model to Consistently Describe the Nation's Coastal Population |url=https://coast.noaa.gov/htdata/SocioEconomic/the_coast_is_complicated_april_2013.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614012437/https://coast.noaa.gov/htdata/SocioEconomic/the_coast_is_complicated_april_2013.pdf |archive-date=June 14, 2023 |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=NOAA}}</ref> Government authorities in various countries may define coast differently for economic and social policy reasons. === Kalubale na auna iyakar bakin teku daidai === <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /> == Kafawa == [[Fayil:Porto_Covo_pano_April_2009-4.jpg|thumb|Yankin bakin tekun Atlantic, yana nuna yankin hawan igiyar ruwa. Porto Covo, gabar yammacin Portugal]] [[Fayil:Spiaggia_rosa,_isola_di_budelli,_sardegna.jpg|thumb|Yankin teku a Budelli, Italiya. Budelli rairayin bakin teku sananne ne saboda launi na yashi, wanda yake da ruwan hoda saboda kasancewar raguwar kwayar cuta da ake kira ''Miniacin miniacea'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2015 |title=Spiaggia Rosa |url=https://www.sardegnaturismo.it/it/esplora/spiaggia-rosa |access-date=27 December 2024 |language=it}}</ref>]] Sau da yawa ruwa yana ƙayyade kewayon abin da aka ajiye ko kuma ya rushe. Yankunan da ke da manyan tsaunuka suna ba da damar raƙuman ruwa su kai ga iyakar, kuma yankunan da ke dauke da ƙananan tsaunuka na ruwa suna samar da raguwa a ƙaramin tsawo. Girman da siffar bakin tekun yana rinjayar kewayon ruwa. Ruwa ba ya haifar da rushewa da kansu; duk da haka, raƙuman ruwa na iya rushewa yayin da raƙuman raƙuman ruwan suka tashi zuwa koguna kogin daga teku.{{Rp|421}} Masana '''ilimin ƙasa (geologists)''' suna rarraba gabar teku bisa ga '''tsawon tazarar hawan da saukar igiyar ruwa (tidal range)''' zuwa rukuni uku: * '''Gabar macrotidal:''' wadda tazarar hawan da saukar ruwa ta fi '''mita 4 (ƙafa 13)'''. * '''Gabar mesotidal:''' wadda tazarar hawan da saukar ruwa take tsakanin '''mita 2 zuwa 4 (ƙafa 6.6 zuwa 13)'''. * '''Gabar microtidal:''' wadda tazarar hawan da saukar ruwa take ƙasa da '''mita 2 (ƙafa 7)'''. Bambancin da ke tsakanin '''gabar macrotidal da mesotidal''' ya fi muhimmanci. Gabobin macrotidal ba su da '''tsibiran kariya (barrier islands)''' da '''tafkunan bakin teku (lagoons)'''. Maimakon haka, ana samun '''estuaries masu siffar mazurari (funnel-shaped estuaries)''', waɗanda ke ɗauke da tuddai ko dogayen tarin yashi da aka jera daidai da alkiblar '''igiyoyin ruwa na tidal'''. '''Tasirin raƙuman ruwa''' ya fi muhimmanci wajen ƙayyade '''siffofin shimfiɗar laka da tarkacen ƙasa (bedforms)''' da ake tarawa a kan gabar '''mesotidal da microtidal''', fiye da yadda yake a gabar '''macrotidal'''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Blatt|first1=Harvey|last2=Middleton|first2=Gerard|last3=Murray|first3=Raymond|title=Origin of sedimentary rocks|date=1980|publisher=Prentice-Hall|location=Englewood Cliffs, N.J.|isbn=0-13-642710-3|edition=2d|pages=656–659}}</ref> Raƙuman ruwa suna lalata bakin tekun yayin da suke karya a bakin tekun suna sakin makamashi; mafi girman raƙuman ruwa yana fitar da makamashi da yawa kuma yana motsawa. Yankunan bakin teku tare da gabar teku masu tsawo suna da ƙarin wuri don raƙuman ruwa su watsar da makamashi, yayin da bakin teku tare le duwatsu da gajerun fuskokin bakin teku ke ba da ɗan wuri don a watsar da ƙarfin raƙuman. A cikin waɗannan yankuna, ƙarfin raƙuman ruwa da ke fashewa a kan dutsen ya fi girma, kuma iska da ruwa suna matsawa cikin tsagewa a cikin dutse, suna tilasta dutsen ya rabu, yana fashe shi. Rashin ruwa da raƙuman ruwa suka ajiye ya fito ne daga fuskokin dutsen da aka rushe kuma raƙuman raƙuman suna motsawa tare da bakin teku. Wannan yana samar da [[Yankin bakin teku|Abrasion]] ko bakin teku mai tsawo. Rashin da koguna suka ajiye shine babban tasiri a kan adadin da ke cikin bakin teku da ke da bakin teku. A yau, sau da yawa ana toshe ajiyar kogi a bakin tekun ta hanyar madatsun ruwa da sauran na'urorin sarrafa mutum, waɗanda ke cire turɓaya daga rafin ta hanyar sa a ajiye shi a cikin ƙasa. Coral reefs suna ba da laka ga iyakar tsibirai masu zafi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How is beach sand created? - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution |url=https://www.whoi.edu/how-is-beach-sand-created/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628213754/https://www.whoi.edu/how-is-beach-sand-created/ |archive-date=2021-06-28 |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution |language=}}</ref> Kamar teku wanda ke tsara su, bakin teku yanayi ne mai ƙarfi tare da canji na yau da kullun. Hanyoyin halitta na [[Duniya]], musamman hauhawar matakin teku, raƙuman ruwa da abubuwan da suka faru na [[yanayi]] daban-daban, sun haifar da [[Zaizayar Kasa|rushewa]], karuwa da sake fasalin bakin teku da ambaliyar ruwa da ƙirƙirar ɗakunan ruwa da kwarin kogi da aka nutsar (Marias). == Muhimmancin mutane da yanayin halittu == [[Fayil:Aerial_photograph_of_Long_Beach,_NY_and_environs_from_the_WSW.jpg|thumb|Bayyanar sararin samaniya na yawan jama'a Long Beach, New York da kewayen Kudancin Long Island, Amurka, kamar yadda aka gani daga yamma-da- kudu maso yamma]] [[Fayil:花蓮新社梯田.jpg|thumb|Filin Paddy a bakin tekun Fengbin, Hualien, Taiwan]] {{excerpt|Marine pollution|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}}Yawancin mutanen duniya suna zaune a yankunan bakin teku.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudarzi |first=Sara |date=July 18, 2006 |title=Flocking to the Coast: World's Population Migrating into Danger |url=http://www.livescience.com/environment/060718_map_settle.html |journal=Live Science |access-date=2008-12-14}}</ref> A cewar wani atlas na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], kashi 44% na dukkan mutane suna zaune a cikin kilomita 150 (93 mi) na teku.<ref name="UN Atlas" /> Yawancin manyan birane suna kan ko kusa da tashar jiragen ruwa masu kyau kuma suna da tashar jiragen ruwa. Wasu wuraren da ba su da iyaka sun sami matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa ta hanyar gina tashoshin jiragen ruwa. Al'ummai suna kare bakin tekunsu daga mamayewar sojoji, masu safarar mutane da baƙi ba bisa ka'ida ba. An gina tsaron bakin teku a kasashe da yawa, kuma ƙasashen bakin teku yawanci suna da Rundunar Sojan Ruwa da wasu nau'ikan masu tsaron bakin tekun. ==== Yawon shakatawa ==== [[Fayil:Amalfi_Coast_(Italy,_October_2020)_-_75_(50558355441).jpg|thumb|Amalfi Coast, Italiya, tana jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido na duniya na dukkan azuzuwan a kowace shekara <ref name="uniq">{{Cite web |title=Bay of Naples & Amalfi Coast History |url=http://www.uniquecostiera.com/naplesAmalfiCoastHistory.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031120459/http://www.uniquecostiera.com/naplesAmalfiCoastHistory.html |archive-date=31 October 2011 |access-date=28 June 2011 |website=Unique Costiera}}</ref> kuma an jera shi a matsayin [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Gidan Tarihin Duniya]] na [[UNESCO]]. <ref name="unesco">{{Cite web |title=Costiera Amalfitana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/830 |access-date=14 September 2015 |publisher=[[UNESCO World Heritage Centre]]}}</ref>]] Kogin bakin teku, musamman wadanda ke da rairayin bakin teku da ruwa mai dumi, suna jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido, sau da yawa suna haifar da ci gaban al'ummomin shakatawa na bakin teku. A cikin kasashe da yawa na tsibirin kamar na [[Bahar Rum]], Kudancin Tekun Pacific da [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]], [[Yawon bude ido|yawon bude ido yana da mahimmanci ga tattalin arziki]]. Coasts suna ba da ayyukan nishaɗi kamar yin iyo, kamun kifi, hawan igiyar ruwa, jirgin ruwa, da wanka. [[File:The_CHW_system.png|thumb|Tsarin Coastal Hazard Wheel wanda UNEP ta buga don kula da bakin teku na duniya]] Gudanar da ci gaba da Gudanar da bakin teku na iya zama ƙalubale ga hukumomin yankin bakin teku waɗanda galibi ke gwagwarmaya don samar da kayan aikin kariya da sabbin mazauna ke buƙata, kuma ayyukan gudanarwa marasa kyau na gine-gine galibi suna barin waɗannan al'ummomi da ababen more rayuwa masu rauni ga matakai kamar Rushewar bakin teku da hauhawar matakin teku. A yawancin waɗannan al'ummomin, ayyukan gudanarwa kamar abinci mai gina jiki na bakin teku ko kuma lokacin da ababen more rayuwa na bakin teku ba ta da wadataccen kuɗi, [[Gudanar da ja da baya|Gudanar da koma baya]] don cire al'ummomi daga bakin teku.′ === Ayyukan muhalli === {{excerpt|Marine debris|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}} == Nau'o'in == === Yankin bakin teku mai tasowa === <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />Dangane da wata ka'ida ta rarrabuwa, bakin teku mai tasowa shine bakin teku wanda ya sami faduwa a matakin teku, saboda ko dai canjin matakin teku na duniya, ko hauhawar gida. Ana iya gano iyakokin bakin teku na gaggawa ta hanyar yanayin bakin teku, wanda ke sama da alamar hawan ruwa, kamar [[Yankin rairayin bakin teku|rairayin bakin teku da aka ɗaga]]. Sabanin haka, bakin tekun da ke karkashin ruwa shine inda matakin teku ya tashi, saboda canjin matakin teku na duniya, raguwar gida, ko sake dawowa. Ana iya gane iyakokin bakin teku ta hanyar abubuwan da suka nutse, ko kuma "sun nutse", kamar Marias (kwari da aka nutse) da fjords[[Fjord|Kogin da ke cikin ruwa]] === Yankin bakin teku na Concordant === Dangane da ka'idar rarrabuwa ta biyu, iyakar bakin teku ita ce iyakar bakin tekun inda ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na dutse ke gudana a layi daya da bakin teku. Wadannan nau'ikan dutse yawanci suna da juriya daban-daban, don haka bakin teku yana samar da siffofi na musamman, kamar su coves. Yankunan bakin teku masu rarrabewa suna da siffofi na musamman saboda raƙuman teku sun lalata duwatsu. Duwatsun da ba su da tsayayya suna lalacewa da sauri, suna haifar da ƙofofi ko Bay; duwatsun da suka fi tsayayya sun lalace a hankali, suna kasancewa a matsayin tuddai ko outcroppings. Za'a iya rarraba sassan bakin teku a matsayin bakin tekun makamashi mai ƙarfi ko bakin tekun da ke da karancin makamashi. Halayen bambance-bambance na bakin tekun makamashi mai ƙarfi shine cewa matsakaicin makamashi na raƙuman ruwa yana da girma sosai don haka lalacewar ƙananan kayan hatsi ya wuce saukowa, kuma saboda haka siffofin ƙasa kamar dutsen dutse, tuddai da wuraren da aka yanke raƙuman raƙuman ƙasa sun bunkasa.<ref name="field studies">{{Cite web |title=High energy coasts |url=https://www.field-studies-council.org/resources/16-18-geography/coasts/high-energy-coasts/ |access-date=13 April 2024 |website=www.field-studies-council.org}}</ref> Ƙananan yankunan da ke da makamashi galibi ana kare su daga raƙuman ruwa, ko kuma a yankuna inda matsakaicin raƙuman iska da yanayin kumbura suke da sauƙi. Ƙananan yankunan da ke da makamashi yawanci suna canzawa sannu a hankali, kuma suna da yanayin ajiya.<ref name="Vaia">{{Cite web |title=Classification of Coasts |url=https://www.vaia.com/en-us/explanations/geography/coasts-geography/classification-of-coasts/ |access-date=13 April 2024 |website=www.vaia.com}}</ref> ==== Raƙuman ruwa masu lalacewa da masu ginawa ==== === Rivieras === [[Fayil:Cinque_Terre_(Italy,_October_2020)_-_11_(50543748322).jpg|thumb|Cinque Terre, tare da Riviera ta Italiya]] ''Riviera'' kalma ce ta Italiyanci don "shinge", wanda aka samo daga Latin {{Lang|la|ripa}} ("kogi"). An yi amfani da shi azaman sunan da ya dace ga bakin Tekun Liguria, a cikin nau'in ''''Riviera'' ligure'', sannan aka taƙaita zuwa riviera. A tarihi, Riviera na Ligurian ya shimfiɗa daga Capo Corvo (Punta Bianca) kudu da [[Genoa]], arewa da yamma zuwa abin da ke yanzu yankin Faransa da ya wuce [[Monaco]] kuma wani lokacin har zuwa [[Marseille]].<ref name="Chambers" /> A yau, wannan bakin tekun ya kasu kashi zuwa Riviera ta Italiya da Riviera ta Faransa, kodayake Faransanci suna amfani da kalmar "Riviera" don komawa ga Riviera naItaliya kuma suna kiran ɓangaren Faransanci "Côte d'Azur".<ref name="Kolb" /> === Sauran rukunin bakin teku === * [[Yankin bakin teku|Yankin bakin teku mai tsawo]] ko bakin teku mai laushi shine inda aikin ruwa ya haifar da [[Dutsen|tsaunuka]] masu tsawo da aka sani da dutsen. * Yankin bakin teku mai laushi shine inda ƙasar ke sauka a hankali cikin teku. * Yankin bakin teku mai daraja shine inda iska da ruwa suka samar da bakin teku mai laushi da madaidaiciya. * A primary coast isone wanda galibi yana fuskantar farkon mataki ci gaba ta manyan dogon lokaci kamar tectonism da canjin yanayi A secondary coast ne daya inda da farko matakai da yawa sun daidaita, kuma da kuma gida matakai sun zama sanannun.<ref name="Vaia" /> * Yankin bakin teku mai lalacewa yana fuskantar lalacewa, yayin da bakin teku mai laushi ke tara kayan aiki.<ref name="Vaia" /> * Yankin [[Active coast|bakin teku mai aiki]] yana kan gefen farantin tectonic, yayin da [[Passive coast|bakin teku mai wucewa]] yawanci yana kan babban tashar nahiyar ko nesa da gefen farar.<ref name="Vaia" /> == Yanayin ƙasa == Labaran da ke ƙasa sun bayyana wasu yanayin bakin teku: [[Fayil:Accreting_coast_Image6.svg|thumb|Yanayin bakin teku. Fasali da aka nuna a nan a matsayin Bay zai, a wasu sassan (musamman kudancin) na Burtaniya, ana kiransa cove. Wannan tsakanin ƙauyen da tombolo wani bay ne na Burtaniya.]] === Rushewar dutse === * Yawancin turɓaya da aka ajiye a bakin tekun shine sakamakon rushewar dutsen da ke kewaye da shi, ko bluff. [[Yankin bakin teku|Duwatsun teku]] suna komawa ƙasa saboda ci gaba da raguwa da gangara ta hanyar raƙuman ruwa. Idan gangaren / dutsen da aka yanke an yi shi ne da wani abu da ba a haɗa shi ba zai lalace da sauri fiye da dutsen da ake yi da dutse. * An kafa bakan halitta lokacin da raƙuman ruwa suka rushe wani tudu. * Ana yin kogon teku lokacin da wasu gadajen dutse suka fi fuskantar rushewa fiye da gadajen dutsen da ke kewaye da su saboda wurare daban-daban na rauni. Wadannan yankuna suna lalacewa da sauri, suna haifar da rami ko rami wanda, ta hanyar lokaci, ta hanyar aikin raƙuman ruwa da rushewa, ya zama kogo. * An kafa tarin ne lokacin da raƙuman ruwa da iska suka rushe ko kuma wani bakan ya rushe ya bar ragowar bakin teku. * Tushen wani gajeren tarin teku ne wanda ya lalace ko ya fadi saboda rashin daidaituwa. * Rashin raguwar raƙuman ruwa yana haifar da raguwar gangaren da ke sama, wanda ke haifar da karuwar damuwa a kan kayan dutse da kuma yiwuwar cewa kayan gangaren zai faɗi. Rushewar da ta fadi ta tara a kasan dutsen kuma daga ƙarshe raƙuman ruwa sun cire ta. * Tsarin dandamali na raƙuman ruwa bayan rushewa da koma baya na dutsen teku yana faruwa na dogon lokaci. Dandalin da ke raguwa da hankali suna tasowa da wuri a farkon matakai na koma baya na dutse. Daga baya, tsawon dandalin ya ragu saboda raƙuman ruwa sun rasa makamashi yayin da suke raguwa a bakin teku.<ref name=":2" />   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="what makes the platform get shorter? (April 2024)">clarification needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Abubuwan da ke bakin teku da aka kafa ta hanyar laka === === Abubuwan da ke bakin teku da wani fasalin ya kafa === === Sauran fasalulluka a bakin tekun === == Ruwa na bakin teku == [[Fayil:Transport_of_carbon_across_territorial_boundaries_in_territorial_sea,_Exclusive_Economic_Zone,_continental_shelf,_high_seas,_and_deep_seabed.webp|thumb|Bayani game da yankuna daban-daban na ruwan bakin teku: shigarwa, samarwa, sufuri da hanyar adana carbon a cikin ruwan teku, gami da motsi a fadin yankunan teku na ikon ƙasa: teku na yanki, Yankin Tattalin Arziki na Musamman (EEZ), shelf na nahiyar, manyan teku (ruwan kasa da kasa), da zurfin teku.]] "Ruwa na bakin teku" (ko "teku na bakin teku") kalma ce da ke ɗauke da ma'anoni daban-daban dangane da mahallin, daga ma'anar ƙasa zuwa ruwa a cikin 'yan kilomita na bakin teku, zuwa bayyana duk tashar nahiyar da za ta iya kaiwa sama da kilomita ɗari daga ƙasa. Ana amfani da kalmar a wata hanya daban yayin bayyana iyakokin doka da tattalin arziki, kamar ruwan ƙasa da ruwan kasa da kasa, ko kuma lokacin da ake kwatanta yanayin yanayin yanayin bakin teku ko tsarin muhalli da ke aiki ta cikin shelf na nahiyar (Tsarin halittu na bakin teku). Yanayin ruwa mai ƙarfi na teku yana nufin cewa duk abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin teku suna da alaƙa, kodayake wasu rarrabuwa na yanki suna da amfani kuma sun dace. Ruwa na shelf na nahiyar yana wakiltar irin wannan yanki. An yi amfani da kalmar "ruwan bakin teku" a hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin mahallin daban-daban. A cikin kula da muhalli na [[Tarayyar Turai]] ya shimfiɗa daga bakin teku zuwa kawai 'yan mil na ruwa yayin da a Amurka EPA ta Amurka ta ɗauki wannan yankin don fadadawa da yawa daga bakin teku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=coastal waters — European Environment Agency |url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/help/glossary/eea-glossary/coastal-waters |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=www.eea.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=ORD |date=2017-11-02 |title=Coastal Waters |url=https://www.epa.gov/report-environment/coastal-waters |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en}}</ref> "Ruwa na bakin teku" yana da takamaiman ma'anoni a cikin mahallin jigilar Jirgin ruwa na bakin teku, da kuma ma'anonin daban-daban a cikin mahalli na yakin basasa.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2022}}[ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Masu nazarin teku da masu ilimin halittu na ruwa suna da wasu abubuwan da aka ɗauka. Ruwa na bakin teku yana da wurare masu yawa na ruwa daga ƙauyuka masu rufewa zuwa ruwa mai buɗewa na shelf na nahiyar. Hakazalika, kalmar Yankin bakin teku ba ta da ma'anar guda ɗaya. Yana da wani bangare na [[teku]], [[Tafki|tafkin]], ko [[Kogi|kogin]] wanda ke kusa da bakin teku.<ref name="Seekell2021">{{Cite journal |last=Seekell |first=D. |last2=Cael |first2=B. |last3=Norman |first3=S. |last4=Byström |first4=P. |year=2021 |title=Patterns and variation of littoral habitat size among lakes |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=48 |issue=20 |bibcode=2021GeoRL..4895046S |doi=10.1029/2021GL095046 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=244253181 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin yanayin bakin teku, yankin bakin teku ya shimfiɗa daga alamar ruwa mai girma, wanda ba a cika shi da yawa, zuwa yankunan bakin teku waɗanda ke cikin ruwa har abada. Ruwan bakin teku na iya fuskantar barazanar eutrophication na bakin teku da kuma cututtukan algae masu cutarwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maúre |first=Elígio de Raús |last2=Terauchi |first2=Genki |last3=Ishizaka |first3=Joji |last4=Clinton |first4=Nicholas |last5=DeWitt |first5=Michael |date=2021 |title=Globally consistent assessment of coastal eutrophication |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=6142 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-26391-9 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=8536747 |pmid=34686688 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Jickells |first=T. D. |date=1998 |title=Nutrient Biogeochemistry of the Coastal Zone |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.281.5374.217 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=281 |issue=5374 |pages=217–222 |doi=10.1126/science.281.5374.217 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=9660744 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Glibert |first=Patricia |last2=Burford |first2=Michele |date=2017 |title=Globally Changing Nutrient Loads and Harmful Algal Blooms: Recent Advances, New Paradigms, and Continuing Challenges |url=https://tos.org/oceanography/article/globally-changing-nutrient-loads-and-harmful-algal-blooms-recent-advances-n |journal=Oceanography |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=58–69 |bibcode=2017Ocgpy..30a..58G |doi=10.5670/oceanog.2017.110 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == A cikin ilimin ƙasa == Ana adana sediments da aka ajiye a bakin teku a matsayin ruwan tabarau na sandstone wanda ɓangaren sama na sandstone ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da ɓangaren ƙasa (tsarin da ke ƙanƙara sama). Masana ilimin ƙasa suna magana game da waɗannan su ne parasequences. Kowane mutum ya yi rikodin wani labari na koma baya na teku daga bakin teku a tsawon shekaru 10,000 zuwa 1,000,000. Wadannan sau da yawa suna nuna laminations da ke nuna nau'ikan nau'ikan sake zagayowar ruwa. Some of the best-studied shoreline deposits in the world are found along the former western shore of the Western Interior Seaway, a shallow sea that flooded central North America during the late Cretaceous [[Tarihin ilimin ƙasa da duwatsu|Period]] (about 100 to 66 million years ago). These are beautifully exposed along the Book Cliffs of [[Utah]] and [[Colorado]].{{Sfn|Blatt|Middleton|Murray|1980}} === Hanyoyin ilimin ƙasa === <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /> == Dabbobi na daji == === Dabbobi === Manyan dabbobi da ke zaune a yankunan bakin teku sun hada da puffins, turtles na teku da rockhopper penguins, da sauransu da yawa. Kwango na teku da nau'ikan barnacles daban-daban suna zaune a kan bakin teku na dutse da kuma cin abinci da teku ta ajiye. Ana amfani da wasu dabbobin bakin teku ga mutane a yankuna masu tasowa, kamar dolphins da seagulls waɗanda ke cin abincin da masu yawon bude ido suka jefa musu. Tunda yankunan bakin teku duk suna cikin Yankin bakin teku, akwai wadataccen rayuwar ruwa da aka samu a bakin teku, gami da dabbobi masu tsayi kamar corals, sponges, starfish, mussels, seaweeds, kifi, da sea anemones. Akwai nau'ikan tsuntsayen teku da yawa a bakin teku daban-daban. Wadannan sun hada da pelicans da cormorants, wadanda suka haɗu da terns da oystercatchers don neman kifi da shellfish. Akwai zakuna na teku a bakin tekun [[Wales]] da sauran ƙasashe. ==== Kifi na bakin teku ==== {{excerpt|Coastal fish}} === Shuke-shuke === Yawancin yankunan bakin teku sun shahara da gadajen kelp. Kelp shuke-shuke ne mai saurin girma wanda zai iya girma har zuwa rabin mita a rana a cikin yanayi mai kyau. Mangroves, Seagras, macroalgal beds, da gishiri marsh sune mahimman nau'ikan ciyayi na bakin teku a wurare masu zafi da matsakaici bi da bi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Nagelkerken |first=I. |last2=Blaber |first2=S.J.M. |last3=Bouillon |first3=S. |last4=Green |first4=P. |last5=Haywood |first5=M. |last6=Kirton |first6=L.G. |last7=Meynecke |first7=J.-O. |last8=Pawlik |first8=J. |last9=Penrose |first9=H.M. |last10=Sasekumar |first10=A. |last11=Somerfield |first11=P.J. |date=2008 |title=The habitat function of mangroves for terrestrial and marine fauna: A review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304377007001830 |journal=[[Aquatic Botany]] |language=en |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=155–185 |bibcode=2008AqBot..89..155N |doi=10.1016/j.aquabot.2007.12.007 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Restinga wani nau'in ciyayi ne na bakin teku. == Barazanar == Har ila yau, bakin teku suna fuskantar tasirin muhalli da yawa da ke haifar da mutum da Hadarin ci gaban bakin teku. Mafi mahimmancin su ne: * [[Gurɓacewar Ruwa|gurɓataccen ruwa]] wanda zai iya zama a cikin gurɓataccen ruwan, gurɓatawar abinci mai gina jiki (wanda ke haifar da eutrophication na bakin teku da kuma fashewar algae mai cutarwa), zubar da mai ko tarkace na ruwa wanda ke gurɓata bakin teku da filastik da sauran sharar gida. * [[Tashin matakin teku|Hawan matakin teku]], da kuma batutuwan da suka danganci su kamar Rushewar bakin teku da shigar da Ruwan gishiri. [[Fayil:Marbleheadcoastline.jpg|thumb|Yankin bakin teku da aka kafa a Marblehead, Massachusetts. Da zarar tashar jiragen ruwa ce, yanzu an sadaukar da tashar jiragen kasa don yawon bude ido da nishaɗi. Lura cewa yashi da duwatsu sun yi duhu ta hanyar man fetur har zuwa layin ruwa mai girma.]] [[Fayil:Beach_at_Msasani_Bay,_Dar_es_Salaam,_Tanzania.JPG|thumb|Wannan yanki na bakin teku a babban birnin Tanzania Dar es Salaam yana aiki ne a matsayin zubar da shara na jama'a.]] [[Fayil:Aquatic_Dead_Zones.jpg|thumb|[[Yankin da ya mutu (ecology)|Yankunan da suka mutu]] suna faruwa ne lokacin da phosphorus da nitrogen daga taki ke haifar da karuwar microorganisms, wanda ke rage iskar oxygen kuma yana kashe fauna.]] ==== Rashin gurɓataccen ruwa ==== {{excerpt|Marine pollution|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}} ==== Rushewar ruwa ==== {{excerpt|Marine debris|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}} ==== Microplastics ==== {{excerpt|Plastic soup#Microplastics|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}}{{Excerpt|Sea level rise|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}} == Manufofin Duniya == An kama hankalin kasa da kasa don magance barazanar bakin teku a cikin Ci gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa 14 "Rayuwa a Kasa da Ruwa" wanda ya kafa manufofi na kasa da kasa da aka mayar da hankali kan adana yanayin halittu na bakin teku da tallafawa Ayyukan tattalin arziki masu ɗorewa ga al'ummomin bakin teku. Hakazalika, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ayyana 2021-2030 Shekaru goma na Majalisar Dinkinobho kan Maido da Tsarin Halitta, amma maido da tsarin halittu na bakin teku bai sami isasshen kulawa ba.<ref name=":3" /> == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o9f06dbtlr99umskj3h3zkyu8fjhc54 0 165255 906858 2026-08-24T05:00:17Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347279397|Angela Knight]]" 906858 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Angela Ann Knight''' <small>[[Order of the British Empire|CBE]]</small> (An haifi Angela Ann Cook, 31 ga Oktoba 1950) 'yar siyasa ce kuma jami'ar Burtaniya. Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Ofishin Sauƙaƙa Haraji har zuwa 18 ga Maris 2019. Kafin wannan, ita ce Babbar Jami'ar Makamashi ta Burtaniya, ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta masana'antar makamashi. A da, ita ce Babbar Jami'ar Ƙungiyar Masu Bankuna ta Burtaniya, kuma, kafin hakan, 'yar Majalisar Wakilai ta Jam'iyyar Conservative ce da ke wakiltar mazabar Erewash daga 1992 zuwa 1997. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Sakatariyar Tattalin Arziki a Ma'aikatar Baitulmali daga 1995 zuwa 1997. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Knight a Sheffield, kuma ya yi makarantar kwana ta Kwalejin Penrhos da ke Colwyn Bay, da kuma Makarantar Sakandare ta Sheffield.. Daga nan sai ta tafi Jami'ar Bristol, ta sami BSc a cikin ilmin sunadarai, kuma ta zama injiniya da ke aiki don Air Products, inda ta zama Manajan Ci gaban Samfurin nitrogen. Ta ci gaba da kafawa da aiki a matsayin Babban Darakta na Cook & Knight Metallurgical Processors Ltd, ƙwararren kamfanin kula da zafi na kwangila wanda ke kula da kayan aikin injiniya. == Ayyukan siyasa == Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara a Majalisar Birnin Sheffield daga 1987 zuwa 1992. A watan Afrilun 1992 an zabe ta a matsayin 'yar majalisa ta Erewash . Ta kasance Sakatariyar Tattalin Arziki a Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin daga 1995 zuwa 1997. Ta rasa kujerarta a majalisar zuwa Liz Blackman na Jam'iyyar Labour a shekarar 1997. == Ayyukansa na baya == Knight ya zama Babban Darakta na APCIMS (Kungiyar Manajojin Kasuwanci Masu Rashin Rashin Rukunin Rukunin Kasuwanci da Masu Kasuwanci) a watan Satumbar 1997. Ta kasance a cikin wannan matsayi har zuwa shekara ta 2006. An nada Knight a matsayin Kwamandan Mafi Kyawun Order na Daular Burtaniya don hidimomi ga masana'antar sabis na kuɗi a cikin jerin girmamawa na Sabuwar Shekara ta 2007. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2007 ta zama Babban Darakta na Ƙungiyar Bankunan Burtaniya . Bloomberg ta ba da rahoton cewa, a cikin wata sanarwa ta Disamba 2008, ta bayyana cewa za a iya amincewa da Libor a matsayin "abin dogaro". Bayan yanke hukunci a kan BBA a Babban Kotun a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2011, wasu mambobin BBA sun soki yadda Knight ke gudanar da shari'ar kuma sun kira ta da ta sauka a matsayin Babban Darakta. A ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2012 Knight ta yi murabus a matsayin shugaban zartarwa na BBA amma ta ce za ta kasance har sai an sami maye gurbin. Ta sauka a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2020}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2012 an ba da sanarwar cewa an nada Knight a matsayin shugaban zartarwa na kungiyar kasuwanci ta Energy UK, daga ƙarshen Yuli.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davidson |first=Lauren |date=14 May 2012 |title=BBA's Angela Knight to become chief of trade body Energy UK |url=http://www.cityam.com/latest-news/bba-s-angela-knight-become-chief-trade-body-energy-uk |access-date=16 May 2012}}</ref> Ta sauka daga wannan mukamin a shekarar 2014 don mayar da hankali kan aikinta wanda ba na zartarwa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Energy UK's Angela Knight announces her intention to step down {{!}} Energy UK |url=https://www.energy-uk.org.uk/media-and-campaigns/press-releases/20-2014/207-energy-uk-s-angela-knight-announces-her-intention-to-step-down.html |access-date=2021-03-12 |website=www.energy-uk.org.uk}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2021, fayil ɗin daraktocin Knight ya haɗa da Tullett Prebon, <ref name="tullettprebon">{{Cite web |title=Investor Relations Directors |url=http://www.tullettprebon.com/investor/investor_directors.aspx |access-date=16 May 2012 |publisher=Tullett Prebon}}</ref> Provident Financial, Taylor Wimpey, Arbuthnot Latham &amp;amp; Co da Froggatt Trustee Ltd a Burtaniya, Encore Capital Group a Amurka, da Astana Financial Services Authority a Kazakhstan. Ta kuma kasance mai ba da shawara ga Goodacre UK da Oxera Consulting . Ta taba aiki a matsayin darakta mai zaman kansa na Brewin Dolphin, Ofishin Sauƙaƙe Haraji, Sufuri don London, Kwarewar Kudi, Widojin Scotland, Logica, Hukumar Port of London, Lloyds TSB da Ruwa na Kudu maso Gabas. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] b0z24lf1zhi4crn9mu3b67kvfb07hka 906859 906858 2026-08-24T05:00:41Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 906859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Angela Ann Knight''' <small>[[Order of the British Empire|CBE]]</small> (An haifi Angela Ann Cook, 31 ga Oktoba 1950) 'yar siyasa ce kuma jami'ar Burtaniya. Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Ofishin Sauƙaƙa Haraji har zuwa 18 ga Maris 2019. Kafin wannan, ita ce Babbar Jami'ar Makamashi ta Burtaniya, ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta masana'antar makamashi. A da, ita ce Babbar Jami'ar Ƙungiyar Masu Bankuna ta Burtaniya, kuma, kafin hakan, 'yar Majalisar Wakilai ta Jam'iyyar Conservative ce da ke wakiltar mazabar Erewash daga 1992 zuwa 1997. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Sakatariyar Tattalin Arziki a Ma'aikatar Baitulmali daga 1995 zuwa 1997. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Knight a Sheffield, kuma ya yi makarantar kwana ta Kwalejin Penrhos da ke Colwyn Bay, da kuma Makarantar Sakandare ta Sheffield.. Daga nan sai ta tafi Jami'ar Bristol, ta sami BSc a cikin ilmin sunadarai, kuma ta zama injiniya da ke aiki don Air Products, inda ta zama Manajan Ci gaban Samfurin nitrogen. Ta ci gaba da kafawa da aiki a matsayin Babban Darakta na Cook & Knight Metallurgical Processors Ltd, ƙwararren kamfanin kula da zafi na kwangila wanda ke kula da kayan aikin injiniya. == Ayyukan siyasa == Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara a Majalisar Birnin Sheffield daga 1987 zuwa 1992. A watan Afrilun 1992 an zabe ta a matsayin 'yar majalisa ta Erewash . Ta kasance Sakatariyar Tattalin Arziki a Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin daga 1995 zuwa 1997. Ta rasa kujerarta a majalisar zuwa Liz Blackman na Jam'iyyar Labour a shekarar 1997. == Ayyukansa na baya == Knight ya zama Babban Darakta na APCIMS (Kungiyar Manajojin Kasuwanci Masu Rashin Rashin Rukunin Rukunin Kasuwanci da Masu Kasuwanci) a watan Satumbar 1997. Ta kasance a cikin wannan matsayi har zuwa shekara ta 2006. An nada Knight a matsayin Kwamandan Mafi Kyawun Order na Daular Burtaniya don hidimomi ga masana'antar sabis na kuɗi a cikin jerin girmamawa na Sabuwar Shekara ta 2007. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2007 ta zama Babban Darakta na Ƙungiyar Bankunan Burtaniya . Bloomberg ta ba da rahoton cewa, a cikin wata sanarwa ta Disamba 2008, ta bayyana cewa za a iya amincewa da Libor a matsayin "abin dogaro". Bayan yanke hukunci a kan BBA a Babban Kotun a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2011, wasu mambobin BBA sun soki yadda Knight ke gudanar da shari'ar kuma sun kira ta da ta sauka a matsayin Babban Darakta. A ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2012 Knight ta yi murabus a matsayin shugaban zartarwa na BBA amma ta ce za ta kasance har sai an sami maye gurbin. Ta sauka a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2020}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2012 an ba da sanarwar cewa an nada Knight a matsayin shugaban zartarwa na kungiyar kasuwanci ta Energy UK, daga ƙarshen Yuli.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davidson |first=Lauren |date=14 May 2012 |title=BBA's Angela Knight to become chief of trade body Energy UK |url=http://www.cityam.com/latest-news/bba-s-angela-knight-become-chief-trade-body-energy-uk |access-date=16 May 2012}}</ref> Ta sauka daga wannan mukamin a shekarar 2014 don mayar da hankali kan aikinta wanda ba na zartarwa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Energy UK's Angela Knight announces her intention to step down {{!}} Energy UK |url=https://www.energy-uk.org.uk/media-and-campaigns/press-releases/20-2014/207-energy-uk-s-angela-knight-announces-her-intention-to-step-down.html |access-date=2021-03-12 |website=www.energy-uk.org.uk}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2021, fayil ɗin daraktocin Knight ya haɗa da Tullett Prebon, <ref name="tullettprebon">{{Cite web |title=Investor Relations Directors |url=http://www.tullettprebon.com/investor/investor_directors.aspx |access-date=16 May 2012 |publisher=Tullett Prebon}}</ref> Provident Financial, Taylor Wimpey, Arbuthnot Latham &amp;amp; Co da Froggatt Trustee Ltd a Burtaniya, Encore Capital Group a Amurka, da Astana Financial Services Authority a Kazakhstan. Ta kuma kasance mai ba da shawara ga Goodacre UK da Oxera Consulting . Ta taba aiki a matsayin darakta mai zaman kansa na Brewin Dolphin, Ofishin Sauƙaƙe Haraji, Sufuri don London, Kwarewar Kudi, Widojin Scotland, Logica, Hukumar Port of London, Lloyds TSB da Ruwa na Kudu maso Gabas. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] 1k0u0avxzlqnw7jo0ieetsl0t26mjjq 0 165256 906869 2026-08-24T05:13:41Z Ummu Ilham 45024 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368684699|Temperate climate]]" 906869 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_C_1991–2020.svg|thumb|400x400px|[[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Taswirar yanayi ta Köppen-Geiger]] da ke nuna yanayin yanayi na 1991-2020]] [[Fayil:Latitude_zones.png|thumb|400x400px|Yankunan ƙasa daban-daban na duniya. Yankunan da ke da matsakaici, a cikin ma'anar yankuna da aka ayyana ta latitude, sun kai daga arewa ko kudu na [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|wurare masu zafi]] (arewa ko kudu na jan layi) zuwa da'irori masu iyaka.]] <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>A fannin '''geography''', '''yanayin ƙasa mai matsakaicin zafi (temperate climate)''' na duniya yana samuwa ne a '''tsakiyar latitudi (middle latitudes)''', wato kusan daga '''23.5° zuwa 66.5°''' a arewa da kudu na '''layin Equator'''. Waɗannan yankuna suna tsakanin '''yankunan wurare masu zafi (tropics)''' da '''yankunan iyakacin duniya (polar regions)'''. Waɗannan yankuna gabaɗaya suna samun '''babban bambancin yanayin zafi''' a cikin shekara, tare da '''sauye-sauyen yanayi''' da suka fi bayyana idan aka kwatanta da '''yanayin ƙasa na wurare masu zafi (tropical climate)'''. A yankunan wurare masu zafi kuwa, sauye-sauyen yanayin zafi a cikin shekara kan kasance ƙanana; bambancin yanayi a can yawanci ya fi bayyana ne ta fuskar '''yawan ruwan sama (precipitation)'''..<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-21 |title=Tropics |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/tropics/ |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=[[National Geographic Society]] |language=en}}</ref> A cikin yanayin yanayi mai matsakaici, ba wai kawai matsayi na latitudinal yana rinjayar canje-canjen zafin jiki ba, amma raƙuman ruwa daban-daban, jagorancin iska mai rinjaye, nahiyar (yadda girman ƙasa yake) da tsawo suma suna tsara yanayin yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2013 |title=What Are the Forty Factors That Influence OurWeather? |url=https://education.seattlepi.com/four-factors-influence-weather-4416.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512224901/https://education.seattlepi.com/four-factors-influence-weather-4416.html |archive-date=12 May 2022 |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=Education – Seattle PI}}</ref> C="cx-link" data-linkid="797" href="./Köppen_climate_classification" id="mwNg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Köppen climate classification">Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen ta bayyana yanayi a matsayin "mai matsakaici" C, lokacin da matsakaicin zafin jiki ya kasance sama da -3 ° C (26.6 ° F) amma ƙasa da {{Convert|18|C|F|1}} ° C (64.4 ° F) a cikin watan sanyi don lissafin ci gaba da sanyi. Koyaya, wasu gyare-gyare na Köppen sun saita mafi ƙaranci a {{Convert|0|C|F|1}} ° C (32.0 ° F). Ma'anar yanayin yanayi na iya haɗawa '''D''' yanayin nahiyar, wanda aka rarraba a matsayin D kuma yana da matsanancin yanayin zafi, tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi a cikin watan sanyi yawanci yana ƙasa da -3 ° C (26.6 ° F). == Yankunan da yanayi == Yankin arewacin ya shimfiɗa daga Tropic of Cancer (kimanin 23.5 ° arewacin latitude) zuwa Arctic Circle (kimani 66.5 ° arewa latitude). '''Yankin kudancin''' ya kai daga Tropic na Capricorn (kimanin 23.5 ° latitude kudu) zuwa Antarctic Circle (kimani 66.5 ° latitud kudu)..<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of World Geography, Volume 1|url=https://archive.org/details/geography-encyclopedia-of-world-geography/page/918|location=New York|publisher=[[Infobase|Facts on File]]|series=Facts on File Library of World Geography|last=McColl|first=Robert W.|pages=918–919|date=2005|isbn=0-816-05786-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Solar Illumination: Seasonal and Diurnal Patterns |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/earth-and-environment/atmosphere-and-weather/atmospheric-and-space-sciences-atmosphere/daylight |access-date=4 October 2012 |website=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref> A wasu rarrabuwa na yanayi, ana iya raba yankin matsakaici zuwa ƙananan yankuna na yanayi, bisa ga yanayin zafi na kowane wata, watan sanyi, da ruwan sama. Wadannan na iya haɗawa da yankin subtropical (yanayin zafi da na Bahar Rum), da kuma yankin sanyi mai sanyi (yanayin teku da na nahiyar). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-30 |title=What Are The Four Temperate Climates? |url=https://lisbdnet.com/what-are-the-four-temperate-climates-2/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220231428/https://lisbdnet.com/what-are-the-four-temperate-climates-2/ |archive-date=2024-02-20 |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=Lisbdnet |language=en-US}}</ref> === Yankin da ke kusa da wurare masu zafi === Waɗannan nau’ikan '''yanayin ƙasa''' galibi ana samun su ne a yankunan '''temperate zone''' da suka fi kusa da '''Equator''', tsakanin '''23.5° zuwa 35°''' a arewa ko kudu. Ba a nufin gabas ko yamma ba. Tasirin '''yankunan wurare masu zafi (tropics)''' ya fi rinjaye a kansu fiye da sauran nau’o’in yanayin ƙasa na temperate. Yawanci suna samun '''yanayin zafi mai ɗanɗano a duk shekara''', tare da '''dogayen lokacin bazara masu zafi''' da kuma '''gajerun lokacin hunturu masu laushi'''. A wannan ɓangaren temperate zone, samun '''ruwan sama mai daskarewa (freezing precipitation)''' ba kasafai yake faruwa ba.. ==== Yanayin zafi mai zafi (Cfa) da kuma yanayin zafi mai zafi. ==== [[Fayil:Koppen_humid_subtropical_world_map_1991-2020_-3C_borderless.png|thumb|Yankunan da ake samun yanayin zafi (Cfa) da busassun hunturu (Cwa) tun daga 1991-2020, ta amfani da ƙofar -3 ° C (27 ° F) don watan da ya fi sanyi Yanayin zafi mai zafi (Cha) Yanayin zafi na Monsoon (Cwa). <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#96FF96|Monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Cwa)}}]] '''Yanayin ƙasa mai ɗumi da danshi na yankunan subtropical (humid subtropical climate)''' yawanci yana da '''dogon lokacin bazara mai zafi da danshi''', tare da yawan samun '''ruwan sama na convection''' a lokacin bazara. Yawan ruwan sama na shekara yakan kai kololuwa a cikin watannin da suka fi zafi. Lokacin hunturu kuwa yawanci yana da '''yanayi mai laushi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=humid subtropical climate {{!}} climatology |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/humid-subtropical-climate |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref>''', kuma zafin jiki yakan kasance sama da matakin daskarewa a yankunan subtropical masu danshi. A yankunan bakin teku masu irin wannan yanayi, galibi ana samun '''rafukan ruwan teku masu ɗumi (warm ocean currents)'''. Wannan nau’in yanayi yawanci yana samuwa ne a '''ɓangarorin gabashin ƙananan sassan nahiyoyi''', musamman waɗanda ke wajen iskar da ke saukowa daga tsaunuka, kamar: * yankin '''Pampas''' na Kudancin Amurka; * '''Arewacin Vietnam'''; * yankunan kudu maso gabashin '''Gabashin Asiya'''; * kudanci da wasu sassan arewa maso gabas da tsakiyar yammacin '''Amurka'''; * da wasu sassan '''Afirka ta Kudu, Habasha, da gabashin Australia'''. A wasu wuraren da ake samun wannan yanayi, musamman '''kudu maso gabashin China da arewacin Indiya''', ana samun bambancin '''lokacin damina da lokacin rani''' mai tsanani. Ana kiran wannan da '''yanayin subtropical na damina (monsoon subtropical climate)''' ko '''subtropical monsoon (Cwa)'''. A waɗannan yankuna, '''hunturu kan kasance mai ɗan sanyi da bushewa''', yayin da '''bazara ke samun ruwan sama mai yawa sosai'''. Wasu yankunan Cwa na kudancin China suna samun sama da '''kashi 80% na jimillar ruwan sama na shekara''' a cikin watanni biyar mafi zafi, musamman saboda tasirin '''daminar kudu maso yamma (southwest monsoon)'''. ==== Yanayin yanayi na Bahar Rum (Csa, Csb) ==== [[Fayil:Koppen_temperate_mediterranean_world_map_1991-2020_-3C_borderless.png|thumb|Yankunan da ake samun yanayin zafi mai zafi ko yanayin Bahar Rum (, ) tun daga 1991-2020, ta amfani da -3 ° C (27 ° F) don watan sanyi. Csa Csb   <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />]] Yanayin yanayi na Bahar Rum yana da akasin yanayin ruwan sama na busassun hunturu, tare da lokacin rani da hunturu mai laushi. Wannan yanayin yana faruwa galibi a gefen yamma da gabar tekun nahiyoyi kuma an iyakance su da hamada mai bushe a gefen su na equator wanda ke kawo iska mai bushe wanda ke haifar da lokacin rani mai bushe, da kuma yanayin teku zuwa bangarorin da ke fuskantar tasirin raƙuman teku masu sanyi da iska waɗanda ke kawo ruwan sama na hunturu. Manyan yankuna biyar na Bahar Rum a duniya sune Yankin Bahar Rum da ke [[Arewacin Afirka]], Kudancin Turai, da Yamma Asiya, [[California]] da ke bakin teku a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], jihohin Kudu da Yamma na [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], Yammacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]], da tsakiyar [[Chile]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Types for Kids {{!}} Mediterranean Climate |url=https://www.climatetypesforkids.com/mediterranean-climate |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=www.climatetypesforkids.com}}</ref> ==== Yanayin yanayi na subtropical (Cwb, Cfb) ==== [[Fayil:Koppen_humid_oceanic_world_map_1991-2020_-3C_borderless.png|thumb|Yankunan da ke da yanayin teku ko subtropical highland (Cfb, Cfc, Cwb, Cwc) ana samun su tun daga 1991-2020, ta amfani da -3 ° C (27 ° F) ƙofar don watan da ya fi sanyi.<templatestyles src="Image key/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{legend-col|{{legend|#66FF33|Cfb}}|{{legend|#33C701|Cfc}}|{{legend|#63C764|Cwb}}|{{legend|#329633|Cwc}}}}]] [[Yanayin teku|Yanayin yanayi na subtropical]] sune bambance-bambance na yanayi sau da yawa ana haɗa su tare da yanayin teku da aka samu a wasu yankunan tsaunuka na ko dai wurare masu zafi ko subtropics. Suna da yanayin zafi mai sauƙi a duk shekara, suna nuna yanayi huɗu a cikin subtropics kuma babu yanayi mai alama a cikin wurare masu zafi, ƙarshen yawanci yana kasancewa mai sauƙi zuwa sanyi a cikin mafi yawan shekara. Yanayin yanayi na subtropical a ƙarƙashin rarrabawar Cfb yawanci suna da ruwan sama da ya bazu daidai a duk watanni na shekara kamar yawancin yanayin yanayi na teku yayin da yanayin yanayi a ƙarƙashin rarrabuwa na Cwb yana da tasirin ruwan sama mai mahimmanci, yawanci yana da hunturu mai bushe da lokacin rani mai laushi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mindat.org |url=https://www.mindat.org/climate-Cwb.html |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=www.mindat.org}}</ref> === Yankin latitude na tsakiya === Wadannan yanayi suna faruwa a tsakiyar latitudes, tsakanin kimanin 35 ° da 66.5 ° arewa da kudu na ma'auni. Akwai daidaitattun tasirin yanayi daga yankunan polar da tropical a wannan yankin yanayi. Akwai nau'ikan yanayi guda biyu a cikin wannan yanki, mafi laushi na teku da kuma mafi tsanani na yanayi. Yawancin yanayi na yanayi suna da tsari na yanayi huɗu, musamman a bangaren yanayi na nahiyar. ==== Yanayin yanayi na teku (Cfb) ==== [[Yanayin teku|Yanayin yanayi na teku]] ya samo asali ne daga kwararar bakin teku mai sanyi zuwa yammacin su. Wannan yana haifar da yanayin ya sami lokacin rani mai sauƙi da sanyi (amma ba sanyi ba) hunturu, da kuma zafi da hazo daidai da aka rarraba a duk shekara. Wadannan yanayi suna da girgije da sanyi, kuma hunturu sun fi sauƙi fiye da waɗanda ke cikin yanayin nahiyar. Yankunan da ke da yanayin teku sun haɗa da arewa maso yammacin Turai, arewa maso yammaci na Arewacin Amurka, kudu maso gabashin da kudu maso yammacin [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]], kudancin gabashin Australia da mafi yawan [[New Zealand]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-05 |title=What Are The Characteristics Of An Oceanic Type Of Climate? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-the-characteristics-of-an-oceanic-type-of-climate.html |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Yanayin yanayi mai laushi (Dfa, Dfb, Dwa, Dwb, Dsa, Dsb) ==== Ana haɗa yanayin zafi na nahiyar a wasu lokuta a cikin ma'anar yanayin yanayi saboda kwance a cikin yankuna masu zafi, kodayake an rarraba su daban daga wasu yanayin yanayi a cikin [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen]]. Ya bambanta da yanayin teku, an halicce su ne ta hanyar manyan ƙasa da canje-canje na yanayi a cikin iska. Wannan yana haifar da yanayin zafi na nahiyar don samun matsanancin yanayin zafi don lokacin idan aka kwatanta da sauran yanayin yanayi, ma'ana lokacin zafi da hunturu mai sanyi. Ana iya rarraba ruwan sama daidai a ko'ina cikin shekara, yayin da a wasu wurare akwai karin magana a lokacin rani akan ruwan sama. Yankunan da ke da yanayin zafi sun haɗa da kudu maso gabashin Kanada, sassan gabashin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], sassan gabas na [[Turai]], sassan [[Sin|China]], [[Japan]] da Koriya. === Yankin Subpolar === Yankunan subpolar sune yanayin yanayi wanda idan aka kwatanta da subtropics suna kan gefen gefen yankin. Sabili da haka, har yanzu suna da yanayi huɗu da aka yi alama ciki har da mai dumi, amma yankunan polar sun fi rinjayar su fiye da kowane yanayi sai dai yanayin polar (tundra da Yanayin kankara). ==== Yanayin subpolar na teku da sanyi na subtropical (Cfc, Cwc) ==== Yankunan da ke da yanayin yanayi na teku suna da yanayin teku amma yawanci suna kusa da yankunan polar. A sakamakon wurin da suke, waɗannan yankuna suna kan ƙarshen yanayin teku. Snowfall ya fi zama ruwan dare a nan fiye da sauran yanayin teku. Yanayin yanayi na subpolar ba su da matsanancin zafin jiki fiye da [[Yanayi na Subarctic|Yanayin yanayi na subarctic]] ko Yanayin yanayi na nahiyar, suna nuna hunturu mai sauƙi fiye da waɗannan yanayin amma har yanzu suna da irin wannan lokacin rani.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}Ana samun wannan bambancin yanayin teku a wasu sassan bakin teku na [[Ayislan|Iceland]], Tsibirin Faroe, sassan [[Scotland]], yankunan arewa maso yammacin [[Norway]] kamar Lofoten kuma suna kaiwa zuwa 70 ° arewa a wasu tsibirai, tsaunuka kusa da bakin tekun kudu maso yammacin Norwegian, Tsibirin Aleutian na [[Alaska]] da sassan arewacin Alaska Panhandle, wasu sassan Kudancin [[Argentina]] da Chile (ko da yawancin yankuna har yanzu ana rarraba su a matsayin yankunan subantarctic na Tasmania, Alps na Kudancin Australia da Alps na Alps na Southern Zealand).  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}Ana samun irin wannan yanayi a yankunan wurare masu zafi kamar su Papuan Highlands a Indonesia. Cfc shine rarraba wannan tsarin mulki. Ko da a tsakiyar lokacin rani, yanayin zafi da ya wuce 20 ° C (68 ° F) abubuwan yanayi ne na musamman a mafi yawan wuraren da wannan mulkin ya shafa.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}A wasu sassan wannan yanayi, an rubuta yanayin zafi har zuwa 30 ° C (86 ° F) a lokuta masu wuya, yayin da yanayin zafi kamar -15 ° C (5 ° F) har yanzu an rubuta shi a lokuta masu yawa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}} Wani nau'i mai sanyi na yanayin tsaunuka masu zafi mai kama da yanayin teku na subpolar yana faruwa a ƙananan yankuna a lardunan Sichuan da Yunnan na kasar Sin, da kuma wasu sassan Altiplano tsakanin [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]], [[Peru]] da [[Chile]], inda lokacin rani ya isa ya zama ''Cwc'' tare da kasa da watanni huɗu sama da {{Convert|10|C|F}} ° C (50 ° F) saboda girman tsawo a waɗannan wurare.<ref name="Peel 2007">{{Cite journal |last=Peel |first=Murray C. |last2=Finlayson |first2=Brian L. |last3=McMahon |first3=Thomas A. |date=11 October 2007 |title=Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/298818/filename/hessd-4-439-2007.pdf |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |language=en |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1633–1644 |bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P |doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 |s2cid=9654551 |access-date=5 December 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> El Alto, [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]] na ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan biranen da aka tabbatar da cewa suna nuna wannan bambancin yanayin sanyi mai zafi. ==== Yanayin sanyi na lokacin rani na Bahar Rum (Csc) ==== Yanayin sanyi na lokacin rani na Bahar Rum (''Csc'') yana nan a yankunan da ke kusa da yankunan ''Csb'' na bakin teku, inda tasirin teku mai ƙarfi ke hana matsakaicin zafin hunturu na kowane wata daga sauka ƙasa da 0 ° C. &nbsp;Duk da tasirin teku, an rarraba su tare da sauran yanayin yanayi na Bahar Rum a cikin rarrabawar Köppen maimakon yanayin yanayi na teku kamar yanayin subtropical highland saboda akasin yanayin ruwan sama. Wannan yanayin yana da wuya kuma ana samun sa a gefen yanayi da yankuna masu nisa na [[Yankin Cascade|Cascades]] da Andes Mountains, yayin da yanayin rani mai bushe ya kara zuwa pole a Amurka fiye da sauran wurare. == Abubuwan da ke tattare da mutane == === Demography, fauna da flora === Yawancin mutane na duniya suna zaune a yankuna masu matsakaici, musamman a Arewacin Hemisphere, saboda yawan ƙasa da rashin matsanancin yanayin zafi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=Joel E. |last2=Small |first2=Christopher |date=24 November 1998 |title=Hypsographic demography: The distribution of human population by altitude |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=95 |issue=24 |pages=14009–14014 |bibcode=1998PNAS...9514009C |doi=10.1073/pnas.95.24.14009 |pmc=24316 |pmid=9826643 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mafi yawan adadin da aka bayyana a cikin yankin da ke da matsakaici ana samun su a [[kudancin Afirka]], inda aka bayyana wasu nau'ikan 24,000 (nau'in da nau'ikan infraspecific).<ref name="ger">{{Cite book|edition=N. L.}}</ref> === Aikin noma === Aikin noma, tsarin aiki na ayyukan noma, babban aiki ne a yankuna masu matsakaici (sai dai yankunan boreal / subarctic) saboda ruwan sama mai yawa da lokacin zafi. Saboda yawancin ayyukan noma suna faruwa a lokacin bazara da rani, hunturu mai sanyi yana da karamin tasiri ga samar da aikin gona. matsanancin hunturu ko lokacin rani suna da babban tasiri a kan yawan aikin gona wanda ba a saba gani ba. === Gidajen birni === Yankunan da ke da matsakaici suna da mafi yawan jama'ar duniya, wanda ke haifar da manyan birane. Akwai dalilai da yawa da ya sa yanayin manyan birane ya bambanta da yanayin yankunan karkara. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka shafi shi ne ƙarfin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa na gine-gine da asphalt, wanda ya fi na ƙasar halitta. Sauran babban abu shine ƙone burbushin burbushin daga gine-gine da motoci. Wadannan dalilai sun haifar da matsakaicin yanayin birane ya zama mai dumi fiye da yankunan da ke kewaye. == Dubi kuma == * Yankin ƙasa * Gida * [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen]] * Tsakiyar latitudes * Yankin da ke kan iyaka * [[Yankunan da ke cikin zafi]] * [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|Yankunan zafi]] * Yankin Yankin Yamma * Yanayin zafi na tsaunuka * Yanayin zafi mai zafi * Yanayin yanayi mai zafi == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] spmfvvm2h78hfug2eowjx6x6oujn4xv 906873 906869 2026-08-24T05:14:32Z Ummu Ilham 45024 906873 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_C_1991–2020.svg|thumb|400x400px|[[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Taswirar yanayi ta Köppen-Geiger]] da ke nuna yanayin yanayi na 1991-2020]] [[Fayil:Latitude_zones.png|thumb|400x400px|Yankunan ƙasa daban-daban na duniya. Yankunan da ke da matsakaici, a cikin ma'anar yankuna da aka ayyana ta latitude, sun kai daga arewa ko kudu na [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|wurare masu zafi]] (arewa ko kudu na jan layi) zuwa da'irori masu iyaka.]] <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>A fannin '''geography''', '''yanayin ƙasa mai matsakaicin zafi (temperate climate)''' na duniya yana samuwa ne a '''tsakiyar latitudi (middle latitudes)''', wato kusan daga '''23.5° zuwa 66.5°''' a arewa da kudu na '''layin Equator'''. Waɗannan yankuna suna tsakanin '''yankunan wurare masu zafi (tropics)''' da '''yankunan iyakacin duniya (polar regions)'''. Waɗannan yankuna gabaɗaya suna samun '''babban bambancin yanayin zafi''' a cikin shekara, tare da '''sauye-sauyen yanayi''' da suka fi bayyana idan aka kwatanta da '''yanayin ƙasa na wurare masu zafi (tropical climate)'''. A yankunan wurare masu zafi kuwa, sauye-sauyen yanayin zafi a cikin shekara kan kasance ƙanana; bambancin yanayi a can yawanci ya fi bayyana ne ta fuskar '''yawan ruwan sama (precipitation)'''..<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-21 |title=Tropics |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/tropics/ |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=[[National Geographic Society]] |language=en}}</ref> A cikin yanayin yanayi mai matsakaici, ba wai kawai matsayi na latitudinal yana rinjayar canje-canjen zafin jiki ba, amma raƙuman ruwa daban-daban, jagorancin iska mai rinjaye, nahiyar (yadda girman ƙasa yake) da tsawo suma suna tsara yanayin yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2013 |title=What Are the Forty Factors That Influence OurWeather? |url=https://education.seattlepi.com/four-factors-influence-weather-4416.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512224901/https://education.seattlepi.com/four-factors-influence-weather-4416.html |archive-date=12 May 2022 |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=Education – Seattle PI}}</ref> C="cx-link" data-linkid="797" href="./Köppen_climate_classification" id="mwNg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Köppen climate classification">Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen ta bayyana yanayi a matsayin "mai matsakaici" C, lokacin da matsakaicin zafin jiki ya kasance sama da -3 ° C (26.6 ° F) amma ƙasa da {{Convert|18|C|F|1}} ° C (64.4 ° F) a cikin watan sanyi don lissafin ci gaba da sanyi. Koyaya, wasu gyare-gyare na Köppen sun saita mafi ƙaranci a {{Convert|0|C|F|1}} ° C (32.0 ° F). Ma'anar yanayin yanayi na iya haɗawa '''D''' yanayin nahiyar, wanda aka rarraba a matsayin D kuma yana da matsanancin yanayin zafi, tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi a cikin watan sanyi yawanci yana ƙasa da -3 ° C (26.6 ° F). == Yankunan da yanayi == Yankin arewacin ya shimfiɗa daga Tropic of Cancer (kimanin 23.5 ° arewacin latitude) zuwa Arctic Circle (kimani 66.5 ° arewa latitude). '''Yankin kudancin''' ya kai daga Tropic na Capricorn (kimanin 23.5 ° latitude kudu) zuwa Antarctic Circle (kimani 66.5 ° latitud kudu)..<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of World Geography, Volume 1|url=https://archive.org/details/geography-encyclopedia-of-world-geography/page/918|location=New York|publisher=[[Infobase|Facts on File]]|series=Facts on File Library of World Geography|last=McColl|first=Robert W.|pages=918–919|date=2005|isbn=0-816-05786-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Solar Illumination: Seasonal and Diurnal Patterns |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/earth-and-environment/atmosphere-and-weather/atmospheric-and-space-sciences-atmosphere/daylight |access-date=4 October 2012 |website=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref> A wasu rarrabuwa na yanayi, ana iya raba yankin matsakaici zuwa ƙananan yankuna na yanayi, bisa ga yanayin zafi na kowane wata, watan sanyi, da ruwan sama. Wadannan na iya haɗawa da yankin subtropical (yanayin zafi da na Bahar Rum), da kuma yankin sanyi mai sanyi (yanayin teku da na nahiyar). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-30 |title=What Are The Four Temperate Climates? |url=https://lisbdnet.com/what-are-the-four-temperate-climates-2/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220231428/https://lisbdnet.com/what-are-the-four-temperate-climates-2/ |archive-date=2024-02-20 |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=Lisbdnet |language=en-US}}</ref> === Yankin da ke kusa da wurare masu zafi === Waɗannan nau’ikan '''yanayin ƙasa''' galibi ana samun su ne a yankunan '''temperate zone''' da suka fi kusa da '''Equator''', tsakanin '''23.5° zuwa 35°''' a arewa ko kudu. Ba a nufin gabas ko yamma ba. Tasirin '''yankunan wurare masu zafi (tropics)''' ya fi rinjaye a kansu fiye da sauran nau’o’in yanayin ƙasa na temperate. Yawanci suna samun '''yanayin zafi mai ɗanɗano a duk shekara''', tare da '''dogayen lokacin bazara masu zafi''' da kuma '''gajerun lokacin hunturu masu laushi'''. A wannan ɓangaren temperate zone, samun '''ruwan sama mai daskarewa (freezing precipitation)''' ba kasafai yake faruwa ba.. ==== Yanayin zafi mai zafi (Cfa) da kuma yanayin zafi mai zafi. ==== [[Fayil:Koppen_humid_subtropical_world_map_1991-2020_-3C_borderless.png|thumb|Yankunan da ake samun yanayin zafi (Cfa) da busassun hunturu (Cwa) tun daga 1991-2020, ta amfani da ƙofar -3 ° C (27 ° F) don watan da ya fi sanyi Yanayin zafi mai zafi (Cha) Yanayin zafi na Monsoon (Cwa). <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#96FF96|Monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Cwa)}}]] '''Yanayin ƙasa mai ɗumi da danshi na yankunan subtropical (humid subtropical climate)''' yawanci yana da '''dogon lokacin bazara mai zafi da danshi''', tare da yawan samun '''ruwan sama na convection''' a lokacin bazara. Yawan ruwan sama na shekara yakan kai kololuwa a cikin watannin da suka fi zafi. Lokacin hunturu kuwa yawanci yana da '''yanayi mai laushi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=humid subtropical climate {{!}} climatology |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/humid-subtropical-climate |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref>''', kuma zafin jiki yakan kasance sama da matakin daskarewa a yankunan subtropical masu danshi. A yankunan bakin teku masu irin wannan yanayi, galibi ana samun '''rafukan ruwan teku masu ɗumi (warm ocean currents)'''. Wannan nau’in yanayi yawanci yana samuwa ne a '''ɓangarorin gabashin ƙananan sassan nahiyoyi''', musamman waɗanda ke wajen iskar da ke saukowa daga tsaunuka, kamar: * yankin '''Pampas''' na Kudancin Amurka; * '''Arewacin Vietnam'''; * yankunan kudu maso gabashin '''Gabashin Asiya'''; * kudanci da wasu sassan arewa maso gabas da tsakiyar yammacin '''Amurka'''; * da wasu sassan '''Afirka ta Kudu, Habasha, da gabashin Australia'''. A wasu wuraren da ake samun wannan yanayi, musamman '''kudu maso gabashin China da arewacin Indiya''', ana samun bambancin '''lokacin damina da lokacin rani''' mai tsanani. Ana kiran wannan da '''yanayin subtropical na damina (monsoon subtropical climate)''' ko '''subtropical monsoon (Cwa)'''. A waɗannan yankuna, '''hunturu kan kasance mai ɗan sanyi da bushewa''', yayin da '''bazara ke samun ruwan sama mai yawa sosai'''. Wasu yankunan Cwa na kudancin China suna samun sama da '''kashi 80% na jimillar ruwan sama na shekara''' a cikin watanni biyar mafi zafi, musamman saboda tasirin '''daminar kudu maso yamma (southwest monsoon)'''.. ==== Yanayin yanayi na Bahar Rum (Csa, Csb) ==== [[Fayil:Koppen_temperate_mediterranean_world_map_1991-2020_-3C_borderless.png|thumb|Yankunan da ake samun yanayin zafi mai zafi ko yanayin Bahar Rum (, ) tun daga 1991-2020, ta amfani da -3 ° C (27 ° F) don watan sanyi. Csa Csb   <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />]] Yanayin yanayi na Bahar Rum yana da akasin yanayin ruwan sama na busassun hunturu, tare da lokacin rani da hunturu mai laushi. Wannan yanayin yana faruwa galibi a gefen yamma da gabar tekun nahiyoyi kuma an iyakance su da hamada mai bushe a gefen su na equator wanda ke kawo iska mai bushe wanda ke haifar da lokacin rani mai bushe, da kuma yanayin teku zuwa bangarorin da ke fuskantar tasirin raƙuman teku masu sanyi da iska waɗanda ke kawo ruwan sama na hunturu. Manyan yankuna biyar na Bahar Rum a duniya sune Yankin Bahar Rum da ke [[Arewacin Afirka]], Kudancin Turai, da Yamma Asiya, [[California]] da ke bakin teku a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], jihohin Kudu da Yamma na [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], Yammacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]], da tsakiyar [[Chile]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Types for Kids {{!}} Mediterranean Climate |url=https://www.climatetypesforkids.com/mediterranean-climate |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=www.climatetypesforkids.com}}</ref> ==== Yanayin yanayi na subtropical (Cwb, Cfb) ==== [[Fayil:Koppen_humid_oceanic_world_map_1991-2020_-3C_borderless.png|thumb|Yankunan da ke da yanayin teku ko subtropical highland (Cfb, Cfc, Cwb, Cwc) ana samun su tun daga 1991-2020, ta amfani da -3 ° C (27 ° F) ƙofar don watan da ya fi sanyi.<templatestyles src="Image key/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{legend-col|{{legend|#66FF33|Cfb}}|{{legend|#33C701|Cfc}}|{{legend|#63C764|Cwb}}|{{legend|#329633|Cwc}}}}]] [[Yanayin teku|Yanayin yanayi na subtropical]] sune bambance-bambance na yanayi sau da yawa ana haɗa su tare da yanayin teku da aka samu a wasu yankunan tsaunuka na ko dai wurare masu zafi ko subtropics. Suna da yanayin zafi mai sauƙi a duk shekara, suna nuna yanayi huɗu a cikin subtropics kuma babu yanayi mai alama a cikin wurare masu zafi, ƙarshen yawanci yana kasancewa mai sauƙi zuwa sanyi a cikin mafi yawan shekara. Yanayin yanayi na subtropical a ƙarƙashin rarrabawar Cfb yawanci suna da ruwan sama da ya bazu daidai a duk watanni na shekara kamar yawancin yanayin yanayi na teku yayin da yanayin yanayi a ƙarƙashin rarrabuwa na Cwb yana da tasirin ruwan sama mai mahimmanci, yawanci yana da hunturu mai bushe da lokacin rani mai laushi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mindat.org |url=https://www.mindat.org/climate-Cwb.html |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=www.mindat.org}}</ref> === Yankin latitude na tsakiya === Wadannan yanayi suna faruwa a tsakiyar latitudes, tsakanin kimanin 35 ° da 66.5 ° arewa da kudu na ma'auni. Akwai daidaitattun tasirin yanayi daga yankunan polar da tropical a wannan yankin yanayi. Akwai nau'ikan yanayi guda biyu a cikin wannan yanki, mafi laushi na teku da kuma mafi tsanani na yanayi. Yawancin yanayi na yanayi suna da tsari na yanayi huɗu, musamman a bangaren yanayi na nahiyar. ==== Yanayin yanayi na teku (Cfb) ==== [[Yanayin teku|Yanayin yanayi na teku]] ya samo asali ne daga kwararar bakin teku mai sanyi zuwa yammacin su. Wannan yana haifar da yanayin ya sami lokacin rani mai sauƙi da sanyi (amma ba sanyi ba) hunturu, da kuma zafi da hazo daidai da aka rarraba a duk shekara. Wadannan yanayi suna da girgije da sanyi, kuma hunturu sun fi sauƙi fiye da waɗanda ke cikin yanayin nahiyar. Yankunan da ke da yanayin teku sun haɗa da arewa maso yammacin Turai, arewa maso yammaci na Arewacin Amurka, kudu maso gabashin da kudu maso yammacin [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]], kudancin gabashin Australia da mafi yawan [[New Zealand]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-05 |title=What Are The Characteristics Of An Oceanic Type Of Climate? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-the-characteristics-of-an-oceanic-type-of-climate.html |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Yanayin yanayi mai laushi (Dfa, Dfb, Dwa, Dwb, Dsa, Dsb) ==== Ana haɗa yanayin zafi na nahiyar a wasu lokuta a cikin ma'anar yanayin yanayi saboda kwance a cikin yankuna masu zafi, kodayake an rarraba su daban daga wasu yanayin yanayi a cikin [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen]]. Ya bambanta da yanayin teku, an halicce su ne ta hanyar manyan ƙasa da canje-canje na yanayi a cikin iska. Wannan yana haifar da yanayin zafi na nahiyar don samun matsanancin yanayin zafi don lokacin idan aka kwatanta da sauran yanayin yanayi, ma'ana lokacin zafi da hunturu mai sanyi. Ana iya rarraba ruwan sama daidai a ko'ina cikin shekara, yayin da a wasu wurare akwai karin magana a lokacin rani akan ruwan sama. Yankunan da ke da yanayin zafi sun haɗa da kudu maso gabashin Kanada, sassan gabashin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], sassan gabas na [[Turai]], sassan [[Sin|China]], [[Japan]] da Koriya. === Yankin Subpolar === Yankunan subpolar sune yanayin yanayi wanda idan aka kwatanta da subtropics suna kan gefen gefen yankin. Sabili da haka, har yanzu suna da yanayi huɗu da aka yi alama ciki har da mai dumi, amma yankunan polar sun fi rinjayar su fiye da kowane yanayi sai dai yanayin polar (tundra da Yanayin kankara). ==== Yanayin subpolar na teku da sanyi na subtropical (Cfc, Cwc) ==== Yankunan da ke da yanayin yanayi na teku suna da yanayin teku amma yawanci suna kusa da yankunan polar. A sakamakon wurin da suke, waɗannan yankuna suna kan ƙarshen yanayin teku. Snowfall ya fi zama ruwan dare a nan fiye da sauran yanayin teku. Yanayin yanayi na subpolar ba su da matsanancin zafin jiki fiye da [[Yanayi na Subarctic|Yanayin yanayi na subarctic]] ko Yanayin yanayi na nahiyar, suna nuna hunturu mai sauƙi fiye da waɗannan yanayin amma har yanzu suna da irin wannan lokacin rani.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}Ana samun wannan bambancin yanayin teku a wasu sassan bakin teku na [[Ayislan|Iceland]], Tsibirin Faroe, sassan [[Scotland]], yankunan arewa maso yammacin [[Norway]] kamar Lofoten kuma suna kaiwa zuwa 70 ° arewa a wasu tsibirai, tsaunuka kusa da bakin tekun kudu maso yammacin Norwegian, Tsibirin Aleutian na [[Alaska]] da sassan arewacin Alaska Panhandle, wasu sassan Kudancin [[Argentina]] da Chile (ko da yawancin yankuna har yanzu ana rarraba su a matsayin yankunan subantarctic na Tasmania, Alps na Kudancin Australia da Alps na Alps na Southern Zealand).  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}Ana samun irin wannan yanayi a yankunan wurare masu zafi kamar su Papuan Highlands a Indonesia. Cfc shine rarraba wannan tsarin mulki. Ko da a tsakiyar lokacin rani, yanayin zafi da ya wuce 20 ° C (68 ° F) abubuwan yanayi ne na musamman a mafi yawan wuraren da wannan mulkin ya shafa.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}A wasu sassan wannan yanayi, an rubuta yanayin zafi har zuwa 30 ° C (86 ° F) a lokuta masu wuya, yayin da yanayin zafi kamar -15 ° C (5 ° F) har yanzu an rubuta shi a lokuta masu yawa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}} Wani nau'i mai sanyi na yanayin tsaunuka masu zafi mai kama da yanayin teku na subpolar yana faruwa a ƙananan yankuna a lardunan Sichuan da Yunnan na kasar Sin, da kuma wasu sassan Altiplano tsakanin [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]], [[Peru]] da [[Chile]], inda lokacin rani ya isa ya zama ''Cwc'' tare da kasa da watanni huɗu sama da {{Convert|10|C|F}} ° C (50 ° F) saboda girman tsawo a waɗannan wurare.<ref name="Peel 2007">{{Cite journal |last=Peel |first=Murray C. |last2=Finlayson |first2=Brian L. |last3=McMahon |first3=Thomas A. |date=11 October 2007 |title=Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/298818/filename/hessd-4-439-2007.pdf |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |language=en |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1633–1644 |bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P |doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 |s2cid=9654551 |access-date=5 December 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> El Alto, [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]] na ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan biranen da aka tabbatar da cewa suna nuna wannan bambancin yanayin sanyi mai zafi. ==== Yanayin sanyi na lokacin rani na Bahar Rum (Csc) ==== Yanayin sanyi na lokacin rani na Bahar Rum (''Csc'') yana nan a yankunan da ke kusa da yankunan ''Csb'' na bakin teku, inda tasirin teku mai ƙarfi ke hana matsakaicin zafin hunturu na kowane wata daga sauka ƙasa da 0 ° C. &nbsp;Duk da tasirin teku, an rarraba su tare da sauran yanayin yanayi na Bahar Rum a cikin rarrabawar Köppen maimakon yanayin yanayi na teku kamar yanayin subtropical highland saboda akasin yanayin ruwan sama. Wannan yanayin yana da wuya kuma ana samun sa a gefen yanayi da yankuna masu nisa na [[Yankin Cascade|Cascades]] da Andes Mountains, yayin da yanayin rani mai bushe ya kara zuwa pole a Amurka fiye da sauran wurare. == Abubuwan da ke tattare da mutane == === Demography, fauna da flora === Yawancin mutane na duniya suna zaune a yankuna masu matsakaici, musamman a Arewacin Hemisphere, saboda yawan ƙasa da rashin matsanancin yanayin zafi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=Joel E. |last2=Small |first2=Christopher |date=24 November 1998 |title=Hypsographic demography: The distribution of human population by altitude |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=95 |issue=24 |pages=14009–14014 |bibcode=1998PNAS...9514009C |doi=10.1073/pnas.95.24.14009 |pmc=24316 |pmid=9826643 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mafi yawan adadin da aka bayyana a cikin yankin da ke da matsakaici ana samun su a [[kudancin Afirka]], inda aka bayyana wasu nau'ikan 24,000 (nau'in da nau'ikan infraspecific).<ref name="ger">{{Cite book|edition=N. L.}}</ref> === Aikin noma === Aikin noma, tsarin aiki na ayyukan noma, babban aiki ne a yankuna masu matsakaici (sai dai yankunan boreal / subarctic) saboda ruwan sama mai yawa da lokacin zafi. Saboda yawancin ayyukan noma suna faruwa a lokacin bazara da rani, hunturu mai sanyi yana da karamin tasiri ga samar da aikin gona. matsanancin hunturu ko lokacin rani suna da babban tasiri a kan yawan aikin gona wanda ba a saba gani ba. === Gidajen birni === Yankunan da ke da matsakaici suna da mafi yawan jama'ar duniya, wanda ke haifar da manyan birane. Akwai dalilai da yawa da ya sa yanayin manyan birane ya bambanta da yanayin yankunan karkara. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka shafi shi ne ƙarfin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa na gine-gine da asphalt, wanda ya fi na ƙasar halitta. Sauran babban abu shine ƙone burbushin burbushin daga gine-gine da motoci. Wadannan dalilai sun haifar da matsakaicin yanayin birane ya zama mai dumi fiye da yankunan da ke kewaye. == Dubi kuma == * Yankin ƙasa * Gida * [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen]] * Tsakiyar latitudes * Yankin da ke kan iyaka * [[Yankunan da ke cikin zafi]] * [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|Yankunan zafi]] * Yankin Yankin Yamma * Yanayin zafi na tsaunuka * Yanayin zafi mai zafi * Yanayin yanayi mai zafi == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p50ztt0599dmikq94qe7tzsejw9lhv6 0 165257 906870 2026-08-24T05:14:01Z Santa MMD 23886 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361957477|Odile van Aanholt]]" 906870 wikitext text/x-wiki Odile van Aanholt (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1998) 'Mai jirgin ruwa ce ta Holland wacce ta kasance Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FX ta 2021. Ita ce, tare da Annette Duetz, ta lashe lambar zinare a gasar Olympics ta Paris ta 2024 a cikin 49er FX na mace. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Van Aanholt a Curaçao kuma ya girma tare da 'yan uwa huɗu waɗanda duk suke tafiya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=24 May 2012 |title=Another Title for Odile van Aanholt |url=https://www.allatsea.net/another-title-for-odile-van-aanholt/ |access-date=31 March 2022 |website=ALL AT SEA |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Odile van Aanholt World Sailing Profile |url=https://members.sailing.org/biog?memberid=386398 |access-date=26 October 2021 |publisher=sailing.org |language=English}}</ref> == Ayyukan jirgin ruwa == A shekara ta 2013, tana da shekaru 14, Van Aanholt ta kasance zakara ta Kudancin Amurka Optimist, <ref name=":0" /> kuma ta dauki matsayi na biyu a [[Wasannin Olympics na Matasa]] na 2014. Sailing World ta ba da cikakken bayani game da horar da ita a cikin Persico 69F a shirye-shiryen gasar cin kofin matasa ta Amurka ta 2021 a Auckland . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reed |first=Dave |date=29 September 2020 |title=Garda's Fantastic Foilers |url=https://www.sailingworld.com/story/racing/gardas-fantastic-foilers/ |access-date=31 March 2022 |website=Sailing World |language=en-US}}</ref> Van Aanholt kuma yana tafiya a cikin 49erFX, yana farawa da farko tare da Marieke Jongens . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Daniel |date=18 April 2019 |title=Hat-trick puts Dutch 49erFX team in pole position at Hempel World Cup Series Genoa - Day 4 |url=https://www.sail-world.com/news/216522/Hempel-World-Cup-Series-Genoa-day-4 |access-date=31 March 2022 |website=www.sail-world.com}}</ref> Ita ce, tare da Elise na Ruijter, Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FX ta 2021 da Gasar Cin kofin Turai ta FX ta 49. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2021 |title=Netherland's Odile van Aanholt and Elise de Ruyter head to penultimate day with a lead in 49er |url=https://www.omansail.com/archives/85300 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331092703/https://www.omansail.com/archives/85300 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |access-date=31 March 2022 |website=Oman Sail |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2021 |title=Wereldtitel voor Nederlands mannen en vrouwen in olympische 49erFX-klasse |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2406497-wereldtitel-voor-nederlands-mannen-en-vrouwen-in-olympische-49erfx-klasse |access-date=21 November 2021 |publisher=nos.nl |language=Dutch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Results 2021 European Championships 49 FXer |url=https://49er.org/event/2021-european-championship/#49erfxresults |access-date=26 October 2021 |publisher=49er.org |language=English}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] 38pr46ryw1sqz39m3p0vqgzgraofkmp 906871 906870 2026-08-24T05:14:17Z Santa MMD 23886 906871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Odile van Aanholt (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1998) 'Mai jirgin ruwa ce ta Holland wacce ta kasance Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FX ta 2021. Ita ce, tare da Annette Duetz, ta lashe lambar zinare a gasar Olympics ta Paris ta 2024 a cikin 49er FX na mace. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Van Aanholt a Curaçao kuma ya girma tare da 'yan uwa huɗu waɗanda duk suke tafiya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=24 May 2012 |title=Another Title for Odile van Aanholt |url=https://www.allatsea.net/another-title-for-odile-van-aanholt/ |access-date=31 March 2022 |website=ALL AT SEA |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Odile van Aanholt World Sailing Profile |url=https://members.sailing.org/biog?memberid=386398 |access-date=26 October 2021 |publisher=sailing.org |language=English}}</ref> == Ayyukan jirgin ruwa == A shekara ta 2013, tana da shekaru 14, Van Aanholt ta kasance zakara ta Kudancin Amurka Optimist, <ref name=":0" /> kuma ta dauki matsayi na biyu a [[Wasannin Olympics na Matasa]] na 2014. Sailing World ta ba da cikakken bayani game da horar da ita a cikin Persico 69F a shirye-shiryen gasar cin kofin matasa ta Amurka ta 2021 a Auckland . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reed |first=Dave |date=29 September 2020 |title=Garda's Fantastic Foilers |url=https://www.sailingworld.com/story/racing/gardas-fantastic-foilers/ |access-date=31 March 2022 |website=Sailing World |language=en-US}}</ref> Van Aanholt kuma yana tafiya a cikin 49erFX, yana farawa da farko tare da Marieke Jongens . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Daniel |date=18 April 2019 |title=Hat-trick puts Dutch 49erFX team in pole position at Hempel World Cup Series Genoa - Day 4 |url=https://www.sail-world.com/news/216522/Hempel-World-Cup-Series-Genoa-day-4 |access-date=31 March 2022 |website=www.sail-world.com}}</ref> Ita ce, tare da Elise na Ruijter, Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FX ta 2021 da Gasar Cin kofin Turai ta FX ta 49. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2021 |title=Netherland's Odile van Aanholt and Elise de Ruyter head to penultimate day with a lead in 49er |url=https://www.omansail.com/archives/85300 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331092703/https://www.omansail.com/archives/85300 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |access-date=31 March 2022 |website=Oman Sail |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2021 |title=Wereldtitel voor Nederlands mannen en vrouwen in olympische 49erFX-klasse |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2406497-wereldtitel-voor-nederlands-mannen-en-vrouwen-in-olympische-49erfx-klasse |access-date=21 November 2021 |publisher=nos.nl |language=Dutch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Results 2021 European Championships 49 FXer |url=https://49er.org/event/2021-european-championship/#49erfxresults |access-date=26 October 2021 |publisher=49er.org |language=English}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] llumje9kjbbwmz8vjhyjy7a7i53bw2t 906874 906871 2026-08-24T05:14:46Z Santa MMD 23886 906874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Odile van Aanholt''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1998) 'Mai jirgin ruwa ce ta Holland wacce ta kasance Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FX ta 2021. Ita ce, tare da Annette Duetz, ta lashe lambar zinare a gasar Olympics ta Paris ta 2024 a cikin 49er FX na mace. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Van Aanholt a Curaçao kuma ya girma tare da 'yan uwa huɗu waɗanda duk suke tafiya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=24 May 2012 |title=Another Title for Odile van Aanholt |url=https://www.allatsea.net/another-title-for-odile-van-aanholt/ |access-date=31 March 2022 |website=ALL AT SEA |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Odile van Aanholt World Sailing Profile |url=https://members.sailing.org/biog?memberid=386398 |access-date=26 October 2021 |publisher=sailing.org |language=English}}</ref> == Ayyukan jirgin ruwa == A shekara ta 2013, tana da shekaru 14, Van Aanholt ta kasance zakara ta Kudancin Amurka Optimist, <ref name=":0" /> kuma ta dauki matsayi na biyu a [[Wasannin Olympics na Matasa]] na 2014. Sailing World ta ba da cikakken bayani game da horar da ita a cikin Persico 69F a shirye-shiryen gasar cin kofin matasa ta Amurka ta 2021 a Auckland . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reed |first=Dave |date=29 September 2020 |title=Garda's Fantastic Foilers |url=https://www.sailingworld.com/story/racing/gardas-fantastic-foilers/ |access-date=31 March 2022 |website=Sailing World |language=en-US}}</ref> Van Aanholt kuma yana tafiya a cikin 49erFX, yana farawa da farko tare da Marieke Jongens . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Daniel |date=18 April 2019 |title=Hat-trick puts Dutch 49erFX team in pole position at Hempel World Cup Series Genoa - Day 4 |url=https://www.sail-world.com/news/216522/Hempel-World-Cup-Series-Genoa-day-4 |access-date=31 March 2022 |website=www.sail-world.com}}</ref> Ita ce, tare da Elise na Ruijter, Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FX ta 2021 da Gasar Cin kofin Turai ta FX ta 49. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2021 |title=Netherland's Odile van Aanholt and Elise de Ruyter head to penultimate day with a lead in 49er |url=https://www.omansail.com/archives/85300 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331092703/https://www.omansail.com/archives/85300 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |access-date=31 March 2022 |website=Oman Sail |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2021 |title=Wereldtitel voor Nederlands mannen en vrouwen in olympische 49erFX-klasse |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2406497-wereldtitel-voor-nederlands-mannen-en-vrouwen-in-olympische-49erfx-klasse |access-date=21 November 2021 |publisher=nos.nl |language=Dutch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Results 2021 European Championships 49 FXer |url=https://49er.org/event/2021-european-championship/#49erfxresults |access-date=26 October 2021 |publisher=49er.org |language=English}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] 6c6elp60pb2jmxg0ufhy3ssxvlun8jx 906876 906874 2026-08-24T05:15:49Z Santa MMD 23886 /* Bayanan da aka ambata */ 906876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Odile van Aanholt''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1998) 'Mai jirgin ruwa ce ta Holland wacce ta kasance Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FX ta 2021. Ita ce, tare da Annette Duetz, ta lashe lambar zinare a gasar Olympics ta Paris ta 2024 a cikin 49er FX na mace. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Van Aanholt a Curaçao kuma ya girma tare da 'yan uwa huɗu waɗanda duk suke tafiya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=24 May 2012 |title=Another Title for Odile van Aanholt |url=https://www.allatsea.net/another-title-for-odile-van-aanholt/ |access-date=31 March 2022 |website=ALL AT SEA |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Odile van Aanholt World Sailing Profile |url=https://members.sailing.org/biog?memberid=386398 |access-date=26 October 2021 |publisher=sailing.org |language=English}}</ref> == Ayyukan jirgin ruwa == A shekara ta 2013, tana da shekaru 14, Van Aanholt ta kasance zakara ta Kudancin Amurka Optimist, <ref name=":0" /> kuma ta dauki matsayi na biyu a [[Wasannin Olympics na Matasa]] na 2014. Sailing World ta ba da cikakken bayani game da horar da ita a cikin Persico 69F a shirye-shiryen gasar cin kofin matasa ta Amurka ta 2021 a Auckland . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reed |first=Dave |date=29 September 2020 |title=Garda's Fantastic Foilers |url=https://www.sailingworld.com/story/racing/gardas-fantastic-foilers/ |access-date=31 March 2022 |website=Sailing World |language=en-US}}</ref> Van Aanholt kuma yana tafiya a cikin 49erFX, yana farawa da farko tare da Marieke Jongens . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Daniel |date=18 April 2019 |title=Hat-trick puts Dutch 49erFX team in pole position at Hempel World Cup Series Genoa - Day 4 |url=https://www.sail-world.com/news/216522/Hempel-World-Cup-Series-Genoa-day-4 |access-date=31 March 2022 |website=www.sail-world.com}}</ref> Ita ce, tare da Elise na Ruijter, Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FX ta 2021 da Gasar Cin kofin Turai ta FX ta 49. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2021 |title=Netherland's Odile van Aanholt and Elise de Ruyter head to penultimate day with a lead in 49er |url=https://www.omansail.com/archives/85300 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331092703/https://www.omansail.com/archives/85300 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |access-date=31 March 2022 |website=Oman Sail |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2021 |title=Wereldtitel voor Nederlands mannen en vrouwen in olympische 49erFX-klasse |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2406497-wereldtitel-voor-nederlands-mannen-en-vrouwen-in-olympische-49erfx-klasse |access-date=21 November 2021 |publisher=nos.nl |language=Dutch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Results 2021 European Championships 49 FXer |url=https://49er.org/event/2021-european-championship/#49erfxresults |access-date=26 October 2021 |publisher=49er.org |language=English}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} ==External links== * {{World Sailing|odile-van-aanholt|id=NEDOV6}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20230126133818/https://data-isaf.soticcloud.net/biog.php?memberid=386398 archive]) * {{Olympics.com|odile-van-aanholt}} * {{Olympedia}} * {{InterSportStats}} * {{TeamNL|odile-van-aanholt|old_id=6445-odile-van-aanholt}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] fcmre80vsjk8pai00bll9xqufs69sah 0 165258 906879 2026-08-24T05:17:24Z Santa MMD 23886 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364574940|Maren Nyland Aardahl]]" 906879 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maren Nyland Aardahl''' (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1994) 'yar wasan kwallon hannu ce ta ƙasar Norway a Odense Håndbold <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maren Nyland Aardahl Profile |url=https://www.eurohandball.com/en/player/904no2snLZDTmePKcItgLA/maren-nyland-aardahl/ |access-date=28 November 2021 |publisher=[[European Handball Federation]]}}</ref> da kuma tawagar ƙasar Norway. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Profiler |url=https://www.handball.no/regioner/nhf-sentralt/kampaktivitet/landslag/handballjentene/profiler/ |access-date=28 November 2021 |publisher=[[Norwegian Handball Federation]] |language=Norwegian}}</ref> Aardahl ta fara aikinta a matsayin baya, amma ta sake horar da ita a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa. Har ila yau, tana da lambobin yabo daga fafatawa a gasar kwallon hannu ta bakin teku ta Norway. Baya ga kwallon hannu na yau da kullun, Aardahl kuma yana buga kwallon hannu na rairayin bakin teku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VIII Women's Beach Handball World Championship Russia (Kazan) Preliminary Round - Group D |url=https://archive.ihf.info/files/CompetitionData/781beb99-b19a-4104-be32-4fe66826ed09/pdf/23OMR.pdf |access-date=13 March 2025 |website=archive.ihf.info |publisher=[[International Handball Federation]]}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Aardahl ta fara wasa a kulob dinta na Byåsen IL kuma ta shiga babbar kungiyar a shekarar 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SPILLERPROFIL: Maren Nyland Aardahl |trans-title=Player profile: Maren Nyland Aardahl |url=https://byaasen.no/2016/10/04/spillerprofil-maren-nyland-aardahl/ |access-date=20 March 2020 |website=byaasen.no |publisher=[[Byåsen IL]] |language=NO}}</ref> A lokacin rani na 2019 ta koma Kungiyar Bundesliga ta Jamus SG BBM Bietigheim . Ta taka leda a can na kakar wasa daya, kafin ta sauya zuwa kungiyar Romania SCM Râmnicu Vâlcea . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Norwegerin Maren Aardahl verlässt Handball Bundesliga Frauen |trans-title=Norwegian Maren Aardahl comes to the women's Bundesliga |url=https://www.handball-world.news/o.red.r/news-1-2-1-39776.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213231006/https://www.handball-world.news/o.red.r/news-1-2-1-39776.html |archive-date=13 December 2022 |access-date=20 March 2020 |publisher=handball-world.news |language=de}}</ref> Shekara guda bayan haka ta sanya hannu ga ƙungiyar Danish Odense Håndbold . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Odense announced the transfer of Norwegian lineplayer |url=http://timeoutmag.com/2021/02/18/odense-announced-the-transfer-of-norwegian-lineplayer/ |access-date=6 March 2021 |publisher=timeoutmag.com}}</ref> A cikin kakar 2024-25, ta sami cikakkiyar kakar wasa ta yau da kullun tare da Odense Håndbold, inda ta lashe wasanni 26 daga cikin wasanni 26. Daga baya a wannan kakar ta lashe gasar zakarun Denmark, lokacin da Odense ta doke Team Esbjerg a wasan karshe 2-1 a wasanni. A ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2021 ta buga wasan farko na tawagar kasar Norway a nasarar da ta samu a kan Slovenia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Seier også i den andre kampen mot Slovenia |trans-title=Victory again in the second match against Slovenia |url=https://www.handball.no/nyheter/2021/10/Seier-ogsa-i-den-andre-kampen-mot-Slovenia/ |access-date=11 October 2021 |publisher=handballold.no |language=NO}}</ref> Nan da nan bayan ta kasance a cikin tawagar Norway wacce ta lashe gasar zakarun kwallon hannu ta mata ta duniya ta 2021 a Spain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=De viktigste fakta fra VM i Spania |trans-title=The most important facts from World Cup in Spain |url=https://www.handball.no/nyheter/2021/12/oppsummering-av-vm-i-spania/ |access-date=20 December 2021 |website=handball.no |publisher=[[Norwegian Handball Federation]] |language=NO}}</ref> A gasar zakarun Turai ta 2022, ita da Norway sun lashe zinare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Norway |url=https://ehfeuro.eurohandball.com/women/2022/teams/details/ZjQ56csV15kK1DGDz11m4Q/norway/ |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=ehfeuro.eurohandball.com |publisher=[[European Handball Federation]]}}</ref> Shekara guda bayan haka, ta lashe lambobin azurfa a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2023, inda ta sha kashi a Faransa a wasan karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Frankrike verdensmester - sølv til Håndballjentene |url=https://www.handball.no/nyheter/2023/12/frankrike-verdensmester---solv-til-handballjentene/ |access-date=25 December 2023 |publisher=handball.no |language=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=26th IHF Women's World Championship: Norway |url=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/29fa120a-f09a-4648-8ce7-963c3618fc5f/pdf/NORTOTAL.PDF?n=1703329694 |access-date=25 December 2023 |website=ihf.info |publisher=[[International Handball Federation]]}}</ref> A Wasannin Olympics na 2024, ta lashe lambobin zinare tare da tawagar Norway, ta kammala jerin sunayen sarauta na kasa da kasa. Daga baya a wannan shekarar ta lashe gasar zakarun Turai ta 2024, inda ta doke Denmark a wasan karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Håndballjentene er europamestere! |url=https://www.handball.no/nyheter/2024/12/handballjentene-er-europamestere/ |access-date=4 January 2025 |publisher=handball.no |language=no}}</ref> A Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2025 ta kasance daga cikin tawagar Norway da ta lashe lambobin zinare na Kofin Duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2025 |title=To debutanter i Gjekstads VM-tropp |url=https://www.handball.no/nyheter/2025/11/to-debutanter-i-gjekstads-vm-tropp/ |access-date=5 November 2025 |website=[[Norwegian Handball Federation|NHF]] |language=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2025 |title=Norge vinder VM-guld efter dramatisk finale |url=https://sport.tv2.dk/live/haandbold/2025-12-14-norge-vinder-vm-guld-efter-dramatisk-finale |access-date=2025-12-15 |publisher=TV2 Danmar |language=da}}</ref> == Nasarorin da aka samu == * '''Wasannin Olympics''': ** ''Wanda ya ci nasara:'' 2024 * '''Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya''': ** ''Wanda ya ci nasara'': 2021, 2025 ** ''Wanda ya lashe lambar azurfa:'' 2023 * '''Gasar Turai''' ** ''Wanda ya ci nasara'': 2022, 2024 * '''Gasar Zakarun Turai ta EHF''': ** ''Azurfa'': 2025 * '''Kungiyar Norway''': ** ''Wanda ya lashe lambar azurfa'': 2012/2013, 2013/2014 * '''Ƙungiyar Danish''': ** ''Wanda ya ci nasara'': 2020/2021, 2021/2022, 2024/2025 ** ''Azurfa'': 2026 == Kyaututtuka na mutum == * All-Star Mafi kyawun Mai Tsaro na Ƙungiyar Romania: 2021 == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Maren Nyland Aardahla cikinƘungiyar Kwallon hannu ta Duniya (an adana shi) * Maren Nyland Aardahla cikinƘungiyar Kwallon hannu ta Turai (kuma aTarihin EHF) * [https://handballold.nif.no/Statistikk_Landskamper.asp?SpillerId=234699 Maren Nyland Aardahl] a Ƙungiyar Kwallon hannu ta Norway (a cikin{{In lang|no}}) * Maren AardahlaOlympics.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20241006134335/https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/maren-aardahl_1878518 Maren Aardahl] a gasar Olympics ta Paris 2024 (an adana shi, [https://paris2024.rtve.es/es/paris-2024/atleta/maren-aardahl_1878518 madadin hanyar haɗi]) * Maren Aardahla kanInstagram [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] ok5qdxfio6intr7vug8gy1hi1448lq8 906880 906879 2026-08-24T05:17:39Z Santa MMD 23886 906880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Maren Nyland Aardahl''' (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1994) 'yar wasan kwallon hannu ce ta ƙasar Norway a Odense Håndbold <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maren Nyland Aardahl Profile |url=https://www.eurohandball.com/en/player/904no2snLZDTmePKcItgLA/maren-nyland-aardahl/ |access-date=28 November 2021 |publisher=[[European Handball Federation]]}}</ref> da kuma tawagar ƙasar Norway. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Profiler |url=https://www.handball.no/regioner/nhf-sentralt/kampaktivitet/landslag/handballjentene/profiler/ |access-date=28 November 2021 |publisher=[[Norwegian Handball Federation]] |language=Norwegian}}</ref> Aardahl ta fara aikinta a matsayin baya, amma ta sake horar da ita a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa. Har ila yau, tana da lambobin yabo daga fafatawa a gasar kwallon hannu ta bakin teku ta Norway. Baya ga kwallon hannu na yau da kullun, Aardahl kuma yana buga kwallon hannu na rairayin bakin teku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VIII Women's Beach Handball World Championship Russia (Kazan) Preliminary Round - Group D |url=https://archive.ihf.info/files/CompetitionData/781beb99-b19a-4104-be32-4fe66826ed09/pdf/23OMR.pdf |access-date=13 March 2025 |website=archive.ihf.info |publisher=[[International Handball Federation]]}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Aardahl ta fara wasa a kulob dinta na Byåsen IL kuma ta shiga babbar kungiyar a shekarar 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SPILLERPROFIL: Maren Nyland Aardahl |trans-title=Player profile: Maren Nyland Aardahl |url=https://byaasen.no/2016/10/04/spillerprofil-maren-nyland-aardahl/ |access-date=20 March 2020 |website=byaasen.no |publisher=[[Byåsen IL]] |language=NO}}</ref> A lokacin rani na 2019 ta koma Kungiyar Bundesliga ta Jamus SG BBM Bietigheim . Ta taka leda a can na kakar wasa daya, kafin ta sauya zuwa kungiyar Romania SCM Râmnicu Vâlcea . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Norwegerin Maren Aardahl verlässt Handball Bundesliga Frauen |trans-title=Norwegian Maren Aardahl comes to the women's Bundesliga |url=https://www.handball-world.news/o.red.r/news-1-2-1-39776.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213231006/https://www.handball-world.news/o.red.r/news-1-2-1-39776.html |archive-date=13 December 2022 |access-date=20 March 2020 |publisher=handball-world.news |language=de}}</ref> Shekara guda bayan haka ta sanya hannu ga ƙungiyar Danish Odense Håndbold . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Odense announced the transfer of Norwegian lineplayer |url=http://timeoutmag.com/2021/02/18/odense-announced-the-transfer-of-norwegian-lineplayer/ |access-date=6 March 2021 |publisher=timeoutmag.com}}</ref> A cikin kakar 2024-25, ta sami cikakkiyar kakar wasa ta yau da kullun tare da Odense Håndbold, inda ta lashe wasanni 26 daga cikin wasanni 26. Daga baya a wannan kakar ta lashe gasar zakarun Denmark, lokacin da Odense ta doke Team Esbjerg a wasan karshe 2-1 a wasanni. A ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2021 ta buga wasan farko na tawagar kasar Norway a nasarar da ta samu a kan Slovenia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Seier også i den andre kampen mot Slovenia |trans-title=Victory again in the second match against Slovenia |url=https://www.handball.no/nyheter/2021/10/Seier-ogsa-i-den-andre-kampen-mot-Slovenia/ |access-date=11 October 2021 |publisher=handballold.no |language=NO}}</ref> Nan da nan bayan ta kasance a cikin tawagar Norway wacce ta lashe gasar zakarun kwallon hannu ta mata ta duniya ta 2021 a Spain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=De viktigste fakta fra VM i Spania |trans-title=The most important facts from World Cup in Spain |url=https://www.handball.no/nyheter/2021/12/oppsummering-av-vm-i-spania/ |access-date=20 December 2021 |website=handball.no |publisher=[[Norwegian Handball Federation]] |language=NO}}</ref> A gasar zakarun Turai ta 2022, ita da Norway sun lashe zinare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Norway |url=https://ehfeuro.eurohandball.com/women/2022/teams/details/ZjQ56csV15kK1DGDz11m4Q/norway/ |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=ehfeuro.eurohandball.com |publisher=[[European Handball Federation]]}}</ref> Shekara guda bayan haka, ta lashe lambobin azurfa a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2023, inda ta sha kashi a Faransa a wasan karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Frankrike verdensmester - sølv til Håndballjentene |url=https://www.handball.no/nyheter/2023/12/frankrike-verdensmester---solv-til-handballjentene/ |access-date=25 December 2023 |publisher=handball.no |language=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=26th IHF Women's World Championship: Norway |url=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/29fa120a-f09a-4648-8ce7-963c3618fc5f/pdf/NORTOTAL.PDF?n=1703329694 |access-date=25 December 2023 |website=ihf.info |publisher=[[International Handball Federation]]}}</ref> A Wasannin Olympics na 2024, ta lashe lambobin zinare tare da tawagar Norway, ta kammala jerin sunayen sarauta na kasa da kasa. Daga baya a wannan shekarar ta lashe gasar zakarun Turai ta 2024, inda ta doke Denmark a wasan karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Håndballjentene er europamestere! |url=https://www.handball.no/nyheter/2024/12/handballjentene-er-europamestere/ |access-date=4 January 2025 |publisher=handball.no |language=no}}</ref> A Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2025 ta kasance daga cikin tawagar Norway da ta lashe lambobin zinare na Kofin Duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2025 |title=To debutanter i Gjekstads VM-tropp |url=https://www.handball.no/nyheter/2025/11/to-debutanter-i-gjekstads-vm-tropp/ |access-date=5 November 2025 |website=[[Norwegian Handball Federation|NHF]] |language=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2025 |title=Norge vinder VM-guld efter dramatisk finale |url=https://sport.tv2.dk/live/haandbold/2025-12-14-norge-vinder-vm-guld-efter-dramatisk-finale |access-date=2025-12-15 |publisher=TV2 Danmar |language=da}}</ref> == Nasarorin da aka samu == * '''Wasannin Olympics''': ** ''Wanda ya ci nasara:'' 2024 * '''Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya''': ** ''Wanda ya ci nasara'': 2021, 2025 ** ''Wanda ya lashe lambar azurfa:'' 2023 * '''Gasar Turai''' ** ''Wanda ya ci nasara'': 2022, 2024 * '''Gasar Zakarun Turai ta EHF''': ** ''Azurfa'': 2025 * '''Kungiyar Norway''': ** ''Wanda ya lashe lambar azurfa'': 2012/2013, 2013/2014 * '''Ƙungiyar Danish''': ** ''Wanda ya ci nasara'': 2020/2021, 2021/2022, 2024/2025 ** ''Azurfa'': 2026 == Kyaututtuka na mutum == * All-Star Mafi kyawun Mai Tsaro na Ƙungiyar Romania: 2021 == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Maren Nyland Aardahla cikinƘungiyar Kwallon hannu ta Duniya (an adana shi) * Maren Nyland Aardahla cikinƘungiyar Kwallon hannu ta Turai (kuma aTarihin EHF) * [https://handballold.nif.no/Statistikk_Landskamper.asp?SpillerId=234699 Maren Nyland Aardahl] a Ƙungiyar Kwallon hannu ta Norway (a cikin{{In lang|no}}) * Maren AardahlaOlympics.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20241006134335/https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/maren-aardahl_1878518 Maren Aardahl] a gasar Olympics ta Paris 2024 (an adana shi, [https://paris2024.rtve.es/es/paris-2024/atleta/maren-aardahl_1878518 madadin hanyar haɗi]) * Maren Aardahla kanInstagram [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] 448jqt1lss298c2pix6njnqljhgvdtj 0 165259 906883 2026-08-24T05:23:37Z Santa MMD 23886 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364505361|Bashir Abdi]]" 906883 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bashir Abdi''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1989) <ref name="WAprofile">{{Cite web |title=Bashir ABDI – Athlete Profile |url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/belgium/bashir-abdi-14375137 |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref> ɗan wasan tsere ne na Belgium. Ya lashe lambobin tagulla a Marathon a gasar Olympics ta Tokyo ta 2020 da Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2022 da azurfa a gasar Olympics na bazara ta 2024. A yin haka, Abdi ya zama na farko da ya lashe lambar yabo a gasar zakarun duniya ta Belgium a marathon kuma ɗan wasan Belgium na farko da zai lashe lambar yabo ta mutum a duka wasannin Olympics da kuma gasar zakaruna ta duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2022 |title=Ethiopa's Tola takes dominant marathon gold |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/ethiopas-tola-takes-marathon-gold-2022-07-17/ |access-date=18 July 2022 |website=Reuters.com |language=en}}</ref> Ya yi ikirarin azurfa a tseren Mita 10,000 a Gasar Zakarun Turai ta 2018. Ya kammala na biyu da na uku a 2020 Tokyo Marathon da 2022 London Marathon bi da bi. Abdi shine mai riƙe da rikodin Turai don marathon. Har ila yau, waƙa riƙe da rikodin Belgium a cikin rabin marathon da sa'a ɗaya, kuma mafi kyawun duniya a cikin Mita 20,000 da ba a taɓa yin hamayya da shi ba, da kuma rikodin ƙasar Belgium don marathon a cikin rukunin M35. == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Abdi ne a El Afweyn, [[Somaliland]], wani gari da galibi dangin Habr Ni'lo na dangin Isaaq ke zaune.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=February 2016 |title=EASO Country of Origin Information Report Somalia - Security Situation |url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1158113/1226_1457606427_easo-somalia-security-feb-2016.pdf |journal=European Asylum Support Office |pages=72 |quote=The Ceel Afweyn district is mainly inhabited by the Isaaq subclan Habar Jeelo.}}</ref> Lokacin da yake dan shekara takwas, iyalinsa suka koma [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]]. Daga nan sai ya kwashe shekara daya da rabi a [[Itofiya|Habasha]], kafin ya zauna a Belgium, inda mahaifiyarsa ta fara tsarin sake haɗuwa da iyali bayan ya sami amincewa a matsayin ɗan gudun hijira na siyasa.<ref name="De Afspraak">{{Cite web |date=2021-08-21 |title=Bashir Abdi: from Somalian refugee to Belgian Olympic bronze medallist |url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/en/2021/08/08/basir-adil-from-somalian-refugee-to-belgian-olympic-bronze-meda/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |publisher=[[VRT (broadcaster)|VRT NWS]]}}</ref> A can, yana da shekaru 16, ya fara horo a Racing Club Gent Athletics, yana bin ɗan'uwansa Ibrahim . Mahaifiyarsa koyaushe tana tallafa masa kasancewa ɗan wasa lokacin da babu wani a cikin iyalinsa zai yi kuma lokacin da ta mutu daga ciwon daji a shekara ta 2011, a ranar ta ƙarshe, ta burge 'ya'yanta cewa kamar yadda "wannan ƙasa ta yi ma'ana sosai ga ku duka, ku kasance mutane masu kyau".<ref name="De Afspraak" /> Abdi ta yi aure kuma tana da 'yar, Kadra, an haife ta 2018, da ɗa Ibrahim; an haife shi 2020. Shi ne co-kafa kuma mataimakin shugaban kungiyar ba da riba Sportaround, wanda ke shirya ayyukan wasanni bayan makaranta ga yara a Ghent . Ya kuma kafa Asusun Bashir Abdi tare da Asibitin Jami'ar Ghent, wanda ke tallafawa shirye-shirye don tallafawa masu ba da kiwon lafiya a jiki da tunani.<ref name="doctorate">{{Cite web |date=9 February 2026 |title=Bashir Abdi receives honorary doctorate from Ghent University |url=https://www.ugent.be/en/news-events/dies-natalis-2026.htm |access-date=8 March 2026 |website=[[Ghent University]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan gudu == === 2014–2017 === Abdi ya shiga tseren Mita 10,000 a Gasar Zakarun Turai ta 2014 tare da lokacin da aka kafa a ranar 4 ga Mayu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2014 |title=EK atletiek: Bashir Abdi wordt vijfde in 10 kilometer |url=http://nl.metrotime.be/2014/08/13/news/ek-atletiek-bashir-abdi-wordt-vijfde-in-10-kilometer/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819083953/http://nl.metrotime.be/2014/08/13/news/ek-atletiek-bashir-abdi-wordt-vijfde-in-10-kilometer/ |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=18 August 2014 |website=Metrotime.be}}</ref> Ya kammala na biyar a taron.<ref name="WAprofile" /> A watan Mayu 2015, ya cancanci gasar Olympics ta Rio ta 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2015 |title=Abdi loopt olympische limiet 10.000 meter |url=http://sporza.be/cm/sporza/atletiek/1.2327228 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201323/http://sporza.be/cm/sporza/atletiek/1.2327228 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=4 May 2015 |website=Sporza.be |language=nl}}</ref> A wasannin, Abdi ya yi gasa a duka maza 5000 m da 10,000 m. Ya gama 20th a cikin 10,000 m karshe, tseren da Mo Farah na Burtaniya ya lashe.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A shekara ta 2017, ya fafata a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta London 2017 a cikin Wasanni a tseren maza 5000 m, inda ya kasance na shida a cikin zafi.&nbsp; === 2018-2019: Farawar aikin marathon === A cikin 2018, Abdi ya fara tseren marathon a Rotterdam Marathon, ya zama na bakwai tare da lokaci na 2:10:46. Kenneth Kipkemoi na Kenya ne ya lashe tseren a cikin 2:05:44. [1] A watan Agusta na wannan shekarar, ya lashe azurfa a tseren mita 10,000 a Gasar Zakarun Turai ta 2018.[2] A cikin kaka Abdi ya yi tseren hanyoyi da yawa ya sanya na uku a Great North Run rabin marathon a cikin 1:00:42, na huɗu a Dam tot Damloop 10 miler a 46:08, na biyar a Nijmegen Zevenheuloop 15 km a cikin 43:40 kuma na uku a 's-Heerenberg Montferland Run 15 km a 43:40. [[Fayil:Mo_Farah,_Bashir_Abdi_and_Daniel_Wanjiru,_2019_London_Half_Marathon,_10_March_2019.jpg|left|thumb|Mo Farah, Abdi da Daniel Wanjiru, The Big Half a London a cikin 2019.]] A cikin 2019, ya kasance na biyu a Big Half Marathon a London tare da lokaci na 1:01:16 a cikin kusa da wanda ya lashe tseren Mo Farah da na uku Daniel Wanjiru . Abdi daga nan ya shiga gasar Marathon na London, ya zama na bakwai a cikin 2:07:03 a cikin tseren da Eliud Kipchoge na Kenya ya lashe a cikin 2:02:37. A watan Agusta, ya kasance na biyu a Beach to Beacon 10 km a Amurka, ya gama a 28:35. &nbsp;Alex Korio na Kenya ne ya fara lashe tseren, duk da haka an kore shi. Jairus Birech ya zo na biyu. Abdi ya koma [[Newcastle|Newcastle a kan Tyne]] inda ya sake tseren tseren tsere na Great North Run, ya kammala na biyar a cikin lokaci na 1:01:11, Farah ya lashe tseren. A watan Oktoba, Abdi ya gudu a cikin Marathon na Chicago, ya kasance na biyar tare da lokaci na 2:06:14, Lawrence Cherono na Kenya ya lashe tseren a cikin 2:05:45 a cikin tseren tsere. Abdi na gaba ya yi tsere a Montferland Run 15 km, ya kammala na biyar a cikin lokaci na 42:29. &nbsp;A ranar Sabuwar Shekara a Spain ya lashe San Silvestre Vallecana 10k m a [[Madrid]] tare da lokaci na 27:47.&nbsp; === 2020-yanzu: Ci gaban Marathon === Abdi ya bude yakin neman zabe na 2020 ta hanyar lashe Egmond Half Marathon . Daga nan sai ya sami matsayi na farko na marathon ta hanyar zama na biyu a cikin Tokyo Marathon a cikin sabon mafi kyawun lokaci na 2:04:49. Ya wuce Sisay Lemma na Habasha a cikin matakan rufewa don kammala a bayan mai cin nasara na Habasha [[Birhanu Legese]], wanda ya gudu da lokaci na 2:04:15. Abdi ya koma waƙa a watan Satumba yana fafatawa a Memorial Van Damme a cikin tseren awa daya. Ya gudu mafi yawan tseren tare da Farah, ya jagoranci kuma ya kafa rikodin Turai a 20,000 m na 56:20.02. &nbsp;Ya kammala na biyu a bayan Farah inda ya kafa alamar mita 21,322. [[Fayil:Bashir_Abdi_at_2023_Rotterdam_Marathon2.jpg|thumb|Bashir Abdi ya kafa rikodin Turai a Marathon na Rotterdam na 2021. A cikin 2023 (hoton), ya sake dawo da matsayinsa.]] A shekarar 2021, Abdi ya zo na biyu bayan Farah a gasar rabin marathon ta kasa da kasa ta Djibouti da minti 1:03:11. Daga nan ya zo na biyu a gasar Turai ta 10,000<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mw1A">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>Kofin m a [[Birmingham]] a cikin sabon mafi kyawun mutum na 27:24.41. Wannan aikin ya cancanci ya zama zakara ta 10,000&nbsp;taron m a gasar Olympics ta Tokyo ta 2020 da aka jinkirta. Duk da haka, ya mayar da hankali kan tseren marathon a Wasannin, inda ya lashe lambar tagulla da kuma lambar yabo ta farko ga Belgium a gasar tseren marathon ta Olympics tun bayan lambar yabo ta Karel Lismont shekaru 45 da suka gabata. <ref name="De Afspraak" /> Kammala tseren marathon ya samar da ɗaya daga cikin hotuna mafi ɗorewa na gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2020 yayin da abokin Abdi, ɗan wasan Holland kuma wanda ya lashe lambar azurfa, Abdi Nageeye, wanda shi ma ɗan asalin Somaliya ne, ya yi ta murna tare da ƙarfafa abokin horon sa na Belgium da ya gaji da zama tare da shi yayin da suke fafatawa don samun lambobin yabo tare da Lawrence Cherono na Kenya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-07 |title=Marathon runner Abdi Nageeye reflects on his 'emotional' act of Olympic sportsmanship |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/11/07/sport/abdi-nageeye-nyc-marathon-tokyo-olympics-moment-spt-intl/index.html |access-date=2024-08-22 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> A watan Oktoba, Abdi ya lashe gasar Marathon ta Rotterdam da aka sake tsarawa, inda ya kafa tarihi a Turai da lokaci na 2:03:36. <ref name="2022RM" /> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2022, ya kasance na huɗu a Rotterdam Marathon . <ref name="2022RM">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-10 |title=Nageeye and Hailu triumph at Rotterdam Marathon |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-label-road-races/news/rotterdam-marathon-2022-nageeye-hailu |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref> A watan Yulin wannan shekarar, Abdi ya lashe tagulla ta duniya ta biyu a jere a cikin marathon a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2022 da aka gudanar a [[Eugene, Oregon]], a 2:06:48.<ref name="WAprofile" /> Ya sami lambar yabo ta biyu a Marathon Major ta Duniya ta hanyar kammala ta uku a Marathon na London a watan Oktoba tare da lokaci na 2:05:19 .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crumley |first=Euan |date=2022-10-02 |title=Kipruto's closing kick lands him London Marathon prize |url=https://athleticsweekly.com/event-reports/kiprutos-closing-kick-lands-him-london-marathon-prize-1039961389/ |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=[[Athletics Weekly|AW]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2023, Abdi ya sake samun lambar yabo ta Rotterdam Marathon a cikin lokaci na 2:03:47, yana nuna mummunan rabuwa na biyu na 61:32, yana sa lokaci na biyu mafi sauri a Turai a tarihi yayin da ya rasa rikodin kansa na nahiyar da sakan 11 kawai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2023 |title=Abdi triumphs in the Rotterdam Marathon in a world leading 2:03:47 |url=https://www.european-athletics.com/news/abdi-triumphs-in-the-rotterdam-marathon-in-a-world-leading-2-03-47 |access-date=16 April 2023 |website=[[European Athletics]]}}</ref> A farkon shekara ta 2024, Abdi, yayin da yake horo a Habasha, ya sha wahala kuma an tilasta masa ya katse horo na makonni 6, ya hana shi gudanar da marathon na bazara a shirye-shiryen wasannin Olympics na 2024 a [[Faris|Paris, Faransa]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2024 |title=Bashir Abdi loopt blessure op en trekt streep door voorjaarsmarathon |url=https://www.atni.be/2024/01/31/bashir-abdi-loopt-blessure-op-en-trekt-streep-door-voorjaarsmarathon/ |access-date=22 August 2024 |publisher=Atletieknieuws |language=dutch}}</ref> Ya koma gasar a cikin Great Manchester Run, tserensa na farko tun lokacin da ya ji rauni, kuma ya kafa rikodin Belgium a cikin kilomita 10 a kan hanya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2024 |title=Belgium's road to Olympic gold: the marathon |url=https://www.belganewsagency.eu/belgiums-road-to-olympic-gold-marathon |access-date=22 August 2024 |publisher=[[Belga (news agency)|Belga]]}}</ref> &nbsp;A Wasannin Olympics na bazara na 2024, ya kammala na biyu, inda ya lashe lambar azurfa ta Belgium kawai a wasannin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2024 |title=Ethiopia's late sub Tola wins marathon in Olympic record in brutal conditions over hugely challenging course |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/report/paris-2024-olympics-report-men-marathon |access-date=22 August 2024 |publisher=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref> Tare da lokacinsa na 2:06:47 ya kuma karya rikodin ƙasar Belgium don marathon a cikin rukunin M35. A cikin 2025, Abdi ya yi gasa a cikin Marathon na Chicago, ya kammala na 10 tare da lokaci na 2:07:08.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2025 |title=Bank of America Chicago Marathon: Results |url=https://results.chicagomarathon.com/2025/?pid=list |access-date=16 October 2025 |website=Bank of America Chicago Marathon}}</ref> == Kididdiga == [[Fayil:2018_European_Athletics_Championships_Day_2_(22).jpg|thumb|Abdi ya dauki azurfa don tseren mita 10,000 a Gasar Zakarun Turai ta 2018 a Berlin.]] === Rubuce-rubucen gasa === {|{{AchievementTable}} |- !colspan=6|Representing {{BEL}} |- |2010 |[[2010 European Cross Country Championships|European Cross Country Championships]] |[[Albufeira]], Portugal |41st |[[2010 European Cross Country Championships#Under-23 men|U23 race]] |25:25 |- |2011 |[[2011 European Athletics U23 Championships|European U23 Championships]] |[[Ostrava]], Czech Republic |15th |[[2011 European Athletics U23 Championships – Men's 5000 metres|5000 m]] |14:30.52 |- |rowspan=3|2012 |rowspan=2|[[2012 European Athletics Championships|European Championships]] |rowspan=2|[[Helsinki]], Finland |8th |[[2012 European Athletics Championships – Men's 5000 metres|5000 m]] |13:39.01 |- |4th |[[2012 European Athletics Championships – Men's 10,000 metres|10,000 m]] |28:23.72 |- |[[2012 European Cross Country Championships|European Cross Country Championships]] |[[Szentendre]], Hungary |9th |[[2012 European Cross Country Championships#Senior men|Senior race]] |30:26 |- |rowspan=3|2013 |[[2013 European Athletics Team Championships|European Team Championships First League]] |[[Dublin]], Ireland |bgcolor=gold|1st |[[2013 European Athletics Team Championships#Men's events 2|5000 m]] |14:52.78 |- |[[2013 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[Moscow]], Russia |23rd |[[2013 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 10,000 metres|10,000 m]] |28:41.69 |- |[[2013 European Cross Country Championships|European Cross Country Championships]] |[[Belgrade]], Serbia |8th |[[2013 European Cross Country Championships#Senior men|Senior race]] |29:53 |- |rowspan=2|2014 |rowspan=2|[[2014 European Athletics Championships|European Championships]] |rowspan=2|[[Zürich]], Switzerland |5th |[[2014 European Athletics Championships – Men's 10,000 metres|10,000 m]] |28:13.61 |- |16th |[[2014 European Athletics Championships – Men's 5000 metres|5000 m]] |14:24.73 |- |rowspan=3|2015 |[[2015 European Athletics Team Championships|European Team Championships First League]] |[[Heraklion]], Greece |bgcolor=gold|1st |[[2015 European Athletics Team Championships#Men's events 2|5000 m]] |15:17.47 |- |rowspan=2|[[2015 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |rowspan=2|[[Beijing]], China |– (f) |[[2015 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 10,000 metres|10,000 m]] |{{AthAbbr|DNF}} |- |– (h) |[[2015 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 5000 metres|5000 m]] |{{AthAbbr|DNS}} |- |rowspan=2|2016 |rowspan=2|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] |rowspan=2|[[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil |20th |[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 10,000 metres|10,000 m]] |28:01.49 |- |33rd (h) |[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 5000 metres|5000 m]] |13:42.83 |- |2017 |[[2017 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[London]], United Kingdom |19th (h) |[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 10,000 metres|5000 m]] |13:30.71 |- |2018 |[[2018 European Athletics Championships|European Championships]] |[[Berlin]], Germany |bgcolor=silver|2nd |[[2018 European Athletics Championships – Men's 10,000 metres|10,000 m]] |28:11.76 |- |rowspan=2|2021 |[[2021 European 10,000m Cup|European 10,000m Cup]] |[[Birmingham]], United Kingdom |bgcolor=silver|2nd |[[2021 European 10,000m Cup#Men's|10,000 m]] |27:24.41 |- |[[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] |[[Tokyo]], Japan |bgcolor=cc9966|3rd |[[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon|Marathon]] |2:10:00 {{AthAbbr|SB}} |- |2022 |[[2022 World Athletics Championships|World Championships]] |[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]], United States |bgcolor=cc9966|3rd |[[2022 World Athletics Championships – Men's marathon|Marathon]] |2:06:48 |- |2024 |[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] |[[Paris]], France |bgcolor=silver|2nd |[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon|Marathon]] |2:06:47 {{AthAbbr|SB}} |- !colspan=6|[[World Marathon Majors]] |- |2019 |[[2019 London Marathon|London Marathon]] |[[London]], United Kingdom |7th |[[2019 London Marathon|Marathon]] |2:07:03 |- |2020 |[[2020 Tokyo Marathon|Tokyo Marathon]] |[[Tokyo]], Japan |bgcolor=silver|2nd |[[2020 Tokyo Marathon|Marathon]] |2:04:49 |- |2022 |[[2022 London Marathon|London Marathon]] |[[London]], United Kingdom |bgcolor=cc9966|3rd |[[2022 London Marathon|Marathon]] |2:05:19 |} === Mafi kyawun mutum === {| class="wikitable" !Yankin da ke sama !Abin da ya faru !Lokaci (Dagawa) <br /> !Wuri !Ranar !Bayani |- | rowspan="6" |Hanya |mita 1500 | align="center" |3:36.55 |Oordegem, Belgium | align="right" |5 ga Yulin 2014 | |- |mita 3,000 | align="center" |7:40.44 |[[Landan]], Ingila | align="right" |24 ga Yuli 2015 | |- |mita 5,000 | align="center" |13:04.91 |Brussels, Belgium | align="right" |31 ga watan Agusta 2018 | |- |Mita 10,000 | align="center" |27:24.41 |[[Birmingham]], Ingila | align="right" |5 Yuni 2021 | |- |Mita 20,000 | align="center" |56:20.02 |Brussels, Belgium | align="right" |4 ga Satumba 2020 |Mafi kyawun Duniya |- |Sa'a daya gudu | align="center" |21,322 m |Brussels, Belgium | align="right" |4 ga Satumba 2020 |'''{{AthAbbr|NR|Belgian}}''' |- | rowspan="3" |Hanyar |Km 10 | align="center" |28:07 |Schoorl, Netherlands | align="right" |10 Fabrairu 2019 | |- |Rabin marathon | align="center" |59:51 |Ghent, Belgium | align="right" |12 Maris 2023 |'''{{AthAbbr|NR|Belgian}}''' |- |Marathon | align="center" |2:03:36 |[[Rotterdam]], Netherlands | align="right" |24 ga Oktoba 2021 |'''Tarihin Turai''' |} == Daraja == * Jami'ar Ghent ta baiwa Abdi digirin digirin girmamawa na ma'aikata saboda haɗuwa ta musamman ta wasanni masu daraja da sadaukarwar zamantakewa.<ref name="doctorate" /> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1989]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9m4gxhe5kf3v5c22scwn8b8vuhnlzl3 906884 906883 2026-08-24T05:23:54Z Santa MMD 23886 906884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bashir Abdi''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1989) <ref name="WAprofile">{{Cite web |title=Bashir ABDI – Athlete Profile |url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/belgium/bashir-abdi-14375137 |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref> ɗan wasan tsere ne na Belgium. Ya lashe lambobin tagulla a Marathon a gasar Olympics ta Tokyo ta 2020 da Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2022 da azurfa a gasar Olympics na bazara ta 2024. A yin haka, Abdi ya zama na farko da ya lashe lambar yabo a gasar zakarun duniya ta Belgium a marathon kuma ɗan wasan Belgium na farko da zai lashe lambar yabo ta mutum a duka wasannin Olympics da kuma gasar zakaruna ta duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2022 |title=Ethiopa's Tola takes dominant marathon gold |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/ethiopas-tola-takes-marathon-gold-2022-07-17/ |access-date=18 July 2022 |website=Reuters.com |language=en}}</ref> Ya yi ikirarin azurfa a tseren Mita 10,000 a Gasar Zakarun Turai ta 2018. Ya kammala na biyu da na uku a 2020 Tokyo Marathon da 2022 London Marathon bi da bi. Abdi shine mai riƙe da rikodin Turai don marathon. Har ila yau, waƙa riƙe da rikodin Belgium a cikin rabin marathon da sa'a ɗaya, kuma mafi kyawun duniya a cikin Mita 20,000 da ba a taɓa yin hamayya da shi ba, da kuma rikodin ƙasar Belgium don marathon a cikin rukunin M35. == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Abdi ne a El Afweyn, [[Somaliland]], wani gari da galibi dangin Habr Ni'lo na dangin Isaaq ke zaune.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=February 2016 |title=EASO Country of Origin Information Report Somalia - Security Situation |url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1158113/1226_1457606427_easo-somalia-security-feb-2016.pdf |journal=European Asylum Support Office |pages=72 |quote=The Ceel Afweyn district is mainly inhabited by the Isaaq subclan Habar Jeelo.}}</ref> Lokacin da yake dan shekara takwas, iyalinsa suka koma [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]]. Daga nan sai ya kwashe shekara daya da rabi a [[Itofiya|Habasha]], kafin ya zauna a Belgium, inda mahaifiyarsa ta fara tsarin sake haɗuwa da iyali bayan ya sami amincewa a matsayin ɗan gudun hijira na siyasa.<ref name="De Afspraak">{{Cite web |date=2021-08-21 |title=Bashir Abdi: from Somalian refugee to Belgian Olympic bronze medallist |url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/en/2021/08/08/basir-adil-from-somalian-refugee-to-belgian-olympic-bronze-meda/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |publisher=[[VRT (broadcaster)|VRT NWS]]}}</ref> A can, yana da shekaru 16, ya fara horo a Racing Club Gent Athletics, yana bin ɗan'uwansa Ibrahim . Mahaifiyarsa koyaushe tana tallafa masa kasancewa ɗan wasa lokacin da babu wani a cikin iyalinsa zai yi kuma lokacin da ta mutu daga ciwon daji a shekara ta 2011, a ranar ta ƙarshe, ta burge 'ya'yanta cewa kamar yadda "wannan ƙasa ta yi ma'ana sosai ga ku duka, ku kasance mutane masu kyau".<ref name="De Afspraak" /> Abdi ta yi aure kuma tana da 'yar, Kadra, an haife ta 2018, da ɗa Ibrahim; an haife shi 2020. Shi ne co-kafa kuma mataimakin shugaban kungiyar ba da riba Sportaround, wanda ke shirya ayyukan wasanni bayan makaranta ga yara a Ghent . Ya kuma kafa Asusun Bashir Abdi tare da Asibitin Jami'ar Ghent, wanda ke tallafawa shirye-shirye don tallafawa masu ba da kiwon lafiya a jiki da tunani.<ref name="doctorate">{{Cite web |date=9 February 2026 |title=Bashir Abdi receives honorary doctorate from Ghent University |url=https://www.ugent.be/en/news-events/dies-natalis-2026.htm |access-date=8 March 2026 |website=[[Ghent University]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan gudu == === 2014–2017 === Abdi ya shiga tseren Mita 10,000 a Gasar Zakarun Turai ta 2014 tare da lokacin da aka kafa a ranar 4 ga Mayu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2014 |title=EK atletiek: Bashir Abdi wordt vijfde in 10 kilometer |url=http://nl.metrotime.be/2014/08/13/news/ek-atletiek-bashir-abdi-wordt-vijfde-in-10-kilometer/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819083953/http://nl.metrotime.be/2014/08/13/news/ek-atletiek-bashir-abdi-wordt-vijfde-in-10-kilometer/ |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=18 August 2014 |website=Metrotime.be}}</ref> Ya kammala na biyar a taron.<ref name="WAprofile" /> A watan Mayu 2015, ya cancanci gasar Olympics ta Rio ta 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2015 |title=Abdi loopt olympische limiet 10.000 meter |url=http://sporza.be/cm/sporza/atletiek/1.2327228 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201323/http://sporza.be/cm/sporza/atletiek/1.2327228 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=4 May 2015 |website=Sporza.be |language=nl}}</ref> A wasannin, Abdi ya yi gasa a duka maza 5000 m da 10,000 m. Ya gama 20th a cikin 10,000 m karshe, tseren da Mo Farah na Burtaniya ya lashe.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A shekara ta 2017, ya fafata a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta London 2017 a cikin Wasanni a tseren maza 5000 m, inda ya kasance na shida a cikin zafi.&nbsp; === 2018-2019: Farawar aikin marathon === A cikin 2018, Abdi ya fara tseren marathon a Rotterdam Marathon, ya zama na bakwai tare da lokaci na 2:10:46. Kenneth Kipkemoi na Kenya ne ya lashe tseren a cikin 2:05:44. [1] A watan Agusta na wannan shekarar, ya lashe azurfa a tseren mita 10,000 a Gasar Zakarun Turai ta 2018.[2] A cikin kaka Abdi ya yi tseren hanyoyi da yawa ya sanya na uku a Great North Run rabin marathon a cikin 1:00:42, na huɗu a Dam tot Damloop 10 miler a 46:08, na biyar a Nijmegen Zevenheuloop 15 km a cikin 43:40 kuma na uku a 's-Heerenberg Montferland Run 15 km a 43:40. [[Fayil:Mo_Farah,_Bashir_Abdi_and_Daniel_Wanjiru,_2019_London_Half_Marathon,_10_March_2019.jpg|left|thumb|Mo Farah, Abdi da Daniel Wanjiru, The Big Half a London a cikin 2019.]] A cikin 2019, ya kasance na biyu a Big Half Marathon a London tare da lokaci na 1:01:16 a cikin kusa da wanda ya lashe tseren Mo Farah da na uku Daniel Wanjiru . Abdi daga nan ya shiga gasar Marathon na London, ya zama na bakwai a cikin 2:07:03 a cikin tseren da Eliud Kipchoge na Kenya ya lashe a cikin 2:02:37. A watan Agusta, ya kasance na biyu a Beach to Beacon 10 km a Amurka, ya gama a 28:35. &nbsp;Alex Korio na Kenya ne ya fara lashe tseren, duk da haka an kore shi. Jairus Birech ya zo na biyu. Abdi ya koma [[Newcastle|Newcastle a kan Tyne]] inda ya sake tseren tseren tsere na Great North Run, ya kammala na biyar a cikin lokaci na 1:01:11, Farah ya lashe tseren. A watan Oktoba, Abdi ya gudu a cikin Marathon na Chicago, ya kasance na biyar tare da lokaci na 2:06:14, Lawrence Cherono na Kenya ya lashe tseren a cikin 2:05:45 a cikin tseren tsere. Abdi na gaba ya yi tsere a Montferland Run 15 km, ya kammala na biyar a cikin lokaci na 42:29. &nbsp;A ranar Sabuwar Shekara a Spain ya lashe San Silvestre Vallecana 10k m a [[Madrid]] tare da lokaci na 27:47.&nbsp; === 2020-yanzu: Ci gaban Marathon === Abdi ya bude yakin neman zabe na 2020 ta hanyar lashe Egmond Half Marathon . Daga nan sai ya sami matsayi na farko na marathon ta hanyar zama na biyu a cikin Tokyo Marathon a cikin sabon mafi kyawun lokaci na 2:04:49. Ya wuce Sisay Lemma na Habasha a cikin matakan rufewa don kammala a bayan mai cin nasara na Habasha [[Birhanu Legese]], wanda ya gudu da lokaci na 2:04:15. Abdi ya koma waƙa a watan Satumba yana fafatawa a Memorial Van Damme a cikin tseren awa daya. Ya gudu mafi yawan tseren tare da Farah, ya jagoranci kuma ya kafa rikodin Turai a 20,000 m na 56:20.02. &nbsp;Ya kammala na biyu a bayan Farah inda ya kafa alamar mita 21,322. [[Fayil:Bashir_Abdi_at_2023_Rotterdam_Marathon2.jpg|thumb|Bashir Abdi ya kafa rikodin Turai a Marathon na Rotterdam na 2021. A cikin 2023 (hoton), ya sake dawo da matsayinsa.]] A shekarar 2021, Abdi ya zo na biyu bayan Farah a gasar rabin marathon ta kasa da kasa ta Djibouti da minti 1:03:11. Daga nan ya zo na biyu a gasar Turai ta 10,000<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mw1A">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>Kofin m a [[Birmingham]] a cikin sabon mafi kyawun mutum na 27:24.41. Wannan aikin ya cancanci ya zama zakara ta 10,000&nbsp;taron m a gasar Olympics ta Tokyo ta 2020 da aka jinkirta. Duk da haka, ya mayar da hankali kan tseren marathon a Wasannin, inda ya lashe lambar tagulla da kuma lambar yabo ta farko ga Belgium a gasar tseren marathon ta Olympics tun bayan lambar yabo ta Karel Lismont shekaru 45 da suka gabata. <ref name="De Afspraak" /> Kammala tseren marathon ya samar da ɗaya daga cikin hotuna mafi ɗorewa na gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2020 yayin da abokin Abdi, ɗan wasan Holland kuma wanda ya lashe lambar azurfa, Abdi Nageeye, wanda shi ma ɗan asalin Somaliya ne, ya yi ta murna tare da ƙarfafa abokin horon sa na Belgium da ya gaji da zama tare da shi yayin da suke fafatawa don samun lambobin yabo tare da Lawrence Cherono na Kenya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-07 |title=Marathon runner Abdi Nageeye reflects on his 'emotional' act of Olympic sportsmanship |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/11/07/sport/abdi-nageeye-nyc-marathon-tokyo-olympics-moment-spt-intl/index.html |access-date=2024-08-22 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> A watan Oktoba, Abdi ya lashe gasar Marathon ta Rotterdam da aka sake tsarawa, inda ya kafa tarihi a Turai da lokaci na 2:03:36. <ref name="2022RM" /> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2022, ya kasance na huɗu a Rotterdam Marathon . <ref name="2022RM">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-10 |title=Nageeye and Hailu triumph at Rotterdam Marathon |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-label-road-races/news/rotterdam-marathon-2022-nageeye-hailu |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref> A watan Yulin wannan shekarar, Abdi ya lashe tagulla ta duniya ta biyu a jere a cikin marathon a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2022 da aka gudanar a [[Eugene, Oregon]], a 2:06:48.<ref name="WAprofile" /> Ya sami lambar yabo ta biyu a Marathon Major ta Duniya ta hanyar kammala ta uku a Marathon na London a watan Oktoba tare da lokaci na 2:05:19 .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crumley |first=Euan |date=2022-10-02 |title=Kipruto's closing kick lands him London Marathon prize |url=https://athleticsweekly.com/event-reports/kiprutos-closing-kick-lands-him-london-marathon-prize-1039961389/ |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=[[Athletics Weekly|AW]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2023, Abdi ya sake samun lambar yabo ta Rotterdam Marathon a cikin lokaci na 2:03:47, yana nuna mummunan rabuwa na biyu na 61:32, yana sa lokaci na biyu mafi sauri a Turai a tarihi yayin da ya rasa rikodin kansa na nahiyar da sakan 11 kawai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2023 |title=Abdi triumphs in the Rotterdam Marathon in a world leading 2:03:47 |url=https://www.european-athletics.com/news/abdi-triumphs-in-the-rotterdam-marathon-in-a-world-leading-2-03-47 |access-date=16 April 2023 |website=[[European Athletics]]}}</ref> A farkon shekara ta 2024, Abdi, yayin da yake horo a Habasha, ya sha wahala kuma an tilasta masa ya katse horo na makonni 6, ya hana shi gudanar da marathon na bazara a shirye-shiryen wasannin Olympics na 2024 a [[Faris|Paris, Faransa]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2024 |title=Bashir Abdi loopt blessure op en trekt streep door voorjaarsmarathon |url=https://www.atni.be/2024/01/31/bashir-abdi-loopt-blessure-op-en-trekt-streep-door-voorjaarsmarathon/ |access-date=22 August 2024 |publisher=Atletieknieuws |language=dutch}}</ref> Ya koma gasar a cikin Great Manchester Run, tserensa na farko tun lokacin da ya ji rauni, kuma ya kafa rikodin Belgium a cikin kilomita 10 a kan hanya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2024 |title=Belgium's road to Olympic gold: the marathon |url=https://www.belganewsagency.eu/belgiums-road-to-olympic-gold-marathon |access-date=22 August 2024 |publisher=[[Belga (news agency)|Belga]]}}</ref> &nbsp;A Wasannin Olympics na bazara na 2024, ya kammala na biyu, inda ya lashe lambar azurfa ta Belgium kawai a wasannin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2024 |title=Ethiopia's late sub Tola wins marathon in Olympic record in brutal conditions over hugely challenging course |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/report/paris-2024-olympics-report-men-marathon |access-date=22 August 2024 |publisher=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref> Tare da lokacinsa na 2:06:47 ya kuma karya rikodin ƙasar Belgium don marathon a cikin rukunin M35. A cikin 2025, Abdi ya yi gasa a cikin Marathon na Chicago, ya kammala na 10 tare da lokaci na 2:07:08.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2025 |title=Bank of America Chicago Marathon: Results |url=https://results.chicagomarathon.com/2025/?pid=list |access-date=16 October 2025 |website=Bank of America Chicago Marathon}}</ref> == Kididdiga == [[Fayil:2018_European_Athletics_Championships_Day_2_(22).jpg|thumb|Abdi ya dauki azurfa don tseren mita 10,000 a Gasar Zakarun Turai ta 2018 a Berlin.]] === Rubuce-rubucen gasa === {|{{AchievementTable}} |- !colspan=6|Representing {{BEL}} |- |2010 |[[2010 European Cross Country Championships|European Cross Country Championships]] |[[Albufeira]], Portugal |41st |[[2010 European Cross Country Championships#Under-23 men|U23 race]] |25:25 |- |2011 |[[2011 European Athletics U23 Championships|European U23 Championships]] |[[Ostrava]], Czech Republic |15th |[[2011 European Athletics U23 Championships – Men's 5000 metres|5000 m]] |14:30.52 |- |rowspan=3|2012 |rowspan=2|[[2012 European Athletics Championships|European Championships]] |rowspan=2|[[Helsinki]], Finland |8th |[[2012 European Athletics Championships – Men's 5000 metres|5000 m]] |13:39.01 |- |4th |[[2012 European Athletics Championships – Men's 10,000 metres|10,000 m]] |28:23.72 |- |[[2012 European Cross Country Championships|European Cross Country Championships]] |[[Szentendre]], Hungary |9th |[[2012 European Cross Country Championships#Senior men|Senior race]] |30:26 |- |rowspan=3|2013 |[[2013 European Athletics Team Championships|European Team Championships First League]] |[[Dublin]], Ireland |bgcolor=gold|1st |[[2013 European Athletics Team Championships#Men's events 2|5000 m]] |14:52.78 |- |[[2013 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[Moscow]], Russia |23rd |[[2013 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 10,000 metres|10,000 m]] |28:41.69 |- |[[2013 European Cross Country Championships|European Cross Country Championships]] |[[Belgrade]], Serbia |8th |[[2013 European Cross Country Championships#Senior men|Senior race]] |29:53 |- |rowspan=2|2014 |rowspan=2|[[2014 European Athletics Championships|European Championships]] |rowspan=2|[[Zürich]], Switzerland |5th |[[2014 European Athletics Championships – Men's 10,000 metres|10,000 m]] |28:13.61 |- |16th |[[2014 European Athletics Championships – Men's 5000 metres|5000 m]] |14:24.73 |- |rowspan=3|2015 |[[2015 European Athletics Team Championships|European Team Championships First League]] |[[Heraklion]], Greece |bgcolor=gold|1st |[[2015 European Athletics Team Championships#Men's events 2|5000 m]] |15:17.47 |- |rowspan=2|[[2015 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |rowspan=2|[[Beijing]], China |– (f) |[[2015 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 10,000 metres|10,000 m]] |{{AthAbbr|DNF}} |- |– (h) |[[2015 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 5000 metres|5000 m]] |{{AthAbbr|DNS}} |- |rowspan=2|2016 |rowspan=2|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] |rowspan=2|[[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil |20th |[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 10,000 metres|10,000 m]] |28:01.49 |- |33rd (h) |[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 5000 metres|5000 m]] |13:42.83 |- |2017 |[[2017 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[London]], United Kingdom |19th (h) |[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 10,000 metres|5000 m]] |13:30.71 |- |2018 |[[2018 European Athletics Championships|European Championships]] |[[Berlin]], Germany |bgcolor=silver|2nd |[[2018 European Athletics Championships – Men's 10,000 metres|10,000 m]] |28:11.76 |- |rowspan=2|2021 |[[2021 European 10,000m Cup|European 10,000m Cup]] |[[Birmingham]], United Kingdom |bgcolor=silver|2nd |[[2021 European 10,000m Cup#Men's|10,000 m]] |27:24.41 |- |[[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] |[[Tokyo]], Japan |bgcolor=cc9966|3rd |[[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon|Marathon]] |2:10:00 {{AthAbbr|SB}} |- |2022 |[[2022 World Athletics Championships|World Championships]] |[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]], United States |bgcolor=cc9966|3rd |[[2022 World Athletics Championships – Men's marathon|Marathon]] |2:06:48 |- |2024 |[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] |[[Paris]], France |bgcolor=silver|2nd |[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon|Marathon]] |2:06:47 {{AthAbbr|SB}} |- !colspan=6|[[World Marathon Majors]] |- |2019 |[[2019 London Marathon|London Marathon]] |[[London]], United Kingdom |7th |[[2019 London Marathon|Marathon]] |2:07:03 |- |2020 |[[2020 Tokyo Marathon|Tokyo Marathon]] |[[Tokyo]], Japan |bgcolor=silver|2nd |[[2020 Tokyo Marathon|Marathon]] |2:04:49 |- |2022 |[[2022 London Marathon|London Marathon]] |[[London]], United Kingdom |bgcolor=cc9966|3rd |[[2022 London Marathon|Marathon]] |2:05:19 |} === Mafi kyawun mutum === {| class="wikitable" !Yankin da ke sama !Abin da ya faru !Lokaci (Dagawa) <br /> !Wuri !Ranar !Bayani |- | rowspan="6" |Hanya |mita 1500 | align="center" |3:36.55 |Oordegem, Belgium | align="right" |5 ga Yulin 2014 | |- |mita 3,000 | align="center" |7:40.44 |[[Landan]], Ingila | align="right" |24 ga Yuli 2015 | |- |mita 5,000 | align="center" |13:04.91 |Brussels, Belgium | align="right" |31 ga watan Agusta 2018 | |- |Mita 10,000 | align="center" |27:24.41 |[[Birmingham]], Ingila | align="right" |5 Yuni 2021 | |- |Mita 20,000 | align="center" |56:20.02 |Brussels, Belgium | align="right" |4 ga Satumba 2020 |Mafi kyawun Duniya |- |Sa'a daya gudu | align="center" |21,322 m |Brussels, Belgium | align="right" |4 ga Satumba 2020 |'''{{AthAbbr|NR|Belgian}}''' |- | rowspan="3" |Hanyar |Km 10 | align="center" |28:07 |Schoorl, Netherlands | align="right" |10 Fabrairu 2019 | |- |Rabin marathon | align="center" |59:51 |Ghent, Belgium | align="right" |12 Maris 2023 |'''{{AthAbbr|NR|Belgian}}''' |- |Marathon | align="center" |2:03:36 |[[Rotterdam]], Netherlands | align="right" |24 ga Oktoba 2021 |'''Tarihin Turai''' |} == Daraja == * Jami'ar Ghent ta baiwa Abdi digirin digirin girmamawa na ma'aikata saboda haɗuwa ta musamman ta wasanni masu daraja da sadaukarwar zamantakewa.<ref name="doctorate" /> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1989]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] npnljk4f2lttnir1ymxmqb8roafjuqf 0 165260 906885 2026-08-24T05:56:08Z Ummu Ilham 45024 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362063589|Food prices]]" 906885 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:FAO_Food_Price_Index_1961–2021.jpg|thumb|Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona (FAO) Farashin Abinci 1961-2021 a cikin sharuddan da na ainihi. Real Price Index shine Nominal Price Index wanda Bankin Masana'antu na Duniya (MUV) ya rage. Shekaru 2014-2016 sun kasance 100.]] '''Farashin abinci (food prices) yana nufin matsakaicin matakin farashin abinci a tsakanin ƙasashe, yankuna, ko kuma a matakin duniya gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Roser |first1=Max |author1-link=Max Roser |last2=Ritchie |first2=Hannah |author2-link=Hannah Ritchie |date=2013-10-08 |title=Food Prices |url=https://ourworldindata.org/food-prices |journal=Our World in Data}}</ref>. Farashin abinci yana shafar masu samar da abinci da kuma masu sayen abinci.''' '''Matakin farashin abinci ya danganta da yadda ake samar da abinci, ciki har da tallace-tallacen abinci da rarraba abinci. Sauye-sauyen farashin abinci na faruwa ne sakamakon haɗuwar wasu abubuwa da dama.''' '''Waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da:''' * '''Abubuwan da suka shafi siyasar ƙasa da ƙasa (geopolitical events);''' * '''Buƙatar abinci a duniya (global demand);''' * '''Canjin darajar kuɗaɗe (exchange rates);''' * '''Manufofin gwamnatoci;''' * '''Cututtuka da yawan amfanin gona;''' * '''Farashin makamashi;''' * '''Samuwar albarkatun ƙasa da ake buƙata wajen noma;''' * '''Hasashen ko caca kan farashin kayan abinci (food speculation);''' * '''Sauye-sauyen amfani da ƙasa;''' * '''da abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi, kamar fari, ambaliyar ruwa da sauran matsanancin yanayi.''' '''Dukkan waɗannan abubuwa na iya yin ,<ref>{{cite news |date=2010-07-18 |title=Hedge funds accused of gambling with lives of the poorest as food prices soar |url=http://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/jul/19/speculators-commodities-food-price-rises |access-date=2020-09-19 |work=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-09 |title=Food speculation |url=https://www.globaljustice.org.uk/food-speculation |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=Global Justice Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spratt |first=S. |date=2013 |title=Food price volatility and financial speculation |journal=FAC Working Paper 47 |language=en |citeseerx=10.1.1.304.5228}}</ref>tasiri kai tsaye ko a kaikaice wajen ƙara ko rage farashin abinci. Har ila yau, a wani mataki, ana iya rage ko daidaita illar mummunan sauyin farashin abinci<ref>{{Cite web |title=Food Price Explained |url=https://futuresfundamentals.org/see-the-impact/agriculture-futures/food-prices-explained/ |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=Futures Fundamentals |language=en-US}}</ref> ta hanyar manufofin gwamnati da tsare-tsaren da suka shafi abinci (food politics).''' Sakamakon canjin farashin abinci yana da yawa. Karin farashin abinci, ko raguwa, yana barazana ga tsaron abinci, musamman ga [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]], kuma yana iya haifar da tashin hankali na zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bellemare |first=Marc F. |date=2015 |title=Rising Food Prices, Food Price Volatility, and Social Unrest |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1093/ajae/aau038 |journal=American Journal of Agricultural Economics |language=en |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1093/ajae/aau038 |issn=1467-8276 |s2cid=34238445 |url-access=subscription |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Ines |title=Climate Change and Rising Food Prices Heightened Arab Spring |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/climate-change-and-rising-food-prices-heightened-arab-spring/ |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Winecoff |first=Ore Koren, W. Kindred |date=20 May 2020 |title=Food Price Spikes and Social Unrest: The Dark Side of the Fed's Crisis-Fighting |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/05/20/food-price-spikes-and-social-unrest-the-dark-side-of-the-feds-crisis-fighting/ |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> Karin farashin abinci yana da alaƙa da bambance-bambance a cikin ingancin abinci da kiwon lafiya, musamman tsakanin mutanen da ke fama da rauni, kamar mata da yara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Darmon |first=Nicole |last2=Drewnowski |first2=Adam |date=2015-10-01 |title=Contribution of food prices and diet cost to socioeconomic disparities in diet quality and health: a systematic review and analysis |url= |journal=Nutrition Reviews |language=en |volume=73 |issue=10 |pages=643–660 |doi=10.1093/nutrit/nuv027 |issn=0029-6643 |pmc=4586446 |pmid=26307238}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Darnton-Hill |first=Ian |last2=Cogill |first2=Bruce |date=2010-01-01 |title=Maternal and Young Child Nutrition Adversely Affected by External Shocks Such As Increasing Global Food Prices |journal=The Journal of Nutrition |language=en |volume=140 |issue=1 |pages=162S–169S |doi=10.3945/jn.109.111682 |issn=0022-3166 |pmid=19939995 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Farashin abinci zai ci gaba da tashi saboda dalilai daban-daban. Ƙaruwar yawan jama'a a duniya zai ƙara matsa lamba kan wadata da buƙata. [[Canjin yanayi]] zai kara yawan abubuwan da suka faru, ciki har da fari, guguwa da ruwan sama mai tsanani, kuma karuwar zafin jiki gabaɗaya zai shafi samar da abinci.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Climate Change: The Unseen Force Behind Rising Food Prices? |url=http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5434 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717075133/http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5434 |archive-date=17 July 2018 |access-date=7 June 2016 |publisher=World Watch Institute}}</ref> Shiga tsakani don rage asarar abinci ko sharar gida, idan ya isa ya yi girma, zai shafi farashi sama da ƙasa a cikin jerin wadata dangane da inda aka samu. "CPI (Consumer Price Index) ga duk abinci ya karu da 0.8% daga Yuli 2022 zuwa Agusta 2022, kuma farashin abinci ya kasance 11.4% sama da na Agusta 2021."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Summary Findings Food Price Outlook, 2022 and 2023 |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food-price-outlook/summary-findings |publisher=USDA}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka shafi == === Kudin makamashi === [[Fayil:World_population_supported_by_synthetic_nitrogen_fertilizers,_OWID.svg|thumb|Jama'ar duniya suna tallafawa tare da kuma ba tare da [[taki]] na nitrogen ba <ref>{{Cite web |title=World population with and without synthetic nitrogen fertilizers |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/world-population-with-and-without-fertilizer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318062803/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/world-population-with-and-without-fertilizer |archive-date=18 March 2020 |access-date=5 March 2020 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref>]] [[Masana'antar abinci|Samar da abinci]] tsari ne mai amfani da makamashi sosai. Ana amfani da makamashi a cikin albarkatun kasa don taki don samar da wutar lantarki ga wuraren da ake buƙata don sarrafa abinci. Karin farashin makamashi yana haifar da karuwar farashin abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=USDA ERS - The Relationship Between Energy Prices and Food-Related Energy Use in the United States |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2017/june/the-relationship-between-energy-prices-and-food-related-energy-use-in-the-united-states |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=www.ers.usda.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2013 |title=As the Cost of Energy Goes Up, Food Prices Follow |url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/trade/cost-energy-goes-food-prices-follow |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=blogs.worldbank.org |language=en}}</ref> Farashin mai kuma yana shafar farashin abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Canning |first=Patrick |last2=Rehkamp |first2=Sarah |last3=Waters |first3=Arnold |last4=Etemadnia |first4=Hamideh |title=The Role of Fossil Fuels in the U.S. Food System and the American Diet |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details?pubid=82193 |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=www.ers.usda.gov |language=en}}</ref> Hakanan [[Rarraba abinci]] yana shafar karuwar farashin mai, wanda ke haifar da karuwar farashin abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Oil Prices Affect the Price of Food |url=https://oilprice.com/Energy/Oil-Prices/How-Oil-Prices-Affect-The-Price-Of-Food.html |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=OilPrice.com |language=en}}</ref> === Abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi da canjin yanayi ===   Abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanayi kamar fari ko ruwan sama mai tsanani na iya haifar da gazawar girbi. Akwai shaidar cewa abubuwan da suka faru na [[matsanancin yanayi]] da [[Natural disaster|bala'o'i na halitta]] suna haifar da hauhawar farashin abinci.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2020}}[[Canjin yanayi]] zai kara yawan abubuwan da suka faru, gami da fari, guguwa da ruwan sama mai tsanani, kuma karuwar zafin jiki gabaɗaya zai shafi samar da abinci.<ref name=":1" /> [[Ruwa]] muhimmiyar hanya ce ta halitta don rayuwa ta kwayoyin halitta wanda ke sanya shi muhimmiyar mahimmanci wajen samar da kayayyaki waɗanda ke kiyaye rayuwar ɗan adam. Misali, ci gaba da fari a Afirka ta Kudu na iya - a tsakanin sauran dalilai - samun hauhawar abinci 11% har zuwa ƙarshen 2016 bisa ga Bankin Tsaro na Afirka ta Kudu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2016 |title=SA drought persists despite May rainfall |url=http://www.fin24.com/Economy/sa-drought-persists-despite-may-rainfall-20160530 |access-date=16 June 2016}}</ref> Rashin ruwa ya juya ruwa mai kyau zuwa [[fari]] abu mai ban sha'awa wanda ke sa ya zama da wuya a shiga cikin [[Masana'antar abinci|Samar da abinci]], don haka ya hau farashin abinci.<ref name=":0" /> == Bambance-bambance na Duniya == [[Fayil:Tomatos_Price_Per_Pound.jpg|thumb|Farashin abinci don [[Tumatir]] da aka bayar a cikin dala na Amurka a kowace fam]] [[Fayil:Food_price_inflation_was_the_highest_in_low-income_countries,_2019–2024.svg|thumb|Farashin farashin abinci ya kasance mafi girma a cikin ƙasashe masu karamin karfi, 2019-2024]] Farashin abinci ya tashi sosai a lokacin rikicin farashin abinci na duniya na 2007-08 da 2010-2012. Ya kasance mafi mahimmanci a kasashe masu tasowa yayin da ba haka ba ne a kasashe na OECD da [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]]..<ref>{{cite news |date=19 July 2014 |title=Consumer food-price inflation |url=https://www.economist.com/news/economic-and-financial-indicators/21607872-consumer-food-price-inflation |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=FAO Global and regional consumer food inflation monitoring |url=http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-economic/cpi/en/ |publisher=FAO}}</ref> Farashin kayayyakin da '''masu amfani ke biya a ƙasashe masu arziki''' yana samun babban tasiri daga ƙarfin '''manyan shagunan sayar da kaya masu rangwame (discount stores)''', kuma farashin abinci yakan kasance ƙaramin ɓangare ne kawai na jimillar '''tsadar rayuwa'''. Musamman, wasu nau’o’in abincin da suka shahara a tsarin abincin Yammacin duniya, kamar abincin da '''kamfanonin abinci masu saurin girki (fast-food chains)''' ke sarrafawa, suna da ƙarancin farashi idan aka kwatanta da sauran kuɗaɗen rayuwa a ƙasashen Yammacin duniya. Ribar kamfanonin samar da irin waɗannan kayayyaki ta fi dogara ne kan '''yawan abin da ake samarwa da sayarwa (mass production)''' fiye da samar da kayayyaki masu inganci waɗanda farashinsu yake da tsada. A wasu nau’o’in abinci, kamar '''madara da nama''', yawan samarwa fiye da buƙata na iya karkatar da tsarin farashi sosai. Ana kiran irin wannan yanayin a wasu lokuta da '''“butter mountain”''', wato taruwar kayan abinci saboda yawan samarwa fiye da buƙata. Yanayin yana ƙara zama mai wahala ga '''al’ummomin matalauta''' saboda wasu '''yarjejeniyoyin cinikayya cikin ’yanci (free trade agreements)''' waɗanda ke sauƙaƙa fitar da abinci zuwa ƙasashen '''Kudu''' fiye da yadda ake fitar da kayayyakin daga waɗannan ƙasashe zuwa wasu kasuwanni. Misali mai bayyana hakan shi ne '''fitar da tumatir daga Italiya zuwa Ghana''' ƙarƙashin '''Yarjejeniyoyin Haɗin Kan Tattalin Arziƙi (Economic Partnership Agreements)'''. Kayan lambun da ake sayarwa a farashi mai rahusa sosai na iya yin gasa da noman cikin gida, lamarin da zai iya taimakawa wajen '''raunana noma na cikin gida''' da kuma ƙara tabarbarewar ƙarfin tattalin arziƙin da ya riga ya fuskanci matsaloli..<ref>{{cite news |last1=Krupa |first1=Matthias |last2=Lobenstein |first2=Caterina |date=30 December 2015 |title=Afrika: Ein Mann pflückt gegen Europa |url=http://www.zeit.de/2015/51/afrika-eu-handelspolitik-subventionen-armut-flucht |access-date=16 June 2016 |newspaper=Die Zeit}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic Partnership Agreements and Food Security: What is at stake for West Africa? |url=https://www.die-gdi.de/uploads/media/Economic_Partnership_Agreements_and_Food_Security.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915023834/https://www.die-gdi.de/uploads/media/Economic_Partnership_Agreements_and_Food_Security.pdf |archive-date=2016-09-15}}</ref> Duk da yake matsakaicin farashin abinci na duniya ya tashi daga 2.3% a watan Disamba 2020 zuwa 13.6% a watan Janairun 2023, kasashe masu karamin karfi sun sami karuwa sosai, tare da hauhawar farashin a 30% a watan Mayu 2023. Wannan yanayin ya lalata ikon sayen gida, tare da yiwuwar sakamako ga tsaro na abinci mai gina jiki. Hawan farashin abinci na iya kara tsaron abinci, musamman a kasashe masu karamin karfi. Karin kashi 10% a farashin abinci yana da alaƙa da karuwar kashi 3.5% a cikin matsakaici zuwa matsanancin rashin tsaro na abinci, da kuma karuwar kashi 1.8% a cikin matsanancin rashin lafiya na abinci. A saman hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, kashi 65% na ƙasashe masu karamin karfi da kashi 61% na ƙasashe marasa matsakaicin matsakaicin kuɗi, gida ga mutane biliyan 1.5, sun fuskanci hauhawar farashi na abinci sama da 10%, yana zurfafa rashin daidaito.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|last1=FAO|url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd6008en|title=The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2025|last2=IFAD|last3=UNICEF|last4=WFP|last5=WHO|date=2025|publisher=FAO ; IFAD ; UNICEF ; WFP ; WHO|isbn=978-92-5-139937-8|language=English|doi=10.4060/cd6008en}}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref> Matsakaicin farashin abinci na duniya na shekara-shekara ya karu daga 5.8% a watan Disamba 2020 zuwa 23.3% a watan Disambar 2022. Wadannan adadi suna da tasiri sosai daga ƙasashen da suka fuskanci hauhawar farashi, kamar Sudan, Venezuela, da Zimbabwe, inda hauhawar farashin shekara-shekara ta kai sama da 350%. Yin amfani da matsakaici yana ba da cikakken nuni game da matakan hauhawar farashin duniya: matsakaicin farashin abinci ya karu sosai daga 2.3% a watan Disamba 2020 zuwa 13.6% a watan Janairun 2023.<ref name=":23">{{Cite book|last1=FAO|url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd6008en|title=The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2025|last2=IFAD|last3=UNICEF|last4=WFP|last5=WHO|date=2025|publisher=FAO ; IFAD ; UNICEF ; WFP ; WHO|isbn=978-92-5-139937-8|language=English|doi=10.4060/cd6008en}}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin da ke fama da rauni, musamman mata da mutanen karkara, suna fama da ƙarancin albarkatu, hanyoyin kariya ta zamantakewa marasa ƙarfi, da ƙananan dabarun magance su. Rashin abinci mai gina jiki na yara na iya kara muni tare da hauhawar farashin abinci. Hawan farashin abinci na 2021 zuwa 2023 yana da alaƙa da ƙimar lalacewa tsakanin yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru biyar. Karin kashi 10% a farashin abinci yana da alaƙa da karuwar kashi 2.7% zuwa 4.3% a cikin lalacewa gaba ɗaya da kuma karuwar kashi 4.8% zuwa 6.1% a cikin lalacewar tsanani tsakanin yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru biyar.<ref name=":24">{{Cite book|last1=FAO|url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd6008en|title=The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2025|last2=IFAD|last3=UNICEF|last4=WFP|last5=WHO|date=2025|publisher=FAO ; IFAD ; UNICEF ; WFP ; WHO|isbn=978-92-5-139937-8|language=English|doi=10.4060/cd6008en}}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref> Hawan farashin abinci ya sanya ƙarin matsin lamba a kan abincin gidaje masu karamin karfi. Daga 2019 zuwa 2024, farashin abinci mafi girma ya karu kasashe masu zunubi kamar Mexico, Najeriya da Pakistan sun kasance cikin abinci da mai. Kamar yadda abinci mai tsami ya zama ainihin abincin ga iyalai mafi talauci, irin wannan karuwa na iya lalata tsaro na abinci mai gina jiki; duk da haka, samun damar samun abubuwa masu arha a wasu kungiyoyin abinci na iya taimakawa ci gaba da isasshen abinci duk da hauhawar farashin abinci. Farashin abinci mai alaƙa a tsakanin kungiyoyin abinci da matakan sarrafawa sun kasance masu kwanciyar hankali a duniya tsakanin 2011 da 2021. Abinci mai gina jiki kamar 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu sun ci gaba da kasancewa mafi tsada a kowace kilocalorie. Gabaɗaya, abinci masu sarrafawa suna da ƙananan farashi a kowace kilocalorie idan aka kwatanta da hanyoyin da ba a sarrafa su ba. Abinci mai sarrafawa yana ƙara maye gurbin wasu hanyoyin da ke da gina jiki duk da karuwar shaidar tasirin lafiyar su..<ref name=":28">{{Cite book|last1=FAO|url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd6008en|title=The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2025|last2=IFAD|last3=UNICEF|last4=WFP|last5=WHO|date=2025|publisher=FAO ; IFAD ; UNICEF ; WFP ; WHO|isbn=978-92-5-139937-8|language=English|doi=10.4060/cd6008en}}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref> Farashin farashin abinci ya kasance mai tsanani musamman a cikin ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi (LICs). Yawancin gidaje, har ma da waɗanda suka dogara da aikin gona don rayuwarsu, sun dogara da kasuwanni don kayan abinci. Samar da abinci a kasuwa ya bar gidaje masu saukin kamuwa da karuwar farashi, yana kara rashin tsaro na abinci, yana zurfafa talauci, da kuma iyakance samun dama da amfani da abinci mai kyau. Manoma da ma'aikatan gona galibi masu sayen abinci ne, don haka hauhawar farashin abinci yawanci ya fi duk wani riba da suke samu daga sayar da kayan su.<ref name=":25">{{Cite book|last1=FAO|url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd6008en|title=The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2025|last2=IFAD|last3=UNICEF|last4=WFP|last5=WHO|date=2025|publisher=FAO ; IFAD ; UNICEF ; WFP ; WHO|isbn=978-92-5-139937-8|language=English|doi=10.4060/cd6008en}}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref> A cikin ƙasashe marasa daidaito, tsarin kariya na zamantakewa marasa ƙarfi, iyakance sararin kuɗi, da kuma yawan jama'a masu rauni suna barin kungiyoyi marasa galihu, musamman mata da gidajen karkara, a cikin haɗari mafi girma. Matsalolin jinsi, kamar ƙananan kudaden shiga, nauyin kulawa, da ƙuntataccen damar samun albarkatu, rage ikon mata don magance hauhawar farashi, sau da yawa tilasta musu su rage cin abinci a lokacin rikice-rikice..<ref name=":26">{{Cite book|last1=FAO|url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd6008en|title=The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2025|last2=IFAD|last3=UNICEF|last4=WFP|last5=WHO|date=2025|publisher=FAO ; IFAD ; UNICEF ; WFP ; WHO|isbn=978-92-5-139937-8|language=English|doi=10.4060/cd6008en}}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref> Gudanar da samun dama ga ayyuka masu mahimmanci, gami da ruwa mai tsabta, tsaftacewa, da sabis na kiwon lafiya na jama'a, karuwar 10% a farashin abinci yana da alaƙa da karuwar 2.7% zuwa 4.3% a cikin lalacewa da karuwar 4.8% zuwa 6.1% a cikin mummunar lalacewa tsakanin yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru biyar.<ref name=":27">{{Cite book|last1=FAO|url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd6008en|title=The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2025|last2=IFAD|last3=UNICEF|last4=WFP|last5=WHO|date=2025|publisher=FAO ; IFAD ; UNICEF ; WFP ; WHO|isbn=978-92-5-139937-8|language=English|doi=10.4060/cd6008en}}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref> == Kulawa == Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona (FAO) ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta haɓaka "kayan aiki na gargadi na farko" wanda ake kira Farashin Abinci da Binciken Kulawa (FPMA). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} Food Price Monitoring and Analysis (FPMA) {{!}} Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url=http://www.fao.org/giews/food-prices/home/en/ |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=www.fao.org}}</ref> Bayan rikicin abinci na 2008 da 2011, FAO ta haɓaka "alamu na gargadi na farko don gano ci gaban farashi a kasuwannin masu amfani a kasuwannun kasuwannin kasashe masu tasowa".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Developing a price warning indicator as an early warning tool – a compound growth approach |url=http://www.fao.org/giews/food-prices/research/detail/en/c/235685/ |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=www.fao.org}}</ref> FPMA tana amfani da tushen bayanai iri-iri don ciyar da bayanan su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Data Sources {{!}} Food Price Monitoring and Analysis (FPMA) |url=http://www.fao.org/giews/food-prices/data-partners/en/ |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=www.fao.org}}</ref> Canjin farashin abinci ya haifar da wasu shirye-shirye a cikin masana'antu. A [[Kanada]], Jami'ar Dalhousie da Jami'ar Guelph suna buga Rahoton Farashin Abinci na Kanada a kowace shekara, tun 2010. Miliyoyin mutane suna karantawa a kowace shekara, rahoton yana sa ido da hasashen farashin abinci na shekara mai zuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Canada's Food Price Report 2019 |url=https://www.dal.ca/faculty/management/news-events/canada-s-food-price-report.html |website=Dalhousie University}}</ref> Masu binciken Kanada Sylvain Charlebois da Francis Tapon ne suka kirkiro rahoton. Bayanan ajiyar Numbeo "yana ba ka damar gani, raba da kwatanta bayanai game da farashin abinci a duk duniya kuma yana ba da kimantawa na mafi ƙarancin kuɗin da ake buƙata don abinci ga kowane mutum a kowace rana".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Numbeo is the world's largest database about food prices worldwide |url=http://www.numbeo.com/food-prices/ |access-date=6 June 2016}}</ref> === Farashin abinci na FAO === [[Fayil:Annual_real_food_price_indices.svg|thumb|Abinci, nama, madara, hatsi, man kayan lambu, da farashin sukari, an rage su ta amfani da Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigatattun Ƙididdigas na Bankin Duniya (MUV). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual real food price indices |url=http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/worldfood/Reports_and_docs/Food_price_indices_data.xls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401183726/http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/worldfood/Reports_and_docs/Food_price_indices_data.xls |archive-date=1 April 2014 |access-date=19 March 2014}}</ref> Girman a cikin 2008 da 2011 ya nuna rikice-rikicen abinci na duniya. ]] Farashin farashin [[abinci]] na FAO shine ma'auni na canjin kowane wata a farashin kasa da kasa na kwandon kasuwa na kayan abinci. Ya ƙunshi matsakaicin ƙididdigar farashin rukunin kayayyaki guda biyar, wanda aka auna tare da matsakaicin hannun jarin fitarwa na kowane ɗayan ƙungiyoyi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FAO Food Price Index |url=http://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/foodpricesindex/en/ |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=FAO}}</ref> # Farashin hatsi na FAO # Farashin man fetur na FAO # Farashin madara na FAO # Farashin [[Nama]] na FAO # Farashin [[Sukari|Shukari]] na FAO {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !farashi mai suna idx !farashi mai yawa idx |- |1990 |107.2 |100.4 |- |1991 |105.0 |98.7 |- |1992 |109.2 |101.1 |- |1993 |105.5 |97.1 |- |1994 |110.3 |101.3 |- |1995 |125.3 |105.3 |- |1996 |131.1 |113.7 |- |1997 |120.3 |111.3 |- |1998 |108.6 |105.6 |- |1999 |93.2 |92.6 |- |2000 |91.1 |92.4 |- |2001 |94.6 |101.0 |- |2002 |89.6 |96.2 |- |2003 |97.7 |98.1 |- |2004 |112.7 |105.0 |- |2005 |118.0 |106.8 |- |2006 |127.2 |112.7 |- |2007 |161.4 |134.6 |- |2008 |'''201.4''' |'''155.7''' |- |2009 |160.3 |132.8 |- |2010 |188.0 |150.7 |- |2011 |'''229.9''' |'''169.1''' |- |2012 |213.3 |158.8 |- |2013 |209.8 |158.5 |- |2014 |201.8 |152.0 |- |2015 |164.0 |123.2 |- |2016 |151.6 |112.3 |} === World bank food price watch === Bankin Duniya ya saki rahoton Food Price Watch na kwata-kwata wanda ke nuna yanayin farashin abinci na cikin gida a cikin ƙasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaici, kuma ya tsara tasirin manufofin (abinci) na sauye-sauyen farashin abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Food Price Watch |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/publication/food-price-watch-home |access-date=16 June 2016}}</ref> Har ila yau, akwai wasu hanyoyin auna farashin abinci waɗanda suka fi ban dariya. Wadannan sun hada da: * Big Mac Index, wanda ke kwatanta farashin hamburger na McDonald's Big Mac a duk faɗin ƙasashe.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erezi |first=Dennis |date=2022-04-28 |title=Jollof Index, Chicken Republic, inflation and changing food consumption patterns |url=https://guardian.ng/features/jollof-index-chicken-republic-inflation-and-changing-food-consumption-patterns/ |access-date=2024-05-15 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> * Jollof index, wanda ke lissafin farashin abinci da ake buƙata don yin shinkafa Jollof, sanannen abincin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erezi |first=Dennis |date=2022-04-28 |title=Jollof Index, Chicken Republic, inflation and changing food consumption patterns |url=https://guardian.ng/features/jollof-index-chicken-republic-inflation-and-changing-food-consumption-patterns/ |access-date=2024-05-15 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> * The Two Dishes One Soup Index, wanda ke lissafin farashin abinci da ake buƙata don dafa miya ɗaya da wasu jita-jita biyu ga ƙaramin iyali a Hong Kong. == Tarihin farashin karni na 21 == [[Fayil:Food_Price_Index_US.webp|thumb|300x300px|Farashin Abinci [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]]] [[Fayil:Distinctive_trajectories_of_food_security_and_food_price_inflation,_2015–2023.svg|thumb|300x300px|Hanyoyi masu ban sha'awa na tsaro na abinci da hauhawar farashin abinci, 2015-2023.]] [[Fayil:Relationship_between_food_insecurity_and_food_prices,_2014–2024.svg|thumb|300x300px|Dangantaka tsakanin rashin tsaro na abinci da farashin abinci, 2014-2024.]] Yana da wuya ga hauhawar farashin ya buga dukkan manyan abinci a yawancin ƙasashe a lokaci guda, amma farashin abinci ya sha wahala a kowane lokaci a cikin 2008 da 2011, yana sanya 15% da 12% ƙaruwa shekara-shekara, wakiltar farashin da ya fi kowane bayanan da aka tattara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FAO food prices index |url=http://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/foodpricesindex/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224070948/http://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/foodpricesindex/en/ |archive-date=24 February 2018 |access-date=25 Feb 2018 |website=FAO.org}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan karuwar farashin abinci na iya zama karuwar farashin mai a lokaci guda.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 January 2008 |title=The global grain bubble |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0118/p08s01-comv.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130063759/http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0118/p08s01-comv.html |archive-date=30 November 2009 |access-date=24 October 2020 |work=Christian Science Monitor}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=10 April 2008 |title=The World Food Crisis |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/10/opinion/10thu1.html |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Yana da wuya ga spikes su buga dukkan manyan abinci a yawancin ƙasashe a lokaci guda. Farashin abinci ya tashi da kashi 4% a Amurka a cikin 2007, karuwar da ta fi girma tun 1990, kuma ana sa ran sake hawa sosai a cikin 2008. Ya zuwa watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007, kasashe 37 sun fuskanci rikice-rikicen abinci, kuma 20 sun sanya wasu nau'ikan kula da farashin abinci. A kasar Sin, farashin naman alade ya tashi da kashi 58% a shekarar 2007. A cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990, tallafin gona da shirye-shiryen tallafi sun ba da damar manyan ƙasashen fitar da hatsi su riƙe manyan abubuwan da za a iya amfani da su yayin karancin abinci don sa farashin ya sauka. Koyaya, sabbin manufofin kasuwanci sun sanya samar da aikin gona ya fi dacewa da buƙatun kasuwa, yana sanya ajiyar abinci na duniya a mafi ƙasƙanci tun 1983.<ref name="cnn24march20082">"Food prices rising across the world", CNN. 24 March 2008</ref> A cikin 2013, masu bincike na Cibiyar Ci Gaban Kasashen Waje sun nuna cewa [[shinkafa]] ta ninka fiye da ninki biyu a farashi tun daga shekara ta 2000, ta tashi da kashi 120% a cikin ainihin sharuddan. Wannan ya kasance ne sakamakon sauye-sauye a cikin manufofin kasuwanci da sake dawowa ta manyan masu samarwa. Mafi mahimman direbobi na hauhawar farashi sune farashin taki, dizal da ma'aikata. Sassan Asiya suna ganin albashi na karkara yana tashi tare da yiwuwar fa'idodi masu yawa ga biliyan 1.3 (kimanin 2008) na matalautan Asiya wajen rage talauci da suke fuskanta. Koyaya, wannan yana cutar da ƙungiyoyin da ba su da ƙarfi waɗanda ba su da hannu a ci gaban tattalin arziki, musamman a biranen Asiya da Afirka da ke bakin teku. Masu binciken sun ce barazanar tana nufin ana buƙatar manufofin kariya ta zamantakewa don karewa daga girgizar farashi. Binciken ya ba da shawarar cewa a cikin dogon lokaci, haɓakar ta ba da damar fitarwa ga manoman Yammacin Afirka tare da babban damar samar da shinkafa don maye gurbin shigo da kayayyaki da samar da cikin gida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The end of cheap rice: a cause for celebration? |url=http://www.odi.org.uk/publications/7687-end-cheap-rice-prices-rural-labour-wages |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140619005820/http://www.odi.org.uk/publications/7687-end-cheap-rice-prices-rural-labour-wages |archive-date=19 June 2014 |access-date=6 March 2015 |publisher=Overseas Development Institute}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2015-2020, farashin abinci na duniya sun fi kwanciyar hankali kuma suna da ƙarancin gaske, bayan karuwar da ta yi a ƙarshen shekara ta 2017, sun dawo ƙasa da kashi 75% na darajar da aka gani a lokacin Rikicin abinci na 2011. A cikin dogon lokaci, ana sa ran farashin za su daidaita. Manoma za su shuka karin hatsi don [[man fetur]] da abinci kuma a ƙarshe su sa farashin ya sauka.<ref name="cnn24march2008" /> Wannan ya riga ya faru da alkama, tare da ƙarin amfanin gona da aka shuka a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Kanada]], da [[Turai]] a cikin 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2010 |title=Inflation slows in Feb. as food prices stabilize |url=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/185426/inflation-slows-in-feb-as-food-prices-stabilize |access-date=6 March 2015 |publisher=GMA News}}</ref> Koyaya, Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta tsara cewa masu amfani har yanzu suna hulɗa da abinci mai tsada har zuwa aƙalla 2018.<ref name="cnn24march2008" /> A cikin 2021, farashin abinci na duniya ya karu sosai a cikin mafi girma saboda rushewar jerin kayayyaki a lokacin annobar COVID , kuma a cikin 2022, FAO ta ba da rahoton cewa farashin abinci na Duniya ya kai matsayi mai girma a watan Fabrairu, yana sanya karuwar kashi 24% na shekara-shekara. Yawancin bayanan rahoton Fabrairu an tattara su ne kafin mamayar Rasha ta 2022 a Ukraine, amma masu sharhi sun ce rikici mai tsawo na iya samun babban tasiri a kan fitar da hatsi wanda ke haifar da ƙarin rikice-rikicen abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Food Situation – FAO Food Price Index |url=https://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/foodpricesindex/en/ |access-date=5 March 2022 |website=fao.org}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2024, hauhawar farashin abinci na Najeriya ya kai 40.01% shekara-shekara, wanda ya haifar da raguwar kuɗi, rushewar jerin kayayyaki, da hauhawar farashi na aikin gona. Abubuwan abinci masu mahimmanci kamar [[Gari|garri]], [[Gero|millet]], da [[Doya|yam tubers]] sun ga hauhawar farashi mai mahimmanci. Wannan hauhawar farashin yana kara rashin tsaro na abinci kuma yana rage ikon sayen gida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-25 |title=Food Inflation and Its Impact on the Nigerian Market |url=https://naijaecho.com.ng/food-inflation-and-its-impact-on-nigerian-market/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709150848/https://naijaecho.com.ng/food-inflation-and-its-impact-on-nigerian-market/ |archive-date=2024-07-09 |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=Naijaecho.com.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Dubi kuma ==   == Tushen ==  Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi rubutu dagaabun ciki kyautaaiki. An ba da lasisi a ƙarƙashin CC BY 4.0 (Abin da ya fi dacewa da shi) Sanarwar lasisi / iziniRashin amfani da shi Rubutun da aka karɓa dagaYanayin Tsaro da Abinci a Duniya 2025__hau____hau____hau__, Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] imhnf77972erlxurs9mdvyifaayu1si 906886 906885 2026-08-24T05:56:58Z Ummu Ilham 45024 906886 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:FAO_Food_Price_Index_1961–2021.jpg|thumb|Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona (FAO) Farashin Abinci 1961-2021 a cikin sharuddan da na ainihi. Real Price Index shine Nominal Price Index wanda Bankin Masana'antu na Duniya (MUV) ya rage. Shekaru 2014-2016 sun kasance 100.]] '''Farashin abinci (food prices) yana nufin matsakaicin matakin farashin abinci a tsakanin ƙasashe, yankuna, ko kuma a matakin duniya gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Roser |first1=Max |author1-link=Max Roser |last2=Ritchie |first2=Hannah |author2-link=Hannah Ritchie |date=2013-10-08 |title=Food Prices |url=https://ourworldindata.org/food-prices |journal=Our World in Data}}</ref>. Farashin abinci yana shafar masu samar da abinci da kuma masu sayen abinci.''' '''Matakin farashin abinci ya danganta da yadda ake samar da abinci, ciki har da tallace-tallacen abinci da rarraba abinci. Sauye-sauyen farashin abinci na faruwa ne sakamakon haɗuwar wasu abubuwa da dama.''' '''Waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da:''' * '''Abubuwan da suka shafi siyasar ƙasa da ƙasa (geopolitical events);''' * '''Buƙatar abinci a duniya (global demand);''' * '''Canjin darajar kuɗaɗe (exchange rates);''' * '''Manufofin gwamnatoci;''' * '''Cututtuka da yawan amfanin gona;''' * '''Farashin makamashi;''' * '''Samuwar albarkatun ƙasa da ake buƙata wajen noma;''' * '''Hasashen ko caca kan farashin kayan abinci (food speculation);''' * '''Sauye-sauyen amfani da ƙasa;''' * '''da abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi, kamar fari, ambaliyar ruwa da sauran matsanancin yanayi.''' '''Dukkan waɗannan abubuwa na iya yin ,<ref>{{cite news |date=2010-07-18 |title=Hedge funds accused of gambling with lives of the poorest as food prices soar |url=http://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/jul/19/speculators-commodities-food-price-rises |access-date=2020-09-19 |work=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-09 |title=Food speculation |url=https://www.globaljustice.org.uk/food-speculation |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=Global Justice Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spratt |first=S. |date=2013 |title=Food price volatility and financial speculation |journal=FAC Working Paper 47 |language=en |citeseerx=10.1.1.304.5228}}</ref>tasiri kai tsaye ko a kaikaice wajen ƙara ko rage farashin abinci. Har ila yau, a wani mataki, ana iya rage ko daidaita illar mummunan sauyin farashin abinci<ref>{{Cite web |title=Food Price Explained |url=https://futuresfundamentals.org/see-the-impact/agriculture-futures/food-prices-explained/ |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=Futures Fundamentals |language=en-US}}</ref> ta hanyar manufofin gwamnati da tsare-tsaren da suka shafi abinci (food politics).''' Sakamakon canjin farashin abinci yana da yawa. Karin farashin abinci, ko raguwa, yana barazana ga tsaron abinci, musamman ga [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]], kuma yana iya haifar da tashin hankali na zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bellemare |first=Marc F. |date=2015 |title=Rising Food Prices, Food Price Volatility, and Social Unrest |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1093/ajae/aau038 |journal=American Journal of Agricultural Economics |language=en |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1093/ajae/aau038 |issn=1467-8276 |s2cid=34238445 |url-access=subscription |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Ines |title=Climate Change and Rising Food Prices Heightened Arab Spring |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/climate-change-and-rising-food-prices-heightened-arab-spring/ |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Winecoff |first=Ore Koren, W. Kindred |date=20 May 2020 |title=Food Price Spikes and Social Unrest: The Dark Side of the Fed's Crisis-Fighting |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/05/20/food-price-spikes-and-social-unrest-the-dark-side-of-the-feds-crisis-fighting/ |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> Karin farashin abinci yana da alaƙa da bambance-bambance a cikin ingancin abinci da kiwon lafiya, musamman tsakanin mutanen da ke fama da rauni, kamar mata da yara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Darmon |first=Nicole |last2=Drewnowski |first2=Adam |date=2015-10-01 |title=Contribution of food prices and diet cost to socioeconomic disparities in diet quality and health: a systematic review and analysis |url= |journal=Nutrition Reviews |language=en |volume=73 |issue=10 |pages=643–660 |doi=10.1093/nutrit/nuv027 |issn=0029-6643 |pmc=4586446 |pmid=26307238}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Darnton-Hill |first=Ian |last2=Cogill |first2=Bruce |date=2010-01-01 |title=Maternal and Young Child Nutrition Adversely Affected by External Shocks Such As Increasing Global Food Prices |journal=The Journal of Nutrition |language=en |volume=140 |issue=1 |pages=162S–169S |doi=10.3945/jn.109.111682 |issn=0022-3166 |pmid=19939995 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Farashin abinci zai ci gaba da tashi saboda dalilai daban-daban. Ƙaruwar yawan jama'a a duniya zai ƙara matsa lamba kan wadata da buƙata. [[Canjin yanayi]] zai kara yawan abubuwan da suka faru, ciki har da fari, guguwa da ruwan sama mai tsanani, kuma karuwar zafin jiki gabaɗaya zai shafi samar da abinci.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Climate Change: The Unseen Force Behind Rising Food Prices? |url=http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5434 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717075133/http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5434 |archive-date=17 July 2018 |access-date=7 June 2016 |publisher=World Watch Institute}}</ref> Shiga tsakani don rage asarar abinci ko sharar gida, idan ya isa ya yi girma, zai shafi farashi sama da ƙasa a cikin jerin wadata dangane da inda aka samu. "CPI (Consumer Price Index) ga duk abinci ya karu da 0.8% daga Yuli 2022 zuwa Agusta 2022, kuma farashin abinci ya kasance 11.4% sama da na Agusta 2021."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Summary Findings Food Price Outlook, 2022 and 2023 |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food-price-outlook/summary-findings |publisher=USDA}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka shafi == === Kudin makamashi === [[Fayil:World_population_supported_by_synthetic_nitrogen_fertilizers,_OWID.svg|thumb|Jama'ar duniya suna tallafawa tare da kuma ba tare da [[taki]] na nitrogen ba <ref>{{Cite web |title=World population with and without synthetic nitrogen fertilizers |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/world-population-with-and-without-fertilizer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318062803/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/world-population-with-and-without-fertilizer |archive-date=18 March 2020 |access-date=5 March 2020 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref>]] [[Masana'antar abinci|Samar da abinci]] tsari ne mai amfani da makamashi sosai. Ana amfani da makamashi a cikin albarkatun kasa don taki don samar da wutar lantarki ga wuraren da ake buƙata don sarrafa abinci. Karin farashin makamashi yana haifar da karuwar farashin abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=USDA ERS - The Relationship Between Energy Prices and Food-Related Energy Use in the United States |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2017/june/the-relationship-between-energy-prices-and-food-related-energy-use-in-the-united-states |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=www.ers.usda.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2013 |title=As the Cost of Energy Goes Up, Food Prices Follow |url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/trade/cost-energy-goes-food-prices-follow |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=blogs.worldbank.org |language=en}}</ref> Farashin mai kuma yana shafar farashin abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Canning |first=Patrick |last2=Rehkamp |first2=Sarah |last3=Waters |first3=Arnold |last4=Etemadnia |first4=Hamideh |title=The Role of Fossil Fuels in the U.S. Food System and the American Diet |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details?pubid=82193 |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=www.ers.usda.gov |language=en}}</ref> Hakanan [[Rarraba abinci]] yana shafar karuwar farashin mai, wanda ke haifar da karuwar farashin abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Oil Prices Affect the Price of Food |url=https://oilprice.com/Energy/Oil-Prices/How-Oil-Prices-Affect-The-Price-Of-Food.html |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=OilPrice.com |language=en}}</ref> === Abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi da canjin yanayi ===   Abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanayi kamar fari ko ruwan sama mai tsanani na iya haifar da gazawar girbi. Akwai shaidar cewa abubuwan da suka faru na [[matsanancin yanayi]] da [[Natural disaster|bala'o'i na halitta]] suna haifar da hauhawar farashin abinci.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2020}}[[Canjin yanayi]] zai kara yawan abubuwan da suka faru, gami da fari, guguwa da ruwan sama mai tsanani, kuma karuwar zafin jiki gabaɗaya zai shafi samar da abinci.<ref name=":1" /> [[Ruwa]] muhimmiyar hanya ce ta halitta don rayuwa ta kwayoyin halitta wanda ke sanya shi muhimmiyar mahimmanci wajen samar da kayayyaki waɗanda ke kiyaye rayuwar ɗan adam. Misali, ci gaba da fari a Afirka ta Kudu na iya - a tsakanin sauran dalilai - samun hauhawar abinci 11% har zuwa ƙarshen 2016 bisa ga Bankin Tsaro na Afirka ta Kudu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2016 |title=SA drought persists despite May rainfall |url=http://www.fin24.com/Economy/sa-drought-persists-despite-may-rainfall-20160530 |access-date=16 June 2016}}</ref> Rashin ruwa ya juya ruwa mai kyau zuwa [[fari]] abu mai ban sha'awa wanda ke sa ya zama da wuya a shiga cikin [[Masana'antar abinci|Samar da abinci]], don haka ya hau farashin abinci.<ref name=":0" /> == Bambance-bambance na Duniya == [[Fayil:Tomatos_Price_Per_Pound.jpg|thumb|Farashin abinci don [[Tumatir]] da aka bayar a cikin dala na Amurka a kowace fam]] [[Fayil:Food_price_inflation_was_the_highest_in_low-income_countries,_2019–2024.svg|thumb|Farashin farashin abinci ya kasance mafi girma a cikin ƙasashe masu karamin karfi, 2019-2024]] Farashin abinci ya tashi sosai a lokacin rikicin farashin abinci na duniya na 2007-08 da 2010-2012. Ya kasance mafi mahimmanci a kasashe masu tasowa yayin da ba haka ba ne a kasashe na OECD da [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]]..<ref>{{cite news |date=19 July 2014 |title=Consumer food-price inflation |url=https://www.economist.com/news/economic-and-financial-indicators/21607872-consumer-food-price-inflation |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=FAO Global and regional consumer food inflation monitoring |url=http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-economic/cpi/en/ |publisher=FAO}}</ref> Farashin kayayyakin da '''masu amfani ke biya a ƙasashe masu arziki''' yana samun babban tasiri daga ƙarfin '''manyan shagunan sayar da kaya masu rangwame (discount stores)''', kuma farashin abinci yakan kasance ƙaramin ɓangare ne kawai na jimillar '''tsadar rayuwa'''. Musamman, wasu nau’o’in abincin da suka shahara a tsarin abincin Yammacin duniya, kamar abincin da '''kamfanonin abinci masu saurin girki (fast-food chains)''' ke sarrafawa, suna da ƙarancin farashi idan aka kwatanta da sauran kuɗaɗen rayuwa a ƙasashen Yammacin duniya. Ribar kamfanonin samar da irin waɗannan kayayyaki ta fi dogara ne kan '''yawan abin da ake samarwa da sayarwa (mass production)''' fiye da samar da kayayyaki masu inganci waɗanda farashinsu yake da tsada. A wasu nau’o’in abinci, kamar '''madara da nama''', yawan samarwa fiye da buƙata na iya karkatar da tsarin farashi sosai. Ana kiran irin wannan yanayin a wasu lokuta da '''“butter mountain”''', wato taruwar kayan abinci saboda yawan samarwa fiye da buƙata.. Yanayin yana ƙara zama mai wahala ga '''al’ummomin matalauta''' saboda wasu '''yarjejeniyoyin cinikayya cikin ’yanci (free trade agreements)''' waɗanda ke sauƙaƙa fitar da abinci zuwa ƙasashen '''Kudu''' fiye da yadda ake fitar da kayayyakin daga waɗannan ƙasashe zuwa wasu kasuwanni. Misali mai bayyana hakan shi ne '''fitar da tumatir daga Italiya zuwa Ghana''' ƙarƙashin '''Yarjejeniyoyin Haɗin Kan Tattalin Arziƙi (Economic Partnership Agreements)'''. Kayan lambun da ake sayarwa a farashi mai rahusa sosai na iya yin gasa da noman cikin gida, lamarin da zai iya taimakawa wajen '''raunana noma na cikin gida''' da kuma ƙara tabarbarewar ƙarfin tattalin arziƙin da ya riga ya fuskanci matsaloli..<ref>{{cite news |last1=Krupa |first1=Matthias |last2=Lobenstein |first2=Caterina |date=30 December 2015 |title=Afrika: Ein Mann pflückt gegen Europa |url=http://www.zeit.de/2015/51/afrika-eu-handelspolitik-subventionen-armut-flucht |access-date=16 June 2016 |newspaper=Die Zeit}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic Partnership Agreements and Food Security: What is at stake for West Africa? |url=https://www.die-gdi.de/uploads/media/Economic_Partnership_Agreements_and_Food_Security.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915023834/https://www.die-gdi.de/uploads/media/Economic_Partnership_Agreements_and_Food_Security.pdf |archive-date=2016-09-15}}</ref> Duk da yake matsakaicin farashin abinci na duniya ya tashi daga 2.3% a watan Disamba 2020 zuwa 13.6% a watan Janairun 2023, kasashe masu karamin karfi sun sami karuwa sosai, tare da hauhawar farashin a 30% a watan Mayu 2023. Wannan yanayin ya lalata ikon sayen gida, tare da yiwuwar sakamako ga tsaro na abinci mai gina jiki. Hawan farashin abinci na iya kara tsaron abinci, musamman a kasashe masu karamin karfi. Karin kashi 10% a farashin abinci yana da alaƙa da karuwar kashi 3.5% a cikin matsakaici zuwa matsanancin rashin tsaro na abinci, da kuma karuwar kashi 1.8% a cikin matsanancin rashin lafiya na abinci. A saman hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, kashi 65% na ƙasashe masu karamin karfi da kashi 61% na ƙasashe marasa matsakaicin matsakaicin kuɗi, gida ga mutane biliyan 1.5, sun fuskanci hauhawar farashi na abinci sama da 10%, yana zurfafa rashin daidaito.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|last1=FAO|url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd6008en|title=The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2025|last2=IFAD|last3=UNICEF|last4=WFP|last5=WHO|date=2025|publisher=FAO ; IFAD ; UNICEF ; WFP ; WHO|isbn=978-92-5-139937-8|language=English|doi=10.4060/cd6008en}}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref> Matsakaicin farashin abinci na duniya na shekara-shekara ya karu daga 5.8% a watan Disamba 2020 zuwa 23.3% a watan Disambar 2022. Wadannan adadi suna da tasiri sosai daga ƙasashen da suka fuskanci hauhawar farashi, kamar Sudan, Venezuela, da Zimbabwe, inda hauhawar farashin shekara-shekara ta kai sama da 350%. Yin amfani da matsakaici yana ba da cikakken nuni game da matakan hauhawar farashin duniya: matsakaicin farashin abinci ya karu sosai daga 2.3% a watan Disamba 2020 zuwa 13.6% a watan Janairun 2023.<ref name=":23">{{Cite book|last1=FAO|url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd6008en|title=The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2025|last2=IFAD|last3=UNICEF|last4=WFP|last5=WHO|date=2025|publisher=FAO ; IFAD ; UNICEF ; WFP ; WHO|isbn=978-92-5-139937-8|language=English|doi=10.4060/cd6008en}}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin da ke fama da rauni, musamman mata da mutanen karkara, suna fama da ƙarancin albarkatu, hanyoyin kariya ta zamantakewa marasa ƙarfi, da ƙananan dabarun magance su. Rashin abinci mai gina jiki na yara na iya kara muni tare da hauhawar farashin abinci. Hawan farashin abinci na 2021 zuwa 2023 yana da alaƙa da ƙimar lalacewa tsakanin yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru biyar. Karin kashi 10% a farashin abinci yana da alaƙa da karuwar kashi 2.7% zuwa 4.3% a cikin lalacewa gaba ɗaya da kuma karuwar kashi 4.8% zuwa 6.1% a cikin lalacewar tsanani tsakanin yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru biyar.<ref name=":24">{{Cite book|last1=FAO|url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd6008en|title=The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2025|last2=IFAD|last3=UNICEF|last4=WFP|last5=WHO|date=2025|publisher=FAO ; IFAD ; UNICEF ; WFP ; WHO|isbn=978-92-5-139937-8|language=English|doi=10.4060/cd6008en}}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref> Hawan farashin abinci ya sanya ƙarin matsin lamba a kan abincin gidaje masu karamin karfi. Daga 2019 zuwa 2024, farashin abinci mafi girma ya karu kasashe masu zunubi kamar Mexico, Najeriya da Pakistan sun kasance cikin abinci da mai. Kamar yadda abinci mai tsami ya zama ainihin abincin ga iyalai mafi talauci, irin wannan karuwa na iya lalata tsaro na abinci mai gina jiki; duk da haka, samun damar samun abubuwa masu arha a wasu kungiyoyin abinci na iya taimakawa ci gaba da isasshen abinci duk da hauhawar farashin abinci. Farashin abinci mai alaƙa a tsakanin kungiyoyin abinci da matakan sarrafawa sun kasance masu kwanciyar hankali a duniya tsakanin 2011 da 2021. Abinci mai gina jiki kamar 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu sun ci gaba da kasancewa mafi tsada a kowace kilocalorie. Gabaɗaya, abinci masu sarrafawa suna da ƙananan farashi a kowace kilocalorie idan aka kwatanta da hanyoyin da ba a sarrafa su ba. Abinci mai sarrafawa yana ƙara maye gurbin wasu hanyoyin da ke da gina jiki duk da karuwar shaidar tasirin lafiyar su..<ref name=":28">{{Cite book|last1=FAO|url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd6008en|title=The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2025|last2=IFAD|last3=UNICEF|last4=WFP|last5=WHO|date=2025|publisher=FAO ; IFAD ; UNICEF ; WFP ; WHO|isbn=978-92-5-139937-8|language=English|doi=10.4060/cd6008en}}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref> Farashin farashin abinci ya kasance mai tsanani musamman a cikin ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi (LICs). Yawancin gidaje, har ma da waɗanda suka dogara da aikin gona don rayuwarsu, sun dogara da kasuwanni don kayan abinci. Samar da abinci a kasuwa ya bar gidaje masu saukin kamuwa da karuwar farashi, yana kara rashin tsaro na abinci, yana zurfafa talauci, da kuma iyakance samun dama da amfani da abinci mai kyau. Manoma da ma'aikatan gona galibi masu sayen abinci ne, don haka hauhawar farashin abinci yawanci ya fi duk wani riba da suke samu daga sayar da kayan su.<ref name=":25">{{Cite book|last1=FAO|url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd6008en|title=The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2025|last2=IFAD|last3=UNICEF|last4=WFP|last5=WHO|date=2025|publisher=FAO ; IFAD ; UNICEF ; WFP ; WHO|isbn=978-92-5-139937-8|language=English|doi=10.4060/cd6008en}}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref> A cikin ƙasashe marasa daidaito, tsarin kariya na zamantakewa marasa ƙarfi, iyakance sararin kuɗi, da kuma yawan jama'a masu rauni suna barin kungiyoyi marasa galihu, musamman mata da gidajen karkara, a cikin haɗari mafi girma. Matsalolin jinsi, kamar ƙananan kudaden shiga, nauyin kulawa, da ƙuntataccen damar samun albarkatu, rage ikon mata don magance hauhawar farashi, sau da yawa tilasta musu su rage cin abinci a lokacin rikice-rikice..<ref name=":26">{{Cite book|last1=FAO|url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd6008en|title=The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2025|last2=IFAD|last3=UNICEF|last4=WFP|last5=WHO|date=2025|publisher=FAO ; IFAD ; UNICEF ; WFP ; WHO|isbn=978-92-5-139937-8|language=English|doi=10.4060/cd6008en}}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref> Gudanar da samun dama ga ayyuka masu mahimmanci, gami da ruwa mai tsabta, tsaftacewa, da sabis na kiwon lafiya na jama'a, karuwar 10% a farashin abinci yana da alaƙa da karuwar 2.7% zuwa 4.3% a cikin lalacewa da karuwar 4.8% zuwa 6.1% a cikin mummunar lalacewa tsakanin yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru biyar.<ref name=":27">{{Cite book|last1=FAO|url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd6008en|title=The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2025|last2=IFAD|last3=UNICEF|last4=WFP|last5=WHO|date=2025|publisher=FAO ; IFAD ; UNICEF ; WFP ; WHO|isbn=978-92-5-139937-8|language=English|doi=10.4060/cd6008en}}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref> == Kulawa == Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona (FAO) ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta haɓaka "kayan aiki na gargadi na farko" wanda ake kira Farashin Abinci da Binciken Kulawa (FPMA). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} Food Price Monitoring and Analysis (FPMA) {{!}} Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url=http://www.fao.org/giews/food-prices/home/en/ |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=www.fao.org}}</ref> Bayan rikicin abinci na 2008 da 2011, FAO ta haɓaka "alamu na gargadi na farko don gano ci gaban farashi a kasuwannin masu amfani a kasuwannun kasuwannin kasashe masu tasowa".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Developing a price warning indicator as an early warning tool – a compound growth approach |url=http://www.fao.org/giews/food-prices/research/detail/en/c/235685/ |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=www.fao.org}}</ref> FPMA tana amfani da tushen bayanai iri-iri don ciyar da bayanan su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Data Sources {{!}} Food Price Monitoring and Analysis (FPMA) |url=http://www.fao.org/giews/food-prices/data-partners/en/ |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=www.fao.org}}</ref> Canjin farashin abinci ya haifar da wasu shirye-shirye a cikin masana'antu. A [[Kanada]], Jami'ar Dalhousie da Jami'ar Guelph suna buga Rahoton Farashin Abinci na Kanada a kowace shekara, tun 2010. Miliyoyin mutane suna karantawa a kowace shekara, rahoton yana sa ido da hasashen farashin abinci na shekara mai zuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Canada's Food Price Report 2019 |url=https://www.dal.ca/faculty/management/news-events/canada-s-food-price-report.html |website=Dalhousie University}}</ref> Masu binciken Kanada Sylvain Charlebois da Francis Tapon ne suka kirkiro rahoton. Bayanan ajiyar Numbeo "yana ba ka damar gani, raba da kwatanta bayanai game da farashin abinci a duk duniya kuma yana ba da kimantawa na mafi ƙarancin kuɗin da ake buƙata don abinci ga kowane mutum a kowace rana".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Numbeo is the world's largest database about food prices worldwide |url=http://www.numbeo.com/food-prices/ |access-date=6 June 2016}}</ref> === Farashin abinci na FAO === [[Fayil:Annual_real_food_price_indices.svg|thumb|Abinci, nama, madara, hatsi, man kayan lambu, da farashin sukari, an rage su ta amfani da Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigatattun Ƙididdigas na Bankin Duniya (MUV). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual real food price indices |url=http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/worldfood/Reports_and_docs/Food_price_indices_data.xls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401183726/http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/worldfood/Reports_and_docs/Food_price_indices_data.xls |archive-date=1 April 2014 |access-date=19 March 2014}}</ref> Girman a cikin 2008 da 2011 ya nuna rikice-rikicen abinci na duniya. ]] Farashin farashin [[abinci]] na FAO shine ma'auni na canjin kowane wata a farashin kasa da kasa na kwandon kasuwa na kayan abinci. Ya ƙunshi matsakaicin ƙididdigar farashin rukunin kayayyaki guda biyar, wanda aka auna tare da matsakaicin hannun jarin fitarwa na kowane ɗayan ƙungiyoyi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FAO Food Price Index |url=http://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/foodpricesindex/en/ |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=FAO}}</ref> # Farashin hatsi na FAO # Farashin man fetur na FAO # Farashin madara na FAO # Farashin [[Nama]] na FAO # Farashin [[Sukari|Shukari]] na FAO {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !farashi mai suna idx !farashi mai yawa idx |- |1990 |107.2 |100.4 |- |1991 |105.0 |98.7 |- |1992 |109.2 |101.1 |- |1993 |105.5 |97.1 |- |1994 |110.3 |101.3 |- |1995 |125.3 |105.3 |- |1996 |131.1 |113.7 |- |1997 |120.3 |111.3 |- |1998 |108.6 |105.6 |- |1999 |93.2 |92.6 |- |2000 |91.1 |92.4 |- |2001 |94.6 |101.0 |- |2002 |89.6 |96.2 |- |2003 |97.7 |98.1 |- |2004 |112.7 |105.0 |- |2005 |118.0 |106.8 |- |2006 |127.2 |112.7 |- |2007 |161.4 |134.6 |- |2008 |'''201.4''' |'''155.7''' |- |2009 |160.3 |132.8 |- |2010 |188.0 |150.7 |- |2011 |'''229.9''' |'''169.1''' |- |2012 |213.3 |158.8 |- |2013 |209.8 |158.5 |- |2014 |201.8 |152.0 |- |2015 |164.0 |123.2 |- |2016 |151.6 |112.3 |} === World bank food price watch === Bankin Duniya ya saki rahoton Food Price Watch na kwata-kwata wanda ke nuna yanayin farashin abinci na cikin gida a cikin ƙasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaici, kuma ya tsara tasirin manufofin (abinci) na sauye-sauyen farashin abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Food Price Watch |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/publication/food-price-watch-home |access-date=16 June 2016}}</ref> Har ila yau, akwai wasu hanyoyin auna farashin abinci waɗanda suka fi ban dariya. Wadannan sun hada da: * Big Mac Index, wanda ke kwatanta farashin hamburger na McDonald's Big Mac a duk faɗin ƙasashe.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erezi |first=Dennis |date=2022-04-28 |title=Jollof Index, Chicken Republic, inflation and changing food consumption patterns |url=https://guardian.ng/features/jollof-index-chicken-republic-inflation-and-changing-food-consumption-patterns/ |access-date=2024-05-15 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> * Jollof index, wanda ke lissafin farashin abinci da ake buƙata don yin shinkafa Jollof, sanannen abincin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erezi |first=Dennis |date=2022-04-28 |title=Jollof Index, Chicken Republic, inflation and changing food consumption patterns |url=https://guardian.ng/features/jollof-index-chicken-republic-inflation-and-changing-food-consumption-patterns/ |access-date=2024-05-15 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> * The Two Dishes One Soup Index, wanda ke lissafin farashin abinci da ake buƙata don dafa miya ɗaya da wasu jita-jita biyu ga ƙaramin iyali a Hong Kong. == Tarihin farashin karni na 21 == [[Fayil:Food_Price_Index_US.webp|thumb|300x300px|Farashin Abinci [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]]] [[Fayil:Distinctive_trajectories_of_food_security_and_food_price_inflation,_2015–2023.svg|thumb|300x300px|Hanyoyi masu ban sha'awa na tsaro na abinci da hauhawar farashin abinci, 2015-2023.]] [[Fayil:Relationship_between_food_insecurity_and_food_prices,_2014–2024.svg|thumb|300x300px|Dangantaka tsakanin rashin tsaro na abinci da farashin abinci, 2014-2024.]] Yana da wuya ga hauhawar farashin ya buga dukkan manyan abinci a yawancin ƙasashe a lokaci guda, amma farashin abinci ya sha wahala a kowane lokaci a cikin 2008 da 2011, yana sanya 15% da 12% ƙaruwa shekara-shekara, wakiltar farashin da ya fi kowane bayanan da aka tattara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FAO food prices index |url=http://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/foodpricesindex/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224070948/http://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/foodpricesindex/en/ |archive-date=24 February 2018 |access-date=25 Feb 2018 |website=FAO.org}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan karuwar farashin abinci na iya zama karuwar farashin mai a lokaci guda.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 January 2008 |title=The global grain bubble |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0118/p08s01-comv.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130063759/http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0118/p08s01-comv.html |archive-date=30 November 2009 |access-date=24 October 2020 |work=Christian Science Monitor}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=10 April 2008 |title=The World Food Crisis |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/10/opinion/10thu1.html |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Yana da wuya ga spikes su buga dukkan manyan abinci a yawancin ƙasashe a lokaci guda. Farashin abinci ya tashi da kashi 4% a Amurka a cikin 2007, karuwar da ta fi girma tun 1990, kuma ana sa ran sake hawa sosai a cikin 2008. Ya zuwa watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007, kasashe 37 sun fuskanci rikice-rikicen abinci, kuma 20 sun sanya wasu nau'ikan kula da farashin abinci. A kasar Sin, farashin naman alade ya tashi da kashi 58% a shekarar 2007. A cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990, tallafin gona da shirye-shiryen tallafi sun ba da damar manyan ƙasashen fitar da hatsi su riƙe manyan abubuwan da za a iya amfani da su yayin karancin abinci don sa farashin ya sauka. Koyaya, sabbin manufofin kasuwanci sun sanya samar da aikin gona ya fi dacewa da buƙatun kasuwa, yana sanya ajiyar abinci na duniya a mafi ƙasƙanci tun 1983.<ref name="cnn24march20082">"Food prices rising across the world", CNN. 24 March 2008</ref> A cikin 2013, masu bincike na Cibiyar Ci Gaban Kasashen Waje sun nuna cewa [[shinkafa]] ta ninka fiye da ninki biyu a farashi tun daga shekara ta 2000, ta tashi da kashi 120% a cikin ainihin sharuddan. Wannan ya kasance ne sakamakon sauye-sauye a cikin manufofin kasuwanci da sake dawowa ta manyan masu samarwa. Mafi mahimman direbobi na hauhawar farashi sune farashin taki, dizal da ma'aikata. Sassan Asiya suna ganin albashi na karkara yana tashi tare da yiwuwar fa'idodi masu yawa ga biliyan 1.3 (kimanin 2008) na matalautan Asiya wajen rage talauci da suke fuskanta. Koyaya, wannan yana cutar da ƙungiyoyin da ba su da ƙarfi waɗanda ba su da hannu a ci gaban tattalin arziki, musamman a biranen Asiya da Afirka da ke bakin teku. Masu binciken sun ce barazanar tana nufin ana buƙatar manufofin kariya ta zamantakewa don karewa daga girgizar farashi. Binciken ya ba da shawarar cewa a cikin dogon lokaci, haɓakar ta ba da damar fitarwa ga manoman Yammacin Afirka tare da babban damar samar da shinkafa don maye gurbin shigo da kayayyaki da samar da cikin gida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The end of cheap rice: a cause for celebration? |url=http://www.odi.org.uk/publications/7687-end-cheap-rice-prices-rural-labour-wages |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140619005820/http://www.odi.org.uk/publications/7687-end-cheap-rice-prices-rural-labour-wages |archive-date=19 June 2014 |access-date=6 March 2015 |publisher=Overseas Development Institute}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2015-2020, farashin abinci na duniya sun fi kwanciyar hankali kuma suna da ƙarancin gaske, bayan karuwar da ta yi a ƙarshen shekara ta 2017, sun dawo ƙasa da kashi 75% na darajar da aka gani a lokacin Rikicin abinci na 2011. A cikin dogon lokaci, ana sa ran farashin za su daidaita. Manoma za su shuka karin hatsi don [[man fetur]] da abinci kuma a ƙarshe su sa farashin ya sauka.<ref name="cnn24march2008" /> Wannan ya riga ya faru da alkama, tare da ƙarin amfanin gona da aka shuka a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Kanada]], da [[Turai]] a cikin 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2010 |title=Inflation slows in Feb. as food prices stabilize |url=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/185426/inflation-slows-in-feb-as-food-prices-stabilize |access-date=6 March 2015 |publisher=GMA News}}</ref> Koyaya, Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta tsara cewa masu amfani har yanzu suna hulɗa da abinci mai tsada har zuwa aƙalla 2018.<ref name="cnn24march2008" /> A cikin 2021, farashin abinci na duniya ya karu sosai a cikin mafi girma saboda rushewar jerin kayayyaki a lokacin annobar COVID , kuma a cikin 2022, FAO ta ba da rahoton cewa farashin abinci na Duniya ya kai matsayi mai girma a watan Fabrairu, yana sanya karuwar kashi 24% na shekara-shekara. Yawancin bayanan rahoton Fabrairu an tattara su ne kafin mamayar Rasha ta 2022 a Ukraine, amma masu sharhi sun ce rikici mai tsawo na iya samun babban tasiri a kan fitar da hatsi wanda ke haifar da ƙarin rikice-rikicen abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Food Situation – FAO Food Price Index |url=https://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/foodpricesindex/en/ |access-date=5 March 2022 |website=fao.org}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2024, hauhawar farashin abinci na Najeriya ya kai 40.01% shekara-shekara, wanda ya haifar da raguwar kuɗi, rushewar jerin kayayyaki, da hauhawar farashi na aikin gona. Abubuwan abinci masu mahimmanci kamar [[Gari|garri]], [[Gero|millet]], da [[Doya|yam tubers]] sun ga hauhawar farashi mai mahimmanci. Wannan hauhawar farashin yana kara rashin tsaro na abinci kuma yana rage ikon sayen gida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-25 |title=Food Inflation and Its Impact on the Nigerian Market |url=https://naijaecho.com.ng/food-inflation-and-its-impact-on-nigerian-market/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709150848/https://naijaecho.com.ng/food-inflation-and-its-impact-on-nigerian-market/ |archive-date=2024-07-09 |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=Naijaecho.com.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Dubi kuma ==   == Tushen ==  Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi rubutu dagaabun ciki kyautaaiki. An ba da lasisi a ƙarƙashin CC BY 4.0 (Abin da ya fi dacewa da shi) Sanarwar lasisi / iziniRashin amfani da shi Rubutun da aka karɓa dagaYanayin Tsaro da Abinci a Duniya 2025__hau____hau____hau__, Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rr6gm807lqbq5ke0jfzjx57pck5f1lj 0 165261 906896 2026-08-24T06:22:31Z Ummu Ilham 45024 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360692358|International community]]" 906896 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Fayil:Map_of_international_community.svg|thumb|Wani shahararren zargi game da amfani da kalmar a cikin kafofin watsa labarai shine cewa ya zama daidai da Duniyar Yamma, tare da cirewa daga [[Asiya]] (sai dai [[Japan]] da [[Isra'ila]], saboda tasirin su da Amurka), ra'ayin [[Afirka]] da Latin Amurka.]] '''Al’ummar ƙasa da ƙasa (international community)''' kalma ce da ake amfani da ita a fannin '''geopolitics''' da '''hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa (international relations)''' domin nufin '''dukan ƙasashen duniya''', ko kuma wani babban rukuni na '''mutane da gwamnatocin ƙasashe daban-daban na duniya'''.<ref name="Burnell20132">{{Cite book|last=Burnell|first=Peter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYy3AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA6|title=Democracy Assistance: International Co-operation for Democratization|date=2013-10-23|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-30954-1|pages=6|language=en|quote=}}</ref> == Amfani da shi == Baya ga amfani da kalmar a matsayin '''bayani na gama-gari''', ana amfani da kalmar '''“al’ummar ƙasa da ƙasa” (international community)''' wajen nuna cewa akwai '''ra’ayi ko matsaya da ƙasashe da gwamnatoci da dama suka yi tarayya a kai''' game da wasu takamaiman batutuwa, kamar '''haƙƙin ɗan Adam''', '''kare muhalli''', '''sauyin yanayi''', da sauran batutuwan da suka shafi '''haɗin kai tsakanin ƙasashe'''. Haka kuma, a wasu lokuta ana amfani da kalmar wajen '''kiran a ɗauki mataki kan wani maƙiyi ko wata gwamnati''', misali wajen ɗaukar mataki kan abin da ake ganin '''dannewar siyasa''' a wata ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, ana yawan amfani da kalmar wajen nuna cewa wani '''ra’ayi yana da halaccin goyon baya da kuma yarjejeniya daga ƙasashe da dama''', musamman idan ana magana kan batun da ake takaddama a kai. Misali, ana iya amfani da ita wajen ƙara '''kima da amincewa''' ga sakamakon kuri’ar rinjaye a '''Babban Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (United Nations General Assembly)'''. == Rashin amincewa == Akwai fitattun mutane da marubuta da yawa da suka yi jayayya cewa ana amfani da kalmar sau da yawa don bayyana ƙaramin 'yan tsiraru ko rukuni na jihohi, kuma ba a zahiri duk ƙasashe ko jihohi a duniya ba, kodayake wannan ba ra'ayi ne da aka yarda da shi a duniya ba kamar yadda mutane da yawa ke amfani da magana.<ref name="PaikLeeTan2013">{{Cite book|last3=Paik Jin-hyun|last2=Lee Seokwoo}}</ref><ref name="Tsilonis2019">{{Cite book|last3=Victor P. Tsilonis}}</ref> A cewar lauyan Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka na kasa da kasa Victor P. Tsilonis, ya yi magana game da "sha'awar jihohi masu iko" ko "jihohi bakwai zuwa goma". <ref name="Tsilonis2019" /> Shugaban Kotun [[Rasha]] da Kasa don Dokar Tekun Paik Jin-hyun da abokan hulɗa Lee Seokwoo da Kevin Tan suna jayayya cewa yana iya komawa ga "wasu jihohi 20 masu arziki", suna ba da misalin waɗanda ba membobin Non-Aligned Movement ba, yayin da Farfesa Peter Burnell na Jami'ar Warwick ya ba da shawarar cewa wasu muhimman jihohi, kamar su na Larabawa da na manyan ƙasashen Musulunci, galibi suna nesa da manufar "al'umma ta duniya" kuma ba lallai ba ne su goyi bayan kowane babban shirin da ke da ke da alaƙa da shi, misali, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba, suna da shi, suna da aka haɗa da shi,<ref name="PaikLeeTan2013" /><ref name="Burnell2013" /> [[Noam Chomsky]] ya bayyana cewa ana amfani da kalmar don komawa ga [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da abokanta da jihohin abokin ciniki, da kuma abokan tarayya a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na waɗancan jihohin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Crimes of 'Intcom' |url=http://www.chomsky.info/articles/200209--.htm |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Katrina |date=2012-06-13 |title=Israel, US violators of international law, says Noam Chomsky |url=https://www.thenewstribe.io/2012/06/14/israel-us-violators-of-international-law-says-noam-chomsky/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101144153/https://www.thenewstribe.io/2012/06/14/israel-us-violators-of-international-law-says-noam-chomsky/ |archive-date=2022-01-01 |access-date=2021-08-16 |website=The News Tribe |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2012 |title=Noam Chomsky on Iran |url=http://www.satellitemagazine.ca/2012/06/noam-chomsky-on-iran/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114071435/http://www.satellitemagazine.ca/2012/06/noam-chomsky-on-iran/ |archive-date=2013-11-14 |access-date=2021-08-16 |website=Satellite Magazine}}</ref> Dan jaridar Burtaniya Martin Jacques ya ce: "Dukkanmu mun san abin da kalmar 'al'umma ta duniya' ke nufi, ba mu ba? Yamma ce, ba shakka, babu wani abu, babu wani abin da ya rage. Amfani da kalmar 'Al'umma ta kasa da kasa' hanya ce ta girmama yamma, ta duniya, ta sa ya fi dacewa, kuma ya fi kuskuren".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacques |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Jacques |date=2006-08-24 |title=What the hell is the international community? |url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/aug/24/whatthehellistheinternati |access-date=2021-08-16 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref>A cewar masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Amurka Samuel P. Huntington, kalmar ita ce maye gurbin kalmar farfaganda ta baya "Free World". == Dubi kuma ==    == Manazarta == qyzahvctrzlkyhnv6ldv5o9gji7xsk8 0 165262 906898 2026-08-24T06:23:03Z Ummu Ilham 45024 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360692358|International community]]" 906898 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Fayil:Map_of_international_community.svg|thumb|Wani shahararren zargi game da amfani da kalmar a cikin kafofin watsa labarai shine cewa ya zama daidai da Duniyar Yamma, tare da cirewa daga [[Asiya]] (sai dai [[Japan]] da [[Isra'ila]], saboda tasirin su da Amurka), ra'ayin [[Afirka]] da Latin Amurka.]] '''Al’ummar ƙasa da ƙasa (international community)''' kalma ce da ake amfani da ita a fannin '''geopolitics''' da '''hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa (international relations)''' domin nufin '''dukan ƙasashen duniya''', ko kuma wani babban rukuni na '''mutane da gwamnatocin ƙasashe daban-daban na duniya'''.<ref name="Burnell20132">{{Cite book|last=Burnell|first=Peter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYy3AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA6|title=Democracy Assistance: International Co-operation for Democratization|date=2013-10-23|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-30954-1|pages=6|language=en|quote=}}</ref> == Amfani da shi == Baya ga amfani da kalmar a matsayin '''bayani na gama-gari''', ana amfani da kalmar '''“al’ummar ƙasa da ƙasa” (international community)''' wajen nuna cewa akwai '''ra’ayi ko matsaya da ƙasashe da gwamnatoci da dama suka yi tarayya a kai''' game da wasu takamaiman batutuwa, kamar '''haƙƙin ɗan Adam''', '''kare muhalli''', '''sauyin yanayi''', da sauran batutuwan da suka shafi '''haɗin kai tsakanin ƙasashe'''. Haka kuma, a wasu lokuta ana amfani da kalmar wajen '''kiran a ɗauki mataki kan wani maƙiyi ko wata gwamnati''', misali wajen ɗaukar mataki kan abin da ake ganin '''dannewar siyasa''' a wata ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, ana yawan amfani da kalmar wajen nuna cewa wani '''ra’ayi yana da halaccin goyon baya da kuma yarjejeniya daga ƙasashe da dama''', musamman idan ana magana kan batun da ake takaddama a kai. Misali, ana iya amfani da ita wajen ƙara '''kima da amincewa''' ga sakamakon kuri’ar rinjaye a '''Babban Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (United Nations General Assembly)'''. == Rashin amincewa == Akwai fitattun mutane da marubuta da yawa da suka yi jayayya cewa ana amfani da kalmar sau da yawa don bayyana ƙaramin 'yan tsiraru ko rukuni na jihohi, kuma ba a zahiri duk ƙasashe ko jihohi a duniya ba, kodayake wannan ba ra'ayi ne da aka yarda da shi a duniya ba kamar yadda mutane da yawa ke amfani da magana.<ref name="PaikLeeTan2013">{{Cite book|last3=Paik Jin-hyun|last2=Lee Seokwoo}}</ref><ref name="Tsilonis2019">{{Cite book|last3=Victor P. Tsilonis}}</ref> A cewar lauyan Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka na kasa da kasa Victor P. Tsilonis, ya yi magana game da "sha'awar jihohi masu iko" ko "jihohi bakwai zuwa goma". <ref name="Tsilonis2019" /> Shugaban Kotun [[Rasha]] da Kasa don Dokar Tekun Paik Jin-hyun da abokan hulɗa Lee Seokwoo da Kevin Tan suna jayayya cewa yana iya komawa ga "wasu jihohi 20 masu arziki", suna ba da misalin waɗanda ba membobin Non-Aligned Movement ba, yayin da Farfesa Peter Burnell na Jami'ar Warwick ya ba da shawarar cewa wasu muhimman jihohi, kamar su na Larabawa da na manyan ƙasashen Musulunci, galibi suna nesa da manufar "al'umma ta duniya" kuma ba lallai ba ne su goyi bayan kowane babban shirin da ke da ke da alaƙa da shi, misali, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba, suna da shi, suna da aka haɗa da shi,<ref name="PaikLeeTan2013" /><ref name="Burnell2013" /> [[Noam Chomsky]] ya bayyana cewa ana amfani da kalmar don komawa ga [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da abokanta da jihohin abokin ciniki, da kuma abokan tarayya a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na waɗancan jihohin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Crimes of 'Intcom' |url=http://www.chomsky.info/articles/200209--.htm |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Katrina |date=2012-06-13 |title=Israel, US violators of international law, says Noam Chomsky |url=https://www.thenewstribe.io/2012/06/14/israel-us-violators-of-international-law-says-noam-chomsky/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101144153/https://www.thenewstribe.io/2012/06/14/israel-us-violators-of-international-law-says-noam-chomsky/ |archive-date=2022-01-01 |access-date=2021-08-16 |website=The News Tribe |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2012 |title=Noam Chomsky on Iran |url=http://www.satellitemagazine.ca/2012/06/noam-chomsky-on-iran/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114071435/http://www.satellitemagazine.ca/2012/06/noam-chomsky-on-iran/ |archive-date=2013-11-14 |access-date=2021-08-16 |website=Satellite Magazine}}</ref> Dan jaridar Burtaniya Martin Jacques ya ce: "Dukkanmu mun san abin da kalmar 'al'umma ta duniya' ke nufi, ba mu ba? Yamma ce, ba shakka, babu wani abu, babu wani abin da ya rage. Amfani da kalmar 'Al'umma ta kasa da kasa' hanya ce ta girmama yamma, ta duniya, ta sa ya fi dacewa, kuma ya fi kuskuren".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacques |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Jacques |date=2006-08-24 |title=What the hell is the international community? |url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/aug/24/whatthehellistheinternati |access-date=2021-08-16 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref>A cewar masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Amurka Samuel P. Huntington, kalmar ita ce maye gurbin kalmar farfaganda ta baya "Free World". == Dubi kuma ==    == Manazarta == qyzahvctrzlkyhnv6ldv5o9gji7xsk8 906899 906898 2026-08-24T06:23:35Z Ummu Ilham 45024 906899 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Fayil:Map_of_international_community.svg|thumb|Wani shahararren zargi game da amfani da kalmar a cikin kafofin watsa labarai shine cewa ya zama daidai da Duniyar Yamma, tare da cirewa daga [[Asiya]] (sai dai [[Japan]] da [[Isra'ila]], saboda tasirin su da Amurka), ra'ayin [[Afirka]] da Latin Amurka.]] '''Al’ummar ƙasa da ƙasa (international community)''' kalma ce da ake amfani da ita a fannin '''geopolitics''' da '''hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa (international relations)''' domin nufin '''dukan ƙasashen duniya''', ko kuma wani babban rukuni na '''mutane da gwamnatocin ƙasashe daban-daban na duniya'''.<ref name="Burnell20132">{{Cite book|last=Burnell|first=Peter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYy3AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA6|title=Democracy Assistance: International Co-operation for Democratization|date=2013-10-23|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-30954-1|pages=6|language=en|quote=}}</ref> == Amfani da shi == Baya ga amfani da kalmar a matsayin '''bayani na gama-gari''', ana amfani da kalmar '''“al’ummar ƙasa da ƙasa” (international community)''' wajen nuna cewa akwai '''ra’ayi ko matsaya da ƙasashe da gwamnatoci da dama suka yi tarayya a kai''' game da wasu takamaiman batutuwa, kamar '''haƙƙin ɗan Adam''', '''kare muhalli''', '''sauyin yanayi''', da sauran batutuwan da suka shafi '''haɗin kai tsakanin ƙasashe'''. Haka kuma, a wasu lokuta ana amfani da kalmar wajen '''kiran a ɗauki mataki kan wani maƙiyi ko wata gwamnati''', misali wajen ɗaukar mataki kan abin da ake ganin '''dannewar siyasa''' a wata ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, ana yawan amfani da kalmar wajen nuna cewa wani '''ra’ayi yana da halaccin goyon baya da kuma yarjejeniya daga ƙasashe da dama''', musamman idan ana magana kan batun da ake takaddama a kai. Misali, ana iya amfani da ita wajen ƙara '''kima da amincewa''' ga sakamakon kuri’ar rinjaye a '''Babban Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (United Nations General Assembly)'''. == Rashin amincewa == Akwai fitattun mutane da marubuta da yawa da suka yi jayayya cewa ana amfani da kalmar sau da yawa don bayyana ƙaramin 'yan tsiraru ko rukuni na jihohi, kuma ba a zahiri duk ƙasashe ko jihohi a duniya ba, kodayake wannan ba ra'ayi ne da aka yarda da shi a duniya ba kamar yadda mutane da yawa ke amfani da magana.<ref name="PaikLeeTan2013">{{Cite book|last3=Paik Jin-hyun|last2=Lee Seokwoo}}</ref><ref name="Tsilonis2019">{{Cite book|last3=Victor P. Tsilonis}}</ref> A cewar lauyan Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka na kasa da kasa Victor P. Tsilonis, ya yi magana game da "sha'awar jihohi masu iko" ko "jihohi bakwai zuwa goma". <ref name="Tsilonis2019" /> Shugaban Kotun [[Rasha]] da Kasa don Dokar Tekun Paik Jin-hyun da abokan hulɗa Lee Seokwoo da Kevin Tan suna jayayya cewa yana iya komawa ga "wasu jihohi 20 masu arziki", suna ba da misalin waɗanda ba membobin Non-Aligned Movement ba, yayin da Farfesa Peter Burnell na Jami'ar Warwick ya ba da shawarar cewa wasu muhimman jihohi, kamar su na Larabawa da na manyan ƙasashen Musulunci, galibi suna nesa da manufar "al'umma ta duniya" kuma ba lallai ba ne su goyi bayan kowane babban shirin da ke da ke da alaƙa da shi, misali, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba, suna da shi, suna da aka haɗa da shi,<ref name="PaikLeeTan2013" /><ref name="Burnell2013" /> [[Noam Chomsky]] ya bayyana cewa ana amfani da kalmar don komawa ga [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da abokanta da jihohin abokin ciniki, da kuma abokan tarayya a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na waɗancan jihohin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Crimes of 'Intcom' |url=http://www.chomsky.info/articles/200209--.htm |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Katrina |date=2012-06-13 |title=Israel, US violators of international law, says Noam Chomsky |url=https://www.thenewstribe.io/2012/06/14/israel-us-violators-of-international-law-says-noam-chomsky/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101144153/https://www.thenewstribe.io/2012/06/14/israel-us-violators-of-international-law-says-noam-chomsky/ |archive-date=2022-01-01 |access-date=2021-08-16 |website=The News Tribe |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2012 |title=Noam Chomsky on Iran |url=http://www.satellitemagazine.ca/2012/06/noam-chomsky-on-iran/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114071435/http://www.satellitemagazine.ca/2012/06/noam-chomsky-on-iran/ |archive-date=2013-11-14 |access-date=2021-08-16 |website=Satellite Magazine}}</ref> Dan jaridar Burtaniya Martin Jacques ya ce: "Dukkanmu mun san abin da kalmar 'al'umma ta duniya' ke nufi, ba mu ba? Yamma ce, ba shakka, babu wani abu, babu wani abin da ya rage. Amfani da kalmar 'Al'umma ta kasa da kasa' hanya ce ta girmama yamma, ta duniya, ta sa ya fi dacewa, kuma ya fi kuskuren".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacques |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Jacques |date=2006-08-24 |title=What the hell is the international community? |url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/aug/24/whatthehellistheinternati |access-date=2021-08-16 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref>A cewar masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Amurka Samuel P. Huntington, kalmar ita ce maye gurbin kalmar farfaganda ta baya "Free World".. == Dubi kuma ==    == Manazarta == 9mbc8lxlakhr8xk8bf8eludjanmj95y 906900 906899 2026-08-24T06:25:01Z Ummu Ilham 45024 906900 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Fayil:Map_of_international_community.svg|thumb|Wani shahararren zargi game da amfani da kalmar a cikin kafofin watsa labarai shine cewa ya zama daidai da Duniyar Yamma, tare da cirewa daga [[Asiya]] (sai dai [[Japan]] da [[Isra'ila]], saboda tasirin su da Amurka), ra'ayin [[Afirka]] da Latin Amurka.]] '''Al’ummar ƙasa da ƙasa (international community)''' kalma ce da ake amfani da ita a fannin '''geopolitics''' da '''hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa (international relations)''' domin nufin '''dukan ƙasashen duniya''', ko kuma wani babban rukuni na '''mutane da gwamnatocin ƙasashe daban-daban na duniya'''.<ref name="Burnell20132">{{Cite book|last=Burnell|first=Peter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYy3AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA6|title=Democracy Assistance: International Co-operation for Democratization|date=2013-10-23|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-30954-1|pages=6|language=en|quote=}}</ref> == Amfani da shi == Baya ga amfani da kalmar a matsayin '''bayani na gama-gari''', ana amfani da kalmar '''“al’ummar ƙasa da ƙasa” (international community)''' wajen nuna cewa akwai '''ra’ayi ko matsaya da ƙasashe da gwamnatoci da dama suka yi tarayya a kai''' game da wasu takamaiman batutuwa, kamar '''haƙƙin ɗan Adam''', '''kare muhalli''', '''sauyin yanayi''', da sauran batutuwan da suka shafi '''haɗin kai tsakanin ƙasashe'''. Haka kuma, a wasu lokuta ana amfani da kalmar wajen '''kiran a ɗauki mataki kan wani maƙiyi ko wata gwamnati''', misali wajen ɗaukar mataki kan abin da ake ganin '''dannewar siyasa''' a wata ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, ana yawan amfani da kalmar wajen nuna cewa wani '''ra’ayi yana da halaccin goyon baya da kuma yarjejeniya daga ƙasashe da dama''', musamman idan ana magana kan batun da ake takaddama a kai. Misali, ana iya amfani da ita wajen ƙara '''kima da amincewa''' ga sakamakon kuri’ar rinjaye a '''Babban Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (United Nations General Assembly)'''. == Rashin amincewa == Akwai fitattun mutane da marubuta da yawa da suka yi jayayya cewa ana amfani da kalmar sau da yawa don bayyana ƙaramin 'yan tsiraru ko rukuni na jihohi, kuma ba a zahiri duk ƙasashe ko jihohi a duniya ba, kodayake wannan ba ra'ayi ne da aka yarda da shi a duniya ba kamar yadda mutane da yawa ke amfani da magana.<ref name="PaikLeeTan2013">{{Cite book|last3=Paik Jin-hyun|last2=Lee Seokwoo}}</ref><ref name="Tsilonis2019">{{Cite book|last3=Victor P. Tsilonis}}</ref> A cewar lauyan Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka na kasa da kasa Victor P. Tsilonis, ya yi magana game da "sha'awar jihohi masu iko" ko "jihohi bakwai zuwa goma". <ref name="Tsilonis2019" /> Shugaban Kotun [[Rasha]] da Kasa don Dokar Tekun Paik Jin-hyun da abokan hulɗa Lee Seokwoo da Kevin Tan suna jayayya cewa yana iya komawa ga "wasu jihohi 20 masu arziki", suna ba da misalin waɗanda ba membobin Non-Aligned Movement ba, yayin da Farfesa Peter Burnell na Jami'ar Warwick ya ba da shawarar cewa wasu muhimman jihohi, kamar su na Larabawa da na manyan ƙasashen Musulunci, galibi suna nesa da manufar "al'umma ta duniya" kuma ba lallai ba ne su goyi bayan kowane babban shirin da ke da ke da alaƙa da shi, misali, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba, suna da shi, suna da aka haɗa da shi,<ref name="PaikLeeTan2013" /><ref name="Burnell2013" /> [[Noam Chomsky]] ya bayyana cewa ana amfani da kalmar don komawa ga [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da abokanta da jihohin abokin ciniki, da kuma abokan tarayya a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na waɗancan jihohin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Crimes of 'Intcom' |url=http://www.chomsky.info/articles/200209--.htm |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Katrina |date=2012-06-13 |title=Israel, US violators of international law, says Noam Chomsky |url=https://www.thenewstribe.io/2012/06/14/israel-us-violators-of-international-law-says-noam-chomsky/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101144153/https://www.thenewstribe.io/2012/06/14/israel-us-violators-of-international-law-says-noam-chomsky/ |archive-date=2022-01-01 |access-date=2021-08-16 |website=The News Tribe |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2012 |title=Noam Chomsky on Iran |url=http://www.satellitemagazine.ca/2012/06/noam-chomsky-on-iran/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114071435/http://www.satellitemagazine.ca/2012/06/noam-chomsky-on-iran/ |archive-date=2013-11-14 |access-date=2021-08-16 |website=Satellite Magazine}}</ref> Dan jaridar Burtaniya Martin Jacques ya ce: "Dukkanmu mun san abin da kalmar 'al'umma ta duniya' ke nufi, ba mu ba? Yamma ce, ba shakka, babu wani abu, babu wani abin da ya rage. Amfani da kalmar 'Al'umma ta kasa da kasa' hanya ce ta girmama yamma, ta duniya, ta sa ya fi dacewa, kuma ya fi kuskuren".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacques |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Jacques |date=2006-08-24 |title=What the hell is the international community? |url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/aug/24/whatthehellistheinternati |access-date=2021-08-16 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref>A cewar masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Amurka Samuel P. Huntington, kalmar ita ce maye gurbin kalmar farfaganda ta baya "Free World"... == Dubi kuma ==    == Manazarta == fg5wkkwj5hfpu1qo8kan0p0lvpgw2qw 0 165263 906906 2026-08-24T07:22:35Z Santa MMD 23886 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363594393|Hifumi Abe]]" 906906 wikitext text/x-wiki Hifumi Abe (阿部 一二三, Abe Hifumi; an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1997) ɗan wasan [[judoka]] ne na Japan wanda ke fafatawa a rukunin maza na rabin nauyi (66 kg). Ya lashe lambobin zinare 2020_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_66_kg" id="mwFg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Judo at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's 66 kg">biyu [[Judo at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Men's 66 kg|a jere]] a gasar maza ta 66 kg a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2020 da 2024, da kuma lambobin azurfa biyu a jere tare da tawagar Japan a cikin wasannin judo mixed team events.<ref name="OG">{{Cite web |title=Judo - Men -66 kg Schedule |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/judo/event-schedule-men-66-kg.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727063730/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/judo/event-schedule-men-66-kg.htm |archive-date=27 July 2021 |access-date=20 July 2021 |publisher=[[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games]]}}</ref><ref name="Tokyo2020">{{Cite web |title=ABE Hifumi |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/judo/athlete-profile-n1315347-abe-hifumi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726091017/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/judo/athlete-profile-n1315347-abe-hifumi.htm |archive-date=26 July 2021 |access-date=2 September 2021 |publisher=[[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games]]}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olympics: Hifumi Abe wins 2nd straight Olympic men's 66-kg judo gold |url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2024/07/112afed46764-urgent-uta-abe-defeated-in-2nd-round-of-womens-52-kg-judo-at-paris-olympics.html |access-date=28 July 2024 |website=Kyodo News+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ABE Hifumi |url=https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/hifumi-abe_1896763 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729120118/https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/hifumi-abe_1896763 |archive-date=29 July 2024 |website=[[Paris 2024 Olympics]]}}</ref> Ya kuma zama zakaran duniya sau hudu, bayan ya lashe lambar zinare a rukunin nauyinsa a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Judo a [[2017 World Judo Championships – Men's 66 kg|2017]], [[2018 World Judo Championships – Men's 66 kg|2018]], [[2022 World Judo Championships – Men's 66 kg|2022]], da [[2023 World Judo Championships – Men's 66 kg|2023]].&nbsp;&nbsp; Abe ya yi fice bayan ya zama zakaran gasar Olympics ta matasa a watan Agusta na 2014 ; wani nasara da ya biyo baya sannan ya lashe lambar azurfa a watan Oktoba a gasar cin kofin duniya ta matasa a Fort Lauderdale . Daga baya ya lashe gasarsa ta farko ta manyan 'yan wasa ta IJF, Tokyo Grand Slam, a watan Disamba na 2014, yana da shekaru 17 kacal, ba zato ba tsammani ya doke zakaran duniya na rukunin nauyi kuma wanda ya fi so, Masashi Ebinuma, a wasan kusa da na karshe. == Rayuwar farko == Abe ya fara horar da judo a shekara ta 2003, yana da shekaru 6, a garinsu na [[Kobe]] a yankin Hyōgo . Ya fara fafatawa a makarantar firamare. Mahaifinsa, Koji, mai kashe gobara ne <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2016 |script-title=ja:阿部一二三の中学や高校等のプロフィール！古賀颯人はライバル？ |url=http://shikanosuke.link/abehihumi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407085608/http://shikanosuke.link/abehihumi/ |archive-date=7 April 2017 |access-date=20 May 2016 |language=ja-JP}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:阿部一二三の父親はどんな人？筋肉が高校生とは思えない！ |url=http://910days.com/910/supo-tu/1714/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714020246/http://910days.com/910/supo-tu/1714/ |archive-date=14 July 2016 |access-date=21 May 2016 |website=910days.com}}</ref> a Sashen Wutar Lantarki na Kobe City. <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:阿部一二三６戦オール一本Ｖ／柔道 |url=http://www.nikkansports.com/sports/inter-high/2014/news/p-sp-tp0-20140804-1345424.html |access-date=21 May 2016 |website=nikkansports.com}}</ref> Nami Nabekura ne ke sau da yawa jefa shi lokacin da suke makarantar firamare. Ya ce, "irin wannan gogewa ya sanya ni abin da nake". <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2017 |script-title=ja:柔道界の"ひふみん"阿部一二三選手が生出演！小さい時は女子に負けていた！？ |url=http://blog.fujitv.co.jp/tokudane-official/E20170907001.html |access-date=12 September 2018 |publisher=[[Fuji TV]]}}</ref> Sunansa a cikin kanji ya karanta, "ɗaya, biyu, uku". Abe ya lashe gasar kasa ta farko yayin da yake halartar makarantar sakandare ta Kobe Ikuta, inda ya lashe gasar 'yan kasa da shekara 55.&nbsp;nau'in kg. Daga nan ya fara karatunsa na ƙarami yayin da yake makarantar sakandare ta Shinko Gakuen Shinko. <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:阿部 一二三 (柔道) – 第2回ユースオリンピック競技大会（2014/南京） – JOC |url=http://www.joc.or.jp/sp/games/youth_olympic/2014/japan/judo/abehifumi.html |access-date=20 May 2016}}</ref> A lokacin da yake ɗalibi a makarantar sakandare, ya lashe gasar cin kofin makarantun Inter-High School sau da yawa. Ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:東京五輪の星！一二三高校卒業「一本こだわる」 ― スポニチ Sponichi Annex 柔道 |url=http://www.sponichi.co.jp/sports/news/2016/02/18/kiji/K20160218012061750.html |access-date=21 May 2016 |website=sponichi.co.jp}}</ref> Abe yana nan a yanzu  horo a Nittaidai . Atsushi Nobukawa ne ke horar da shi tun daga makarantar firamare. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2018 |script-title=ja:【東京への道】阿部一二三、神港学園で磨いた「両手でつかむ」柔道　世界カデ敗戦で「高く入る技」目覚め |url=https://www.sankei.com/west/news/180521/wst1805210004-n1.html |access-date=26 May 2018 |website=sankei.com}}</ref> Ƙaramar 'yar'uwarsa, Uta Abe, ita ma ƙwararriyar judoka ce wacce ke fafatawa a rukunin mata na kilo 52. &nbsp;Mai lashe lambar zinare ta Olympics (2020) kuma ta lashe kofin duniya sau biyar a cikin nauyinta, ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta ta lashe lambar zinariya ta farko, tana da shekaru 16, a 2017 Judo Grand Prix Düsseldorf . == Ayyuka == === Ayyukan ƙarami: 2012-2014 === ==== Gasar Cadet da makarantar sakandare ==== Abe ya lashe gasa da yawa a matsayin ɗan wasa ciki har da Gasar Cin Kofin Asiya ta U17 a shekarar 2012, da kuma Kofin Turai a shekarar 2012. Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2013 a [[Miami]] ita ce gasar cin kofin duniya ta farko ta Abe. Ya kai wasan karshe, ya sadu da [[Koba Mchedishvili]] na Georgia, wanda ya jefa Abe don waza-ari, ya tilasta Abe ya zauna don azurfa. An gudanar da gasar ne a ranar haihuwar Abe ta 16. Abe ya kayar da ɗan mashahurin Jafananci Toshihiko Koga, Hayato, a Gasar Cin Kofin Makarantar Sakandare ta 2015 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Inter-Highschool Judo Championships, Men's −66kg at Tenri University Somanouchi Gymnasium in Nara, Japan |url=http://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-l-r-hifumi-abe-hayato-koga-august-9-2015-judo-inter-highschool-judo-86210754.html |access-date=21 May 2016 |website=[[Alamy]]}}</ref> ==== Gasar Zakarun Junior ta Japan ta 2014 ==== An gudanar da gasar zakarun kasa a Saitama. Abe ya ci Takamasa Sueki a wasan karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Judo: All Japan Junior Judo Championships 2014 – Images &#124; Nippon News |url=http://nipponnews.photoshelter.com/gallery/Judo-All-Japan-Junior-Judo-Championships-2014/G0000qyF_.RgZb7c/C0000gWqrR.yyQRc |access-date=21 May 2016 |website=nipponnews.photoshelter.com}}</ref> ==== Wasannin Olympics na Matasa na 2014 ==== Abe ya sauya daga cadet zuwa ƙaramin matakin, yana fafatawa a cikin - 66 kg a gasar Olympics ta matasa ta 2014 a Nanjing . Ya buga ippon judo a duk lokacin gasar, <ref>{{Cite web |title=阿部一二三、ユース五輪柔道で金１号狙う |url=http://www.nikkansports.com/sports/news/p-sp-tp0-20140813-1350103.html |access-date=21 May 2016 |website=nikkansports.com |language=ja-JP}}</ref> kuma ya ci Bogdav Iadov na Ukraine ta waza-ari ta amfani da sode tsurikomi goshi, sannan seoi nage don ippon, inda ya sami lambar zinare ga Japan. Dukkanin jefawar da aka nuna a wasan karshe sune dabarun da ya fi so. ==== Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2014 ==== Abe ya kasance wanda aka fi so ya shiga gasar zakarun duniya ta 2014 a Fort Lauderdale . Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Olympics na matasa a gasar. A kan hanyar zuwa wasan karshe, ya kayar da dukkan abokan hamayyarsa ta hanyar ippon a cikin minti biyu da rabi ko ƙasa da haka, ban da zakaran duniya na gaba An Ba-ul a zagaye na 2. An raba su da shido guda ɗaya. A wasan karshe, Abe ya yi da [[Egor Mgdsyan]] na Rasha. Abe ya kasance a gaba a cikin minti biyu da rabi na farko, ya zira kwallaye a waza-ari da yuko. Koyaya, Mgdsyan ya sami nasarar samun waza-aris biyu a cikin sakan 45 kawai, yadda ya kamata ya tabbatar da ippon kuma ya ci Abe, ya bar na ƙarshe ya daidaita don azurfa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JudoInside – News – Super fight Egor Mgdsyan vs Hifumi Abe for the junior world title |url=http://www.judoinside.com/news/187/Super_fight_Egor_Mgdsyan_vs_Hifumi_Abe_for_the_junior_world_title |access-date=21 May 2016 |website=judoinside.com}}</ref> === Babban aiki === ==== Hawan zuwa shahararrun kuma sauyawa zuwa babban matakin: Kofin Kodokan na 2014 da Grand Slam ====   Abe ya zama sananne a gasar cin kofin Kodokan, babban gasar farko, inda ya zama ƙarami mafi nasara a shekara 16, kuma ɗalibin makarantar sakandare na farko da ya lashe kofin a cikin shekaru goma tun lokacin Satoshi Ishii a shekara ta 2004. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Judo News: Teen "Kodokan Cup Winners" expected to make big impact at Grand Slam Tokyo 2014] |url=http://judotalk.com/profiles/blogs/judo-news-teen-kodokan-cup-winners-expected-to-make-big-impact-at |access-date=21 May 2016 |website=judotalk.com}}</ref> Nasarar da ya samu ta kasance abin mamaki, musamman a zagaye na uku lokacin da ya ci Masaaki Fukuoka a kasa da minti biyu ta hanyar ippon, tare da uki otoshi . Ya ci Yuki Nishiyama a wasan karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stock Photo – Chiba Port Arena, Chiba, Japan. 8th Nov, 2014. (L-R) Yuki Nishiyama, Hifumi Abe, Yuito Yoshida, Tomofumi Takajo, NOVEMBER 8, 2014 – Judo : Kodokan Cup 2014 Men's −66kg victory |url=http://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-chiba-port-arena-chiba-japan-8th-nov-2014-l-r-yuki-nishiyama-hifumi-75189067.html |access-date=21 May 2016 |website=[[Alamy]]}}</ref> Abe ya sauya zuwa babban matakin duniya a 2014 Tokyo Grand Slam, daya daga cikin manyan gasa da manyan wasanni na IJF. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da kocin tawagar kwallon kafa ta kasa ya horar da shi a hukumance, wato mashahurin mai nauyi Keiji Suzuki . Abe ya mamaye yakin farko da ya yi da Alonso Wong na Peru, inda ya zira kwallaye a waza-ari kuma ya yi amfani da kesa-gatame don ippon. Ya kuma lashe gwagwarmayarsa ta biyu ta hanyar ippon. Bayan gwagwarmayarsa ta biyu, Abe ya sami kansa yana fuskantar abokan adawar da suka fi karfi, daga cikinsu akwai zakarun duniya guda biyu. Ya fafata da wanda ya lashe lambar yabo a gasar zakarun duniya sau biyar kuma ya lashe gasar zakarar duniya ta 2009 Georgii Zantaraia a wasan kusa da na karshe, kuma abin mamaki ya sami nasarar zira kwallaye a waza-ari. Abe ya yi ƙoƙari ya ɗaure Zantaraia, duk da haka wannan ya tsere. Abe duk da haka ya kasance har zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe da ya yi da zakaran duniya sau uku kuma mai mulki, ɗan'uwan Japan Masashi Ebinuma . Ebinuma ya zira kwallaye a cikin sakan 30, kuma ya nemi ya lashe gasar. Koyaya, Abe kusan ya jefa Ebinuma don ci biyu, amma bai iya ba saboda tsaron tsaron babba. Abe ya haifar da damuwa ta hanyar zira kwallaye waza-ari a minti na karshe tare da ushiro goshi, ya ci Ebinuma kuma ya kai wasan karshe. A wasan karshe, Abe ya fuskanci Golan Pollack na Isra'ila. Abe ya zira kwallaye tare da Ouchi gari, kuma Pollack ya sauka a gefen sa a waje da mat, ya buga kansa a kan shingen. Daga nan sai Abe ya yi ƙoƙari ya ɗaure shi, kuma Pollack bai iya tserewa ba, mai yiwuwa ya kawo karshen yakin tare da nasara ga Abe, amma alƙalin ya soke shi yayin da ƙwarewar ta biyu ta ɓace. Babu wani ci gaba bayan haka, saboda haka ya lashe Abe a matsayin wanda ya lashe gasar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2014 |title=Japan IJF Grand Slam Tokyo 2014 |url=http://www.nipponnews.net/en/sports/other-sports/ijf-grand-slam-tokyo-2014/ |access-date=21 May 2016 |website=nipponnews.net}}</ref> ==== 2015 Grand Prix Düsseldorf ==== Abe ya fafata a gasar farko ta shekara a 2015 Düsseldorf Grand Prix . Ya yi gwagwarmaya a yaƙin sa na farko, ya shiga cikin yuko. A zagaye na biyu, Abe ya kayar da [[Junior Degen]] na Netherlands ta hanyar ippon ta amfani da ashi waza, ouchi gari da ya fi so. Abe daga nan ya fuskanci zakaran Wasannin Asiya na 2014 Davaadorjiin Tömörkhüleg a zagaye na uku, kuma waza-ari ya ci shi, ya kawo karshen gasar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2015 |title=Hosts Mongolia reign supreme on opening day of IJF Judo Grand Prix in Ulaanbaatar |url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1028441/hosts-mongolia-reign-supreme-on-opening-day-of-ijf-judo-grand-prix-in-ulaanbaatar |access-date=21 May 2016 |website=insidethegames.biz}}</ref> == Hanyar gwagwarmaya == [[Fayil:Hifumi_Abe_(JAP)_2022.jpg|thumb|Abe a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Tashkent a 2022]] Abe an san shi da salon zamani na judo na Jafananci, kamar ɗan'uwansa mai sauƙi da kuma Gwarzon Duniya Naohisa Takato . Yana da hannun dama. Wani seoi nage kuma kwararren masaniyar sode-tsurikomi-goshi, yana da tsananin tashin hankali, jiki da kuzari tare da gwagwarmayarsa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=JUDO NEWS: Abe takes aim at Ebinuma |url=http://judotalk.com/profiles/blogs/judo-news-abe-takes-aim-at-ebinuma |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906092547/http://judotalk.com/profiles/blogs/judo-news-abe-takes-aim-at-ebinuma |archive-date=6 September 2021 |access-date=21 May 2016 |website=judotalk.com}}</ref> sau da yawa yana son saurin judo, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hifumi Abe – definite force in the near future |url=http://japanwatch.exblog.jp/24280974/ |access-date=21 May 2016 |website=Blackbelt Watch}}</ref> tare da matsakaicin lokacin cin nasara na minti biyu da rabi. Ya fi son riƙe hannaye biyu yayin aiwatar da jefawa. Abe sau da yawa yana haɗa ƙwarewa ta amfani da ashi waza kamar osoto gari da ouchi gari don kafa nage waza, kuma yana amfani da osoto gari da ouchi Gari a matsayin ƙwarewa ɗaya don ippon. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2014 |title="Teen Abe Strikes Gold in International Debut" |url=https://www.questia.com/newspaper/1P3-3518132811/teen-abe-strikes-gold-in-international-debut |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921191110/https://www.questia.com/newspaper/1P3-3518132811/teen-abe-strikes-gold-in-international-debut |archive-date=September 21, 2018 |access-date=May 21, 2016 |publisher=The Daily Yomiuri (Tokyo, Japan)}}</ref> Labarin Jafananci kuma kocin yanzu Kōsei Inoue ya bayyana shi a matsayin, "bayan shekarunsa... Ina jiran yadda zai iya yin gasa a cikin ƙasa da na duniya".<ref>{{Cite web |title=リオへ新星 柔道男子６６キロ阿部オール一本Ｖ ― スポニチ Sponichi Annex 柔道 |url=http://www.sponichi.co.jp/sports/news/2014/08/04/kiji/K20140804008683690.html |access-date=21 May 2016 |website=sponichi.co.jp}}</ref> Abe ya ɗauki Tadahiro Nomura a matsayin mayaƙan da ya fi so kuma babban tasiri a cikin judo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=阿部一二三、東京五輪金へ決意「憧れの野村さんと」 |url=https://www.nikkansports.com/sports/news/201804130000001.html |access-date=6 May 2018 |website=nikkansports.com}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubucen gasa == ''{{As of|2017|2|11}}'' {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |Rubuce-rubucen Judo <ref>{{Cite web |title=ABE Hifumi |url=https://www.judobase.org/#/competitor/profile/13208/statistics |access-date=21 May 2016 |website=judobase.org}}</ref> |- !Jimillar !28 |- |'''Nasara''' |25 (89.3%) |- |''na Ippon'' |18 (64.3%) |- |'''Rashin''' |3 (10.7%) |- |''na Ippon'' |2 (7.14%) |} '' (ba ya haɗa da Wasannin Olympics na Matasa da gasa na kasa) '' == Medals ==   == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i2vhni7i159ptxwerobm6rqu9u0aavy 906907 906906 2026-08-24T07:23:18Z Santa MMD 23886 906907 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Hifumi Abe (阿部 一二三, Abe Hifumi; an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1997) ɗan wasan [[judoka]] ne na Japan wanda ke fafatawa a rukunin maza na rabin nauyi (66 kg). Ya lashe lambobin zinare 2020_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_66_kg" id="mwFg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Judo at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's 66 kg">biyu [[Judo at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Men's 66 kg|a jere]] a gasar maza ta 66 kg a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2020 da 2024, da kuma lambobin azurfa biyu a jere tare da tawagar Japan a cikin wasannin judo mixed team events.<ref name="OG">{{Cite web |title=Judo - Men -66 kg Schedule |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/judo/event-schedule-men-66-kg.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727063730/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/judo/event-schedule-men-66-kg.htm |archive-date=27 July 2021 |access-date=20 July 2021 |publisher=[[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games]]}}</ref><ref name="Tokyo2020">{{Cite web |title=ABE Hifumi |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/judo/athlete-profile-n1315347-abe-hifumi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726091017/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/judo/athlete-profile-n1315347-abe-hifumi.htm |archive-date=26 July 2021 |access-date=2 September 2021 |publisher=[[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games]]}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Olympics: Hifumi Abe wins 2nd straight Olympic men's 66-kg judo gold |url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2024/07/112afed46764-urgent-uta-abe-defeated-in-2nd-round-of-womens-52-kg-judo-at-paris-olympics.html |access-date=28 July 2024 |website=Kyodo News+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ABE Hifumi |url=https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/hifumi-abe_1896763 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729120118/https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/hifumi-abe_1896763 |archive-date=29 July 2024 |website=[[Paris 2024 Olympics]]}}</ref> Ya kuma zama zakaran duniya sau hudu, bayan ya lashe lambar zinare a rukunin nauyinsa a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Judo a [[2017 World Judo Championships – Men's 66 kg|2017]], [[2018 World Judo Championships – Men's 66 kg|2018]], [[2022 World Judo Championships – Men's 66 kg|2022]], da [[2023 World Judo Championships – Men's 66 kg|2023]].&nbsp;&nbsp; Abe ya yi fice bayan ya zama zakaran gasar Olympics ta matasa a watan Agusta na 2014 ; wani nasara da ya biyo baya sannan ya lashe lambar azurfa a watan Oktoba a gasar cin kofin duniya ta matasa a Fort Lauderdale . Daga baya ya lashe gasarsa ta farko ta manyan 'yan wasa ta IJF, Tokyo Grand Slam, a watan Disamba na 2014, yana da shekaru 17 kacal, ba zato ba tsammani ya doke zakaran duniya na rukunin nauyi kuma wanda ya fi so, Masashi Ebinuma, a wasan kusa da na karshe. == Rayuwar farko == Abe ya fara horar da judo a shekara ta 2003, yana da shekaru 6, a garinsu na [[Kobe]] a yankin Hyōgo . Ya fara fafatawa a makarantar firamare. Mahaifinsa, Koji, mai kashe gobara ne <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2016 |script-title=ja:阿部一二三の中学や高校等のプロフィール！古賀颯人はライバル？ |url=http://shikanosuke.link/abehihumi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407085608/http://shikanosuke.link/abehihumi/ |archive-date=7 April 2017 |access-date=20 May 2016 |language=ja-JP}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:阿部一二三の父親はどんな人？筋肉が高校生とは思えない！ |url=http://910days.com/910/supo-tu/1714/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714020246/http://910days.com/910/supo-tu/1714/ |archive-date=14 July 2016 |access-date=21 May 2016 |website=910days.com}}</ref> a Sashen Wutar Lantarki na Kobe City. <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:阿部一二三６戦オール一本Ｖ／柔道 |url=http://www.nikkansports.com/sports/inter-high/2014/news/p-sp-tp0-20140804-1345424.html |access-date=21 May 2016 |website=nikkansports.com}}</ref> Nami Nabekura ne ke sau da yawa jefa shi lokacin da suke makarantar firamare. Ya ce, "irin wannan gogewa ya sanya ni abin da nake". <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2017 |script-title=ja:柔道界の"ひふみん"阿部一二三選手が生出演！小さい時は女子に負けていた！？ |url=http://blog.fujitv.co.jp/tokudane-official/E20170907001.html |access-date=12 September 2018 |publisher=[[Fuji TV]]}}</ref> Sunansa a cikin kanji ya karanta, "ɗaya, biyu, uku". Abe ya lashe gasar kasa ta farko yayin da yake halartar makarantar sakandare ta Kobe Ikuta, inda ya lashe gasar 'yan kasa da shekara 55.&nbsp;nau'in kg. Daga nan ya fara karatunsa na ƙarami yayin da yake makarantar sakandare ta Shinko Gakuen Shinko. <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:阿部 一二三 (柔道) – 第2回ユースオリンピック競技大会（2014/南京） – JOC |url=http://www.joc.or.jp/sp/games/youth_olympic/2014/japan/judo/abehifumi.html |access-date=20 May 2016}}</ref> A lokacin da yake ɗalibi a makarantar sakandare, ya lashe gasar cin kofin makarantun Inter-High School sau da yawa. Ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:東京五輪の星！一二三高校卒業「一本こだわる」 ― スポニチ Sponichi Annex 柔道 |url=http://www.sponichi.co.jp/sports/news/2016/02/18/kiji/K20160218012061750.html |access-date=21 May 2016 |website=sponichi.co.jp}}</ref> Abe yana nan a yanzu  horo a Nittaidai . Atsushi Nobukawa ne ke horar da shi tun daga makarantar firamare. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2018 |script-title=ja:【東京への道】阿部一二三、神港学園で磨いた「両手でつかむ」柔道　世界カデ敗戦で「高く入る技」目覚め |url=https://www.sankei.com/west/news/180521/wst1805210004-n1.html |access-date=26 May 2018 |website=sankei.com}}</ref> Ƙaramar 'yar'uwarsa, Uta Abe, ita ma ƙwararriyar judoka ce wacce ke fafatawa a rukunin mata na kilo 52. &nbsp;Mai lashe lambar zinare ta Olympics (2020) kuma ta lashe kofin duniya sau biyar a cikin nauyinta, ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta ta lashe lambar zinariya ta farko, tana da shekaru 16, a 2017 Judo Grand Prix Düsseldorf . == Ayyuka == === Ayyukan ƙarami: 2012-2014 === ==== Gasar Cadet da makarantar sakandare ==== Abe ya lashe gasa da yawa a matsayin ɗan wasa ciki har da Gasar Cin Kofin Asiya ta U17 a shekarar 2012, da kuma Kofin Turai a shekarar 2012. Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2013 a [[Miami]] ita ce gasar cin kofin duniya ta farko ta Abe. Ya kai wasan karshe, ya sadu da [[Koba Mchedishvili]] na Georgia, wanda ya jefa Abe don waza-ari, ya tilasta Abe ya zauna don azurfa. An gudanar da gasar ne a ranar haihuwar Abe ta 16. Abe ya kayar da ɗan mashahurin Jafananci Toshihiko Koga, Hayato, a Gasar Cin Kofin Makarantar Sakandare ta 2015 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Inter-Highschool Judo Championships, Men's −66kg at Tenri University Somanouchi Gymnasium in Nara, Japan |url=http://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-l-r-hifumi-abe-hayato-koga-august-9-2015-judo-inter-highschool-judo-86210754.html |access-date=21 May 2016 |website=[[Alamy]]}}</ref> ==== Gasar Zakarun Junior ta Japan ta 2014 ==== An gudanar da gasar zakarun kasa a Saitama. Abe ya ci Takamasa Sueki a wasan karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Judo: All Japan Junior Judo Championships 2014 – Images &#124; Nippon News |url=http://nipponnews.photoshelter.com/gallery/Judo-All-Japan-Junior-Judo-Championships-2014/G0000qyF_.RgZb7c/C0000gWqrR.yyQRc |access-date=21 May 2016 |website=nipponnews.photoshelter.com}}</ref> ==== Wasannin Olympics na Matasa na 2014 ==== Abe ya sauya daga cadet zuwa ƙaramin matakin, yana fafatawa a cikin - 66 kg a gasar Olympics ta matasa ta 2014 a Nanjing . Ya buga ippon judo a duk lokacin gasar, <ref>{{Cite web |title=阿部一二三、ユース五輪柔道で金１号狙う |url=http://www.nikkansports.com/sports/news/p-sp-tp0-20140813-1350103.html |access-date=21 May 2016 |website=nikkansports.com |language=ja-JP}}</ref> kuma ya ci Bogdav Iadov na Ukraine ta waza-ari ta amfani da sode tsurikomi goshi, sannan seoi nage don ippon, inda ya sami lambar zinare ga Japan. Dukkanin jefawar da aka nuna a wasan karshe sune dabarun da ya fi so. ==== Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2014 ==== Abe ya kasance wanda aka fi so ya shiga gasar zakarun duniya ta 2014 a Fort Lauderdale . Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Olympics na matasa a gasar. A kan hanyar zuwa wasan karshe, ya kayar da dukkan abokan hamayyarsa ta hanyar ippon a cikin minti biyu da rabi ko ƙasa da haka, ban da zakaran duniya na gaba An Ba-ul a zagaye na 2. An raba su da shido guda ɗaya. A wasan karshe, Abe ya yi da [[Egor Mgdsyan]] na Rasha. Abe ya kasance a gaba a cikin minti biyu da rabi na farko, ya zira kwallaye a waza-ari da yuko. Koyaya, Mgdsyan ya sami nasarar samun waza-aris biyu a cikin sakan 45 kawai, yadda ya kamata ya tabbatar da ippon kuma ya ci Abe, ya bar na ƙarshe ya daidaita don azurfa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JudoInside – News – Super fight Egor Mgdsyan vs Hifumi Abe for the junior world title |url=http://www.judoinside.com/news/187/Super_fight_Egor_Mgdsyan_vs_Hifumi_Abe_for_the_junior_world_title |access-date=21 May 2016 |website=judoinside.com}}</ref> === Babban aiki === ==== Hawan zuwa shahararrun kuma sauyawa zuwa babban matakin: Kofin Kodokan na 2014 da Grand Slam ====   Abe ya zama sananne a gasar cin kofin Kodokan, babban gasar farko, inda ya zama ƙarami mafi nasara a shekara 16, kuma ɗalibin makarantar sakandare na farko da ya lashe kofin a cikin shekaru goma tun lokacin Satoshi Ishii a shekara ta 2004. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Judo News: Teen "Kodokan Cup Winners" expected to make big impact at Grand Slam Tokyo 2014] |url=http://judotalk.com/profiles/blogs/judo-news-teen-kodokan-cup-winners-expected-to-make-big-impact-at |access-date=21 May 2016 |website=judotalk.com}}</ref> Nasarar da ya samu ta kasance abin mamaki, musamman a zagaye na uku lokacin da ya ci Masaaki Fukuoka a kasa da minti biyu ta hanyar ippon, tare da uki otoshi . Ya ci Yuki Nishiyama a wasan karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stock Photo – Chiba Port Arena, Chiba, Japan. 8th Nov, 2014. (L-R) Yuki Nishiyama, Hifumi Abe, Yuito Yoshida, Tomofumi Takajo, NOVEMBER 8, 2014 – Judo : Kodokan Cup 2014 Men's −66kg victory |url=http://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-chiba-port-arena-chiba-japan-8th-nov-2014-l-r-yuki-nishiyama-hifumi-75189067.html |access-date=21 May 2016 |website=[[Alamy]]}}</ref> Abe ya sauya zuwa babban matakin duniya a 2014 Tokyo Grand Slam, daya daga cikin manyan gasa da manyan wasanni na IJF. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da kocin tawagar kwallon kafa ta kasa ya horar da shi a hukumance, wato mashahurin mai nauyi Keiji Suzuki . Abe ya mamaye yakin farko da ya yi da Alonso Wong na Peru, inda ya zira kwallaye a waza-ari kuma ya yi amfani da kesa-gatame don ippon. Ya kuma lashe gwagwarmayarsa ta biyu ta hanyar ippon. Bayan gwagwarmayarsa ta biyu, Abe ya sami kansa yana fuskantar abokan adawar da suka fi karfi, daga cikinsu akwai zakarun duniya guda biyu. Ya fafata da wanda ya lashe lambar yabo a gasar zakarun duniya sau biyar kuma ya lashe gasar zakarar duniya ta 2009 Georgii Zantaraia a wasan kusa da na karshe, kuma abin mamaki ya sami nasarar zira kwallaye a waza-ari. Abe ya yi ƙoƙari ya ɗaure Zantaraia, duk da haka wannan ya tsere. Abe duk da haka ya kasance har zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe da ya yi da zakaran duniya sau uku kuma mai mulki, ɗan'uwan Japan Masashi Ebinuma . Ebinuma ya zira kwallaye a cikin sakan 30, kuma ya nemi ya lashe gasar. Koyaya, Abe kusan ya jefa Ebinuma don ci biyu, amma bai iya ba saboda tsaron tsaron babba. Abe ya haifar da damuwa ta hanyar zira kwallaye waza-ari a minti na karshe tare da ushiro goshi, ya ci Ebinuma kuma ya kai wasan karshe. A wasan karshe, Abe ya fuskanci Golan Pollack na Isra'ila. Abe ya zira kwallaye tare da Ouchi gari, kuma Pollack ya sauka a gefen sa a waje da mat, ya buga kansa a kan shingen. Daga nan sai Abe ya yi ƙoƙari ya ɗaure shi, kuma Pollack bai iya tserewa ba, mai yiwuwa ya kawo karshen yakin tare da nasara ga Abe, amma alƙalin ya soke shi yayin da ƙwarewar ta biyu ta ɓace. Babu wani ci gaba bayan haka, saboda haka ya lashe Abe a matsayin wanda ya lashe gasar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2014 |title=Japan IJF Grand Slam Tokyo 2014 |url=http://www.nipponnews.net/en/sports/other-sports/ijf-grand-slam-tokyo-2014/ |access-date=21 May 2016 |website=nipponnews.net}}</ref> ==== 2015 Grand Prix Düsseldorf ==== Abe ya fafata a gasar farko ta shekara a 2015 Düsseldorf Grand Prix . Ya yi gwagwarmaya a yaƙin sa na farko, ya shiga cikin yuko. A zagaye na biyu, Abe ya kayar da [[Junior Degen]] na Netherlands ta hanyar ippon ta amfani da ashi waza, ouchi gari da ya fi so. Abe daga nan ya fuskanci zakaran Wasannin Asiya na 2014 Davaadorjiin Tömörkhüleg a zagaye na uku, kuma waza-ari ya ci shi, ya kawo karshen gasar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2015 |title=Hosts Mongolia reign supreme on opening day of IJF Judo Grand Prix in Ulaanbaatar |url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1028441/hosts-mongolia-reign-supreme-on-opening-day-of-ijf-judo-grand-prix-in-ulaanbaatar |access-date=21 May 2016 |website=insidethegames.biz}}</ref> == Hanyar gwagwarmaya == [[Fayil:Hifumi_Abe_(JAP)_2022.jpg|thumb|Abe a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Tashkent a 2022]] Abe an san shi da salon zamani na judo na Jafananci, kamar ɗan'uwansa mai sauƙi da kuma Gwarzon Duniya Naohisa Takato . Yana da hannun dama. Wani seoi nage kuma kwararren masaniyar sode-tsurikomi-goshi, yana da tsananin tashin hankali, jiki da kuzari tare da gwagwarmayarsa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=JUDO NEWS: Abe takes aim at Ebinuma |url=http://judotalk.com/profiles/blogs/judo-news-abe-takes-aim-at-ebinuma |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906092547/http://judotalk.com/profiles/blogs/judo-news-abe-takes-aim-at-ebinuma |archive-date=6 September 2021 |access-date=21 May 2016 |website=judotalk.com}}</ref> sau da yawa yana son saurin judo, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hifumi Abe – definite force in the near future |url=http://japanwatch.exblog.jp/24280974/ |access-date=21 May 2016 |website=Blackbelt Watch}}</ref> tare da matsakaicin lokacin cin nasara na minti biyu da rabi. Ya fi son riƙe hannaye biyu yayin aiwatar da jefawa. Abe sau da yawa yana haɗa ƙwarewa ta amfani da ashi waza kamar osoto gari da ouchi gari don kafa nage waza, kuma yana amfani da osoto gari da ouchi Gari a matsayin ƙwarewa ɗaya don ippon. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2014 |title="Teen Abe Strikes Gold in International Debut" |url=https://www.questia.com/newspaper/1P3-3518132811/teen-abe-strikes-gold-in-international-debut |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921191110/https://www.questia.com/newspaper/1P3-3518132811/teen-abe-strikes-gold-in-international-debut |archive-date=September 21, 2018 |access-date=May 21, 2016 |publisher=The Daily Yomiuri (Tokyo, Japan)}}</ref> Labarin Jafananci kuma kocin yanzu Kōsei Inoue ya bayyana shi a matsayin, "bayan shekarunsa... Ina jiran yadda zai iya yin gasa a cikin ƙasa da na duniya".<ref>{{Cite web |title=リオへ新星 柔道男子６６キロ阿部オール一本Ｖ ― スポニチ Sponichi Annex 柔道 |url=http://www.sponichi.co.jp/sports/news/2014/08/04/kiji/K20140804008683690.html |access-date=21 May 2016 |website=sponichi.co.jp}}</ref> Abe ya ɗauki Tadahiro Nomura a matsayin mayaƙan da ya fi so kuma babban tasiri a cikin judo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=阿部一二三、東京五輪金へ決意「憧れの野村さんと」 |url=https://www.nikkansports.com/sports/news/201804130000001.html |access-date=6 May 2018 |website=nikkansports.com}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubucen gasa == ''{{As of|2017|2|11}}'' {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |Rubuce-rubucen Judo <ref>{{Cite web |title=ABE Hifumi |url=https://www.judobase.org/#/competitor/profile/13208/statistics |access-date=21 May 2016 |website=judobase.org}}</ref> |- !Jimillar !28 |- |'''Nasara''' |25 (89.3%) |- |''na Ippon'' |18 (64.3%) |- |'''Rashin''' |3 (10.7%) |- |''na Ippon'' |2 (7.14%) |} '' (ba ya haɗa da Wasannin Olympics na Matasa da gasa na kasa) '' == Medals ==   == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4bwscn9ty74xkuekn0s2vcqvqo3pn71 0 165264 906909 2026-08-24T07:30:29Z Santa MMD 23886 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363135210|Uta Abe]]" 906909 wikitext text/x-wiki Uta Abe (阿部 詩, Abe Uta; an haife ta a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2000) 'yar wasan [[judoka]] ce ta Japan wacce ke fafatawa a rukunin mata masu nauyi (52 kg). <sup class="mw-ref reference" rel="mw:WikiLink" s_52_kg="" title="2018 World Judo Championships – Women's 52 kg">2018<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwgg\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt10\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwgw\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.ijf.org/judoka/35696\" id=\"mwhA\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Uta ABE / IJF.org\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwhQ\">ijf.org</i></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwhg\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwhw\">21 September</span></nowiki> 2018<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}' id="cite_ref-ijf_1-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Uta_Abe#cite_note-ijf-1 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Ta lashe lambar zinare a gasar mata ta 52 kg a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta [[Judo at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Mixed team|2020]] da lambobin azurfa guda biyu a jere tare da tawagar Japan a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na judo a gasar Olympics na 2020 <ref name="OG">{{Cite web |title=2020 Summer Olympics — Judo - Women 52 kg Schedule |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/judo/event-schedule-women-52-kg.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010212250/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/judo/event-schedule-women-52-kg.htm |archive-date=10 October 2021 |access-date=22 July 2021 |website=[[Tokyo 2020 Olympics]]}}</ref> da 2024 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=ABE Uta |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/judo/athlete-profile-n1315319-abe-uta.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804062519/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/judo/athlete-profile-n1315319-abe-uta.htm |archive-date=4 August 2021 |access-date=29 July 2021 |website=[[Tokyo 2020 Olympics]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ABE Uta |url=https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/uta-abe_1896760 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730141201/https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/uta-abe_1896760 |archive-date=30 July 2024 |website=[[Paris 2024 Olympics]]}}</ref> Abe kuma ta lashe kofin duniya sau biyar, bayan ta lashe lambar zinare a cikin nauyinta a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Judo a 2018, [[2019 World Judo Championships – Women's 52 kg|2019]], [[2022 World Judo Championships – Women's 52 kg|2022]], [[2023 World Judo Championships – Women's 52 kg|2023]], da [[2025 World Judo Championships – Women's 52 kg|2025]].&nbsp; Ta tashi zuwa shahararriya bayan ta lashe lambar zinare ta farko, tana da shekaru 16, a 2017 Judo Grand Prix Düsseldorf, don haka ta zama ƙaramar mai cin nasara a gasar IJF a tarihi. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Abe ita ce ƙaramar 'yar'uwar wani tauraron judo, Hifumi Abe, wanda ke fafatawa a rukunin maza na kilo 66. &nbsp;Ya kasance zakaran Olympics sau biyu, bayan ya lashe lambobin zinare biyu a jere a cikin nauyinsa a gasar Olympics ta bazara (2020 da 2024), da kuma zakaran duniya sau hudu.<ref name="OlGa">{{Cite web |title=Judo - Men -66 kg Schedule |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/judo/event-schedule-men-66-kg.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727063730/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/judo/event-schedule-men-66-kg.htm |archive-date=27 July 2021 |access-date=20 July 2021 |publisher=[[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games]]}}</ref><ref name="Tokyo2020">{{Cite web |title=ABE Hifumi |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/judo/athlete-profile-n1315347-abe-hifumi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726091017/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/judo/athlete-profile-n1315347-abe-hifumi.htm |archive-date=26 July 2021 |access-date=2 September 2021 |publisher=[[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=KYODO |title=Olympics: Hifumi Abe wins 2nd straight Olympic men's 66-kg judo gold |url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2024/07/112afed46764-urgent-uta-abe-defeated-in-2nd-round-of-womens-52-kg-judo-at-paris-olympics.html |access-date=28 July 2024 |website=Kyodo News+}}</ref> == Ayyukan Judo == Abe ta zama mafi ƙanƙanta da ta taɓa lashe IJF (International Judo Federation) Grand Prix, lokacin da ta kama matsayi na farko a [[Düsseldorf]] Grand Prix a watan Fabrairun 2017. Abe ta shiga gasar zakarun duniya ta 2018 a [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]] kuma ta lashe lambar yabo ta farko a duniya tana da shekaru 18, wanda ya sa ta zama ta uku mafi ƙanƙanta Judoka da ta taɓa kama babbar lambar yabo ta duniya. Abe da farko ya kayar da dan wasan judoka na Poland Karolina Pieńkowska da Fabienne Kocher na Switzerland. Daga nan sai ta doke Jéssica Pereira ta Brazil kuma a wasan kusa da na karshe ta doke Amandine Buchard ta [[Faransa]] a cikin sakan 40, ta hanyar makami don shiga wasan karshe. A wasan karshe, Abe ya yi daidai da abokin wasa kuma tsohon zakaran duniya Ai Shishime, kuma ya ci Shishime tare da mai ban mamaki uchi-mata a cikin zinare don Ippon. <ref name="judobase">{{Cite web |title=2018 World Judo Championships –52 kg results |url=http://judolive01.lb.judobase.org/www.judo-world.net/ijf/world/wc_sen2018//tta.php?tta_mode=&aktion=pdf_sheet&klasse=-52 |access-date=21 September 2018 |website=judolive01.lb.judobase.org}}</ref> A cikin 2021, Abe ta lashe lambar zinare a gasar Olympics ta Tokyo 2020 a ranar da ɗan'uwanta Hifumi ya lashe lambar zinariya a ƙungiyar judo. Abe ta lashe lambar zinare a gasar cin kofin mata ta kilo 52 a Gasar Zakarun Duniya ta Judo ta 2023 da aka gudanar a Doha, Qatar . Diyora Keldiyorova ta Uzbekistan ta kayar da ita a zagaye na biyu na Wasannin Olympics na Paris na 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Watta |first=Evelyn |date=July 28, 2024 |title=Paris 2024 Olympics: Defending champion Abe Uta gets loudest cheers despite shocking loss |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/paris-2024-abe-uta-gets-loudest-cheers-despite-loss |access-date=August 25, 2024 |website=olympics.com}}</ref> Wannan ita ce asarar gasar ta farko tun lokacin da aka ci Amandine Buchard na Faransa a Osaka Grand Slam a shekarar 2019, sama da shekaru 4 da suka gabata. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] f54pdt9728dtspand0c97ic6yi3uduz 906910 906909 2026-08-24T07:31:56Z Santa MMD 23886 906910 wikitext text/x-wiki Uta Abe (阿部 詩, Abe Uta; an haife ta a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2000) 'yar wasan [[judoka]] ce ta Japan wacce ke fafatawa a rukunin mata masu nauyi (52 kg). Ta lashe lambar zinare a gasar mata ta 52 kg a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta [[Judo at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Mixed team|2020]] da lambobin azurfa guda biyu a jere tare da tawagar Japan a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na judo a gasar Olympics na 2020 <ref name="OG">{{Cite web |title=2020 Summer Olympics — Judo - Women 52 kg Schedule |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/judo/event-schedule-women-52-kg.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010212250/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/judo/event-schedule-women-52-kg.htm |archive-date=10 October 2021 |access-date=22 July 2021 |website=[[Tokyo 2020 Olympics]]}}</ref> da 2024 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=ABE Uta |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/judo/athlete-profile-n1315319-abe-uta.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804062519/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/judo/athlete-profile-n1315319-abe-uta.htm |archive-date=4 August 2021 |access-date=29 July 2021 |website=[[Tokyo 2020 Olympics]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ABE Uta |url=https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/uta-abe_1896760 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730141201/https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/uta-abe_1896760 |archive-date=30 July 2024 |website=[[Paris 2024 Olympics]]}}</ref> Abe kuma ta lashe kofin duniya sau biyar, bayan ta lashe lambar zinare a cikin nauyinta a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Judo a 2018, [[2019 World Judo Championships – Women's 52 kg|2019]], [[2022 World Judo Championships – Women's 52 kg|2022]], [[2023 World Judo Championships – Women's 52 kg|2023]], da [[2025 World Judo Championships – Women's 52 kg|2025]] Ta tashi zuwa shahararriya bayan ta lashe lambar zinare ta farko, tana da shekaru 16, a 2017 Judo Grand Prix Düsseldorf, don haka ta zama ƙaramar mai cin nasara a gasar IJF a tarihi. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Abe ita ce ƙaramar 'yar'uwar wani tauraron judo, Hifumi Abe, wanda ke fafatawa a rukunin maza na kilo 66. &nbsp;Ya kasance zakaran Olympics sau biyu, bayan ya lashe lambobin zinare biyu a jere a cikin nauyinsa a gasar Olympics ta bazara (2020 da 2024), da kuma zakaran duniya sau hudu.<ref name="OlGa">{{Cite web |title=Judo - Men -66 kg Schedule |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/judo/event-schedule-men-66-kg.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727063730/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/judo/event-schedule-men-66-kg.htm |archive-date=27 July 2021 |access-date=20 July 2021 |publisher=[[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games]]}}</ref><ref name="Tokyo2020">{{Cite web |title=ABE Hifumi |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/judo/athlete-profile-n1315347-abe-hifumi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726091017/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/judo/athlete-profile-n1315347-abe-hifumi.htm |archive-date=26 July 2021 |access-date=2 September 2021 |publisher=[[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=KYODO |title=Olympics: Hifumi Abe wins 2nd straight Olympic men's 66-kg judo gold |url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2024/07/112afed46764-urgent-uta-abe-defeated-in-2nd-round-of-womens-52-kg-judo-at-paris-olympics.html |access-date=28 July 2024 |website=Kyodo News+}}</ref> == Ayyukan Judo == Abe ta zama mafi ƙanƙanta da ta taɓa lashe IJF (International Judo Federation) Grand Prix, lokacin da ta kama matsayi na farko a [[Düsseldorf]] Grand Prix a watan Fabrairun 2017. Abe ta shiga gasar zakarun duniya ta 2018 a [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]] kuma ta lashe lambar yabo ta farko a duniya tana da shekaru 18, wanda ya sa ta zama ta uku mafi ƙanƙanta Judoka da ta taɓa kama babbar lambar yabo ta duniya. Abe da farko ya kayar da dan wasan judoka na Poland Karolina Pieńkowska da Fabienne Kocher na Switzerland. Daga nan sai ta doke Jéssica Pereira ta Brazil kuma a wasan kusa da na karshe ta doke Amandine Buchard ta [[Faransa]] a cikin sakan 40, ta hanyar makami don shiga wasan karshe. A wasan karshe, Abe ya yi daidai da abokin wasa kuma tsohon zakaran duniya Ai Shishime, kuma ya ci Shishime tare da mai ban mamaki uchi-mata a cikin zinare don Ippon. <ref name="judobase">{{Cite web |title=2018 World Judo Championships –52 kg results |url=http://judolive01.lb.judobase.org/www.judo-world.net/ijf/world/wc_sen2018//tta.php?tta_mode=&aktion=pdf_sheet&klasse=-52 |access-date=21 September 2018 |website=judolive01.lb.judobase.org}}</ref> A cikin 2021, Abe ta lashe lambar zinare a gasar Olympics ta Tokyo 2020 a ranar da ɗan'uwanta Hifumi ya lashe lambar zinariya a ƙungiyar judo. Abe ta lashe lambar zinare a gasar cin kofin mata ta kilo 52 a Gasar Zakarun Duniya ta Judo ta 2023 da aka gudanar a Doha, Qatar . Diyora Keldiyorova ta Uzbekistan ta kayar da ita a zagaye na biyu na Wasannin Olympics na Paris na 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Watta |first=Evelyn |date=July 28, 2024 |title=Paris 2024 Olympics: Defending champion Abe Uta gets loudest cheers despite shocking loss |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/paris-2024-abe-uta-gets-loudest-cheers-despite-loss |access-date=August 25, 2024 |website=olympics.com}}</ref> Wannan ita ce asarar gasar ta farko tun lokacin da aka ci Amandine Buchard na Faransa a Osaka Grand Slam a shekarar 2019, sama da shekaru 4 da suka gabata. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] fcw7zjw8s16jbi7pbr1nu01niiotehu 906911 906910 2026-08-24T07:32:08Z Santa MMD 23886 906911 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Uta Abe (阿部 詩, Abe Uta; an haife ta a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2000) 'yar wasan [[judoka]] ce ta Japan wacce ke fafatawa a rukunin mata masu nauyi (52 kg). Ta lashe lambar zinare a gasar mata ta 52 kg a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta [[Judo at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Mixed team|2020]] da lambobin azurfa guda biyu a jere tare da tawagar Japan a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na judo a gasar Olympics na 2020 <ref name="OG">{{Cite web |title=2020 Summer Olympics — Judo - Women 52 kg Schedule |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/judo/event-schedule-women-52-kg.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010212250/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/judo/event-schedule-women-52-kg.htm |archive-date=10 October 2021 |access-date=22 July 2021 |website=[[Tokyo 2020 Olympics]]}}</ref> da 2024 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=ABE Uta |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/judo/athlete-profile-n1315319-abe-uta.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804062519/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/judo/athlete-profile-n1315319-abe-uta.htm |archive-date=4 August 2021 |access-date=29 July 2021 |website=[[Tokyo 2020 Olympics]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ABE Uta |url=https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/uta-abe_1896760 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730141201/https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/uta-abe_1896760 |archive-date=30 July 2024 |website=[[Paris 2024 Olympics]]}}</ref> Abe kuma ta lashe kofin duniya sau biyar, bayan ta lashe lambar zinare a cikin nauyinta a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Judo a 2018, [[2019 World Judo Championships – Women's 52 kg|2019]], [[2022 World Judo Championships – Women's 52 kg|2022]], [[2023 World Judo Championships – Women's 52 kg|2023]], da [[2025 World Judo Championships – Women's 52 kg|2025]] Ta tashi zuwa shahararriya bayan ta lashe lambar zinare ta farko, tana da shekaru 16, a 2017 Judo Grand Prix Düsseldorf, don haka ta zama ƙaramar mai cin nasara a gasar IJF a tarihi. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Abe ita ce ƙaramar 'yar'uwar wani tauraron judo, Hifumi Abe, wanda ke fafatawa a rukunin maza na kilo 66. &nbsp;Ya kasance zakaran Olympics sau biyu, bayan ya lashe lambobin zinare biyu a jere a cikin nauyinsa a gasar Olympics ta bazara (2020 da 2024), da kuma zakaran duniya sau hudu.<ref name="OlGa">{{Cite web |title=Judo - Men -66 kg Schedule |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/judo/event-schedule-men-66-kg.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727063730/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/judo/event-schedule-men-66-kg.htm |archive-date=27 July 2021 |access-date=20 July 2021 |publisher=[[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games]]}}</ref><ref name="Tokyo2020">{{Cite web |title=ABE Hifumi |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/judo/athlete-profile-n1315347-abe-hifumi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726091017/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/judo/athlete-profile-n1315347-abe-hifumi.htm |archive-date=26 July 2021 |access-date=2 September 2021 |publisher=[[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=KYODO |title=Olympics: Hifumi Abe wins 2nd straight Olympic men's 66-kg judo gold |url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2024/07/112afed46764-urgent-uta-abe-defeated-in-2nd-round-of-womens-52-kg-judo-at-paris-olympics.html |access-date=28 July 2024 |website=Kyodo News+}}</ref> == Ayyukan Judo == Abe ta zama mafi ƙanƙanta da ta taɓa lashe IJF (International Judo Federation) Grand Prix, lokacin da ta kama matsayi na farko a [[Düsseldorf]] Grand Prix a watan Fabrairun 2017. Abe ta shiga gasar zakarun duniya ta 2018 a [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]] kuma ta lashe lambar yabo ta farko a duniya tana da shekaru 18, wanda ya sa ta zama ta uku mafi ƙanƙanta Judoka da ta taɓa kama babbar lambar yabo ta duniya. Abe da farko ya kayar da dan wasan judoka na Poland Karolina Pieńkowska da Fabienne Kocher na Switzerland. Daga nan sai ta doke Jéssica Pereira ta Brazil kuma a wasan kusa da na karshe ta doke Amandine Buchard ta [[Faransa]] a cikin sakan 40, ta hanyar makami don shiga wasan karshe. A wasan karshe, Abe ya yi daidai da abokin wasa kuma tsohon zakaran duniya Ai Shishime, kuma ya ci Shishime tare da mai ban mamaki uchi-mata a cikin zinare don Ippon. <ref name="judobase">{{Cite web |title=2018 World Judo Championships –52 kg results |url=http://judolive01.lb.judobase.org/www.judo-world.net/ijf/world/wc_sen2018//tta.php?tta_mode=&aktion=pdf_sheet&klasse=-52 |access-date=21 September 2018 |website=judolive01.lb.judobase.org}}</ref> A cikin 2021, Abe ta lashe lambar zinare a gasar Olympics ta Tokyo 2020 a ranar da ɗan'uwanta Hifumi ya lashe lambar zinariya a ƙungiyar judo. Abe ta lashe lambar zinare a gasar cin kofin mata ta kilo 52 a Gasar Zakarun Duniya ta Judo ta 2023 da aka gudanar a Doha, Qatar . Diyora Keldiyorova ta Uzbekistan ta kayar da ita a zagaye na biyu na Wasannin Olympics na Paris na 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Watta |first=Evelyn |date=July 28, 2024 |title=Paris 2024 Olympics: Defending champion Abe Uta gets loudest cheers despite shocking loss |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/paris-2024-abe-uta-gets-loudest-cheers-despite-loss |access-date=August 25, 2024 |website=olympics.com}}</ref> Wannan ita ce asarar gasar ta farko tun lokacin da aka ci Amandine Buchard na Faransa a Osaka Grand Slam a shekarar 2019, sama da shekaru 4 da suka gabata. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] fyikm8g80xclg3qa8xbpzwtl6c1s9ox 0 165265 906912 2026-08-24T07:34:56Z Santa MMD 23886 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369636829|Yasmani Acosta]]" 906912 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yasmani Acosta Fernández''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1988) ɗan wasan kokawa ne na Chilean-Cuban <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tercera |first=La |date=21 December 2017 |title=Diputados aprueban otorgar la nacionalidad por gracia a Yasmani Acosta |url=https://www.latercera.com/el-deportivo/noticia/diputados-aprueban-otorgar-la-nacionalidad-gracia-yasmani-acosta/35577/ |access-date=8 August 2024 |website=La Tercera}}</ref> wanda ke fafatawa a cikin nauyin kilo 130.[a] Ya lashe lambar azurfa a tseren maza na 130 kg a gasar Olympics ta 2024 a Paris, da kuma lambar tagulla a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2017.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=AlAireLibre.cl |title=Yasmani Acosta le da a Chile una medalla de plata en unos Juegos Olímpicos inolvidables |url=https://www.alairelibre.cl/noticias/deportes/juegos-olimpicos/paris-2024/yasmani-acosta-le-da-a-chile-una-medalla-de-plata-en-unos-juegos/2024-08-06/123335.html |access-date=6 August 2024 |website=alairelibre.cl |language=Spanish}}</ref> &nbsp;Ya kuma lashe lambobin zinare a Gasar Cin Kofin Pan American ta 2017, Wasannin Kudancin Amurka na 2018 da 2022, da Wasannin Bolivarian na 2022, da kuma lambobin tagulla a Wasannin Pan American na 2019 da 2023 da lambar azurfa a Gasar Gasar Cin kofin Pan American na 2017. Ya kammala a matsayi na biyar a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hermosilla |first=Diego |date=14 March 2020 |title=Yasmani Acosta, campeón y clasificado a los Juegos Olímpicos |url=https://www.latercera.com/el-deportivo/noticia/yasmani-acosta-clasifica-a-los-juegos-olimpicos/IMLYF7E7WNER7CA6MCMYC5NYPE/ |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=La Tercera}}</ref> An haife shi a Agramonte, Cuba, Acosta ya fara aikinsa na wakiltar Cuba, inda ya lashe gasar Pan American Games ta 2011 da lambar tagulla a shekarar 2015 da aka gudanar a Santiago, Chile, inda ya sauya sheka daga tawagar Cuban kuma ya kasance a kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alonso |first=Nicolás |date=6 August 2024 |title=El campeón que no puede ser: la historia de Yasmani Acosta |url=https://www.latercera.com/el-deportivo/noticia/el-campeon-que-no-puede-ser/MQ4CGNWL3JHM7ESAHWFD36QY2A/ |access-date=8 August 2024 |website=La Tercera}}</ref> An ba shi 'yancin zama ɗan ƙasar Chile a shekarar 2018 kuma ya yi gasa a duniya don Chile tun daga shekarar 2017.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=S.A.P |first=El Mercurio |date=1 July 2018 |title=Yasmani Acosta se confiesa: Cuando competía por Cuba decía "ojalá me toque con un chileno, le gano con un dedo" |url=https://www.emol.com/noticias/Deportes/2018/07/01/911629/Yasmani-Acosta-se-confiesa-Cuando-competia-por-Cuba-decia-ojala-me-toque-con-un-chileno-le-gano-con-un-dedo.html |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=Emol |language=Spanish}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Acosta ya fara kokawa a Cuba lokacin da yake dan shekara 10. Yayinda yake wakiltar Cuba, ya lashe lambobin yabo da yawa a gasar cin kofin Kudancin Amurka kamar gasar zakarun Pan American da Cerro Pelado International . [1] Bayan ya yi gasa a Gasar Cin Kofin Pan American ta 2015 a Santiago, Chile, Acosta bai sake komawa Cuba ba, yana mai cewa, tun lokacin da Mijaín López ya lashe Gasar Olympics sau uku ya kasance mai kokawa wanda ya wakilci Cuba a manyan gasa a cikin nauyinsa, zai sami ƙarin dama idan ya wakilci Chile. Koyaya, Acosta bai iya wakiltar Chile ba, saboda ba shi da izinin Cuba.[2] A sakamakon haka, Acosta ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tsaro na tsawon shekaru biyu ba tare da horo na kowane irin ba yayin da yake ƙoƙarin samun izini. Lokacin da ya sami izini a shekarar 2017, ya sake fara fafatawa a duniya, yana zaune a Cibiyar Wasannin Olympics ta Chile. Da sauri ya ga sakamako a lokacin shekara ta farko da ya yi gasa a hukumance ga Chile, inda ya sami lambar azurfa daga Gasar Cin Kofin Pan American da lambar tagulla daga Gasar Duniya. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Circles |date=30 August 2017 |title=Yasmany Acosta, el luchador cubano que brilla en Chile |url=https://havanatimesenespanol.org/reportajes/yasmany-acosta-el-luchador-cubano-que-brilla-en-chile/ |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=Havana Times en Español |language=es}}</ref> A cikin 2018, an ba Acosta 'yancin zama ɗan ƙasar Chile.<ref name=":1" /> A cikin shekara, ya ci gaba da lashe lambar tagulla a Gasar Cin Kofin Pan American, lambar zinare a Wasannin Kudancin Amurka, kuma ya kasance na takwas a Gasar Duniya. A shekarar 2019 ya sami tagulla a Gasar Cin Kofin Pan American kuma ya fafata a Grand Prix da yawa a Turai. A shekarar 2020, ya lashe gasar cin kofin Olympic na Pan American Wrestling kuma ya sami wuri a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Comunicaciones |first=Compañia Chilena de |title=Yasmani Acosta se quedó con la medalla de oro en el Preolímpico que le dio los pasajes a Tokio |url=https://www.alairelibre.cl/noticias/deportes/polideportivo/lucha/yasmani-acosta-se-quedo-con-la-medalla-de-oro-en-el-preolimpico-que-le/2020-03-13/204547.html |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=alairelibre.cl |language=Spanish}}</ref> Ya yi gasa a cikin tseren maza na 130 kg.<ref name="wrestling_results_book_summer_olympics_2020">{{Cite web |title=Wrestling Results Book |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/WRE/OG2020-_WRE_B99_WRE-------------------------------.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807164330/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/WRE/OG2020-_WRE_B99_WRE-------------------------------.pdf |archive-date=7 August 2021 |access-date=8 August 2021 |website=2020 Summer Olympics}}</ref> Ya lashe daya daga cikin lambobin tagulla a taron da ya yi a gasar zakarun Pan American ta 2022 da aka gudanar a Acapulco, Mexico. Ya lashe lambar zinare a taron da ya yi a Wasannin Bolivarian na 2022 da aka gudanar a Valledupar, Colombia.<ref name="wrestling_bolivarian_games_results_book_2022">{{Cite web |title=2022 Bolivarian Games Results Book |url=https://cdn.uww.org/s3fs-public/2022-07/results_07_valledupar.pdf?VersionId=MgI89r00Oeb4gSM3e4zfYy7TrZLeqZr1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720205816/https://cdn.uww.org/s3fs-public/2022-07/results_07_valledupar.pdf?VersionId=MgI89r00Oeb4gSM3e4zfYy7TrZLeqZr1 |archive-date=20 July 2022 |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=United World Wrestling}}</ref> Ya shiga gasar tseren kilo 130 kg<nowiki><span about="#mwt61" class="nowrap" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Spaces&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Samfuri:Spaces&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwew" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki> gasar zakarun duniya ta 2022 da aka gudanar a Belgrade, Serbia . <ref name="results_book_world_wrestling_championships_2022">{{Cite web |title=2022 World Wrestling Championships Results Book |url=https://cdn.uww.org/s3fs-public/2022-09/final-book-2022-senior-world-championships_compressed.pdf?VersionId=zoTz_Ra8zK5EkVhfrZuDG5THXf4.3ik. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220918183512/https://cdn.uww.org/s3fs-public/2022-09/final-book-2022-senior-world-championships_compressed.pdf?VersionId=zoTz_Ra8zK5EkVhfrZuDG5THXf4.3ik. |archive-date=18 September 2022 |access-date=18 September 2022 |website=United World Wrestling}}</ref> Ya lashe lambar zinare a taron da ya yi a Wasannin Kudancin Amurka na 2022 da aka gudanar a Asunción, Paraguay . <ref name="wrestling_results_book_south_american_games_2022">{{Cite web |title=2022 South American Games Results Book |url=https://cdn.uww.org/s3fs-public/2022-10/results_10_asuncion.pdf?VersionId=kM4PBjfzMWgmxbl2rhVevFqbe4a8azmj |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017171659/https://cdn.uww.org/s3fs-public/2022-10/results_10_asuncion.pdf?VersionId=kM4PBjfzMWgmxbl2rhVevFqbe4a8azmj |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=United World Wrestling}}</ref> Ya lashe lambar zinare a taron da ya yi a gasar zakarun Pan American ta 2024 da aka gudanar a Acapulco, Mexico.<ref name="pan_american_wrestling_championships_results_book_2024">{{Cite web |title=2024 Pan American Wrestling Championships Results Book |url=https://d3u2kdyvfaxwhl.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/2024-02/results_02_acapulco.pdf?VersionId=Efb44FH3Pq4shxxDWjI7EpGpxkdEL.Lw |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228032955/https://d3u2kdyvfaxwhl.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/2024-02/results_02_acapulco.pdf?VersionId=Efb44FH3Pq4shxxDWjI7EpGpxkdEL.Lw |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=United World Wrestling}}</ref> Bayan 'yan kwanaki, a gasar cin kofin Olympic ta Pan American Wrestling da aka gudanar a Acapulco, Mexico, ya sami matsayi na Chile don wasannin Olympics na 2024 da aka gudanar da a Paris, Faransa.<ref name="pan_american_qualified_nocs_2024">{{Cite web |title=Qualified NOCs at 2024 Pan American Wrestling Olympic Qualification Tournament |url=https://d3u2kdyvfaxwhl.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/2024-03/2nd_phase_acapulco_qualified_nocs.pdf?VersionId=7daWt.sjVf3DcCmRgpMQwttDuVARZ8Sx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304175337/https://d3u2kdyvfaxwhl.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/2024-03/2nd_phase_acapulco_qualified_nocs.pdf?VersionId=7daWt.sjVf3DcCmRgpMQwttDuVARZ8Sx |archive-date=4 March 2024 |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=United World Wrestling}}</ref><ref name="pan_american_olympic_tournament_results_book_2024">{{Cite web |title=2024 Pan American Wrestling Olympic Qualification Tournament Results Book |url=https://d3u2kdyvfaxwhl.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/2024-03/results_02_acapulco_tq.pdf?VersionId=JF17JQRQNzYOgzYC1imqNPlT1Awo0vIQ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304172342/https://d3u2kdyvfaxwhl.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/2024-03/results_02_acapulco_tq.pdf?VersionId=JF17JQRQNzYOgzYC1imqNPlT1Awo0vIQ |archive-date=4 March 2024 |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=United World Wrestling}}</ref> A wasannin Olympics na 2024, ya lashe lambar azurfa a wasan karshe na Girka da Romawa na kilo 130, inda ya fuskanci Mijaín López na Cuba. <ref name=":3" /><ref name="wrestling_results_book_summer_olympics_2024">{{Cite web |title=Wrestling Results Book |url=https://olympics.com/OG2024/pdf/OG2024/WRE/OG2024_WRE_B99_WRE-------------------------------.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811181048/https://olympics.com/OG2024/pdf/OG2024/WRE/OG2024_WRE_B99_WRE-------------------------------.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2024 |access-date=12 August 2024 |website=2024 Summer Olympics}}</ref>&nbsp; == Nasarorin da aka samu == {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" !Shekara !Gasar !Wurin da yake !Sakamakon !Abin da ya faru |- |2010 |Gwagwarmayar Gwagwarmaya ta Duniya |[[Yerevan]], Armenia{{Flagicon|ARM}} | align="center" bgcolor=" " |Na biyar |Girkanci da Romawa 120 kg |- |2011 |Gwagwarmayar Gwagwarmaya ta Duniya |[[Miniska|Minsk]], Belarus{{Flagicon|BLR}} | align="center" bgcolor=" " |Na 8th |Girkanci da Romawa 120 kg |- |2011 |Gasar Cin Kofin Pan American |[[Rionegro]], Colombia{{Flagicon|COL}} | align="center" bgcolor="#FFD700" |Na farko |Girkanci da Romawa 120 kg&nbsp; |- |2015 |Gasar Cin Kofin Pan American |[[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]], Chile{{Flagicon|CHI}} | align="center" bgcolor="cc9966" |Na uku |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg&nbsp; |- |2017 |Gasar Cin Kofin Pan American |[[Lauro de Freitas|Lauro na Freitas]], Brazil{{Flagicon|BRA}} | align="center" bgcolor="C0C0C0" |Na biyu |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg&nbsp; |- |2017 |Gasar Gwagwarmayar Duniya |[[Faris|Paris]], Faransa{{Flagicon|FRA}} | align="center" bgcolor="cc9966" |Na uku |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg |- |2018 |Gasar Cin Kofin Pan American |[[Lima]], Peru{{Flagicon|PER}} | align="center" bgcolor="cc9966" |Na uku |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg&nbsp; |- |2018 |Wasannin Kudancin Amurka |[[Cochabamba]], Bolivia{{Flagicon|BOL}} | align="center" bgcolor="gold" |Na farko |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg |- |2018 |Gasar Gwagwarmayar Duniya |[[Budapest]], Hungary{{Flagicon|HUN}} | align="center" bgcolor=" " |Na 8th |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg |- |2019 |Wasannin Pan American |[[Lima]], Peru{{Flagicon|PER}} | align="center" bgcolor="cc9966" |Na uku |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg |- |2019 |Gasar Gwagwarmayar Duniya |[[Astana|Nur-Sultan]], Kazakhstan{{Flagicon|KAZ}} | align="center" bgcolor=" " |Na 12 |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg |- |2020 |Gasar Cin Kofin Pan American |[[Ottawa]], Kanada{{Flagicon|CAN}} | align="center" bgcolor=" " |Na 8th |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg |- |2020 |cancantar gasar Olympics ta Pan American |[[Ottawa]], Kanada{{Flagicon|CAN}} | align="center" bgcolor="#FFD700" |Na farko |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg&nbsp; |- |2020 |Kofin Duniya na Mutum |[[Belgrade]], Serbia{{Flagicon|SRB}} | align="center" bgcolor="" |Na 7 |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg&nbsp; |- |2021 |Ƙalubalen Henri Deglane |Nice, Faransa{{Flagicon|FRA}} | align="center" bgcolor="#FFD700" |Na farko |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg&nbsp; |- |2021 |Jerin Matsayi na Matteo Pellicone |[[Rum|Roma]], Italiya{{Flagicon|ITA}} | align="center" bgcolor=" " |Na biyar |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg |- |2022 |Gasar Cin Kofin Pan American |[[Acapulco]], Mexico{{Flagicon|MEX}} | align="center" bgcolor="cc9966" |Na uku |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg&nbsp; |- |2022 |Wasannin Bolivarian |Valledupar, Colombia{{Flagicon|COL}} | align="center" bgcolor="gold" |Na farko |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg&nbsp; |- |2022 |Wasannin Kudancin Amurka |Asunción, Paraguay{{Flagicon|Paraguay}} | align="center" bgcolor="gold" |Na farko |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg&nbsp; |- |2024 |Wasannin Olympics |[[Faris|Paris]], Faransa{{Flagicon|France}} | align="center" bgcolor="silver" |Na biyu |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg<nowiki><span about="#mwt95" class="nowrap" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Spaces&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Samfuri:Spaces&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAXI" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki> |} {{Notelist}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * Yasmani Acosta FernandezaGwagwarmayar Duniya ta United * Yasmani Acosta Fernandeza cikin Bayanan Wrestling na Duniya * Yasmani Acosta FernandezaOlympics.com * Yasmani AcostaaOlympedia * Yasmani Acostaa cikin InterSportStats * Yasmani Acostaa cikinWasannin Pan American na Lima na 2019 (an adana shi,madadin hanyar haɗi) * Yasmani Acostaa kanInstagram [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] k9n8cyvfdmyjrtfexpzt6xurh1gyxel 906914 906912 2026-08-24T07:36:01Z Santa MMD 23886 /* Bayanan da aka ambata */ 906914 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yasmani Acosta Fernández''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1988) ɗan wasan kokawa ne na Chilean-Cuban <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tercera |first=La |date=21 December 2017 |title=Diputados aprueban otorgar la nacionalidad por gracia a Yasmani Acosta |url=https://www.latercera.com/el-deportivo/noticia/diputados-aprueban-otorgar-la-nacionalidad-gracia-yasmani-acosta/35577/ |access-date=8 August 2024 |website=La Tercera}}</ref> wanda ke fafatawa a cikin nauyin kilo 130.[a] Ya lashe lambar azurfa a tseren maza na 130 kg a gasar Olympics ta 2024 a Paris, da kuma lambar tagulla a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2017.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=AlAireLibre.cl |title=Yasmani Acosta le da a Chile una medalla de plata en unos Juegos Olímpicos inolvidables |url=https://www.alairelibre.cl/noticias/deportes/juegos-olimpicos/paris-2024/yasmani-acosta-le-da-a-chile-una-medalla-de-plata-en-unos-juegos/2024-08-06/123335.html |access-date=6 August 2024 |website=alairelibre.cl |language=Spanish}}</ref> &nbsp;Ya kuma lashe lambobin zinare a Gasar Cin Kofin Pan American ta 2017, Wasannin Kudancin Amurka na 2018 da 2022, da Wasannin Bolivarian na 2022, da kuma lambobin tagulla a Wasannin Pan American na 2019 da 2023 da lambar azurfa a Gasar Gasar Cin kofin Pan American na 2017. Ya kammala a matsayi na biyar a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hermosilla |first=Diego |date=14 March 2020 |title=Yasmani Acosta, campeón y clasificado a los Juegos Olímpicos |url=https://www.latercera.com/el-deportivo/noticia/yasmani-acosta-clasifica-a-los-juegos-olimpicos/IMLYF7E7WNER7CA6MCMYC5NYPE/ |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=La Tercera}}</ref> An haife shi a Agramonte, Cuba, Acosta ya fara aikinsa na wakiltar Cuba, inda ya lashe gasar Pan American Games ta 2011 da lambar tagulla a shekarar 2015 da aka gudanar a Santiago, Chile, inda ya sauya sheka daga tawagar Cuban kuma ya kasance a kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alonso |first=Nicolás |date=6 August 2024 |title=El campeón que no puede ser: la historia de Yasmani Acosta |url=https://www.latercera.com/el-deportivo/noticia/el-campeon-que-no-puede-ser/MQ4CGNWL3JHM7ESAHWFD36QY2A/ |access-date=8 August 2024 |website=La Tercera}}</ref> An ba shi 'yancin zama ɗan ƙasar Chile a shekarar 2018 kuma ya yi gasa a duniya don Chile tun daga shekarar 2017.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=S.A.P |first=El Mercurio |date=1 July 2018 |title=Yasmani Acosta se confiesa: Cuando competía por Cuba decía "ojalá me toque con un chileno, le gano con un dedo" |url=https://www.emol.com/noticias/Deportes/2018/07/01/911629/Yasmani-Acosta-se-confiesa-Cuando-competia-por-Cuba-decia-ojala-me-toque-con-un-chileno-le-gano-con-un-dedo.html |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=Emol |language=Spanish}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Acosta ya fara kokawa a Cuba lokacin da yake dan shekara 10. Yayinda yake wakiltar Cuba, ya lashe lambobin yabo da yawa a gasar cin kofin Kudancin Amurka kamar gasar zakarun Pan American da Cerro Pelado International . [1] Bayan ya yi gasa a Gasar Cin Kofin Pan American ta 2015 a Santiago, Chile, Acosta bai sake komawa Cuba ba, yana mai cewa, tun lokacin da Mijaín López ya lashe Gasar Olympics sau uku ya kasance mai kokawa wanda ya wakilci Cuba a manyan gasa a cikin nauyinsa, zai sami ƙarin dama idan ya wakilci Chile. Koyaya, Acosta bai iya wakiltar Chile ba, saboda ba shi da izinin Cuba.[2] A sakamakon haka, Acosta ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tsaro na tsawon shekaru biyu ba tare da horo na kowane irin ba yayin da yake ƙoƙarin samun izini. Lokacin da ya sami izini a shekarar 2017, ya sake fara fafatawa a duniya, yana zaune a Cibiyar Wasannin Olympics ta Chile. Da sauri ya ga sakamako a lokacin shekara ta farko da ya yi gasa a hukumance ga Chile, inda ya sami lambar azurfa daga Gasar Cin Kofin Pan American da lambar tagulla daga Gasar Duniya. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Circles |date=30 August 2017 |title=Yasmany Acosta, el luchador cubano que brilla en Chile |url=https://havanatimesenespanol.org/reportajes/yasmany-acosta-el-luchador-cubano-que-brilla-en-chile/ |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=Havana Times en Español |language=es}}</ref> A cikin 2018, an ba Acosta 'yancin zama ɗan ƙasar Chile.<ref name=":1" /> A cikin shekara, ya ci gaba da lashe lambar tagulla a Gasar Cin Kofin Pan American, lambar zinare a Wasannin Kudancin Amurka, kuma ya kasance na takwas a Gasar Duniya. A shekarar 2019 ya sami tagulla a Gasar Cin Kofin Pan American kuma ya fafata a Grand Prix da yawa a Turai. A shekarar 2020, ya lashe gasar cin kofin Olympic na Pan American Wrestling kuma ya sami wuri a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Comunicaciones |first=Compañia Chilena de |title=Yasmani Acosta se quedó con la medalla de oro en el Preolímpico que le dio los pasajes a Tokio |url=https://www.alairelibre.cl/noticias/deportes/polideportivo/lucha/yasmani-acosta-se-quedo-con-la-medalla-de-oro-en-el-preolimpico-que-le/2020-03-13/204547.html |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=alairelibre.cl |language=Spanish}}</ref> Ya yi gasa a cikin tseren maza na 130 kg.<ref name="wrestling_results_book_summer_olympics_2020">{{Cite web |title=Wrestling Results Book |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/WRE/OG2020-_WRE_B99_WRE-------------------------------.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807164330/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/WRE/OG2020-_WRE_B99_WRE-------------------------------.pdf |archive-date=7 August 2021 |access-date=8 August 2021 |website=2020 Summer Olympics}}</ref> Ya lashe daya daga cikin lambobin tagulla a taron da ya yi a gasar zakarun Pan American ta 2022 da aka gudanar a Acapulco, Mexico. Ya lashe lambar zinare a taron da ya yi a Wasannin Bolivarian na 2022 da aka gudanar a Valledupar, Colombia.<ref name="wrestling_bolivarian_games_results_book_2022">{{Cite web |title=2022 Bolivarian Games Results Book |url=https://cdn.uww.org/s3fs-public/2022-07/results_07_valledupar.pdf?VersionId=MgI89r00Oeb4gSM3e4zfYy7TrZLeqZr1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720205816/https://cdn.uww.org/s3fs-public/2022-07/results_07_valledupar.pdf?VersionId=MgI89r00Oeb4gSM3e4zfYy7TrZLeqZr1 |archive-date=20 July 2022 |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=United World Wrestling}}</ref> Ya shiga gasar tseren kilo 130 kg<nowiki><span about="#mwt61" class="nowrap" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Spaces&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Samfuri:Spaces&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwew" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki> gasar zakarun duniya ta 2022 da aka gudanar a Belgrade, Serbia . <ref name="results_book_world_wrestling_championships_2022">{{Cite web |title=2022 World Wrestling Championships Results Book |url=https://cdn.uww.org/s3fs-public/2022-09/final-book-2022-senior-world-championships_compressed.pdf?VersionId=zoTz_Ra8zK5EkVhfrZuDG5THXf4.3ik. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220918183512/https://cdn.uww.org/s3fs-public/2022-09/final-book-2022-senior-world-championships_compressed.pdf?VersionId=zoTz_Ra8zK5EkVhfrZuDG5THXf4.3ik. |archive-date=18 September 2022 |access-date=18 September 2022 |website=United World Wrestling}}</ref> Ya lashe lambar zinare a taron da ya yi a Wasannin Kudancin Amurka na 2022 da aka gudanar a Asunción, Paraguay . <ref name="wrestling_results_book_south_american_games_2022">{{Cite web |title=2022 South American Games Results Book |url=https://cdn.uww.org/s3fs-public/2022-10/results_10_asuncion.pdf?VersionId=kM4PBjfzMWgmxbl2rhVevFqbe4a8azmj |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017171659/https://cdn.uww.org/s3fs-public/2022-10/results_10_asuncion.pdf?VersionId=kM4PBjfzMWgmxbl2rhVevFqbe4a8azmj |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=United World Wrestling}}</ref> Ya lashe lambar zinare a taron da ya yi a gasar zakarun Pan American ta 2024 da aka gudanar a Acapulco, Mexico.<ref name="pan_american_wrestling_championships_results_book_2024">{{Cite web |title=2024 Pan American Wrestling Championships Results Book |url=https://d3u2kdyvfaxwhl.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/2024-02/results_02_acapulco.pdf?VersionId=Efb44FH3Pq4shxxDWjI7EpGpxkdEL.Lw |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228032955/https://d3u2kdyvfaxwhl.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/2024-02/results_02_acapulco.pdf?VersionId=Efb44FH3Pq4shxxDWjI7EpGpxkdEL.Lw |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=United World Wrestling}}</ref> Bayan 'yan kwanaki, a gasar cin kofin Olympic ta Pan American Wrestling da aka gudanar a Acapulco, Mexico, ya sami matsayi na Chile don wasannin Olympics na 2024 da aka gudanar da a Paris, Faransa.<ref name="pan_american_qualified_nocs_2024">{{Cite web |title=Qualified NOCs at 2024 Pan American Wrestling Olympic Qualification Tournament |url=https://d3u2kdyvfaxwhl.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/2024-03/2nd_phase_acapulco_qualified_nocs.pdf?VersionId=7daWt.sjVf3DcCmRgpMQwttDuVARZ8Sx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304175337/https://d3u2kdyvfaxwhl.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/2024-03/2nd_phase_acapulco_qualified_nocs.pdf?VersionId=7daWt.sjVf3DcCmRgpMQwttDuVARZ8Sx |archive-date=4 March 2024 |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=United World Wrestling}}</ref><ref name="pan_american_olympic_tournament_results_book_2024">{{Cite web |title=2024 Pan American Wrestling Olympic Qualification Tournament Results Book |url=https://d3u2kdyvfaxwhl.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/2024-03/results_02_acapulco_tq.pdf?VersionId=JF17JQRQNzYOgzYC1imqNPlT1Awo0vIQ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304172342/https://d3u2kdyvfaxwhl.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/2024-03/results_02_acapulco_tq.pdf?VersionId=JF17JQRQNzYOgzYC1imqNPlT1Awo0vIQ |archive-date=4 March 2024 |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=United World Wrestling}}</ref> A wasannin Olympics na 2024, ya lashe lambar azurfa a wasan karshe na Girka da Romawa na kilo 130, inda ya fuskanci Mijaín López na Cuba. <ref name=":3" /><ref name="wrestling_results_book_summer_olympics_2024">{{Cite web |title=Wrestling Results Book |url=https://olympics.com/OG2024/pdf/OG2024/WRE/OG2024_WRE_B99_WRE-------------------------------.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811181048/https://olympics.com/OG2024/pdf/OG2024/WRE/OG2024_WRE_B99_WRE-------------------------------.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2024 |access-date=12 August 2024 |website=2024 Summer Olympics}}</ref>&nbsp; == Nasarorin da aka samu == {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" !Shekara !Gasar !Wurin da yake !Sakamakon !Abin da ya faru |- |2010 |Gwagwarmayar Gwagwarmaya ta Duniya |[[Yerevan]], Armenia{{Flagicon|ARM}} | align="center" bgcolor=" " |Na biyar |Girkanci da Romawa 120 kg |- |2011 |Gwagwarmayar Gwagwarmaya ta Duniya |[[Miniska|Minsk]], Belarus{{Flagicon|BLR}} | align="center" bgcolor=" " |Na 8th |Girkanci da Romawa 120 kg |- |2011 |Gasar Cin Kofin Pan American |[[Rionegro]], Colombia{{Flagicon|COL}} | align="center" bgcolor="#FFD700" |Na farko |Girkanci da Romawa 120 kg&nbsp; |- |2015 |Gasar Cin Kofin Pan American |[[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]], Chile{{Flagicon|CHI}} | align="center" bgcolor="cc9966" |Na uku |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg&nbsp; |- |2017 |Gasar Cin Kofin Pan American |[[Lauro de Freitas|Lauro na Freitas]], Brazil{{Flagicon|BRA}} | align="center" bgcolor="C0C0C0" |Na biyu |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg&nbsp; |- |2017 |Gasar Gwagwarmayar Duniya |[[Faris|Paris]], Faransa{{Flagicon|FRA}} | align="center" bgcolor="cc9966" |Na uku |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg |- |2018 |Gasar Cin Kofin Pan American |[[Lima]], Peru{{Flagicon|PER}} | align="center" bgcolor="cc9966" |Na uku |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg&nbsp; |- |2018 |Wasannin Kudancin Amurka |[[Cochabamba]], Bolivia{{Flagicon|BOL}} | align="center" bgcolor="gold" |Na farko |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg |- |2018 |Gasar Gwagwarmayar Duniya |[[Budapest]], Hungary{{Flagicon|HUN}} | align="center" bgcolor=" " |Na 8th |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg |- |2019 |Wasannin Pan American |[[Lima]], Peru{{Flagicon|PER}} | align="center" bgcolor="cc9966" |Na uku |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg |- |2019 |Gasar Gwagwarmayar Duniya |[[Astana|Nur-Sultan]], Kazakhstan{{Flagicon|KAZ}} | align="center" bgcolor=" " |Na 12 |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg |- |2020 |Gasar Cin Kofin Pan American |[[Ottawa]], Kanada{{Flagicon|CAN}} | align="center" bgcolor=" " |Na 8th |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg |- |2020 |cancantar gasar Olympics ta Pan American |[[Ottawa]], Kanada{{Flagicon|CAN}} | align="center" bgcolor="#FFD700" |Na farko |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg&nbsp; |- |2020 |Kofin Duniya na Mutum |[[Belgrade]], Serbia{{Flagicon|SRB}} | align="center" bgcolor="" |Na 7 |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg&nbsp; |- |2021 |Ƙalubalen Henri Deglane |Nice, Faransa{{Flagicon|FRA}} | align="center" bgcolor="#FFD700" |Na farko |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg&nbsp; |- |2021 |Jerin Matsayi na Matteo Pellicone |[[Rum|Roma]], Italiya{{Flagicon|ITA}} | align="center" bgcolor=" " |Na biyar |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg |- |2022 |Gasar Cin Kofin Pan American |[[Acapulco]], Mexico{{Flagicon|MEX}} | align="center" bgcolor="cc9966" |Na uku |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg&nbsp; |- |2022 |Wasannin Bolivarian |Valledupar, Colombia{{Flagicon|COL}} | align="center" bgcolor="gold" |Na farko |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg&nbsp; |- |2022 |Wasannin Kudancin Amurka |Asunción, Paraguay{{Flagicon|Paraguay}} | align="center" bgcolor="gold" |Na farko |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg&nbsp; |- |2024 |Wasannin Olympics |[[Faris|Paris]], Faransa{{Flagicon|France}} | align="center" bgcolor="silver" |Na biyu |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg<nowiki><span about="#mwt95" class="nowrap" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Spaces&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Samfuri:Spaces&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAXI" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki> |} {{Notelist}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Yasmani Acosta FernandezaGwagwarmayar Duniya ta United * Yasmani Acosta Fernandeza cikin Bayanan Wrestling na Duniya * Yasmani Acosta FernandezaOlympics.com * Yasmani AcostaaOlympedia * Yasmani Acostaa cikin InterSportStats * Yasmani Acostaa cikinWasannin Pan American na Lima na 2019 (an adana shi,madadin hanyar haɗi) * Yasmani Acostaa kanInstagram [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] a59hav3n94wa4owdv8dcmmrgtnfy753 906916 906914 2026-08-24T07:36:49Z Santa MMD 23886 906916 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yasmani Acosta Fernández''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1988) ɗan wasan kokawa ne na Chilean-Cuban <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tercera |first=La |date=21 December 2017 |title=Diputados aprueban otorgar la nacionalidad por gracia a Yasmani Acosta |url=https://www.latercera.com/el-deportivo/noticia/diputados-aprueban-otorgar-la-nacionalidad-gracia-yasmani-acosta/35577/ |access-date=8 August 2024 |website=La Tercera}}</ref> wanda ke fafatawa a cikin nauyin kilo 130.[a] Ya lashe lambar azurfa a tseren maza na 130 kg a gasar Olympics ta 2024 a Paris, da kuma lambar tagulla a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2017.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=AlAireLibre.cl |title=Yasmani Acosta le da a Chile una medalla de plata en unos Juegos Olímpicos inolvidables |url=https://www.alairelibre.cl/noticias/deportes/juegos-olimpicos/paris-2024/yasmani-acosta-le-da-a-chile-una-medalla-de-plata-en-unos-juegos/2024-08-06/123335.html |access-date=6 August 2024 |website=alairelibre.cl |language=Spanish}}</ref> &nbsp;Ya kuma lashe lambobin zinare a Gasar Cin Kofin Pan American ta 2017, Wasannin Kudancin Amurka na 2018 da 2022, da Wasannin Bolivarian na 2022, da kuma lambobin tagulla a Wasannin Pan American na 2019 da 2023 da lambar azurfa a Gasar Gasar Cin kofin Pan American na 2017. Ya kammala a matsayi na biyar a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hermosilla |first=Diego |date=14 March 2020 |title=Yasmani Acosta, campeón y clasificado a los Juegos Olímpicos |url=https://www.latercera.com/el-deportivo/noticia/yasmani-acosta-clasifica-a-los-juegos-olimpicos/IMLYF7E7WNER7CA6MCMYC5NYPE/ |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=La Tercera}}</ref> An haife shi a Agramonte, Cuba, Acosta ya fara aikinsa na wakiltar Cuba, inda ya lashe gasar Pan American Games ta 2011 da lambar tagulla a shekarar 2015 da aka gudanar a Santiago, Chile, inda ya sauya sheka daga tawagar Cuban kuma ya kasance a kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alonso |first=Nicolás |date=6 August 2024 |title=El campeón que no puede ser: la historia de Yasmani Acosta |url=https://www.latercera.com/el-deportivo/noticia/el-campeon-que-no-puede-ser/MQ4CGNWL3JHM7ESAHWFD36QY2A/ |access-date=8 August 2024 |website=La Tercera}}</ref> An ba shi 'yancin zama ɗan ƙasar Chile a shekarar 2018 kuma ya yi gasa a duniya don Chile tun daga shekarar 2017.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=S.A.P |first=El Mercurio |date=1 July 2018 |title=Yasmani Acosta se confiesa: Cuando competía por Cuba decía "ojalá me toque con un chileno, le gano con un dedo" |url=https://www.emol.com/noticias/Deportes/2018/07/01/911629/Yasmani-Acosta-se-confiesa-Cuando-competia-por-Cuba-decia-ojala-me-toque-con-un-chileno-le-gano-con-un-dedo.html |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=Emol |language=Spanish}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Acosta ya fara kokawa a Cuba lokacin da yake dan shekara 10. Yayinda yake wakiltar Cuba, ya lashe lambobin yabo da yawa a gasar cin kofin Kudancin Amurka kamar gasar zakarun Pan American da Cerro Pelado International . [1] Bayan ya yi gasa a Gasar Cin Kofin Pan American ta 2015 a Santiago, Chile, Acosta bai sake komawa Cuba ba, yana mai cewa, tun lokacin da Mijaín López ya lashe Gasar Olympics sau uku ya kasance mai kokawa wanda ya wakilci Cuba a manyan gasa a cikin nauyinsa, zai sami ƙarin dama idan ya wakilci Chile. Koyaya, Acosta bai iya wakiltar Chile ba, saboda ba shi da izinin Cuba.[2] A sakamakon haka, Acosta ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tsaro na tsawon shekaru biyu ba tare da horo na kowane irin ba yayin da yake ƙoƙarin samun izini. Lokacin da ya sami izini a shekarar 2017, ya sake fara fafatawa a duniya, yana zaune a Cibiyar Wasannin Olympics ta Chile. Da sauri ya ga sakamako a lokacin shekara ta farko da ya yi gasa a hukumance ga Chile, inda ya sami lambar azurfa daga Gasar Cin Kofin Pan American da lambar tagulla daga Gasar Duniya. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Circles |date=30 August 2017 |title=Yasmany Acosta, el luchador cubano que brilla en Chile |url=https://havanatimesenespanol.org/reportajes/yasmany-acosta-el-luchador-cubano-que-brilla-en-chile/ |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=Havana Times en Español |language=es}}</ref> A cikin 2018, an ba Acosta 'yancin zama ɗan ƙasar Chile.<ref name=":1" /> A cikin shekara, ya ci gaba da lashe lambar tagulla a Gasar Cin Kofin Pan American, lambar zinare a Wasannin Kudancin Amurka, kuma ya kasance na takwas a Gasar Duniya. A shekarar 2019 ya sami tagulla a Gasar Cin Kofin Pan American kuma ya fafata a Grand Prix da yawa a Turai. A shekarar 2020, ya lashe gasar cin kofin Olympic na Pan American Wrestling kuma ya sami wuri a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Comunicaciones |first=Compañia Chilena de |title=Yasmani Acosta se quedó con la medalla de oro en el Preolímpico que le dio los pasajes a Tokio |url=https://www.alairelibre.cl/noticias/deportes/polideportivo/lucha/yasmani-acosta-se-quedo-con-la-medalla-de-oro-en-el-preolimpico-que-le/2020-03-13/204547.html |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=alairelibre.cl |language=Spanish}}</ref> Ya yi gasa a cikin tseren maza na 130 kg.<ref name="wrestling_results_book_summer_olympics_2020">{{Cite web |title=Wrestling Results Book |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/WRE/OG2020-_WRE_B99_WRE-------------------------------.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807164330/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/WRE/OG2020-_WRE_B99_WRE-------------------------------.pdf |archive-date=7 August 2021 |access-date=8 August 2021 |website=2020 Summer Olympics}}</ref> Ya lashe daya daga cikin lambobin tagulla a taron da ya yi a gasar zakarun Pan American ta 2022 da aka gudanar a Acapulco, Mexico. Ya lashe lambar zinare a taron da ya yi a Wasannin Bolivarian na 2022 da aka gudanar a Valledupar, Colombia.<ref name="wrestling_bolivarian_games_results_book_2022">{{Cite web |title=2022 Bolivarian Games Results Book |url=https://cdn.uww.org/s3fs-public/2022-07/results_07_valledupar.pdf?VersionId=MgI89r00Oeb4gSM3e4zfYy7TrZLeqZr1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720205816/https://cdn.uww.org/s3fs-public/2022-07/results_07_valledupar.pdf?VersionId=MgI89r00Oeb4gSM3e4zfYy7TrZLeqZr1 |archive-date=20 July 2022 |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=United World Wrestling}}</ref> Ya shiga gasar tseren kilo 130 kg<nowiki><span about="#mwt61" class="nowrap" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Spaces&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Samfuri:Spaces&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwew" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki> gasar zakarun duniya ta 2022 da aka gudanar a Belgrade, Serbia . <ref name="results_book_world_wrestling_championships_2022">{{Cite web |title=2022 World Wrestling Championships Results Book |url=https://cdn.uww.org/s3fs-public/2022-09/final-book-2022-senior-world-championships_compressed.pdf?VersionId=zoTz_Ra8zK5EkVhfrZuDG5THXf4.3ik. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220918183512/https://cdn.uww.org/s3fs-public/2022-09/final-book-2022-senior-world-championships_compressed.pdf?VersionId=zoTz_Ra8zK5EkVhfrZuDG5THXf4.3ik. |archive-date=18 September 2022 |access-date=18 September 2022 |website=United World Wrestling}}</ref> Ya lashe lambar zinare a taron da ya yi a Wasannin Kudancin Amurka na 2022 da aka gudanar a Asunción, Paraguay . <ref name="wrestling_results_book_south_american_games_2022">{{Cite web |title=2022 South American Games Results Book |url=https://cdn.uww.org/s3fs-public/2022-10/results_10_asuncion.pdf?VersionId=kM4PBjfzMWgmxbl2rhVevFqbe4a8azmj |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017171659/https://cdn.uww.org/s3fs-public/2022-10/results_10_asuncion.pdf?VersionId=kM4PBjfzMWgmxbl2rhVevFqbe4a8azmj |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=United World Wrestling}}</ref> Ya lashe lambar zinare a taron da ya yi a gasar zakarun Pan American ta 2024 da aka gudanar a Acapulco, Mexico.<ref name="pan_american_wrestling_championships_results_book_2024">{{Cite web |title=2024 Pan American Wrestling Championships Results Book |url=https://d3u2kdyvfaxwhl.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/2024-02/results_02_acapulco.pdf?VersionId=Efb44FH3Pq4shxxDWjI7EpGpxkdEL.Lw |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228032955/https://d3u2kdyvfaxwhl.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/2024-02/results_02_acapulco.pdf?VersionId=Efb44FH3Pq4shxxDWjI7EpGpxkdEL.Lw |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=United World Wrestling}}</ref> Bayan 'yan kwanaki, a gasar cin kofin Olympic ta Pan American Wrestling da aka gudanar a Acapulco, Mexico, ya sami matsayi na Chile don wasannin Olympics na 2024 da aka gudanar da a Paris, Faransa.<ref name="pan_american_qualified_nocs_2024">{{Cite web |title=Qualified NOCs at 2024 Pan American Wrestling Olympic Qualification Tournament |url=https://d3u2kdyvfaxwhl.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/2024-03/2nd_phase_acapulco_qualified_nocs.pdf?VersionId=7daWt.sjVf3DcCmRgpMQwttDuVARZ8Sx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304175337/https://d3u2kdyvfaxwhl.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/2024-03/2nd_phase_acapulco_qualified_nocs.pdf?VersionId=7daWt.sjVf3DcCmRgpMQwttDuVARZ8Sx |archive-date=4 March 2024 |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=United World Wrestling}}</ref><ref name="pan_american_olympic_tournament_results_book_2024">{{Cite web |title=2024 Pan American Wrestling Olympic Qualification Tournament Results Book |url=https://d3u2kdyvfaxwhl.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/2024-03/results_02_acapulco_tq.pdf?VersionId=JF17JQRQNzYOgzYC1imqNPlT1Awo0vIQ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304172342/https://d3u2kdyvfaxwhl.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/2024-03/results_02_acapulco_tq.pdf?VersionId=JF17JQRQNzYOgzYC1imqNPlT1Awo0vIQ |archive-date=4 March 2024 |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=United World Wrestling}}</ref> A wasannin Olympics na 2024, ya lashe lambar azurfa a wasan karshe na Girka da Romawa na kilo 130, inda ya fuskanci Mijaín López na Cuba. <ref name=":3" /><ref name="wrestling_results_book_summer_olympics_2024">{{Cite web |title=Wrestling Results Book |url=https://olympics.com/OG2024/pdf/OG2024/WRE/OG2024_WRE_B99_WRE-------------------------------.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811181048/https://olympics.com/OG2024/pdf/OG2024/WRE/OG2024_WRE_B99_WRE-------------------------------.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2024 |access-date=12 August 2024 |website=2024 Summer Olympics}}</ref>&nbsp; == Nasarorin da aka samu == {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" !Shekara !Gasar !Wurin da yake !Sakamakon !Abin da ya faru |- |2010 |Gwagwarmayar Gwagwarmaya ta Duniya |[[Yerevan]], Armenia{{Flagicon|ARM}} | align="center" bgcolor=" " |Na biyar |Girkanci da Romawa 120 kg |- |2011 |Gwagwarmayar Gwagwarmaya ta Duniya |[[Miniska|Minsk]], Belarus{{Flagicon|BLR}} | align="center" bgcolor=" " |Na 8th |Girkanci da Romawa 120 kg |- |2011 |Gasar Cin Kofin Pan American |[[Rionegro]], Colombia{{Flagicon|COL}} | align="center" bgcolor="#FFD700" |Na farko |Girkanci da Romawa 120 kg&nbsp; |- |2015 |Gasar Cin Kofin Pan American |[[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]], Chile{{Flagicon|CHI}} | align="center" bgcolor="cc9966" |Na uku |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg&nbsp; |- |2017 |Gasar Cin Kofin Pan American |[[Lauro de Freitas|Lauro na Freitas]], Brazil{{Flagicon|BRA}} | align="center" bgcolor="C0C0C0" |Na biyu |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg&nbsp; |- |2017 |Gasar Gwagwarmayar Duniya |[[Faris|Paris]], Faransa{{Flagicon|FRA}} | align="center" bgcolor="cc9966" |Na uku |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg |- |2018 |Gasar Cin Kofin Pan American |[[Lima]], Peru{{Flagicon|PER}} | align="center" bgcolor="cc9966" |Na uku |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg&nbsp; |- |2018 |Wasannin Kudancin Amurka |[[Cochabamba]], Bolivia{{Flagicon|BOL}} | align="center" bgcolor="gold" |Na farko |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg |- |2018 |Gasar Gwagwarmayar Duniya |[[Budapest]], Hungary{{Flagicon|HUN}} | align="center" bgcolor=" " |Na 8th |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg |- |2019 |Wasannin Pan American |[[Lima]], Peru{{Flagicon|PER}} | align="center" bgcolor="cc9966" |Na uku |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg |- |2019 |Gasar Gwagwarmayar Duniya |[[Astana|Nur-Sultan]], Kazakhstan{{Flagicon|KAZ}} | align="center" bgcolor=" " |Na 12 |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg |- |2020 |Gasar Cin Kofin Pan American |[[Ottawa]], Kanada{{Flagicon|CAN}} | align="center" bgcolor=" " |Na 8th |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg |- |2020 |cancantar gasar Olympics ta Pan American |[[Ottawa]], Kanada{{Flagicon|CAN}} | align="center" bgcolor="#FFD700" |Na farko |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg&nbsp; |- |2020 |Kofin Duniya na Mutum |[[Belgrade]], Serbia{{Flagicon|SRB}} | align="center" bgcolor="" |Na 7 |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg&nbsp; |- |2021 |Ƙalubalen Henri Deglane |Nice, Faransa{{Flagicon|FRA}} | align="center" bgcolor="#FFD700" |Na farko |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg&nbsp; |- |2021 |Jerin Matsayi na Matteo Pellicone |[[Rum|Roma]], Italiya{{Flagicon|ITA}} | align="center" bgcolor=" " |Na biyar |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg |- |2022 |Gasar Cin Kofin Pan American |[[Acapulco]], Mexico{{Flagicon|MEX}} | align="center" bgcolor="cc9966" |Na uku |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg&nbsp; |- |2022 |Wasannin Bolivarian |Valledupar, Colombia{{Flagicon|COL}} | align="center" bgcolor="gold" |Na farko |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg&nbsp; |- |2022 |Wasannin Kudancin Amurka |Asunción, Paraguay{{Flagicon|Paraguay}} | align="center" bgcolor="gold" |Na farko |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg&nbsp; |- |2024 |Wasannin Olympics |[[Faris|Paris]], Faransa{{Flagicon|France}} | align="center" bgcolor="silver" |Na biyu |Girkanci da Romawa 130 kg<nowiki><span about="#mwt95" class="nowrap" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Spaces&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Samfuri:Spaces&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAXI" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki> |} {{Notelist}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Yasmani Acosta FernandezaGwagwarmayar Duniya ta United * Yasmani Acosta Fernandeza cikin Bayanan Wrestling na Duniya * Yasmani Acosta FernandezaOlympics.com * Yasmani AcostaaOlympedia * Yasmani Acostaa cikin InterSportStats * Yasmani Acostaa cikinWasannin Pan American na Lima na 2019 (an adana shi,madadin hanyar haɗi) * Yasmani Acostaa kanInstagram [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] db9tgydorwpcxkzj4o5qwyl0v6l9jdj 0 165266 906913 2026-08-24T07:35:09Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349727088|Post-war immigration to Australia]]" 906913 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:KalninsFamily&Calwell1949.jpg|thumb|Arthur Calwell tare da iyalin Kalnins - 50,000th New Australian - Agusta 1949]] [[Fayil:Dutch_Migrant_1954_MariaScholte=50000thToAustraliaPostWW2.jpg|thumb|A shekara ta 1954, 'Yan gudun hijirar Holland 50,000 sun iso]] === Shige-shigen Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu zuwa Ostareliya === Shige-shigen bayan yaƙi zuwa Ostareliya yana magana ne kan ƙaura zuwa Ostareliya a shekarun da suka biyo bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, musamman kuma yana nufin yawan ƙaura daga ƙasashen Turai da ya faru tsakanin shekara ta 1945 zuwa ƙarshen manufar “White Australia” a shekarar 1973. Nan da nan bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Ben Chifley, Firayim Ministan Ostareliya daga 1945 zuwa 1949, ya kafa Ma’aikatar Shige da Fice ta Tarayya domin gudanar da wani babban shirin karɓar baƙin haure. Chifley ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da wani bincike kan wannan batu. Rahoton binciken ya gano cewa Ostareliya na matuƙar buƙatar ƙarin yawan jama’a domin tsaro da bunƙasa ƙasa. Rahoton ya kuma ba da shawarar a ƙara yawan jama’ar ƙasar da kashi 1% a kowace shekara ta hanyar ƙara yawan baƙin haure.<ref name="CAPrice">{{Cite journal |last=Price |first=CA |date=September 1998 |title=Post-war Immigration: 1947–98 |journal=Journal of the Australian Population Association |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=115–129 |bibcode=1998JAuPA..15..115P |doi=10.1007/BF03029395 |jstor=41110466 |pmid=12346545 |s2cid=28530319}}</ref> Ministan Shige da Fice na farko, Arthur Calwell, ya inganta shige da fice mai yawa tare da taken "ya zama jama'a ko ya hallaka".<ref name="ImmiTimeline" /> Billy Hughes ne, a matsayin Ministan Lafiya da Maidowa, wanda ya kirkiro taken "mutane ko halaka" a cikin shekarun 1930.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Museum of Australia - Billy Hughes |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/prime-ministers/billy-hughes}}</ref> Calwell ya kirkiro kalmar "Sabon Australiyawa" a kokarin maye gurbin irin waɗannan kalmomin kamar Balt, pommy da wog. Manufar ƙarin kashi 1% ta ci gaba da kasancewa wani ɓangare na manufofin gwamnati har zuwa lokacin mulkin Gwamnatin Whitlam (1972–1975), lokacin da aka rage yawan baƙin haure da ake shigarwa ƙasar sosai. Daga baya, Gwamnatin Fraser (1975–1982) ta sake dawo da wannan manufar. <ref name="CAPrice" /> Kimanin baƙi miliyan 4.2 sun isa tsakanin 1945 da 1985, kusan kashi 40 cikin dari daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Burtaniya da Ireland.  &nbsp; [cikakken ambaton da ake buƙata] Kungiyar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Duniya (IRO) ta tallafa wa mutane 182,159 daga ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II har zuwa ƙarshen 1954 don sake zama a Ostiraliya daga Turai - fiye da yawan waɗanda aka kai zuwa Ostiraliya a cikin shekaru 80 na farko bayan sulhu na Turai. <ref name="5thFleet">{{Cite web |last=Tündern-Smith |first=Ann |date=23 May 2008 |title=What is the Fifth Fleet? |url=http://www.fifthfleet.net/index.html?0.8405937949414688 |access-date=2008-07-21 |publisher=Fifth Fleet Press}}</ref> == Manufofin "Mutane ko halaka" == === Shekaru na Chifley === [[Fayil:British_migrants_01_Georgic,_Australia,_1949.jpg|thumb|'Yan gudun hijirar Burtaniya a kan bene na Georgic, Ostiraliya, 1949]] Bayan hare-haren da aka kai wa Darwin da kuma tsoron mamayewar Daular Japan a yakin duniya na biyu, Gwamnatin Chifley ta ba da umarnin wani rahoto a kan batun wanda ya gano cewa Ostiraliya tana cikin gaggawa na bukatar yawan jama'a don dalilai na tsaro da ci gaba kuma ta ba da shawarar karuwar shekara-shekara ta yawan jama'ar ta hanyar karuwar shige da fice.<ref name="CAPrice" />A shekarar 1945, gwamnati ta kafa Ma’aikatar Shige da Fice ta Tarayya domin gudanar da sabon shirin shige da fice. Arthur Calwell shi ne Ministan Shige da Fice na farko. Haka kuma, a shekarar 1945 aka kafa Shirin Taimakon Kuɗin Tafiyar Baƙin Haure (Assisted Passage Migration Scheme) domin ƙarfafa ’yan Birtaniya su yi ƙaura zuwa Ostareliya. Manufar gwamnatin an taƙaita ta ne da taken “populate or perish”, wato “ko mu ƙara yawan jama’a, ko mu halaka.” A shekarar 1947, Calwell ya bayyana wa masu sukar shigar da ɗimbin baƙin haure daga ƙasashen Turai waɗanda ba na Birtaniya ba cewa: “Muna da shekaru 25 kacal, a mafi yawancin haka, domin mu ƙara yawan jama’ar wannan ƙasa kafin jinsunan Asiya masu launin rawaya su mamaye mu.” Lura: Kalaman Calwell na ƙarshe suna nuna ra’ayin wariyar launin fata da ke cikin manufofin White Australia a wancan lokaci.". Shirin shige da fice na bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu na Gwamnatin Chifley ya ba wa baƙin haure daga Birtaniya (Great Britain) fifiko. Da farko, gwamnati ta kafa wata babbar manufa cewa tara daga cikin kowane baƙi goma ya kamata su kasance ’yan Birtaniya.<ref name="CAPrice2">{{Cite journal |last=Price |first=CA |date=September 1998 |title=Post-war Immigration: 1947–98 |journal=Journal of the Australian Population Association |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=115–129 |bibcode=1998JAuPA..15..115P |doi=10.1007/BF03029395 |jstor=41110466 |pmid=12346545 |s2cid=28530319}}</ref> Sai dai, ba da daɗewa ba aka fahimci cewa ba zai yiwu a cimma wannan buri ba, domin ƙarfin jigilar kayayyaki da fasinjoji na Birtaniya ya ragu sosai idan aka kwatanta da lokacin kafin yaƙin. Saboda haka, gwamnati ta fara neman baƙin haure daga wasu ƙasashe domin ta ci gaba da samun adadin baƙin hauren da take buƙata. Hakan ya sa ta dogara da ’yan gudun hijirar da IRO (International Refugee Organization) ke kula da su daga Gabashin Turai, yayin da Amurka ta samar da jiragen ruwa da ake buƙata domin jigilar waɗannan ’yan gudun hijira zuwa Ostareliya..<ref name="CAPrice" /> Yawancin mutanen Gabashin Turai 'yan gudun hijira ne daga Sojojin Red Army kuma saboda haka galibi masu adawa da Kwaminisanci ne kuma saboda haka ana karɓa a siyasa. === Shekaru na Menzies === [[Fayil:Australia_–_Land_of_Tomorrow_poster.jpg|right|thumb|Hoton Gwamnatin Australiya da aka nuna tsakanin 1949 da 1951 a cikin ɗakunan liyafa da dakunan cin abinci a cibiyoyin karɓar baƙi daban-daban a Ostiraliya (hoton da aka yi wa NAA) ]] Manufar 1% ta tsira daga canjin gwamnati a 1949, lokacin da Gwamnatin Menzies ta gaji Chifley. Sabon Ministan Shige da Fice shi ne Harold Holt (1949-1956). Sashe na Burtaniya ya kasance mafi girma na shigo da baƙi har zuwa 1953. <ref name="CAPrice" /> Tsakanin 1953 da ƙarshen 1956, baƙi daga Kudancin Turai sun fi yawan Burtaniya, kuma wannan ya haifar da ƙararrawa a cikin gwamnatin Australiya, wanda ya sa ta sanya ƙuntatawa ga Kudancin Yammacin Turai da ke tallafawa sababbi da kuma fara kamfen ɗin "Samun Briton". Tare da karuwar taimakon kudi ga mazauna Burtaniya da aka bayar a cikin shekarun 1960, bangaren Burtaniya ya sami damar komawa matsayi na farko a cikin yawan sabbin mazauna.<ref>{{YouTube|8MzGR4OJmGE|"Look at Life – Immigration to Australia 1950s 1960s"}}</ref> Daruruwan dubban 'yan Turai da suka yi hijira sun yi ƙaura zuwa Ostiraliya kuma sama da 1,000,000 Britaniyawa sun yi ƙauka tare da taimakon kuɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2007 |title=Ten Pound Poms |url=http://www.abc.net.au/tv/guide/netw/200711/programs/ZY8804A001D1112007T203000.htm |publisher=[[ABC Television (Australia)]]}}</ref> Shirin taimakon ƙaura da farko an yi niyya ne ga 'yan ƙasa na ƙasashen Commonwealth; amma a hankali an faɗaɗa shi zuwa wasu ƙasashe kamar Netherlands da Italiya. Takardun sun kasance masu sauƙi: baƙi suna buƙatar kasancewa cikin lafiya mai kyau kuma a ƙarƙashin shekaru 45. Da farko babu buƙatun ƙwarewa, kodayake a ƙarƙashin manufofin White Australia, mutane daga asalin launin fata sun sami wahalar amfani da makircin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2009 |title=Ten Pound Poms |url=http://museumvictoria.com.au/immigrationmuseum/discoverycentre/your-questions/ten-pound-poms/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117183339/http://museumvictoria.com.au/immigrationmuseum/discoverycentre/your-questions/ten-pound-poms/ |archive-date=17 January 2010 |website=Immigration Museum |publisher=[[Museum Victoria]]}}</ref> Shige da fice ya kawo adadi mai yawa na kudancin da tsakiyar Turai zuwa Ostiraliya a karon farko. Wata takarda ta gwamnati ta 1958 ta tabbatar wa masu jefa kuri'a cewa ana buƙatar baƙi marasa ƙwarewa waɗanda ba na Burtaniya ba don "aiki a kan ayyukan da ba su da kyau ...aiki wanda ba a yarda da shi ga 'yan Australia ko ma'aikatan Burtaniya ba". [cikakken ambaton da ake buƙata] Tattalin arzikin Australiya ya tsaya a cikin bambanci da yaƙi da Turai, kuma sababbin baƙi sun sami aiki a cikin masana'antar masana'antu mai tasowa da shirye-shiryen da gwamnati ke taimakawa kamar Snowy Mountains Scheme. Wannan hadadden wutar lantarki da ban ruwa a kudu maso gabashin Ostiraliya ya kunshi manyan madatsun ruwa goma sha shida da tashoshin wutar lantarki guda bakwai da aka gina tsakanin 1949 da 1974. Ya kasance aikin injiniya mafi girma da aka gudanar a Ostiraliya. Bukatar daukar ma'aikata 100,000 daga kasashe sama da 30, ga mutane da yawa yana nuna haihuwar Ostiraliya mai al'adu da yawa.<ref name="The Snowy Mountains Scheme">{{Cite web |date=20 March 2008 |title=The Snowy Mountains Scheme |url=http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/snowyscheme/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720144750/http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/snowyscheme/ |archive-date=2008-07-20 |access-date=14 July 2011 |website=Culture and Recreation Portal |publisher=[[Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (Australia)]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 1955 baƙo na miliyan ɗaya bayan yaƙin ya isa Ostiraliya. Yawan mutanen Ostiraliya ya kai miliyan 10 a shekarar 1959, daga miliyan 7 a shekarar 1945.&nbsp; === Ƙarshen manufofin White Australia === A cikin 1973, Gwamnatin Whitlam (1972-1975) ta karɓi manufofin shige da fice ba tare da nuna bambanci ba, yadda ya kamata ta kawo ƙarshen manufofin White Australia. Koyaya, canjin ya faru ne a cikin mahallin raguwa mai yawa a cikin yawan masu ƙaura. Wannan ya kawo karshen yunkurin yawon bude ido na Turai wanda ya fara shekaru talatin da suka gabata tare da ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu kuma zai zama farkon yunkurin zamani na yunkurin shige da fice na [[Asiya]] zuwa Ostiraliya wanda ke ci gaba har zuwa yau.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa == Taimako na kudi wani muhimmin bangare ne na shirin shige da fice bayan yakin kuma saboda haka akwai yarjejeniyoyi da yawa tsakanin gwamnatin Australiya da gwamnatoci daban-daban da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa.<ref name="ImmiFactSht4">{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=of Immigration and Citizenship (Australia) |url=http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/04fifty.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080721002004/http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/04fifty.htm |archive-date=2008-07-21 |access-date=2008-07-18}}</ref> * Ƙasar Ingila - sassan kyauta ko taimako.<ref name="ImmiFactSht4" /> Baƙi a ƙarƙashin wannan makircin sun zama sanannun Poms goma. * Taimako ga tsoffin ma'aikatan [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da Amurka.<ref name="ImmiFactSht4" /> Daga baya aka tsawaita wannan makircin don rufe tsoffin sojoji da membobin ƙungiyoyin adawa daga wasu ƙasashe masu haɗin gwiwa.<ref name="ImmiFactSht4" /> * Yarjejeniya tare da Ƙungiyar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Duniya (IRO) don daidaita akalla mutane 12,000 da suka rasa muhallinsu a shekara daga sansanoni a Turai.<ref name="ImmiFactSht4" /> Ostiraliya ta karɓi rabo mai yawa na 'yan gudun hijira da IRO ta tallafawa a ƙarshen 1940s da farkon 1950s.<ref name="Neumann2003">{{Cite journal |last=Neumann |first=Klaus |year=2003 |title=Providing a 'home for the oppressed'? Historical perspectives on Australian responses to refugees |url=http://www9.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/journals/AJHR/2003/13.html |journal=Australian Journal of Human Rights |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=1–25 |doi=10.1080/1323238X.2003.11911103 |issn=1323-238X |s2cid=150421238 |access-date=2019-05-21 |hdl-access=free}}<br /><br />{{Cite journal |last=King |first=Jackie |year=2003 |title=Australia and Canada Compared: The Reaction to the Kosovar Crisis |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AJHR/2003/14.html |journal=Australian Journal of Human Rights |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=27–46 |doi=10.1080/1323238X.2003.11911104 |issn=1323-238X |s2cid=168919791 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2019-05-21}}</ref> * Yarjejeniyar ƙaura ta al'ada, sau da yawa ta haɗa da bayar da tallafin taimako, tare da Ƙasar Ingila, Malta, [[Holand|Netherlands]], Italiya, Jamus ta Yamma, Turkiyya da Yugoslavia.<ref name="ImmiFactSht4" /> * Har ila yau, akwai yarjejeniyar ƙaura ta al'ada tare da wasu ƙasashe da yawa, gami da Austria, Girka, [[Ispaniya|Spain]], da Belgium, sannan Sweden, Norway, [[Denmark]], Finland, da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. <ref name="Bonegilla">{{Cite web |last=NSW Migration Heritage Centre |title=Australia post war migration |url=https://www.bonegilla.org.au/about-us/migration-in-australia |access-date=April 17, 2026}}</ref> == Jerin lokaci == {| class="wikitable" !Lokacin !Abubuwan da suka faru |- |1947 |Cibiyar karɓar baƙi ta farko ta Ostiraliya ta buɗe a Bonegilla, Victoria - an karɓi baƙi na farko da aka taimaka a can a cikin shekara ta 1951.<ref name="Bonegillaheritage">{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=Bonegilla Migrant Centre – Camp Block 19 |url=http://www.aussieheritage.com.au/listings/vic/Bonegilla/BonegillaMigrantCentre-CampBlock19/14944 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080809113036/http://www.aussieheritage.com.au/listings/vic/Bonegilla/BonegillaMigrantCentre-CampBlock19/14944 |archive-date=9 August 2008 |access-date=20 July 2008 |website=Aussie Heritage}}</ref> |- |1948 |Ostiraliya ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tare da [[Yarjejeniyar Paris tsakanin Italiya da Ƙasashen Ƙawance.|Italiya]], Romania, Bulgaria da Hungary kuma ta karɓi baƙi daga waɗannan ƙasashe.<ref name="ImmiTimeline">{{Cite web |year=2001 |title=Immigration to Australia During the 20th Century – Historical Impacts on Immigration Intake, Population Size and Population Composition – A Timeline |url=http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/federation/timeline1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080801014246/http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/federation/timeline1.pdf |archive-date=2008-08-01 |access-date=2008-07-18 |publisher=Department of Immigration and Citizenship (Australia)}}</ref> |- |1949 |A shekara ta 1949 masu taimakawa suka isa sun kai fiye da 118,800, sau hudu na adadi na 1948.<ref name="ImmiTimeline" /> A watan Agusta Ostiraliya ta yi maraba da "Sabon Australiya" na 50,000 - ko kuma mutum na 50,000 da IRO ta tallafawa kuma za a sake zama a Ostiraliya. Yaron ya fito ne daga [[Riga]], [[Laitfiya|Latvia]].<ref name="Neumann2003" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=1949 |title=Mr Arthur Calwell with the Kalnins family – the 50,000th New Australian – CU914/1 |url=https://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Interface/ViewImage.aspx?B=8318052 |access-date=2019-05-21 |publisher=National Archives of Australia |type=Photograph}}</ref> An fara aiki a kan Snowy Mountains Scheme - babban ma'aikacin baƙi: an yi amfani da mutane 100,000 daga akalla ƙasashe 30 daban-daban. Kashi saba'in cikin dari na dukkan ma'aikata 'yan gudun hijira ne.<ref name="The Snowy Mountains Scheme" /> |- |1950 |Net Overseas Migration ya kasance 153,685, adadi na uku mafi girma na karni na ashirin.<ref name="ImmiTimeline" /> {{Efn|1=1950 = Third highest figure per Department of Immigration timeline: In 1919 Net Overseas Migration was 166,303 when troops returned from World War I and in 1988 it was 172,794.}} |- |1951 |Masu baƙi na farko da aka taimaka sun karɓa a Cibiyar Karɓar Baƙi da Horarwa ta Bonegilla . <ref name="Bonegillaheritage" /> A shekara ta 1951, gwamnati ta kafa cibiyoyin karɓar baƙi guda uku ga mutanen da ba su da harshen Ingilishi daga Turai, da cibiyoyin riƙewa ashirin, musamman don ba da gida ga waɗanda ba sa aiki, lokacin da matsin lamba na isowa a cibiyoyin liyafa ya yi yawa don kiyaye iyalai tare.<ref name="Bonegillaheritage" /> |- |1952 |An soke IRO kuma daga wannan lokacin yawancin 'yan gudun hijira da suka sake zama a Ostiraliya a cikin shekarun 1950 an kawo su nan a karkashin kulawar Kwamitin Intergovernmental na Migration na Turai (ICEM). <ref name="Neumann2003" /> |- |1954 |Baƙon Dutch na 50,000 ya isa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1954 |title=Migrant Arrivals in Australia – 50,000th Dutch migrant, arrives in Australia aboard the SIBAJAK. Miss Scholte presents Australia's Minister for Immigration, Mr. H. E. Holt, with inscribed Delft plates, which she brought as goodwill gifts from Netherlands Government |url=https://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Interface/ViewImage.aspx?B=7529336 |access-date=2019-05-21 |publisher=National Archives of Australia |type=Photograph}}</ref> |- |1955 |Baƙo na miliyan na Ostiraliya bayan yaƙin ya zo.<ref name="ImmiTimeline" /> Tana da shekaru 21 daga Ƙasar Ingila kuma ba ta yi aure ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1940s–60s – A Journey for Many |url=https://museumsvictoria.com.au/longform/journeys-to-australia/ |access-date=21 May 2019 |website=Journeys to Australia |publisher=Museums Victoria}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Marketing Migrants |url=http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/horizons/marketing_migrants/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080729011212/http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/horizons/marketing_migrants/ |archive-date=29 July 2008 |access-date=21 July 2008 |website=Horizons (exhibition): The peopling of Australia since 1788 |publisher=National Museum of Australia}}</ref> |- |1971 |An rufe sansanin baƙi a Bonegilla, Victoria - wasu baƙi 300,000 sun kwashe lokaci a can.<ref name="Bonegillaheritage" /> |} == Zuwan mazauna ta manyan kasashe 10 na haihuwa == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Wurin haihuwar !Yuli 1949 - Yuni 1959 {{Efn|''Immigration: Federation to Century's End 1901–2000'': "Settler arrivals by birthplace data not available prior to 1959. For the period July 1949 to June 1959, Permanent and Long Term Arrivals by Country of Last Residence have been included as a proxy for this data. When interpreting this data for some countries...in the period immediately after World War II, there were large numbers of displaced persons whose country of last residence was not necessarily the same as their birthplace."<ref name=":0a"/>}} !Yuli 1959 - Yuni 1970{{Efn|Note this period covers 11 years rather than a decade.}} !Yuli 1970 - Yuni 1980 |- |Ƙasar Ingila da Ireland |419,946 (33.5%) |654,640 (45.3%) |342,373 (35.8%) |- |Italiya |201,428 (16.1%) |150,669 (10.4%) |28,800 (3.0%) |- |New Zealand |29,649 (2.4%) |30,341 (2.1%) |58,163 (6.1%) |- |Jamus |162,756 (13.0%) |50,452 (3.5%) |<small>ba a saman 10 ba</small> |- |Girka |55,326 (4.4%) |124,324 (8.6%) |30,907 (3.2%) |- |Yugoslavia{{Efn|Yugoslavia recorded until 1994–95 inclusive.}} |<small>ba a saman 10 ba</small> |94,555 (6.5%) |61,283 (6.4%) |- |Netherlands |100,970 (8.1%) |36,533 (2.5%) |<small>ba a saman 10 ba</small> |- |Malta |38,113 (3.0%) |28,916 (2.0%) |<small>ba a saman 10 ba</small> |- |US |16,982 (1.4%) |20,467 (1.4%) |27,769 (2.9%) |- |Spain |<small>ba a saman 10 ba</small> |17,611 (1.2%) |<small>ba a saman 10 ba</small> |- |'''Adadin masu zama''' |'''1,253,083''' |'''1,445,356''' |'''956,769''' |} [[Fayil:Bonegilla_camp_1954.jpg|thumb|Cibiyar Karɓar Baƙi da Horarwa ta Bonegilla, 1954]] Lokacin da suka isa Ostiraliya, baƙi da yawa sun tafi cibiyoyin karɓar baƙi da horo inda suka koyi yadda ake magana da Turanci yayin da suke neman aiki. Ma'aikatar Shige da Fice ce ke da alhakin sansanonin kuma tana riƙe da rubuce-rubuce game da gudanar da sansanin da mazauna.<ref name="accom">{{Cite web |title=Migrant accommodation |url=http://www.naa.gov.au/collection/explore/migration/migrant-accommodation.aspx |access-date=2019-05-21 |publisher=National Archives of Australia}}</ref> Cibiyoyin karɓar baƙi da horar da su an kuma san su da sansanonin ƙaura na Commonwealth, masauki na ƙaura, cibiyoyin riƙe ƙaura, masauki, ko masauki na ma'aikatan ƙaura.<ref name="sharpes">{{Cite web |title=Migrant Hostels in Australia |url=http://sharpesonline.com/migrant_hostels_in_ausralia.htm |access-date=22 December 2012 |website=Sharpes On Line}}</ref><ref name="NAA">{{Cite web |title=Migrant hostels in New South Wales, 1946–78 – Fact sheet 170 |url=http://www.naa.gov.au/collection/fact-sheets/fs170.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211235255/http://www.naa.gov.au/collection/fact-sheets/fs170.aspx |archive-date=11 February 2014 |access-date=2013-05-28 |publisher=National Archives of Australia}}</ref> Cibiyar karɓar baƙi ta farko ta Ostiraliya ta buɗe a Bonegilla, Victoria kusa da Wodonga a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1947. Lokacin da sansanin ya rufe a 1971, kimanin 'yan gudun hijira 300,000 sun kwashe lokaci a can.<ref name="Bonegillaheritage" /> A shekara ta 1951, gwamnati ta kafa cibiyoyin karɓar baƙi guda uku ga mutanen da ba su da harshen Ingilishi daga Turai, da cibiyoyin riƙewa ashirin, musamman don ba da gida ga waɗanda ba sa aiki, lokacin da matsin lamba na isowa a cibiyoyin liyafa ya yi yawa don kiyaye iyalai tare.<ref name="Bonegillaheritage" /> Manufar cibiyoyin karɓar baƙi da horo ita ce:<blockquote>samar da jarrabawar likita gabaɗaya da x-ray na baƙi, batun tufafi masu mahimmanci, biyan amfanin sabis na zamantakewa, hira don tantance yiwuwar aiki, koyarwa a Turanci da hanyar rayuwa ta Australiya gabaɗaya.<ref name="Bonegillaheritage" /></blockquote>Cibiyoyin sun kasance a ko'ina cikin Ostiraliya (kwanaki sune na budewa da rufewa. <ref name="a">{{Cite web |title=Post Office List |url=https://www.premierpostal.com/cgi-bin/wsProd.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=VIC&country= |access-date=11 April 2008 |website=Premier Postal Auctions}}</ref> ) === Queensland === * Stuart<ref name="accom" /> * Wacol<ref name="accom" /> * Cibiyar Shige da Fice ta Yungaba (wanda aka sani a yau da Yungaba House) == Rarrabawar isowa ta hanyar shekaru goma == <gallery heights="170px" widths="220px" caption="Immigrants who arrived in Australia (by decade of arrival) as a percentage of the total population, subdivided geographically by statistical local area, as of the 2011 census"> Fayil:Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_1922_Total_Year_of_arrival_1941_1950.svg|1941–1950 Fayil:Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_1923_Total_Year_of_arrival_1951_1960.svg|1951–1960 Fayil:Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_1924_Total_Year_of_arrival_1961_1970.svg|1961–1970 Fayil:Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_1925_Total_Year_of_arrival_1971_1980.svg|1971–1980 </gallery>A cikin yunkurin yaƙi na shige da fice Ostiraliya ta sami matsakaicin isowar kusan miliyan ɗaya a kowace shekara goma. Rarrabawar ta hanyar shekaru goma kamar haka: * Miliyan 1.6 tsakanin Oktoba 1945 da 30 Yuni 1960; * game da miliyan 1.3 a cikin shekarun 1960; da * game da 960.000 a cikin 1970s; Mafi yawan masu isowa a lokacin ya kasance 185,099 a 1969-70 kuma mafi ƙasƙanci ya kasance 52,752 a 1975-76. == Yawan jama'a na shekara ta 2006 na bayan yakin kungiyoyin baƙi da ke magana da Turanci ba == A cikin ƙidayar shekara ta 2006, an ƙidaya wurin haihuwar kamar yadda ranar isowa a Ostiraliya ta kasance ga waɗanda ba a haife su a Ostiraaliya ba. Ga manyan kungiyoyin baƙi da ba sa magana da Ingilishi bayan yakin da suka karu ta hanyar isowar baƙi zuwa Ostiraliya bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, har yanzu manyan kungiyoyin jama'a ne a Ostiraliya: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Ƙungiyar kabilanci !Mutanen da aka haifa a kasashen waje <ref name="Census Ethic Media Package">{{Cite web |date=27 June 2007 |title=2914.0.55.002 2006 Census Ethnic Media Package |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/5618AB4511347DC2CA257306000D44C2/$File/2914055002_2006%20(Reissue).xls |access-date=2008-07-14 |website=Census Dictionary, 2006 (cat.no: 2901.0) |publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |format=Excel}}</ref> !Ya zo 1979 ko baya <ref name="Census Ethic Media Package" /> !Shekaru 60 da sama <ref name="Census Ethic Media Package" /><small>Wannan ya kwatanta da kashi 18% na mazaunan Australiya waɗanda suka kai shekaru 60 ko sama da haka a lokacin ƙidayar<br /></small>{{Efn|3,602,573 Australian residents were aged 60 or over as a proportion of 19,855,288.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?action=404&documentproductno=0&documenttype=Details&order=1&tabname=Details&areacode=0&issue=2006&producttype=Census%20Tables&javascript=true&textversion=false&navmapdisplayed=true&breadcrumb=TLPD&&collection=Census&period=2006&productlabel=Age%20(full%20classification%20list)%20by%20Sex%20&producttype=Census%20Tables&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&topic=Age%20&%20Population%20Distribution&|title = Cat. No. 2068.0 – 2006 Census Tables: Age (Full Classification List) by sex – Count of persons (excludes overseas visitors) |work = 2006 Census of Population and Housing Australia (Australia)|publisher = Australian Bureau of Statistics|date = 2007-06-27|access-date = 2008-07-21}}{{dead link|date=May 2019}}<br />{{cite web |title=Improved access to historical Census data |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/censushome.nsf/home/cowsredirect |publisher = Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=2019-05-21}}</ref>{{verification needed|date=May 2019}}}} !'Yan ƙasar Australiya <ref name="Census Ethic Media Package" /> |- |Italiyanci Australiya |199,124 |176,536 ko 89% |63% |157,209 ko 79% |- |Girkanci Australiya |109,990 |94,766 ko 86% |60% |104,950 ko 95% |- |Jamusanci Australiya |106,524 |74,128 ko 79% |46% |75,623 ko 71% |- |Yaren mutanen Holland |78,924 |62,495 ko 79% |52% |59,502 ko 75% |- |Croatian Australiya |50,996 |35,598 ko 70% |43% |48,271 ko 95% |} Ba duk wadanda aka lissafa ba ne za su zo a matsayin baƙi bayan yaƙi, takamaiman kididdiga kamar yadda a 2006 ba su samuwa. == Lambobin == A watan Satumbar 2022, gwamnatin Albania ta kara yawan masu ƙaura na dindindin daga 160,000 zuwa rikodin 195,000 a shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Clun |first=David Crowe, Angus Thompson, Rachel |date=2 September 2022 |title=Albanese government will increase permanent migration to record 195,000 |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/albanese-to-act-on-queue-of-1-million-migrants-20220902-p5bet8.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202040348/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/albanese-to-act-on-queue-of-1-million-migrants-20220902-p5bet8.html |archive-date=2 December 2022 |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Australia's migration future |url=https://minister.homeaffairs.gov.au/ClareONeil/Pages/australias-migration-future.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214140814/https://minister.homeaffairs.gov.au/ClareONeil/Pages/australias-migration-future.aspx |archive-date=14 December 2022 |access-date=22 December 2022 |website=minister.homeaffairs.gov.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2022 |title=Australia raises permanent migration cap to 195,000 to ease workforce shortages |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/sep/02/australia-raises-permanent-migration-cap-to-195000-to-ease-workforce-shortages |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202040338/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/sep/02/australia-raises-permanent-migration-cap-to-195000-to-ease-workforce-shortages |archive-date=2 December 2022 |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Ana sa ran ƙaura daga ƙasashen waje zai kai 650,000 a kan 2022-2023, da 2023-2024, mafi girma a Tarihin Australiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2023 |title=What's behind the recent surge in Australia's net migration – and will it last? |url=https://theconversation.com/whats-behind-the-recent-surge-in-australias-net-migration-and-will-it-last-203155 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522034701/https://theconversation.com/whats-behind-the-recent-surge-in-australias-net-migration-and-will-it-last-203155 |archive-date=22 May 2023 |access-date=22 May 2023}}</ref> Gudun kasashen waje ya kai 536,000 a cikin 2022-23, sama da 170,900 a cikin 2021-22. Gabaɗaya ƙaura ya kasance 739,000 a cikin 2022-23. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Lokacin !Shirin ƙaura<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fact sheet - Key facts about immigration |url=https://www.border.gov.au/about/corporate/information/fact-sheets/02key |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912192513/http://www.border.gov.au/about/corporate/information/fact-sheets/02key |archive-date=12 September 2015 |access-date=18 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=corporateName=Commonwealth Parliament; address=Parliament House |first=Canberra |title=Australia's Migration Program |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BN/1011/AustMigration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613134026/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BN/1011/AustMigration |archive-date=13 June 2018 |access-date=13 June 2018 |website=www.aph.gov.au}}</ref> |- |1998–99 |68 000 |- |1999–00 |70 000{{Increase}} |- |2000–01 |76 000{{Increase}} |- |2001–02 |85 000{{Increase}} |- |2002–03 |108,070{{Increase}} |- |2003–2004 |114,360{{Increase}} |- |2004–2005 |120,060{{Increase}} |- |2005 |142,933{{Increase}} |- |2006 |148,200{{Increase}} |- |2007 |158,630{{Increase}} |- |2008 |171,318{{Increase}} |- |2011 |185,000{{Increase}} |- |2012 |190,000{{Increase}} |- |2013 |190,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=2013–14 Migration Programme Report |url=https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/report-migration-programme-2013-14.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311113154/https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/report-migration-programme-2013-14.pdf |archive-date=2019-03-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Migration program statistics |url=https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-statistics/statistics/visa-statistics/live/migration-program |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=www.homeaffairs.gov.au}}</ref> |- |2015-2016 |190,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=2015–16 Migration Programme Report |url=https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/2015-16-migration-programme-report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311112946/https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/2015-16-migration-programme-report.pdf |archive-date=2019-03-11}}</ref> |- |2016-2017 |190,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-17 Migration Programme Report |url=https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/report-on-migration-program-2016-17.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311112843/https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/report-on-migration-program-2016-17.pdf |archive-date=2019-03-11}}</ref> |- |2017-2018 |190,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=2017–18 Migration Program Report |url=https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/report-migration-program-2017-18.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311112759/https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/report-migration-program-2017-18.pdf |archive-date=2019-03-11}}</ref> |- |2018-2019 |190,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=2018 – 19 Migration Program Report |url=https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/report-migration-program-2018-19.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405123701/https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/report-migration-program-2018-19.pdf |archive-date=2020-04-05}}</ref> |- |2023-2024 |190,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Migration Program planning levels |url=https://immi.homeaffairs.gov.au/what-we-do/migration-program-planning-levels#:~:text=In%20the%202024%E2%80%9325%20Migration,21%20and%202021%E2%80%9322%20respectively. |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=immi.homeaffairs.gov.au}}</ref> |} == Dubi kuma == * rtaYawan jama'a na Ostiraliya * Mutanen Turai na Ostiraliya * Turawa a cikin Oceania * Tarihin Shige da Fice na Ostiraliya * Siyasa ta dama a Ostiraliya * Visa 457 (1996-2018) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t6ebrfsy0orkszjbofu5q2vimdzz2q7 906915 906913 2026-08-24T07:36:14Z Saad Nuhu 43323 906915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:KalninsFamily&Calwell1949.jpg|thumb|Arthur Calwell tare da iyalin Kalnins - 50,000th New Australian - Agusta 1949]] [[Fayil:Dutch_Migrant_1954_MariaScholte=50000thToAustraliaPostWW2.jpg|thumb|A shekara ta 1954, 'Yan gudun hijirar Holland 50,000 sun iso]] === Shige-shigen Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu zuwa Ostareliya === Shige-shigen bayan yaƙi zuwa Ostareliya yana magana ne kan ƙaura zuwa Ostareliya a shekarun da suka biyo bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, musamman kuma yana nufin yawan ƙaura daga ƙasashen Turai da ya faru tsakanin shekara ta 1945 zuwa ƙarshen manufar “White Australia” a shekarar 1973. Nan da nan bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Ben Chifley, Firayim Ministan Ostareliya daga 1945 zuwa 1949, ya kafa Ma’aikatar Shige da Fice ta Tarayya domin gudanar da wani babban shirin karɓar baƙin haure. Chifley ya ba da umarnin a gudanar da wani bincike kan wannan batu. Rahoton binciken ya gano cewa Ostareliya na matuƙar buƙatar ƙarin yawan jama’a domin tsaro da bunƙasa ƙasa. Rahoton ya kuma ba da shawarar a ƙara yawan jama’ar ƙasar da kashi 1% a kowace shekara ta hanyar ƙara yawan baƙin haure.<ref name="CAPrice">{{Cite journal |last=Price |first=CA |date=September 1998 |title=Post-war Immigration: 1947–98 |journal=Journal of the Australian Population Association |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=115–129 |bibcode=1998JAuPA..15..115P |doi=10.1007/BF03029395 |jstor=41110466 |pmid=12346545 |s2cid=28530319}}</ref> Ministan Shige da Fice na farko, Arthur Calwell, ya inganta shige da fice mai yawa tare da taken "ya zama jama'a ko ya hallaka".<ref name="ImmiTimeline" /> Billy Hughes ne, a matsayin Ministan Lafiya da Maidowa, wanda ya kirkiro taken "mutane ko halaka" a cikin shekarun 1930.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Museum of Australia - Billy Hughes |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/prime-ministers/billy-hughes}}</ref> Calwell ya kirkiro kalmar "Sabon Australiyawa" a kokarin maye gurbin irin waɗannan kalmomin kamar Balt, pommy da wog. Manufar ƙarin kashi 1% ta ci gaba da kasancewa wani ɓangare na manufofin gwamnati har zuwa lokacin mulkin Gwamnatin Whitlam (1972–1975), lokacin da aka rage yawan baƙin haure da ake shigarwa ƙasar sosai. Daga baya, Gwamnatin Fraser (1975–1982) ta sake dawo da wannan manufar. <ref name="CAPrice" /> Kimanin baƙi miliyan 4.2 sun isa tsakanin 1945 da 1985, kusan kashi 40 cikin dari daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Burtaniya da Ireland.  &nbsp; [cikakken ambaton da ake buƙata] Kungiyar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Duniya (IRO) ta tallafa wa mutane 182,159 daga ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II har zuwa ƙarshen 1954 don sake zama a Ostiraliya daga Turai - fiye da yawan waɗanda aka kai zuwa Ostiraliya a cikin shekaru 80 na farko bayan sulhu na Turai. <ref name="5thFleet">{{Cite web |last=Tündern-Smith |first=Ann |date=23 May 2008 |title=What is the Fifth Fleet? |url=http://www.fifthfleet.net/index.html?0.8405937949414688 |access-date=2008-07-21 |publisher=Fifth Fleet Press}}</ref> == Manufofin "Mutane ko halaka" == === Shekaru na Chifley === [[Fayil:British_migrants_01_Georgic,_Australia,_1949.jpg|thumb|'Yan gudun hijirar Burtaniya a kan bene na Georgic, Ostiraliya, 1949]] Bayan hare-haren da aka kai wa Darwin da kuma tsoron mamayewar Daular Japan a yakin duniya na biyu, Gwamnatin Chifley ta ba da umarnin wani rahoto a kan batun wanda ya gano cewa Ostiraliya tana cikin gaggawa na bukatar yawan jama'a don dalilai na tsaro da ci gaba kuma ta ba da shawarar karuwar shekara-shekara ta yawan jama'ar ta hanyar karuwar shige da fice.<ref name="CAPrice" />A shekarar 1945, gwamnati ta kafa Ma’aikatar Shige da Fice ta Tarayya domin gudanar da sabon shirin shige da fice. Arthur Calwell shi ne Ministan Shige da Fice na farko. Haka kuma, a shekarar 1945 aka kafa Shirin Taimakon Kuɗin Tafiyar Baƙin Haure (Assisted Passage Migration Scheme) domin ƙarfafa ’yan Birtaniya su yi ƙaura zuwa Ostareliya. Manufar gwamnatin an taƙaita ta ne da taken “populate or perish”, wato “ko mu ƙara yawan jama’a, ko mu halaka.” A shekarar 1947, Calwell ya bayyana wa masu sukar shigar da ɗimbin baƙin haure daga ƙasashen Turai waɗanda ba na Birtaniya ba cewa: “Muna da shekaru 25 kacal, a mafi yawancin haka, domin mu ƙara yawan jama’ar wannan ƙasa kafin jinsunan Asiya masu launin rawaya su mamaye mu.” Lura: Kalaman Calwell na ƙarshe suna nuna ra’ayin wariyar launin fata da ke cikin manufofin White Australia a wancan lokaci.". Shirin shige da fice na bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu na Gwamnatin Chifley ya ba wa baƙin haure daga Birtaniya (Great Britain) fifiko. Da farko, gwamnati ta kafa wata babbar manufa cewa tara daga cikin kowane baƙi goma ya kamata su kasance ’yan Birtaniya.<ref name="CAPrice2">{{Cite journal |last=Price |first=CA |date=September 1998 |title=Post-war Immigration: 1947–98 |journal=Journal of the Australian Population Association |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=115–129 |bibcode=1998JAuPA..15..115P |doi=10.1007/BF03029395 |jstor=41110466 |pmid=12346545 |s2cid=28530319}}</ref> Sai dai, ba da daɗewa ba aka fahimci cewa ba zai yiwu a cimma wannan buri ba, domin ƙarfin jigilar kayayyaki da fasinjoji na Birtaniya ya ragu sosai idan aka kwatanta da lokacin kafin yaƙin. Saboda haka, gwamnati ta fara neman baƙin haure daga wasu ƙasashe domin ta ci gaba da samun adadin baƙin hauren da take buƙata. Hakan ya sa ta dogara da ’yan gudun hijirar da IRO (International Refugee Organization) ke kula da su daga Gabashin Turai, yayin da Amurka ta samar da jiragen ruwa da ake buƙata domin jigilar waɗannan ’yan gudun hijira zuwa Ostareliya..<ref name="CAPrice" /> Yawancin mutanen Gabashin Turai 'yan gudun hijira ne daga Sojojin Red Army kuma saboda haka galibi masu adawa da Kwaminisanci ne kuma saboda haka ana karɓa a siyasa. === Shekaru na Menzies === [[Fayil:Australia_–_Land_of_Tomorrow_poster.jpg|right|thumb|Hoton Gwamnatin Australiya da aka nuna tsakanin 1949 da 1951 a cikin ɗakunan liyafa da dakunan cin abinci a cibiyoyin karɓar baƙi daban-daban a Ostiraliya (hoton da aka yi wa NAA) ]] Manufar 1% ta tsira daga canjin gwamnati a 1949, lokacin da Gwamnatin Menzies ta gaji Chifley. Sabon Ministan Shige da Fice shi ne Harold Holt (1949-1956). Sashe na Burtaniya ya kasance mafi girma na shigo da baƙi har zuwa 1953. <ref name="CAPrice" /> Tsakanin 1953 da ƙarshen 1956, baƙi daga Kudancin Turai sun fi yawan Burtaniya, kuma wannan ya haifar da ƙararrawa a cikin gwamnatin Australiya, wanda ya sa ta sanya ƙuntatawa ga Kudancin Yammacin Turai da ke tallafawa sababbi da kuma fara kamfen ɗin "Samun Briton". Tare da karuwar taimakon kudi ga mazauna Burtaniya da aka bayar a cikin shekarun 1960, bangaren Burtaniya ya sami damar komawa matsayi na farko a cikin yawan sabbin mazauna.<ref>{{YouTube|8MzGR4OJmGE|"Look at Life – Immigration to Australia 1950s 1960s"}}</ref> Daruruwan dubban 'yan Turai da suka yi hijira sun yi ƙaura zuwa Ostiraliya kuma sama da 1,000,000 Britaniyawa sun yi ƙauka tare da taimakon kuɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2007 |title=Ten Pound Poms |url=http://www.abc.net.au/tv/guide/netw/200711/programs/ZY8804A001D1112007T203000.htm |publisher=[[ABC Television (Australia)]]}}</ref> Shirin taimakon ƙaura da farko an yi niyya ne ga 'yan ƙasa na ƙasashen Commonwealth; amma a hankali an faɗaɗa shi zuwa wasu ƙasashe kamar Netherlands da Italiya. Takardun sun kasance masu sauƙi: baƙi suna buƙatar kasancewa cikin lafiya mai kyau kuma a ƙarƙashin shekaru 45. Da farko babu buƙatun ƙwarewa, kodayake a ƙarƙashin manufofin White Australia, mutane daga asalin launin fata sun sami wahalar amfani da makircin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2009 |title=Ten Pound Poms |url=http://museumvictoria.com.au/immigrationmuseum/discoverycentre/your-questions/ten-pound-poms/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117183339/http://museumvictoria.com.au/immigrationmuseum/discoverycentre/your-questions/ten-pound-poms/ |archive-date=17 January 2010 |website=Immigration Museum |publisher=[[Museum Victoria]]}}</ref> Shige da fice ya kawo adadi mai yawa na kudancin da tsakiyar Turai zuwa Ostiraliya a karon farko. Wata takarda ta gwamnati ta 1958 ta tabbatar wa masu jefa kuri'a cewa ana buƙatar baƙi marasa ƙwarewa waɗanda ba na Burtaniya ba don "aiki a kan ayyukan da ba su da kyau ...aiki wanda ba a yarda da shi ga 'yan Australia ko ma'aikatan Burtaniya ba". [cikakken ambaton da ake buƙata] Tattalin arzikin Australiya ya tsaya a cikin bambanci da yaƙi da Turai, kuma sababbin baƙi sun sami aiki a cikin masana'antar masana'antu mai tasowa da shirye-shiryen da gwamnati ke taimakawa kamar Snowy Mountains Scheme. Wannan hadadden wutar lantarki da ban ruwa a kudu maso gabashin Ostiraliya ya kunshi manyan madatsun ruwa goma sha shida da tashoshin wutar lantarki guda bakwai da aka gina tsakanin 1949 da 1974. Ya kasance aikin injiniya mafi girma da aka gudanar a Ostiraliya. Bukatar daukar ma'aikata 100,000 daga kasashe sama da 30, ga mutane da yawa yana nuna haihuwar Ostiraliya mai al'adu da yawa.<ref name="The Snowy Mountains Scheme">{{Cite web |date=20 March 2008 |title=The Snowy Mountains Scheme |url=http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/snowyscheme/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720144750/http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/snowyscheme/ |archive-date=2008-07-20 |access-date=14 July 2011 |website=Culture and Recreation Portal |publisher=[[Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (Australia)]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 1955 baƙo na miliyan ɗaya bayan yaƙin ya isa Ostiraliya. Yawan mutanen Ostiraliya ya kai miliyan 10 a shekarar 1959, daga miliyan 7 a shekarar 1945.&nbsp; === Ƙarshen manufofin White Australia === A cikin 1973, Gwamnatin Whitlam (1972-1975) ta karɓi manufofin shige da fice ba tare da nuna bambanci ba, yadda ya kamata ta kawo ƙarshen manufofin White Australia. Koyaya, canjin ya faru ne a cikin mahallin raguwa mai yawa a cikin yawan masu ƙaura. Wannan ya kawo karshen yunkurin yawon bude ido na Turai wanda ya fara shekaru talatin da suka gabata tare da ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu kuma zai zama farkon yunkurin zamani na yunkurin shige da fice na [[Asiya]] zuwa Ostiraliya wanda ke ci gaba har zuwa yau.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa == Taimako na kudi wani muhimmin bangare ne na shirin shige da fice bayan yakin kuma saboda haka akwai yarjejeniyoyi da yawa tsakanin gwamnatin Australiya da gwamnatoci daban-daban da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa.<ref name="ImmiFactSht4">{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=of Immigration and Citizenship (Australia) |url=http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/04fifty.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080721002004/http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/04fifty.htm |archive-date=2008-07-21 |access-date=2008-07-18}}</ref> * Ƙasar Ingila - sassan kyauta ko taimako.<ref name="ImmiFactSht4" /> Baƙi a ƙarƙashin wannan makircin sun zama sanannun Poms goma. * Taimako ga tsoffin ma'aikatan [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] da Amurka.<ref name="ImmiFactSht4" /> Daga baya aka tsawaita wannan makircin don rufe tsoffin sojoji da membobin ƙungiyoyin adawa daga wasu ƙasashe masu haɗin gwiwa.<ref name="ImmiFactSht4" /> * Yarjejeniya tare da Ƙungiyar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Duniya (IRO) don daidaita akalla mutane 12,000 da suka rasa muhallinsu a shekara daga sansanoni a Turai.<ref name="ImmiFactSht4" /> Ostiraliya ta karɓi rabo mai yawa na 'yan gudun hijira da IRO ta tallafawa a ƙarshen 1940s da farkon 1950s.<ref name="Neumann2003">{{Cite journal |last=Neumann |first=Klaus |year=2003 |title=Providing a 'home for the oppressed'? Historical perspectives on Australian responses to refugees |url=http://www9.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/journals/AJHR/2003/13.html |journal=Australian Journal of Human Rights |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=1–25 |doi=10.1080/1323238X.2003.11911103 |issn=1323-238X |s2cid=150421238 |access-date=2019-05-21 |hdl-access=free}}<br /><br />{{Cite journal |last=King |first=Jackie |year=2003 |title=Australia and Canada Compared: The Reaction to the Kosovar Crisis |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AJHR/2003/14.html |journal=Australian Journal of Human Rights |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=27–46 |doi=10.1080/1323238X.2003.11911104 |issn=1323-238X |s2cid=168919791 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2019-05-21}}</ref> * Yarjejeniyar ƙaura ta al'ada, sau da yawa ta haɗa da bayar da tallafin taimako, tare da Ƙasar Ingila, Malta, [[Holand|Netherlands]], Italiya, Jamus ta Yamma, Turkiyya da Yugoslavia.<ref name="ImmiFactSht4" /> * Har ila yau, akwai yarjejeniyar ƙaura ta al'ada tare da wasu ƙasashe da yawa, gami da Austria, Girka, [[Ispaniya|Spain]], da Belgium, sannan Sweden, Norway, [[Denmark]], Finland, da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. <ref name="Bonegilla">{{Cite web |last=NSW Migration Heritage Centre |title=Australia post war migration |url=https://www.bonegilla.org.au/about-us/migration-in-australia |access-date=April 17, 2026}}</ref> == Jerin lokaci == {| class="wikitable" !Lokacin !Abubuwan da suka faru |- |1947 |Cibiyar karɓar baƙi ta farko ta Ostiraliya ta buɗe a Bonegilla, Victoria - an karɓi baƙi na farko da aka taimaka a can a cikin shekara ta 1951.<ref name="Bonegillaheritage">{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=Bonegilla Migrant Centre – Camp Block 19 |url=http://www.aussieheritage.com.au/listings/vic/Bonegilla/BonegillaMigrantCentre-CampBlock19/14944 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080809113036/http://www.aussieheritage.com.au/listings/vic/Bonegilla/BonegillaMigrantCentre-CampBlock19/14944 |archive-date=9 August 2008 |access-date=20 July 2008 |website=Aussie Heritage}}</ref> |- |1948 |Ostiraliya ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tare da [[Yarjejeniyar Paris tsakanin Italiya da Ƙasashen Ƙawance.|Italiya]], Romania, Bulgaria da Hungary kuma ta karɓi baƙi daga waɗannan ƙasashe.<ref name="ImmiTimeline">{{Cite web |year=2001 |title=Immigration to Australia During the 20th Century – Historical Impacts on Immigration Intake, Population Size and Population Composition – A Timeline |url=http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/federation/timeline1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080801014246/http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/federation/timeline1.pdf |archive-date=2008-08-01 |access-date=2008-07-18 |publisher=Department of Immigration and Citizenship (Australia)}}</ref> |- |1949 |A shekara ta 1949 masu taimakawa suka isa sun kai fiye da 118,800, sau hudu na adadi na 1948.<ref name="ImmiTimeline" /> A watan Agusta Ostiraliya ta yi maraba da "Sabon Australiya" na 50,000 - ko kuma mutum na 50,000 da IRO ta tallafawa kuma za a sake zama a Ostiraliya. Yaron ya fito ne daga [[Riga]], [[Laitfiya|Latvia]].<ref name="Neumann2003" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=1949 |title=Mr Arthur Calwell with the Kalnins family – the 50,000th New Australian – CU914/1 |url=https://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Interface/ViewImage.aspx?B=8318052 |access-date=2019-05-21 |publisher=National Archives of Australia |type=Photograph}}</ref> An fara aiki a kan Snowy Mountains Scheme - babban ma'aikacin baƙi: an yi amfani da mutane 100,000 daga akalla ƙasashe 30 daban-daban. Kashi saba'in cikin dari na dukkan ma'aikata 'yan gudun hijira ne.<ref name="The Snowy Mountains Scheme" /> |- |1950 |Net Overseas Migration ya kasance 153,685, adadi na uku mafi girma na karni na ashirin.<ref name="ImmiTimeline" /> {{Efn|1=1950 = Third highest figure per Department of Immigration timeline: In 1919 Net Overseas Migration was 166,303 when troops returned from World War I and in 1988 it was 172,794.}} |- |1951 |Masu baƙi na farko da aka taimaka sun karɓa a Cibiyar Karɓar Baƙi da Horarwa ta Bonegilla . <ref name="Bonegillaheritage" /> A shekara ta 1951, gwamnati ta kafa cibiyoyin karɓar baƙi guda uku ga mutanen da ba su da harshen Ingilishi daga Turai, da cibiyoyin riƙewa ashirin, musamman don ba da gida ga waɗanda ba sa aiki, lokacin da matsin lamba na isowa a cibiyoyin liyafa ya yi yawa don kiyaye iyalai tare.<ref name="Bonegillaheritage" /> |- |1952 |An soke IRO kuma daga wannan lokacin yawancin 'yan gudun hijira da suka sake zama a Ostiraliya a cikin shekarun 1950 an kawo su nan a karkashin kulawar Kwamitin Intergovernmental na Migration na Turai (ICEM). <ref name="Neumann2003" /> |- |1954 |Baƙon Dutch na 50,000 ya isa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1954 |title=Migrant Arrivals in Australia – 50,000th Dutch migrant, arrives in Australia aboard the SIBAJAK. Miss Scholte presents Australia's Minister for Immigration, Mr. H. E. Holt, with inscribed Delft plates, which she brought as goodwill gifts from Netherlands Government |url=https://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Interface/ViewImage.aspx?B=7529336 |access-date=2019-05-21 |publisher=National Archives of Australia |type=Photograph}}</ref> |- |1955 |Baƙo na miliyan na Ostiraliya bayan yaƙin ya zo.<ref name="ImmiTimeline" /> Tana da shekaru 21 daga Ƙasar Ingila kuma ba ta yi aure ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1940s–60s – A Journey for Many |url=https://museumsvictoria.com.au/longform/journeys-to-australia/ |access-date=21 May 2019 |website=Journeys to Australia |publisher=Museums Victoria}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Marketing Migrants |url=http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/horizons/marketing_migrants/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080729011212/http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/horizons/marketing_migrants/ |archive-date=29 July 2008 |access-date=21 July 2008 |website=Horizons (exhibition): The peopling of Australia since 1788 |publisher=National Museum of Australia}}</ref> |- |1971 |An rufe sansanin baƙi a Bonegilla, Victoria - wasu baƙi 300,000 sun kwashe lokaci a can.<ref name="Bonegillaheritage" /> |} == Zuwan mazauna ta manyan kasashe 10 na haihuwa == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Wurin haihuwar !Yuli 1949 - Yuni 1959 {{Efn|''Immigration: Federation to Century's End 1901–2000'': "Settler arrivals by birthplace data not available prior to 1959. For the period July 1949 to June 1959, Permanent and Long Term Arrivals by Country of Last Residence have been included as a proxy for this data. When interpreting this data for some countries...in the period immediately after World War II, there were large numbers of displaced persons whose country of last residence was not necessarily the same as their birthplace."<ref name=":0a"/>}} !Yuli 1959 - Yuni 1970{{Efn|Note this period covers 11 years rather than a decade.}} !Yuli 1970 - Yuni 1980 |- |Ƙasar Ingila da Ireland |419,946 (33.5%) |654,640 (45.3%) |342,373 (35.8%) |- |Italiya |201,428 (16.1%) |150,669 (10.4%) |28,800 (3.0%) |- |New Zealand |29,649 (2.4%) |30,341 (2.1%) |58,163 (6.1%) |- |Jamus |162,756 (13.0%) |50,452 (3.5%) |<small>ba a saman 10 ba</small> |- |Girka |55,326 (4.4%) |124,324 (8.6%) |30,907 (3.2%) |- |Yugoslavia{{Efn|Yugoslavia recorded until 1994–95 inclusive.}} |<small>ba a saman 10 ba</small> |94,555 (6.5%) |61,283 (6.4%) |- |Netherlands |100,970 (8.1%) |36,533 (2.5%) |<small>ba a saman 10 ba</small> |- |Malta |38,113 (3.0%) |28,916 (2.0%) |<small>ba a saman 10 ba</small> |- |US |16,982 (1.4%) |20,467 (1.4%) |27,769 (2.9%) |- |Spain |<small>ba a saman 10 ba</small> |17,611 (1.2%) |<small>ba a saman 10 ba</small> |- |'''Adadin masu zama''' |'''1,253,083''' |'''1,445,356''' |'''956,769''' |} [[Fayil:Bonegilla_camp_1954.jpg|thumb|Cibiyar Karɓar Baƙi da Horarwa ta Bonegilla, 1954]] Lokacin da suka isa Ostiraliya, baƙi da yawa sun tafi cibiyoyin karɓar baƙi da horo inda suka koyi yadda ake magana da Turanci yayin da suke neman aiki. Ma'aikatar Shige da Fice ce ke da alhakin sansanonin kuma tana riƙe da rubuce-rubuce game da gudanar da sansanin da mazauna.<ref name="accom">{{Cite web |title=Migrant accommodation |url=http://www.naa.gov.au/collection/explore/migration/migrant-accommodation.aspx |access-date=2019-05-21 |publisher=National Archives of Australia}}</ref> Cibiyoyin karɓar baƙi da horar da su an kuma san su da sansanonin ƙaura na Commonwealth, masauki na ƙaura, cibiyoyin riƙe ƙaura, masauki, ko masauki na ma'aikatan ƙaura.<ref name="sharpes">{{Cite web |title=Migrant Hostels in Australia |url=http://sharpesonline.com/migrant_hostels_in_ausralia.htm |access-date=22 December 2012 |website=Sharpes On Line}}</ref><ref name="NAA">{{Cite web |title=Migrant hostels in New South Wales, 1946–78 – Fact sheet 170 |url=http://www.naa.gov.au/collection/fact-sheets/fs170.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211235255/http://www.naa.gov.au/collection/fact-sheets/fs170.aspx |archive-date=11 February 2014 |access-date=2013-05-28 |publisher=National Archives of Australia}}</ref> Cibiyar karɓar baƙi ta farko ta Ostiraliya ta buɗe a Bonegilla, Victoria kusa da Wodonga a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1947. Lokacin da sansanin ya rufe a 1971, kimanin 'yan gudun hijira 300,000 sun kwashe lokaci a can.<ref name="Bonegillaheritage" /> A shekara ta 1951, gwamnati ta kafa cibiyoyin karɓar baƙi guda uku ga mutanen da ba su da harshen Ingilishi daga Turai, da cibiyoyin riƙewa ashirin, musamman don ba da gida ga waɗanda ba sa aiki, lokacin da matsin lamba na isowa a cibiyoyin liyafa ya yi yawa don kiyaye iyalai tare.<ref name="Bonegillaheritage" /> Manufar cibiyoyin karɓar baƙi da horo ita ce:<blockquote>samar da jarrabawar likita gabaɗaya da x-ray na baƙi, batun tufafi masu mahimmanci, biyan amfanin sabis na zamantakewa, hira don tantance yiwuwar aiki, koyarwa a Turanci da hanyar rayuwa ta Australiya gabaɗaya.<ref name="Bonegillaheritage" /></blockquote>Cibiyoyin sun kasance a ko'ina cikin Ostiraliya (kwanaki sune na budewa da rufewa. <ref name="a">{{Cite web |title=Post Office List |url=https://www.premierpostal.com/cgi-bin/wsProd.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=VIC&country= |access-date=11 April 2008 |website=Premier Postal Auctions}}</ref> ) === Queensland === * Stuart<ref name="accom" /> * Wacol<ref name="accom" /> * Cibiyar Shige da Fice ta Yungaba (wanda aka sani a yau da Yungaba House) == Rarrabawar isowa ta hanyar shekaru goma == <gallery heights="170px" widths="220px" caption="Immigrants who arrived in Australia (by decade of arrival) as a percentage of the total population, subdivided geographically by statistical local area, as of the 2011 census"> Fayil:Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_1922_Total_Year_of_arrival_1941_1950.svg|1941–1950 Fayil:Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_1923_Total_Year_of_arrival_1951_1960.svg|1951–1960 Fayil:Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_1924_Total_Year_of_arrival_1961_1970.svg|1961–1970 Fayil:Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_1925_Total_Year_of_arrival_1971_1980.svg|1971–1980 </gallery>A cikin yunkurin yaƙi na shige da fice Ostiraliya ta sami matsakaicin isowar kusan miliyan ɗaya a kowace shekara goma. Rarrabawar ta hanyar shekaru goma kamar haka: * Miliyan 1.6 tsakanin Oktoba 1945 da 30 Yuni 1960; * game da miliyan 1.3 a cikin shekarun 1960; da * game da 960.000 a cikin 1970s; Mafi yawan masu isowa a lokacin ya kasance 185,099 a 1969-70 kuma mafi ƙasƙanci ya kasance 52,752 a 1975-76. == Yawan jama'a na shekara ta 2006 na bayan yakin kungiyoyin baƙi da ke magana da Turanci ba == A cikin ƙidayar shekara ta 2006, an ƙidaya wurin haihuwar kamar yadda ranar isowa a Ostiraliya ta kasance ga waɗanda ba a haife su a Ostiraaliya ba. Ga manyan kungiyoyin baƙi da ba sa magana da Ingilishi bayan yakin da suka karu ta hanyar isowar baƙi zuwa Ostiraliya bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, har yanzu manyan kungiyoyin jama'a ne a Ostiraliya: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Ƙungiyar kabilanci !Mutanen da aka haifa a kasashen waje <ref name="Census Ethic Media Package">{{Cite web |date=27 June 2007 |title=2914.0.55.002 2006 Census Ethnic Media Package |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/5618AB4511347DC2CA257306000D44C2/$File/2914055002_2006%20(Reissue).xls |access-date=2008-07-14 |website=Census Dictionary, 2006 (cat.no: 2901.0) |publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |format=Excel}}</ref> !Ya zo 1979 ko baya <ref name="Census Ethic Media Package" /> !Shekaru 60 da sama <ref name="Census Ethic Media Package" /><small>Wannan ya kwatanta da kashi 18% na mazaunan Australiya waɗanda suka kai shekaru 60 ko sama da haka a lokacin ƙidayar<br /></small>{{Efn|3,602,573 Australian residents were aged 60 or over as a proportion of 19,855,288.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?action=404&documentproductno=0&documenttype=Details&order=1&tabname=Details&areacode=0&issue=2006&producttype=Census%20Tables&javascript=true&textversion=false&navmapdisplayed=true&breadcrumb=TLPD&&collection=Census&period=2006&productlabel=Age%20(full%20classification%20list)%20by%20Sex%20&producttype=Census%20Tables&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&topic=Age%20&%20Population%20Distribution&|title = Cat. No. 2068.0 – 2006 Census Tables: Age (Full Classification List) by sex – Count of persons (excludes overseas visitors) |work = 2006 Census of Population and Housing Australia (Australia)|publisher = Australian Bureau of Statistics|date = 2007-06-27|access-date = 2008-07-21}}{{dead link|date=May 2019}}<br />{{cite web |title=Improved access to historical Census data |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/censushome.nsf/home/cowsredirect |publisher = Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=2019-05-21}}</ref>{{verification needed|date=May 2019}}}} !'Yan ƙasar Australiya <ref name="Census Ethic Media Package" /> |- |Italiyanci Australiya |199,124 |176,536 ko 89% |63% |157,209 ko 79% |- |Girkanci Australiya |109,990 |94,766 ko 86% |60% |104,950 ko 95% |- |Jamusanci Australiya |106,524 |74,128 ko 79% |46% |75,623 ko 71% |- |Yaren mutanen Holland |78,924 |62,495 ko 79% |52% |59,502 ko 75% |- |Croatian Australiya |50,996 |35,598 ko 70% |43% |48,271 ko 95% |} Ba duk wadanda aka lissafa ba ne za su zo a matsayin baƙi bayan yaƙi, takamaiman kididdiga kamar yadda a 2006 ba su samuwa. == Lambobin == A watan Satumbar 2022, gwamnatin Albania ta kara yawan masu ƙaura na dindindin daga 160,000 zuwa rikodin 195,000 a shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Clun |first=David Crowe, Angus Thompson, Rachel |date=2 September 2022 |title=Albanese government will increase permanent migration to record 195,000 |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/albanese-to-act-on-queue-of-1-million-migrants-20220902-p5bet8.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202040348/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/albanese-to-act-on-queue-of-1-million-migrants-20220902-p5bet8.html |archive-date=2 December 2022 |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Australia's migration future |url=https://minister.homeaffairs.gov.au/ClareONeil/Pages/australias-migration-future.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214140814/https://minister.homeaffairs.gov.au/ClareONeil/Pages/australias-migration-future.aspx |archive-date=14 December 2022 |access-date=22 December 2022 |website=minister.homeaffairs.gov.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2022 |title=Australia raises permanent migration cap to 195,000 to ease workforce shortages |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/sep/02/australia-raises-permanent-migration-cap-to-195000-to-ease-workforce-shortages |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202040338/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/sep/02/australia-raises-permanent-migration-cap-to-195000-to-ease-workforce-shortages |archive-date=2 December 2022 |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Ana sa ran ƙaura daga ƙasashen waje zai kai 650,000 a kan 2022-2023, da 2023-2024, mafi girma a Tarihin Australiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2023 |title=What's behind the recent surge in Australia's net migration – and will it last? |url=https://theconversation.com/whats-behind-the-recent-surge-in-australias-net-migration-and-will-it-last-203155 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522034701/https://theconversation.com/whats-behind-the-recent-surge-in-australias-net-migration-and-will-it-last-203155 |archive-date=22 May 2023 |access-date=22 May 2023}}</ref> Gudun kasashen waje ya kai 536,000 a cikin 2022-23, sama da 170,900 a cikin 2021-22. Gabaɗaya ƙaura ya kasance 739,000 a cikin 2022-23. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Lokacin !Shirin ƙaura<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fact sheet - Key facts about immigration |url=https://www.border.gov.au/about/corporate/information/fact-sheets/02key |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912192513/http://www.border.gov.au/about/corporate/information/fact-sheets/02key |archive-date=12 September 2015 |access-date=18 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=corporateName=Commonwealth Parliament; address=Parliament House |first=Canberra |title=Australia's Migration Program |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BN/1011/AustMigration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613134026/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BN/1011/AustMigration |archive-date=13 June 2018 |access-date=13 June 2018 |website=www.aph.gov.au}}</ref> |- |1998–99 |68 000 |- |1999–00 |70 000{{Increase}} |- |2000–01 |76 000{{Increase}} |- |2001–02 |85 000{{Increase}} |- |2002–03 |108,070{{Increase}} |- |2003–2004 |114,360{{Increase}} |- |2004–2005 |120,060{{Increase}} |- |2005 |142,933{{Increase}} |- |2006 |148,200{{Increase}} |- |2007 |158,630{{Increase}} |- |2008 |171,318{{Increase}} |- |2011 |185,000{{Increase}} |- |2012 |190,000{{Increase}} |- |2013 |190,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=2013–14 Migration Programme Report |url=https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/report-migration-programme-2013-14.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311113154/https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/report-migration-programme-2013-14.pdf |archive-date=2019-03-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Migration program statistics |url=https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-statistics/statistics/visa-statistics/live/migration-program |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=www.homeaffairs.gov.au}}</ref> |- |2015-2016 |190,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=2015–16 Migration Programme Report |url=https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/2015-16-migration-programme-report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311112946/https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/2015-16-migration-programme-report.pdf |archive-date=2019-03-11}}</ref> |- |2016-2017 |190,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-17 Migration Programme Report |url=https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/report-on-migration-program-2016-17.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311112843/https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/report-on-migration-program-2016-17.pdf |archive-date=2019-03-11}}</ref> |- |2017-2018 |190,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=2017–18 Migration Program Report |url=https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/report-migration-program-2017-18.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311112759/https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/report-migration-program-2017-18.pdf |archive-date=2019-03-11}}</ref> |- |2018-2019 |190,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=2018 – 19 Migration Program Report |url=https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/report-migration-program-2018-19.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405123701/https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/report-migration-program-2018-19.pdf |archive-date=2020-04-05}}</ref> |- |2023-2024 |190,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Migration Program planning levels |url=https://immi.homeaffairs.gov.au/what-we-do/migration-program-planning-levels#:~:text=In%20the%202024%E2%80%9325%20Migration,21%20and%202021%E2%80%9322%20respectively. |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=immi.homeaffairs.gov.au}}</ref> |} == Dubi kuma == * rtaYawan jama'a na Ostiraliya * Mutanen Turai na Ostiraliya * Turawa a cikin Oceania * Tarihin Shige da Fice na Ostiraliya * Siyasa ta dama a Ostiraliya * Visa 457 (1996-2018) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8sej6cz5otovr92akaejrnhczvfl530 0 165267 906917 2026-08-24T07:43:21Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1263722804|New Australians]]" 906917 wikitext text/x-wiki “Sabbin ’Yan Ostareliya” (New Australians) kalma ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nufin baƙin haure waɗanda ba ’yan Birtaniya ba ne, waɗanda suka zo Ostareliya a lokacin babban yunkurin shige da fice bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Da farko, kalmar tana nufin sabbin baƙin haure, musamman ’yan gudun hijira, waɗanda ake sa ran daga baya za su zama cikakkun ’yan ƙasar Ostareliya tare da shiga cikin al’ummar ƙasar gaba ɗaya.<ref>[[Colm Kiernan]] (1978). ''Calwell. A Personal and Political Biography'', West Melbourne, Thomas Nelson, pp. 129-130. {{ISBN|0-17-005185-4}}</ref> Arthur Calwell, wanda shi ne Ministan Shige da Fice na farko na Ostareliya, ne ya ƙirƙiri wannan kalma domin ƙarfafa haɗewar baƙin haure cikin al’adun da tsarin rayuwar Ostareliya (cultural assimilation), musamman baƙin hauren da suka fito daga nahiyar Turai.<ref>Egon F. Kunz (1988). ''Displaced persons. Calwell's New Australians'', Sydney, Australian National University Press. {{ISBN|0-08-034406-2}}</ref> An yi niyyar amfani da kalmar ne cikin ma’ana mai kyau, domin a guji amfani da wasu kalmomi masu ɗauke da raini ko ƙyama, kamar “reffo” ko “Balt”, waɗanda ake yawan amfani da su a wancan lokaci wajen kiran wasu baƙin haure. Tun daga shekarun 1970, amfani da kalmar “New Australians” (Sabbin ’Yan Ostareliya) ya fara raguwa sosai, har ta kusan daina amfani a yau.<ref>[[James Jupp]] (ed.)(1988) ''The Australian People. An Encyclopedia of the Nation, Its People and Their Origins'', North Ryde, NSW, Angus and Robertson, p.103. {{ISBN|0-207-15427-9}}</ref> An yaba wa Jam’iyyar Democratic Labor Party (DLP) da ke Victoria, ƙarƙashin jagorancin jihar na lokacin Jack Little, yabo da cewa ita ce jam’iyyar siyasa ta farko a Ostareliya da ta fara tallafa wa ’yan takara daga cikin “Sabbin ’Yan Ostareliya” (New Australians) domin su tsaya takarar zaɓen majalisa a shekarun da suka biyo bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.<ref>Ainsley Symons (2013), "Jack Little: leader of the DLP", in ''Recorder'' (Australian Society for the Study of Labour History, Melbourne Branch), No. 278, December, p.3</ref> Daga cikin fitattun ’yan takarar akwai Vilmos Kormos, ɗan asalin Hungary da ya zama ɗan Ostareliya, wanda ya tsaya takarar Majalisar Dattawan Ostareliya (Australian Senate) a shekarar 1958. Haka kuma akwai Nino Randazzo, ɗan asalin Italiya da ya zama ɗan Ostareliya, wanda ya tsaya takarar mazabar Fitzroy a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Victoria (Victorian Legislative Assembly) a shekarar 1964.<ref>Ainsley Symons (2013), "Jack Little: leader of the DLP", in ''Recorder'' (Australian Society for the Study of Labour History, Melbourne Branch), No. 278, December, p.3</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Anglo-Celtic Australiya * Fararen fata == Manazarta == 7e1sn1dzye9cfmbj21b4m8toq4ct5o0 906918 906917 2026-08-24T07:43:41Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1263722804|New Australians]]" 906918 wikitext text/x-wiki '''“Sabbin ’Yan Ostareliya'''” (New Australians) kalma ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nufin baƙin haure waɗanda ba ’yan Birtaniya ba ne, waɗanda suka zo Ostareliya a lokacin babban yunkurin shige da fice bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Da farko, kalmar tana nufin sabbin baƙin haure, musamman ’yan gudun hijira, waɗanda ake sa ran daga baya za su zama cikakkun ’yan ƙasar Ostareliya tare da shiga cikin al’ummar ƙasar gaba ɗaya.<ref>[[Colm Kiernan]] (1978). ''Calwell. A Personal and Political Biography'', West Melbourne, Thomas Nelson, pp. 129-130. {{ISBN|0-17-005185-4}}</ref> Arthur Calwell, wanda shi ne Ministan Shige da Fice na farko na Ostareliya, ne ya ƙirƙiri wannan kalma domin ƙarfafa haɗewar baƙin haure cikin al’adun da tsarin rayuwar Ostareliya (cultural assimilation), musamman baƙin hauren da suka fito daga nahiyar Turai.<ref>Egon F. Kunz (1988). ''Displaced persons. Calwell's New Australians'', Sydney, Australian National University Press. {{ISBN|0-08-034406-2}}</ref> An yi niyyar amfani da kalmar ne cikin ma’ana mai kyau, domin a guji amfani da wasu kalmomi masu ɗauke da raini ko ƙyama, kamar “reffo” ko “Balt”, waɗanda ake yawan amfani da su a wancan lokaci wajen kiran wasu baƙin haure. Tun daga shekarun 1970, amfani da kalmar “New Australians” (Sabbin ’Yan Ostareliya) ya fara raguwa sosai, har ta kusan daina amfani a yau.<ref>[[James Jupp]] (ed.)(1988) ''The Australian People. An Encyclopedia of the Nation, Its People and Their Origins'', North Ryde, NSW, Angus and Robertson, p.103. {{ISBN|0-207-15427-9}}</ref> An yaba wa Jam’iyyar Democratic Labor Party (DLP) da ke Victoria, ƙarƙashin jagorancin jihar na lokacin Jack Little, yabo da cewa ita ce jam’iyyar siyasa ta farko a Ostareliya da ta fara tallafa wa ’yan takara daga cikin “Sabbin ’Yan Ostareliya” (New Australians) domin su tsaya takarar zaɓen majalisa a shekarun da suka biyo bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.<ref>Ainsley Symons (2013), "Jack Little: leader of the DLP", in ''Recorder'' (Australian Society for the Study of Labour History, Melbourne Branch), No. 278, December, p.3</ref> Daga cikin fitattun ’yan takarar akwai Vilmos Kormos, ɗan asalin Hungary da ya zama ɗan Ostareliya, wanda ya tsaya takarar Majalisar Dattawan Ostareliya (Australian Senate) a shekarar 1958. Haka kuma akwai Nino Randazzo, ɗan asalin Italiya da ya zama ɗan Ostareliya, wanda ya tsaya takarar mazabar Fitzroy a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Victoria (Victorian Legislative Assembly) a shekarar 1964.<ref>Ainsley Symons (2013), "Jack Little: leader of the DLP", in ''Recorder'' (Australian Society for the Study of Labour History, Melbourne Branch), No. 278, December, p.3</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Anglo-Celtic Australiya * Fararen fata == Manazarta == fpgwpfy0ulk965vhg3cdpul2e53cndj 906919 906918 2026-08-24T07:44:22Z Saad Nuhu 43323 906919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''“Sabbin ’Yan Ostareliya'''” (New Australians) kalma ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nufin baƙin haure waɗanda ba ’yan Birtaniya ba ne, waɗanda suka zo Ostareliya a lokacin babban yunkurin shige da fice bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Da farko, kalmar tana nufin sabbin baƙin haure, musamman ’yan gudun hijira, waɗanda ake sa ran daga baya za su zama cikakkun ’yan ƙasar Ostareliya tare da shiga cikin al’ummar ƙasar gaba ɗaya.<ref>[[Colm Kiernan]] (1978). ''Calwell. A Personal and Political Biography'', West Melbourne, Thomas Nelson, pp. 129-130. {{ISBN|0-17-005185-4}}</ref> Arthur Calwell, wanda shi ne Ministan Shige da Fice na farko na Ostareliya, ne ya ƙirƙiri wannan kalma domin ƙarfafa haɗewar baƙin haure cikin al’adun da tsarin rayuwar Ostareliya (cultural assimilation), musamman baƙin hauren da suka fito daga nahiyar Turai.<ref>Egon F. Kunz (1988). ''Displaced persons. Calwell's New Australians'', Sydney, Australian National University Press. {{ISBN|0-08-034406-2}}</ref> An yi niyyar amfani da kalmar ne cikin ma’ana mai kyau, domin a guji amfani da wasu kalmomi masu ɗauke da raini ko ƙyama, kamar “reffo” ko “Balt”, waɗanda ake yawan amfani da su a wancan lokaci wajen kiran wasu baƙin haure. Tun daga shekarun 1970, amfani da kalmar “New Australians” (Sabbin ’Yan Ostareliya) ya fara raguwa sosai, har ta kusan daina amfani a yau.<ref>[[James Jupp]] (ed.)(1988) ''The Australian People. An Encyclopedia of the Nation, Its People and Their Origins'', North Ryde, NSW, Angus and Robertson, p.103. {{ISBN|0-207-15427-9}}</ref> An yaba wa Jam’iyyar Democratic Labor Party (DLP) da ke Victoria, ƙarƙashin jagorancin jihar na lokacin Jack Little, yabo da cewa ita ce jam’iyyar siyasa ta farko a Ostareliya da ta fara tallafa wa ’yan takara daga cikin “Sabbin ’Yan Ostareliya” (New Australians) domin su tsaya takarar zaɓen majalisa a shekarun da suka biyo bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.<ref>Ainsley Symons (2013), "Jack Little: leader of the DLP", in ''Recorder'' (Australian Society for the Study of Labour History, Melbourne Branch), No. 278, December, p.3</ref> Daga cikin fitattun ’yan takarar akwai Vilmos Kormos, ɗan asalin Hungary da ya zama ɗan Ostareliya, wanda ya tsaya takarar Majalisar Dattawan Ostareliya (Australian Senate) a shekarar 1958. Haka kuma akwai Nino Randazzo, ɗan asalin Italiya da ya zama ɗan Ostareliya, wanda ya tsaya takarar mazabar Fitzroy a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Victoria (Victorian Legislative Assembly) a shekarar 1964.<ref>Ainsley Symons (2013), "Jack Little: leader of the DLP", in ''Recorder'' (Australian Society for the Study of Labour History, Melbourne Branch), No. 278, December, p.3</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Anglo-Celtic Australiya * Fararen fata == Manazarta == 6yf6p8vt1lp9r61jfu46eebcpwodgwj 906920 906919 2026-08-24T07:44:47Z Saad Nuhu 43323 906920 wikitext text/x-wiki '''“Sabbin ’Yan Ostareliya'''” (New Australians) kalma ce da ake amfani da ita wajen nufin baƙin haure waɗanda ba ’yan Birtaniya ba ne, waɗanda suka zo Ostareliya a lokacin babban yunkurin shige da fice bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Da farko, kalmar tana nufin sabbin baƙin haure, musamman ’yan gudun hijira, waɗanda ake sa ran daga baya za su zama cikakkun ’yan ƙasar Ostareliya tare da shiga cikin al’ummar ƙasar gaba ɗaya.<ref>[[Colm Kiernan]] (1978). ''Calwell. A Personal and Political Biography'', West Melbourne, Thomas Nelson, pp. 129-130. {{ISBN|0-17-005185-4}}</ref> Arthur Calwell, wanda shi ne Ministan Shige da Fice na farko na Ostareliya, ne ya ƙirƙiri wannan kalma domin ƙarfafa haɗewar baƙin haure cikin al’adun da tsarin rayuwar Ostareliya (cultural assimilation), musamman baƙin hauren da suka fito daga nahiyar Turai.<ref>Egon F. Kunz (1988). ''Displaced persons. Calwell's New Australians'', Sydney, Australian National University Press. {{ISBN|0-08-034406-2}}</ref> An yi niyyar amfani da kalmar ne cikin ma’ana mai kyau, domin a guji amfani da wasu kalmomi masu ɗauke da raini ko ƙyama, kamar “reffo” ko “Balt”, waɗanda ake yawan amfani da su a wancan lokaci wajen kiran wasu baƙin haure. Tun daga shekarun 1970, amfani da kalmar “New Australians” (Sabbin ’Yan Ostareliya) ya fara raguwa sosai, har ta kusan daina amfani a yau.<ref>[[James Jupp]] (ed.)(1988) ''The Australian People. An Encyclopedia of the Nation, Its People and Their Origins'', North Ryde, NSW, Angus and Robertson, p.103. {{ISBN|0-207-15427-9}}</ref> An yaba wa Jam’iyyar Democratic Labor Party (DLP) da ke Victoria, ƙarƙashin jagorancin jihar na lokacin Jack Little, yabo da cewa ita ce jam’iyyar siyasa ta farko a Ostareliya da ta fara tallafa wa ’yan takara daga cikin “Sabbin ’Yan Ostareliya” (New Australians) domin su tsaya takarar zaɓen majalisa a shekarun da suka biyo bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.<ref>Ainsley Symons (2013), "Jack Little: leader of the DLP", in ''Recorder'' (Australian Society for the Study of Labour History, Melbourne Branch), No. 278, December, p.3</ref> Daga cikin fitattun ’yan takarar akwai Vilmos Kormos, ɗan asalin Hungary da ya zama ɗan Ostareliya, wanda ya tsaya takarar Majalisar Dattawan Ostareliya (Australian Senate) a shekarar 1958. Haka kuma akwai Nino Randazzo, ɗan asalin Italiya da ya zama ɗan Ostareliya, wanda ya tsaya takarar mazabar Fitzroy a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Victoria (Victorian Legislative Assembly) a shekarar 1964.<ref>Ainsley Symons (2013), "Jack Little: leader of the DLP", in ''Recorder'' (Australian Society for the Study of Labour History, Melbourne Branch), No. 278, December, p.3</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Anglo-Celtic Australiya * Fararen fata == Manazarta == fpgwpfy0ulk965vhg3cdpul2e53cndj 3 165268 906922 2026-08-24T07:46:18Z 기나ㅏㄴ 17571 기나ㅏㄴ moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Jvlioart]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Sencientista]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Jvlioart|Jvlioart]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Sencientista|Sencientista]]" 906922 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tattaunawar user:Sencientista]] gi5o2310wu9h5qz4algm8r80p43b3b4 0 165269 906923 2026-08-24T07:52:18Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336091588|Australia in the Malayan Emergency]]" 906923 wikitext text/x-wiki Kasancewar Australiya a cikin Gaggawa ta Malayan ya ɗauki shekaru 13, tsakanin 1950 zuwa 1963, tare da sojoji, rundunar sojan sama da rundunonin sojan ruwa da ke aiki. Rikicin Malaya (Anti-British National Liberation War) yaƙi ne na 'yan tawaye tsakanin sojojin [[Kasashen common wealth|Commonwealth]] da Malay National Liberation Army (MNLA), ƙungiyar soja ta Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Malayan, daga 1948 zuwa 1960 a Malaya . Matsalar Malayan ita ce mafi tsawo a ci gaba da aikin soja a tarihin Ostiraliya. An kashe 'yan Australia talatin da tara kuma 27 sun ji rauni.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=DVA (Department of Veterans' Affairs) |title=The Malayan Emergency 1948 to 1960 |url=https://anzacportal.dva.gov.au/wars-and-missions/malayan-emergency-1948-1960#:~:text=Australia%20first%20committed%20to%20the,in%20accidents%20or%20medically%20evacuated.}}</ref> Gwamnatin Australiya ta aika da jirgin sufuri na Royal Australian Air Force Dakota na No. 38 Squadron da Lincoln bom na No. 1 Squadron zuwa Malaya a watan Yunin 1950. Battalion na biyu, Royal Australian Regiment (2 RAR), ya isa a shekarar 1955.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DVA (Department of Veterans' Affairs) (2025 ) |title=Army operations during the Malayan Emergency |url=https://anzacportal.dva.gov.au/wars-and-missions/malayan-emergency-1948-1960/army-operations |access-date=21 December 2025}}</ref> Daga baya aka maye gurbin battalion da 3 RAR, wanda kuma aka maye gurbi da 1 RAR. A shekara ta 1955, RAAF ta tsawaita sansanin jirgin sama na Butterworth, daga inda 'yan bindigar Canberra na No. 2 Squadron (wanda ya maye gurbin No. 1 Squadron) da CAC Sabres na No. 78 Wing suka gudanar da hare-haren ƙasa a kan' yan tawaye.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DVA (Department of Veterans' Affairs) (2025 ) |title=RAAF operations during the Malayan Emergency |url=https://anzacportal.dva.gov.au/wars-and-missions/malayan-emergency-1948-1960/raaf-operations |access-date=20 December 2025}}</ref> Masu lalata na Royal Australian Navy, wato Warramunga da Arunta, sun shiga cikin rundunar a watan Yuni 1955. Tsakanin shekarun 1956 zuwa 1960, jiragen ɗaukar jiragen sama Melbourne da Sydney, tare da masu lalata Anzac, Quadrant, Queenborough, Quiberon, Quickmatch, Tobruk, Vampire, Vendetta da Voyager, an haɗa su da rundunonin Commonwealth Strategic Reserve na tsawon watanni uku zuwa tara a lokaci guda. Wasu daga cikin masu lalatan sun yi amfani da makamansu wajen harbin wuraren da ’yan Kwaminisanci suke a jihar Johor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DVA (Department of Veterans' Affairs) (2025 ) |title=Naval operations during the Malayan Emergency |url=https://anzacportal.dva.gov.au/wars-and-missions/malayan-emergency-1948-1960/naval-operations |archive-url= |access-date=21 December 2025}}</ref> A shekarar 1973, an tura wata rundunar sojojin ƙasan Ostareliya (infantry company) mai suna Rifle Company Butterworth zuwa Sansanin Sojin Sama na RAAF Butterworth, domin samar da tsaro da rundunar gaggawa ga sansanin a lokacin da aka samu sake ƙarfafa ayyukan tawayen Kwaminisanci a Malaysia.<ref>Horner 2008, p. 256.</ref> Ko da yake an miƙa sansanin ga Rundunar Sojin Sama ta Malaysia (Royal Malaysian Air Force) a shekarar 1988, sannan aka kawo ƙarshen tawayen a hukumance a shekarar 1989, an ci gaba da gudanar da Rifle Company Butterworth. An ci gaba da amfani da rundunar ne domin bai wa sojojin Ostareliya damar samun horon yaƙin daji (jungle warfare), tare da yin horon haɗin gwiwa da musayar ƙwarewa da Rundunar Sojin Malaysia (Malaysian Army).<ref>Horner 2008, p. 340.</ref> == Bayani ==  {{Reflist}} == Manazarta == sdmfi90lsygg23i217mmw2ywnz61pq4 906924 906923 2026-08-24T07:53:45Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336091588|Australia in the Malayan Emergency]]" 906924 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kasancewar Australiya''' a cikin Gaggawa ta Malayan ya ɗauki shekaru 13, tsakanin 1950 zuwa 1963, tare da sojoji, rundunar sojan sama da rundunonin sojan ruwa da ke aiki. Rikicin Malaya (Anti-British National Liberation War) yaƙi ne na 'yan tawaye tsakanin sojojin [[Kasashen common wealth|Commonwealth]] da Malay National Liberation Army (MNLA), ƙungiyar soja ta Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Malayan, daga 1948 zuwa 1960 a Malaya . Matsalar Malayan ita ce mafi tsawo a ci gaba da aikin soja a tarihin Ostiraliya. An kashe 'yan Australia talatin da tara kuma 27 sun ji rauni.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=DVA (Department of Veterans' Affairs) |title=The Malayan Emergency 1948 to 1960 |url=https://anzacportal.dva.gov.au/wars-and-missions/malayan-emergency-1948-1960#:~:text=Australia%20first%20committed%20to%20the,in%20accidents%20or%20medically%20evacuated.}}</ref> Gwamnatin Australiya ta aika da jirgin sufuri na Royal Australian Air Force Dakota na No. 38 Squadron da Lincoln bom na No. 1 Squadron zuwa Malaya a watan Yunin 1950. Battalion na biyu, Royal Australian Regiment (2 RAR), ya isa a shekarar 1955.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DVA (Department of Veterans' Affairs) (2025 ) |title=Army operations during the Malayan Emergency |url=https://anzacportal.dva.gov.au/wars-and-missions/malayan-emergency-1948-1960/army-operations |access-date=21 December 2025}}</ref> Daga baya aka maye gurbin battalion da 3 RAR, wanda kuma aka maye gurbi da 1 RAR. A shekara ta 1955, RAAF ta tsawaita sansanin jirgin sama na Butterworth, daga inda 'yan bindigar Canberra na No. 2 Squadron (wanda ya maye gurbin No. 1 Squadron) da CAC Sabres na No. 78 Wing suka gudanar da hare-haren ƙasa a kan' yan tawaye.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DVA (Department of Veterans' Affairs) (2025 ) |title=RAAF operations during the Malayan Emergency |url=https://anzacportal.dva.gov.au/wars-and-missions/malayan-emergency-1948-1960/raaf-operations |access-date=20 December 2025}}</ref> Masu lalata na Royal Australian Navy, wato Warramunga da Arunta, sun shiga cikin rundunar a watan Yuni 1955. Tsakanin shekarun 1956 zuwa 1960, jiragen ɗaukar jiragen sama Melbourne da Sydney, tare da masu lalata Anzac, Quadrant, Queenborough, Quiberon, Quickmatch, Tobruk, Vampire, Vendetta da Voyager, an haɗa su da rundunonin Commonwealth Strategic Reserve na tsawon watanni uku zuwa tara a lokaci guda. Wasu daga cikin masu lalatan sun yi amfani da makamansu wajen harbin wuraren da ’yan Kwaminisanci suke a jihar Johor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DVA (Department of Veterans' Affairs) (2025 ) |title=Naval operations during the Malayan Emergency |url=https://anzacportal.dva.gov.au/wars-and-missions/malayan-emergency-1948-1960/naval-operations |archive-url= |access-date=21 December 2025}}</ref> A shekarar 1973, an tura wata rundunar sojojin ƙasan Ostareliya (infantry company) mai suna Rifle Company Butterworth zuwa Sansanin Sojin Sama na RAAF Butterworth, domin samar da tsaro da rundunar gaggawa ga sansanin a lokacin da aka samu sake ƙarfafa ayyukan tawayen Kwaminisanci a Malaysia.<ref>Horner 2008, p. 256.</ref> Ko da yake an miƙa sansanin ga Rundunar Sojin Sama ta Malaysia (Royal Malaysian Air Force) a shekarar 1988, sannan aka kawo ƙarshen tawayen a hukumance a shekarar 1989, an ci gaba da gudanar da Rifle Company Butterworth. An ci gaba da amfani da rundunar ne domin bai wa sojojin Ostareliya damar samun horon yaƙin daji (jungle warfare), tare da yin horon haɗin gwiwa da musayar ƙwarewa da Rundunar Sojin Malaysia (Malaysian Army).<ref>Horner 2008, p. 340.</ref> == Bayani ==  {{Reflist}} == Manazarta == 4pwzzeh99fbje97zfvphe5s660rro1h 0 165270 906951 2026-08-24T08:05:57Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363013280|1951 Australian Communist Party ban referendum]]" 906951 wikitext text/x-wiki   A ranar 22 ga Satumba, 1951, an gudanar da ƙuri’ar raba gardama (referendum) a Ostareliya, wadda ta nemi amincewa da sauya Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Ostareliya (Australian Constitution) domin bai wa Majalisa ikon kafa dokoki da suka shafi Kwaminisanci da ’yan Kwaminisanci. Wannan zai bai wa Majalisar damar kafa wata doka mai kama da Dokar Rushe Jam’iyyar Kwaminisanci ta shekarar 1950 (Communist Party Dissolution Act of 1950).<ref name=":32">{{Cite news |date=1951-08-23 |title=NOTICE OF REFERENDUM. |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article232184828 |access-date=2019-08-15 |work=Commonwealth of Australia Gazette (National : 1901 - 1973) |pages=2153}}</ref> Sai dai, ba a amince da wannan gyaran kundin tsarin mulkin ba. == Bayanan da suka gabata == Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, yawan mambobin Jam’iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Ostareliya (Communist Party of Australia) ya kai kusan 20,000. Haka kuma, Fred Paterson ya lashe kujerar Bowen a zaɓen jihar Queensland na shekarar 1944.<ref name=":42">{{cite web |title=Prime Facts: The Communist Party Dissolution Act 1950 |url=http://static.moadoph.gov.au/ophgovau/media/images/apmc/docs/82-Communist-Party-ban.pdf |access-date=10 May 2020 |publisher=Museum of Australian Democracy, Old Parliament House}}</ref> ’Yan Kwaminisanci sun zama fitattu a cikin ƙungiyoyin kwadago, da kuma a cikin ƙungiyoyin al’adu da adabi. Bayan yunƙurin mayar da bankunan Ostareliya ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati (nationalisation) a shekarar 1948, Shugaban ’Yan Adawa Robert Menzies ya fara nuna damuwa cewa ra’ayoyin Kwaminisanci suna kutsawa cikin Jam’iyyar Labour ta Ostareliya (Australian Labor Party). Wani yajin aikin ma’aikatan layin dogo a Queensland da ya faru a wannan shekarar ya ƙara tabbatar masa da wannan tunani. Menzies ya yi alƙawarin cewa idan aka zaɓe shi, zai haramta Kwaminisanci.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Prime Facts: The Communist Party Dissolution Act 1950 |url=http://static.moadoph.gov.au/ophgovau/media/images/apmc/docs/82-Communist-Party-ban.pdf |access-date=10 May 2020 |publisher=Museum of Australian Democracy, Old Parliament House}}</ref> === Yaƙin neman zaɓe na tarayya na 1949 === A cikin Babban zaben 1949, sabuwar Jam'iyyar Liberal Party ta yi yakin neman zabe a kan wani dandalin adawa da kwaminisanci, wanda ya yi niyya ga yunkurin gwamnatin Labor na sanya banki a Ostiraliya, da kuma abin da Menzies ya dauka a matsayin karuwar barazanar kwaminisancin bayan yakin duniya na biyu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Election of Menzies |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/election-of-menzies |access-date=2019-08-22 |website=www.nma.gov.au |publisher=National Museum of Australia |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga watan Yunin 1949, masu hakar kwal sun fita yajin aiki, tare da goyon bayan Jam'iyyar Kwaminis da kungiyoyi daban-daban. Tattaunawar ta rushe da sauri tsakanin kungiyoyin kwadago da gwamnati kuma a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta, [[Ben Chifley|Firayim Minista Chifley]] ya aika da sojoji daga Sojojin Australiya don gudanar da ma'adanai har sai an warware rikicin. A rana ta huɗu, tashar jiragen ruwa ta Sydney ta cika da jiragen ruwa na kwal wanda ba zai iya barin tashar jiragen ba, ana jinkirta jigilar jiragen ruwa sosai ta hanyar ƙuntataccen sufuri. A ranar 1 ga watan Yulin gwamnati tana nazarin yiwuwar shigo da kwal daga Burtaniya.<ref name=":1" /> Yajin aikin ya dauki sama da makonni 6, har zuwa 15 ga watan Agusta.<ref name=":0" /> Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Firayim Minista Chifley ya kuma kawo doka don fara rarraba man fetur. Dukkanin wadannan abubuwan sun zama mahimman batutuwa a yakin neman zabe na tarayya na 1949. A lokacin yakin, Menzies ya tabbatar da cewa kwaminisanci shine "babban batun" na ranar. Ya zargi Jam'iyyar Labor da samun kwaminisanci, yana mai da hankali a matsayin tabbacin dokokin banki da ka'idoji a wasu fannoni na tattalin arziki. "Zaɓin ga Labor," ya ba da shawarar, "zaɓin ne ga Manufar gurguzu".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Election Speeches · Robert Menzies, 1949 · Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House |url=https://electionspeeches.moadoph.gov.au/speeches/1949-robert-menzies |access-date=2019-08-22 |website=electionspeeches.moadoph.gov.au}}</ref> Socialism ya kasance, a cewar Menzies, yana da lahani ga 'yanci da wadatar al'umma, kuma a dauke shi da gaske da kuma shahararren barazana ga hanyar rayuwa ta Australiya.<ref name=":2" /> A watan Disamba na shekarar 1949, Jam’iyyar Liberal, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Robert Menzies a matsayin Firayim Minista, ta samu rinjaye a Majalisar Wakilai (House of Representatives), inda ta lashe kujeru 74 daga cikin kujeru 12.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2005 |title=Federal Election Results 1949-2004 |url=http://www.rssfeeds.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rb/2004-05/05rb11.pdf |access-date=22 August 2019 |website=Parliament of Australia}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026}}</ref> === Dokar Rushe Jam'iyyar Kwaminis === A ranar 23 ga watan Yunin 1950, an gabatar da Dokar Rushewar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta 1950 (Cth). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Timeline |url=http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/timeline/results.aspx?type=pm&pm=Robert%20Menzies |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221955/http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/timeline/results.aspx?type=pm&pm=Robert%20Menzies |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=2019-09-15 |website=primeministers.naa.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> A cikin jawabinsa na gabatar da Dokar, Firayim Minista Menzies ya karanta sunayen mambobi 53 na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Ostiraliya, yana magana da su a matsayin "ƙananan masu cin amana" wanda ya yi barazana ga tsaron kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ParlInfo - COMMUNIST PARTY DISSOLUTION BILL 1950 : Second Reading |url=https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id:%22hansard80/hansardr80/1950-04-27/0141%22 |access-date=2019-09-15 |website=parlinfo.aph.gov.au}}</ref> Kudirin ya tsallake Majalisar Wakilai (House of Representatives), amma ya fuskanci matsaloli wajen wucewa a Majalisar Dattawa (Senate), wadda Jam’iyyar Labour ke da rinjaye a cikinta. Sanatocin Labour sun amince cewa ya kamata a rushe Jam’iyyar Kwaminisanci, amma suna da shakku game da bai wa Gwamna-Janar tare da Majalisar Zartarwa (Governor-General in Council), wato bangaren zartarwa na gwamnati, ikon “ayyana” wasu mutane a matsayin ’yan Kwaminisanci..<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=In office - Robert Menzies (26 April 1939 – 29 August 1941; 19 December 1949 – 26 January 1966) and Pattie Menzies |url=http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/menzies/in-office.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113103332/http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/menzies/in-office.aspx |archive-date=13 November 2013 |access-date=2019-09-15 |website=primeministers.naa.gov.au |publisher=National Archives of Australia |language=en-AU}}</ref> Wadannan ajiya sun kasance masu karfi sosai bayan Menzies ya yarda cewa sunayen mambobin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis waɗanda aka karanta a bene na House sun ƙunshi kurakurai.<ref name=":5" /> An gabatar da gyare-gyare da suka cire wannan iko, amma Jam'iyyar Labor daga baya ta janye adawar ta kuma Bill ya wuce Majalisar Dattijai ba tare da gyarewar ba a ranar 19 ga Oktoba 1950.<ref name=":5" /> An gabatar da shi a matsayin Dokar Rushewar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta 1950 (Cth) a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 1950. Dokar ta ba da izini ga Gwamna-Janar ya ayyana kowane mutum a matsayin kwaminisanci, inda gwamnatin zartarwa ta gamsu cewa mutumin "ya shiga, ko kuma yana iya shiga, cikin ayyukan da ke nuna bambanci ga tsaro da kare Commonwealth ko ga aiwatar da ko kiyaye Kundin Tsarin Mulki ko dokokin Commonwealth".<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Communist Party Dissolution Act 1950 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C1950A00016/Html/Text |access-date=2019-09-15 |website=www.legislation.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Irin waɗannan mutane ba a yarda Commonwealth ta yi amfani da su a cikin sabis na jama'a ba, ko kuma a cikin masana'antu da ake la'akari da mahimmanci ga kare Ostiraliya.<ref name=":6" /> Ba a ba su izinin yin takara ba kuma an hana su shiga ƙungiyar. An ayyana Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Ostiraliya a matsayin kungiya ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma an rushe ta, an kwace dukiyarta ga Commonwealth ba tare da diyya ba. Hakanan ana iya ayyana ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da su ba bisa ka'ida ba, bisa ga ra'ayin gwamnati.<ref name=":6" /> === ''Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Australiya da Commonwealth'' (1951) === Nan da nan bayan wucewar Dokar, an gabatar da ƙalubale a Babban Kotun. An saurari karar ne tun daga ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 1950 ta dukkan alƙalai bakwai na Babban Kotun. Tambayar ita ce ko gwamnatin tarayya tana da ikon zartar da wannan dokar a karkashin Sashe na 51 (vi) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ostiraliya (wanda aka fi sani da ''ikon tsaro''). Sashe na 51 (vi) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba majalisar ikon yin dokoki game da "tsaron sojan ruwa da na soja na Commonwealth da na Jihohi da yawa, da kuma kula da dakarun don aiwatar da kiyaye dokokin Commonwealth".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013Q00005/Html/Text |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329175859/http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013Q00005/Html/Text |archive-date=2016-03-29 |access-date=2019-09-16 |website=Australian Government}}</ref> Commonwealth ta yi iƙirarin cewa Dokar ta kasance mai inganci a ƙarƙashin wannan iko saboda kwaminisanci sun gabatar da barazana ga tsaron Australiya, saboda juyin juya halin shine babban jigon Marxism. A ranar 19 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1951, Kotun ta yanke hukunci 6:1 (Latham CJ ya nuna rashin amincewa) cewa Dokar ba ta da inganci. A ra'ayinsa, Fullagar J ya taƙaita matsayin mafi yawan rubuce-rubuce, <blockquote>Ba za a iya yin ingancin doka ko aikin gudanarwa da aka yi a karkashin doka ba don ya dogara da ra'ayin mai tsara doka, ko mutumin da zai yi aikin, cewa doka ko sakamakon aikin yana cikin ikon kundin tsarin mulki wanda dokar da ake tambaya kanta ta dogara da ingancin ta. Ikon yin dokoki game da fitilu ba ya ba da izinin yin doka game da wani abu wanda, a ra'ayin mai tsara doka, fitilu. Ikon yin shelar da ke ɗauke da sakamakon shari'a game da hasumiya abu ne guda: ikon yin irin wannan shelar game da duk wani abu wanda a ra'ayin Gwamna Janar shine hasumiya wani abu ne. </blockquote>An kira zaben raba gardama a ranar 23 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1951, wanda ya nemi saka wani sashi a cikin kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya ba da ikon Majalisar Tarayya ta yi dokoki game da kwaminisanci da kwaminis. Editocin jaridu sun fi amincewa da haramcin tare da editoci 12 a tallafi, takardu biyu ba su tsaya (Daily Mirror da Daily News), kuma jarida daya kawai a kan shi (The ''[[Argus (Melbourne)|Argus]]''). <ref name="Goot & Scalmer">{{Cite journal |last=Goot |first=Murray |last2=Scalmer |first2=Sean |date=2013 |title=Party Leaders, the Media, and Political Persuasion: The Campaigns of Evatt and Menzies on the Referendum to Protect Australia from Communism |journal=Australian Historical Studies |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=71–88 |doi=10.1080/1031461X.2012.760635 |s2cid=144887436}}</ref> Jam'iyyar Labor ta yanke shawarar yin kamfen don kada kuri'a duk da goyon bayan Bill ta hanyar majalisar dattijai a shekarar da ta gabata.<ref name=":5" /> Shugaban adawa [[H. V. Evatt|HV Evatt]] ya gudanar da jawabai da yawa fiye da Menzies kuma ya fara kamfen a baya, yana kamfen da karfi game da abin da ya ɗauka a matsayin ƙoƙarin Menzies na kafa jihar 'yan sanda a Ostiraliya. Sau da yawa masu tayar da hankali na yakin neman zabe sun katse jawabin Menzies, kodayake Menzies ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya yi farin ciki da tashin hankali saboda ya nuna "rashin girmamawa ga ka'idojin Liberal" na kwaminisanci.<ref name="Goot & Scalmer" /> Wasu mambobin Jam'iyyar Liberal da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da ba su da alaƙa sun kuma goyi bayan kamfen ɗin No, wanda ya lalata ƙoƙarin Menzies don shawo kan jama'a cewa wannan ma'auni ne mai mahimmanci.<ref name=":5" /> Duk da haka, makonni bakwai kafin kuri'ar, kashi 73.3% na masu amsa sun goyi bayan haramcin a cikin Gallup Poll.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morgan |first=Roy |date=3 August 1951 |title=Australian Gallup Poll, Survey 82 |url=https://dataverse.ada.edu.au/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.26193/BMAFWT |doi=10.26193/bmafwt}}</ref> Dalilin da ya sa goyon bayan Gallup ya ragu don Ee an kiyasta cewa musamman masu jefa kuri'a na Liberal sun fice daga matsayin hadin gwiwa, yayin da Labor ya ci gaba da kasancewa mafi kyau. Yawancin lokaci ana buƙatar tallafin jam'iyyun biyu don gyare-gyaren kundin tsarin mulki don wucewa a Ostiraliya.<ref name="Goot & Scalmer" /> An gudanar da raba gardama a ranar 22 ga Satumba 1951. <ref name=":5" /> Tambayar da ta bayyana a cikin kuri'un ita ce: Ba a gudanar da raba gardama ba. Da yake tunani game da sakamakon, Menzies ya ce "don samun kuri'u masu kyau daga mutanen Australiya akan shawarar raba gardama yana daya daga cikin Ayyukan Hercules". == Canje-canje da aka gabatar ga Tsarin Mulki == 'Canjin Tsarin Mulki (Ikon magance Kwaminisanci da Kwaminisancin) 1951' ya ba da shawarar sakawa cikin kundin tsarin mulki bayan sashi na 51 wannan rubutu mai zuwa.<blockquote>51A.-- (1.) Majalisar za ta sami ikon yin irin waɗannan dokoki don zaman lafiya, tsari da kyakkyawan gwamnati na Commonwealth dangane da kwaminisanci ko kwaminisancin kamar yadda Majalisar ta ga ya zama dole ko kuma ya dace don karewa ko tsaro na Commonwealth ko don aiwatar da ko kiyaye wannan Kundin Tsarin Mulki ko dokokin Commonwealth. (2.) Baya ga duk sauran iko da aka ba wa majalisar ta wannan Kundin Tsarin Mulki kuma ba tare da iyakance irin wannan iko ba, majalisar za ta sami iko--- (''a'') don yin doka a cikin sharuddan Dokar Rushewar Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta 1950-- (i) ba tare da canji ba; ko (ii) tare da canje-canje, kasancewa canje-canje dangane da batun da wannan Dokar ta magance ko kuma game da wasu al'amuran da Majalisar ke da ikon yin dokoki; (''b'') don yin dokoki da ke gyara dokar da aka yi a karkashin sakin layi na baya, amma don duk wani irin wannan gyare-gyare ya shafi batun da wannan dokar ta magance ko kuma game da wasu batutuwa da majalisar ke da ikon yin dokoki; da (''c'') don soke dokar da aka yi a ƙarƙashin kowane sakin layi biyu da suka gabata. (3.) A cikin wannan sashe, '<nowiki/>''Dokar Rushe Jam'iyyar Kwaminis'' ta 1950' tana nufin dokar da Majalisar Dattijai da Majalisar Wakilai suka gabatar, kuma Gwamna Janar ya amince da ita a ranar ashirin ta Oktoba, Dubu da ɗari da hamsin, kasancewar dokar da aka gabatar mai taken 'Dokar samar da Rushe Jamʼiyyar Kwaminis ta Australiya da sauran Kungiyoyin Kwaminisancin, don hana 'yan Kwaminisan kai daga wasu Ofisoshin, da kuma dalilai da suka haɗa da su da su'.</blockquote> == Sakamakon == {| class="wikitable" |+Sakamakon {{Refn|Handbook of the 44th Parliament (2014) {{cite web |url=http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id%3A%22handbook%2Fnewhandbook%2F2014-10-31%2F0049%22 |title=Part 5 - Referendums and Plebiscites - Referendum results |publisher=[[Parliamentary Library of Australia]]}}}}  |- align="center" ! rowspan="2" |Jiha ! rowspan="2" |Rubuce-rubucen zaɓe ! rowspan="2" |Zaben da aka bayar ! colspan="2" align="center" |Domin ! colspan="2" align="center" |A kan adawa ! rowspan="2" align="center" |Ba bisa ka'ida ba |- ! align="center" |Zabe ! align="center" |% ! align="center" |Zabe ! align="center" |% |- align="right" ! style="text-align:left;" |New South Wales |1,944,219 |1,861,147 |865,838 | align="center" |47.17 |969,868! {{No|52.83}} |25,441 |- align="right" ! style="text-align:left;" |Victoria |1,393,556 |1,326,024 |636,819 | align="center" |48.71 |670,513! {{No|51.29}} |18,692 |- align="right" ! style="text-align:left;" |Queensland |709,328 |675,916 |373,156! {{Yes|55.76}} |296,019 | align="center" |44.24 |6,741 |- align="right" ! style="text-align:left;" |Kudancin Australia |442,983 |427,253 |198,971 | align="center" |47.29 |221,763! {{No|52.71}} |6,519 |- align="right" ! style="text-align:left;" |Yammacin Ostiraliya |319,383 |305,653 |164,989! {{Yes|55.09}} |134,497 | align="center" |44.91 |6,167 |- align="right" ! style="text-align:left;" |Tasmania |164,868 |158,596 |78,154! {{Yes|50.26}} |77,349 | align="center" |49.74 |3,093 |- align="right" ! style="text-align:left;" |Sojoji {{Efn|Armed forces totals are also included in their respective states.}}  |  |9,472 |6,478 | align="center" |  |2,917 | align="center" |  |82 |- align="right" bgcolor="#FFE0C0" ! style="text-align:left" |Jimillar ga Commonwealth |4,974,337 |4,754,589 |2,317,927 | align="center" |49.44 |2,370,009! {{No|50.56}} |66,653 |- ! style="text-align:left;" |Sakamakon | colspan="8" |''Ya sami rinjaye a jihohi uku da kuma ƙarancin kuri'u 52,082.'' '''Ba a ɗauka ba''' |} == Dubi kuma == * Jerin jam'iyyun siyasa da aka haramta * Rashin Kwaminisanci * Siyasa a Ostiraliya * Tarihin Ostiraliya * Zaben raba gardama a Ostiraliya == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sznuk41ez19rmc88pm8qjjqex7mje7c 906954 906951 2026-08-24T08:06:56Z Saad Nuhu 43323 906954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A ranar 22 ga Satumba, 1951, an gudanar da ƙuri’ar raba gardama (referendum) a Ostareliya, wadda ta nemi amincewa da sauya Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Ostareliya (Australian Constitution) domin bai wa Majalisa ikon kafa dokoki da suka shafi Kwaminisanci da ’yan Kwaminisanci. Wannan zai bai wa Majalisar damar kafa wata doka mai kama da Dokar Rushe Jam’iyyar Kwaminisanci ta shekarar 1950 (Communist Party Dissolution Act of 1950).<ref name=":32">{{Cite news |date=1951-08-23 |title=NOTICE OF REFERENDUM. |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article232184828 |access-date=2019-08-15 |work=Commonwealth of Australia Gazette (National : 1901 - 1973) |pages=2153}}</ref> Sai dai, ba a amince da wannan gyaran kundin tsarin mulkin ba. == Bayanan da suka gabata == Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, yawan mambobin Jam’iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Ostareliya (Communist Party of Australia) ya kai kusan 20,000. Haka kuma, Fred Paterson ya lashe kujerar Bowen a zaɓen jihar Queensland na shekarar 1944.<ref name=":42">{{cite web |title=Prime Facts: The Communist Party Dissolution Act 1950 |url=http://static.moadoph.gov.au/ophgovau/media/images/apmc/docs/82-Communist-Party-ban.pdf |access-date=10 May 2020 |publisher=Museum of Australian Democracy, Old Parliament House}}</ref> ’Yan Kwaminisanci sun zama fitattu a cikin ƙungiyoyin kwadago, da kuma a cikin ƙungiyoyin al’adu da adabi. Bayan yunƙurin mayar da bankunan Ostareliya ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati (nationalisation) a shekarar 1948, Shugaban ’Yan Adawa Robert Menzies ya fara nuna damuwa cewa ra’ayoyin Kwaminisanci suna kutsawa cikin Jam’iyyar Labour ta Ostareliya (Australian Labor Party). Wani yajin aikin ma’aikatan layin dogo a Queensland da ya faru a wannan shekarar ya ƙara tabbatar masa da wannan tunani. Menzies ya yi alƙawarin cewa idan aka zaɓe shi, zai haramta Kwaminisanci.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Prime Facts: The Communist Party Dissolution Act 1950 |url=http://static.moadoph.gov.au/ophgovau/media/images/apmc/docs/82-Communist-Party-ban.pdf |access-date=10 May 2020 |publisher=Museum of Australian Democracy, Old Parliament House}}</ref> === Yaƙin neman zaɓe na tarayya na 1949 === A cikin Babban zaben 1949, sabuwar Jam'iyyar Liberal Party ta yi yakin neman zabe a kan wani dandalin adawa da kwaminisanci, wanda ya yi niyya ga yunkurin gwamnatin Labor na sanya banki a Ostiraliya, da kuma abin da Menzies ya dauka a matsayin karuwar barazanar kwaminisancin bayan yakin duniya na biyu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Election of Menzies |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/election-of-menzies |access-date=2019-08-22 |website=www.nma.gov.au |publisher=National Museum of Australia |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga watan Yunin 1949, masu hakar kwal sun fita yajin aiki, tare da goyon bayan Jam'iyyar Kwaminis da kungiyoyi daban-daban. Tattaunawar ta rushe da sauri tsakanin kungiyoyin kwadago da gwamnati kuma a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta, [[Ben Chifley|Firayim Minista Chifley]] ya aika da sojoji daga Sojojin Australiya don gudanar da ma'adanai har sai an warware rikicin. A rana ta huɗu, tashar jiragen ruwa ta Sydney ta cika da jiragen ruwa na kwal wanda ba zai iya barin tashar jiragen ba, ana jinkirta jigilar jiragen ruwa sosai ta hanyar ƙuntataccen sufuri. A ranar 1 ga watan Yulin gwamnati tana nazarin yiwuwar shigo da kwal daga Burtaniya.<ref name=":1" /> Yajin aikin ya dauki sama da makonni 6, har zuwa 15 ga watan Agusta.<ref name=":0" /> Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Firayim Minista Chifley ya kuma kawo doka don fara rarraba man fetur. Dukkanin wadannan abubuwan sun zama mahimman batutuwa a yakin neman zabe na tarayya na 1949. A lokacin yakin, Menzies ya tabbatar da cewa kwaminisanci shine "babban batun" na ranar. Ya zargi Jam'iyyar Labor da samun kwaminisanci, yana mai da hankali a matsayin tabbacin dokokin banki da ka'idoji a wasu fannoni na tattalin arziki. "Zaɓin ga Labor," ya ba da shawarar, "zaɓin ne ga Manufar gurguzu".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Election Speeches · Robert Menzies, 1949 · Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House |url=https://electionspeeches.moadoph.gov.au/speeches/1949-robert-menzies |access-date=2019-08-22 |website=electionspeeches.moadoph.gov.au}}</ref> Socialism ya kasance, a cewar Menzies, yana da lahani ga 'yanci da wadatar al'umma, kuma a dauke shi da gaske da kuma shahararren barazana ga hanyar rayuwa ta Australiya.<ref name=":2" /> A watan Disamba na shekarar 1949, Jam’iyyar Liberal, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Robert Menzies a matsayin Firayim Minista, ta samu rinjaye a Majalisar Wakilai (House of Representatives), inda ta lashe kujeru 74 daga cikin kujeru 12.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2005 |title=Federal Election Results 1949-2004 |url=http://www.rssfeeds.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rb/2004-05/05rb11.pdf |access-date=22 August 2019 |website=Parliament of Australia}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026}}</ref> === Dokar Rushe Jam'iyyar Kwaminis === A ranar 23 ga watan Yunin 1950, an gabatar da Dokar Rushewar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta 1950 (Cth). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Timeline |url=http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/timeline/results.aspx?type=pm&pm=Robert%20Menzies |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221955/http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/timeline/results.aspx?type=pm&pm=Robert%20Menzies |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=2019-09-15 |website=primeministers.naa.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> A cikin jawabinsa na gabatar da Dokar, Firayim Minista Menzies ya karanta sunayen mambobi 53 na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Ostiraliya, yana magana da su a matsayin "ƙananan masu cin amana" wanda ya yi barazana ga tsaron kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ParlInfo - COMMUNIST PARTY DISSOLUTION BILL 1950 : Second Reading |url=https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id:%22hansard80/hansardr80/1950-04-27/0141%22 |access-date=2019-09-15 |website=parlinfo.aph.gov.au}}</ref> Kudirin ya tsallake Majalisar Wakilai (House of Representatives), amma ya fuskanci matsaloli wajen wucewa a Majalisar Dattawa (Senate), wadda Jam’iyyar Labour ke da rinjaye a cikinta. Sanatocin Labour sun amince cewa ya kamata a rushe Jam’iyyar Kwaminisanci, amma suna da shakku game da bai wa Gwamna-Janar tare da Majalisar Zartarwa (Governor-General in Council), wato bangaren zartarwa na gwamnati, ikon “ayyana” wasu mutane a matsayin ’yan Kwaminisanci..<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=In office - Robert Menzies (26 April 1939 – 29 August 1941; 19 December 1949 – 26 January 1966) and Pattie Menzies |url=http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/menzies/in-office.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113103332/http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/menzies/in-office.aspx |archive-date=13 November 2013 |access-date=2019-09-15 |website=primeministers.naa.gov.au |publisher=National Archives of Australia |language=en-AU}}</ref> Wadannan ajiya sun kasance masu karfi sosai bayan Menzies ya yarda cewa sunayen mambobin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis waɗanda aka karanta a bene na House sun ƙunshi kurakurai.<ref name=":5" /> An gabatar da gyare-gyare da suka cire wannan iko, amma Jam'iyyar Labor daga baya ta janye adawar ta kuma Bill ya wuce Majalisar Dattijai ba tare da gyarewar ba a ranar 19 ga Oktoba 1950.<ref name=":5" /> An gabatar da shi a matsayin Dokar Rushewar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta 1950 (Cth) a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 1950. Dokar ta ba da izini ga Gwamna-Janar ya ayyana kowane mutum a matsayin kwaminisanci, inda gwamnatin zartarwa ta gamsu cewa mutumin "ya shiga, ko kuma yana iya shiga, cikin ayyukan da ke nuna bambanci ga tsaro da kare Commonwealth ko ga aiwatar da ko kiyaye Kundin Tsarin Mulki ko dokokin Commonwealth".<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Communist Party Dissolution Act 1950 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C1950A00016/Html/Text |access-date=2019-09-15 |website=www.legislation.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Irin waɗannan mutane ba a yarda Commonwealth ta yi amfani da su a cikin sabis na jama'a ba, ko kuma a cikin masana'antu da ake la'akari da mahimmanci ga kare Ostiraliya.<ref name=":6" /> Ba a ba su izinin yin takara ba kuma an hana su shiga ƙungiyar. An ayyana Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Ostiraliya a matsayin kungiya ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma an rushe ta, an kwace dukiyarta ga Commonwealth ba tare da diyya ba. Hakanan ana iya ayyana ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da su ba bisa ka'ida ba, bisa ga ra'ayin gwamnati.<ref name=":6" /> === ''Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Australiya da Commonwealth'' (1951) === Nan da nan bayan wucewar Dokar, an gabatar da ƙalubale a Babban Kotun. An saurari karar ne tun daga ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 1950 ta dukkan alƙalai bakwai na Babban Kotun. Tambayar ita ce ko gwamnatin tarayya tana da ikon zartar da wannan dokar a karkashin Sashe na 51 (vi) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ostiraliya (wanda aka fi sani da ''ikon tsaro''). Sashe na 51 (vi) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba majalisar ikon yin dokoki game da "tsaron sojan ruwa da na soja na Commonwealth da na Jihohi da yawa, da kuma kula da dakarun don aiwatar da kiyaye dokokin Commonwealth".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013Q00005/Html/Text |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329175859/http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013Q00005/Html/Text |archive-date=2016-03-29 |access-date=2019-09-16 |website=Australian Government}}</ref> Commonwealth ta yi iƙirarin cewa Dokar ta kasance mai inganci a ƙarƙashin wannan iko saboda kwaminisanci sun gabatar da barazana ga tsaron Australiya, saboda juyin juya halin shine babban jigon Marxism. A ranar 19 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1951, Kotun ta yanke hukunci 6:1 (Latham CJ ya nuna rashin amincewa) cewa Dokar ba ta da inganci. A ra'ayinsa, Fullagar J ya taƙaita matsayin mafi yawan rubuce-rubuce, <blockquote>Ba za a iya yin ingancin doka ko aikin gudanarwa da aka yi a karkashin doka ba don ya dogara da ra'ayin mai tsara doka, ko mutumin da zai yi aikin, cewa doka ko sakamakon aikin yana cikin ikon kundin tsarin mulki wanda dokar da ake tambaya kanta ta dogara da ingancin ta. Ikon yin dokoki game da fitilu ba ya ba da izinin yin doka game da wani abu wanda, a ra'ayin mai tsara doka, fitilu. Ikon yin shelar da ke ɗauke da sakamakon shari'a game da hasumiya abu ne guda: ikon yin irin wannan shelar game da duk wani abu wanda a ra'ayin Gwamna Janar shine hasumiya wani abu ne. </blockquote>An kira zaben raba gardama a ranar 23 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1951, wanda ya nemi saka wani sashi a cikin kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya ba da ikon Majalisar Tarayya ta yi dokoki game da kwaminisanci da kwaminis. Editocin jaridu sun fi amincewa da haramcin tare da editoci 12 a tallafi, takardu biyu ba su tsaya (Daily Mirror da Daily News), kuma jarida daya kawai a kan shi (The ''[[Argus (Melbourne)|Argus]]''). <ref name="Goot & Scalmer">{{Cite journal |last=Goot |first=Murray |last2=Scalmer |first2=Sean |date=2013 |title=Party Leaders, the Media, and Political Persuasion: The Campaigns of Evatt and Menzies on the Referendum to Protect Australia from Communism |journal=Australian Historical Studies |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=71–88 |doi=10.1080/1031461X.2012.760635 |s2cid=144887436}}</ref> Jam'iyyar Labor ta yanke shawarar yin kamfen don kada kuri'a duk da goyon bayan Bill ta hanyar majalisar dattijai a shekarar da ta gabata.<ref name=":5" /> Shugaban adawa [[H. V. Evatt|HV Evatt]] ya gudanar da jawabai da yawa fiye da Menzies kuma ya fara kamfen a baya, yana kamfen da karfi game da abin da ya ɗauka a matsayin ƙoƙarin Menzies na kafa jihar 'yan sanda a Ostiraliya. Sau da yawa masu tayar da hankali na yakin neman zabe sun katse jawabin Menzies, kodayake Menzies ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya yi farin ciki da tashin hankali saboda ya nuna "rashin girmamawa ga ka'idojin Liberal" na kwaminisanci.<ref name="Goot & Scalmer" /> Wasu mambobin Jam'iyyar Liberal da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da ba su da alaƙa sun kuma goyi bayan kamfen ɗin No, wanda ya lalata ƙoƙarin Menzies don shawo kan jama'a cewa wannan ma'auni ne mai mahimmanci.<ref name=":5" /> Duk da haka, makonni bakwai kafin kuri'ar, kashi 73.3% na masu amsa sun goyi bayan haramcin a cikin Gallup Poll.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morgan |first=Roy |date=3 August 1951 |title=Australian Gallup Poll, Survey 82 |url=https://dataverse.ada.edu.au/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.26193/BMAFWT |doi=10.26193/bmafwt}}</ref> Dalilin da ya sa goyon bayan Gallup ya ragu don Ee an kiyasta cewa musamman masu jefa kuri'a na Liberal sun fice daga matsayin hadin gwiwa, yayin da Labor ya ci gaba da kasancewa mafi kyau. Yawancin lokaci ana buƙatar tallafin jam'iyyun biyu don gyare-gyaren kundin tsarin mulki don wucewa a Ostiraliya.<ref name="Goot & Scalmer" /> An gudanar da raba gardama a ranar 22 ga Satumba 1951. <ref name=":5" /> Tambayar da ta bayyana a cikin kuri'un ita ce: Ba a gudanar da raba gardama ba. Da yake tunani game da sakamakon, Menzies ya ce "don samun kuri'u masu kyau daga mutanen Australiya akan shawarar raba gardama yana daya daga cikin Ayyukan Hercules". == Canje-canje da aka gabatar ga Tsarin Mulki == 'Canjin Tsarin Mulki (Ikon magance Kwaminisanci da Kwaminisancin) 1951' ya ba da shawarar sakawa cikin kundin tsarin mulki bayan sashi na 51 wannan rubutu mai zuwa.<blockquote>51A.-- (1.) Majalisar za ta sami ikon yin irin waɗannan dokoki don zaman lafiya, tsari da kyakkyawan gwamnati na Commonwealth dangane da kwaminisanci ko kwaminisancin kamar yadda Majalisar ta ga ya zama dole ko kuma ya dace don karewa ko tsaro na Commonwealth ko don aiwatar da ko kiyaye wannan Kundin Tsarin Mulki ko dokokin Commonwealth. (2.) Baya ga duk sauran iko da aka ba wa majalisar ta wannan Kundin Tsarin Mulki kuma ba tare da iyakance irin wannan iko ba, majalisar za ta sami iko--- (''a'') don yin doka a cikin sharuddan Dokar Rushewar Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta 1950-- (i) ba tare da canji ba; ko (ii) tare da canje-canje, kasancewa canje-canje dangane da batun da wannan Dokar ta magance ko kuma game da wasu al'amuran da Majalisar ke da ikon yin dokoki; (''b'') don yin dokoki da ke gyara dokar da aka yi a karkashin sakin layi na baya, amma don duk wani irin wannan gyare-gyare ya shafi batun da wannan dokar ta magance ko kuma game da wasu batutuwa da majalisar ke da ikon yin dokoki; da (''c'') don soke dokar da aka yi a ƙarƙashin kowane sakin layi biyu da suka gabata. (3.) A cikin wannan sashe, '<nowiki/>''Dokar Rushe Jam'iyyar Kwaminis'' ta 1950' tana nufin dokar da Majalisar Dattijai da Majalisar Wakilai suka gabatar, kuma Gwamna Janar ya amince da ita a ranar ashirin ta Oktoba, Dubu da ɗari da hamsin, kasancewar dokar da aka gabatar mai taken 'Dokar samar da Rushe Jamʼiyyar Kwaminis ta Australiya da sauran Kungiyoyin Kwaminisancin, don hana 'yan Kwaminisan kai daga wasu Ofisoshin, da kuma dalilai da suka haɗa da su da su'.</blockquote> == Sakamakon == {| class="wikitable" |+Sakamakon {{Refn|Handbook of the 44th Parliament (2014) {{cite web |url=http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id%3A%22handbook%2Fnewhandbook%2F2014-10-31%2F0049%22 |title=Part 5 - Referendums and Plebiscites - Referendum results |publisher=[[Parliamentary Library of Australia]]}}}}  |- align="center" ! rowspan="2" |Jiha ! rowspan="2" |Rubuce-rubucen zaɓe ! rowspan="2" |Zaben da aka bayar ! colspan="2" align="center" |Domin ! colspan="2" align="center" |A kan adawa ! rowspan="2" align="center" |Ba bisa ka'ida ba |- ! align="center" |Zabe ! align="center" |% ! align="center" |Zabe ! align="center" |% |- align="right" ! style="text-align:left;" |New South Wales |1,944,219 |1,861,147 |865,838 | align="center" |47.17 |969,868! {{No|52.83}} |25,441 |- align="right" ! style="text-align:left;" |Victoria |1,393,556 |1,326,024 |636,819 | align="center" |48.71 |670,513! {{No|51.29}} |18,692 |- align="right" ! style="text-align:left;" |Queensland |709,328 |675,916 |373,156! {{Yes|55.76}} |296,019 | align="center" |44.24 |6,741 |- align="right" ! style="text-align:left;" |Kudancin Australia |442,983 |427,253 |198,971 | align="center" |47.29 |221,763! {{No|52.71}} |6,519 |- align="right" ! style="text-align:left;" |Yammacin Ostiraliya |319,383 |305,653 |164,989! {{Yes|55.09}} |134,497 | align="center" |44.91 |6,167 |- align="right" ! style="text-align:left;" |Tasmania |164,868 |158,596 |78,154! {{Yes|50.26}} |77,349 | align="center" |49.74 |3,093 |- align="right" ! style="text-align:left;" |Sojoji {{Efn|Armed forces totals are also included in their respective states.}}  |  |9,472 |6,478 | align="center" |  |2,917 | align="center" |  |82 |- align="right" bgcolor="#FFE0C0" ! style="text-align:left" |Jimillar ga Commonwealth |4,974,337 |4,754,589 |2,317,927 | align="center" |49.44 |2,370,009! {{No|50.56}} |66,653 |- ! style="text-align:left;" |Sakamakon | colspan="8" |''Ya sami rinjaye a jihohi uku da kuma ƙarancin kuri'u 52,082.'' '''Ba a ɗauka ba''' |} == Dubi kuma == * Jerin jam'iyyun siyasa da aka haramta * Rashin Kwaminisanci * Siyasa a Ostiraliya * Tarihin Ostiraliya * Zaben raba gardama a Ostiraliya == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hqi6znwu0i1hwrrs90leez5efi3axmg 906957 906954 2026-08-24T08:13:04Z Baffa ali 47435 906957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A ranar 22 ga watan Satumba, a shekarar 1951, an gudanar da ƙuri’ar raba gardama (referendum) a Ostareliya, wadda ta nemi amincewa da sauya Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Ostareliya (Australian Constitution) domin bai wa Majalisa ikon kafa dokoki da suka shafi Kwaminisanci da ’yan Kwaminisanci. Wannan zai bai wa Majalisar damar kafa wata doka mai kama da Dokar Rushe Jam’iyyar Kwaminisanci ta shekarar 1950 (Communist Party Dissolution Act of 1950).<ref name=":32">{{Cite news |date=1951-08-23 |title=NOTICE OF REFERENDUM. |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article232184828 |access-date=2019-08-15 |work=Commonwealth of Australia Gazette (National : 1901 - 1973) |pages=2153}}</ref> Sai dai, ba a amince da wannan gyaran kundin tsarin mulkin ba. == Bayanan da suka gabata == Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, yawan mambobin Jam’iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Ostareliya (Communist Party of Australia) ya kai kusan 20,000. Haka kuma, Fred Paterson ya lashe kujerar Bowen a zaɓen jihar Queensland na shekarar 1944.<ref name=":42">{{cite web |title=Prime Facts: The Communist Party Dissolution Act 1950 |url=http://static.moadoph.gov.au/ophgovau/media/images/apmc/docs/82-Communist-Party-ban.pdf |access-date=10 May 2020 |publisher=Museum of Australian Democracy, Old Parliament House}}</ref> ’Yan Kwaminisanci sun zama fitattu a cikin ƙungiyoyin kwadago, da kuma a cikin ƙungiyoyin al’adu da adabi. Bayan yunƙurin mayar da bankunan Ostareliya ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati (nationalisation) a shekarar 1948, Shugaban ’Yan Adawa Robert Menzies ya fara nuna damuwa cewa ra’ayoyin Kwaminisanci suna kutsawa cikin Jam’iyyar Labour ta Ostareliya (Australian Labor Party). Wani yajin aikin ma’aikatan layin dogo a Queensland da ya faru a wannan shekarar ya ƙara tabbatar masa da wannan tunani. Menzies ya yi alƙawarin cewa idan aka zaɓe shi, zai haramta Kwaminisanci.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Prime Facts: The Communist Party Dissolution Act 1950 |url=http://static.moadoph.gov.au/ophgovau/media/images/apmc/docs/82-Communist-Party-ban.pdf |access-date=10 May 2020 |publisher=Museum of Australian Democracy, Old Parliament House}}</ref> === Yaƙin neman zaɓe na tarayya na 1949 === A cikin Babban zaben shekarar 1949, sabuwar Jam'iyyar Liberal Party ta yi yakin neman zabe a kan wani dandalin adawa da kwaminisanci, wanda ya yi niyya ga yunkurin gwamnatin Labor na sanya banki a Ostiraliya, da kuma abin da Menzies ya dauka a matsayin karuwar barazanar kwaminisancin bayan yakin duniya na biyu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Election of Menzies |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/election-of-menzies |access-date=2019-08-22 |website=www.nma.gov.au |publisher=National Museum of Australia |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga watan Yunin a shekarar 1949, masu hakar kwal sun fita yajin aiki, tare da goyon bayan Jam'iyyar Kwaminis da kungiyoyi daban-daban. Tattaunawar ta rushe da sauri tsakanin kungiyoyin kwadago da gwamnati kuma a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta, [[Ben Chifley|Firayim Minista Chifley]] ya aika da sojoji daga Sojojin Australiya don gudanar da ma'adanai har sai an warware rikicin. A rana ta huɗu, tashar jiragen ruwa ta Sydney ta cika da jiragen ruwa na kwal wanda ba zai iya barin tashar jiragen ba, ana jinkirta jigilar jiragen ruwa sosai ta hanyar ƙuntataccen sufuri. A ranar 1 ga watan Yulin gwamnati tana nazarin yiwuwar shigo da kwal daga Burtaniya.<ref name=":1" /> Yajin aikin ya dauki sama da makonni 6, har zuwa 15 ga watan Agusta.<ref name=":0" /> Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Firayim Minista Chifley ya kuma kawo doka don fara rarraba man fetur. Dukkanin wadannan abubuwan sun zama mahimman batutuwa a yakin neman zabe na tarayya na shekarar 1949. A lokacin yakin, Menzies ya tabbatar da cewa kwaminisanci shine "babban batun" na ranar. Ya zargi Jam'iyyar Labor da samun kwaminisanci, yana mai da hankali a matsayin tabbacin dokokin banki da ka'idoji a wasu fannoni na tattalin arziki. "Zaɓin ga Labor," ya ba da shawarar, "zaɓin ne ga Manufar gurguzu".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Election Speeches · Robert Menzies, 1949 · Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House |url=https://electionspeeches.moadoph.gov.au/speeches/1949-robert-menzies |access-date=2019-08-22 |website=electionspeeches.moadoph.gov.au}}</ref> Socialism ya kasance, a cewar Menzies, yana da lahani ga 'yanci da wadatar al'umma, kuma a dauke shi da gaske da kuma shahararren barazana ga hanyar rayuwa ta Australiya.<ref name=":2" /> A watan Disamba na shekarar 1949, Jam’iyyar Liberal, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Robert Menzies a matsayin Firayim Minista, ta samu rinjaye a Majalisar Wakilai (House of Representatives), inda ta lashe kujeru 74 daga cikin kujeru 12.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2005 |title=Federal Election Results 1949-2004 |url=http://www.rssfeeds.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rb/2004-05/05rb11.pdf |access-date=22 August 2019 |website=Parliament of Australia}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026}}</ref> === Dokar Rushe Jam'iyyar Kwaminis === A ranar 23 ga watan Yunin shekarar 1950, an gabatar da Dokar Rushewar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta shekarar 1950 (Cth). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Timeline |url=http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/timeline/results.aspx?type=pm&pm=Robert%20Menzies |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221955/http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/timeline/results.aspx?type=pm&pm=Robert%20Menzies |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=2019-09-15 |website=primeministers.naa.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> A cikin jawabinsa na gabatar da Dokar, Firayim Minista Menzies ya karanta sunayen mambobi 53 na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Ostiraliya, yana magana da su a matsayin "ƙananan masu cin amana" wanda ya yi barazana ga tsaron kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ParlInfo - COMMUNIST PARTY DISSOLUTION BILL 1950 : Second Reading |url=https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id:%22hansard80/hansardr80/1950-04-27/0141%22 |access-date=2019-09-15 |website=parlinfo.aph.gov.au}}</ref> Kudirin ya tsallake Majalisar Wakilai (House of Representatives), amma ya fuskanci matsaloli wajen wucewa a Majalisar Dattawa (Senate), wadda Jam’iyyar Labour ke da rinjaye a cikinta. Sanatocin Labour sun amince cewa ya kamata a rushe Jam’iyyar Kwaminisanci, amma suna da shakku game da bai wa Gwamna-Janar tare da Majalisar Zartarwa (Governor-General in Council), wato bangaren zartarwa na gwamnati, ikon “ayyana” wasu mutane a matsayin ’yan Kwaminisanci..<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=In office - Robert Menzies (26 April 1939 – 29 August 1941; 19 December 1949 – 26 January 1966) and Pattie Menzies |url=http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/menzies/in-office.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113103332/http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/menzies/in-office.aspx |archive-date=13 November 2013 |access-date=2019-09-15 |website=primeministers.naa.gov.au |publisher=National Archives of Australia |language=en-AU}}</ref> Wadannan ajiya sun kasance masu karfi sosai bayan Menzies ya yarda cewa sunayen mambobin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis waɗanda aka karanta a bene na House sun ƙunshi kurakurai.<ref name=":5" /> An gabatar da gyare-gyare da suka cire wannan iko, amma Jam'iyyar Labor daga baya ta janye adawar ta kuma Bill ya wuce Majalisar Dattijai ba tare da gyarewar ba a ranar 19 ga watan Oktoba a shekarar 1950.<ref name=":5" /> An gabatar da shi a matsayin Dokar Rushewar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta shekarar 1950 (Cth) a ranar 20 ga watan Oktoba a shekarar 1950. Dokar ta ba da izini ga Gwamna-Janar ya ayyana kowane mutum a matsayin kwaminisanci, inda gwamnatin zartarwa ta gamsu cewa mutumin "ya shiga, ko kuma yana iya shiga, cikin ayyukan da ke nuna bambanci ga tsaro da kare Commonwealth ko ga aiwatar da ko kiyaye Kundin Tsarin Mulki ko dokokin Commonwealth".<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Communist Party Dissolution Act 1950 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C1950A00016/Html/Text |access-date=2019-09-15 |website=www.legislation.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> Irin waɗannan mutane ba a yarda Commonwealth ta yi amfani da su a cikin sabis na jama'a ba, ko kuma a cikin masana'antu da ake la'akari da mahimmanci ga kare Ostiraliya.<ref name=":6" /> Ba a ba su izinin yin takara ba kuma an hana su shiga ƙungiyar. An ayyana Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Ostiraliya a matsayin kungiya ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma an rushe ta, an kwace dukiyarta ga Commonwealth ba tare da diyya ba. Hakanan ana iya ayyana ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da su ba bisa ka'ida ba, bisa ga ra'ayin gwamnati.<ref name=":6" /> === ''Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Australiya da Commonwealth'' (1951) === Nan da nan bayan wucewar Dokar, an gabatar da ƙalubale a Babban Kotun. An saurari karar ne tun daga ranar 14 ga watan Nuwamba a shekarar 1950 ta dukkan alƙalai bakwai na Babban Kotun. Tambayar ita ce ko gwamnatin tarayya tana da ikon zartar da wannan dokar a karkashin Sashe na 51 (vi) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ostiraliya (wanda aka fi sani da ''ikon tsaro''). Sashe na 51 (vi) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba majalisar ikon yin dokoki game da "tsaron sojan ruwa da na soja na Commonwealth da na Jihohi da yawa, da kuma kula da dakarun don aiwatar da kiyaye dokokin Commonwealth".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act |url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013Q00005/Html/Text |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329175859/http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013Q00005/Html/Text |archive-date=2016-03-29 |access-date=2019-09-16 |website=Australian Government}}</ref> Commonwealth ta yi iƙirarin cewa Dokar ta kasance mai inganci a ƙarƙashin wannan iko saboda kwaminisanci sun gabatar da barazana ga tsaron Australiya, saboda juyin juya halin shine babban jigon Marxism. A ranar 19 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1951, Kotun ta yanke hukunci 6:1 (Latham CJ ya nuna rashin amincewa) cewa Dokar ba ta da inganci. A ra'ayinsa, Fullagar J ya taƙaita matsayin mafi yawan rubuce-rubuce, <blockquote>Ba za a iya yin ingancin doka ko aikin gudanarwa da aka yi a karkashin doka ba don ya dogara da ra'ayin mai tsara doka, ko mutumin da zai yi aikin, cewa doka ko sakamakon aikin yana cikin ikon kundin tsarin mulki wanda dokar da ake tambaya kanta ta dogara da ingancin ta. Ikon yin dokoki game da fitilu ba ya ba da izinin yin doka game da wani abu wanda, a ra'ayin mai tsara doka, fitilu. Ikon yin shelar da ke ɗauke da sakamakon shari'a game da hasumiya abu ne guda: ikon yin irin wannan shelar game da duk wani abu wanda a ra'ayin Gwamna Janar shine hasumiya wani abu ne. </blockquote>An kira zaben raba gardama a ranar 23 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1951, wanda ya nemi saka wani sashi a cikin kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya ba da ikon Majalisar Tarayya ta yi dokoki game da kwaminisanci da kwaminis. Editocin jaridu sun fi amincewa da haramcin tare da editoci 12 a tallafi, takardu biyu ba su tsaya (Daily Mirror da Daily News), kuma jarida daya kawai a kan shi (The ''[[Argus (Melbourne)|Argus]]''). <ref name="Goot & Scalmer">{{Cite journal |last=Goot |first=Murray |last2=Scalmer |first2=Sean |date=2013 |title=Party Leaders, the Media, and Political Persuasion: The Campaigns of Evatt and Menzies on the Referendum to Protect Australia from Communism |journal=Australian Historical Studies |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=71–88 |doi=10.1080/1031461X.2012.760635 |s2cid=144887436}}</ref> Jam'iyyar Labor ta yanke shawarar yin kamfen don kada kuri'a duk da goyon bayan Bill ta hanyar majalisar dattijai a shekarar da ta gabata.<ref name=":5" /> Shugaban adawa [[H. V. Evatt|HV Evatt]] ya gudanar da jawabai da yawa fiye da Menzies kuma ya fara kamfen a baya, yana kamfen da karfi game da abin da ya ɗauka a matsayin ƙoƙarin Menzies na kafa jihar 'yan sanda a Ostiraliya. Sau da yawa masu tayar da hankali na yakin neman zabe sun katse jawabin Menzies, kodayake Menzies ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya yi farin ciki da tashin hankali saboda ya nuna "rashin girmamawa ga ka'idojin Liberal" na kwaminisanci.<ref name="Goot & Scalmer" /> Wasu mambobin Jam'iyyar Liberal da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da ba su da alaƙa sun kuma goyi bayan kamfen ɗin No, wanda ya lalata ƙoƙarin Menzies don shawo kan jama'a cewa wannan ma'auni ne mai mahimmanci.<ref name=":5" /> Duk da haka, makonni bakwai kafin kuri'ar, kashi 73.3% na masu amsa sun goyi bayan haramcin a cikin Gallup Poll.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morgan |first=Roy |date=3 August 1951 |title=Australian Gallup Poll, Survey 82 |url=https://dataverse.ada.edu.au/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.26193/BMAFWT |doi=10.26193/bmafwt}}</ref> Dalilin da ya sa goyon bayan Gallup ya ragu don Ee an kiyasta cewa musamman masu jefa kuri'a na Liberal sun fice daga matsayin hadin gwiwa, yayin da Labor ya ci gaba da kasancewa mafi kyau. Yawancin lokaci ana buƙatar tallafin jam'iyyun biyu don gyare-gyaren kundin tsarin mulki don wucewa a Ostiraliya.<ref name="Goot & Scalmer" /> An gudanar da raba gardama a ranar 22 ga watan Satumba a shekarar 1951. <ref name=":5" /> Tambayar da ta bayyana a cikin kuri'un ita ce: Ba a gudanar da raba gardama ba. Da yake tunani game da sakamakon, Menzies ya ce "don samun kuri'u masu kyau daga mutanen Australiya akan shawarar raba gardama yana daya daga cikin Ayyukan Hercules". == Canje-canje da aka gabatar ga Tsarin Mulki == 'Canjin Tsarin Mulki (Ikon magance Kwaminisanci da Kwaminisancin) a shekarar 1951' ya ba da shawarar sakawa cikin kundin tsarin mulki bayan sashi na 51 wannan rubutu mai zuwa.<blockquote>51A.-- (1.) Majalisar za ta sami ikon yin irin waɗannan dokoki don zaman lafiya, tsari da kyakkyawan gwamnati na Commonwealth dangane da kwaminisanci ko kwaminisancin kamar yadda Majalisar ta ga ya zama dole ko kuma ya dace don karewa ko tsaro na Commonwealth ko don aiwatar da ko kiyaye wannan Kundin Tsarin Mulki ko dokokin Commonwealth. (2.) Baya ga duk sauran iko da aka ba wa majalisar ta wannan Kundin Tsarin Mulki kuma ba tare da iyakance irin wannan iko ba, majalisar za ta sami iko--- (''a'') don yin doka a cikin sharuddan Dokar Rushewar Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta 1950-- (i) ba tare da canji ba; ko (ii) tare da canje-canje, kasancewa canje-canje dangane da batun da wannan Dokar ta magance ko kuma game da wasu al'amuran da Majalisar ke da ikon yin dokoki; (''b'') don yin dokoki da ke gyara dokar da aka yi a karkashin sakin layi na baya, amma don duk wani irin wannan gyare-gyare ya shafi batun da wannan dokar ta magance ko kuma game da wasu batutuwa da majalisar ke da ikon yin dokoki; da (''c'') don soke dokar da aka yi a ƙarƙashin kowane sakin layi biyu da suka gabata. (3.) A cikin wannan sashe, '<nowiki/>''Dokar Rushe Jam'iyyar Kwaminis'' ta 1950' tana nufin dokar da Majalisar Dattijai da Majalisar Wakilai suka gabatar, kuma Gwamna Janar ya amince da ita a ranar ashirin ta Oktoba, Dubu da ɗari da hamsin, kasancewar dokar da aka gabatar mai taken 'Dokar samar da Rushe Jamʼiyyar Kwaminis ta Australiya da sauran Kungiyoyin Kwaminisancin, don hana 'yan Kwaminisan kai daga wasu Ofisoshin, da kuma dalilai da suka haɗa da su da su'.</blockquote> == Sakamakon == {| class="wikitable" |+Sakamakon {{Refn|Handbook of the 44th Parliament (2014) {{cite web |url=http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id%3A%22handbook%2Fnewhandbook%2F2014-10-31%2F0049%22 |title=Part 5 - Referendums and Plebiscites - Referendum results |publisher=[[Parliamentary Library of Australia]]}}}}  |- align="center" ! rowspan="2" |Jiha ! rowspan="2" |Rubuce-rubucen zaɓe ! rowspan="2" |Zaben da aka bayar ! colspan="2" align="center" |Domin ! colspan="2" align="center" |A kan adawa ! rowspan="2" align="center" |Ba bisa ka'ida ba |- ! align="center" |Zabe ! align="center" |% ! align="center" |Zabe ! align="center" |% |- align="right" ! style="text-align:left;" |New South Wales |1,944,219 |1,861,147 |865,838 | align="center" |47.17 |969,868! {{No|52.83}} |25,441 |- align="right" ! style="text-align:left;" |Victoria |1,393,556 |1,326,024 |636,819 | align="center" |48.71 |670,513! {{No|51.29}} |18,692 |- align="right" ! style="text-align:left;" |Queensland |709,328 |675,916 |373,156! {{Yes|55.76}} |296,019 | align="center" |44.24 |6,741 |- align="right" ! style="text-align:left;" |Kudancin Australia |442,983 |427,253 |198,971 | align="center" |47.29 |221,763! {{No|52.71}} |6,519 |- align="right" ! style="text-align:left;" |Yammacin Ostiraliya |319,383 |305,653 |164,989! {{Yes|55.09}} |134,497 | align="center" |44.91 |6,167 |- align="right" ! style="text-align:left;" |Tasmania |164,868 |158,596 |78,154! {{Yes|50.26}} |77,349 | align="center" |49.74 |3,093 |- align="right" ! style="text-align:left;" |Sojoji {{Efn|Armed forces totals are also included in their respective states.}}  |  |9,472 |6,478 | align="center" |  |2,917 | align="center" |  |82 |- align="right" bgcolor="#FFE0C0" ! style="text-align:left" |Jimillar ga Commonwealth |4,974,337 |4,754,589 |2,317,927 | align="center" |49.44 |2,370,009! {{No|50.56}} |66,653 |- ! style="text-align:left;" |Sakamakon | colspan="8" |''Ya sami rinjaye a jihohi uku da kuma ƙarancin kuri'u 52,082.'' '''Ba a ɗauka ba''' |} == Dubi kuma == * Jerin jam'iyyun siyasa da aka haramta * Rashin Kwaminisanci * Siyasa a Ostiraliya * Tarihin Ostiraliya * Zaben raba gardama a Ostiraliya == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> j4jh2uwy2teo4nc7w0zpfmo78bwecon 0 165271 906961 2026-08-24T08:24:43Z Santa MMD 23886 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361559292|Harry Brightmore]]" 906961 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Harry Brightmore''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1994) ɗan wasan motsa jiki ne na Burtaniya .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=https://www.britishrowing.org/athlete/harry-brightmore/ |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=British Rowing}}</ref> Shi dan wasan Olympics ne kuma ya lashe kofin duniya sau biyu. == Junior da varsity rowing == Brightmore ya halarci King's School, Chester inda ya fara yin kwalliya a shekara ta 2008. Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Oxford Brookes Babban kulob din jirgin ruwa ya fito ne daga Oxford Brookes University Boat Club. A shekara ta 2023, ya lashe kofin Grand Challenge (abin da ya faru a Henley Royal Regatta) a karo na biyu, a bayan Oxford Brookes / Leander manyan maza takwas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2023 |title=Leander, Oxford Brookes and Thames dominate at Henley Royal Regatta |url=https://www.britishrowing.org/2023/07/leander-oxford-brookes-and-thames-dominate-at-henley-royal-regatta/ |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=British Rowing}}</ref> Nasarar da ya samu a shekarar 2021 a wannan taron ta kasance a cikin ma'aikatan Oxford Brookes. == Ayyukan wakilin kasa da kasa == Brightmore ya fara zama wakilin kasa da kasa na farko ga Burtaniya a cikin hudu wanda ya kai matsayi na huɗu a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta U23 ta 2014. A cikin 2015 da 2016 ya buga 'yan wasa takwas na maza na U23 na Burtaniya a gasar zakarun duniya ta U23 na shekarun nan.<ref name="Career" /> Farkon bayyanarsa na farko na wakilin kasa ya kasance a ƙarƙashin zane na mazajen GB a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2017.<ref name="Career" /> Ya kasance a 2022 lokacin da Brightmore ya kama igiyoyin rudder a cikin manyan maza takwas na GB kuma a wannan shekarar ya zama zakara na duniya lokacin da wannan ƙungiyar ta lashe lambar yabo ta takwas a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2022. Ya riga ya lashe zinare a wannan kakar a Gasar Zakarun Turai ta 2022. A Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2023 a Belgrade, ya lashe lambar zinare ta biyu a Gasar Cin kofin Duniya a cikin maza takwas. Ya lashe lambar zinare a matsayin wani ɓangare na Burtaniya takwas a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2024 |title=Britain's men win gold and women bronze in eights |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/articles/cek9ke3d0x0o |access-date=3 August 2024 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * Harry BrightmoreaJirgin Ruwa na Duniya * [https://www.britishrowing.org/athlete/harry-brightmore/ Harry Brightmore] a Birtaniya RowingJirgin ruwa na Burtaniya * Harry BrightmoreaKungiyar GB * Harry BrightmoreaOlympics.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20241006163913/https://www.olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/harry-brightmore_1901041 Harry Brightmore] a gasar Olympics ta Paris 2024 (an adana shi, [https://paris2024.rtve.es/es/paris-2024/atleta/harry-brightmore_1901041 madadin hanyar haɗi]) * Harry Brightmorea kanInstagram [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] ibw8sjb4jcem0cbxy851madj18tsua7 906962 906961 2026-08-24T08:25:00Z Santa MMD 23886 906962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Harry Brightmore''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1994) ɗan wasan motsa jiki ne na Burtaniya .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=https://www.britishrowing.org/athlete/harry-brightmore/ |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=British Rowing}}</ref> Shi dan wasan Olympics ne kuma ya lashe kofin duniya sau biyu. == Junior da varsity rowing == Brightmore ya halarci King's School, Chester inda ya fara yin kwalliya a shekara ta 2008. Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Oxford Brookes Babban kulob din jirgin ruwa ya fito ne daga Oxford Brookes University Boat Club. A shekara ta 2023, ya lashe kofin Grand Challenge (abin da ya faru a Henley Royal Regatta) a karo na biyu, a bayan Oxford Brookes / Leander manyan maza takwas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2023 |title=Leander, Oxford Brookes and Thames dominate at Henley Royal Regatta |url=https://www.britishrowing.org/2023/07/leander-oxford-brookes-and-thames-dominate-at-henley-royal-regatta/ |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=British Rowing}}</ref> Nasarar da ya samu a shekarar 2021 a wannan taron ta kasance a cikin ma'aikatan Oxford Brookes. == Ayyukan wakilin kasa da kasa == Brightmore ya fara zama wakilin kasa da kasa na farko ga Burtaniya a cikin hudu wanda ya kai matsayi na huɗu a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta U23 ta 2014. A cikin 2015 da 2016 ya buga 'yan wasa takwas na maza na U23 na Burtaniya a gasar zakarun duniya ta U23 na shekarun nan.<ref name="Career" /> Farkon bayyanarsa na farko na wakilin kasa ya kasance a ƙarƙashin zane na mazajen GB a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2017.<ref name="Career" /> Ya kasance a 2022 lokacin da Brightmore ya kama igiyoyin rudder a cikin manyan maza takwas na GB kuma a wannan shekarar ya zama zakara na duniya lokacin da wannan ƙungiyar ta lashe lambar yabo ta takwas a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2022. Ya riga ya lashe zinare a wannan kakar a Gasar Zakarun Turai ta 2022. A Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2023 a Belgrade, ya lashe lambar zinare ta biyu a Gasar Cin kofin Duniya a cikin maza takwas. Ya lashe lambar zinare a matsayin wani ɓangare na Burtaniya takwas a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2024 |title=Britain's men win gold and women bronze in eights |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/articles/cek9ke3d0x0o |access-date=3 August 2024 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * Harry BrightmoreaJirgin Ruwa na Duniya * [https://www.britishrowing.org/athlete/harry-brightmore/ Harry Brightmore] a Birtaniya RowingJirgin ruwa na Burtaniya * Harry BrightmoreaKungiyar GB * Harry BrightmoreaOlympics.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20241006163913/https://www.olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/harry-brightmore_1901041 Harry Brightmore] a gasar Olympics ta Paris 2024 (an adana shi, [https://paris2024.rtve.es/es/paris-2024/atleta/harry-brightmore_1901041 madadin hanyar haɗi]) * Harry Brightmorea kanInstagram [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] mon6hlv6y5wh8qv8pfephaqtl7gd0j2 906963 906962 2026-08-24T08:25:13Z Santa MMD 23886 /* Bayanan da aka ambata */ 906963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Harry Brightmore''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1994) ɗan wasan motsa jiki ne na Burtaniya .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=https://www.britishrowing.org/athlete/harry-brightmore/ |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=British Rowing}}</ref> Shi dan wasan Olympics ne kuma ya lashe kofin duniya sau biyu. == Junior da varsity rowing == Brightmore ya halarci King's School, Chester inda ya fara yin kwalliya a shekara ta 2008. Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Oxford Brookes Babban kulob din jirgin ruwa ya fito ne daga Oxford Brookes University Boat Club. A shekara ta 2023, ya lashe kofin Grand Challenge (abin da ya faru a Henley Royal Regatta) a karo na biyu, a bayan Oxford Brookes / Leander manyan maza takwas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2023 |title=Leander, Oxford Brookes and Thames dominate at Henley Royal Regatta |url=https://www.britishrowing.org/2023/07/leander-oxford-brookes-and-thames-dominate-at-henley-royal-regatta/ |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=British Rowing}}</ref> Nasarar da ya samu a shekarar 2021 a wannan taron ta kasance a cikin ma'aikatan Oxford Brookes. == Ayyukan wakilin kasa da kasa == Brightmore ya fara zama wakilin kasa da kasa na farko ga Burtaniya a cikin hudu wanda ya kai matsayi na huɗu a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta U23 ta 2014. A cikin 2015 da 2016 ya buga 'yan wasa takwas na maza na U23 na Burtaniya a gasar zakarun duniya ta U23 na shekarun nan.<ref name="Career" /> Farkon bayyanarsa na farko na wakilin kasa ya kasance a ƙarƙashin zane na mazajen GB a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2017.<ref name="Career" /> Ya kasance a 2022 lokacin da Brightmore ya kama igiyoyin rudder a cikin manyan maza takwas na GB kuma a wannan shekarar ya zama zakara na duniya lokacin da wannan ƙungiyar ta lashe lambar yabo ta takwas a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2022. Ya riga ya lashe zinare a wannan kakar a Gasar Zakarun Turai ta 2022. A Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2023 a Belgrade, ya lashe lambar zinare ta biyu a Gasar Cin kofin Duniya a cikin maza takwas. Ya lashe lambar zinare a matsayin wani ɓangare na Burtaniya takwas a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2024 |title=Britain's men win gold and women bronze in eights |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/articles/cek9ke3d0x0o |access-date=3 August 2024 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Harry BrightmoreaJirgin Ruwa na Duniya * [https://www.britishrowing.org/athlete/harry-brightmore/ Harry Brightmore] a Birtaniya RowingJirgin ruwa na Burtaniya * Harry BrightmoreaKungiyar GB * Harry BrightmoreaOlympics.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20241006163913/https://www.olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/harry-brightmore_1901041 Harry Brightmore] a gasar Olympics ta Paris 2024 (an adana shi, [https://paris2024.rtve.es/es/paris-2024/atleta/harry-brightmore_1901041 madadin hanyar haɗi]) * Harry Brightmorea kanInstagram [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] s4ln7su9wliyvvou1l137j0036v3lui 0 165272 906973 2026-08-24T08:58:42Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368099398|Carpet bombing]]" 906973 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Barcelona_bombing_(1938).jpg|thumb|Fashewar bam na farko daga iska a tarihi shine Bombing na Barcelona . An kashe mutane 1,300 a cikin kwanaki 3, 16-18 Maris 1938]] [[Fayil:Rotterdam,_Laurenskerk,_na_bombardement_van_mei_1940.jpg|thumb|A ranar 14 ga Mayu 1940 da karfe 1:22 na yamma, a cikin Rotterdam Blitz, 'yan bam na Jamus sun ƙone dukan birnin da bama-bamai masu cin wuta, inda suka kashe mazauna 814.&nbsp;]] [[Fayil:Wesel_1945.jpg|thumb|An lalata Wesel kashi 97% kafin sojojin Allied su karbe shi a shekarar 1945]] fashewar bam, wanda aka fi sani da "fashewar bam" da "fashin bam", babban fashewar bam ne da aka yi a hanyar ci gaba don haifar da lalacewa a kowane bangare na yankin da aka zaɓa.{{r|WordNet}}{{r|Keane}}{{r|Dickson}}Carpet bombing yana nufin wani nau’in harin bama-bamai kan wani yanki gaba ɗaya, wanda manufarsa ita ce lalata yankin da aka nufa gaba ɗaya ta hanyar jefa bama-bamai a kowane ɓangare na yankin. Kalmar tana haifar da hoton fashe-fashen bama-bamai da suka mamaye wani yanki gaba ɗaya, kamar yadda kafet ke rufe bene. Yawanci ana aiwatar da carpet bombing ne ta hanyar jefa bama-bamai marasa jagora (unguided bombs) da yawa a lokaci guda ko a jere. Ana amfani da kalmar “obliteration bombing” wani lokaci wajen bayyana tsananin kai harin bama-bamai, musamman idan manufar ita ce lalata birni gaba ɗaya ko wani babban ɓangare na birni. Kalmar “area bombing” tana nufin jefa bama-bamai ba tare da ware takamaiman wuraren hari ba a wani yanki, kuma tana haɗawa da nau’o’in carpet bombing, ciki har da obliteration bombing. An fi amfani da kalmar ''area bombing'' da wannan ma’ana musamman a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu da kuma Yaƙin Koriya. Ana bambanta area bombing da precision bombing (kai harin bama-bamai cikin takamaiman manufa). Precision bombing yana nufin kai hari ga wani takamaiman wuri da aka zaɓa—wanda ba lallai ne ya zama ƙaramin wuri ko manufa ta soja kai tsaye ba; alal misali, yana iya zama filin jirgin sama ko masana’anta. Manufarsa ba ita ce haddasa babbar barna da ta bazu a faɗin yanki ba. Kalmar “area bombing” ta fara samun karɓuwa sosai a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.. An yi la'akari da fashewar bam a birane, garuruwa, ƙauyuka ko wasu yankuna da ke dauke da tarin fararen hula masu kariya a matsayin [[Laifin Yaƙi|Laifin yaki]] tun 1977, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Crimes of War – Carpet or Area Bombing |url=http://www.crimesofwar.org/a-z-guide/carpet-or-area-bombing/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151202081911/http://www.crimesofwar.org/a-z-guide/carpet-or-area-bombing/ |archive-date=2 December 2015 |access-date=2015-12-08}}</ref> ta hanyar Mataki na 51 na Ƙarin Yarjejeniya I na Yarjejeniyar Geneva.<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Carpet bombing |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/carpet-bombing |access-date=June 21, 2019 |publisher=[[Britannica.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 1977 |title=Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Additional Protocol (I) to the Geneva Conventions, 1977 - 51 - Protection of the civilian population |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=4BEBD9920AE0AEAEC12563CD0051DC9E |access-date=21 June 2019 |publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Additional Protocol (I) to the Geneva Conventions, 1977 - 51 - Protection of the civilian population - Commentary of 1987 |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Comment.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=5E5142B6BA102B45C12563CD00434741 |access-date=21 June 2019 |website=Paragraph 5 |publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)}}</ref> == Tarihin Farko == Ɗaya daga cikin yunkurin farko na fashewar bam na kafet ya kasance a Yaƙin El Mazuco a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Spain a 1937, a kan yaduwar sojan ƙasa a kan gangaren duwatsu, kuma Condor Legion mai kai farmaki ya koyi cewa fashewar kafet ba ta da tasiri sosai a irin wannan filin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=El Mazuco (The Impossible Defense) |url=http://www.speleogroup.org/files/ElMazuco-impossible-defence.html |access-date=21 June 2019 |website=www.speleogroup.org}}</ref> In March 1938, the Bombing of Barcelona saw Italian and German airstrikes killing up to 1,300 people and wounding 2,000. It is considered the first carpet bombing of a city,<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=The Spanish Civil War|last=Thomas|first=Hugh|date=2003|publisher=Penguin|isbn=9780141011615|edition=4th|location=London|oclc=53806663}}</ref>  and set a precedent for several such bombings in World War II. Harin bama-bamai da Japan ta kai wa Chongqing, babban birnin China na lokacin yaƙi, daga ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 1938 zuwa 23 ga Agusta 1943, ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 23,600, sannan sama da 30,000 suka jikkata. == A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu == === Binciken da aka yi kafin yaƙin === A cikin shekarun tsakanin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko da na Biyu, an ƙara samun ra’ayin cewa idan yaƙi ya barke, za a lalata birane cikin sauri ta hanyar hare-haren bama-bamai daga sama. Ana sa ran za a yi amfani da gas mai guba, kuma ana hasashen za a samu mummunar barna sakamakon amfani da bama-bamai masu fashewa da ƙarfi. Wannan ra’ayi ya samo asali ne, a wani ɓangare, daga ra’ayoyin wasu ƙwararrun masana dabarun yaƙi, kamar Douhet, sannan ’yan siyasa da ’yan jarida suka ɗauke shi suka yaɗa shi. Misali, Stanley Baldwin ya ƙirƙiri sanannen furucin “The bomber will always get through”, wato “Jirgin saman jefa bama-bamai koyaushe zai iya kaiwa inda aka nufa.” Wasu ra’ayoyi sun nuna cewa kai hari kan fararen hula zai iya karya ƙwarin gwiwa da ɗabi’ar jama’a, wanda hakan zai iya haifar da rikicin cikin gida da tayar da zaune-tsaye, har ya tilasta wa gwamnati mika wuya. A cewar Baldwin, ƙasashen da ke yaƙi na iya shiga wata gasa ta karya ƙwarin gwiwar fararen hular ɗayan ɓangaren, inda kowanne ɓangare zai yi ƙoƙarin karya ruhin jama’ar abokin gaba kafin ɗayan ya samu damar yin hakan.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}} Akwai sakamako biyu daga wannan. Da farko, an kafa shirye-shiryen tsaro na farar hula, tare da bayar da abin rufe fuska na gas, an kafa tsare-tsaren mafaka na hare-haren iska kuma an kafa kungiyoyi don sarrafa fararen hula kafin hari da magance lalacewa da wadanda suka mutu bayan an sanya daya. Abu na biyu, an nemi yarjejeniyoyi don yin niyya ga fararen hula ba bisa ka'ida ba a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa. A lokacin da Douhet da sauransu ke buga ra'ayoyinsu, babu rundunar sojan sama da ta tsara iyawarsu da niyyar yin "knockout blow" a kan fararen hula.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}}An kirkiro Dokokin Hague na Yakin Jirgin Sama a cikin 1922-23 don hana kai hari da gangan ga fararen hula, duk da haka babu wata ƙasa da ta tabbatar da shi.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}}A farkon yakin duniya na biyu, Royal Air Force yana da umarni na farko don bin Dokokin Hague muddin abokan gaba sun yi.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}}Wannan ƙuntatawa ta biyo bayan Burtaniya har zuwa 11 ga Mayu 1940, lokacin da, tare da Winston Churchill yanzu a matsayin Firayim Minista kuma yaƙi a Faransa yana tafiya mara kyau, RAF ta kai hari kan masana'antu da kayan aikin sufuri a Mönchengladbach. Wannan hari ya haifar da mutuwar fararen hula.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}} === Fashewar bama-bamai ta Jamus === A cikin Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai, birni na farko da ya sha wahala sosai daga bama-bamai na sama shine Warsaw, a ranar 25 ga Satumba 1939 bayan farawar mamayar Jamus a Poland. Ci gaba da wannan yanayin a yaƙi, [[Rotterdam]]_Blitz" id="mwig" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Rotterdam Blitz">Rotterdam Blitz wani bama-bamai ne na Rotterdam da bama-bomb 90 na rundunar sojan saman Jamus a ranar 14 ga Mayu 1940, a lokacin mamayewar Jamus a Netherlands. Manufar ita ce ta goyi bayan hare-haren Jamus a kan birnin, ta karya juriyar Dutch, da kuma tilasta wa Dutch su mika wuya. Duk da tsagaita wuta, fashewar bam din ta lalata kusan dukkanin tsakiyar gari na tarihi, ta kashe kusan fararen hula ɗari tara kuma ta bar mutane 30,000 ba tare da gida ba. Nasarar fashewar bam din ta jagoranci ''Oberkommando der Luftwaffe'' (OKL, Babban Kwamandan Luftwaffe) don yin barazanar lalata birnin Utrecht idan Gwamnatin Holland ba ta mika wuya ba. Yaren mutanen Holland sun mika wuya da sassafe.{{Sfn|Hooton|2007}} Yayin da yakin ya ci gaba, Yaƙin Burtaniya ya ci gaba daga gwagwarmaya don rinjaye a cikin dabarun da bama-bamai na London, Liverpool, Coventry da sauran biranen Burtaniya. === Fashewar bama-bamai ta Yamma === A farkon yakin, RAF Bomber Command ba ta da tsarin kewayawa don gano manufa da kuma yawan bama-bamai da ake buƙata don yin hare-hare na kowane sikelin a Jamus. Yayin da aka kawo manyan bama-bamai cikin sabis kuma an inganta fasaha da dabarun, an canza zaɓin manufofi. Manufar guje wa mutuwar fararen hula kamar yadda lalacewar ta ɓace. Maimakon haka, fararen hula da suka yi aiki a masana'antun da suka shafi yaki - da gidajensu - sun zama manufa. Wasu daga cikin wannan canjin sun fito ne daga sha'awar ramawa ga harin Jamus a kan Coventry.{{Efn|The war cabinet agreed, in November 1940, the indiscriminate bombing of a German city as retaliation for the German raid on Coventry.{{sfn|Overy|2013|p=262}}}} Har ila yau, ya dogara ne akan abin da aka koya daga kasancewa manufa a cikin Blitz. An gano cewa gine-ginen masana'antu sun fi tsayayya da mummunar lalacewa fiye da gidajen ma'aikatansu. Rashin ma'aikata ya karu sosai idan gidajensu ba su da zama, don haka yana shafar masana'antu. Yayinda ake tattauna halin kirki, ma'anar kalmar ta canza daga amfani da ita kafin yakin. Yanzu an yi niyyar rage halin kirki don rage samar da masana'antu wanda ya goyi bayan kokarin yaki.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}}An ba da umarnin fashewar bam ga RAF Bomber Command a cikin 1942. Sojojin Sama na takwas na USAAF sun isa Burtaniya a lokacin rani na 1942. Duk da rokon [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] ga [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] don kauce wa jefa bam ga fararen hula kafin Amurka ta shiga yakin, ya kasance mai goyon bayan jefa bam a Jamus. Dukansu [[Winston Churchill|Churchill]] da Roosevelt suna cikin matsayin da [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] ke matsawa ga Yammacin Allies don buɗe sabon gaba a Turai, wani abu da ba su shirya yin ba. Saboda haka yakin fashewar bam - Combined Bomber Offensive - bin umarnin Casablanca ga sojojin saman Allied shine duk abin da za su iya bayarwa don tallafawa [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]]. Operation Gomorrah, wanda Kwamandan Bomber ya gudanar a kan [[Hamburg]], ya yi niyya ga birni mai saukin kamuwa da wuta da kuma yawan masana'antun da ke yin kayayyaki don kokarin yaki na Jamus. Harin ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga birnin, musamman gidajen ma'aikatan masana'antu. An yi amfani da haɗin da aka haɓaka a hankali na manyan bama-bamai masu fashewa da masu ƙonewa. Babban fashewa ya fashe windows kuma ya sanya kashe gobara mai haɗari, yayin da masu cin wuta suka ƙone gine-ginen. An yi amfani da wannan hanyar don ci gaba da kai hare-hare a yankunan birane (ko da yake ba tare da irin wannan babban sakamako ba) a duk lokacin yakin, tare da Dresden kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manufofi na ƙarshe.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}} An kuma yi amfani da fashewar bam a matsayin goyon bayan iska na kusa (a matsayin "artillery mai tashi") don ayyukan ƙasa. Babban fashewar bam din ya mayar da hankali ne a cikin wani yanki mai zurfi da zurfi na gaba (kimanin kilomita da zurfin mita ɗari), wanda aka daidaita tare da ci gaban sojojin abokantaka. Amfani da fasaha na farko da aka samu nasara ya kasance a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1943, a Ƙarshen Yakin Tunisia . An fitar da shi a karkashin Sir Arthur Tedder, 'yan jarida sun yaba da shi a matsayin kafet na bam na Tedder (ko '''Kafet na Tedder'''). An mayar da hankali ga fashewar bam a cikin yanki mai nisan kilomita huɗu da uku, yana shirya hanyar ga Sojojin Farko. Daga baya aka yi amfani da wannan dabarar a lokuta da yawa a cikin Yakin Normandy; alal misali, a cikin Yankin Caen . === Yaƙin Pacific === [[Fayil:US_Navy_Photo_114-1_Bombing_Manila_14_Nov_1944.png|thumb|USS Essex TBF-1 Avenger yana jefa bam a kan Kogin Pasig a Manila yana niyya ga tashar jiragen ruwa, Nuwamba 14, 1944]] A cikin [[Yakin Pacific|Yaƙin Pacific]], an yi amfani da bam din kafet sosai a kan biranen Japan kamar Tokyo . <ref name="ieer">{{Cite web |last=Colhoun |first=Jack |title=Strategic Bombing |url=https://ieer.org/resource/commentary/strategic-bombing/ |access-date=21 June 2019 |publisher=[[Institute for Energy and Environmental Research]]}}</ref> A daren 9/10 Maris 1945, an umarci manyan bama-bamai 334 na B-29 Superfortress don kai hari kan bangarorin farar hula da suka fi yawan jama'a a Tokyo. A cikin dare daya kawai, sama da mutane 100,000 sun kone har suka mutu daga wani mummunan bama-bamai masu cin wuta, wanda ya dace da yawan mutanen da suka mutu a lokacin yakin Amurka a duk gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Pacific. <ref name="Selden" /> Sauran Jafananci 100,000 zuwa miliyan daya sun rasa gida.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Selden |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Selden |year=2007 |title=A Forgotten Holocaust: US Bombing Strategy, the Destruction of Japanese Cities and the American Way of War from World War II to Iraq |url=http://apjjf.org/-Mark-Selden/2414/article.html |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus |volume=5 |quote=The Strategic Bombing Survey estimated that 87,793 people died in the raid, 40,918 were injured, and 1,008,005 people lost their homes. Robert Rhodes, estimating the dead at more than 100,000 men, women and children, suggested that probably a million more were injured and another million were left homeless.}}</ref> Wadannan hare-haren sun biyo bayan irin wadannan hare-hares a kan Kobe, Osaka da Nagoya, da kuma sauran bangarorin Tokyo, inda aka jefa sama da tan 9,373 na bama-bamai masu cin wuta a kan fararen hula da sojoji.<ref name="Selden" /> A lokacin da aka jefa bama-Bamai na nukiliya a kan Hiroshima da Nagasaki, ana ba da umarni ga bama-bomb masu sauƙi da matsakaici don yin amfani da bama-bombe, saboda an riga an lalata yawancin birane. A cikin yakin fashewar bam na watanni tara, sama da fararen hula 300,000 na Japan sun mutu kuma 400,000 sun ji rauni.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Selden |first=Mark |year=2007 |title=A Forgotten Holocaust: US Bombing Strategy, the Destruction of Japanese Cities and the American Way of War from World War II to Iraq |url=http://apjjf.org/-Mark-Selden/2414/article.html |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal Japan Focus |volume=5 |quote=Overall, by one calculation, the US firebombing campaign destroyed 180 square miles of 67 cities, killed more than 300,000 people and injured an additional 400,000, figures that exclude the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.}}</ref> A cikin watanni na ƙarshe na yaƙin a Philippines, sojojin Amurka sun yi amfani da fashewar bam a kan sojojin Japan a Manila da Baguio, suna rage yawancin biranen zuwa rushewa.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Guy|first1=Mary E.|last2=Mastracci|first2=Sharon H.|last3=Yang|first3=Seung-Bum|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Global Perspectives on Emotional Labor in Public Service|date=3 September 2019|publisher=[[Springer Nature]]|isbn=978-3-030-24823-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ|access-date=22 August 2023|language=en|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA345 345]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Angel Velasco|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ|title=Vestiges of War: The Philippine-American War and the Aftermath of an Imperial Dream 1899-1999|last2=Francia|first2=Luis H.|date=December 2002|publisher=[[NYU Press]]|isbn=978-0-8147-9791-4|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA219 219]|language=en}}</ref> Manila ta zama birni na biyu mafi lalacewa a yakin duniya na biyu.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Boldorf|first1=Marcel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18QqBwAAQBAJ|title=Economies under Occupation: The Hegemony of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in World War II|last2=Okazaki|first2=Tetsuji|date=24 March 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-50650-8|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=18QqBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA194194]|language=|access-date=28 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Synott|first1=John P.|title=Teacher Unions, Social Movements and the Politics of Education in Asia: South Korea, Taiwan and the Philippines|date=November 22, 2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-73424-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Me1HDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT330|access-date=March 28, 2022|language=en}}</ref> == Yaƙin Koriya == Daga watan Yunin 1950, rundunar sojan sama ta Kwamandan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta fara kamfen din bama-bamai a kan Koriya ta Arewa wanda ya kasance har zuwa karshen Yaƙin Koriya a watan Yulin 1953. Yakin bama-bamai na Amurka ya lalata kashi 85 cikin 100 na gine-ginen Koriya ta Arewa da kashi 95 cikin 100 na samar da wutar lantarki.<ref>Harden, Blaine (2017).</ref> Makamai na al'ada kamar fashewa, bama-bamai masu cin wuta da napalm sun lalata kusan dukkanin biranen Koriya da garuruwa.<ref name="Robinson 119-1202">{{Cite book|last=Robinson|first=Michael E.|url=https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/119|title=Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey|date=2007|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-3174-5|location=Honolulu, HI|pages=[https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/119119]-[https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/120/mode/2up120]}}</ref>A ƙarshen yaƙin, 18 daga cikin manyan birane 22 a Koriya ta Arewa an shafe su aƙalla rabin bisa ga kimantawar lalacewar da [[United States Air Force|Sojojin Sama na Amurka]] (USAF) suka yi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Crane|first=Conrad C.|title=American Airpower Strategy in Korea, 1950-1953|publisher=University of Kansas Press|year=2000|location=Lawrence, KS}}</ref> [[Fayil:Waegwan_Bombing.jpg|alt=Photo of bombing of Waegwan, 1950|thumb|Hoton fashewar bam na Waegwan, 1950]] Tsakanin Yuni da Oktoba 1950, AmurkaF Far East Air Force (FEAF) B-29 bom sun gudanar da manyan hare-hare a kan cibiyoyin sufuri da cibiyoyin masana'antu a Koriya ta Arewa. Bayan da ba da daɗewa ba suka kafa karfin iska ta hanyar lalata Sojojin Sojan Koriya da Sojojin Koriya a cikin iska da ƙasa, 'yan FEAF ba su gamu da juriya kuma "sama a kan Koriya ta Arewa ita ce filin su na gaba".<ref name="Kim2012">{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Taewoo |date=2012 |title=Limited War, Unlimited Targets: U.S. Air Force Bombing of North Korea during the Korean War, 1950-1953 |journal=Critical Asian Studies |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=467–492 |doi=10.1080/14672715.2012.711980 |s2cid=142704845}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, Janar Douglas MacArthur ya amince a karo na farko da yakin neman bam, ya amince da bukatar Janar George E. Stratemeyer na ƙone Kanggye da sauran garuruwa da yawa a Koriya ta Arewa. A wannan maraice, shugaban ma'aikatan MacArthur ya gaya wa Stratemeyer cewa an kuma amince da fashewar Sinuiju. Stratemeyer ya aika da umarni ga rundunar sojan sama ta biyar da kuma kwamandan bomber zuwa<blockquote>"ka lalata duk hanyar sadarwa da kowane shigarwa, masana'anta, birni, da ƙauye".<ref name="ConwayLanz">{{Cite journal |last=Conway-Lanz |first=Sahr |date=15 September 2014 |title=The Ethics of Bombing Civilians After World War II: The Persistence of Norms Against Targeting Civilians in the Korean War |url=http://japanfocus.org/-Sahr-Conway_Lanz/4180/article.html |url-status=dead |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal |volume=12 |issue=37 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101051948/http://japanfocus.org/-Sahr-Conway_Lanz/4180/article.html |archive-date=1 January 2016 |access-date=21 September 2023}}</ref></blockquote> [[Fayil:F2H-2_Banshees_of_VF-62_in_flight_over_Hungnam_on_26_July_1953_(80-G-630625).jpg|alt=Aerial view of Hungnam that had been 85% destroyed|thumb|F2H-2 Banshees a kan Hungnam, wanda aka lalata kashi 85%, a kan Armistice-eve, Yuli 26, 1953]] A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, B-29s ashirin da biyu sun kai hari kan Kanggye, inda suka lalata kashi 75 cikin dari na birnin.<ref name="Kim2012" /> Bayan gazawar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Biyar da kuma hare-haren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Mayu-Yuni 1951, daga Yuli 1951, yayin da Yaƙin ƙasa ya zama mai tsauri lokacin da Majalisar Dinkinobho da PVA / KPA suka yi yaƙi amma suka musayar ƙasa kaɗan, babban bama-bamai na Koriya ta Arewa ya ci gaba. Koriya ta Arewa ta sha wahala sosai daga fashewar bam na Amurka. Manjo Janar William F. Dean, mafi girman matsayi na POW na Amurka daga yakin, ya ba da rahoton cewa yawancin biranen Koriya ta Arewa da ƙauyuka da ya gani ko dai rushe ne ko kuma dusar ƙanƙara.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Crane|first=Conrad C.|title=American Airpower Strategy in Korea, 1950-1953|publisher=University of Kansas Press|year=2000|location=Lawrence, KS}}</ref> An tilasta masana'antun Koriya ta Arewa, makarantu, asibitoci, da ofisoshin gwamnati su matsa karkashin kasa, kuma tsaron iska "ba su wanzu ba".<ref name="japanfocus.org">{{Cite journal |last=Armstrong |first=Charles |date=20 December 2010 |title=The Destruction and Reconstruction of North Korea, 1950–1960 |url=http://www.japanfocus.org/-charles_k_-armstrong/3460/article.html |url-status=live |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal |volume=8 |issue=51 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615003900/http://www.japanfocus.org/-charles_k_-armstrong/3460/article.html |archive-date=15 June 2015 |access-date=13 June 2015}}</ref> [[Koriya ta Arewa]] tana cikin kasashe da aka fi jefa bam a tarihi, yayin da Amurka ta jefa jimlar tan 635,000 na bama-bamai (ciki har da tan 32,557 na napalm) a Koriya, fiye da lokacin yakin Pacific.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kiernan |first=Ben |author-link=Ben Kiernan |last2=Owen |first2=Taylor |date=27 April 2015 |title=Making More Enemies than We Kill? Calculating U.S. Bomb Tonnages Dropped on Laos and Cambodia, and Weighing Their Implications |url=http://apjjf.org/2015/13/16/Ben-Kiernan/4313.html |url-status=dead |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal |volume=13 |issue=17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912002843/http://www.yale.edu/cgp/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf |archive-date=12 September 2015 |access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="Fisher">{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Max |date=2015-08-03 |title=Americans have forgotten what we did to North Korea |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/8/3/9089913/north-korea-us-war-crime |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407112255/https://www.vox.com/2015/8/3/9089913/north-korea-us-war-crime |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=Vox |language=en}}</ref><ref name="japanfocus.org" /> == Yaƙin Vietnam == A lokacin Rana-linkid="199" href="./Vietnam_War" id="mwAWM" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Vietnam War">Yaƙin Vietnam, tare da halin da ake ciki a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, an haɗa B-52Fs 28 tare da racks na waje don bama-bamai ashirin da hudu na 750-pound (340 kg) a ƙarƙashin aikin ''Kudancin Bay'' a watan Yunin 1964; ƙarin jirgin sama 46 ya sami irin wannan gyare-gyare a ƙarƙashin aikin Sun Bath.<ref name="var_2_p1032">Lake.</ref> &nbsp;A watan Maris na shekara ta 1965, Amurka ta fara Operation Rolling Thunder . Aikin yaƙi na farko, Operation Arc Light, B-52Fs ne suka tashi a ranar 18 ga Yuni 1965, lokacin da bama-bamai talatin na 9th da 441st Bombardment Squadrons suka kai hari kan sansanin kwaminisanci kusa da Gundumar Bến Cát a Kudancin Vietnam. Rukunin bama-bamai na farko sun isa da wuri a wani wurin da aka tsara, kuma yayin da suke motsawa don kula da tashar, B-52s guda biyu sun yi karo, wanda ya haifar da asarar bama-bando da ma'aikata takwas. Sauran masu fashewar bam, ba tare da daya ba wanda ya juya baya don matsalolin inji, ya ci gaba zuwa ga manufa.{{sfn|Hobson|2001|pp=22–23}} Stratofortresses ashirin da bakwai sun fadi a kan akwati mai nisan mil daya da biyu (1.6-by-3.2-kilomita) daga tsakanin ƙafa 19,000 da 22,000 (5,800 da 6,700 , dan kadan fiye da kashi 50 cikin dari na bama-bamai da suka fada cikin yankin da aka yi niyya.{{Sfn|Hobson|2001}}Sojojin sun koma Andersen AFB ban da mai fashewa daya tare da matsalolin lantarki wanda ya warke zuwa Clark AFB, aikin ya dauki sa'o'i goma sha uku. Binciken bayan yajin aikin da kungiyoyin sojojin Kudancin Vietnam suka yi tare da masu ba da shawara na Amurka sun sami shaidar cewa VC ta bar yankin kafin harin, kuma ana zargin cewa shiga cikin sojojin Kudanci na iya ba da labari ga arewa saboda sojojin ARVN da ke cikin binciken bayan yajin.{{sfn|Schlight|1988|p=52}} [[Fayil:Boeing_B-52_dropping_bombs.jpg|alt=Against a blue sky with white clouds, a B-52F releases bombs over Vietnam.|left|thumb|B-52F ta saki nauyin bama-bamai a kan Vietnam]] Da farko a ƙarshen 1965, yawancin B-52Ds sun sami gyare-gyare na Big Belly don ƙara ƙarfin bam don fashewar bam.{{Sfn|Lake|Styling|2004}}Duk da yake kayan aiki na waje sun kasance a cikin bama-bamai ashirin da hudu na 500-pound (227 kg) ko 750-pound (340 kg), ƙarfin ciki ya karu daga ashirin da bakwai zuwa takwas da hudu na bama-bomb 500-poond ko daga ashirin na bakwai zuwa arba'in da biyu.{{Sfn|Dick|Patterson|2006}}&nbsp;&nbsp;Canjin ya haifar da isasshen ƙarfin don jimlar fam 60,000 (27,215 kg) a cikin bama-bamai 108. &nbsp;Ta haka ne aka gyara, B-52Ds na iya ɗaukar fam 22,000 (9,980 kg) fiye da B-52Fs.{{Sfn|Knaack|1988}}&nbsp;&nbsp;An tsara shi don maye gurbin B-52Fs, gyaran B-52Ds sun shiga yaƙi a watan Afrilu na 1966 suna tashi daga Andersen Air Force Base, [[Guam]]. Kowane aikin bama-bamai ya dauki sa'o'i goma zuwa goma sha biyu tare da man fetur daga KC-135 Stratotankers.{{Sfn|Donald|1997}}A cikin bazara na 1967, jirgin ya fara tashi daga Filin jirgin saman U-Tapao a Thailand yana ba da damar jirgin sama na rashin buƙatar man fetur a cikin jirgin.{{Sfn|Dick|Patterson|2006}} Gurasa da man shanu na hare-haren B-52 a Vietnam shine ''Operation Linebacker II'' (wani lokacin ana kiransa Bombing na Kirsimeti) wanda ya kunshi raƙuman ruwa na B-52s (yawanci samfuran D, amma wasu Gs ba tare da jamming kayan aiki ba kuma tare da karamin nauyin bam). Fiye da kwanaki goma sha biyu, B-52s sun tashi sama da 729 kuma sun jefa tan 15,237 na bama-bamai a kan [[Hanoi]], [[Haiphong]] da sauran manufofi.{{Sfn|Dick|Patterson|2006}}[53]&nbsp;Asalin 42 B-52s sun himmatu ga yaƙi; duk da haka, lambobi sun kasance sau biyu wannan adadi.{{Sfn|Lake|Styling|2004}} == Yaƙin Gaza == A lokacin [[Yaƙin Gaza]] wanda ya fara a watan Oktoba na 2023, sikelin hare-haren jiragen sama na Isra'ila ya jawo karuwar zargi na kasa da kasa.{{excerpt|Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip#Analysis|inline=yes}} == Dubi kuma ==  {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] h0flw17d62exhhlmawr7c36ltr0rjj0 906974 906973 2026-08-24T09:02:09Z Saad Nuhu 43323 906974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DAtabox}} [[Fayil:Barcelona_bombing_(1938).jpg|thumb|Fashewar bam na farko daga iska a tarihi shine Bombing na Barcelona . An kashe mutane 1,300 a cikin kwanaki 3, 16-18 Maris 1938]] [[Fayil:Rotterdam,_Laurenskerk,_na_bombardement_van_mei_1940.jpg|thumb|A ranar 14 ga Mayu 1940 da karfe 1:22 na yamma, a cikin Rotterdam Blitz, 'yan bam na Jamus sun ƙone dukan birnin da bama-bamai masu cin wuta, inda suka kashe mazauna 814.&nbsp;]] [[Fayil:Wesel_1945.jpg|thumb|An lalata Wesel kashi 97% kafin sojojin Allied su karbe shi a shekarar 1945]] fashewar bam, wanda aka fi sani da "fashewar bam" da "fashin bam", babban fashewar bam ne da aka yi a hanyar ci gaba don haifar da lalacewa a kowane bangare na yankin da aka zaɓa.{{r|WordNet}}{{r|Keane}}{{r|Dickson}}Carpet bombing yana nufin wani nau’in harin bama-bamai kan wani yanki gaba ɗaya, wanda manufarsa ita ce lalata yankin da aka nufa gaba ɗaya ta hanyar jefa bama-bamai a kowane ɓangare na yankin. Kalmar tana haifar da hoton fashe-fashen bama-bamai da suka mamaye wani yanki gaba ɗaya, kamar yadda kafet ke rufe bene. Yawanci ana aiwatar da carpet bombing ne ta hanyar jefa bama-bamai marasa jagora (unguided bombs) da yawa a lokaci guda ko a jere. Ana amfani da kalmar “obliteration bombing” wani lokaci wajen bayyana tsananin kai harin bama-bamai, musamman idan manufar ita ce lalata birni gaba ɗaya ko wani babban ɓangare na birni. Kalmar “area bombing” tana nufin jefa bama-bamai ba tare da ware takamaiman wuraren hari ba a wani yanki, kuma tana haɗawa da nau’o’in carpet bombing, ciki har da obliteration bombing. An fi amfani da kalmar ''area bombing'' da wannan ma’ana musamman a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu da kuma Yaƙin Koriya. Ana bambanta area bombing da precision bombing (kai harin bama-bamai cikin takamaiman manufa). Precision bombing yana nufin kai hari ga wani takamaiman wuri da aka zaɓa—wanda ba lallai ne ya zama ƙaramin wuri ko manufa ta soja kai tsaye ba; alal misali, yana iya zama filin jirgin sama ko masana’anta. Manufarsa ba ita ce haddasa babbar barna da ta bazu a faɗin yanki ba. Kalmar “area bombing” ta fara samun karɓuwa sosai a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.. An yi la'akari da fashewar bam a birane, garuruwa, ƙauyuka ko wasu yankuna da ke dauke da tarin fararen hula masu kariya a matsayin [[Laifin Yaƙi|Laifin yaki]] tun 1977, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Crimes of War – Carpet or Area Bombing |url=http://www.crimesofwar.org/a-z-guide/carpet-or-area-bombing/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151202081911/http://www.crimesofwar.org/a-z-guide/carpet-or-area-bombing/ |archive-date=2 December 2015 |access-date=2015-12-08}}</ref> ta hanyar Mataki na 51 na Ƙarin Yarjejeniya I na Yarjejeniyar Geneva.<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Carpet bombing |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/carpet-bombing |access-date=June 21, 2019 |publisher=[[Britannica.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 1977 |title=Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Additional Protocol (I) to the Geneva Conventions, 1977 - 51 - Protection of the civilian population |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=4BEBD9920AE0AEAEC12563CD0051DC9E |access-date=21 June 2019 |publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Additional Protocol (I) to the Geneva Conventions, 1977 - 51 - Protection of the civilian population - Commentary of 1987 |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Comment.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=5E5142B6BA102B45C12563CD00434741 |access-date=21 June 2019 |website=Paragraph 5 |publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)}}</ref> == Tarihin Farko == Ɗaya daga cikin yunkurin farko na fashewar bam na kafet ya kasance a Yaƙin El Mazuco a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Spain a 1937, a kan yaduwar sojan ƙasa a kan gangaren duwatsu, kuma Condor Legion mai kai farmaki ya koyi cewa fashewar kafet ba ta da tasiri sosai a irin wannan filin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=El Mazuco (The Impossible Defense) |url=http://www.speleogroup.org/files/ElMazuco-impossible-defence.html |access-date=21 June 2019 |website=www.speleogroup.org}}</ref> In March 1938, the Bombing of Barcelona saw Italian and German airstrikes killing up to 1,300 people and wounding 2,000. It is considered the first carpet bombing of a city,<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=The Spanish Civil War|last=Thomas|first=Hugh|date=2003|publisher=Penguin|isbn=9780141011615|edition=4th|location=London|oclc=53806663}}</ref>  and set a precedent for several such bombings in World War II. Harin bama-bamai da Japan ta kai wa Chongqing, babban birnin China na lokacin yaƙi, daga ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 1938 zuwa 23 ga Agusta 1943, ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 23,600, sannan sama da 30,000 suka jikkata. == A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu == === Binciken da aka yi kafin yaƙin === A cikin shekarun tsakanin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko da na Biyu, an ƙara samun ra’ayin cewa idan yaƙi ya barke, za a lalata birane cikin sauri ta hanyar hare-haren bama-bamai daga sama. Ana sa ran za a yi amfani da gas mai guba, kuma ana hasashen za a samu mummunar barna sakamakon amfani da bama-bamai masu fashewa da ƙarfi. Wannan ra’ayi ya samo asali ne, a wani ɓangare, daga ra’ayoyin wasu ƙwararrun masana dabarun yaƙi, kamar Douhet, sannan ’yan siyasa da ’yan jarida suka ɗauke shi suka yaɗa shi. Misali, Stanley Baldwin ya ƙirƙiri sanannen furucin “The bomber will always get through”, wato “Jirgin saman jefa bama-bamai koyaushe zai iya kaiwa inda aka nufa.” Wasu ra’ayoyi sun nuna cewa kai hari kan fararen hula zai iya karya ƙwarin gwiwa da ɗabi’ar jama’a, wanda hakan zai iya haifar da rikicin cikin gida da tayar da zaune-tsaye, har ya tilasta wa gwamnati mika wuya. A cewar Baldwin, ƙasashen da ke yaƙi na iya shiga wata gasa ta karya ƙwarin gwiwar fararen hular ɗayan ɓangaren, inda kowanne ɓangare zai yi ƙoƙarin karya ruhin jama’ar abokin gaba kafin ɗayan ya samu damar yin hakan.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}} Akwai sakamako biyu daga wannan. Da farko, an kafa shirye-shiryen tsaro na farar hula, tare da bayar da abin rufe fuska na gas, an kafa tsare-tsaren mafaka na hare-haren iska kuma an kafa kungiyoyi don sarrafa fararen hula kafin hari da magance lalacewa da wadanda suka mutu bayan an sanya daya. Abu na biyu, an nemi yarjejeniyoyi don yin niyya ga fararen hula ba bisa ka'ida ba a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa. A lokacin da Douhet da sauransu ke buga ra'ayoyinsu, babu rundunar sojan sama da ta tsara iyawarsu da niyyar yin "knockout blow" a kan fararen hula.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}}An kirkiro Dokokin Hague na Yakin Jirgin Sama a cikin 1922-23 don hana kai hari da gangan ga fararen hula, duk da haka babu wata ƙasa da ta tabbatar da shi.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}}A farkon yakin duniya na biyu, Royal Air Force yana da umarni na farko don bin Dokokin Hague muddin abokan gaba sun yi.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}}Wannan ƙuntatawa ta biyo bayan Burtaniya har zuwa 11 ga Mayu 1940, lokacin da, tare da Winston Churchill yanzu a matsayin Firayim Minista kuma yaƙi a Faransa yana tafiya mara kyau, RAF ta kai hari kan masana'antu da kayan aikin sufuri a Mönchengladbach. Wannan hari ya haifar da mutuwar fararen hula.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}} === Fashewar bama-bamai ta Jamus === A cikin Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai, birni na farko da ya sha wahala sosai daga bama-bamai na sama shine Warsaw, a ranar 25 ga Satumba 1939 bayan farawar mamayar Jamus a Poland. Ci gaba da wannan yanayin a yaƙi, [[Rotterdam]]_Blitz" id="mwig" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Rotterdam Blitz">Rotterdam Blitz wani bama-bamai ne na Rotterdam da bama-bomb 90 na rundunar sojan saman Jamus a ranar 14 ga Mayu 1940, a lokacin mamayewar Jamus a Netherlands. Manufar ita ce ta goyi bayan hare-haren Jamus a kan birnin, ta karya juriyar Dutch, da kuma tilasta wa Dutch su mika wuya. Duk da tsagaita wuta, fashewar bam din ta lalata kusan dukkanin tsakiyar gari na tarihi, ta kashe kusan fararen hula ɗari tara kuma ta bar mutane 30,000 ba tare da gida ba. Nasarar fashewar bam din ta jagoranci ''Oberkommando der Luftwaffe'' (OKL, Babban Kwamandan Luftwaffe) don yin barazanar lalata birnin Utrecht idan Gwamnatin Holland ba ta mika wuya ba. Yaren mutanen Holland sun mika wuya da sassafe.{{Sfn|Hooton|2007}} Yayin da yakin ya ci gaba, Yaƙin Burtaniya ya ci gaba daga gwagwarmaya don rinjaye a cikin dabarun da bama-bamai na London, Liverpool, Coventry da sauran biranen Burtaniya. === Fashewar bama-bamai ta Yamma === A farkon yakin, RAF Bomber Command ba ta da tsarin kewayawa don gano manufa da kuma yawan bama-bamai da ake buƙata don yin hare-hare na kowane sikelin a Jamus. Yayin da aka kawo manyan bama-bamai cikin sabis kuma an inganta fasaha da dabarun, an canza zaɓin manufofi. Manufar guje wa mutuwar fararen hula kamar yadda lalacewar ta ɓace. Maimakon haka, fararen hula da suka yi aiki a masana'antun da suka shafi yaki - da gidajensu - sun zama manufa. Wasu daga cikin wannan canjin sun fito ne daga sha'awar ramawa ga harin Jamus a kan Coventry.{{Efn|The war cabinet agreed, in November 1940, the indiscriminate bombing of a German city as retaliation for the German raid on Coventry.{{sfn|Overy|2013|p=262}}}} Har ila yau, ya dogara ne akan abin da aka koya daga kasancewa manufa a cikin Blitz. An gano cewa gine-ginen masana'antu sun fi tsayayya da mummunar lalacewa fiye da gidajen ma'aikatansu. Rashin ma'aikata ya karu sosai idan gidajensu ba su da zama, don haka yana shafar masana'antu. Yayinda ake tattauna halin kirki, ma'anar kalmar ta canza daga amfani da ita kafin yakin. Yanzu an yi niyyar rage halin kirki don rage samar da masana'antu wanda ya goyi bayan kokarin yaki.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}}An ba da umarnin fashewar bam ga RAF Bomber Command a cikin 1942. Sojojin Sama na takwas na USAAF sun isa Burtaniya a lokacin rani na 1942. Duk da rokon [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] ga [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] don kauce wa jefa bam ga fararen hula kafin Amurka ta shiga yakin, ya kasance mai goyon bayan jefa bam a Jamus. Dukansu [[Winston Churchill|Churchill]] da Roosevelt suna cikin matsayin da [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] ke matsawa ga Yammacin Allies don buɗe sabon gaba a Turai, wani abu da ba su shirya yin ba. Saboda haka yakin fashewar bam - Combined Bomber Offensive - bin umarnin Casablanca ga sojojin saman Allied shine duk abin da za su iya bayarwa don tallafawa [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]]. Operation Gomorrah, wanda Kwamandan Bomber ya gudanar a kan [[Hamburg]], ya yi niyya ga birni mai saukin kamuwa da wuta da kuma yawan masana'antun da ke yin kayayyaki don kokarin yaki na Jamus. Harin ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga birnin, musamman gidajen ma'aikatan masana'antu. An yi amfani da haɗin da aka haɓaka a hankali na manyan bama-bamai masu fashewa da masu ƙonewa. Babban fashewa ya fashe windows kuma ya sanya kashe gobara mai haɗari, yayin da masu cin wuta suka ƙone gine-ginen. An yi amfani da wannan hanyar don ci gaba da kai hare-hare a yankunan birane (ko da yake ba tare da irin wannan babban sakamako ba) a duk lokacin yakin, tare da Dresden kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manufofi na ƙarshe.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}} An kuma yi amfani da fashewar bam a matsayin goyon bayan iska na kusa (a matsayin "artillery mai tashi") don ayyukan ƙasa. Babban fashewar bam din ya mayar da hankali ne a cikin wani yanki mai zurfi da zurfi na gaba (kimanin kilomita da zurfin mita ɗari), wanda aka daidaita tare da ci gaban sojojin abokantaka. Amfani da fasaha na farko da aka samu nasara ya kasance a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1943, a Ƙarshen Yakin Tunisia . An fitar da shi a karkashin Sir Arthur Tedder, 'yan jarida sun yaba da shi a matsayin kafet na bam na Tedder (ko '''Kafet na Tedder'''). An mayar da hankali ga fashewar bam a cikin yanki mai nisan kilomita huɗu da uku, yana shirya hanyar ga Sojojin Farko. Daga baya aka yi amfani da wannan dabarar a lokuta da yawa a cikin Yakin Normandy; alal misali, a cikin Yankin Caen . === Yaƙin Pacific === [[Fayil:US_Navy_Photo_114-1_Bombing_Manila_14_Nov_1944.png|thumb|USS Essex TBF-1 Avenger yana jefa bam a kan Kogin Pasig a Manila yana niyya ga tashar jiragen ruwa, Nuwamba 14, 1944]] A cikin [[Yakin Pacific|Yaƙin Pacific]], an yi amfani da bam din kafet sosai a kan biranen Japan kamar Tokyo . <ref name="ieer">{{Cite web |last=Colhoun |first=Jack |title=Strategic Bombing |url=https://ieer.org/resource/commentary/strategic-bombing/ |access-date=21 June 2019 |publisher=[[Institute for Energy and Environmental Research]]}}</ref> A daren 9/10 Maris 1945, an umarci manyan bama-bamai 334 na B-29 Superfortress don kai hari kan bangarorin farar hula da suka fi yawan jama'a a Tokyo. A cikin dare daya kawai, sama da mutane 100,000 sun kone har suka mutu daga wani mummunan bama-bamai masu cin wuta, wanda ya dace da yawan mutanen da suka mutu a lokacin yakin Amurka a duk gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Pacific. <ref name="Selden" /> Sauran Jafananci 100,000 zuwa miliyan daya sun rasa gida.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Selden |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Selden |year=2007 |title=A Forgotten Holocaust: US Bombing Strategy, the Destruction of Japanese Cities and the American Way of War from World War II to Iraq |url=http://apjjf.org/-Mark-Selden/2414/article.html |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus |volume=5 |quote=The Strategic Bombing Survey estimated that 87,793 people died in the raid, 40,918 were injured, and 1,008,005 people lost their homes. Robert Rhodes, estimating the dead at more than 100,000 men, women and children, suggested that probably a million more were injured and another million were left homeless.}}</ref> Wadannan hare-haren sun biyo bayan irin wadannan hare-hares a kan Kobe, Osaka da Nagoya, da kuma sauran bangarorin Tokyo, inda aka jefa sama da tan 9,373 na bama-bamai masu cin wuta a kan fararen hula da sojoji.<ref name="Selden" /> A lokacin da aka jefa bama-Bamai na nukiliya a kan Hiroshima da Nagasaki, ana ba da umarni ga bama-bomb masu sauƙi da matsakaici don yin amfani da bama-bombe, saboda an riga an lalata yawancin birane. A cikin yakin fashewar bam na watanni tara, sama da fararen hula 300,000 na Japan sun mutu kuma 400,000 sun ji rauni.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Selden |first=Mark |year=2007 |title=A Forgotten Holocaust: US Bombing Strategy, the Destruction of Japanese Cities and the American Way of War from World War II to Iraq |url=http://apjjf.org/-Mark-Selden/2414/article.html |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal Japan Focus |volume=5 |quote=Overall, by one calculation, the US firebombing campaign destroyed 180 square miles of 67 cities, killed more than 300,000 people and injured an additional 400,000, figures that exclude the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.}}</ref> A cikin watanni na ƙarshe na yaƙin a Philippines, sojojin Amurka sun yi amfani da fashewar bam a kan sojojin Japan a Manila da Baguio, suna rage yawancin biranen zuwa rushewa.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Guy|first1=Mary E.|last2=Mastracci|first2=Sharon H.|last3=Yang|first3=Seung-Bum|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Global Perspectives on Emotional Labor in Public Service|date=3 September 2019|publisher=[[Springer Nature]]|isbn=978-3-030-24823-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ|access-date=22 August 2023|language=en|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA345 345]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Angel Velasco|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ|title=Vestiges of War: The Philippine-American War and the Aftermath of an Imperial Dream 1899-1999|last2=Francia|first2=Luis H.|date=December 2002|publisher=[[NYU Press]]|isbn=978-0-8147-9791-4|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA219 219]|language=en}}</ref> Manila ta zama birni na biyu mafi lalacewa a yakin duniya na biyu.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Boldorf|first1=Marcel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18QqBwAAQBAJ|title=Economies under Occupation: The Hegemony of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in World War II|last2=Okazaki|first2=Tetsuji|date=24 March 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-50650-8|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=18QqBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA194194]|language=|access-date=28 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Synott|first1=John P.|title=Teacher Unions, Social Movements and the Politics of Education in Asia: South Korea, Taiwan and the Philippines|date=November 22, 2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-73424-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Me1HDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT330|access-date=March 28, 2022|language=en}}</ref> == Yaƙin Koriya == Daga watan Yunin 1950, rundunar sojan sama ta Kwamandan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta fara kamfen din bama-bamai a kan Koriya ta Arewa wanda ya kasance har zuwa karshen Yaƙin Koriya a watan Yulin 1953. Yakin bama-bamai na Amurka ya lalata kashi 85 cikin 100 na gine-ginen Koriya ta Arewa da kashi 95 cikin 100 na samar da wutar lantarki.<ref>Harden, Blaine (2017).</ref> Makamai na al'ada kamar fashewa, bama-bamai masu cin wuta da napalm sun lalata kusan dukkanin biranen Koriya da garuruwa.<ref name="Robinson 119-1202">{{Cite book|last=Robinson|first=Michael E.|url=https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/119|title=Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey|date=2007|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-3174-5|location=Honolulu, HI|pages=[https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/119119]-[https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/120/mode/2up120]}}</ref>A ƙarshen yaƙin, 18 daga cikin manyan birane 22 a Koriya ta Arewa an shafe su aƙalla rabin bisa ga kimantawar lalacewar da [[United States Air Force|Sojojin Sama na Amurka]] (USAF) suka yi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Crane|first=Conrad C.|title=American Airpower Strategy in Korea, 1950-1953|publisher=University of Kansas Press|year=2000|location=Lawrence, KS}}</ref> [[Fayil:Waegwan_Bombing.jpg|alt=Photo of bombing of Waegwan, 1950|thumb|Hoton fashewar bam na Waegwan, 1950]] Tsakanin Yuni da Oktoba 1950, AmurkaF Far East Air Force (FEAF) B-29 bom sun gudanar da manyan hare-hare a kan cibiyoyin sufuri da cibiyoyin masana'antu a Koriya ta Arewa. Bayan da ba da daɗewa ba suka kafa karfin iska ta hanyar lalata Sojojin Sojan Koriya da Sojojin Koriya a cikin iska da ƙasa, 'yan FEAF ba su gamu da juriya kuma "sama a kan Koriya ta Arewa ita ce filin su na gaba".<ref name="Kim2012">{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Taewoo |date=2012 |title=Limited War, Unlimited Targets: U.S. Air Force Bombing of North Korea during the Korean War, 1950-1953 |journal=Critical Asian Studies |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=467–492 |doi=10.1080/14672715.2012.711980 |s2cid=142704845}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, Janar Douglas MacArthur ya amince a karo na farko da yakin neman bam, ya amince da bukatar Janar George E. Stratemeyer na ƙone Kanggye da sauran garuruwa da yawa a Koriya ta Arewa. A wannan maraice, shugaban ma'aikatan MacArthur ya gaya wa Stratemeyer cewa an kuma amince da fashewar Sinuiju. Stratemeyer ya aika da umarni ga rundunar sojan sama ta biyar da kuma kwamandan bomber zuwa<blockquote>"ka lalata duk hanyar sadarwa da kowane shigarwa, masana'anta, birni, da ƙauye".<ref name="ConwayLanz">{{Cite journal |last=Conway-Lanz |first=Sahr |date=15 September 2014 |title=The Ethics of Bombing Civilians After World War II: The Persistence of Norms Against Targeting Civilians in the Korean War |url=http://japanfocus.org/-Sahr-Conway_Lanz/4180/article.html |url-status=dead |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal |volume=12 |issue=37 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101051948/http://japanfocus.org/-Sahr-Conway_Lanz/4180/article.html |archive-date=1 January 2016 |access-date=21 September 2023}}</ref></blockquote> [[Fayil:F2H-2_Banshees_of_VF-62_in_flight_over_Hungnam_on_26_July_1953_(80-G-630625).jpg|alt=Aerial view of Hungnam that had been 85% destroyed|thumb|F2H-2 Banshees a kan Hungnam, wanda aka lalata kashi 85%, a kan Armistice-eve, Yuli 26, 1953]] A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, B-29s ashirin da biyu sun kai hari kan Kanggye, inda suka lalata kashi 75 cikin dari na birnin.<ref name="Kim2012" /> Bayan gazawar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Biyar da kuma hare-haren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Mayu-Yuni 1951, daga Yuli 1951, yayin da Yaƙin ƙasa ya zama mai tsauri lokacin da Majalisar Dinkinobho da PVA / KPA suka yi yaƙi amma suka musayar ƙasa kaɗan, babban bama-bamai na Koriya ta Arewa ya ci gaba. Koriya ta Arewa ta sha wahala sosai daga fashewar bam na Amurka. Manjo Janar William F. Dean, mafi girman matsayi na POW na Amurka daga yakin, ya ba da rahoton cewa yawancin biranen Koriya ta Arewa da ƙauyuka da ya gani ko dai rushe ne ko kuma dusar ƙanƙara.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Crane|first=Conrad C.|title=American Airpower Strategy in Korea, 1950-1953|publisher=University of Kansas Press|year=2000|location=Lawrence, KS}}</ref> An tilasta masana'antun Koriya ta Arewa, makarantu, asibitoci, da ofisoshin gwamnati su matsa karkashin kasa, kuma tsaron iska "ba su wanzu ba".<ref name="japanfocus.org">{{Cite journal |last=Armstrong |first=Charles |date=20 December 2010 |title=The Destruction and Reconstruction of North Korea, 1950–1960 |url=http://www.japanfocus.org/-charles_k_-armstrong/3460/article.html |url-status=live |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal |volume=8 |issue=51 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615003900/http://www.japanfocus.org/-charles_k_-armstrong/3460/article.html |archive-date=15 June 2015 |access-date=13 June 2015}}</ref> [[Koriya ta Arewa]] tana cikin kasashe da aka fi jefa bam a tarihi, yayin da Amurka ta jefa jimlar tan 635,000 na bama-bamai (ciki har da tan 32,557 na napalm) a Koriya, fiye da lokacin yakin Pacific.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kiernan |first=Ben |author-link=Ben Kiernan |last2=Owen |first2=Taylor |date=27 April 2015 |title=Making More Enemies than We Kill? Calculating U.S. Bomb Tonnages Dropped on Laos and Cambodia, and Weighing Their Implications |url=http://apjjf.org/2015/13/16/Ben-Kiernan/4313.html |url-status=dead |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal |volume=13 |issue=17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912002843/http://www.yale.edu/cgp/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf |archive-date=12 September 2015 |access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="Fisher">{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Max |date=2015-08-03 |title=Americans have forgotten what we did to North Korea |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/8/3/9089913/north-korea-us-war-crime |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407112255/https://www.vox.com/2015/8/3/9089913/north-korea-us-war-crime |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=Vox |language=en}}</ref><ref name="japanfocus.org" /> == Yaƙin Vietnam == A lokacin Rana-linkid="199" href="./Vietnam_War" id="mwAWM" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Vietnam War">Yaƙin Vietnam, tare da halin da ake ciki a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, an haɗa B-52Fs 28 tare da racks na waje don bama-bamai ashirin da hudu na 750-pound (340 kg) a ƙarƙashin aikin ''Kudancin Bay'' a watan Yunin 1964; ƙarin jirgin sama 46 ya sami irin wannan gyare-gyare a ƙarƙashin aikin Sun Bath.<ref name="var_2_p1032">Lake.</ref> &nbsp;A watan Maris na shekara ta 1965, Amurka ta fara Operation Rolling Thunder . Aikin yaƙi na farko, Operation Arc Light, B-52Fs ne suka tashi a ranar 18 ga Yuni 1965, lokacin da bama-bamai talatin na 9th da 441st Bombardment Squadrons suka kai hari kan sansanin kwaminisanci kusa da Gundumar Bến Cát a Kudancin Vietnam. Rukunin bama-bamai na farko sun isa da wuri a wani wurin da aka tsara, kuma yayin da suke motsawa don kula da tashar, B-52s guda biyu sun yi karo, wanda ya haifar da asarar bama-bando da ma'aikata takwas. Sauran masu fashewar bam, ba tare da daya ba wanda ya juya baya don matsalolin inji, ya ci gaba zuwa ga manufa.{{sfn|Hobson|2001|pp=22–23}} Stratofortresses ashirin da bakwai sun fadi a kan akwati mai nisan mil daya da biyu (1.6-by-3.2-kilomita) daga tsakanin ƙafa 19,000 da 22,000 (5,800 da 6,700 , dan kadan fiye da kashi 50 cikin dari na bama-bamai da suka fada cikin yankin da aka yi niyya.{{Sfn|Hobson|2001}}Sojojin sun koma Andersen AFB ban da mai fashewa daya tare da matsalolin lantarki wanda ya warke zuwa Clark AFB, aikin ya dauki sa'o'i goma sha uku. Binciken bayan yajin aikin da kungiyoyin sojojin Kudancin Vietnam suka yi tare da masu ba da shawara na Amurka sun sami shaidar cewa VC ta bar yankin kafin harin, kuma ana zargin cewa shiga cikin sojojin Kudanci na iya ba da labari ga arewa saboda sojojin ARVN da ke cikin binciken bayan yajin.{{sfn|Schlight|1988|p=52}} [[Fayil:Boeing_B-52_dropping_bombs.jpg|alt=Against a blue sky with white clouds, a B-52F releases bombs over Vietnam.|left|thumb|B-52F ta saki nauyin bama-bamai a kan Vietnam]] Da farko a ƙarshen 1965, yawancin B-52Ds sun sami gyare-gyare na Big Belly don ƙara ƙarfin bam don fashewar bam.{{Sfn|Lake|Styling|2004}}Duk da yake kayan aiki na waje sun kasance a cikin bama-bamai ashirin da hudu na 500-pound (227 kg) ko 750-pound (340 kg), ƙarfin ciki ya karu daga ashirin da bakwai zuwa takwas da hudu na bama-bomb 500-poond ko daga ashirin na bakwai zuwa arba'in da biyu.{{Sfn|Dick|Patterson|2006}}&nbsp;&nbsp;Canjin ya haifar da isasshen ƙarfin don jimlar fam 60,000 (27,215 kg) a cikin bama-bamai 108. &nbsp;Ta haka ne aka gyara, B-52Ds na iya ɗaukar fam 22,000 (9,980 kg) fiye da B-52Fs.{{Sfn|Knaack|1988}}&nbsp;&nbsp;An tsara shi don maye gurbin B-52Fs, gyaran B-52Ds sun shiga yaƙi a watan Afrilu na 1966 suna tashi daga Andersen Air Force Base, [[Guam]]. Kowane aikin bama-bamai ya dauki sa'o'i goma zuwa goma sha biyu tare da man fetur daga KC-135 Stratotankers.{{Sfn|Donald|1997}}A cikin bazara na 1967, jirgin ya fara tashi daga Filin jirgin saman U-Tapao a Thailand yana ba da damar jirgin sama na rashin buƙatar man fetur a cikin jirgin.{{Sfn|Dick|Patterson|2006}} Gurasa da man shanu na hare-haren B-52 a Vietnam shine ''Operation Linebacker II'' (wani lokacin ana kiransa Bombing na Kirsimeti) wanda ya kunshi raƙuman ruwa na B-52s (yawanci samfuran D, amma wasu Gs ba tare da jamming kayan aiki ba kuma tare da karamin nauyin bam). Fiye da kwanaki goma sha biyu, B-52s sun tashi sama da 729 kuma sun jefa tan 15,237 na bama-bamai a kan [[Hanoi]], [[Haiphong]] da sauran manufofi.{{Sfn|Dick|Patterson|2006}}[53]&nbsp;Asalin 42 B-52s sun himmatu ga yaƙi; duk da haka, lambobi sun kasance sau biyu wannan adadi.{{Sfn|Lake|Styling|2004}} == Yaƙin Gaza == A lokacin [[Yaƙin Gaza]] wanda ya fara a watan Oktoba na 2023, sikelin hare-haren jiragen sama na Isra'ila ya jawo karuwar zargi na kasa da kasa.{{excerpt|Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip#Analysis|inline=yes}} == Dubi kuma ==  {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1rzy2i67y7297x3x0fm9hu9cwgbkcbp 906975 906974 2026-08-24T09:04:01Z Saad Nuhu 43323 906975 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Barcelona_bombing_(1938).jpg|thumb|Fashewar bam na farko daga iska a tarihi shine Bombing na Barcelona . An kashe mutane 1,300 a cikin kwanaki 3, 16-18 Maris 1938]] [[Fayil:Rotterdam,_Laurenskerk,_na_bombardement_van_mei_1940.jpg|thumb|A ranar 14 ga Mayu 1940 da karfe 1:22 na yamma, a cikin Rotterdam Blitz, 'yan bam na Jamus sun ƙone dukan birnin da bama-bamai masu cin wuta, inda suka kashe mazauna 814.&nbsp;]] [[Fayil:Wesel_1945.jpg|thumb|An lalata Wesel kashi 97% kafin sojojin Allied su karbe shi a shekarar 1945]] fashewar bam, wanda aka fi sani da "fashewar bam" da "fashin bam", babban fashewar bam ne da aka yi a hanyar ci gaba don haifar da lalacewa a kowane bangare na yankin da aka zaɓa.{{r|WordNet}}{{r|Keane}}{{r|Dickson}}Carpet bombing yana nufin wani nau’in harin bama-bamai kan wani yanki gaba ɗaya, wanda manufarsa ita ce lalata yankin da aka nufa gaba ɗaya ta hanyar jefa bama-bamai a kowane ɓangare na yankin. Kalmar tana haifar da hoton fashe-fashen bama-bamai da suka mamaye wani yanki gaba ɗaya, kamar yadda kafet ke rufe bene. Yawanci ana aiwatar da carpet bombing ne ta hanyar jefa bama-bamai marasa jagora (unguided bombs) da yawa a lokaci guda ko a jere. Ana amfani da kalmar “obliteration bombing” wani lokaci wajen bayyana tsananin kai harin bama-bamai, musamman idan manufar ita ce lalata birni gaba ɗaya ko wani babban ɓangare na birni. Kalmar “area bombing” tana nufin jefa bama-bamai ba tare da ware takamaiman wuraren hari ba a wani yanki, kuma tana haɗawa da nau’o’in carpet bombing, ciki har da obliteration bombing. An fi amfani da kalmar ''area bombing'' da wannan ma’ana musamman a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu da kuma Yaƙin Koriya. Ana bambanta area bombing da precision bombing (kai harin bama-bamai cikin takamaiman manufa). Precision bombing yana nufin kai hari ga wani takamaiman wuri da aka zaɓa—wanda ba lallai ne ya zama ƙaramin wuri ko manufa ta soja kai tsaye ba; alal misali, yana iya zama filin jirgin sama ko masana’anta. Manufarsa ba ita ce haddasa babbar barna da ta bazu a faɗin yanki ba. Kalmar “area bombing” ta fara samun karɓuwa sosai a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.. An yi la'akari da fashewar bam a birane, garuruwa, ƙauyuka ko wasu yankuna da ke dauke da tarin fararen hula masu kariya a matsayin [[Laifin Yaƙi|Laifin yaki]] tun 1977, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Crimes of War – Carpet or Area Bombing |url=http://www.crimesofwar.org/a-z-guide/carpet-or-area-bombing/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151202081911/http://www.crimesofwar.org/a-z-guide/carpet-or-area-bombing/ |archive-date=2 December 2015 |access-date=2015-12-08}}</ref> ta hanyar Mataki na 51 na Ƙarin Yarjejeniya I na Yarjejeniyar Geneva.<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Carpet bombing |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/carpet-bombing |access-date=June 21, 2019 |publisher=[[Britannica.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 1977 |title=Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Additional Protocol (I) to the Geneva Conventions, 1977 - 51 - Protection of the civilian population |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=4BEBD9920AE0AEAEC12563CD0051DC9E |access-date=21 June 2019 |publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Additional Protocol (I) to the Geneva Conventions, 1977 - 51 - Protection of the civilian population - Commentary of 1987 |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Comment.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=5E5142B6BA102B45C12563CD00434741 |access-date=21 June 2019 |website=Paragraph 5 |publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)}}</ref> == Tarihin Farko == Ɗaya daga cikin yunkurin farko na fashewar bam na kafet ya kasance a Yaƙin El Mazuco a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Spain a 1937, a kan yaduwar sojan ƙasa a kan gangaren duwatsu, kuma Condor Legion mai kai farmaki ya koyi cewa fashewar kafet ba ta da tasiri sosai a irin wannan filin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=El Mazuco (The Impossible Defense) |url=http://www.speleogroup.org/files/ElMazuco-impossible-defence.html |access-date=21 June 2019 |website=www.speleogroup.org}}</ref> In March 1938, the Bombing of Barcelona saw Italian and German airstrikes killing up to 1,300 people and wounding 2,000. It is considered the first carpet bombing of a city,<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=The Spanish Civil War|last=Thomas|first=Hugh|date=2003|publisher=Penguin|isbn=9780141011615|edition=4th|location=London|oclc=53806663}}</ref>  and set a precedent for several such bombings in World War II. Harin bama-bamai da Japan ta kai wa Chongqing, babban birnin China na lokacin yaƙi, daga ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 1938 zuwa 23 ga Agusta 1943, ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 23,600, sannan sama da 30,000 suka jikkata. == A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu == === Binciken da aka yi kafin yaƙin === A cikin shekarun tsakanin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko da na Biyu, an ƙara samun ra’ayin cewa idan yaƙi ya barke, za a lalata birane cikin sauri ta hanyar hare-haren bama-bamai daga sama. Ana sa ran za a yi amfani da gas mai guba, kuma ana hasashen za a samu mummunar barna sakamakon amfani da bama-bamai masu fashewa da ƙarfi. Wannan ra’ayi ya samo asali ne, a wani ɓangare, daga ra’ayoyin wasu ƙwararrun masana dabarun yaƙi, kamar Douhet, sannan ’yan siyasa da ’yan jarida suka ɗauke shi suka yaɗa shi. Misali, Stanley Baldwin ya ƙirƙiri sanannen furucin “The bomber will always get through”, wato “Jirgin saman jefa bama-bamai koyaushe zai iya kaiwa inda aka nufa.” Wasu ra’ayoyi sun nuna cewa kai hari kan fararen hula zai iya karya ƙwarin gwiwa da ɗabi’ar jama’a, wanda hakan zai iya haifar da rikicin cikin gida da tayar da zaune-tsaye, har ya tilasta wa gwamnati mika wuya. A cewar Baldwin, ƙasashen da ke yaƙi na iya shiga wata gasa ta karya ƙwarin gwiwar fararen hular ɗayan ɓangaren, inda kowanne ɓangare zai yi ƙoƙarin karya ruhin jama’ar abokin gaba kafin ɗayan ya samu damar yin hakan.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}} Akwai sakamako biyu daga wannan. Da farko, an kafa shirye-shiryen tsaro na farar hula, tare da bayar da abin rufe fuska na gas, an kafa tsare-tsaren mafaka na hare-haren iska kuma an kafa kungiyoyi don sarrafa fararen hula kafin hari da magance lalacewa da wadanda suka mutu bayan an sanya daya. Abu na biyu, an nemi yarjejeniyoyi don yin niyya ga fararen hula ba bisa ka'ida ba a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa. A lokacin da Douhet da sauransu ke buga ra'ayoyinsu, babu rundunar sojan sama da ta tsara iyawarsu da niyyar yin "knockout blow" a kan fararen hula.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}}An kirkiro Dokokin Hague na Yakin Jirgin Sama a cikin 1922-23 don hana kai hari da gangan ga fararen hula, duk da haka babu wata ƙasa da ta tabbatar da shi.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}}A farkon yakin duniya na biyu, Royal Air Force yana da umarni na farko don bin Dokokin Hague muddin abokan gaba sun yi.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}}Wannan ƙuntatawa ta biyo bayan Burtaniya har zuwa 11 ga Mayu 1940, lokacin da, tare da Winston Churchill yanzu a matsayin Firayim Minista kuma yaƙi a Faransa yana tafiya mara kyau, RAF ta kai hari kan masana'antu da kayan aikin sufuri a Mönchengladbach. Wannan hari ya haifar da mutuwar fararen hula.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}} === Fashewar bama-bamai ta Jamus === A cikin Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai, birni na farko da ya sha wahala sosai daga bama-bamai na sama shine Warsaw, a ranar 25 ga Satumba 1939 bayan farawar mamayar Jamus a Poland. Ci gaba da wannan yanayin a yaƙi, [[Rotterdam]]_Blitz" id="mwig" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Rotterdam Blitz">Rotterdam Blitz wani bama-bamai ne na Rotterdam da bama-bomb 90 na rundunar sojan saman Jamus a ranar 14 ga Mayu 1940, a lokacin mamayewar Jamus a Netherlands. Manufar ita ce ta goyi bayan hare-haren Jamus a kan birnin, ta karya juriyar Dutch, da kuma tilasta wa Dutch su mika wuya. Duk da tsagaita wuta, fashewar bam din ta lalata kusan dukkanin tsakiyar gari na tarihi, ta kashe kusan fararen hula ɗari tara kuma ta bar mutane 30,000 ba tare da gida ba. Nasarar fashewar bam din ta jagoranci ''Oberkommando der Luftwaffe'' (OKL, Babban Kwamandan Luftwaffe) don yin barazanar lalata birnin Utrecht idan Gwamnatin Holland ba ta mika wuya ba. Yaren mutanen Holland sun mika wuya da sassafe.{{Sfn|Hooton|2007}} Yayin da yakin ya ci gaba, Yaƙin Burtaniya ya ci gaba daga gwagwarmaya don rinjaye a cikin dabarun da bama-bamai na London, Liverpool, Coventry da sauran biranen Burtaniya. === Fashewar bama-bamai ta Yamma === A farkon yakin, RAF Bomber Command ba ta da tsarin kewayawa don gano manufa da kuma yawan bama-bamai da ake buƙata don yin hare-hare na kowane sikelin a Jamus. Yayin da aka kawo manyan bama-bamai cikin sabis kuma an inganta fasaha da dabarun, an canza zaɓin manufofi. Manufar guje wa mutuwar fararen hula kamar yadda lalacewar ta ɓace. Maimakon haka, fararen hula da suka yi aiki a masana'antun da suka shafi yaki - da gidajensu - sun zama manufa. Wasu daga cikin wannan canjin sun fito ne daga sha'awar ramawa ga harin Jamus a kan Coventry.{{Efn|The war cabinet agreed, in November 1940, the indiscriminate bombing of a German city as retaliation for the German raid on Coventry.{{sfn|Overy|2013|p=262}}}} Har ila yau, ya dogara ne akan abin da aka koya daga kasancewa manufa a cikin Blitz. An gano cewa gine-ginen masana'antu sun fi tsayayya da mummunar lalacewa fiye da gidajen ma'aikatansu. Rashin ma'aikata ya karu sosai idan gidajensu ba su da zama, don haka yana shafar masana'antu. Yayinda ake tattauna halin kirki, ma'anar kalmar ta canza daga amfani da ita kafin yakin. Yanzu an yi niyyar rage halin kirki don rage samar da masana'antu wanda ya goyi bayan kokarin yaki.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}}An ba da umarnin fashewar bam ga RAF Bomber Command a cikin 1942. Sojojin Sama na takwas na USAAF sun isa Burtaniya a lokacin rani na 1942. Duk da rokon [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] ga [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] don kauce wa jefa bam ga fararen hula kafin Amurka ta shiga yakin, ya kasance mai goyon bayan jefa bam a Jamus. Dukansu [[Winston Churchill|Churchill]] da Roosevelt suna cikin matsayin da [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] ke matsawa ga Yammacin Allies don buɗe sabon gaba a Turai, wani abu da ba su shirya yin ba. Saboda haka yakin fashewar bam - Combined Bomber Offensive - bin umarnin Casablanca ga sojojin saman Allied shine duk abin da za su iya bayarwa don tallafawa [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]]. Operation Gomorrah, wanda Kwamandan Bomber ya gudanar a kan [[Hamburg]], ya yi niyya ga birni mai saukin kamuwa da wuta da kuma yawan masana'antun da ke yin kayayyaki don kokarin yaki na Jamus. Harin ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga birnin, musamman gidajen ma'aikatan masana'antu. An yi amfani da haɗin da aka haɓaka a hankali na manyan bama-bamai masu fashewa da masu ƙonewa. Babban fashewa ya fashe windows kuma ya sanya kashe gobara mai haɗari, yayin da masu cin wuta suka ƙone gine-ginen. An yi amfani da wannan hanyar don ci gaba da kai hare-hare a yankunan birane (ko da yake ba tare da irin wannan babban sakamako ba) a duk lokacin yakin, tare da Dresden kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manufofi na ƙarshe.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}} An kuma yi amfani da fashewar bam a matsayin goyon bayan iska na kusa (a matsayin "artillery mai tashi") don ayyukan ƙasa. Babban fashewar bam din ya mayar da hankali ne a cikin wani yanki mai zurfi da zurfi na gaba (kimanin kilomita da zurfin mita ɗari), wanda aka daidaita tare da ci gaban sojojin abokantaka. Amfani da fasaha na farko da aka samu nasara ya kasance a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1943, a Ƙarshen Yakin Tunisia . An fitar da shi a karkashin Sir Arthur Tedder, 'yan jarida sun yaba da shi a matsayin kafet na bam na Tedder (ko '''Kafet na Tedder'''). An mayar da hankali ga fashewar bam a cikin yanki mai nisan kilomita huɗu da uku, yana shirya hanyar ga Sojojin Farko. Daga baya aka yi amfani da wannan dabarar a lokuta da yawa a cikin Yakin Normandy; alal misali, a cikin Yankin Caen . === Yaƙin Pacific === [[Fayil:US_Navy_Photo_114-1_Bombing_Manila_14_Nov_1944.png|thumb|USS Essex TBF-1 Avenger yana jefa bam a kan Kogin Pasig a Manila yana niyya ga tashar jiragen ruwa, Nuwamba 14, 1944]] A cikin [[Yakin Pacific|Yaƙin Pacific]], an yi amfani da bam din kafet sosai a kan biranen Japan kamar Tokyo . <ref name="ieer">{{Cite web |last=Colhoun |first=Jack |title=Strategic Bombing |url=https://ieer.org/resource/commentary/strategic-bombing/ |access-date=21 June 2019 |publisher=[[Institute for Energy and Environmental Research]]}}</ref> A daren 9/10 Maris 1945, an umarci manyan bama-bamai 334 na B-29 Superfortress don kai hari kan bangarorin farar hula da suka fi yawan jama'a a Tokyo. A cikin dare daya kawai, sama da mutane 100,000 sun kone har suka mutu daga wani mummunan bama-bamai masu cin wuta, wanda ya dace da yawan mutanen da suka mutu a lokacin yakin Amurka a duk gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Pacific. <ref name="Selden" /> Sauran Jafananci 100,000 zuwa miliyan daya sun rasa gida.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Selden |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Selden |year=2007 |title=A Forgotten Holocaust: US Bombing Strategy, the Destruction of Japanese Cities and the American Way of War from World War II to Iraq |url=http://apjjf.org/-Mark-Selden/2414/article.html |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus |volume=5 |quote=The Strategic Bombing Survey estimated that 87,793 people died in the raid, 40,918 were injured, and 1,008,005 people lost their homes. Robert Rhodes, estimating the dead at more than 100,000 men, women and children, suggested that probably a million more were injured and another million were left homeless.}}</ref> Wadannan hare-haren sun biyo bayan irin wadannan hare-hares a kan Kobe, Osaka da Nagoya, da kuma sauran bangarorin Tokyo, inda aka jefa sama da tan 9,373 na bama-bamai masu cin wuta a kan fararen hula da sojoji.<ref name="Selden" /> A lokacin da aka jefa bama-Bamai na nukiliya a kan Hiroshima da Nagasaki, ana ba da umarni ga bama-bomb masu sauƙi da matsakaici don yin amfani da bama-bombe, saboda an riga an lalata yawancin birane. A cikin yakin fashewar bam na watanni tara, sama da fararen hula 300,000 na Japan sun mutu kuma 400,000 sun ji rauni.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Selden |first=Mark |year=2007 |title=A Forgotten Holocaust: US Bombing Strategy, the Destruction of Japanese Cities and the American Way of War from World War II to Iraq |url=http://apjjf.org/-Mark-Selden/2414/article.html |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal Japan Focus |volume=5 |quote=Overall, by one calculation, the US firebombing campaign destroyed 180 square miles of 67 cities, killed more than 300,000 people and injured an additional 400,000, figures that exclude the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.}}</ref> A cikin watanni na ƙarshe na yaƙin a Philippines, sojojin Amurka sun yi amfani da fashewar bam a kan sojojin Japan a Manila da Baguio, suna rage yawancin biranen zuwa rushewa.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Guy|first1=Mary E.|last2=Mastracci|first2=Sharon H.|last3=Yang|first3=Seung-Bum|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Global Perspectives on Emotional Labor in Public Service|date=3 September 2019|publisher=[[Springer Nature]]|isbn=978-3-030-24823-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ|access-date=22 August 2023|language=en|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA345 345]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Angel Velasco|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ|title=Vestiges of War: The Philippine-American War and the Aftermath of an Imperial Dream 1899-1999|last2=Francia|first2=Luis H.|date=December 2002|publisher=[[NYU Press]]|isbn=978-0-8147-9791-4|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA219 219]|language=en}}</ref> Manila ta zama birni na biyu mafi lalacewa a yakin duniya na biyu.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Boldorf|first1=Marcel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18QqBwAAQBAJ|title=Economies under Occupation: The Hegemony of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in World War II|last2=Okazaki|first2=Tetsuji|date=24 March 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-50650-8|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=18QqBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA194194]|language=|access-date=28 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Synott|first1=John P.|title=Teacher Unions, Social Movements and the Politics of Education in Asia: South Korea, Taiwan and the Philippines|date=November 22, 2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-73424-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Me1HDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT330|access-date=March 28, 2022|language=en}}</ref> == Yaƙin Koriya == Daga watan Yunin 1950, rundunar sojan sama ta Kwamandan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta fara kamfen din bama-bamai a kan Koriya ta Arewa wanda ya kasance har zuwa karshen Yaƙin Koriya a watan Yulin 1953. Yakin bama-bamai na Amurka ya lalata kashi 85 cikin 100 na gine-ginen Koriya ta Arewa da kashi 95 cikin 100 na samar da wutar lantarki.<ref>Harden, Blaine (2017).</ref> Makamai na al'ada kamar fashewa, bama-bamai masu cin wuta da napalm sun lalata kusan dukkanin biranen Koriya da garuruwa.<ref name="Robinson 119-1202">{{Cite book|last=Robinson|first=Michael E.|url=https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/119|title=Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey|date=2007|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-3174-5|location=Honolulu, HI|pages=[https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/119119]-[https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/120/mode/2up120]}}</ref>A ƙarshen yaƙin, 18 daga cikin manyan birane 22 a Koriya ta Arewa an shafe su aƙalla rabin bisa ga kimantawar lalacewar da [[United States Air Force|Sojojin Sama na Amurka]] (USAF) suka yi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Crane|first=Conrad C.|title=American Airpower Strategy in Korea, 1950-1953|publisher=University of Kansas Press|year=2000|location=Lawrence, KS}}</ref> [[Fayil:Waegwan_Bombing.jpg|alt=Photo of bombing of Waegwan, 1950|thumb|Hoton fashewar bam na Waegwan, 1950]] Tsakanin Yuni da Oktoba 1950, AmurkaF Far East Air Force (FEAF) B-29 bom sun gudanar da manyan hare-hare a kan cibiyoyin sufuri da cibiyoyin masana'antu a Koriya ta Arewa. Bayan da ba da daɗewa ba suka kafa karfin iska ta hanyar lalata Sojojin Sojan Koriya da Sojojin Koriya a cikin iska da ƙasa, 'yan FEAF ba su gamu da juriya kuma "sama a kan Koriya ta Arewa ita ce filin su na gaba".<ref name="Kim2012">{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Taewoo |date=2012 |title=Limited War, Unlimited Targets: U.S. Air Force Bombing of North Korea during the Korean War, 1950-1953 |journal=Critical Asian Studies |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=467–492 |doi=10.1080/14672715.2012.711980 |s2cid=142704845}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, Janar Douglas MacArthur ya amince a karo na farko da yakin neman bam, ya amince da bukatar Janar George E. Stratemeyer na ƙone Kanggye da sauran garuruwa da yawa a Koriya ta Arewa. A wannan maraice, shugaban ma'aikatan MacArthur ya gaya wa Stratemeyer cewa an kuma amince da fashewar Sinuiju. Stratemeyer ya aika da umarni ga rundunar sojan sama ta biyar da kuma kwamandan bomber zuwa<blockquote>"ka lalata duk hanyar sadarwa da kowane shigarwa, masana'anta, birni, da ƙauye".<ref name="ConwayLanz">{{Cite journal |last=Conway-Lanz |first=Sahr |date=15 September 2014 |title=The Ethics of Bombing Civilians After World War II: The Persistence of Norms Against Targeting Civilians in the Korean War |url=http://japanfocus.org/-Sahr-Conway_Lanz/4180/article.html |url-status=dead |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal |volume=12 |issue=37 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101051948/http://japanfocus.org/-Sahr-Conway_Lanz/4180/article.html |archive-date=1 January 2016 |access-date=21 September 2023}}</ref></blockquote> [[Fayil:F2H-2_Banshees_of_VF-62_in_flight_over_Hungnam_on_26_July_1953_(80-G-630625).jpg|alt=Aerial view of Hungnam that had been 85% destroyed|thumb|F2H-2 Banshees a kan Hungnam, wanda aka lalata kashi 85%, a kan Armistice-eve, Yuli 26, 1953]] A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, B-29s ashirin da biyu sun kai hari kan Kanggye, inda suka lalata kashi 75 cikin dari na birnin.<ref name="Kim2012" /> Bayan gazawar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Biyar da kuma hare-haren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Mayu-Yuni 1951, daga Yuli 1951, yayin da Yaƙin ƙasa ya zama mai tsauri lokacin da Majalisar Dinkinobho da PVA / KPA suka yi yaƙi amma suka musayar ƙasa kaɗan, babban bama-bamai na Koriya ta Arewa ya ci gaba. Koriya ta Arewa ta sha wahala sosai daga fashewar bam na Amurka. Manjo Janar William F. Dean, mafi girman matsayi na POW na Amurka daga yakin, ya ba da rahoton cewa yawancin biranen Koriya ta Arewa da ƙauyuka da ya gani ko dai rushe ne ko kuma dusar ƙanƙara.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Crane|first=Conrad C.|title=American Airpower Strategy in Korea, 1950-1953|publisher=University of Kansas Press|year=2000|location=Lawrence, KS}}</ref> An tilasta masana'antun Koriya ta Arewa, makarantu, asibitoci, da ofisoshin gwamnati su matsa karkashin kasa, kuma tsaron iska "ba su wanzu ba".<ref name="japanfocus.org">{{Cite journal |last=Armstrong |first=Charles |date=20 December 2010 |title=The Destruction and Reconstruction of North Korea, 1950–1960 |url=http://www.japanfocus.org/-charles_k_-armstrong/3460/article.html |url-status=live |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal |volume=8 |issue=51 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615003900/http://www.japanfocus.org/-charles_k_-armstrong/3460/article.html |archive-date=15 June 2015 |access-date=13 June 2015}}</ref> [[Koriya ta Arewa]] tana cikin kasashe da aka fi jefa bam a tarihi, yayin da Amurka ta jefa jimlar tan 635,000 na bama-bamai (ciki har da tan 32,557 na napalm) a Koriya, fiye da lokacin yakin Pacific.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kiernan |first=Ben |author-link=Ben Kiernan |last2=Owen |first2=Taylor |date=27 April 2015 |title=Making More Enemies than We Kill? Calculating U.S. Bomb Tonnages Dropped on Laos and Cambodia, and Weighing Their Implications |url=http://apjjf.org/2015/13/16/Ben-Kiernan/4313.html |url-status=dead |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal |volume=13 |issue=17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912002843/http://www.yale.edu/cgp/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf |archive-date=12 September 2015 |access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="Fisher">{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Max |date=2015-08-03 |title=Americans have forgotten what we did to North Korea |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/8/3/9089913/north-korea-us-war-crime |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407112255/https://www.vox.com/2015/8/3/9089913/north-korea-us-war-crime |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=Vox |language=en}}</ref><ref name="japanfocus.org" /> == Yaƙin Vietnam == A lokacin Rana-linkid="199" href="./Vietnam_War" id="mwAWM" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Vietnam War">Yaƙin Vietnam, tare da halin da ake ciki a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, an haɗa B-52Fs 28 tare da racks na waje don bama-bamai ashirin da hudu na 750-pound (340 kg) a ƙarƙashin aikin ''Kudancin Bay'' a watan Yunin 1964; ƙarin jirgin sama 46 ya sami irin wannan gyare-gyare a ƙarƙashin aikin Sun Bath.<ref name="var_2_p1032">Lake.</ref> &nbsp;A watan Maris na shekara ta 1965, Amurka ta fara Operation Rolling Thunder . Aikin yaƙi na farko, Operation Arc Light, B-52Fs ne suka tashi a ranar 18 ga Yuni 1965, lokacin da bama-bamai talatin na 9th da 441st Bombardment Squadrons suka kai hari kan sansanin kwaminisanci kusa da Gundumar Bến Cát a Kudancin Vietnam. Rukunin bama-bamai na farko sun isa da wuri a wani wurin da aka tsara, kuma yayin da suke motsawa don kula da tashar, B-52s guda biyu sun yi karo, wanda ya haifar da asarar bama-bando da ma'aikata takwas. Sauran masu fashewar bam, ba tare da daya ba wanda ya juya baya don matsalolin inji, ya ci gaba zuwa ga manufa.{{sfn|Hobson|2001|pp=22–23}} Stratofortresses ashirin da bakwai sun fadi a kan akwati mai nisan mil daya da biyu (1.6-by-3.2-kilomita) daga tsakanin ƙafa 19,000 da 22,000 (5,800 da 6,700 , dan kadan fiye da kashi 50 cikin dari na bama-bamai da suka fada cikin yankin da aka yi niyya.{{Sfn|Hobson|2001}}Sojojin sun koma Andersen AFB ban da mai fashewa daya tare da matsalolin lantarki wanda ya warke zuwa Clark AFB, aikin ya dauki sa'o'i goma sha uku. Binciken bayan yajin aikin da kungiyoyin sojojin Kudancin Vietnam suka yi tare da masu ba da shawara na Amurka sun sami shaidar cewa VC ta bar yankin kafin harin, kuma ana zargin cewa shiga cikin sojojin Kudanci na iya ba da labari ga arewa saboda sojojin ARVN da ke cikin binciken bayan yajin.{{sfn|Schlight|1988|p=52}} [[Fayil:Boeing_B-52_dropping_bombs.jpg|alt=Against a blue sky with white clouds, a B-52F releases bombs over Vietnam.|left|thumb|B-52F ta saki nauyin bama-bamai a kan Vietnam]] Da farko a ƙarshen 1965, yawancin B-52Ds sun sami gyare-gyare na Big Belly don ƙara ƙarfin bam don fashewar bam.{{Sfn|Lake|Styling|2004}}Duk da yake kayan aiki na waje sun kasance a cikin bama-bamai ashirin da hudu na 500-pound (227 kg) ko 750-pound (340 kg), ƙarfin ciki ya karu daga ashirin da bakwai zuwa takwas da hudu na bama-bomb 500-poond ko daga ashirin na bakwai zuwa arba'in da biyu.{{Sfn|Dick|Patterson|2006}}&nbsp;&nbsp;Canjin ya haifar da isasshen ƙarfin don jimlar fam 60,000 (27,215 kg) a cikin bama-bamai 108. &nbsp;Ta haka ne aka gyara, B-52Ds na iya ɗaukar fam 22,000 (9,980 kg) fiye da B-52Fs.{{Sfn|Knaack|1988}}&nbsp;&nbsp;An tsara shi don maye gurbin B-52Fs, gyaran B-52Ds sun shiga yaƙi a watan Afrilu na 1966 suna tashi daga Andersen Air Force Base, [[Guam]]. Kowane aikin bama-bamai ya dauki sa'o'i goma zuwa goma sha biyu tare da man fetur daga KC-135 Stratotankers.{{Sfn|Donald|1997}}A cikin bazara na 1967, jirgin ya fara tashi daga Filin jirgin saman U-Tapao a Thailand yana ba da damar jirgin sama na rashin buƙatar man fetur a cikin jirgin.{{Sfn|Dick|Patterson|2006}} Gurasa da man shanu na hare-haren B-52 a Vietnam shine ''Operation Linebacker II'' (wani lokacin ana kiransa Bombing na Kirsimeti) wanda ya kunshi raƙuman ruwa na B-52s (yawanci samfuran D, amma wasu Gs ba tare da jamming kayan aiki ba kuma tare da karamin nauyin bam). Fiye da kwanaki goma sha biyu, B-52s sun tashi sama da 729 kuma sun jefa tan 15,237 na bama-bamai a kan [[Hanoi]], [[Haiphong]] da sauran manufofi.{{Sfn|Dick|Patterson|2006}}[53]&nbsp;Asalin 42 B-52s sun himmatu ga yaƙi; duk da haka, lambobi sun kasance sau biyu wannan adadi.{{Sfn|Lake|Styling|2004}} == Yaƙin Gaza == A lokacin [[Yaƙin Gaza]] wanda ya fara a watan Oktoba na 2023, sikelin hare-haren jiragen sama na Isra'ila ya jawo karuwar zargi na kasa da kasa.{{excerpt|Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip#Analysis|inline=yes}} == Dubi kuma ==  {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] h0flw17d62exhhlmawr7c36ltr0rjj0 906977 906975 2026-08-24T09:06:15Z Saad Nuhu 43323 906977 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Barcelona_bombing_(1938).jpg|thumb|Fashewar bam na farko daga iska a tarihi shine Bombing na Barcelona . An kashe mutane 1,300 a cikin kwanaki 3, 16-18 Maris 1938]] [[Fayil:Rotterdam,_Laurenskerk,_na_bombardement_van_mei_1940.jpg|thumb|A ranar 14 ga Mayu 1940 da karfe 1:22 na yamma, a cikin Rotterdam Blitz, 'yan bam na Jamus sun ƙone dukan birnin da bama-bamai masu cin wuta, inda suka kashe mazauna 814.&nbsp;]] [[Fayil:Wesel_1945.jpg|thumb|An lalata Wesel kashi 97% kafin sojojin Allied su karbe shi a shekarar 1945]] fashewar bam, wanda aka fi sani da "fashewar bam" da "fashin bam", babban fashewar bam ne da aka yi a hanyar ci gaba don haifar da lalacewa a kowane bangare na yankin da aka zaɓa.<ref name=":0" />{{r|Keane}}{{r|Dickson}}Carpet bombing yana nufin wani nau’in harin bama-bamai kan wani yanki gaba ɗaya, wanda manufarsa ita ce lalata yankin da aka nufa gaba ɗaya ta hanyar jefa bama-bamai a kowane ɓangare na yankin. Kalmar tana haifar da hoton fashe-fashen bama-bamai da suka mamaye wani yanki gaba ɗaya, kamar yadda kafet ke rufe bene. Yawanci ana aiwatar da carpet bombing ne ta hanyar jefa bama-bamai marasa jagora (unguided bombs) da yawa a lokaci guda ko a jere. Ana amfani da kalmar “obliteration bombing” wani lokaci wajen bayyana tsananin kai harin bama-bamai, musamman idan manufar ita ce lalata birni gaba ɗaya ko wani babban ɓangare na birni. Kalmar “area bombing” tana nufin jefa bama-bamai ba tare da ware takamaiman wuraren hari ba a wani yanki, kuma tana haɗawa da nau’o’in carpet bombing, ciki har da obliteration bombing. An fi amfani da kalmar ''area bombing'' da wannan ma’ana musamman a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu da kuma Yaƙin Koriya. Ana bambanta area bombing da precision bombing (kai harin bama-bamai cikin takamaiman manufa). Precision bombing yana nufin kai hari ga wani takamaiman wuri da aka zaɓa—wanda ba lallai ne ya zama ƙaramin wuri ko manufa ta soja kai tsaye ba; alal misali, yana iya zama filin jirgin sama ko masana’anta. Manufarsa ba ita ce haddasa babbar barna da ta bazu a faɗin yanki ba. Kalmar “area bombing” ta fara samun karɓuwa sosai a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.. An yi la'akari da fashewar bam a birane, garuruwa, ƙauyuka ko wasu yankuna da ke dauke da tarin fararen hula masu kariya a matsayin [[Laifin Yaƙi|Laifin yaki]] tun 1977, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Crimes of War – Carpet or Area Bombing |url=http://www.crimesofwar.org/a-z-guide/carpet-or-area-bombing/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151202081911/http://www.crimesofwar.org/a-z-guide/carpet-or-area-bombing/ |archive-date=2 December 2015 |access-date=2015-12-08}}</ref> ta hanyar Mataki na 51 na Ƙarin Yarjejeniya I na Yarjejeniyar Geneva.<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Carpet bombing |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/carpet-bombing |access-date=June 21, 2019 |publisher=[[Britannica.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 1977 |title=Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Additional Protocol (I) to the Geneva Conventions, 1977 - 51 - Protection of the civilian population |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=4BEBD9920AE0AEAEC12563CD0051DC9E |access-date=21 June 2019 |publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Additional Protocol (I) to the Geneva Conventions, 1977 - 51 - Protection of the civilian population - Commentary of 1987 |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Comment.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=5E5142B6BA102B45C12563CD00434741 |access-date=21 June 2019 |website=Paragraph 5 |publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)}}</ref> == Tarihin Farko == Ɗaya daga cikin yunkurin farko na fashewar bam na kafet ya kasance a Yaƙin El Mazuco a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Spain a 1937, a kan yaduwar sojan ƙasa a kan gangaren duwatsu, kuma Condor Legion mai kai farmaki ya koyi cewa fashewar kafet ba ta da tasiri sosai a irin wannan filin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=El Mazuco (The Impossible Defense) |url=http://www.speleogroup.org/files/ElMazuco-impossible-defence.html |access-date=21 June 2019 |website=www.speleogroup.org}}</ref> In March 1938, the Bombing of Barcelona saw Italian and German airstrikes killing up to 1,300 people and wounding 2,000. It is considered the first carpet bombing of a city,<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=The Spanish Civil War|last=Thomas|first=Hugh|date=2003|publisher=Penguin|isbn=9780141011615|edition=4th|location=London|oclc=53806663}}</ref>  and set a precedent for several such bombings in World War II. Harin bama-bamai da Japan ta kai wa Chongqing, babban birnin China na lokacin yaƙi, daga ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 1938 zuwa 23 ga Agusta 1943, ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 23,600, sannan sama da 30,000 suka jikkata. == A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu == === Binciken da aka yi kafin yaƙin === A cikin shekarun tsakanin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko da na Biyu, an ƙara samun ra’ayin cewa idan yaƙi ya barke, za a lalata birane cikin sauri ta hanyar hare-haren bama-bamai daga sama. Ana sa ran za a yi amfani da gas mai guba, kuma ana hasashen za a samu mummunar barna sakamakon amfani da bama-bamai masu fashewa da ƙarfi. Wannan ra’ayi ya samo asali ne, a wani ɓangare, daga ra’ayoyin wasu ƙwararrun masana dabarun yaƙi, kamar Douhet, sannan ’yan siyasa da ’yan jarida suka ɗauke shi suka yaɗa shi. Misali, Stanley Baldwin ya ƙirƙiri sanannen furucin “The bomber will always get through”, wato “Jirgin saman jefa bama-bamai koyaushe zai iya kaiwa inda aka nufa.” Wasu ra’ayoyi sun nuna cewa kai hari kan fararen hula zai iya karya ƙwarin gwiwa da ɗabi’ar jama’a, wanda hakan zai iya haifar da rikicin cikin gida da tayar da zaune-tsaye, har ya tilasta wa gwamnati mika wuya. A cewar Baldwin, ƙasashen da ke yaƙi na iya shiga wata gasa ta karya ƙwarin gwiwar fararen hular ɗayan ɓangaren, inda kowanne ɓangare zai yi ƙoƙarin karya ruhin jama’ar abokin gaba kafin ɗayan ya samu damar yin hakan.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}} Akwai sakamako biyu daga wannan. Da farko, an kafa shirye-shiryen tsaro na farar hula, tare da bayar da abin rufe fuska na gas, an kafa tsare-tsaren mafaka na hare-haren iska kuma an kafa kungiyoyi don sarrafa fararen hula kafin hari da magance lalacewa da wadanda suka mutu bayan an sanya daya. Abu na biyu, an nemi yarjejeniyoyi don yin niyya ga fararen hula ba bisa ka'ida ba a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa. A lokacin da Douhet da sauransu ke buga ra'ayoyinsu, babu rundunar sojan sama da ta tsara iyawarsu da niyyar yin "knockout blow" a kan fararen hula.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}}An kirkiro Dokokin Hague na Yakin Jirgin Sama a cikin 1922-23 don hana kai hari da gangan ga fararen hula, duk da haka babu wata ƙasa da ta tabbatar da shi.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}}A farkon yakin duniya na biyu, Royal Air Force yana da umarni na farko don bin Dokokin Hague muddin abokan gaba sun yi.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}}Wannan ƙuntatawa ta biyo bayan Burtaniya har zuwa 11 ga Mayu 1940, lokacin da, tare da Winston Churchill yanzu a matsayin Firayim Minista kuma yaƙi a Faransa yana tafiya mara kyau, RAF ta kai hari kan masana'antu da kayan aikin sufuri a Mönchengladbach. Wannan hari ya haifar da mutuwar fararen hula.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}} === Fashewar bama-bamai ta Jamus === A cikin Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai, birni na farko da ya sha wahala sosai daga bama-bamai na sama shine Warsaw, a ranar 25 ga Satumba 1939 bayan farawar mamayar Jamus a Poland. Ci gaba da wannan yanayin a yaƙi, [[Rotterdam]]_Blitz" id="mwig" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Rotterdam Blitz">Rotterdam Blitz wani bama-bamai ne na Rotterdam da bama-bomb 90 na rundunar sojan saman Jamus a ranar 14 ga Mayu 1940, a lokacin mamayewar Jamus a Netherlands. Manufar ita ce ta goyi bayan hare-haren Jamus a kan birnin, ta karya juriyar Dutch, da kuma tilasta wa Dutch su mika wuya. Duk da tsagaita wuta, fashewar bam din ta lalata kusan dukkanin tsakiyar gari na tarihi, ta kashe kusan fararen hula ɗari tara kuma ta bar mutane 30,000 ba tare da gida ba. Nasarar fashewar bam din ta jagoranci ''Oberkommando der Luftwaffe'' (OKL, Babban Kwamandan Luftwaffe) don yin barazanar lalata birnin Utrecht idan Gwamnatin Holland ba ta mika wuya ba. Yaren mutanen Holland sun mika wuya da sassafe.{{Sfn|Hooton|2007}} Yayin da yakin ya ci gaba, Yaƙin Burtaniya ya ci gaba daga gwagwarmaya don rinjaye a cikin dabarun da bama-bamai na London, Liverpool, Coventry da sauran biranen Burtaniya. === Fashewar bama-bamai ta Yamma === A farkon yakin, RAF Bomber Command ba ta da tsarin kewayawa don gano manufa da kuma yawan bama-bamai da ake buƙata don yin hare-hare na kowane sikelin a Jamus. Yayin da aka kawo manyan bama-bamai cikin sabis kuma an inganta fasaha da dabarun, an canza zaɓin manufofi. Manufar guje wa mutuwar fararen hula kamar yadda lalacewar ta ɓace. Maimakon haka, fararen hula da suka yi aiki a masana'antun da suka shafi yaki - da gidajensu - sun zama manufa. Wasu daga cikin wannan canjin sun fito ne daga sha'awar ramawa ga harin Jamus a kan Coventry.{{Efn|The war cabinet agreed, in November 1940, the indiscriminate bombing of a German city as retaliation for the German raid on Coventry.{{sfn|Overy|2013|p=262}}}} Har ila yau, ya dogara ne akan abin da aka koya daga kasancewa manufa a cikin Blitz. An gano cewa gine-ginen masana'antu sun fi tsayayya da mummunar lalacewa fiye da gidajen ma'aikatansu. Rashin ma'aikata ya karu sosai idan gidajensu ba su da zama, don haka yana shafar masana'antu. Yayinda ake tattauna halin kirki, ma'anar kalmar ta canza daga amfani da ita kafin yakin. Yanzu an yi niyyar rage halin kirki don rage samar da masana'antu wanda ya goyi bayan kokarin yaki.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}}An ba da umarnin fashewar bam ga RAF Bomber Command a cikin 1942. Sojojin Sama na takwas na USAAF sun isa Burtaniya a lokacin rani na 1942. Duk da rokon [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] ga [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] don kauce wa jefa bam ga fararen hula kafin Amurka ta shiga yakin, ya kasance mai goyon bayan jefa bam a Jamus. Dukansu [[Winston Churchill|Churchill]] da Roosevelt suna cikin matsayin da [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] ke matsawa ga Yammacin Allies don buɗe sabon gaba a Turai, wani abu da ba su shirya yin ba. Saboda haka yakin fashewar bam - Combined Bomber Offensive - bin umarnin Casablanca ga sojojin saman Allied shine duk abin da za su iya bayarwa don tallafawa [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]]. Operation Gomorrah, wanda Kwamandan Bomber ya gudanar a kan [[Hamburg]], ya yi niyya ga birni mai saukin kamuwa da wuta da kuma yawan masana'antun da ke yin kayayyaki don kokarin yaki na Jamus. Harin ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga birnin, musamman gidajen ma'aikatan masana'antu. An yi amfani da haɗin da aka haɓaka a hankali na manyan bama-bamai masu fashewa da masu ƙonewa. Babban fashewa ya fashe windows kuma ya sanya kashe gobara mai haɗari, yayin da masu cin wuta suka ƙone gine-ginen. An yi amfani da wannan hanyar don ci gaba da kai hare-hare a yankunan birane (ko da yake ba tare da irin wannan babban sakamako ba) a duk lokacin yakin, tare da Dresden kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manufofi na ƙarshe.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}} An kuma yi amfani da fashewar bam a matsayin goyon bayan iska na kusa (a matsayin "artillery mai tashi") don ayyukan ƙasa. Babban fashewar bam din ya mayar da hankali ne a cikin wani yanki mai zurfi da zurfi na gaba (kimanin kilomita da zurfin mita ɗari), wanda aka daidaita tare da ci gaban sojojin abokantaka. Amfani da fasaha na farko da aka samu nasara ya kasance a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1943, a Ƙarshen Yakin Tunisia . An fitar da shi a karkashin Sir Arthur Tedder, 'yan jarida sun yaba da shi a matsayin kafet na bam na Tedder (ko '''Kafet na Tedder'''). An mayar da hankali ga fashewar bam a cikin yanki mai nisan kilomita huɗu da uku, yana shirya hanyar ga Sojojin Farko. Daga baya aka yi amfani da wannan dabarar a lokuta da yawa a cikin Yakin Normandy; alal misali, a cikin Yankin Caen . === Yaƙin Pacific === [[Fayil:US_Navy_Photo_114-1_Bombing_Manila_14_Nov_1944.png|thumb|USS Essex TBF-1 Avenger yana jefa bam a kan Kogin Pasig a Manila yana niyya ga tashar jiragen ruwa, Nuwamba 14, 1944]] A cikin [[Yakin Pacific|Yaƙin Pacific]], an yi amfani da bam din kafet sosai a kan biranen Japan kamar Tokyo . <ref name="ieer">{{Cite web |last=Colhoun |first=Jack |title=Strategic Bombing |url=https://ieer.org/resource/commentary/strategic-bombing/ |access-date=21 June 2019 |publisher=[[Institute for Energy and Environmental Research]]}}</ref> A daren 9/10 Maris 1945, an umarci manyan bama-bamai 334 na B-29 Superfortress don kai hari kan bangarorin farar hula da suka fi yawan jama'a a Tokyo. A cikin dare daya kawai, sama da mutane 100,000 sun kone har suka mutu daga wani mummunan bama-bamai masu cin wuta, wanda ya dace da yawan mutanen da suka mutu a lokacin yakin Amurka a duk gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Pacific. <ref name="Selden" /> Sauran Jafananci 100,000 zuwa miliyan daya sun rasa gida.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Selden |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Selden |year=2007 |title=A Forgotten Holocaust: US Bombing Strategy, the Destruction of Japanese Cities and the American Way of War from World War II to Iraq |url=http://apjjf.org/-Mark-Selden/2414/article.html |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus |volume=5 |quote=The Strategic Bombing Survey estimated that 87,793 people died in the raid, 40,918 were injured, and 1,008,005 people lost their homes. Robert Rhodes, estimating the dead at more than 100,000 men, women and children, suggested that probably a million more were injured and another million were left homeless.}}</ref> Wadannan hare-haren sun biyo bayan irin wadannan hare-hares a kan Kobe, Osaka da Nagoya, da kuma sauran bangarorin Tokyo, inda aka jefa sama da tan 9,373 na bama-bamai masu cin wuta a kan fararen hula da sojoji.<ref name="Selden" /> A lokacin da aka jefa bama-Bamai na nukiliya a kan Hiroshima da Nagasaki, ana ba da umarni ga bama-bomb masu sauƙi da matsakaici don yin amfani da bama-bombe, saboda an riga an lalata yawancin birane. A cikin yakin fashewar bam na watanni tara, sama da fararen hula 300,000 na Japan sun mutu kuma 400,000 sun ji rauni.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Selden |first=Mark |year=2007 |title=A Forgotten Holocaust: US Bombing Strategy, the Destruction of Japanese Cities and the American Way of War from World War II to Iraq |url=http://apjjf.org/-Mark-Selden/2414/article.html |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal Japan Focus |volume=5 |quote=Overall, by one calculation, the US firebombing campaign destroyed 180 square miles of 67 cities, killed more than 300,000 people and injured an additional 400,000, figures that exclude the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.}}</ref> A cikin watanni na ƙarshe na yaƙin a Philippines, sojojin Amurka sun yi amfani da fashewar bam a kan sojojin Japan a Manila da Baguio, suna rage yawancin biranen zuwa rushewa.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Guy|first1=Mary E.|last2=Mastracci|first2=Sharon H.|last3=Yang|first3=Seung-Bum|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Global Perspectives on Emotional Labor in Public Service|date=3 September 2019|publisher=[[Springer Nature]]|isbn=978-3-030-24823-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ|access-date=22 August 2023|language=en|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA345 345]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Angel Velasco|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ|title=Vestiges of War: The Philippine-American War and the Aftermath of an Imperial Dream 1899-1999|last2=Francia|first2=Luis H.|date=December 2002|publisher=[[NYU Press]]|isbn=978-0-8147-9791-4|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA219 219]|language=en}}</ref> Manila ta zama birni na biyu mafi lalacewa a yakin duniya na biyu.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Boldorf|first1=Marcel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18QqBwAAQBAJ|title=Economies under Occupation: The Hegemony of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in World War II|last2=Okazaki|first2=Tetsuji|date=24 March 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-50650-8|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=18QqBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA194194]|language=|access-date=28 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Synott|first1=John P.|title=Teacher Unions, Social Movements and the Politics of Education in Asia: South Korea, Taiwan and the Philippines|date=November 22, 2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-73424-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Me1HDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT330|access-date=March 28, 2022|language=en}}</ref> == Yaƙin Koriya == Daga watan Yunin 1950, rundunar sojan sama ta Kwamandan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta fara kamfen din bama-bamai a kan Koriya ta Arewa wanda ya kasance har zuwa karshen Yaƙin Koriya a watan Yulin 1953. Yakin bama-bamai na Amurka ya lalata kashi 85 cikin 100 na gine-ginen Koriya ta Arewa da kashi 95 cikin 100 na samar da wutar lantarki.<ref>Harden, Blaine (2017).</ref> Makamai na al'ada kamar fashewa, bama-bamai masu cin wuta da napalm sun lalata kusan dukkanin biranen Koriya da garuruwa.<ref name="Robinson 119-1202">{{Cite book|last=Robinson|first=Michael E.|url=https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/119|title=Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey|date=2007|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-3174-5|location=Honolulu, HI|pages=[https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/119119]-[https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/120/mode/2up120]}}</ref>A ƙarshen yaƙin, 18 daga cikin manyan birane 22 a Koriya ta Arewa an shafe su aƙalla rabin bisa ga kimantawar lalacewar da [[United States Air Force|Sojojin Sama na Amurka]] (USAF) suka yi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Crane|first=Conrad C.|title=American Airpower Strategy in Korea, 1950-1953|publisher=University of Kansas Press|year=2000|location=Lawrence, KS}}</ref> [[Fayil:Waegwan_Bombing.jpg|alt=Photo of bombing of Waegwan, 1950|thumb|Hoton fashewar bam na Waegwan, 1950]] Tsakanin Yuni da Oktoba 1950, AmurkaF Far East Air Force (FEAF) B-29 bom sun gudanar da manyan hare-hare a kan cibiyoyin sufuri da cibiyoyin masana'antu a Koriya ta Arewa. Bayan da ba da daɗewa ba suka kafa karfin iska ta hanyar lalata Sojojin Sojan Koriya da Sojojin Koriya a cikin iska da ƙasa, 'yan FEAF ba su gamu da juriya kuma "sama a kan Koriya ta Arewa ita ce filin su na gaba".<ref name="Kim2012">{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Taewoo |date=2012 |title=Limited War, Unlimited Targets: U.S. Air Force Bombing of North Korea during the Korean War, 1950-1953 |journal=Critical Asian Studies |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=467–492 |doi=10.1080/14672715.2012.711980 |s2cid=142704845}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, Janar Douglas MacArthur ya amince a karo na farko da yakin neman bam, ya amince da bukatar Janar George E. Stratemeyer na ƙone Kanggye da sauran garuruwa da yawa a Koriya ta Arewa. A wannan maraice, shugaban ma'aikatan MacArthur ya gaya wa Stratemeyer cewa an kuma amince da fashewar Sinuiju. Stratemeyer ya aika da umarni ga rundunar sojan sama ta biyar da kuma kwamandan bomber zuwa<blockquote>"ka lalata duk hanyar sadarwa da kowane shigarwa, masana'anta, birni, da ƙauye".<ref name="ConwayLanz">{{Cite journal |last=Conway-Lanz |first=Sahr |date=15 September 2014 |title=The Ethics of Bombing Civilians After World War II: The Persistence of Norms Against Targeting Civilians in the Korean War |url=http://japanfocus.org/-Sahr-Conway_Lanz/4180/article.html |url-status=dead |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal |volume=12 |issue=37 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101051948/http://japanfocus.org/-Sahr-Conway_Lanz/4180/article.html |archive-date=1 January 2016 |access-date=21 September 2023}}</ref></blockquote> [[Fayil:F2H-2_Banshees_of_VF-62_in_flight_over_Hungnam_on_26_July_1953_(80-G-630625).jpg|alt=Aerial view of Hungnam that had been 85% destroyed|thumb|F2H-2 Banshees a kan Hungnam, wanda aka lalata kashi 85%, a kan Armistice-eve, Yuli 26, 1953]] A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, B-29s ashirin da biyu sun kai hari kan Kanggye, inda suka lalata kashi 75 cikin dari na birnin.<ref name="Kim2012" /> Bayan gazawar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Biyar da kuma hare-haren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Mayu-Yuni 1951, daga Yuli 1951, yayin da Yaƙin ƙasa ya zama mai tsauri lokacin da Majalisar Dinkinobho da PVA / KPA suka yi yaƙi amma suka musayar ƙasa kaɗan, babban bama-bamai na Koriya ta Arewa ya ci gaba. Koriya ta Arewa ta sha wahala sosai daga fashewar bam na Amurka. Manjo Janar William F. Dean, mafi girman matsayi na POW na Amurka daga yakin, ya ba da rahoton cewa yawancin biranen Koriya ta Arewa da ƙauyuka da ya gani ko dai rushe ne ko kuma dusar ƙanƙara.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Crane|first=Conrad C.|title=American Airpower Strategy in Korea, 1950-1953|publisher=University of Kansas Press|year=2000|location=Lawrence, KS}}</ref> An tilasta masana'antun Koriya ta Arewa, makarantu, asibitoci, da ofisoshin gwamnati su matsa karkashin kasa, kuma tsaron iska "ba su wanzu ba".<ref name="japanfocus.org">{{Cite journal |last=Armstrong |first=Charles |date=20 December 2010 |title=The Destruction and Reconstruction of North Korea, 1950–1960 |url=http://www.japanfocus.org/-charles_k_-armstrong/3460/article.html |url-status=live |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal |volume=8 |issue=51 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615003900/http://www.japanfocus.org/-charles_k_-armstrong/3460/article.html |archive-date=15 June 2015 |access-date=13 June 2015}}</ref> [[Koriya ta Arewa]] tana cikin kasashe da aka fi jefa bam a tarihi, yayin da Amurka ta jefa jimlar tan 635,000 na bama-bamai (ciki har da tan 32,557 na napalm) a Koriya, fiye da lokacin yakin Pacific.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kiernan |first=Ben |author-link=Ben Kiernan |last2=Owen |first2=Taylor |date=27 April 2015 |title=Making More Enemies than We Kill? Calculating U.S. Bomb Tonnages Dropped on Laos and Cambodia, and Weighing Their Implications |url=http://apjjf.org/2015/13/16/Ben-Kiernan/4313.html |url-status=dead |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal |volume=13 |issue=17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912002843/http://www.yale.edu/cgp/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf |archive-date=12 September 2015 |access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="Fisher">{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Max |date=2015-08-03 |title=Americans have forgotten what we did to North Korea |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/8/3/9089913/north-korea-us-war-crime |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407112255/https://www.vox.com/2015/8/3/9089913/north-korea-us-war-crime |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=Vox |language=en}}</ref><ref name="japanfocus.org" /> == Yaƙin Vietnam == A lokacin Rana-linkid="199" href="./Vietnam_War" id="mwAWM" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Vietnam War">Yaƙin Vietnam, tare da halin da ake ciki a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, an haɗa B-52Fs 28 tare da racks na waje don bama-bamai ashirin da hudu na 750-pound (340 kg) a ƙarƙashin aikin ''Kudancin Bay'' a watan Yunin 1964; ƙarin jirgin sama 46 ya sami irin wannan gyare-gyare a ƙarƙashin aikin Sun Bath.<ref name="var_2_p1032">Lake.</ref> &nbsp;A watan Maris na shekara ta 1965, Amurka ta fara Operation Rolling Thunder . Aikin yaƙi na farko, Operation Arc Light, B-52Fs ne suka tashi a ranar 18 ga Yuni 1965, lokacin da bama-bamai talatin na 9th da 441st Bombardment Squadrons suka kai hari kan sansanin kwaminisanci kusa da Gundumar Bến Cát a Kudancin Vietnam. Rukunin bama-bamai na farko sun isa da wuri a wani wurin da aka tsara, kuma yayin da suke motsawa don kula da tashar, B-52s guda biyu sun yi karo, wanda ya haifar da asarar bama-bando da ma'aikata takwas. Sauran masu fashewar bam, ba tare da daya ba wanda ya juya baya don matsalolin inji, ya ci gaba zuwa ga manufa.{{sfn|Hobson|2001|pp=22–23}} Stratofortresses ashirin da bakwai sun fadi a kan akwati mai nisan mil daya da biyu (1.6-by-3.2-kilomita) daga tsakanin ƙafa 19,000 da 22,000 (5,800 da 6,700 , dan kadan fiye da kashi 50 cikin dari na bama-bamai da suka fada cikin yankin da aka yi niyya.{{Sfn|Hobson|2001}}Sojojin sun koma Andersen AFB ban da mai fashewa daya tare da matsalolin lantarki wanda ya warke zuwa Clark AFB, aikin ya dauki sa'o'i goma sha uku. Binciken bayan yajin aikin da kungiyoyin sojojin Kudancin Vietnam suka yi tare da masu ba da shawara na Amurka sun sami shaidar cewa VC ta bar yankin kafin harin, kuma ana zargin cewa shiga cikin sojojin Kudanci na iya ba da labari ga arewa saboda sojojin ARVN da ke cikin binciken bayan yajin.{{sfn|Schlight|1988|p=52}} [[Fayil:Boeing_B-52_dropping_bombs.jpg|alt=Against a blue sky with white clouds, a B-52F releases bombs over Vietnam.|left|thumb|B-52F ta saki nauyin bama-bamai a kan Vietnam]] Da farko a ƙarshen 1965, yawancin B-52Ds sun sami gyare-gyare na Big Belly don ƙara ƙarfin bam don fashewar bam.{{Sfn|Lake|Styling|2004}}Duk da yake kayan aiki na waje sun kasance a cikin bama-bamai ashirin da hudu na 500-pound (227 kg) ko 750-pound (340 kg), ƙarfin ciki ya karu daga ashirin da bakwai zuwa takwas da hudu na bama-bomb 500-poond ko daga ashirin na bakwai zuwa arba'in da biyu.{{Sfn|Dick|Patterson|2006}}&nbsp;&nbsp;Canjin ya haifar da isasshen ƙarfin don jimlar fam 60,000 (27,215 kg) a cikin bama-bamai 108. &nbsp;Ta haka ne aka gyara, B-52Ds na iya ɗaukar fam 22,000 (9,980 kg) fiye da B-52Fs.{{Sfn|Knaack|1988}}&nbsp;&nbsp;An tsara shi don maye gurbin B-52Fs, gyaran B-52Ds sun shiga yaƙi a watan Afrilu na 1966 suna tashi daga Andersen Air Force Base, [[Guam]]. Kowane aikin bama-bamai ya dauki sa'o'i goma zuwa goma sha biyu tare da man fetur daga KC-135 Stratotankers.{{Sfn|Donald|1997}}A cikin bazara na 1967, jirgin ya fara tashi daga Filin jirgin saman U-Tapao a Thailand yana ba da damar jirgin sama na rashin buƙatar man fetur a cikin jirgin.{{Sfn|Dick|Patterson|2006}} Gurasa da man shanu na hare-haren B-52 a Vietnam shine ''Operation Linebacker II'' (wani lokacin ana kiransa Bombing na Kirsimeti) wanda ya kunshi raƙuman ruwa na B-52s (yawanci samfuran D, amma wasu Gs ba tare da jamming kayan aiki ba kuma tare da karamin nauyin bam). Fiye da kwanaki goma sha biyu, B-52s sun tashi sama da 729 kuma sun jefa tan 15,237 na bama-bamai a kan [[Hanoi]], [[Haiphong]] da sauran manufofi.{{Sfn|Dick|Patterson|2006}}[53]&nbsp;Asalin 42 B-52s sun himmatu ga yaƙi; duk da haka, lambobi sun kasance sau biyu wannan adadi.{{Sfn|Lake|Styling|2004}} == Yaƙin Gaza == A lokacin [[Yaƙin Gaza]] wanda ya fara a watan Oktoba na 2023, sikelin hare-haren jiragen sama na Isra'ila ya jawo karuwar zargi na kasa da kasa.{{excerpt|Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip#Analysis|inline=yes}} == Dubi kuma ==  {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fpwyr4h88g62cbj6t2n7e8qvbzq4aeh 906978 906977 2026-08-24T09:08:00Z Saad Nuhu 43323 906978 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Barcelona_bombing_(1938).jpg|thumb|Fashewar bam na farko daga iska a tarihi shine Bombing na Barcelona . An kashe mutane 1,300 a cikin kwanaki 3, 16-18 Maris 1938]] [[Fayil:Rotterdam,_Laurenskerk,_na_bombardement_van_mei_1940.jpg|thumb|A ranar 14 ga Mayu 1940 da karfe 1:22 na yamma, a cikin Rotterdam Blitz, 'yan bam na Jamus sun ƙone dukan birnin da bama-bamai masu cin wuta, inda suka kashe mazauna 814.&nbsp;]] [[Fayil:Wesel_1945.jpg|thumb|An lalata Wesel kashi 97% kafin sojojin Allied su karbe shi a shekarar 1945]] fashewar bam, wanda aka fi sani da "fashewar bam" da "fashin bam", babban fashewar bam ne da aka yi a hanyar ci gaba don haifar da lalacewa a kowane bangare na yankin da aka zaɓa.<ref name=":0" />Carpet bombing yana nufin wani nau’in harin bama-bamai kan wani yanki gaba ɗaya, wanda manufarsa ita ce lalata yankin da aka nufa gaba ɗaya ta hanyar jefa bama-bamai a kowane ɓangare na yankin. Kalmar tana haifar da hoton fashe-fashen bama-bamai da suka mamaye wani yanki gaba ɗaya, kamar yadda kafet ke rufe bene. Yawanci ana aiwatar da carpet bombing ne ta hanyar jefa bama-bamai marasa jagora (unguided bombs) da yawa a lokaci guda ko a jere. Ana amfani da kalmar “obliteration bombing” wani lokaci wajen bayyana tsananin kai harin bama-bamai, musamman idan manufar ita ce lalata birni gaba ɗaya ko wani babban ɓangare na birni. Kalmar “area bombing” tana nufin jefa bama-bamai ba tare da ware takamaiman wuraren hari ba a wani yanki, kuma tana haɗawa da nau’o’in carpet bombing, ciki har da obliteration bombing. An fi amfani da kalmar ''area bombing'' da wannan ma’ana musamman a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu da kuma Yaƙin Koriya. Ana bambanta area bombing da precision bombing (kai harin bama-bamai cikin takamaiman manufa). Precision bombing yana nufin kai hari ga wani takamaiman wuri da aka zaɓa—wanda ba lallai ne ya zama ƙaramin wuri ko manufa ta soja kai tsaye ba; alal misali, yana iya zama filin jirgin sama ko masana’anta. Manufarsa ba ita ce haddasa babbar barna da ta bazu a faɗin yanki ba. Kalmar “area bombing” ta fara samun karɓuwa sosai a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.. An yi la'akari da fashewar bam a birane, garuruwa, ƙauyuka ko wasu yankuna da ke dauke da tarin fararen hula masu kariya a matsayin [[Laifin Yaƙi|Laifin yaki]] tun 1977, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Crimes of War – Carpet or Area Bombing |url=http://www.crimesofwar.org/a-z-guide/carpet-or-area-bombing/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151202081911/http://www.crimesofwar.org/a-z-guide/carpet-or-area-bombing/ |archive-date=2 December 2015 |access-date=2015-12-08}}</ref> ta hanyar Mataki na 51 na Ƙarin Yarjejeniya I na Yarjejeniyar Geneva.<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Carpet bombing |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/carpet-bombing |access-date=June 21, 2019 |publisher=[[Britannica.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 1977 |title=Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Additional Protocol (I) to the Geneva Conventions, 1977 - 51 - Protection of the civilian population |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=4BEBD9920AE0AEAEC12563CD0051DC9E |access-date=21 June 2019 |publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Additional Protocol (I) to the Geneva Conventions, 1977 - 51 - Protection of the civilian population - Commentary of 1987 |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Comment.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=5E5142B6BA102B45C12563CD00434741 |access-date=21 June 2019 |website=Paragraph 5 |publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)}}</ref> == Tarihin Farko == Ɗaya daga cikin yunkurin farko na fashewar bam na kafet ya kasance a Yaƙin El Mazuco a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Spain a 1937, a kan yaduwar sojan ƙasa a kan gangaren duwatsu, kuma Condor Legion mai kai farmaki ya koyi cewa fashewar kafet ba ta da tasiri sosai a irin wannan filin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=El Mazuco (The Impossible Defense) |url=http://www.speleogroup.org/files/ElMazuco-impossible-defence.html |access-date=21 June 2019 |website=www.speleogroup.org}}</ref> In March 1938, the Bombing of Barcelona saw Italian and German airstrikes killing up to 1,300 people and wounding 2,000. It is considered the first carpet bombing of a city,<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=The Spanish Civil War|last=Thomas|first=Hugh|date=2003|publisher=Penguin|isbn=9780141011615|edition=4th|location=London|oclc=53806663}}</ref>  and set a precedent for several such bombings in World War II. Harin bama-bamai da Japan ta kai wa Chongqing, babban birnin China na lokacin yaƙi, daga ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 1938 zuwa 23 ga Agusta 1943, ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 23,600, sannan sama da 30,000 suka jikkata. == A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu == === Binciken da aka yi kafin yaƙin === A cikin shekarun tsakanin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko da na Biyu, an ƙara samun ra’ayin cewa idan yaƙi ya barke, za a lalata birane cikin sauri ta hanyar hare-haren bama-bamai daga sama. Ana sa ran za a yi amfani da gas mai guba, kuma ana hasashen za a samu mummunar barna sakamakon amfani da bama-bamai masu fashewa da ƙarfi. Wannan ra’ayi ya samo asali ne, a wani ɓangare, daga ra’ayoyin wasu ƙwararrun masana dabarun yaƙi, kamar Douhet, sannan ’yan siyasa da ’yan jarida suka ɗauke shi suka yaɗa shi. Misali, Stanley Baldwin ya ƙirƙiri sanannen furucin “The bomber will always get through”, wato “Jirgin saman jefa bama-bamai koyaushe zai iya kaiwa inda aka nufa.” Wasu ra’ayoyi sun nuna cewa kai hari kan fararen hula zai iya karya ƙwarin gwiwa da ɗabi’ar jama’a, wanda hakan zai iya haifar da rikicin cikin gida da tayar da zaune-tsaye, har ya tilasta wa gwamnati mika wuya. A cewar Baldwin, ƙasashen da ke yaƙi na iya shiga wata gasa ta karya ƙwarin gwiwar fararen hular ɗayan ɓangaren, inda kowanne ɓangare zai yi ƙoƙarin karya ruhin jama’ar abokin gaba kafin ɗayan ya samu damar yin hakan.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}} Akwai sakamako biyu daga wannan. Da farko, an kafa shirye-shiryen tsaro na farar hula, tare da bayar da abin rufe fuska na gas, an kafa tsare-tsaren mafaka na hare-haren iska kuma an kafa kungiyoyi don sarrafa fararen hula kafin hari da magance lalacewa da wadanda suka mutu bayan an sanya daya. Abu na biyu, an nemi yarjejeniyoyi don yin niyya ga fararen hula ba bisa ka'ida ba a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa. A lokacin da Douhet da sauransu ke buga ra'ayoyinsu, babu rundunar sojan sama da ta tsara iyawarsu da niyyar yin "knockout blow" a kan fararen hula.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}}An kirkiro Dokokin Hague na Yakin Jirgin Sama a cikin 1922-23 don hana kai hari da gangan ga fararen hula, duk da haka babu wata ƙasa da ta tabbatar da shi.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}}A farkon yakin duniya na biyu, Royal Air Force yana da umarni na farko don bin Dokokin Hague muddin abokan gaba sun yi.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}}Wannan ƙuntatawa ta biyo bayan Burtaniya har zuwa 11 ga Mayu 1940, lokacin da, tare da Winston Churchill yanzu a matsayin Firayim Minista kuma yaƙi a Faransa yana tafiya mara kyau, RAF ta kai hari kan masana'antu da kayan aikin sufuri a Mönchengladbach. Wannan hari ya haifar da mutuwar fararen hula.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}} === Fashewar bama-bamai ta Jamus === A cikin Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai, birni na farko da ya sha wahala sosai daga bama-bamai na sama shine Warsaw, a ranar 25 ga Satumba 1939 bayan farawar mamayar Jamus a Poland. Ci gaba da wannan yanayin a yaƙi, [[Rotterdam]]_Blitz" id="mwig" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Rotterdam Blitz">Rotterdam Blitz wani bama-bamai ne na Rotterdam da bama-bomb 90 na rundunar sojan saman Jamus a ranar 14 ga Mayu 1940, a lokacin mamayewar Jamus a Netherlands. Manufar ita ce ta goyi bayan hare-haren Jamus a kan birnin, ta karya juriyar Dutch, da kuma tilasta wa Dutch su mika wuya. Duk da tsagaita wuta, fashewar bam din ta lalata kusan dukkanin tsakiyar gari na tarihi, ta kashe kusan fararen hula ɗari tara kuma ta bar mutane 30,000 ba tare da gida ba. Nasarar fashewar bam din ta jagoranci ''Oberkommando der Luftwaffe'' (OKL, Babban Kwamandan Luftwaffe) don yin barazanar lalata birnin Utrecht idan Gwamnatin Holland ba ta mika wuya ba. Yaren mutanen Holland sun mika wuya da sassafe.{{Sfn|Hooton|2007}} Yayin da yakin ya ci gaba, Yaƙin Burtaniya ya ci gaba daga gwagwarmaya don rinjaye a cikin dabarun da bama-bamai na London, Liverpool, Coventry da sauran biranen Burtaniya. === Fashewar bama-bamai ta Yamma === A farkon yakin, RAF Bomber Command ba ta da tsarin kewayawa don gano manufa da kuma yawan bama-bamai da ake buƙata don yin hare-hare na kowane sikelin a Jamus. Yayin da aka kawo manyan bama-bamai cikin sabis kuma an inganta fasaha da dabarun, an canza zaɓin manufofi. Manufar guje wa mutuwar fararen hula kamar yadda lalacewar ta ɓace. Maimakon haka, fararen hula da suka yi aiki a masana'antun da suka shafi yaki - da gidajensu - sun zama manufa. Wasu daga cikin wannan canjin sun fito ne daga sha'awar ramawa ga harin Jamus a kan Coventry.{{Efn|The war cabinet agreed, in November 1940, the indiscriminate bombing of a German city as retaliation for the German raid on Coventry.{{sfn|Overy|2013|p=262}}}} Har ila yau, ya dogara ne akan abin da aka koya daga kasancewa manufa a cikin Blitz. An gano cewa gine-ginen masana'antu sun fi tsayayya da mummunar lalacewa fiye da gidajen ma'aikatansu. Rashin ma'aikata ya karu sosai idan gidajensu ba su da zama, don haka yana shafar masana'antu. Yayinda ake tattauna halin kirki, ma'anar kalmar ta canza daga amfani da ita kafin yakin. Yanzu an yi niyyar rage halin kirki don rage samar da masana'antu wanda ya goyi bayan kokarin yaki.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}}An ba da umarnin fashewar bam ga RAF Bomber Command a cikin 1942. Sojojin Sama na takwas na USAAF sun isa Burtaniya a lokacin rani na 1942. Duk da rokon [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] ga [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] don kauce wa jefa bam ga fararen hula kafin Amurka ta shiga yakin, ya kasance mai goyon bayan jefa bam a Jamus. Dukansu [[Winston Churchill|Churchill]] da Roosevelt suna cikin matsayin da [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] ke matsawa ga Yammacin Allies don buɗe sabon gaba a Turai, wani abu da ba su shirya yin ba. Saboda haka yakin fashewar bam - Combined Bomber Offensive - bin umarnin Casablanca ga sojojin saman Allied shine duk abin da za su iya bayarwa don tallafawa [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]]. Operation Gomorrah, wanda Kwamandan Bomber ya gudanar a kan [[Hamburg]], ya yi niyya ga birni mai saukin kamuwa da wuta da kuma yawan masana'antun da ke yin kayayyaki don kokarin yaki na Jamus. Harin ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga birnin, musamman gidajen ma'aikatan masana'antu. An yi amfani da haɗin da aka haɓaka a hankali na manyan bama-bamai masu fashewa da masu ƙonewa. Babban fashewa ya fashe windows kuma ya sanya kashe gobara mai haɗari, yayin da masu cin wuta suka ƙone gine-ginen. An yi amfani da wannan hanyar don ci gaba da kai hare-hare a yankunan birane (ko da yake ba tare da irin wannan babban sakamako ba) a duk lokacin yakin, tare da Dresden kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manufofi na ƙarshe.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}} An kuma yi amfani da fashewar bam a matsayin goyon bayan iska na kusa (a matsayin "artillery mai tashi") don ayyukan ƙasa. Babban fashewar bam din ya mayar da hankali ne a cikin wani yanki mai zurfi da zurfi na gaba (kimanin kilomita da zurfin mita ɗari), wanda aka daidaita tare da ci gaban sojojin abokantaka. Amfani da fasaha na farko da aka samu nasara ya kasance a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1943, a Ƙarshen Yakin Tunisia . An fitar da shi a karkashin Sir Arthur Tedder, 'yan jarida sun yaba da shi a matsayin kafet na bam na Tedder (ko '''Kafet na Tedder'''). An mayar da hankali ga fashewar bam a cikin yanki mai nisan kilomita huɗu da uku, yana shirya hanyar ga Sojojin Farko. Daga baya aka yi amfani da wannan dabarar a lokuta da yawa a cikin Yakin Normandy; alal misali, a cikin Yankin Caen . === Yaƙin Pacific === [[Fayil:US_Navy_Photo_114-1_Bombing_Manila_14_Nov_1944.png|thumb|USS Essex TBF-1 Avenger yana jefa bam a kan Kogin Pasig a Manila yana niyya ga tashar jiragen ruwa, Nuwamba 14, 1944]] A cikin [[Yakin Pacific|Yaƙin Pacific]], an yi amfani da bam din kafet sosai a kan biranen Japan kamar Tokyo . <ref name="ieer">{{Cite web |last=Colhoun |first=Jack |title=Strategic Bombing |url=https://ieer.org/resource/commentary/strategic-bombing/ |access-date=21 June 2019 |publisher=[[Institute for Energy and Environmental Research]]}}</ref> A daren 9/10 Maris 1945, an umarci manyan bama-bamai 334 na B-29 Superfortress don kai hari kan bangarorin farar hula da suka fi yawan jama'a a Tokyo. A cikin dare daya kawai, sama da mutane 100,000 sun kone har suka mutu daga wani mummunan bama-bamai masu cin wuta, wanda ya dace da yawan mutanen da suka mutu a lokacin yakin Amurka a duk gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Pacific. <ref name="Selden" /> Sauran Jafananci 100,000 zuwa miliyan daya sun rasa gida.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Selden |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Selden |year=2007 |title=A Forgotten Holocaust: US Bombing Strategy, the Destruction of Japanese Cities and the American Way of War from World War II to Iraq |url=http://apjjf.org/-Mark-Selden/2414/article.html |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus |volume=5 |quote=The Strategic Bombing Survey estimated that 87,793 people died in the raid, 40,918 were injured, and 1,008,005 people lost their homes. Robert Rhodes, estimating the dead at more than 100,000 men, women and children, suggested that probably a million more were injured and another million were left homeless.}}</ref> Wadannan hare-haren sun biyo bayan irin wadannan hare-hares a kan Kobe, Osaka da Nagoya, da kuma sauran bangarorin Tokyo, inda aka jefa sama da tan 9,373 na bama-bamai masu cin wuta a kan fararen hula da sojoji.<ref name="Selden" /> A lokacin da aka jefa bama-Bamai na nukiliya a kan Hiroshima da Nagasaki, ana ba da umarni ga bama-bomb masu sauƙi da matsakaici don yin amfani da bama-bombe, saboda an riga an lalata yawancin birane. A cikin yakin fashewar bam na watanni tara, sama da fararen hula 300,000 na Japan sun mutu kuma 400,000 sun ji rauni.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Selden |first=Mark |year=2007 |title=A Forgotten Holocaust: US Bombing Strategy, the Destruction of Japanese Cities and the American Way of War from World War II to Iraq |url=http://apjjf.org/-Mark-Selden/2414/article.html |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal Japan Focus |volume=5 |quote=Overall, by one calculation, the US firebombing campaign destroyed 180 square miles of 67 cities, killed more than 300,000 people and injured an additional 400,000, figures that exclude the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.}}</ref> A cikin watanni na ƙarshe na yaƙin a Philippines, sojojin Amurka sun yi amfani da fashewar bam a kan sojojin Japan a Manila da Baguio, suna rage yawancin biranen zuwa rushewa.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Guy|first1=Mary E.|last2=Mastracci|first2=Sharon H.|last3=Yang|first3=Seung-Bum|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Global Perspectives on Emotional Labor in Public Service|date=3 September 2019|publisher=[[Springer Nature]]|isbn=978-3-030-24823-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ|access-date=22 August 2023|language=en|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA345 345]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Angel Velasco|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ|title=Vestiges of War: The Philippine-American War and the Aftermath of an Imperial Dream 1899-1999|last2=Francia|first2=Luis H.|date=December 2002|publisher=[[NYU Press]]|isbn=978-0-8147-9791-4|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA219 219]|language=en}}</ref> Manila ta zama birni na biyu mafi lalacewa a yakin duniya na biyu.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Boldorf|first1=Marcel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18QqBwAAQBAJ|title=Economies under Occupation: The Hegemony of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in World War II|last2=Okazaki|first2=Tetsuji|date=24 March 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-50650-8|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=18QqBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA194194]|language=|access-date=28 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Synott|first1=John P.|title=Teacher Unions, Social Movements and the Politics of Education in Asia: South Korea, Taiwan and the Philippines|date=November 22, 2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-73424-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Me1HDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT330|access-date=March 28, 2022|language=en}}</ref> == Yaƙin Koriya == Daga watan Yunin 1950, rundunar sojan sama ta Kwamandan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta fara kamfen din bama-bamai a kan Koriya ta Arewa wanda ya kasance har zuwa karshen Yaƙin Koriya a watan Yulin 1953. Yakin bama-bamai na Amurka ya lalata kashi 85 cikin 100 na gine-ginen Koriya ta Arewa da kashi 95 cikin 100 na samar da wutar lantarki.<ref>Harden, Blaine (2017).</ref> Makamai na al'ada kamar fashewa, bama-bamai masu cin wuta da napalm sun lalata kusan dukkanin biranen Koriya da garuruwa.<ref name="Robinson 119-1202">{{Cite book|last=Robinson|first=Michael E.|url=https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/119|title=Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey|date=2007|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-3174-5|location=Honolulu, HI|pages=[https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/119119]-[https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/120/mode/2up120]}}</ref>A ƙarshen yaƙin, 18 daga cikin manyan birane 22 a Koriya ta Arewa an shafe su aƙalla rabin bisa ga kimantawar lalacewar da [[United States Air Force|Sojojin Sama na Amurka]] (USAF) suka yi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Crane|first=Conrad C.|title=American Airpower Strategy in Korea, 1950-1953|publisher=University of Kansas Press|year=2000|location=Lawrence, KS}}</ref> [[Fayil:Waegwan_Bombing.jpg|alt=Photo of bombing of Waegwan, 1950|thumb|Hoton fashewar bam na Waegwan, 1950]] Tsakanin Yuni da Oktoba 1950, AmurkaF Far East Air Force (FEAF) B-29 bom sun gudanar da manyan hare-hare a kan cibiyoyin sufuri da cibiyoyin masana'antu a Koriya ta Arewa. Bayan da ba da daɗewa ba suka kafa karfin iska ta hanyar lalata Sojojin Sojan Koriya da Sojojin Koriya a cikin iska da ƙasa, 'yan FEAF ba su gamu da juriya kuma "sama a kan Koriya ta Arewa ita ce filin su na gaba".<ref name="Kim2012">{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Taewoo |date=2012 |title=Limited War, Unlimited Targets: U.S. Air Force Bombing of North Korea during the Korean War, 1950-1953 |journal=Critical Asian Studies |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=467–492 |doi=10.1080/14672715.2012.711980 |s2cid=142704845}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, Janar Douglas MacArthur ya amince a karo na farko da yakin neman bam, ya amince da bukatar Janar George E. Stratemeyer na ƙone Kanggye da sauran garuruwa da yawa a Koriya ta Arewa. A wannan maraice, shugaban ma'aikatan MacArthur ya gaya wa Stratemeyer cewa an kuma amince da fashewar Sinuiju. Stratemeyer ya aika da umarni ga rundunar sojan sama ta biyar da kuma kwamandan bomber zuwa<blockquote>"ka lalata duk hanyar sadarwa da kowane shigarwa, masana'anta, birni, da ƙauye".<ref name="ConwayLanz">{{Cite journal |last=Conway-Lanz |first=Sahr |date=15 September 2014 |title=The Ethics of Bombing Civilians After World War II: The Persistence of Norms Against Targeting Civilians in the Korean War |url=http://japanfocus.org/-Sahr-Conway_Lanz/4180/article.html |url-status=dead |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal |volume=12 |issue=37 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101051948/http://japanfocus.org/-Sahr-Conway_Lanz/4180/article.html |archive-date=1 January 2016 |access-date=21 September 2023}}</ref></blockquote> [[Fayil:F2H-2_Banshees_of_VF-62_in_flight_over_Hungnam_on_26_July_1953_(80-G-630625).jpg|alt=Aerial view of Hungnam that had been 85% destroyed|thumb|F2H-2 Banshees a kan Hungnam, wanda aka lalata kashi 85%, a kan Armistice-eve, Yuli 26, 1953]] A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, B-29s ashirin da biyu sun kai hari kan Kanggye, inda suka lalata kashi 75 cikin dari na birnin.<ref name="Kim2012" /> Bayan gazawar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Biyar da kuma hare-haren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Mayu-Yuni 1951, daga Yuli 1951, yayin da Yaƙin ƙasa ya zama mai tsauri lokacin da Majalisar Dinkinobho da PVA / KPA suka yi yaƙi amma suka musayar ƙasa kaɗan, babban bama-bamai na Koriya ta Arewa ya ci gaba. Koriya ta Arewa ta sha wahala sosai daga fashewar bam na Amurka. Manjo Janar William F. Dean, mafi girman matsayi na POW na Amurka daga yakin, ya ba da rahoton cewa yawancin biranen Koriya ta Arewa da ƙauyuka da ya gani ko dai rushe ne ko kuma dusar ƙanƙara.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Crane|first=Conrad C.|title=American Airpower Strategy in Korea, 1950-1953|publisher=University of Kansas Press|year=2000|location=Lawrence, KS}}</ref> An tilasta masana'antun Koriya ta Arewa, makarantu, asibitoci, da ofisoshin gwamnati su matsa karkashin kasa, kuma tsaron iska "ba su wanzu ba".<ref name="japanfocus.org">{{Cite journal |last=Armstrong |first=Charles |date=20 December 2010 |title=The Destruction and Reconstruction of North Korea, 1950–1960 |url=http://www.japanfocus.org/-charles_k_-armstrong/3460/article.html |url-status=live |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal |volume=8 |issue=51 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615003900/http://www.japanfocus.org/-charles_k_-armstrong/3460/article.html |archive-date=15 June 2015 |access-date=13 June 2015}}</ref> [[Koriya ta Arewa]] tana cikin kasashe da aka fi jefa bam a tarihi, yayin da Amurka ta jefa jimlar tan 635,000 na bama-bamai (ciki har da tan 32,557 na napalm) a Koriya, fiye da lokacin yakin Pacific.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kiernan |first=Ben |author-link=Ben Kiernan |last2=Owen |first2=Taylor |date=27 April 2015 |title=Making More Enemies than We Kill? Calculating U.S. Bomb Tonnages Dropped on Laos and Cambodia, and Weighing Their Implications |url=http://apjjf.org/2015/13/16/Ben-Kiernan/4313.html |url-status=dead |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal |volume=13 |issue=17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912002843/http://www.yale.edu/cgp/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf |archive-date=12 September 2015 |access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="Fisher">{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Max |date=2015-08-03 |title=Americans have forgotten what we did to North Korea |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/8/3/9089913/north-korea-us-war-crime |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407112255/https://www.vox.com/2015/8/3/9089913/north-korea-us-war-crime |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=Vox |language=en}}</ref><ref name="japanfocus.org" /> == Yaƙin Vietnam == A lokacin Rana-linkid="199" href="./Vietnam_War" id="mwAWM" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Vietnam War">Yaƙin Vietnam, tare da halin da ake ciki a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, an haɗa B-52Fs 28 tare da racks na waje don bama-bamai ashirin da hudu na 750-pound (340 kg) a ƙarƙashin aikin ''Kudancin Bay'' a watan Yunin 1964; ƙarin jirgin sama 46 ya sami irin wannan gyare-gyare a ƙarƙashin aikin Sun Bath.<ref name="var_2_p1032">Lake.</ref> &nbsp;A watan Maris na shekara ta 1965, Amurka ta fara Operation Rolling Thunder . Aikin yaƙi na farko, Operation Arc Light, B-52Fs ne suka tashi a ranar 18 ga Yuni 1965, lokacin da bama-bamai talatin na 9th da 441st Bombardment Squadrons suka kai hari kan sansanin kwaminisanci kusa da Gundumar Bến Cát a Kudancin Vietnam. Rukunin bama-bamai na farko sun isa da wuri a wani wurin da aka tsara, kuma yayin da suke motsawa don kula da tashar, B-52s guda biyu sun yi karo, wanda ya haifar da asarar bama-bando da ma'aikata takwas. Sauran masu fashewar bam, ba tare da daya ba wanda ya juya baya don matsalolin inji, ya ci gaba zuwa ga manufa.{{sfn|Hobson|2001|pp=22–23}} Stratofortresses ashirin da bakwai sun fadi a kan akwati mai nisan mil daya da biyu (1.6-by-3.2-kilomita) daga tsakanin ƙafa 19,000 da 22,000 (5,800 da 6,700 , dan kadan fiye da kashi 50 cikin dari na bama-bamai da suka fada cikin yankin da aka yi niyya.{{Sfn|Hobson|2001}}Sojojin sun koma Andersen AFB ban da mai fashewa daya tare da matsalolin lantarki wanda ya warke zuwa Clark AFB, aikin ya dauki sa'o'i goma sha uku. Binciken bayan yajin aikin da kungiyoyin sojojin Kudancin Vietnam suka yi tare da masu ba da shawara na Amurka sun sami shaidar cewa VC ta bar yankin kafin harin, kuma ana zargin cewa shiga cikin sojojin Kudanci na iya ba da labari ga arewa saboda sojojin ARVN da ke cikin binciken bayan yajin.{{sfn|Schlight|1988|p=52}} [[Fayil:Boeing_B-52_dropping_bombs.jpg|alt=Against a blue sky with white clouds, a B-52F releases bombs over Vietnam.|left|thumb|B-52F ta saki nauyin bama-bamai a kan Vietnam]] Da farko a ƙarshen 1965, yawancin B-52Ds sun sami gyare-gyare na Big Belly don ƙara ƙarfin bam don fashewar bam.{{Sfn|Lake|Styling|2004}}Duk da yake kayan aiki na waje sun kasance a cikin bama-bamai ashirin da hudu na 500-pound (227 kg) ko 750-pound (340 kg), ƙarfin ciki ya karu daga ashirin da bakwai zuwa takwas da hudu na bama-bomb 500-poond ko daga ashirin na bakwai zuwa arba'in da biyu.{{Sfn|Dick|Patterson|2006}}&nbsp;&nbsp;Canjin ya haifar da isasshen ƙarfin don jimlar fam 60,000 (27,215 kg) a cikin bama-bamai 108. &nbsp;Ta haka ne aka gyara, B-52Ds na iya ɗaukar fam 22,000 (9,980 kg) fiye da B-52Fs.{{Sfn|Knaack|1988}}&nbsp;&nbsp;An tsara shi don maye gurbin B-52Fs, gyaran B-52Ds sun shiga yaƙi a watan Afrilu na 1966 suna tashi daga Andersen Air Force Base, [[Guam]]. Kowane aikin bama-bamai ya dauki sa'o'i goma zuwa goma sha biyu tare da man fetur daga KC-135 Stratotankers.{{Sfn|Donald|1997}}A cikin bazara na 1967, jirgin ya fara tashi daga Filin jirgin saman U-Tapao a Thailand yana ba da damar jirgin sama na rashin buƙatar man fetur a cikin jirgin.{{Sfn|Dick|Patterson|2006}} Gurasa da man shanu na hare-haren B-52 a Vietnam shine ''Operation Linebacker II'' (wani lokacin ana kiransa Bombing na Kirsimeti) wanda ya kunshi raƙuman ruwa na B-52s (yawanci samfuran D, amma wasu Gs ba tare da jamming kayan aiki ba kuma tare da karamin nauyin bam). Fiye da kwanaki goma sha biyu, B-52s sun tashi sama da 729 kuma sun jefa tan 15,237 na bama-bamai a kan [[Hanoi]], [[Haiphong]] da sauran manufofi.{{Sfn|Dick|Patterson|2006}}[53]&nbsp;Asalin 42 B-52s sun himmatu ga yaƙi; duk da haka, lambobi sun kasance sau biyu wannan adadi.{{Sfn|Lake|Styling|2004}} == Yaƙin Gaza == A lokacin [[Yaƙin Gaza]] wanda ya fara a watan Oktoba na 2023, sikelin hare-haren jiragen sama na Isra'ila ya jawo karuwar zargi na kasa da kasa.{{excerpt|Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip#Analysis|inline=yes}} == Dubi kuma ==  {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hw1r5qv3ljicacfyvr6vz2dcr2f9j07 906980 906978 2026-08-24T09:18:43Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Tarihin Farko */ 906980 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Barcelona_bombing_(1938).jpg|thumb|Fashewar bam na farko daga iska a tarihi shine Bombing na Barcelona . An kashe mutane 1,300 a cikin kwanaki 3, 16-18 Maris 1938]] [[Fayil:Rotterdam,_Laurenskerk,_na_bombardement_van_mei_1940.jpg|thumb|A ranar 14 ga Mayu 1940 da karfe 1:22 na yamma, a cikin Rotterdam Blitz, 'yan bam na Jamus sun ƙone dukan birnin da bama-bamai masu cin wuta, inda suka kashe mazauna 814.&nbsp;]] [[Fayil:Wesel_1945.jpg|thumb|An lalata Wesel kashi 97% kafin sojojin Allied su karbe shi a shekarar 1945]] fashewar bam, wanda aka fi sani da "fashewar bam" da "fashin bam", babban fashewar bam ne da aka yi a hanyar ci gaba don haifar da lalacewa a kowane bangare na yankin da aka zaɓa.<ref name=":0" />Carpet bombing yana nufin wani nau’in harin bama-bamai kan wani yanki gaba ɗaya, wanda manufarsa ita ce lalata yankin da aka nufa gaba ɗaya ta hanyar jefa bama-bamai a kowane ɓangare na yankin. Kalmar tana haifar da hoton fashe-fashen bama-bamai da suka mamaye wani yanki gaba ɗaya, kamar yadda kafet ke rufe bene. Yawanci ana aiwatar da carpet bombing ne ta hanyar jefa bama-bamai marasa jagora (unguided bombs) da yawa a lokaci guda ko a jere. Ana amfani da kalmar “obliteration bombing” wani lokaci wajen bayyana tsananin kai harin bama-bamai, musamman idan manufar ita ce lalata birni gaba ɗaya ko wani babban ɓangare na birni. Kalmar “area bombing” tana nufin jefa bama-bamai ba tare da ware takamaiman wuraren hari ba a wani yanki, kuma tana haɗawa da nau’o’in carpet bombing, ciki har da obliteration bombing. An fi amfani da kalmar ''area bombing'' da wannan ma’ana musamman a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu da kuma Yaƙin Koriya. Ana bambanta area bombing da precision bombing (kai harin bama-bamai cikin takamaiman manufa). Precision bombing yana nufin kai hari ga wani takamaiman wuri da aka zaɓa—wanda ba lallai ne ya zama ƙaramin wuri ko manufa ta soja kai tsaye ba; alal misali, yana iya zama filin jirgin sama ko masana’anta. Manufarsa ba ita ce haddasa babbar barna da ta bazu a faɗin yanki ba. Kalmar “area bombing” ta fara samun karɓuwa sosai a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.. An yi la'akari da fashewar bam a birane, garuruwa, ƙauyuka ko wasu yankuna da ke dauke da tarin fararen hula masu kariya a matsayin [[Laifin Yaƙi|Laifin yaki]] tun 1977, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Crimes of War – Carpet or Area Bombing |url=http://www.crimesofwar.org/a-z-guide/carpet-or-area-bombing/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151202081911/http://www.crimesofwar.org/a-z-guide/carpet-or-area-bombing/ |archive-date=2 December 2015 |access-date=2015-12-08}}</ref> ta hanyar Mataki na 51 na Ƙarin Yarjejeniya I na Yarjejeniyar Geneva.<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Carpet bombing |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/carpet-bombing |access-date=June 21, 2019 |publisher=[[Britannica.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 1977 |title=Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Additional Protocol (I) to the Geneva Conventions, 1977 - 51 - Protection of the civilian population |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=4BEBD9920AE0AEAEC12563CD0051DC9E |access-date=21 June 2019 |publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Additional Protocol (I) to the Geneva Conventions, 1977 - 51 - Protection of the civilian population - Commentary of 1987 |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Comment.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=5E5142B6BA102B45C12563CD00434741 |access-date=21 June 2019 |website=Paragraph 5 |publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)}}</ref> == Tarihin Farko == Ɗaya daga cikin yunkurin farko na fashewar bam na kafet ya kasance a Yaƙin El Mazuco a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Spain a shekarar 1937, a kan yaduwar sojan ƙasa a kan gangaren duwatsu, kuma Condor Legion mai kai farmaki ya koyi cewa fashewar kafet ba ta da tasiri sosai a irin wannan filin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=El Mazuco (The Impossible Defense) |url=http://www.speleogroup.org/files/ElMazuco-impossible-defence.html |access-date=21 June 2019 |website=www.speleogroup.org}}</ref> In March 1938, the Bombing of Barcelona saw Italian and German airstrikes killing up to 1,300 people and wounding 2,000. It is considered the first carpet bombing of a city,<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=The Spanish Civil War|last=Thomas|first=Hugh|date=2003|publisher=Penguin|isbn=9780141011615|edition=4th|location=London|oclc=53806663}}</ref>  and set a precedent for several such bombings in World War II. Harin bama-bamai da Japan ta kai wa Chongqing, babban birnin China na lokacin yaƙi, daga ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairu a shekarar 1938 zuwa ranar 23 ga watan Agusta shekarar 1943, ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 23,600, sannan sama da 30,000 suka jikkata. == A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu == === Binciken da aka yi kafin yaƙin === A cikin shekarun tsakanin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko da na Biyu, an ƙara samun ra’ayin cewa idan yaƙi ya barke, za a lalata birane cikin sauri ta hanyar hare-haren bama-bamai daga sama. Ana sa ran za a yi amfani da gas mai guba, kuma ana hasashen za a samu mummunar barna sakamakon amfani da bama-bamai masu fashewa da ƙarfi. Wannan ra’ayi ya samo asali ne, a wani ɓangare, daga ra’ayoyin wasu ƙwararrun masana dabarun yaƙi, kamar Douhet, sannan ’yan siyasa da ’yan jarida suka ɗauke shi suka yaɗa shi. Misali, Stanley Baldwin ya ƙirƙiri sanannen furucin “The bomber will always get through”, wato “Jirgin saman jefa bama-bamai koyaushe zai iya kaiwa inda aka nufa.” Wasu ra’ayoyi sun nuna cewa kai hari kan fararen hula zai iya karya ƙwarin gwiwa da ɗabi’ar jama’a, wanda hakan zai iya haifar da rikicin cikin gida da tayar da zaune-tsaye, har ya tilasta wa gwamnati mika wuya. A cewar Baldwin, ƙasashen da ke yaƙi na iya shiga wata gasa ta karya ƙwarin gwiwar fararen hular ɗayan ɓangaren, inda kowanne ɓangare zai yi ƙoƙarin karya ruhin jama’ar abokin gaba kafin ɗayan ya samu damar yin hakan.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}} Akwai sakamako biyu daga wannan. Da farko, an kafa shirye-shiryen tsaro na farar hula, tare da bayar da abin rufe fuska na gas, an kafa tsare-tsaren mafaka na hare-haren iska kuma an kafa kungiyoyi don sarrafa fararen hula kafin hari da magance lalacewa da wadanda suka mutu bayan an sanya daya. Abu na biyu, an nemi yarjejeniyoyi don yin niyya ga fararen hula ba bisa ka'ida ba a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa. A lokacin da Douhet da sauransu ke buga ra'ayoyinsu, babu rundunar sojan sama da ta tsara iyawarsu da niyyar yin "knockout blow" a kan fararen hula.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}}An kirkiro Dokokin Hague na Yakin Jirgin Sama a cikin 1922-23 don hana kai hari da gangan ga fararen hula, duk da haka babu wata ƙasa da ta tabbatar da shi.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}}A farkon yakin duniya na biyu, Royal Air Force yana da umarni na farko don bin Dokokin Hague muddin abokan gaba sun yi.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}}Wannan ƙuntatawa ta biyo bayan Burtaniya har zuwa 11 ga Mayu 1940, lokacin da, tare da Winston Churchill yanzu a matsayin Firayim Minista kuma yaƙi a Faransa yana tafiya mara kyau, RAF ta kai hari kan masana'antu da kayan aikin sufuri a Mönchengladbach. Wannan hari ya haifar da mutuwar fararen hula.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}} === Fashewar bama-bamai ta Jamus === A cikin Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai, birni na farko da ya sha wahala sosai daga bama-bamai na sama shine Warsaw, a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba a shekarar 1939 bayan farawar mamayar Jamus a Poland. Ci gaba da wannan yanayin a yaƙi, [[Rotterdam]]_Blitz" id="mwig" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Rotterdam Blitz">Rotterdam Blitz wani bama-bamai ne na Rotterdam da bama-bomb 90 na rundunar sojan saman Jamus a ranar 14 ga watan Mayu a shekarar 1940, a lokacin mamayewar Jamus a Netherlands. Manufar ita ce ta goyi bayan hare-haren Jamus a kan birnin, ta karya juriyar Dutch, da kuma tilasta wa Dutch su mika wuya. Duk da tsagaita wuta, fashewar bam din ta lalata kusan dukkanin tsakiyar gari na tarihi, ta kashe kusan fararen hula ɗari tara kuma ta bar mutane 30,000 ba tare da gida ba. Nasarar fashewar bam din ta jagoranci ''Oberkommando der Luftwaffe'' (OKL, Babban Kwamandan Luftwaffe) don yin barazanar lalata birnin Utrecht idan Gwamnatin Holland ba ta mika wuya ba. Yaren mutanen Holland sun mika wuya da sassafe.{{Sfn|Hooton|2007}} Yayin da yakin ya ci gaba, Yaƙin Burtaniya ya ci gaba daga gwagwarmaya don rinjaye a cikin dabarun da bama-bamai na London, Liverpool, Coventry da sauran biranen Burtaniya. === Fashewar bama-bamai ta Yamma === A farkon yakin, RAF Bomber Command ba ta da tsarin kewayawa don gano manufa da kuma yawan bama-bamai da ake buƙata don yin hare-hare na kowane sikelin a Jamus. Yayin da aka kawo manyan bama-bamai cikin sabis kuma an inganta fasaha da dabarun, an canza zaɓin manufofi. Manufar guje wa mutuwar fararen hula kamar yadda lalacewar ta ɓace. Maimakon haka, fararen hula da suka yi aiki a masana'antun da suka shafi yaki - da gidajensu - sun zama manufa. Wasu daga cikin wannan canjin sun fito ne daga sha'awar ramawa ga harin Jamus a kan Coventry.{{Efn|The war cabinet agreed, in November 1940, the indiscriminate bombing of a German city as retaliation for the German raid on Coventry.{{sfn|Overy|2013|p=262}}}} Har ila yau, ya dogara ne akan abin da aka koya daga kasancewa manufa a cikin Blitz. An gano cewa gine-ginen masana'antu sun fi tsayayya da mummunar lalacewa fiye da gidajen ma'aikatansu. Rashin ma'aikata ya karu sosai idan gidajensu ba su da zama, don haka yana shafar masana'antu. Yayinda ake tattauna halin kirki, ma'anar kalmar ta canza daga amfani da ita kafin yakin. Yanzu an yi niyyar rage halin kirki don rage samar da masana'antu wanda ya goyi bayan kokarin yaki.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}}An ba da umarnin fashewar bam ga RAF Bomber Command a cikin shekarar 1942. Sojojin Sama na takwas na USAAF sun isa Burtaniya a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1942. Duk da rokon [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] ga [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] don kauce wa jefa bam ga fararen hula kafin Amurka ta shiga yakin, ya kasance mai goyon bayan jefa bam a Jamus. Dukansu [[Winston Churchill|Churchill]] da Roosevelt suna cikin matsayin da [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] ke matsawa ga Yammacin Allies don buɗe sabon gaba a Turai, wani abu da ba su shirya yin ba. Saboda haka yakin fashewar bam - Combined Bomber Offensive - bin umarnin Casablanca ga sojojin saman Allied shine duk abin da za su iya bayarwa don tallafawa [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]]. Operation Gomorrah, wanda Kwamandan Bomber ya gudanar a kan [[Hamburg]], ya yi niyya ga birni mai saukin kamuwa da wuta da kuma yawan masana'antun da ke yin kayayyaki don kokarin yaki na Jamus. Harin ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga birnin, musamman gidajen ma'aikatan masana'antu. An yi amfani da haɗin da aka haɓaka a hankali na manyan bama-bamai masu fashewa da masu ƙonewa. Babban fashewa ya fashe windows kuma ya sanya kashe gobara mai haɗari, yayin da masu cin wuta suka ƙone gine-ginen. An yi amfani da wannan hanyar don ci gaba da kai hare-hare a yankunan birane (ko da yake ba tare da irin wannan babban sakamako ba) a duk lokacin yakin, tare da Dresden kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manufofi na ƙarshe.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}} An kuma yi amfani da fashewar bam a matsayin goyon bayan iska na kusa (a matsayin "artillery mai tashi") don ayyukan ƙasa. Babban fashewar bam din ya mayar da hankali ne a cikin wani yanki mai zurfi da zurfi na gaba (kimanin kilomita da zurfin mita ɗari), wanda aka daidaita tare da ci gaban sojojin abokantaka. Amfani da fasaha na farko da aka samu nasara ya kasance a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1943, a Ƙarshen Yakin Tunisia . An fitar da shi a karkashin Sir Arthur Tedder, 'yan jarida sun yaba da shi a matsayin kafet na bam na Tedder (ko '''Kafet na Tedder'''). An mayar da hankali ga fashewar bam a cikin yanki mai nisan kilomita huɗu da uku, yana shirya hanyar ga Sojojin Farko. Daga baya aka yi amfani da wannan dabarar a lokuta da yawa a cikin Yakin Normandy; alal misali, a cikin Yankin Caen . === Yaƙin Pacific === [[Fayil:US_Navy_Photo_114-1_Bombing_Manila_14_Nov_1944.png|thumb|USS Essex TBF-1 Avenger yana jefa bam a kan Kogin Pasig a Manila yana niyya ga tashar jiragen ruwa, Nuwamba 14, 1944]] A cikin [[Yakin Pacific|Yaƙin Pacific]], an yi amfani da bam din kafet sosai a kan biranen Japan kamar Tokyo . <ref name="ieer">{{Cite web |last=Colhoun |first=Jack |title=Strategic Bombing |url=https://ieer.org/resource/commentary/strategic-bombing/ |access-date=21 June 2019 |publisher=[[Institute for Energy and Environmental Research]]}}</ref> A daren ranar 9 zuwa 10 ga watan Maris a shekarar 1945, an umarci manyan bama-bamai 334 na B-29 Superfortress don kai hari kan bangarorin farar hula da suka fi yawan jama'a a Tokyo. A cikin dare daya kawai, sama da mutane 100,000 sun kone har suka mutu daga wani mummunan bama-bamai masu cin wuta, wanda ya dace da yawan mutanen da suka mutu a lokacin yakin Amurka a duk gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Pacific. <ref name="Selden" /> Sauran Jafananci 100,000 zuwa miliyan daya sun rasa gida.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Selden |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Selden |year=2007 |title=A Forgotten Holocaust: US Bombing Strategy, the Destruction of Japanese Cities and the American Way of War from World War II to Iraq |url=http://apjjf.org/-Mark-Selden/2414/article.html |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus |volume=5 |quote=The Strategic Bombing Survey estimated that 87,793 people died in the raid, 40,918 were injured, and 1,008,005 people lost their homes. Robert Rhodes, estimating the dead at more than 100,000 men, women and children, suggested that probably a million more were injured and another million were left homeless.}}</ref> Wadannan hare-haren sun biyo bayan irin wadannan hare-hares a kan Kobe, Osaka da Nagoya, da kuma sauran bangarorin Tokyo, inda aka jefa sama da tan 9,373 na bama-bamai masu cin wuta a kan fararen hula da sojoji.<ref name="Selden" /> A lokacin da aka jefa bama-Bamai na nukiliya a kan Hiroshima da Nagasaki, ana ba da umarni ga bama-bomb masu sauƙi da matsakaici don yin amfani da bama-bombe, saboda an riga an lalata yawancin birane. A cikin yakin fashewar bam na watanni tara, sama da fararen hula 300,000 na Japan sun mutu kuma 400,000 sun ji rauni.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Selden |first=Mark |year=2007 |title=A Forgotten Holocaust: US Bombing Strategy, the Destruction of Japanese Cities and the American Way of War from World War II to Iraq |url=http://apjjf.org/-Mark-Selden/2414/article.html |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal Japan Focus |volume=5 |quote=Overall, by one calculation, the US firebombing campaign destroyed 180 square miles of 67 cities, killed more than 300,000 people and injured an additional 400,000, figures that exclude the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.}}</ref> A cikin watanni na ƙarshe na yaƙin a Philippines, sojojin Amurka sun yi amfani da fashewar bam a kan sojojin Japan a Manila da Baguio, suna rage yawancin biranen zuwa rushewa.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Guy|first1=Mary E.|last2=Mastracci|first2=Sharon H.|last3=Yang|first3=Seung-Bum|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Global Perspectives on Emotional Labor in Public Service|date=3 September 2019|publisher=[[Springer Nature]]|isbn=978-3-030-24823-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ|access-date=22 August 2023|language=en|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA345 345]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Angel Velasco|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ|title=Vestiges of War: The Philippine-American War and the Aftermath of an Imperial Dream 1899-1999|last2=Francia|first2=Luis H.|date=December 2002|publisher=[[NYU Press]]|isbn=978-0-8147-9791-4|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA219 219]|language=en}}</ref> Manila ta zama birni na biyu mafi lalacewa a yakin duniya na biyu.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Boldorf|first1=Marcel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18QqBwAAQBAJ|title=Economies under Occupation: The Hegemony of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in World War II|last2=Okazaki|first2=Tetsuji|date=24 March 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-50650-8|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=18QqBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA194194]|language=|access-date=28 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Synott|first1=John P.|title=Teacher Unions, Social Movements and the Politics of Education in Asia: South Korea, Taiwan and the Philippines|date=November 22, 2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-73424-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Me1HDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT330|access-date=March 28, 2022|language=en}}</ref> == Yaƙin Koriya == Daga watan Yunin a shekarar 1950, rundunar sojan sama ta Kwamandan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta fara kamfen din bama-bamai a kan Koriya ta Arewa wanda ya kasance har zuwa karshen Yaƙin Koriya a watan Yulin a shekarar 1953. Yakin bama-bamai na Amurka ya lalata kashi 85 cikin 100 na gine-ginen Koriya ta Arewa da kashi 95 cikin 100 na samar da wutar lantarki.<ref>Harden, Blaine (2017).</ref> Makamai na al'ada kamar fashewa, bama-bamai masu cin wuta da napalm sun lalata kusan dukkanin biranen Koriya da garuruwa.<ref name="Robinson 119-1202">{{Cite book|last=Robinson|first=Michael E.|url=https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/119|title=Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey|date=2007|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-3174-5|location=Honolulu, HI|pages=[https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/119119]-[https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/120/mode/2up120]}}</ref>A ƙarshen yaƙin, 18 daga cikin manyan birane 22 a Koriya ta Arewa an shafe su aƙalla rabin bisa ga kimantawar lalacewar da [[United States Air Force|Sojojin Sama na Amurka]] (USAF) suka yi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Crane|first=Conrad C.|title=American Airpower Strategy in Korea, 1950-1953|publisher=University of Kansas Press|year=2000|location=Lawrence, KS}}</ref> [[Fayil:Waegwan_Bombing.jpg|alt=Photo of bombing of Waegwan, 1950|thumb|Hoton fashewar bam na Waegwan, 1950]] Tsakanin watan Yuni da watan Oktoba a shekarar 1950, AmurkaF Far East Air Force (FEAF) B-29 bom sun gudanar da manyan hare-hare a kan cibiyoyin sufuri da cibiyoyin masana'antu a Koriya ta Arewa. Bayan da ba da daɗewa ba suka kafa karfin iska ta hanyar lalata Sojojin Sojan Koriya da Sojojin Koriya a cikin iska da ƙasa, 'yan FEAF ba su gamu da juriya kuma "sama a kan Koriya ta Arewa ita ce filin su na gaba".<ref name="Kim2012">{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Taewoo |date=2012 |title=Limited War, Unlimited Targets: U.S. Air Force Bombing of North Korea during the Korean War, 1950-1953 |journal=Critical Asian Studies |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=467–492 |doi=10.1080/14672715.2012.711980 |s2cid=142704845}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, Janar Douglas MacArthur ya amince a karo na farko da yakin neman bam, ya amince da bukatar Janar George E. Stratemeyer na ƙone Kanggye da sauran garuruwa da yawa a Koriya ta Arewa. A wannan maraice, shugaban ma'aikatan MacArthur ya gaya wa Stratemeyer cewa an kuma amince da fashewar Sinuiju. Stratemeyer ya aika da umarni ga rundunar sojan sama ta biyar da kuma kwamandan bomber zuwa<blockquote>"ka lalata duk hanyar sadarwa da kowane shigarwa, masana'anta, birni, da ƙauye".<ref name="ConwayLanz">{{Cite journal |last=Conway-Lanz |first=Sahr |date=15 September 2014 |title=The Ethics of Bombing Civilians After World War II: The Persistence of Norms Against Targeting Civilians in the Korean War |url=http://japanfocus.org/-Sahr-Conway_Lanz/4180/article.html |url-status=dead |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal |volume=12 |issue=37 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101051948/http://japanfocus.org/-Sahr-Conway_Lanz/4180/article.html |archive-date=1 January 2016 |access-date=21 September 2023}}</ref></blockquote> [[Fayil:F2H-2_Banshees_of_VF-62_in_flight_over_Hungnam_on_26_July_1953_(80-G-630625).jpg|alt=Aerial view of Hungnam that had been 85% destroyed|thumb|F2H-2 Banshees a kan Hungnam, wanda aka lalata kashi 85%, a kan Armistice-eve, Yuli 26, 1953]] A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, B-29s ashirin da biyu sun kai hari kan Kanggye, inda suka lalata kashi 75 cikin dari na birnin.<ref name="Kim2012" /> Bayan gazawar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Biyar da kuma hare-haren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Mayu-Yuni 1951, daga Yuli 1951, yayin da Yaƙin ƙasa ya zama mai tsauri lokacin da Majalisar Dinkinobho da PVA / KPA suka yi yaƙi amma suka musayar ƙasa kaɗan, babban bama-bamai na Koriya ta Arewa ya ci gaba. Koriya ta Arewa ta sha wahala sosai daga fashewar bam na Amurka. Manjo Janar William F. Dean, mafi girman matsayi na POW na Amurka daga yakin, ya ba da rahoton cewa yawancin biranen Koriya ta Arewa da ƙauyuka da ya gani ko dai rushe ne ko kuma dusar ƙanƙara.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Crane|first=Conrad C.|title=American Airpower Strategy in Korea, 1950-1953|publisher=University of Kansas Press|year=2000|location=Lawrence, KS}}</ref> An tilasta masana'antun Koriya ta Arewa, makarantu, asibitoci, da ofisoshin gwamnati su matsa karkashin kasa, kuma tsaron iska "ba su wanzu ba".<ref name="japanfocus.org">{{Cite journal |last=Armstrong |first=Charles |date=20 December 2010 |title=The Destruction and Reconstruction of North Korea, 1950–1960 |url=http://www.japanfocus.org/-charles_k_-armstrong/3460/article.html |url-status=live |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal |volume=8 |issue=51 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615003900/http://www.japanfocus.org/-charles_k_-armstrong/3460/article.html |archive-date=15 June 2015 |access-date=13 June 2015}}</ref> [[Koriya ta Arewa]] tana cikin kasashe da aka fi jefa bam a tarihi, yayin da Amurka ta jefa jimlar tan 635,000 na bama-bamai (ciki har da tan 32,557 na napalm) a Koriya, fiye da lokacin yakin Pacific.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kiernan |first=Ben |author-link=Ben Kiernan |last2=Owen |first2=Taylor |date=27 April 2015 |title=Making More Enemies than We Kill? Calculating U.S. Bomb Tonnages Dropped on Laos and Cambodia, and Weighing Their Implications |url=http://apjjf.org/2015/13/16/Ben-Kiernan/4313.html |url-status=dead |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal |volume=13 |issue=17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912002843/http://www.yale.edu/cgp/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf |archive-date=12 September 2015 |access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="Fisher">{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Max |date=2015-08-03 |title=Americans have forgotten what we did to North Korea |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/8/3/9089913/north-korea-us-war-crime |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407112255/https://www.vox.com/2015/8/3/9089913/north-korea-us-war-crime |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=Vox |language=en}}</ref><ref name="japanfocus.org" /> == Yaƙin Vietnam == A lokacin Rana-linkid="199" href="./Vietnam_War" id="mwAWM" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Vietnam War">Yaƙin Vietnam, tare da halin da ake ciki a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, an haɗa B-52Fs 28 tare da racks na waje don bama-bamai ashirin da hudu na 750-pound (340 kg) a ƙarƙashin aikin ''Kudancin Bay'' a watan Yunin 1964; ƙarin jirgin sama 46 ya sami irin wannan gyare-gyare a ƙarƙashin aikin Sun Bath.<ref name="var_2_p1032">Lake.</ref> &nbsp;A watan Maris na shekara ta 1965, Amurka ta fara Operation Rolling Thunder . Aikin yaƙi na farko, Operation Arc Light, B-52Fs ne suka tashi a ranar 18 ga Yuni 1965, lokacin da bama-bamai talatin na 9th da 441st Bombardment Squadrons suka kai hari kan sansanin kwaminisanci kusa da Gundumar Bến Cát a Kudancin Vietnam. Rukunin bama-bamai na farko sun isa da wuri a wani wurin da aka tsara, kuma yayin da suke motsawa don kula da tashar, B-52s guda biyu sun yi karo, wanda ya haifar da asarar bama-bando da ma'aikata takwas. Sauran masu fashewar bam, ba tare da daya ba wanda ya juya baya don matsalolin inji, ya ci gaba zuwa ga manufa.{{sfn|Hobson|2001|pp=22–23}} Stratofortresses ashirin da bakwai sun fadi a kan akwati mai nisan mil daya da biyu (1.6-by-3.2-kilomita) daga tsakanin ƙafa 19,000 da 22,000 (5,800 da 6,700 , dan kadan fiye da kashi 50 cikin dari na bama-bamai da suka fada cikin yankin da aka yi niyya.{{Sfn|Hobson|2001}}Sojojin sun koma Andersen AFB ban da mai fashewa daya tare da matsalolin lantarki wanda ya warke zuwa Clark AFB, aikin ya dauki sa'o'i goma sha uku. Binciken bayan yajin aikin da kungiyoyin sojojin Kudancin Vietnam suka yi tare da masu ba da shawara na Amurka sun sami shaidar cewa VC ta bar yankin kafin harin, kuma ana zargin cewa shiga cikin sojojin Kudanci na iya ba da labari ga arewa saboda sojojin ARVN da ke cikin binciken bayan yajin.{{sfn|Schlight|1988|p=52}} [[Fayil:Boeing_B-52_dropping_bombs.jpg|alt=Against a blue sky with white clouds, a B-52F releases bombs over Vietnam.|left|thumb|B-52F ta saki nauyin bama-bamai a kan Vietnam]] Da farko a ƙarshen 1965, yawancin B-52Ds sun sami gyare-gyare na Big Belly don ƙara ƙarfin bam don fashewar bam.{{Sfn|Lake|Styling|2004}}Duk da yake kayan aiki na waje sun kasance a cikin bama-bamai ashirin da hudu na 500-pound (227 kg) ko 750-pound (340 kg), ƙarfin ciki ya karu daga ashirin da bakwai zuwa takwas da hudu na bama-bomb 500-poond ko daga ashirin na bakwai zuwa arba'in da biyu.{{Sfn|Dick|Patterson|2006}}&nbsp;&nbsp;Canjin ya haifar da isasshen ƙarfin don jimlar fam 60,000 (27,215 kg) a cikin bama-bamai 108. &nbsp;Ta haka ne aka gyara, B-52Ds na iya ɗaukar fam 22,000 (9,980 kg) fiye da B-52Fs.{{Sfn|Knaack|1988}}&nbsp;&nbsp;An tsara shi don maye gurbin B-52Fs, gyaran B-52Ds sun shiga yaƙi a watan Afrilu na 1966 suna tashi daga Andersen Air Force Base, [[Guam]]. Kowane aikin bama-bamai ya dauki sa'o'i goma zuwa goma sha biyu tare da man fetur daga KC-135 Stratotankers.{{Sfn|Donald|1997}}A cikin bazara na 1967, jirgin ya fara tashi daga Filin jirgin saman U-Tapao a Thailand yana ba da damar jirgin sama na rashin buƙatar man fetur a cikin jirgin.{{Sfn|Dick|Patterson|2006}} Gurasa da man shanu na hare-haren B-52 a Vietnam shine ''Operation Linebacker II'' (wani lokacin ana kiransa Bombing na Kirsimeti) wanda ya kunshi raƙuman ruwa na B-52s (yawanci samfuran D, amma wasu Gs ba tare da jamming kayan aiki ba kuma tare da karamin nauyin bam). Fiye da kwanaki goma sha biyu, B-52s sun tashi sama da 729 kuma sun jefa tan 15,237 na bama-bamai a kan [[Hanoi]], [[Haiphong]] da sauran manufofi.{{Sfn|Dick|Patterson|2006}}[53]&nbsp;Asalin 42 B-52s sun himmatu ga yaƙi; duk da haka, lambobi sun kasance sau biyu wannan adadi.{{Sfn|Lake|Styling|2004}} == Yaƙin Gaza == A lokacin [[Yaƙin Gaza]] wanda ya fara a watan Oktoba na 2023, sikelin hare-haren jiragen sama na Isra'ila ya jawo karuwar zargi na kasa da kasa.{{excerpt|Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip#Analysis|inline=yes}} == Dubi kuma ==  {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ei6enhpzauenadwufp7vlirtzbt551g 906987 906980 2026-08-24T10:25:18Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Tarihin Farko */ 906987 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Barcelona_bombing_(1938).jpg|thumb|Fashewar bam na farko daga iska a tarihi shine Bombing na Barcelona . An kashe mutane 1,300 a cikin kwanaki 3, 16-18 Maris 1938]] [[Fayil:Rotterdam,_Laurenskerk,_na_bombardement_van_mei_1940.jpg|thumb|A ranar 14 ga Mayu 1940 da karfe 1:22 na yamma, a cikin Rotterdam Blitz, 'yan bam na Jamus sun ƙone dukan birnin da bama-bamai masu cin wuta, inda suka kashe mazauna 814.&nbsp;]] [[Fayil:Wesel_1945.jpg|thumb|An lalata Wesel kashi 97% kafin sojojin Allied su karbe shi a shekarar 1945]] fashewar bam, wanda aka fi sani da "fashewar bam" da "fashin bam", babban fashewar bam ne da aka yi a hanyar ci gaba don haifar da lalacewa a kowane bangare na yankin da aka zaɓa.<ref name=":0" />Carpet bombing yana nufin wani nau’in harin bama-bamai kan wani yanki gaba ɗaya, wanda manufarsa ita ce lalata yankin da aka nufa gaba ɗaya ta hanyar jefa bama-bamai a kowane ɓangare na yankin. Kalmar tana haifar da hoton fashe-fashen bama-bamai da suka mamaye wani yanki gaba ɗaya, kamar yadda kafet ke rufe bene. Yawanci ana aiwatar da carpet bombing ne ta hanyar jefa bama-bamai marasa jagora (unguided bombs) da yawa a lokaci guda ko a jere. Ana amfani da kalmar “obliteration bombing” wani lokaci wajen bayyana tsananin kai harin bama-bamai, musamman idan manufar ita ce lalata birni gaba ɗaya ko wani babban ɓangare na birni. Kalmar “area bombing” tana nufin jefa bama-bamai ba tare da ware takamaiman wuraren hari ba a wani yanki, kuma tana haɗawa da nau’o’in carpet bombing, ciki har da obliteration bombing. An fi amfani da kalmar ''area bombing'' da wannan ma’ana musamman a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu da kuma Yaƙin Koriya. Ana bambanta area bombing da precision bombing (kai harin bama-bamai cikin takamaiman manufa). Precision bombing yana nufin kai hari ga wani takamaiman wuri da aka zaɓa—wanda ba lallai ne ya zama ƙaramin wuri ko manufa ta soja kai tsaye ba; alal misali, yana iya zama filin jirgin sama ko masana’anta. Manufarsa ba ita ce haddasa babbar barna da ta bazu a faɗin yanki ba. Kalmar “area bombing” ta fara samun karɓuwa sosai a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.. An yi la'akari da fashewar bam a birane, garuruwa, ƙauyuka ko wasu yankuna da ke dauke da tarin fararen hula masu kariya a matsayin [[Laifin Yaƙi|Laifin yaki]] tun 1977, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Crimes of War – Carpet or Area Bombing |url=http://www.crimesofwar.org/a-z-guide/carpet-or-area-bombing/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151202081911/http://www.crimesofwar.org/a-z-guide/carpet-or-area-bombing/ |archive-date=2 December 2015 |access-date=2015-12-08}}</ref> ta hanyar Mataki na 51 na Ƙarin Yarjejeniya I na Yarjejeniyar Geneva.<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Carpet bombing |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/carpet-bombing |access-date=June 21, 2019 |publisher=[[Britannica.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 1977 |title=Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Additional Protocol (I) to the Geneva Conventions, 1977 - 51 - Protection of the civilian population |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=4BEBD9920AE0AEAEC12563CD0051DC9E |access-date=21 June 2019 |publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Additional Protocol (I) to the Geneva Conventions, 1977 - 51 - Protection of the civilian population - Commentary of 1987 |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Comment.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=5E5142B6BA102B45C12563CD00434741 |access-date=21 June 2019 |website=Paragraph 5 |publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)}}</ref> == Tarihin Farko == Ɗaya daga cikin yunkurin farko na fashewar bam na kafet ya kasance a Yaƙin El Mazuco a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Spain a shekara ta 1937, a kan yaduwar sojan ƙasa a kan gangaren duwatsu, kuma Condor Legion mai kai farmaki ya koyi cewa fashewar kafet ba ta da tasiri sosai a irin wannan filin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=El Mazuco (The Impossible Defense) |url=http://www.speleogroup.org/files/ElMazuco-impossible-defence.html |access-date=21 June 2019 |website=www.speleogroup.org}}</ref> In March 1938, the Bombing of Barcelona saw Italian and German airstrikes killing up to 1,300 people and wounding 2,000. It is considered the first carpet bombing of a city,<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=The Spanish Civil War|last=Thomas|first=Hugh|date=2003|publisher=Penguin|isbn=9780141011615|edition=4th|location=London|oclc=53806663}}</ref>  and set a precedent for several such bombings in World War II. Harin bama-bamai da Japan ta kai wa Chongqing, babban birnin China na lokacin yaƙi, daga ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairu a shekarar 1938 zuwa ranar 23 ga watan Agusta shekarar 1943, ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 23,600, sannan sama da 30,000 suka jikkata. == A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu == === Binciken da aka yi kafin yaƙin === A cikin shekarun tsakanin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko da na Biyu, an ƙara samun ra’ayin cewa idan yaƙi ya barke, za a lalata birane cikin sauri ta hanyar hare-haren bama-bamai daga sama. Ana sa ran za a yi amfani da gas mai guba, kuma ana hasashen za a samu mummunar barna sakamakon amfani da bama-bamai masu fashewa da ƙarfi. Wannan ra’ayi ya samo asali ne, a wani ɓangare, daga ra’ayoyin wasu ƙwararrun masana dabarun yaƙi, kamar Douhet, sannan ’yan siyasa da ’yan jarida suka ɗauke shi suka yaɗa shi. Misali, Stanley Baldwin ya ƙirƙiri sanannen furucin “The bomber will always get through”, wato “Jirgin saman jefa bama-bamai koyaushe zai iya kaiwa inda aka nufa.” Wasu ra’ayoyi sun nuna cewa kai hari kan fararen hula zai iya karya ƙwarin gwiwa da ɗabi’ar jama’a, wanda hakan zai iya haifar da rikicin cikin gida da tayar da zaune-tsaye, har ya tilasta wa gwamnati mika wuya. A cewar Baldwin, ƙasashen da ke yaƙi na iya shiga wata gasa ta karya ƙwarin gwiwar fararen hular ɗayan ɓangaren, inda kowanne ɓangare zai yi ƙoƙarin karya ruhin jama’ar abokin gaba kafin ɗayan ya samu damar yin hakan.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}} Akwai sakamako biyu daga wannan. Da farko, an kafa shirye-shiryen tsaro na farar hula, tare da bayar da abin rufe fuska na gas, an kafa tsare-tsaren mafaka na hare-haren iska kuma an kafa kungiyoyi don sarrafa fararen hula kafin hari da magance lalacewa da wadanda suka mutu bayan an sanya daya. Abu na biyu, an nemi yarjejeniyoyi don yin niyya ga fararen hula ba bisa ka'ida ba a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa. A lokacin da Douhet da sauransu ke buga ra'ayoyinsu, babu rundunar sojan sama da ta tsara iyawarsu da niyyar yin "knockout blow" a kan fararen hula.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}}An kirkiro Dokokin Hague na Yakin Jirgin Sama a cikin 1922-23 don hana kai hari da gangan ga fararen hula, duk da haka babu wata ƙasa da ta tabbatar da shi.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}}A farkon yakin duniya na biyu, Royal Air Force yana da umarni na farko don bin Dokokin Hague muddin abokan gaba sun yi.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}}Wannan ƙuntatawa ta biyo bayan Burtaniya har zuwa 11 ga Mayu 1940, lokacin da, tare da Winston Churchill yanzu a matsayin Firayim Minista kuma yaƙi a Faransa yana tafiya mara kyau, RAF ta kai hari kan masana'antu da kayan aikin sufuri a Mönchengladbach. Wannan hari ya haifar da mutuwar fararen hula.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}} === Fashewar bama-bamai ta Jamus === A cikin Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai, birni na farko da ya sha wahala sosai daga bama-bamai na sama shine Warsaw, a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba a shekarar 1939 bayan farawar mamayar Jamus a Poland. Ci gaba da wannan yanayin a yaƙi, [[Rotterdam]]_Blitz" id="mwig" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Rotterdam Blitz">Rotterdam Blitz wani bama-bamai ne na Rotterdam da bama-bomb 90 na rundunar sojan saman Jamus a ranar 14 ga watan Mayu a shekarar 1940, a lokacin mamayewar Jamus a Netherlands. Manufar ita ce ta goyi bayan hare-haren Jamus a kan birnin, ta karya juriyar Dutch, da kuma tilasta wa Dutch su mika wuya. Duk da tsagaita wuta, fashewar bam din ta lalata kusan dukkanin tsakiyar gari na tarihi, ta kashe kusan fararen hula ɗari tara kuma ta bar mutane 30,000 ba tare da gida ba. Nasarar fashewar bam din ta jagoranci ''Oberkommando der Luftwaffe'' (OKL, Babban Kwamandan Luftwaffe) don yin barazanar lalata birnin Utrecht idan Gwamnatin Holland ba ta mika wuya ba. Yaren mutanen Holland sun mika wuya da sassafe.{{Sfn|Hooton|2007}} Yayin da yakin ya ci gaba, Yaƙin Burtaniya ya ci gaba daga gwagwarmaya don rinjaye a cikin dabarun da bama-bamai na London, Liverpool, Coventry da sauran biranen Burtaniya. === Fashewar bama-bamai ta Yamma === A farkon yakin, RAF Bomber Command ba ta da tsarin kewayawa don gano manufa da kuma yawan bama-bamai da ake buƙata don yin hare-hare na kowane sikelin a Jamus. Yayin da aka kawo manyan bama-bamai cikin sabis kuma an inganta fasaha da dabarun, an canza zaɓin manufofi. Manufar guje wa mutuwar fararen hula kamar yadda lalacewar ta ɓace. Maimakon haka, fararen hula da suka yi aiki a masana'antun da suka shafi yaki - da gidajensu - sun zama manufa. Wasu daga cikin wannan canjin sun fito ne daga sha'awar ramawa ga harin Jamus a kan Coventry.{{Efn|The war cabinet agreed, in November 1940, the indiscriminate bombing of a German city as retaliation for the German raid on Coventry.{{sfn|Overy|2013|p=262}}}} Har ila yau, ya dogara ne akan abin da aka koya daga kasancewa manufa a cikin Blitz. An gano cewa gine-ginen masana'antu sun fi tsayayya da mummunar lalacewa fiye da gidajen ma'aikatansu. Rashin ma'aikata ya karu sosai idan gidajensu ba su da zama, don haka yana shafar masana'antu. Yayinda ake tattauna halin kirki, ma'anar kalmar ta canza daga amfani da ita kafin yakin. Yanzu an yi niyyar rage halin kirki don rage samar da masana'antu wanda ya goyi bayan kokarin yaki.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}}An ba da umarnin fashewar bam ga RAF Bomber Command a cikin shekarar 1942. Sojojin Sama na takwas na USAAF sun isa Burtaniya a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1942. Duk da rokon [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] ga [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] don kauce wa jefa bam ga fararen hula kafin Amurka ta shiga yakin, ya kasance mai goyon bayan jefa bam a Jamus. Dukansu [[Winston Churchill|Churchill]] da Roosevelt suna cikin matsayin da [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] ke matsawa ga Yammacin Allies don buɗe sabon gaba a Turai, wani abu da ba su shirya yin ba. Saboda haka yakin fashewar bam - Combined Bomber Offensive - bin umarnin Casablanca ga sojojin saman Allied shine duk abin da za su iya bayarwa don tallafawa [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]]. Operation Gomorrah, wanda Kwamandan Bomber ya gudanar a kan [[Hamburg]], ya yi niyya ga birni mai saukin kamuwa da wuta da kuma yawan masana'antun da ke yin kayayyaki don kokarin yaki na Jamus. Harin ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga birnin, musamman gidajen ma'aikatan masana'antu. An yi amfani da haɗin da aka haɓaka a hankali na manyan bama-bamai masu fashewa da masu ƙonewa. Babban fashewa ya fashe windows kuma ya sanya kashe gobara mai haɗari, yayin da masu cin wuta suka ƙone gine-ginen. An yi amfani da wannan hanyar don ci gaba da kai hare-hare a yankunan birane (ko da yake ba tare da irin wannan babban sakamako ba) a duk lokacin yakin, tare da Dresden kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manufofi na ƙarshe.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}} An kuma yi amfani da fashewar bam a matsayin goyon bayan iska na kusa (a matsayin "artillery mai tashi") don ayyukan ƙasa. Babban fashewar bam din ya mayar da hankali ne a cikin wani yanki mai zurfi da zurfi na gaba (kimanin kilomita da zurfin mita ɗari), wanda aka daidaita tare da ci gaban sojojin abokantaka. Amfani da fasaha na farko da aka samu nasara ya kasance a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1943, a Ƙarshen Yakin Tunisia . An fitar da shi a karkashin Sir Arthur Tedder, 'yan jarida sun yaba da shi a matsayin kafet na bam na Tedder (ko '''Kafet na Tedder'''). An mayar da hankali ga fashewar bam a cikin yanki mai nisan kilomita huɗu da uku, yana shirya hanyar ga Sojojin Farko. Daga baya aka yi amfani da wannan dabarar a lokuta da yawa a cikin Yakin Normandy; alal misali, a cikin Yankin Caen . === Yaƙin Pacific === [[Fayil:US_Navy_Photo_114-1_Bombing_Manila_14_Nov_1944.png|thumb|USS Essex TBF-1 Avenger yana jefa bam a kan Kogin Pasig a Manila yana niyya ga tashar jiragen ruwa, Nuwamba 14, 1944]] A cikin [[Yakin Pacific|Yaƙin Pacific]], an yi amfani da bam din kafet sosai a kan biranen Japan kamar Tokyo . <ref name="ieer">{{Cite web |last=Colhoun |first=Jack |title=Strategic Bombing |url=https://ieer.org/resource/commentary/strategic-bombing/ |access-date=21 June 2019 |publisher=[[Institute for Energy and Environmental Research]]}}</ref> A daren ranar 9 zuwa 10 ga watan Maris a shekarar 1945, an umarci manyan bama-bamai 334 na B-29 Superfortress don kai hari kan bangarorin farar hula da suka fi yawan jama'a a Tokyo. A cikin dare daya kawai, sama da mutane 100,000 sun kone har suka mutu daga wani mummunan bama-bamai masu cin wuta, wanda ya dace da yawan mutanen da suka mutu a lokacin yakin Amurka a duk gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Pacific. <ref name="Selden" /> Sauran Jafananci 100,000 zuwa miliyan daya sun rasa gida.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Selden |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Selden |year=2007 |title=A Forgotten Holocaust: US Bombing Strategy, the Destruction of Japanese Cities and the American Way of War from World War II to Iraq |url=http://apjjf.org/-Mark-Selden/2414/article.html |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus |volume=5 |quote=The Strategic Bombing Survey estimated that 87,793 people died in the raid, 40,918 were injured, and 1,008,005 people lost their homes. Robert Rhodes, estimating the dead at more than 100,000 men, women and children, suggested that probably a million more were injured and another million were left homeless.}}</ref> Wadannan hare-haren sun biyo bayan irin wadannan hare-hares a kan Kobe, Osaka da Nagoya, da kuma sauran bangarorin Tokyo, inda aka jefa sama da tan 9,373 na bama-bamai masu cin wuta a kan fararen hula da sojoji.<ref name="Selden" /> A lokacin da aka jefa bama-Bamai na nukiliya a kan Hiroshima da Nagasaki, ana ba da umarni ga bama-bomb masu sauƙi da matsakaici don yin amfani da bama-bombe, saboda an riga an lalata yawancin birane. A cikin yakin fashewar bam na watanni tara, sama da fararen hula 300,000 na Japan sun mutu kuma 400,000 sun ji rauni.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Selden |first=Mark |year=2007 |title=A Forgotten Holocaust: US Bombing Strategy, the Destruction of Japanese Cities and the American Way of War from World War II to Iraq |url=http://apjjf.org/-Mark-Selden/2414/article.html |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal Japan Focus |volume=5 |quote=Overall, by one calculation, the US firebombing campaign destroyed 180 square miles of 67 cities, killed more than 300,000 people and injured an additional 400,000, figures that exclude the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.}}</ref> A cikin watanni na ƙarshe na yaƙin a Philippines, sojojin Amurka sun yi amfani da fashewar bam a kan sojojin Japan a Manila da Baguio, suna rage yawancin biranen zuwa rushewa.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Guy|first1=Mary E.|last2=Mastracci|first2=Sharon H.|last3=Yang|first3=Seung-Bum|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Global Perspectives on Emotional Labor in Public Service|date=3 September 2019|publisher=[[Springer Nature]]|isbn=978-3-030-24823-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ|access-date=22 August 2023|language=en|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA345 345]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Angel Velasco|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ|title=Vestiges of War: The Philippine-American War and the Aftermath of an Imperial Dream 1899-1999|last2=Francia|first2=Luis H.|date=December 2002|publisher=[[NYU Press]]|isbn=978-0-8147-9791-4|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA219 219]|language=en}}</ref> Manila ta zama birni na biyu mafi lalacewa a yakin duniya na biyu.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Boldorf|first1=Marcel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18QqBwAAQBAJ|title=Economies under Occupation: The Hegemony of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in World War II|last2=Okazaki|first2=Tetsuji|date=24 March 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-50650-8|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=18QqBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA194194]|language=|access-date=28 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Synott|first1=John P.|title=Teacher Unions, Social Movements and the Politics of Education in Asia: South Korea, Taiwan and the Philippines|date=November 22, 2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-73424-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Me1HDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT330|access-date=March 28, 2022|language=en}}</ref> == Yaƙin Koriya == Daga watan Yunin a shekarar 1950, rundunar sojan sama ta Kwamandan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta fara kamfen din bama-bamai a kan Koriya ta Arewa wanda ya kasance har zuwa karshen Yaƙin Koriya a watan Yulin a shekarar 1953. Yakin bama-bamai na Amurka ya lalata kashi 85 cikin 100 na gine-ginen Koriya ta Arewa da kashi 95 cikin 100 na samar da wutar lantarki.<ref>Harden, Blaine (2017).</ref> Makamai na al'ada kamar fashewa, bama-bamai masu cin wuta da napalm sun lalata kusan dukkanin biranen Koriya da garuruwa.<ref name="Robinson 119-1202">{{Cite book|last=Robinson|first=Michael E.|url=https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/119|title=Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey|date=2007|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-3174-5|location=Honolulu, HI|pages=[https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/119119]-[https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/120/mode/2up120]}}</ref>A ƙarshen yaƙin, 18 daga cikin manyan birane 22 a Koriya ta Arewa an shafe su aƙalla rabin bisa ga kimantawar lalacewar da [[United States Air Force|Sojojin Sama na Amurka]] (USAF) suka yi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Crane|first=Conrad C.|title=American Airpower Strategy in Korea, 1950-1953|publisher=University of Kansas Press|year=2000|location=Lawrence, KS}}</ref> [[Fayil:Waegwan_Bombing.jpg|alt=Photo of bombing of Waegwan, 1950|thumb|Hoton fashewar bam na Waegwan, 1950]] Tsakanin watan Yuni da watan Oktoba a shekarar 1950, AmurkaF Far East Air Force (FEAF) B-29 bom sun gudanar da manyan hare-hare a kan cibiyoyin sufuri da cibiyoyin masana'antu a Koriya ta Arewa. Bayan da ba da daɗewa ba suka kafa karfin iska ta hanyar lalata Sojojin Sojan Koriya da Sojojin Koriya a cikin iska da ƙasa, 'yan FEAF ba su gamu da juriya kuma "sama a kan Koriya ta Arewa ita ce filin su na gaba".<ref name="Kim2012">{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Taewoo |date=2012 |title=Limited War, Unlimited Targets: U.S. Air Force Bombing of North Korea during the Korean War, 1950-1953 |journal=Critical Asian Studies |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=467–492 |doi=10.1080/14672715.2012.711980 |s2cid=142704845}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, Janar Douglas MacArthur ya amince a karo na farko da yakin neman bam, ya amince da bukatar Janar George E. Stratemeyer na ƙone Kanggye da sauran garuruwa da yawa a Koriya ta Arewa. A wannan maraice, shugaban ma'aikatan MacArthur ya gaya wa Stratemeyer cewa an kuma amince da fashewar Sinuiju. Stratemeyer ya aika da umarni ga rundunar sojan sama ta biyar da kuma kwamandan bomber zuwa<blockquote>"ka lalata duk hanyar sadarwa da kowane shigarwa, masana'anta, birni, da ƙauye".<ref name="ConwayLanz">{{Cite journal |last=Conway-Lanz |first=Sahr |date=15 September 2014 |title=The Ethics of Bombing Civilians After World War II: The Persistence of Norms Against Targeting Civilians in the Korean War |url=http://japanfocus.org/-Sahr-Conway_Lanz/4180/article.html |url-status=dead |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal |volume=12 |issue=37 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101051948/http://japanfocus.org/-Sahr-Conway_Lanz/4180/article.html |archive-date=1 January 2016 |access-date=21 September 2023}}</ref></blockquote> [[Fayil:F2H-2_Banshees_of_VF-62_in_flight_over_Hungnam_on_26_July_1953_(80-G-630625).jpg|alt=Aerial view of Hungnam that had been 85% destroyed|thumb|F2H-2 Banshees a kan Hungnam, wanda aka lalata kashi 85%, a kan Armistice-eve, Yuli 26, 1953]] A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, B-29s ashirin da biyu sun kai hari kan Kanggye, inda suka lalata kashi 75 cikin dari na birnin.<ref name="Kim2012" /> Bayan gazawar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Biyar da kuma hare-haren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Mayu-Yuni 1951, daga Yuli 1951, yayin da Yaƙin ƙasa ya zama mai tsauri lokacin da Majalisar Dinkinobho da PVA / KPA suka yi yaƙi amma suka musayar ƙasa kaɗan, babban bama-bamai na Koriya ta Arewa ya ci gaba. Koriya ta Arewa ta sha wahala sosai daga fashewar bam na Amurka. Manjo Janar William F. Dean, mafi girman matsayi na POW na Amurka daga yakin, ya ba da rahoton cewa yawancin biranen Koriya ta Arewa da ƙauyuka da ya gani ko dai rushe ne ko kuma dusar ƙanƙara.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Crane|first=Conrad C.|title=American Airpower Strategy in Korea, 1950-1953|publisher=University of Kansas Press|year=2000|location=Lawrence, KS}}</ref> An tilasta masana'antun Koriya ta Arewa, makarantu, asibitoci, da ofisoshin gwamnati su matsa karkashin kasa, kuma tsaron iska "ba su wanzu ba".<ref name="japanfocus.org">{{Cite journal |last=Armstrong |first=Charles |date=20 December 2010 |title=The Destruction and Reconstruction of North Korea, 1950–1960 |url=http://www.japanfocus.org/-charles_k_-armstrong/3460/article.html |url-status=live |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal |volume=8 |issue=51 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615003900/http://www.japanfocus.org/-charles_k_-armstrong/3460/article.html |archive-date=15 June 2015 |access-date=13 June 2015}}</ref> [[Koriya ta Arewa]] tana cikin kasashe da aka fi jefa bam a tarihi, yayin da Amurka ta jefa jimlar tan 635,000 na bama-bamai (ciki har da tan 32,557 na napalm) a Koriya, fiye da lokacin yakin Pacific.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kiernan |first=Ben |author-link=Ben Kiernan |last2=Owen |first2=Taylor |date=27 April 2015 |title=Making More Enemies than We Kill? Calculating U.S. Bomb Tonnages Dropped on Laos and Cambodia, and Weighing Their Implications |url=http://apjjf.org/2015/13/16/Ben-Kiernan/4313.html |url-status=dead |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal |volume=13 |issue=17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912002843/http://www.yale.edu/cgp/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf |archive-date=12 September 2015 |access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="Fisher">{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Max |date=2015-08-03 |title=Americans have forgotten what we did to North Korea |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/8/3/9089913/north-korea-us-war-crime |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407112255/https://www.vox.com/2015/8/3/9089913/north-korea-us-war-crime |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=Vox |language=en}}</ref><ref name="japanfocus.org" /> == Yaƙin Vietnam == A lokacin Rana-linkid="199" href="./Vietnam_War" id="mwAWM" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Vietnam War">Yaƙin Vietnam, tare da halin da ake ciki a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, an haɗa B-52Fs 28 tare da racks na waje don bama-bamai ashirin da hudu na 750-pound (340 kg) a ƙarƙashin aikin ''Kudancin Bay'' a watan Yunin 1964; ƙarin jirgin sama 46 ya sami irin wannan gyare-gyare a ƙarƙashin aikin Sun Bath.<ref name="var_2_p1032">Lake.</ref> &nbsp;A watan Maris na shekara ta 1965, Amurka ta fara Operation Rolling Thunder . Aikin yaƙi na farko, Operation Arc Light, B-52Fs ne suka tashi a ranar 18 ga Yuni 1965, lokacin da bama-bamai talatin na 9th da 441st Bombardment Squadrons suka kai hari kan sansanin kwaminisanci kusa da Gundumar Bến Cát a Kudancin Vietnam. Rukunin bama-bamai na farko sun isa da wuri a wani wurin da aka tsara, kuma yayin da suke motsawa don kula da tashar, B-52s guda biyu sun yi karo, wanda ya haifar da asarar bama-bando da ma'aikata takwas. Sauran masu fashewar bam, ba tare da daya ba wanda ya juya baya don matsalolin inji, ya ci gaba zuwa ga manufa.{{sfn|Hobson|2001|pp=22–23}} Stratofortresses ashirin da bakwai sun fadi a kan akwati mai nisan mil daya da biyu (1.6-by-3.2-kilomita) daga tsakanin ƙafa 19,000 da 22,000 (5,800 da 6,700 , dan kadan fiye da kashi 50 cikin dari na bama-bamai da suka fada cikin yankin da aka yi niyya.{{Sfn|Hobson|2001}}Sojojin sun koma Andersen AFB ban da mai fashewa daya tare da matsalolin lantarki wanda ya warke zuwa Clark AFB, aikin ya dauki sa'o'i goma sha uku. Binciken bayan yajin aikin da kungiyoyin sojojin Kudancin Vietnam suka yi tare da masu ba da shawara na Amurka sun sami shaidar cewa VC ta bar yankin kafin harin, kuma ana zargin cewa shiga cikin sojojin Kudanci na iya ba da labari ga arewa saboda sojojin ARVN da ke cikin binciken bayan yajin.{{sfn|Schlight|1988|p=52}} [[Fayil:Boeing_B-52_dropping_bombs.jpg|alt=Against a blue sky with white clouds, a B-52F releases bombs over Vietnam.|left|thumb|B-52F ta saki nauyin bama-bamai a kan Vietnam]] Da farko a ƙarshen 1965, yawancin B-52Ds sun sami gyare-gyare na Big Belly don ƙara ƙarfin bam don fashewar bam.{{Sfn|Lake|Styling|2004}}Duk da yake kayan aiki na waje sun kasance a cikin bama-bamai ashirin da hudu na 500-pound (227 kg) ko 750-pound (340 kg), ƙarfin ciki ya karu daga ashirin da bakwai zuwa takwas da hudu na bama-bomb 500-poond ko daga ashirin na bakwai zuwa arba'in da biyu.{{Sfn|Dick|Patterson|2006}}&nbsp;&nbsp;Canjin ya haifar da isasshen ƙarfin don jimlar fam 60,000 (27,215 kg) a cikin bama-bamai 108. &nbsp;Ta haka ne aka gyara, B-52Ds na iya ɗaukar fam 22,000 (9,980 kg) fiye da B-52Fs.{{Sfn|Knaack|1988}}&nbsp;&nbsp;An tsara shi don maye gurbin B-52Fs, gyaran B-52Ds sun shiga yaƙi a watan Afrilu na 1966 suna tashi daga Andersen Air Force Base, [[Guam]]. Kowane aikin bama-bamai ya dauki sa'o'i goma zuwa goma sha biyu tare da man fetur daga KC-135 Stratotankers.{{Sfn|Donald|1997}}A cikin bazara na 1967, jirgin ya fara tashi daga Filin jirgin saman U-Tapao a Thailand yana ba da damar jirgin sama na rashin buƙatar man fetur a cikin jirgin.{{Sfn|Dick|Patterson|2006}} Gurasa da man shanu na hare-haren B-52 a Vietnam shine ''Operation Linebacker II'' (wani lokacin ana kiransa Bombing na Kirsimeti) wanda ya kunshi raƙuman ruwa na B-52s (yawanci samfuran D, amma wasu Gs ba tare da jamming kayan aiki ba kuma tare da karamin nauyin bam). Fiye da kwanaki goma sha biyu, B-52s sun tashi sama da 729 kuma sun jefa tan 15,237 na bama-bamai a kan [[Hanoi]], [[Haiphong]] da sauran manufofi.{{Sfn|Dick|Patterson|2006}}[53]&nbsp;Asalin 42 B-52s sun himmatu ga yaƙi; duk da haka, lambobi sun kasance sau biyu wannan adadi.{{Sfn|Lake|Styling|2004}} == Yaƙin Gaza == A lokacin [[Yaƙin Gaza]] wanda ya fara a watan Oktoba na 2023, sikelin hare-haren jiragen sama na Isra'ila ya jawo karuwar zargi na kasa da kasa.{{excerpt|Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip#Analysis|inline=yes}} == Dubi kuma ==  {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6y3n3hgc188n850r30o63u15rhefrr1 906988 906987 2026-08-24T10:25:55Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Tarihin Farko */ 906988 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Barcelona_bombing_(1938).jpg|thumb|Fashewar bam na farko daga iska a tarihi shine Bombing na Barcelona . An kashe mutane 1,300 a cikin kwanaki 3, 16-18 Maris 1938]] [[Fayil:Rotterdam,_Laurenskerk,_na_bombardement_van_mei_1940.jpg|thumb|A ranar 14 ga Mayu 1940 da karfe 1:22 na yamma, a cikin Rotterdam Blitz, 'yan bam na Jamus sun ƙone dukan birnin da bama-bamai masu cin wuta, inda suka kashe mazauna 814.&nbsp;]] [[Fayil:Wesel_1945.jpg|thumb|An lalata Wesel kashi 97% kafin sojojin Allied su karbe shi a shekarar 1945]] fashewar bam, wanda aka fi sani da "fashewar bam" da "fashin bam", babban fashewar bam ne da aka yi a hanyar ci gaba don haifar da lalacewa a kowane bangare na yankin da aka zaɓa.<ref name=":0" />Carpet bombing yana nufin wani nau’in harin bama-bamai kan wani yanki gaba ɗaya, wanda manufarsa ita ce lalata yankin da aka nufa gaba ɗaya ta hanyar jefa bama-bamai a kowane ɓangare na yankin. Kalmar tana haifar da hoton fashe-fashen bama-bamai da suka mamaye wani yanki gaba ɗaya, kamar yadda kafet ke rufe bene. Yawanci ana aiwatar da carpet bombing ne ta hanyar jefa bama-bamai marasa jagora (unguided bombs) da yawa a lokaci guda ko a jere. Ana amfani da kalmar “obliteration bombing” wani lokaci wajen bayyana tsananin kai harin bama-bamai, musamman idan manufar ita ce lalata birni gaba ɗaya ko wani babban ɓangare na birni. Kalmar “area bombing” tana nufin jefa bama-bamai ba tare da ware takamaiman wuraren hari ba a wani yanki, kuma tana haɗawa da nau’o’in carpet bombing, ciki har da obliteration bombing. An fi amfani da kalmar ''area bombing'' da wannan ma’ana musamman a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu da kuma Yaƙin Koriya. Ana bambanta area bombing da precision bombing (kai harin bama-bamai cikin takamaiman manufa). Precision bombing yana nufin kai hari ga wani takamaiman wuri da aka zaɓa—wanda ba lallai ne ya zama ƙaramin wuri ko manufa ta soja kai tsaye ba; alal misali, yana iya zama filin jirgin sama ko masana’anta. Manufarsa ba ita ce haddasa babbar barna da ta bazu a faɗin yanki ba. Kalmar “area bombing” ta fara samun karɓuwa sosai a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.. An yi la'akari da fashewar bam a birane, garuruwa, ƙauyuka ko wasu yankuna da ke dauke da tarin fararen hula masu kariya a matsayin [[Laifin Yaƙi|Laifin yaki]] tun 1977, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Crimes of War – Carpet or Area Bombing |url=http://www.crimesofwar.org/a-z-guide/carpet-or-area-bombing/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151202081911/http://www.crimesofwar.org/a-z-guide/carpet-or-area-bombing/ |archive-date=2 December 2015 |access-date=2015-12-08}}</ref> ta hanyar Mataki na 51 na Ƙarin Yarjejeniya I na Yarjejeniyar Geneva.<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Carpet bombing |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/carpet-bombing |access-date=June 21, 2019 |publisher=[[Britannica.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 1977 |title=Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Additional Protocol (I) to the Geneva Conventions, 1977 - 51 - Protection of the civilian population |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=4BEBD9920AE0AEAEC12563CD0051DC9E |access-date=21 June 2019 |publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Additional Protocol (I) to the Geneva Conventions, 1977 - 51 - Protection of the civilian population - Commentary of 1987 |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Comment.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=5E5142B6BA102B45C12563CD00434741 |access-date=21 June 2019 |website=Paragraph 5 |publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)}}</ref> == Tarihin Farko == Ɗaya daga cikin yunkurin farko na fashewar bam na kafet ya kasance a Yaƙin El Mazuco a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Spain a shekara ta 1937, a kan yaduwar sojan ƙasa a kan gangaren duwatsu, kuma Condor Legion mai kai farmaki ya koyi cewa fashewar kafet ba ta da tasiri sosai a irin wannan filin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=El Mazuco (The Impossible Defense) |url=http://www.speleogroup.org/files/ElMazuco-impossible-defence.html |access-date=21 June 2019 |website=www.speleogroup.org}}</ref> In March 1938, the Bombing of Barcelona saw Italian and German airstrikes killing up to 1,300 people and wounding 2,000. It is considered the first carpet bombing of a city,<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=The Spanish Civil War|last=Thomas|first=Hugh|date=2003|publisher=Penguin|isbn=9780141011615|edition=4th|location=London|oclc=53806663}}</ref>  and set a precedent for several such bombings in World War II. Harin bama-bamai da Japan ta kai wa Chongqing, babban birnin China na lokacin yaƙi, daga ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairu a shekarar 1938 zuwa ranar 23 ga watan Agusta a shekarar 1943, ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 23,600, sannan sama da 30,000 suka jikkata. == A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu == === Binciken da aka yi kafin yaƙin === A cikin shekarun tsakanin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko da na Biyu, an ƙara samun ra’ayin cewa idan yaƙi ya barke, za a lalata birane cikin sauri ta hanyar hare-haren bama-bamai daga sama. Ana sa ran za a yi amfani da gas mai guba, kuma ana hasashen za a samu mummunar barna sakamakon amfani da bama-bamai masu fashewa da ƙarfi. Wannan ra’ayi ya samo asali ne, a wani ɓangare, daga ra’ayoyin wasu ƙwararrun masana dabarun yaƙi, kamar Douhet, sannan ’yan siyasa da ’yan jarida suka ɗauke shi suka yaɗa shi. Misali, Stanley Baldwin ya ƙirƙiri sanannen furucin “The bomber will always get through”, wato “Jirgin saman jefa bama-bamai koyaushe zai iya kaiwa inda aka nufa.” Wasu ra’ayoyi sun nuna cewa kai hari kan fararen hula zai iya karya ƙwarin gwiwa da ɗabi’ar jama’a, wanda hakan zai iya haifar da rikicin cikin gida da tayar da zaune-tsaye, har ya tilasta wa gwamnati mika wuya. A cewar Baldwin, ƙasashen da ke yaƙi na iya shiga wata gasa ta karya ƙwarin gwiwar fararen hular ɗayan ɓangaren, inda kowanne ɓangare zai yi ƙoƙarin karya ruhin jama’ar abokin gaba kafin ɗayan ya samu damar yin hakan.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}} Akwai sakamako biyu daga wannan. Da farko, an kafa shirye-shiryen tsaro na farar hula, tare da bayar da abin rufe fuska na gas, an kafa tsare-tsaren mafaka na hare-haren iska kuma an kafa kungiyoyi don sarrafa fararen hula kafin hari da magance lalacewa da wadanda suka mutu bayan an sanya daya. Abu na biyu, an nemi yarjejeniyoyi don yin niyya ga fararen hula ba bisa ka'ida ba a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa. A lokacin da Douhet da sauransu ke buga ra'ayoyinsu, babu rundunar sojan sama da ta tsara iyawarsu da niyyar yin "knockout blow" a kan fararen hula.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}}An kirkiro Dokokin Hague na Yakin Jirgin Sama a cikin 1922-23 don hana kai hari da gangan ga fararen hula, duk da haka babu wata ƙasa da ta tabbatar da shi.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}}A farkon yakin duniya na biyu, Royal Air Force yana da umarni na farko don bin Dokokin Hague muddin abokan gaba sun yi.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}}Wannan ƙuntatawa ta biyo bayan Burtaniya har zuwa 11 ga Mayu 1940, lokacin da, tare da Winston Churchill yanzu a matsayin Firayim Minista kuma yaƙi a Faransa yana tafiya mara kyau, RAF ta kai hari kan masana'antu da kayan aikin sufuri a Mönchengladbach. Wannan hari ya haifar da mutuwar fararen hula.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}} === Fashewar bama-bamai ta Jamus === A cikin Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai, birni na farko da ya sha wahala sosai daga bama-bamai na sama shine Warsaw, a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba a shekarar 1939 bayan farawar mamayar Jamus a Poland. Ci gaba da wannan yanayin a yaƙi, [[Rotterdam]]_Blitz" id="mwig" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Rotterdam Blitz">Rotterdam Blitz wani bama-bamai ne na Rotterdam da bama-bomb 90 na rundunar sojan saman Jamus a ranar 14 ga watan Mayu a shekarar 1940, a lokacin mamayewar Jamus a Netherlands. Manufar ita ce ta goyi bayan hare-haren Jamus a kan birnin, ta karya juriyar Dutch, da kuma tilasta wa Dutch su mika wuya. Duk da tsagaita wuta, fashewar bam din ta lalata kusan dukkanin tsakiyar gari na tarihi, ta kashe kusan fararen hula ɗari tara kuma ta bar mutane 30,000 ba tare da gida ba. Nasarar fashewar bam din ta jagoranci ''Oberkommando der Luftwaffe'' (OKL, Babban Kwamandan Luftwaffe) don yin barazanar lalata birnin Utrecht idan Gwamnatin Holland ba ta mika wuya ba. Yaren mutanen Holland sun mika wuya da sassafe.{{Sfn|Hooton|2007}} Yayin da yakin ya ci gaba, Yaƙin Burtaniya ya ci gaba daga gwagwarmaya don rinjaye a cikin dabarun da bama-bamai na London, Liverpool, Coventry da sauran biranen Burtaniya. === Fashewar bama-bamai ta Yamma === A farkon yakin, RAF Bomber Command ba ta da tsarin kewayawa don gano manufa da kuma yawan bama-bamai da ake buƙata don yin hare-hare na kowane sikelin a Jamus. Yayin da aka kawo manyan bama-bamai cikin sabis kuma an inganta fasaha da dabarun, an canza zaɓin manufofi. Manufar guje wa mutuwar fararen hula kamar yadda lalacewar ta ɓace. Maimakon haka, fararen hula da suka yi aiki a masana'antun da suka shafi yaki - da gidajensu - sun zama manufa. Wasu daga cikin wannan canjin sun fito ne daga sha'awar ramawa ga harin Jamus a kan Coventry.{{Efn|The war cabinet agreed, in November 1940, the indiscriminate bombing of a German city as retaliation for the German raid on Coventry.{{sfn|Overy|2013|p=262}}}} Har ila yau, ya dogara ne akan abin da aka koya daga kasancewa manufa a cikin Blitz. An gano cewa gine-ginen masana'antu sun fi tsayayya da mummunar lalacewa fiye da gidajen ma'aikatansu. Rashin ma'aikata ya karu sosai idan gidajensu ba su da zama, don haka yana shafar masana'antu. Yayinda ake tattauna halin kirki, ma'anar kalmar ta canza daga amfani da ita kafin yakin. Yanzu an yi niyyar rage halin kirki don rage samar da masana'antu wanda ya goyi bayan kokarin yaki.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}}An ba da umarnin fashewar bam ga RAF Bomber Command a cikin shekarar 1942. Sojojin Sama na takwas na USAAF sun isa Burtaniya a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1942. Duk da rokon [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] ga [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] don kauce wa jefa bam ga fararen hula kafin Amurka ta shiga yakin, ya kasance mai goyon bayan jefa bam a Jamus. Dukansu [[Winston Churchill|Churchill]] da Roosevelt suna cikin matsayin da [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] ke matsawa ga Yammacin Allies don buɗe sabon gaba a Turai, wani abu da ba su shirya yin ba. Saboda haka yakin fashewar bam - Combined Bomber Offensive - bin umarnin Casablanca ga sojojin saman Allied shine duk abin da za su iya bayarwa don tallafawa [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]]. Operation Gomorrah, wanda Kwamandan Bomber ya gudanar a kan [[Hamburg]], ya yi niyya ga birni mai saukin kamuwa da wuta da kuma yawan masana'antun da ke yin kayayyaki don kokarin yaki na Jamus. Harin ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga birnin, musamman gidajen ma'aikatan masana'antu. An yi amfani da haɗin da aka haɓaka a hankali na manyan bama-bamai masu fashewa da masu ƙonewa. Babban fashewa ya fashe windows kuma ya sanya kashe gobara mai haɗari, yayin da masu cin wuta suka ƙone gine-ginen. An yi amfani da wannan hanyar don ci gaba da kai hare-hare a yankunan birane (ko da yake ba tare da irin wannan babban sakamako ba) a duk lokacin yakin, tare da Dresden kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manufofi na ƙarshe.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}} An kuma yi amfani da fashewar bam a matsayin goyon bayan iska na kusa (a matsayin "artillery mai tashi") don ayyukan ƙasa. Babban fashewar bam din ya mayar da hankali ne a cikin wani yanki mai zurfi da zurfi na gaba (kimanin kilomita da zurfin mita ɗari), wanda aka daidaita tare da ci gaban sojojin abokantaka. Amfani da fasaha na farko da aka samu nasara ya kasance a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1943, a Ƙarshen Yakin Tunisia . An fitar da shi a karkashin Sir Arthur Tedder, 'yan jarida sun yaba da shi a matsayin kafet na bam na Tedder (ko '''Kafet na Tedder'''). An mayar da hankali ga fashewar bam a cikin yanki mai nisan kilomita huɗu da uku, yana shirya hanyar ga Sojojin Farko. Daga baya aka yi amfani da wannan dabarar a lokuta da yawa a cikin Yakin Normandy; alal misali, a cikin Yankin Caen . === Yaƙin Pacific === [[Fayil:US_Navy_Photo_114-1_Bombing_Manila_14_Nov_1944.png|thumb|USS Essex TBF-1 Avenger yana jefa bam a kan Kogin Pasig a Manila yana niyya ga tashar jiragen ruwa, Nuwamba 14, 1944]] A cikin [[Yakin Pacific|Yaƙin Pacific]], an yi amfani da bam din kafet sosai a kan biranen Japan kamar Tokyo . <ref name="ieer">{{Cite web |last=Colhoun |first=Jack |title=Strategic Bombing |url=https://ieer.org/resource/commentary/strategic-bombing/ |access-date=21 June 2019 |publisher=[[Institute for Energy and Environmental Research]]}}</ref> A daren ranar 9 zuwa 10 ga watan Maris a shekarar 1945, an umarci manyan bama-bamai 334 na B-29 Superfortress don kai hari kan bangarorin farar hula da suka fi yawan jama'a a Tokyo. A cikin dare daya kawai, sama da mutane 100,000 sun kone har suka mutu daga wani mummunan bama-bamai masu cin wuta, wanda ya dace da yawan mutanen da suka mutu a lokacin yakin Amurka a duk gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Pacific. <ref name="Selden" /> Sauran Jafananci 100,000 zuwa miliyan daya sun rasa gida.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Selden |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Selden |year=2007 |title=A Forgotten Holocaust: US Bombing Strategy, the Destruction of Japanese Cities and the American Way of War from World War II to Iraq |url=http://apjjf.org/-Mark-Selden/2414/article.html |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus |volume=5 |quote=The Strategic Bombing Survey estimated that 87,793 people died in the raid, 40,918 were injured, and 1,008,005 people lost their homes. Robert Rhodes, estimating the dead at more than 100,000 men, women and children, suggested that probably a million more were injured and another million were left homeless.}}</ref> Wadannan hare-haren sun biyo bayan irin wadannan hare-hares a kan Kobe, Osaka da Nagoya, da kuma sauran bangarorin Tokyo, inda aka jefa sama da tan 9,373 na bama-bamai masu cin wuta a kan fararen hula da sojoji.<ref name="Selden" /> A lokacin da aka jefa bama-Bamai na nukiliya a kan Hiroshima da Nagasaki, ana ba da umarni ga bama-bomb masu sauƙi da matsakaici don yin amfani da bama-bombe, saboda an riga an lalata yawancin birane. A cikin yakin fashewar bam na watanni tara, sama da fararen hula 300,000 na Japan sun mutu kuma 400,000 sun ji rauni.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Selden |first=Mark |year=2007 |title=A Forgotten Holocaust: US Bombing Strategy, the Destruction of Japanese Cities and the American Way of War from World War II to Iraq |url=http://apjjf.org/-Mark-Selden/2414/article.html |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal Japan Focus |volume=5 |quote=Overall, by one calculation, the US firebombing campaign destroyed 180 square miles of 67 cities, killed more than 300,000 people and injured an additional 400,000, figures that exclude the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.}}</ref> A cikin watanni na ƙarshe na yaƙin a Philippines, sojojin Amurka sun yi amfani da fashewar bam a kan sojojin Japan a Manila da Baguio, suna rage yawancin biranen zuwa rushewa.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Guy|first1=Mary E.|last2=Mastracci|first2=Sharon H.|last3=Yang|first3=Seung-Bum|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Global Perspectives on Emotional Labor in Public Service|date=3 September 2019|publisher=[[Springer Nature]]|isbn=978-3-030-24823-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ|access-date=22 August 2023|language=en|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA345 345]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Angel Velasco|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ|title=Vestiges of War: The Philippine-American War and the Aftermath of an Imperial Dream 1899-1999|last2=Francia|first2=Luis H.|date=December 2002|publisher=[[NYU Press]]|isbn=978-0-8147-9791-4|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA219 219]|language=en}}</ref> Manila ta zama birni na biyu mafi lalacewa a yakin duniya na biyu.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Boldorf|first1=Marcel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18QqBwAAQBAJ|title=Economies under Occupation: The Hegemony of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in World War II|last2=Okazaki|first2=Tetsuji|date=24 March 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-50650-8|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=18QqBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA194194]|language=|access-date=28 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Synott|first1=John P.|title=Teacher Unions, Social Movements and the Politics of Education in Asia: South Korea, Taiwan and the Philippines|date=November 22, 2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-73424-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Me1HDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT330|access-date=March 28, 2022|language=en}}</ref> == Yaƙin Koriya == Daga watan Yunin a shekarar 1950, rundunar sojan sama ta Kwamandan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta fara kamfen din bama-bamai a kan Koriya ta Arewa wanda ya kasance har zuwa karshen Yaƙin Koriya a watan Yulin a shekarar 1953. Yakin bama-bamai na Amurka ya lalata kashi 85 cikin 100 na gine-ginen Koriya ta Arewa da kashi 95 cikin 100 na samar da wutar lantarki.<ref>Harden, Blaine (2017).</ref> Makamai na al'ada kamar fashewa, bama-bamai masu cin wuta da napalm sun lalata kusan dukkanin biranen Koriya da garuruwa.<ref name="Robinson 119-1202">{{Cite book|last=Robinson|first=Michael E.|url=https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/119|title=Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey|date=2007|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-3174-5|location=Honolulu, HI|pages=[https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/119119]-[https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/120/mode/2up120]}}</ref>A ƙarshen yaƙin, 18 daga cikin manyan birane 22 a Koriya ta Arewa an shafe su aƙalla rabin bisa ga kimantawar lalacewar da [[United States Air Force|Sojojin Sama na Amurka]] (USAF) suka yi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Crane|first=Conrad C.|title=American Airpower Strategy in Korea, 1950-1953|publisher=University of Kansas Press|year=2000|location=Lawrence, KS}}</ref> [[Fayil:Waegwan_Bombing.jpg|alt=Photo of bombing of Waegwan, 1950|thumb|Hoton fashewar bam na Waegwan, 1950]] Tsakanin watan Yuni da watan Oktoba a shekarar 1950, AmurkaF Far East Air Force (FEAF) B-29 bom sun gudanar da manyan hare-hare a kan cibiyoyin sufuri da cibiyoyin masana'antu a Koriya ta Arewa. Bayan da ba da daɗewa ba suka kafa karfin iska ta hanyar lalata Sojojin Sojan Koriya da Sojojin Koriya a cikin iska da ƙasa, 'yan FEAF ba su gamu da juriya kuma "sama a kan Koriya ta Arewa ita ce filin su na gaba".<ref name="Kim2012">{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Taewoo |date=2012 |title=Limited War, Unlimited Targets: U.S. Air Force Bombing of North Korea during the Korean War, 1950-1953 |journal=Critical Asian Studies |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=467–492 |doi=10.1080/14672715.2012.711980 |s2cid=142704845}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, Janar Douglas MacArthur ya amince a karo na farko da yakin neman bam, ya amince da bukatar Janar George E. Stratemeyer na ƙone Kanggye da sauran garuruwa da yawa a Koriya ta Arewa. A wannan maraice, shugaban ma'aikatan MacArthur ya gaya wa Stratemeyer cewa an kuma amince da fashewar Sinuiju. Stratemeyer ya aika da umarni ga rundunar sojan sama ta biyar da kuma kwamandan bomber zuwa<blockquote>"ka lalata duk hanyar sadarwa da kowane shigarwa, masana'anta, birni, da ƙauye".<ref name="ConwayLanz">{{Cite journal |last=Conway-Lanz |first=Sahr |date=15 September 2014 |title=The Ethics of Bombing Civilians After World War II: The Persistence of Norms Against Targeting Civilians in the Korean War |url=http://japanfocus.org/-Sahr-Conway_Lanz/4180/article.html |url-status=dead |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal |volume=12 |issue=37 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101051948/http://japanfocus.org/-Sahr-Conway_Lanz/4180/article.html |archive-date=1 January 2016 |access-date=21 September 2023}}</ref></blockquote> [[Fayil:F2H-2_Banshees_of_VF-62_in_flight_over_Hungnam_on_26_July_1953_(80-G-630625).jpg|alt=Aerial view of Hungnam that had been 85% destroyed|thumb|F2H-2 Banshees a kan Hungnam, wanda aka lalata kashi 85%, a kan Armistice-eve, Yuli 26, 1953]] A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, B-29s ashirin da biyu sun kai hari kan Kanggye, inda suka lalata kashi 75 cikin dari na birnin.<ref name="Kim2012" /> Bayan gazawar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Biyar da kuma hare-haren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Mayu-Yuni 1951, daga Yuli 1951, yayin da Yaƙin ƙasa ya zama mai tsauri lokacin da Majalisar Dinkinobho da PVA / KPA suka yi yaƙi amma suka musayar ƙasa kaɗan, babban bama-bamai na Koriya ta Arewa ya ci gaba. Koriya ta Arewa ta sha wahala sosai daga fashewar bam na Amurka. Manjo Janar William F. Dean, mafi girman matsayi na POW na Amurka daga yakin, ya ba da rahoton cewa yawancin biranen Koriya ta Arewa da ƙauyuka da ya gani ko dai rushe ne ko kuma dusar ƙanƙara.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Crane|first=Conrad C.|title=American Airpower Strategy in Korea, 1950-1953|publisher=University of Kansas Press|year=2000|location=Lawrence, KS}}</ref> An tilasta masana'antun Koriya ta Arewa, makarantu, asibitoci, da ofisoshin gwamnati su matsa karkashin kasa, kuma tsaron iska "ba su wanzu ba".<ref name="japanfocus.org">{{Cite journal |last=Armstrong |first=Charles |date=20 December 2010 |title=The Destruction and Reconstruction of North Korea, 1950–1960 |url=http://www.japanfocus.org/-charles_k_-armstrong/3460/article.html |url-status=live |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal |volume=8 |issue=51 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615003900/http://www.japanfocus.org/-charles_k_-armstrong/3460/article.html |archive-date=15 June 2015 |access-date=13 June 2015}}</ref> [[Koriya ta Arewa]] tana cikin kasashe da aka fi jefa bam a tarihi, yayin da Amurka ta jefa jimlar tan 635,000 na bama-bamai (ciki har da tan 32,557 na napalm) a Koriya, fiye da lokacin yakin Pacific.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kiernan |first=Ben |author-link=Ben Kiernan |last2=Owen |first2=Taylor |date=27 April 2015 |title=Making More Enemies than We Kill? Calculating U.S. Bomb Tonnages Dropped on Laos and Cambodia, and Weighing Their Implications |url=http://apjjf.org/2015/13/16/Ben-Kiernan/4313.html |url-status=dead |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal |volume=13 |issue=17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912002843/http://www.yale.edu/cgp/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf |archive-date=12 September 2015 |access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="Fisher">{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Max |date=2015-08-03 |title=Americans have forgotten what we did to North Korea |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/8/3/9089913/north-korea-us-war-crime |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407112255/https://www.vox.com/2015/8/3/9089913/north-korea-us-war-crime |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=Vox |language=en}}</ref><ref name="japanfocus.org" /> == Yaƙin Vietnam == A lokacin Rana-linkid="199" href="./Vietnam_War" id="mwAWM" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Vietnam War">Yaƙin Vietnam, tare da halin da ake ciki a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, an haɗa B-52Fs 28 tare da racks na waje don bama-bamai ashirin da hudu na 750-pound (340 kg) a ƙarƙashin aikin ''Kudancin Bay'' a watan Yunin 1964; ƙarin jirgin sama 46 ya sami irin wannan gyare-gyare a ƙarƙashin aikin Sun Bath.<ref name="var_2_p1032">Lake.</ref> &nbsp;A watan Maris na shekara ta 1965, Amurka ta fara Operation Rolling Thunder . Aikin yaƙi na farko, Operation Arc Light, B-52Fs ne suka tashi a ranar 18 ga Yuni 1965, lokacin da bama-bamai talatin na 9th da 441st Bombardment Squadrons suka kai hari kan sansanin kwaminisanci kusa da Gundumar Bến Cát a Kudancin Vietnam. Rukunin bama-bamai na farko sun isa da wuri a wani wurin da aka tsara, kuma yayin da suke motsawa don kula da tashar, B-52s guda biyu sun yi karo, wanda ya haifar da asarar bama-bando da ma'aikata takwas. Sauran masu fashewar bam, ba tare da daya ba wanda ya juya baya don matsalolin inji, ya ci gaba zuwa ga manufa.{{sfn|Hobson|2001|pp=22–23}} Stratofortresses ashirin da bakwai sun fadi a kan akwati mai nisan mil daya da biyu (1.6-by-3.2-kilomita) daga tsakanin ƙafa 19,000 da 22,000 (5,800 da 6,700 , dan kadan fiye da kashi 50 cikin dari na bama-bamai da suka fada cikin yankin da aka yi niyya.{{Sfn|Hobson|2001}}Sojojin sun koma Andersen AFB ban da mai fashewa daya tare da matsalolin lantarki wanda ya warke zuwa Clark AFB, aikin ya dauki sa'o'i goma sha uku. Binciken bayan yajin aikin da kungiyoyin sojojin Kudancin Vietnam suka yi tare da masu ba da shawara na Amurka sun sami shaidar cewa VC ta bar yankin kafin harin, kuma ana zargin cewa shiga cikin sojojin Kudanci na iya ba da labari ga arewa saboda sojojin ARVN da ke cikin binciken bayan yajin.{{sfn|Schlight|1988|p=52}} [[Fayil:Boeing_B-52_dropping_bombs.jpg|alt=Against a blue sky with white clouds, a B-52F releases bombs over Vietnam.|left|thumb|B-52F ta saki nauyin bama-bamai a kan Vietnam]] Da farko a ƙarshen 1965, yawancin B-52Ds sun sami gyare-gyare na Big Belly don ƙara ƙarfin bam don fashewar bam.{{Sfn|Lake|Styling|2004}}Duk da yake kayan aiki na waje sun kasance a cikin bama-bamai ashirin da hudu na 500-pound (227 kg) ko 750-pound (340 kg), ƙarfin ciki ya karu daga ashirin da bakwai zuwa takwas da hudu na bama-bomb 500-poond ko daga ashirin na bakwai zuwa arba'in da biyu.{{Sfn|Dick|Patterson|2006}}&nbsp;&nbsp;Canjin ya haifar da isasshen ƙarfin don jimlar fam 60,000 (27,215 kg) a cikin bama-bamai 108. &nbsp;Ta haka ne aka gyara, B-52Ds na iya ɗaukar fam 22,000 (9,980 kg) fiye da B-52Fs.{{Sfn|Knaack|1988}}&nbsp;&nbsp;An tsara shi don maye gurbin B-52Fs, gyaran B-52Ds sun shiga yaƙi a watan Afrilu na 1966 suna tashi daga Andersen Air Force Base, [[Guam]]. Kowane aikin bama-bamai ya dauki sa'o'i goma zuwa goma sha biyu tare da man fetur daga KC-135 Stratotankers.{{Sfn|Donald|1997}}A cikin bazara na 1967, jirgin ya fara tashi daga Filin jirgin saman U-Tapao a Thailand yana ba da damar jirgin sama na rashin buƙatar man fetur a cikin jirgin.{{Sfn|Dick|Patterson|2006}} Gurasa da man shanu na hare-haren B-52 a Vietnam shine ''Operation Linebacker II'' (wani lokacin ana kiransa Bombing na Kirsimeti) wanda ya kunshi raƙuman ruwa na B-52s (yawanci samfuran D, amma wasu Gs ba tare da jamming kayan aiki ba kuma tare da karamin nauyin bam). Fiye da kwanaki goma sha biyu, B-52s sun tashi sama da 729 kuma sun jefa tan 15,237 na bama-bamai a kan [[Hanoi]], [[Haiphong]] da sauran manufofi.{{Sfn|Dick|Patterson|2006}}[53]&nbsp;Asalin 42 B-52s sun himmatu ga yaƙi; duk da haka, lambobi sun kasance sau biyu wannan adadi.{{Sfn|Lake|Styling|2004}} == Yaƙin Gaza == A lokacin [[Yaƙin Gaza]] wanda ya fara a watan Oktoba na 2023, sikelin hare-haren jiragen sama na Isra'ila ya jawo karuwar zargi na kasa da kasa.{{excerpt|Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip#Analysis|inline=yes}} == Dubi kuma ==  {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6n5o31pnnae0fjzbf6tgr7ywl3ct83o 906989 906988 2026-08-24T10:26:53Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Fashewar bama-bamai ta Jamus */ 906989 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Barcelona_bombing_(1938).jpg|thumb|Fashewar bam na farko daga iska a tarihi shine Bombing na Barcelona . An kashe mutane 1,300 a cikin kwanaki 3, 16-18 Maris 1938]] [[Fayil:Rotterdam,_Laurenskerk,_na_bombardement_van_mei_1940.jpg|thumb|A ranar 14 ga Mayu 1940 da karfe 1:22 na yamma, a cikin Rotterdam Blitz, 'yan bam na Jamus sun ƙone dukan birnin da bama-bamai masu cin wuta, inda suka kashe mazauna 814.&nbsp;]] [[Fayil:Wesel_1945.jpg|thumb|An lalata Wesel kashi 97% kafin sojojin Allied su karbe shi a shekarar 1945]] fashewar bam, wanda aka fi sani da "fashewar bam" da "fashin bam", babban fashewar bam ne da aka yi a hanyar ci gaba don haifar da lalacewa a kowane bangare na yankin da aka zaɓa.<ref name=":0" />Carpet bombing yana nufin wani nau’in harin bama-bamai kan wani yanki gaba ɗaya, wanda manufarsa ita ce lalata yankin da aka nufa gaba ɗaya ta hanyar jefa bama-bamai a kowane ɓangare na yankin. Kalmar tana haifar da hoton fashe-fashen bama-bamai da suka mamaye wani yanki gaba ɗaya, kamar yadda kafet ke rufe bene. Yawanci ana aiwatar da carpet bombing ne ta hanyar jefa bama-bamai marasa jagora (unguided bombs) da yawa a lokaci guda ko a jere. Ana amfani da kalmar “obliteration bombing” wani lokaci wajen bayyana tsananin kai harin bama-bamai, musamman idan manufar ita ce lalata birni gaba ɗaya ko wani babban ɓangare na birni. Kalmar “area bombing” tana nufin jefa bama-bamai ba tare da ware takamaiman wuraren hari ba a wani yanki, kuma tana haɗawa da nau’o’in carpet bombing, ciki har da obliteration bombing. An fi amfani da kalmar ''area bombing'' da wannan ma’ana musamman a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu da kuma Yaƙin Koriya. Ana bambanta area bombing da precision bombing (kai harin bama-bamai cikin takamaiman manufa). Precision bombing yana nufin kai hari ga wani takamaiman wuri da aka zaɓa—wanda ba lallai ne ya zama ƙaramin wuri ko manufa ta soja kai tsaye ba; alal misali, yana iya zama filin jirgin sama ko masana’anta. Manufarsa ba ita ce haddasa babbar barna da ta bazu a faɗin yanki ba. Kalmar “area bombing” ta fara samun karɓuwa sosai a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.. An yi la'akari da fashewar bam a birane, garuruwa, ƙauyuka ko wasu yankuna da ke dauke da tarin fararen hula masu kariya a matsayin [[Laifin Yaƙi|Laifin yaki]] tun 1977, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Crimes of War – Carpet or Area Bombing |url=http://www.crimesofwar.org/a-z-guide/carpet-or-area-bombing/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151202081911/http://www.crimesofwar.org/a-z-guide/carpet-or-area-bombing/ |archive-date=2 December 2015 |access-date=2015-12-08}}</ref> ta hanyar Mataki na 51 na Ƙarin Yarjejeniya I na Yarjejeniyar Geneva.<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Carpet bombing |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/carpet-bombing |access-date=June 21, 2019 |publisher=[[Britannica.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 1977 |title=Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Additional Protocol (I) to the Geneva Conventions, 1977 - 51 - Protection of the civilian population |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=4BEBD9920AE0AEAEC12563CD0051DC9E |access-date=21 June 2019 |publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Additional Protocol (I) to the Geneva Conventions, 1977 - 51 - Protection of the civilian population - Commentary of 1987 |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Comment.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=5E5142B6BA102B45C12563CD00434741 |access-date=21 June 2019 |website=Paragraph 5 |publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)}}</ref> == Tarihin Farko == Ɗaya daga cikin yunkurin farko na fashewar bam na kafet ya kasance a Yaƙin El Mazuco a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Spain a shekara ta 1937, a kan yaduwar sojan ƙasa a kan gangaren duwatsu, kuma Condor Legion mai kai farmaki ya koyi cewa fashewar kafet ba ta da tasiri sosai a irin wannan filin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=El Mazuco (The Impossible Defense) |url=http://www.speleogroup.org/files/ElMazuco-impossible-defence.html |access-date=21 June 2019 |website=www.speleogroup.org}}</ref> In March 1938, the Bombing of Barcelona saw Italian and German airstrikes killing up to 1,300 people and wounding 2,000. It is considered the first carpet bombing of a city,<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=The Spanish Civil War|last=Thomas|first=Hugh|date=2003|publisher=Penguin|isbn=9780141011615|edition=4th|location=London|oclc=53806663}}</ref>  and set a precedent for several such bombings in World War II. Harin bama-bamai da Japan ta kai wa Chongqing, babban birnin China na lokacin yaƙi, daga ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairu a shekarar 1938 zuwa ranar 23 ga watan Agusta a shekarar 1943, ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 23,600, sannan sama da 30,000 suka jikkata. == A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu == === Binciken da aka yi kafin yaƙin === A cikin shekarun tsakanin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko da na Biyu, an ƙara samun ra’ayin cewa idan yaƙi ya barke, za a lalata birane cikin sauri ta hanyar hare-haren bama-bamai daga sama. Ana sa ran za a yi amfani da gas mai guba, kuma ana hasashen za a samu mummunar barna sakamakon amfani da bama-bamai masu fashewa da ƙarfi. Wannan ra’ayi ya samo asali ne, a wani ɓangare, daga ra’ayoyin wasu ƙwararrun masana dabarun yaƙi, kamar Douhet, sannan ’yan siyasa da ’yan jarida suka ɗauke shi suka yaɗa shi. Misali, Stanley Baldwin ya ƙirƙiri sanannen furucin “The bomber will always get through”, wato “Jirgin saman jefa bama-bamai koyaushe zai iya kaiwa inda aka nufa.” Wasu ra’ayoyi sun nuna cewa kai hari kan fararen hula zai iya karya ƙwarin gwiwa da ɗabi’ar jama’a, wanda hakan zai iya haifar da rikicin cikin gida da tayar da zaune-tsaye, har ya tilasta wa gwamnati mika wuya. A cewar Baldwin, ƙasashen da ke yaƙi na iya shiga wata gasa ta karya ƙwarin gwiwar fararen hular ɗayan ɓangaren, inda kowanne ɓangare zai yi ƙoƙarin karya ruhin jama’ar abokin gaba kafin ɗayan ya samu damar yin hakan.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}} Akwai sakamako biyu daga wannan. Da farko, an kafa shirye-shiryen tsaro na farar hula, tare da bayar da abin rufe fuska na gas, an kafa tsare-tsaren mafaka na hare-haren iska kuma an kafa kungiyoyi don sarrafa fararen hula kafin hari da magance lalacewa da wadanda suka mutu bayan an sanya daya. Abu na biyu, an nemi yarjejeniyoyi don yin niyya ga fararen hula ba bisa ka'ida ba a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa. A lokacin da Douhet da sauransu ke buga ra'ayoyinsu, babu rundunar sojan sama da ta tsara iyawarsu da niyyar yin "knockout blow" a kan fararen hula.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}}An kirkiro Dokokin Hague na Yakin Jirgin Sama a cikin 1922-23 don hana kai hari da gangan ga fararen hula, duk da haka babu wata ƙasa da ta tabbatar da shi.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}}A farkon yakin duniya na biyu, Royal Air Force yana da umarni na farko don bin Dokokin Hague muddin abokan gaba sun yi.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}}Wannan ƙuntatawa ta biyo bayan Burtaniya har zuwa 11 ga Mayu 1940, lokacin da, tare da Winston Churchill yanzu a matsayin Firayim Minista kuma yaƙi a Faransa yana tafiya mara kyau, RAF ta kai hari kan masana'antu da kayan aikin sufuri a Mönchengladbach. Wannan hari ya haifar da mutuwar fararen hula.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}} === Fashewar bama-bamai ta Jamus === A cikin Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai, birni na farko da ya sha wahala sosai daga bama-bamai na sama shine Warsaw, a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta 1939 bayan farawar mamayar Jamus a Poland. Ci gaba da wannan yanayin a yaƙi, [[Rotterdam]]_Blitz" id="mwig" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Rotterdam Blitz">Rotterdam Blitz wani bama-bamai ne na Rotterdam da bama-bomb 90 na rundunar sojan saman Jamus a ranar 14 ga watan Mayu a shekarar 1940, a lokacin mamayewar Jamus a Netherlands. Manufar ita ce ta goyi bayan hare-haren Jamus a kan birnin, ta karya juriyar Dutch, da kuma tilasta wa Dutch su mika wuya. Duk da tsagaita wuta, fashewar bam din ta lalata kusan dukkanin tsakiyar gari na tarihi, ta kashe kusan fararen hula ɗari tara kuma ta bar mutane 30,000 ba tare da gida ba. Nasarar fashewar bam din ta jagoranci ''Oberkommando der Luftwaffe'' (OKL, Babban Kwamandan Luftwaffe) don yin barazanar lalata birnin Utrecht idan Gwamnatin Holland ba ta mika wuya ba. Yaren mutanen Holland sun mika wuya da sassafe.{{Sfn|Hooton|2007}} Yayin da yakin ya ci gaba, Yaƙin Burtaniya ya ci gaba daga gwagwarmaya don rinjaye a cikin dabarun da bama-bamai na London, Liverpool, Coventry da sauran biranen Burtaniya. === Fashewar bama-bamai ta Yamma === A farkon yakin, RAF Bomber Command ba ta da tsarin kewayawa don gano manufa da kuma yawan bama-bamai da ake buƙata don yin hare-hare na kowane sikelin a Jamus. Yayin da aka kawo manyan bama-bamai cikin sabis kuma an inganta fasaha da dabarun, an canza zaɓin manufofi. Manufar guje wa mutuwar fararen hula kamar yadda lalacewar ta ɓace. Maimakon haka, fararen hula da suka yi aiki a masana'antun da suka shafi yaki - da gidajensu - sun zama manufa. Wasu daga cikin wannan canjin sun fito ne daga sha'awar ramawa ga harin Jamus a kan Coventry.{{Efn|The war cabinet agreed, in November 1940, the indiscriminate bombing of a German city as retaliation for the German raid on Coventry.{{sfn|Overy|2013|p=262}}}} Har ila yau, ya dogara ne akan abin da aka koya daga kasancewa manufa a cikin Blitz. An gano cewa gine-ginen masana'antu sun fi tsayayya da mummunar lalacewa fiye da gidajen ma'aikatansu. Rashin ma'aikata ya karu sosai idan gidajensu ba su da zama, don haka yana shafar masana'antu. Yayinda ake tattauna halin kirki, ma'anar kalmar ta canza daga amfani da ita kafin yakin. Yanzu an yi niyyar rage halin kirki don rage samar da masana'antu wanda ya goyi bayan kokarin yaki.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}}An ba da umarnin fashewar bam ga RAF Bomber Command a cikin shekarar 1942. Sojojin Sama na takwas na USAAF sun isa Burtaniya a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1942. Duk da rokon [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] ga [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] don kauce wa jefa bam ga fararen hula kafin Amurka ta shiga yakin, ya kasance mai goyon bayan jefa bam a Jamus. Dukansu [[Winston Churchill|Churchill]] da Roosevelt suna cikin matsayin da [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] ke matsawa ga Yammacin Allies don buɗe sabon gaba a Turai, wani abu da ba su shirya yin ba. Saboda haka yakin fashewar bam - Combined Bomber Offensive - bin umarnin Casablanca ga sojojin saman Allied shine duk abin da za su iya bayarwa don tallafawa [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]]. Operation Gomorrah, wanda Kwamandan Bomber ya gudanar a kan [[Hamburg]], ya yi niyya ga birni mai saukin kamuwa da wuta da kuma yawan masana'antun da ke yin kayayyaki don kokarin yaki na Jamus. Harin ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga birnin, musamman gidajen ma'aikatan masana'antu. An yi amfani da haɗin da aka haɓaka a hankali na manyan bama-bamai masu fashewa da masu ƙonewa. Babban fashewa ya fashe windows kuma ya sanya kashe gobara mai haɗari, yayin da masu cin wuta suka ƙone gine-ginen. An yi amfani da wannan hanyar don ci gaba da kai hare-hare a yankunan birane (ko da yake ba tare da irin wannan babban sakamako ba) a duk lokacin yakin, tare da Dresden kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manufofi na ƙarshe.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}} An kuma yi amfani da fashewar bam a matsayin goyon bayan iska na kusa (a matsayin "artillery mai tashi") don ayyukan ƙasa. Babban fashewar bam din ya mayar da hankali ne a cikin wani yanki mai zurfi da zurfi na gaba (kimanin kilomita da zurfin mita ɗari), wanda aka daidaita tare da ci gaban sojojin abokantaka. Amfani da fasaha na farko da aka samu nasara ya kasance a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1943, a Ƙarshen Yakin Tunisia . An fitar da shi a karkashin Sir Arthur Tedder, 'yan jarida sun yaba da shi a matsayin kafet na bam na Tedder (ko '''Kafet na Tedder'''). An mayar da hankali ga fashewar bam a cikin yanki mai nisan kilomita huɗu da uku, yana shirya hanyar ga Sojojin Farko. Daga baya aka yi amfani da wannan dabarar a lokuta da yawa a cikin Yakin Normandy; alal misali, a cikin Yankin Caen . === Yaƙin Pacific === [[Fayil:US_Navy_Photo_114-1_Bombing_Manila_14_Nov_1944.png|thumb|USS Essex TBF-1 Avenger yana jefa bam a kan Kogin Pasig a Manila yana niyya ga tashar jiragen ruwa, Nuwamba 14, 1944]] A cikin [[Yakin Pacific|Yaƙin Pacific]], an yi amfani da bam din kafet sosai a kan biranen Japan kamar Tokyo . <ref name="ieer">{{Cite web |last=Colhoun |first=Jack |title=Strategic Bombing |url=https://ieer.org/resource/commentary/strategic-bombing/ |access-date=21 June 2019 |publisher=[[Institute for Energy and Environmental Research]]}}</ref> A daren ranar 9 zuwa 10 ga watan Maris a shekarar 1945, an umarci manyan bama-bamai 334 na B-29 Superfortress don kai hari kan bangarorin farar hula da suka fi yawan jama'a a Tokyo. A cikin dare daya kawai, sama da mutane 100,000 sun kone har suka mutu daga wani mummunan bama-bamai masu cin wuta, wanda ya dace da yawan mutanen da suka mutu a lokacin yakin Amurka a duk gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Pacific. <ref name="Selden" /> Sauran Jafananci 100,000 zuwa miliyan daya sun rasa gida.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Selden |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Selden |year=2007 |title=A Forgotten Holocaust: US Bombing Strategy, the Destruction of Japanese Cities and the American Way of War from World War II to Iraq |url=http://apjjf.org/-Mark-Selden/2414/article.html |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus |volume=5 |quote=The Strategic Bombing Survey estimated that 87,793 people died in the raid, 40,918 were injured, and 1,008,005 people lost their homes. Robert Rhodes, estimating the dead at more than 100,000 men, women and children, suggested that probably a million more were injured and another million were left homeless.}}</ref> Wadannan hare-haren sun biyo bayan irin wadannan hare-hares a kan Kobe, Osaka da Nagoya, da kuma sauran bangarorin Tokyo, inda aka jefa sama da tan 9,373 na bama-bamai masu cin wuta a kan fararen hula da sojoji.<ref name="Selden" /> A lokacin da aka jefa bama-Bamai na nukiliya a kan Hiroshima da Nagasaki, ana ba da umarni ga bama-bomb masu sauƙi da matsakaici don yin amfani da bama-bombe, saboda an riga an lalata yawancin birane. A cikin yakin fashewar bam na watanni tara, sama da fararen hula 300,000 na Japan sun mutu kuma 400,000 sun ji rauni.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Selden |first=Mark |year=2007 |title=A Forgotten Holocaust: US Bombing Strategy, the Destruction of Japanese Cities and the American Way of War from World War II to Iraq |url=http://apjjf.org/-Mark-Selden/2414/article.html |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal Japan Focus |volume=5 |quote=Overall, by one calculation, the US firebombing campaign destroyed 180 square miles of 67 cities, killed more than 300,000 people and injured an additional 400,000, figures that exclude the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.}}</ref> A cikin watanni na ƙarshe na yaƙin a Philippines, sojojin Amurka sun yi amfani da fashewar bam a kan sojojin Japan a Manila da Baguio, suna rage yawancin biranen zuwa rushewa.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Guy|first1=Mary E.|last2=Mastracci|first2=Sharon H.|last3=Yang|first3=Seung-Bum|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Global Perspectives on Emotional Labor in Public Service|date=3 September 2019|publisher=[[Springer Nature]]|isbn=978-3-030-24823-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ|access-date=22 August 2023|language=en|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA345 345]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Angel Velasco|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ|title=Vestiges of War: The Philippine-American War and the Aftermath of an Imperial Dream 1899-1999|last2=Francia|first2=Luis H.|date=December 2002|publisher=[[NYU Press]]|isbn=978-0-8147-9791-4|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA219 219]|language=en}}</ref> Manila ta zama birni na biyu mafi lalacewa a yakin duniya na biyu.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Boldorf|first1=Marcel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18QqBwAAQBAJ|title=Economies under Occupation: The Hegemony of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in World War II|last2=Okazaki|first2=Tetsuji|date=24 March 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-50650-8|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=18QqBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA194194]|language=|access-date=28 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Synott|first1=John P.|title=Teacher Unions, Social Movements and the Politics of Education in Asia: South Korea, Taiwan and the Philippines|date=November 22, 2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-73424-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Me1HDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT330|access-date=March 28, 2022|language=en}}</ref> == Yaƙin Koriya == Daga watan Yunin a shekarar 1950, rundunar sojan sama ta Kwamandan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta fara kamfen din bama-bamai a kan Koriya ta Arewa wanda ya kasance har zuwa karshen Yaƙin Koriya a watan Yulin a shekarar 1953. Yakin bama-bamai na Amurka ya lalata kashi 85 cikin 100 na gine-ginen Koriya ta Arewa da kashi 95 cikin 100 na samar da wutar lantarki.<ref>Harden, Blaine (2017).</ref> Makamai na al'ada kamar fashewa, bama-bamai masu cin wuta da napalm sun lalata kusan dukkanin biranen Koriya da garuruwa.<ref name="Robinson 119-1202">{{Cite book|last=Robinson|first=Michael E.|url=https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/119|title=Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey|date=2007|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-3174-5|location=Honolulu, HI|pages=[https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/119119]-[https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/120/mode/2up120]}}</ref>A ƙarshen yaƙin, 18 daga cikin manyan birane 22 a Koriya ta Arewa an shafe su aƙalla rabin bisa ga kimantawar lalacewar da [[United States Air Force|Sojojin Sama na Amurka]] (USAF) suka yi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Crane|first=Conrad C.|title=American Airpower Strategy in Korea, 1950-1953|publisher=University of Kansas Press|year=2000|location=Lawrence, KS}}</ref> [[Fayil:Waegwan_Bombing.jpg|alt=Photo of bombing of Waegwan, 1950|thumb|Hoton fashewar bam na Waegwan, 1950]] Tsakanin watan Yuni da watan Oktoba a shekarar 1950, AmurkaF Far East Air Force (FEAF) B-29 bom sun gudanar da manyan hare-hare a kan cibiyoyin sufuri da cibiyoyin masana'antu a Koriya ta Arewa. Bayan da ba da daɗewa ba suka kafa karfin iska ta hanyar lalata Sojojin Sojan Koriya da Sojojin Koriya a cikin iska da ƙasa, 'yan FEAF ba su gamu da juriya kuma "sama a kan Koriya ta Arewa ita ce filin su na gaba".<ref name="Kim2012">{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Taewoo |date=2012 |title=Limited War, Unlimited Targets: U.S. Air Force Bombing of North Korea during the Korean War, 1950-1953 |journal=Critical Asian Studies |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=467–492 |doi=10.1080/14672715.2012.711980 |s2cid=142704845}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, Janar Douglas MacArthur ya amince a karo na farko da yakin neman bam, ya amince da bukatar Janar George E. Stratemeyer na ƙone Kanggye da sauran garuruwa da yawa a Koriya ta Arewa. A wannan maraice, shugaban ma'aikatan MacArthur ya gaya wa Stratemeyer cewa an kuma amince da fashewar Sinuiju. Stratemeyer ya aika da umarni ga rundunar sojan sama ta biyar da kuma kwamandan bomber zuwa<blockquote>"ka lalata duk hanyar sadarwa da kowane shigarwa, masana'anta, birni, da ƙauye".<ref name="ConwayLanz">{{Cite journal |last=Conway-Lanz |first=Sahr |date=15 September 2014 |title=The Ethics of Bombing Civilians After World War II: The Persistence of Norms Against Targeting Civilians in the Korean War |url=http://japanfocus.org/-Sahr-Conway_Lanz/4180/article.html |url-status=dead |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal |volume=12 |issue=37 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101051948/http://japanfocus.org/-Sahr-Conway_Lanz/4180/article.html |archive-date=1 January 2016 |access-date=21 September 2023}}</ref></blockquote> [[Fayil:F2H-2_Banshees_of_VF-62_in_flight_over_Hungnam_on_26_July_1953_(80-G-630625).jpg|alt=Aerial view of Hungnam that had been 85% destroyed|thumb|F2H-2 Banshees a kan Hungnam, wanda aka lalata kashi 85%, a kan Armistice-eve, Yuli 26, 1953]] A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, B-29s ashirin da biyu sun kai hari kan Kanggye, inda suka lalata kashi 75 cikin dari na birnin.<ref name="Kim2012" /> Bayan gazawar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Biyar da kuma hare-haren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Mayu-Yuni 1951, daga Yuli 1951, yayin da Yaƙin ƙasa ya zama mai tsauri lokacin da Majalisar Dinkinobho da PVA / KPA suka yi yaƙi amma suka musayar ƙasa kaɗan, babban bama-bamai na Koriya ta Arewa ya ci gaba. Koriya ta Arewa ta sha wahala sosai daga fashewar bam na Amurka. Manjo Janar William F. Dean, mafi girman matsayi na POW na Amurka daga yakin, ya ba da rahoton cewa yawancin biranen Koriya ta Arewa da ƙauyuka da ya gani ko dai rushe ne ko kuma dusar ƙanƙara.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Crane|first=Conrad C.|title=American Airpower Strategy in Korea, 1950-1953|publisher=University of Kansas Press|year=2000|location=Lawrence, KS}}</ref> An tilasta masana'antun Koriya ta Arewa, makarantu, asibitoci, da ofisoshin gwamnati su matsa karkashin kasa, kuma tsaron iska "ba su wanzu ba".<ref name="japanfocus.org">{{Cite journal |last=Armstrong |first=Charles |date=20 December 2010 |title=The Destruction and Reconstruction of North Korea, 1950–1960 |url=http://www.japanfocus.org/-charles_k_-armstrong/3460/article.html |url-status=live |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal |volume=8 |issue=51 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615003900/http://www.japanfocus.org/-charles_k_-armstrong/3460/article.html |archive-date=15 June 2015 |access-date=13 June 2015}}</ref> [[Koriya ta Arewa]] tana cikin kasashe da aka fi jefa bam a tarihi, yayin da Amurka ta jefa jimlar tan 635,000 na bama-bamai (ciki har da tan 32,557 na napalm) a Koriya, fiye da lokacin yakin Pacific.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kiernan |first=Ben |author-link=Ben Kiernan |last2=Owen |first2=Taylor |date=27 April 2015 |title=Making More Enemies than We Kill? Calculating U.S. Bomb Tonnages Dropped on Laos and Cambodia, and Weighing Their Implications |url=http://apjjf.org/2015/13/16/Ben-Kiernan/4313.html |url-status=dead |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal |volume=13 |issue=17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912002843/http://www.yale.edu/cgp/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf |archive-date=12 September 2015 |access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="Fisher">{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Max |date=2015-08-03 |title=Americans have forgotten what we did to North Korea |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/8/3/9089913/north-korea-us-war-crime |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407112255/https://www.vox.com/2015/8/3/9089913/north-korea-us-war-crime |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=Vox |language=en}}</ref><ref name="japanfocus.org" /> == Yaƙin Vietnam == A lokacin Rana-linkid="199" href="./Vietnam_War" id="mwAWM" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Vietnam War">Yaƙin Vietnam, tare da halin da ake ciki a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, an haɗa B-52Fs 28 tare da racks na waje don bama-bamai ashirin da hudu na 750-pound (340 kg) a ƙarƙashin aikin ''Kudancin Bay'' a watan Yunin 1964; ƙarin jirgin sama 46 ya sami irin wannan gyare-gyare a ƙarƙashin aikin Sun Bath.<ref name="var_2_p1032">Lake.</ref> &nbsp;A watan Maris na shekara ta 1965, Amurka ta fara Operation Rolling Thunder . Aikin yaƙi na farko, Operation Arc Light, B-52Fs ne suka tashi a ranar 18 ga Yuni 1965, lokacin da bama-bamai talatin na 9th da 441st Bombardment Squadrons suka kai hari kan sansanin kwaminisanci kusa da Gundumar Bến Cát a Kudancin Vietnam. Rukunin bama-bamai na farko sun isa da wuri a wani wurin da aka tsara, kuma yayin da suke motsawa don kula da tashar, B-52s guda biyu sun yi karo, wanda ya haifar da asarar bama-bando da ma'aikata takwas. Sauran masu fashewar bam, ba tare da daya ba wanda ya juya baya don matsalolin inji, ya ci gaba zuwa ga manufa.{{sfn|Hobson|2001|pp=22–23}} Stratofortresses ashirin da bakwai sun fadi a kan akwati mai nisan mil daya da biyu (1.6-by-3.2-kilomita) daga tsakanin ƙafa 19,000 da 22,000 (5,800 da 6,700 , dan kadan fiye da kashi 50 cikin dari na bama-bamai da suka fada cikin yankin da aka yi niyya.{{Sfn|Hobson|2001}}Sojojin sun koma Andersen AFB ban da mai fashewa daya tare da matsalolin lantarki wanda ya warke zuwa Clark AFB, aikin ya dauki sa'o'i goma sha uku. Binciken bayan yajin aikin da kungiyoyin sojojin Kudancin Vietnam suka yi tare da masu ba da shawara na Amurka sun sami shaidar cewa VC ta bar yankin kafin harin, kuma ana zargin cewa shiga cikin sojojin Kudanci na iya ba da labari ga arewa saboda sojojin ARVN da ke cikin binciken bayan yajin.{{sfn|Schlight|1988|p=52}} [[Fayil:Boeing_B-52_dropping_bombs.jpg|alt=Against a blue sky with white clouds, a B-52F releases bombs over Vietnam.|left|thumb|B-52F ta saki nauyin bama-bamai a kan Vietnam]] Da farko a ƙarshen 1965, yawancin B-52Ds sun sami gyare-gyare na Big Belly don ƙara ƙarfin bam don fashewar bam.{{Sfn|Lake|Styling|2004}}Duk da yake kayan aiki na waje sun kasance a cikin bama-bamai ashirin da hudu na 500-pound (227 kg) ko 750-pound (340 kg), ƙarfin ciki ya karu daga ashirin da bakwai zuwa takwas da hudu na bama-bomb 500-poond ko daga ashirin na bakwai zuwa arba'in da biyu.{{Sfn|Dick|Patterson|2006}}&nbsp;&nbsp;Canjin ya haifar da isasshen ƙarfin don jimlar fam 60,000 (27,215 kg) a cikin bama-bamai 108. &nbsp;Ta haka ne aka gyara, B-52Ds na iya ɗaukar fam 22,000 (9,980 kg) fiye da B-52Fs.{{Sfn|Knaack|1988}}&nbsp;&nbsp;An tsara shi don maye gurbin B-52Fs, gyaran B-52Ds sun shiga yaƙi a watan Afrilu na 1966 suna tashi daga Andersen Air Force Base, [[Guam]]. Kowane aikin bama-bamai ya dauki sa'o'i goma zuwa goma sha biyu tare da man fetur daga KC-135 Stratotankers.{{Sfn|Donald|1997}}A cikin bazara na 1967, jirgin ya fara tashi daga Filin jirgin saman U-Tapao a Thailand yana ba da damar jirgin sama na rashin buƙatar man fetur a cikin jirgin.{{Sfn|Dick|Patterson|2006}} Gurasa da man shanu na hare-haren B-52 a Vietnam shine ''Operation Linebacker II'' (wani lokacin ana kiransa Bombing na Kirsimeti) wanda ya kunshi raƙuman ruwa na B-52s (yawanci samfuran D, amma wasu Gs ba tare da jamming kayan aiki ba kuma tare da karamin nauyin bam). Fiye da kwanaki goma sha biyu, B-52s sun tashi sama da 729 kuma sun jefa tan 15,237 na bama-bamai a kan [[Hanoi]], [[Haiphong]] da sauran manufofi.{{Sfn|Dick|Patterson|2006}}[53]&nbsp;Asalin 42 B-52s sun himmatu ga yaƙi; duk da haka, lambobi sun kasance sau biyu wannan adadi.{{Sfn|Lake|Styling|2004}} == Yaƙin Gaza == A lokacin [[Yaƙin Gaza]] wanda ya fara a watan Oktoba na 2023, sikelin hare-haren jiragen sama na Isra'ila ya jawo karuwar zargi na kasa da kasa.{{excerpt|Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip#Analysis|inline=yes}} == Dubi kuma ==  {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7rs7m2jefcmaxxk9i0270pe5tf9hqdk 906990 906989 2026-08-24T10:27:06Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Fashewar bama-bamai ta Jamus */ 906990 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Barcelona_bombing_(1938).jpg|thumb|Fashewar bam na farko daga iska a tarihi shine Bombing na Barcelona . An kashe mutane 1,300 a cikin kwanaki 3, 16-18 Maris 1938]] [[Fayil:Rotterdam,_Laurenskerk,_na_bombardement_van_mei_1940.jpg|thumb|A ranar 14 ga Mayu 1940 da karfe 1:22 na yamma, a cikin Rotterdam Blitz, 'yan bam na Jamus sun ƙone dukan birnin da bama-bamai masu cin wuta, inda suka kashe mazauna 814.&nbsp;]] [[Fayil:Wesel_1945.jpg|thumb|An lalata Wesel kashi 97% kafin sojojin Allied su karbe shi a shekarar 1945]] fashewar bam, wanda aka fi sani da "fashewar bam" da "fashin bam", babban fashewar bam ne da aka yi a hanyar ci gaba don haifar da lalacewa a kowane bangare na yankin da aka zaɓa.<ref name=":0" />Carpet bombing yana nufin wani nau’in harin bama-bamai kan wani yanki gaba ɗaya, wanda manufarsa ita ce lalata yankin da aka nufa gaba ɗaya ta hanyar jefa bama-bamai a kowane ɓangare na yankin. Kalmar tana haifar da hoton fashe-fashen bama-bamai da suka mamaye wani yanki gaba ɗaya, kamar yadda kafet ke rufe bene. Yawanci ana aiwatar da carpet bombing ne ta hanyar jefa bama-bamai marasa jagora (unguided bombs) da yawa a lokaci guda ko a jere. Ana amfani da kalmar “obliteration bombing” wani lokaci wajen bayyana tsananin kai harin bama-bamai, musamman idan manufar ita ce lalata birni gaba ɗaya ko wani babban ɓangare na birni. Kalmar “area bombing” tana nufin jefa bama-bamai ba tare da ware takamaiman wuraren hari ba a wani yanki, kuma tana haɗawa da nau’o’in carpet bombing, ciki har da obliteration bombing. An fi amfani da kalmar ''area bombing'' da wannan ma’ana musamman a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu da kuma Yaƙin Koriya. Ana bambanta area bombing da precision bombing (kai harin bama-bamai cikin takamaiman manufa). Precision bombing yana nufin kai hari ga wani takamaiman wuri da aka zaɓa—wanda ba lallai ne ya zama ƙaramin wuri ko manufa ta soja kai tsaye ba; alal misali, yana iya zama filin jirgin sama ko masana’anta. Manufarsa ba ita ce haddasa babbar barna da ta bazu a faɗin yanki ba. Kalmar “area bombing” ta fara samun karɓuwa sosai a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.. An yi la'akari da fashewar bam a birane, garuruwa, ƙauyuka ko wasu yankuna da ke dauke da tarin fararen hula masu kariya a matsayin [[Laifin Yaƙi|Laifin yaki]] tun 1977, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Crimes of War – Carpet or Area Bombing |url=http://www.crimesofwar.org/a-z-guide/carpet-or-area-bombing/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151202081911/http://www.crimesofwar.org/a-z-guide/carpet-or-area-bombing/ |archive-date=2 December 2015 |access-date=2015-12-08}}</ref> ta hanyar Mataki na 51 na Ƙarin Yarjejeniya I na Yarjejeniyar Geneva.<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Carpet bombing |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/carpet-bombing |access-date=June 21, 2019 |publisher=[[Britannica.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 1977 |title=Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Additional Protocol (I) to the Geneva Conventions, 1977 - 51 - Protection of the civilian population |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=4BEBD9920AE0AEAEC12563CD0051DC9E |access-date=21 June 2019 |publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Additional Protocol (I) to the Geneva Conventions, 1977 - 51 - Protection of the civilian population - Commentary of 1987 |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Comment.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=5E5142B6BA102B45C12563CD00434741 |access-date=21 June 2019 |website=Paragraph 5 |publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)}}</ref> == Tarihin Farko == Ɗaya daga cikin yunkurin farko na fashewar bam na kafet ya kasance a Yaƙin El Mazuco a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Spain a shekara ta 1937, a kan yaduwar sojan ƙasa a kan gangaren duwatsu, kuma Condor Legion mai kai farmaki ya koyi cewa fashewar kafet ba ta da tasiri sosai a irin wannan filin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=El Mazuco (The Impossible Defense) |url=http://www.speleogroup.org/files/ElMazuco-impossible-defence.html |access-date=21 June 2019 |website=www.speleogroup.org}}</ref> In March 1938, the Bombing of Barcelona saw Italian and German airstrikes killing up to 1,300 people and wounding 2,000. It is considered the first carpet bombing of a city,<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=The Spanish Civil War|last=Thomas|first=Hugh|date=2003|publisher=Penguin|isbn=9780141011615|edition=4th|location=London|oclc=53806663}}</ref>  and set a precedent for several such bombings in World War II. Harin bama-bamai da Japan ta kai wa Chongqing, babban birnin China na lokacin yaƙi, daga ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairu a shekarar 1938 zuwa ranar 23 ga watan Agusta a shekarar 1943, ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 23,600, sannan sama da 30,000 suka jikkata. == A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu == === Binciken da aka yi kafin yaƙin === A cikin shekarun tsakanin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko da na Biyu, an ƙara samun ra’ayin cewa idan yaƙi ya barke, za a lalata birane cikin sauri ta hanyar hare-haren bama-bamai daga sama. Ana sa ran za a yi amfani da gas mai guba, kuma ana hasashen za a samu mummunar barna sakamakon amfani da bama-bamai masu fashewa da ƙarfi. Wannan ra’ayi ya samo asali ne, a wani ɓangare, daga ra’ayoyin wasu ƙwararrun masana dabarun yaƙi, kamar Douhet, sannan ’yan siyasa da ’yan jarida suka ɗauke shi suka yaɗa shi. Misali, Stanley Baldwin ya ƙirƙiri sanannen furucin “The bomber will always get through”, wato “Jirgin saman jefa bama-bamai koyaushe zai iya kaiwa inda aka nufa.” Wasu ra’ayoyi sun nuna cewa kai hari kan fararen hula zai iya karya ƙwarin gwiwa da ɗabi’ar jama’a, wanda hakan zai iya haifar da rikicin cikin gida da tayar da zaune-tsaye, har ya tilasta wa gwamnati mika wuya. A cewar Baldwin, ƙasashen da ke yaƙi na iya shiga wata gasa ta karya ƙwarin gwiwar fararen hular ɗayan ɓangaren, inda kowanne ɓangare zai yi ƙoƙarin karya ruhin jama’ar abokin gaba kafin ɗayan ya samu damar yin hakan.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}} Akwai sakamako biyu daga wannan. Da farko, an kafa shirye-shiryen tsaro na farar hula, tare da bayar da abin rufe fuska na gas, an kafa tsare-tsaren mafaka na hare-haren iska kuma an kafa kungiyoyi don sarrafa fararen hula kafin hari da magance lalacewa da wadanda suka mutu bayan an sanya daya. Abu na biyu, an nemi yarjejeniyoyi don yin niyya ga fararen hula ba bisa ka'ida ba a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa. A lokacin da Douhet da sauransu ke buga ra'ayoyinsu, babu rundunar sojan sama da ta tsara iyawarsu da niyyar yin "knockout blow" a kan fararen hula.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}}An kirkiro Dokokin Hague na Yakin Jirgin Sama a cikin 1922-23 don hana kai hari da gangan ga fararen hula, duk da haka babu wata ƙasa da ta tabbatar da shi.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}}A farkon yakin duniya na biyu, Royal Air Force yana da umarni na farko don bin Dokokin Hague muddin abokan gaba sun yi.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}}Wannan ƙuntatawa ta biyo bayan Burtaniya har zuwa 11 ga Mayu 1940, lokacin da, tare da Winston Churchill yanzu a matsayin Firayim Minista kuma yaƙi a Faransa yana tafiya mara kyau, RAF ta kai hari kan masana'antu da kayan aikin sufuri a Mönchengladbach. Wannan hari ya haifar da mutuwar fararen hula.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}} === Fashewar bama-bamai ta Jamus === A cikin Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai, birni na farko da ya sha wahala sosai daga bama-bamai na sama shine Warsaw, a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta alif 1939 bayan farawar mamayar Jamus a Poland. Ci gaba da wannan yanayin a yaƙi, [[Rotterdam]]_Blitz" id="mwig" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Rotterdam Blitz">Rotterdam Blitz wani bama-bamai ne na Rotterdam da bama-bomb 90 na rundunar sojan saman Jamus a ranar 14 ga watan Mayu a shekarar 1940, a lokacin mamayewar Jamus a Netherlands. Manufar ita ce ta goyi bayan hare-haren Jamus a kan birnin, ta karya juriyar Dutch, da kuma tilasta wa Dutch su mika wuya. Duk da tsagaita wuta, fashewar bam din ta lalata kusan dukkanin tsakiyar gari na tarihi, ta kashe kusan fararen hula ɗari tara kuma ta bar mutane 30,000 ba tare da gida ba. Nasarar fashewar bam din ta jagoranci ''Oberkommando der Luftwaffe'' (OKL, Babban Kwamandan Luftwaffe) don yin barazanar lalata birnin Utrecht idan Gwamnatin Holland ba ta mika wuya ba. Yaren mutanen Holland sun mika wuya da sassafe.{{Sfn|Hooton|2007}} Yayin da yakin ya ci gaba, Yaƙin Burtaniya ya ci gaba daga gwagwarmaya don rinjaye a cikin dabarun da bama-bamai na London, Liverpool, Coventry da sauran biranen Burtaniya. === Fashewar bama-bamai ta Yamma === A farkon yakin, RAF Bomber Command ba ta da tsarin kewayawa don gano manufa da kuma yawan bama-bamai da ake buƙata don yin hare-hare na kowane sikelin a Jamus. Yayin da aka kawo manyan bama-bamai cikin sabis kuma an inganta fasaha da dabarun, an canza zaɓin manufofi. Manufar guje wa mutuwar fararen hula kamar yadda lalacewar ta ɓace. Maimakon haka, fararen hula da suka yi aiki a masana'antun da suka shafi yaki - da gidajensu - sun zama manufa. Wasu daga cikin wannan canjin sun fito ne daga sha'awar ramawa ga harin Jamus a kan Coventry.{{Efn|The war cabinet agreed, in November 1940, the indiscriminate bombing of a German city as retaliation for the German raid on Coventry.{{sfn|Overy|2013|p=262}}}} Har ila yau, ya dogara ne akan abin da aka koya daga kasancewa manufa a cikin Blitz. An gano cewa gine-ginen masana'antu sun fi tsayayya da mummunar lalacewa fiye da gidajen ma'aikatansu. Rashin ma'aikata ya karu sosai idan gidajensu ba su da zama, don haka yana shafar masana'antu. Yayinda ake tattauna halin kirki, ma'anar kalmar ta canza daga amfani da ita kafin yakin. Yanzu an yi niyyar rage halin kirki don rage samar da masana'antu wanda ya goyi bayan kokarin yaki.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}}An ba da umarnin fashewar bam ga RAF Bomber Command a cikin shekarar 1942. Sojojin Sama na takwas na USAAF sun isa Burtaniya a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1942. Duk da rokon [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] ga [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] don kauce wa jefa bam ga fararen hula kafin Amurka ta shiga yakin, ya kasance mai goyon bayan jefa bam a Jamus. Dukansu [[Winston Churchill|Churchill]] da Roosevelt suna cikin matsayin da [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] ke matsawa ga Yammacin Allies don buɗe sabon gaba a Turai, wani abu da ba su shirya yin ba. Saboda haka yakin fashewar bam - Combined Bomber Offensive - bin umarnin Casablanca ga sojojin saman Allied shine duk abin da za su iya bayarwa don tallafawa [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]]. Operation Gomorrah, wanda Kwamandan Bomber ya gudanar a kan [[Hamburg]], ya yi niyya ga birni mai saukin kamuwa da wuta da kuma yawan masana'antun da ke yin kayayyaki don kokarin yaki na Jamus. Harin ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga birnin, musamman gidajen ma'aikatan masana'antu. An yi amfani da haɗin da aka haɓaka a hankali na manyan bama-bamai masu fashewa da masu ƙonewa. Babban fashewa ya fashe windows kuma ya sanya kashe gobara mai haɗari, yayin da masu cin wuta suka ƙone gine-ginen. An yi amfani da wannan hanyar don ci gaba da kai hare-hare a yankunan birane (ko da yake ba tare da irin wannan babban sakamako ba) a duk lokacin yakin, tare da Dresden kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manufofi na ƙarshe.{{Sfn|Overy|2013}} An kuma yi amfani da fashewar bam a matsayin goyon bayan iska na kusa (a matsayin "artillery mai tashi") don ayyukan ƙasa. Babban fashewar bam din ya mayar da hankali ne a cikin wani yanki mai zurfi da zurfi na gaba (kimanin kilomita da zurfin mita ɗari), wanda aka daidaita tare da ci gaban sojojin abokantaka. Amfani da fasaha na farko da aka samu nasara ya kasance a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1943, a Ƙarshen Yakin Tunisia . An fitar da shi a karkashin Sir Arthur Tedder, 'yan jarida sun yaba da shi a matsayin kafet na bam na Tedder (ko '''Kafet na Tedder'''). An mayar da hankali ga fashewar bam a cikin yanki mai nisan kilomita huɗu da uku, yana shirya hanyar ga Sojojin Farko. Daga baya aka yi amfani da wannan dabarar a lokuta da yawa a cikin Yakin Normandy; alal misali, a cikin Yankin Caen . === Yaƙin Pacific === [[Fayil:US_Navy_Photo_114-1_Bombing_Manila_14_Nov_1944.png|thumb|USS Essex TBF-1 Avenger yana jefa bam a kan Kogin Pasig a Manila yana niyya ga tashar jiragen ruwa, Nuwamba 14, 1944]] A cikin [[Yakin Pacific|Yaƙin Pacific]], an yi amfani da bam din kafet sosai a kan biranen Japan kamar Tokyo . <ref name="ieer">{{Cite web |last=Colhoun |first=Jack |title=Strategic Bombing |url=https://ieer.org/resource/commentary/strategic-bombing/ |access-date=21 June 2019 |publisher=[[Institute for Energy and Environmental Research]]}}</ref> A daren ranar 9 zuwa 10 ga watan Maris a shekarar 1945, an umarci manyan bama-bamai 334 na B-29 Superfortress don kai hari kan bangarorin farar hula da suka fi yawan jama'a a Tokyo. A cikin dare daya kawai, sama da mutane 100,000 sun kone har suka mutu daga wani mummunan bama-bamai masu cin wuta, wanda ya dace da yawan mutanen da suka mutu a lokacin yakin Amurka a duk gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Pacific. <ref name="Selden" /> Sauran Jafananci 100,000 zuwa miliyan daya sun rasa gida.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Selden |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Selden |year=2007 |title=A Forgotten Holocaust: US Bombing Strategy, the Destruction of Japanese Cities and the American Way of War from World War II to Iraq |url=http://apjjf.org/-Mark-Selden/2414/article.html |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus |volume=5 |quote=The Strategic Bombing Survey estimated that 87,793 people died in the raid, 40,918 were injured, and 1,008,005 people lost their homes. Robert Rhodes, estimating the dead at more than 100,000 men, women and children, suggested that probably a million more were injured and another million were left homeless.}}</ref> Wadannan hare-haren sun biyo bayan irin wadannan hare-hares a kan Kobe, Osaka da Nagoya, da kuma sauran bangarorin Tokyo, inda aka jefa sama da tan 9,373 na bama-bamai masu cin wuta a kan fararen hula da sojoji.<ref name="Selden" /> A lokacin da aka jefa bama-Bamai na nukiliya a kan Hiroshima da Nagasaki, ana ba da umarni ga bama-bomb masu sauƙi da matsakaici don yin amfani da bama-bombe, saboda an riga an lalata yawancin birane. A cikin yakin fashewar bam na watanni tara, sama da fararen hula 300,000 na Japan sun mutu kuma 400,000 sun ji rauni.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Selden |first=Mark |year=2007 |title=A Forgotten Holocaust: US Bombing Strategy, the Destruction of Japanese Cities and the American Way of War from World War II to Iraq |url=http://apjjf.org/-Mark-Selden/2414/article.html |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal Japan Focus |volume=5 |quote=Overall, by one calculation, the US firebombing campaign destroyed 180 square miles of 67 cities, killed more than 300,000 people and injured an additional 400,000, figures that exclude the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.}}</ref> A cikin watanni na ƙarshe na yaƙin a Philippines, sojojin Amurka sun yi amfani da fashewar bam a kan sojojin Japan a Manila da Baguio, suna rage yawancin biranen zuwa rushewa.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Guy|first1=Mary E.|last2=Mastracci|first2=Sharon H.|last3=Yang|first3=Seung-Bum|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Global Perspectives on Emotional Labor in Public Service|date=3 September 2019|publisher=[[Springer Nature]]|isbn=978-3-030-24823-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ|access-date=22 August 2023|language=en|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA345 345]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Angel Velasco|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ|title=Vestiges of War: The Philippine-American War and the Aftermath of an Imperial Dream 1899-1999|last2=Francia|first2=Luis H.|date=December 2002|publisher=[[NYU Press]]|isbn=978-0-8147-9791-4|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1v48DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA219 219]|language=en}}</ref> Manila ta zama birni na biyu mafi lalacewa a yakin duniya na biyu.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Boldorf|first1=Marcel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18QqBwAAQBAJ|title=Economies under Occupation: The Hegemony of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in World War II|last2=Okazaki|first2=Tetsuji|date=24 March 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-50650-8|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=18QqBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA194194]|language=|access-date=28 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Synott|first1=John P.|title=Teacher Unions, Social Movements and the Politics of Education in Asia: South Korea, Taiwan and the Philippines|date=November 22, 2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-73424-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Me1HDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT330|access-date=March 28, 2022|language=en}}</ref> == Yaƙin Koriya == Daga watan Yunin a shekarar 1950, rundunar sojan sama ta Kwamandan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta fara kamfen din bama-bamai a kan Koriya ta Arewa wanda ya kasance har zuwa karshen Yaƙin Koriya a watan Yulin a shekarar 1953. Yakin bama-bamai na Amurka ya lalata kashi 85 cikin 100 na gine-ginen Koriya ta Arewa da kashi 95 cikin 100 na samar da wutar lantarki.<ref>Harden, Blaine (2017).</ref> Makamai na al'ada kamar fashewa, bama-bamai masu cin wuta da napalm sun lalata kusan dukkanin biranen Koriya da garuruwa.<ref name="Robinson 119-1202">{{Cite book|last=Robinson|first=Michael E.|url=https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/119|title=Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey|date=2007|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-3174-5|location=Honolulu, HI|pages=[https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/119119]-[https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/120/mode/2up120]}}</ref>A ƙarshen yaƙin, 18 daga cikin manyan birane 22 a Koriya ta Arewa an shafe su aƙalla rabin bisa ga kimantawar lalacewar da [[United States Air Force|Sojojin Sama na Amurka]] (USAF) suka yi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Crane|first=Conrad C.|title=American Airpower Strategy in Korea, 1950-1953|publisher=University of Kansas Press|year=2000|location=Lawrence, KS}}</ref> [[Fayil:Waegwan_Bombing.jpg|alt=Photo of bombing of Waegwan, 1950|thumb|Hoton fashewar bam na Waegwan, 1950]] Tsakanin watan Yuni da watan Oktoba a shekarar 1950, AmurkaF Far East Air Force (FEAF) B-29 bom sun gudanar da manyan hare-hare a kan cibiyoyin sufuri da cibiyoyin masana'antu a Koriya ta Arewa. Bayan da ba da daɗewa ba suka kafa karfin iska ta hanyar lalata Sojojin Sojan Koriya da Sojojin Koriya a cikin iska da ƙasa, 'yan FEAF ba su gamu da juriya kuma "sama a kan Koriya ta Arewa ita ce filin su na gaba".<ref name="Kim2012">{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Taewoo |date=2012 |title=Limited War, Unlimited Targets: U.S. Air Force Bombing of North Korea during the Korean War, 1950-1953 |journal=Critical Asian Studies |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=467–492 |doi=10.1080/14672715.2012.711980 |s2cid=142704845}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, Janar Douglas MacArthur ya amince a karo na farko da yakin neman bam, ya amince da bukatar Janar George E. Stratemeyer na ƙone Kanggye da sauran garuruwa da yawa a Koriya ta Arewa. A wannan maraice, shugaban ma'aikatan MacArthur ya gaya wa Stratemeyer cewa an kuma amince da fashewar Sinuiju. Stratemeyer ya aika da umarni ga rundunar sojan sama ta biyar da kuma kwamandan bomber zuwa<blockquote>"ka lalata duk hanyar sadarwa da kowane shigarwa, masana'anta, birni, da ƙauye".<ref name="ConwayLanz">{{Cite journal |last=Conway-Lanz |first=Sahr |date=15 September 2014 |title=The Ethics of Bombing Civilians After World War II: The Persistence of Norms Against Targeting Civilians in the Korean War |url=http://japanfocus.org/-Sahr-Conway_Lanz/4180/article.html |url-status=dead |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal |volume=12 |issue=37 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101051948/http://japanfocus.org/-Sahr-Conway_Lanz/4180/article.html |archive-date=1 January 2016 |access-date=21 September 2023}}</ref></blockquote> [[Fayil:F2H-2_Banshees_of_VF-62_in_flight_over_Hungnam_on_26_July_1953_(80-G-630625).jpg|alt=Aerial view of Hungnam that had been 85% destroyed|thumb|F2H-2 Banshees a kan Hungnam, wanda aka lalata kashi 85%, a kan Armistice-eve, Yuli 26, 1953]] A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, B-29s ashirin da biyu sun kai hari kan Kanggye, inda suka lalata kashi 75 cikin dari na birnin.<ref name="Kim2012" /> Bayan gazawar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Biyar da kuma hare-haren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Mayu-Yuni 1951, daga Yuli 1951, yayin da Yaƙin ƙasa ya zama mai tsauri lokacin da Majalisar Dinkinobho da PVA / KPA suka yi yaƙi amma suka musayar ƙasa kaɗan, babban bama-bamai na Koriya ta Arewa ya ci gaba. Koriya ta Arewa ta sha wahala sosai daga fashewar bam na Amurka. Manjo Janar William F. Dean, mafi girman matsayi na POW na Amurka daga yakin, ya ba da rahoton cewa yawancin biranen Koriya ta Arewa da ƙauyuka da ya gani ko dai rushe ne ko kuma dusar ƙanƙara.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Crane|first=Conrad C.|title=American Airpower Strategy in Korea, 1950-1953|publisher=University of Kansas Press|year=2000|location=Lawrence, KS}}</ref> An tilasta masana'antun Koriya ta Arewa, makarantu, asibitoci, da ofisoshin gwamnati su matsa karkashin kasa, kuma tsaron iska "ba su wanzu ba".<ref name="japanfocus.org">{{Cite journal |last=Armstrong |first=Charles |date=20 December 2010 |title=The Destruction and Reconstruction of North Korea, 1950–1960 |url=http://www.japanfocus.org/-charles_k_-armstrong/3460/article.html |url-status=live |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal |volume=8 |issue=51 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615003900/http://www.japanfocus.org/-charles_k_-armstrong/3460/article.html |archive-date=15 June 2015 |access-date=13 June 2015}}</ref> [[Koriya ta Arewa]] tana cikin kasashe da aka fi jefa bam a tarihi, yayin da Amurka ta jefa jimlar tan 635,000 na bama-bamai (ciki har da tan 32,557 na napalm) a Koriya, fiye da lokacin yakin Pacific.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kiernan |first=Ben |author-link=Ben Kiernan |last2=Owen |first2=Taylor |date=27 April 2015 |title=Making More Enemies than We Kill? Calculating U.S. Bomb Tonnages Dropped on Laos and Cambodia, and Weighing Their Implications |url=http://apjjf.org/2015/13/16/Ben-Kiernan/4313.html |url-status=dead |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal |volume=13 |issue=17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912002843/http://www.yale.edu/cgp/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf |archive-date=12 September 2015 |access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="Fisher">{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Max |date=2015-08-03 |title=Americans have forgotten what we did to North Korea |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/8/3/9089913/north-korea-us-war-crime |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407112255/https://www.vox.com/2015/8/3/9089913/north-korea-us-war-crime |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=2021-10-18 |website=Vox |language=en}}</ref><ref name="japanfocus.org" /> == Yaƙin Vietnam == A lokacin Rana-linkid="199" href="./Vietnam_War" id="mwAWM" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Vietnam War">Yaƙin Vietnam, tare da halin da ake ciki a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, an haɗa B-52Fs 28 tare da racks na waje don bama-bamai ashirin da hudu na 750-pound (340 kg) a ƙarƙashin aikin ''Kudancin Bay'' a watan Yunin 1964; ƙarin jirgin sama 46 ya sami irin wannan gyare-gyare a ƙarƙashin aikin Sun Bath.<ref name="var_2_p1032">Lake.</ref> &nbsp;A watan Maris na shekara ta 1965, Amurka ta fara Operation Rolling Thunder . Aikin yaƙi na farko, Operation Arc Light, B-52Fs ne suka tashi a ranar 18 ga Yuni 1965, lokacin da bama-bamai talatin na 9th da 441st Bombardment Squadrons suka kai hari kan sansanin kwaminisanci kusa da Gundumar Bến Cát a Kudancin Vietnam. Rukunin bama-bamai na farko sun isa da wuri a wani wurin da aka tsara, kuma yayin da suke motsawa don kula da tashar, B-52s guda biyu sun yi karo, wanda ya haifar da asarar bama-bando da ma'aikata takwas. Sauran masu fashewar bam, ba tare da daya ba wanda ya juya baya don matsalolin inji, ya ci gaba zuwa ga manufa.{{sfn|Hobson|2001|pp=22–23}} Stratofortresses ashirin da bakwai sun fadi a kan akwati mai nisan mil daya da biyu (1.6-by-3.2-kilomita) daga tsakanin ƙafa 19,000 da 22,000 (5,800 da 6,700 , dan kadan fiye da kashi 50 cikin dari na bama-bamai da suka fada cikin yankin da aka yi niyya.{{Sfn|Hobson|2001}}Sojojin sun koma Andersen AFB ban da mai fashewa daya tare da matsalolin lantarki wanda ya warke zuwa Clark AFB, aikin ya dauki sa'o'i goma sha uku. Binciken bayan yajin aikin da kungiyoyin sojojin Kudancin Vietnam suka yi tare da masu ba da shawara na Amurka sun sami shaidar cewa VC ta bar yankin kafin harin, kuma ana zargin cewa shiga cikin sojojin Kudanci na iya ba da labari ga arewa saboda sojojin ARVN da ke cikin binciken bayan yajin.{{sfn|Schlight|1988|p=52}} [[Fayil:Boeing_B-52_dropping_bombs.jpg|alt=Against a blue sky with white clouds, a B-52F releases bombs over Vietnam.|left|thumb|B-52F ta saki nauyin bama-bamai a kan Vietnam]] Da farko a ƙarshen 1965, yawancin B-52Ds sun sami gyare-gyare na Big Belly don ƙara ƙarfin bam don fashewar bam.{{Sfn|Lake|Styling|2004}}Duk da yake kayan aiki na waje sun kasance a cikin bama-bamai ashirin da hudu na 500-pound (227 kg) ko 750-pound (340 kg), ƙarfin ciki ya karu daga ashirin da bakwai zuwa takwas da hudu na bama-bomb 500-poond ko daga ashirin na bakwai zuwa arba'in da biyu.{{Sfn|Dick|Patterson|2006}}&nbsp;&nbsp;Canjin ya haifar da isasshen ƙarfin don jimlar fam 60,000 (27,215 kg) a cikin bama-bamai 108. &nbsp;Ta haka ne aka gyara, B-52Ds na iya ɗaukar fam 22,000 (9,980 kg) fiye da B-52Fs.{{Sfn|Knaack|1988}}&nbsp;&nbsp;An tsara shi don maye gurbin B-52Fs, gyaran B-52Ds sun shiga yaƙi a watan Afrilu na 1966 suna tashi daga Andersen Air Force Base, [[Guam]]. Kowane aikin bama-bamai ya dauki sa'o'i goma zuwa goma sha biyu tare da man fetur daga KC-135 Stratotankers.{{Sfn|Donald|1997}}A cikin bazara na 1967, jirgin ya fara tashi daga Filin jirgin saman U-Tapao a Thailand yana ba da damar jirgin sama na rashin buƙatar man fetur a cikin jirgin.{{Sfn|Dick|Patterson|2006}} Gurasa da man shanu na hare-haren B-52 a Vietnam shine ''Operation Linebacker II'' (wani lokacin ana kiransa Bombing na Kirsimeti) wanda ya kunshi raƙuman ruwa na B-52s (yawanci samfuran D, amma wasu Gs ba tare da jamming kayan aiki ba kuma tare da karamin nauyin bam). Fiye da kwanaki goma sha biyu, B-52s sun tashi sama da 729 kuma sun jefa tan 15,237 na bama-bamai a kan [[Hanoi]], [[Haiphong]] da sauran manufofi.{{Sfn|Dick|Patterson|2006}}[53]&nbsp;Asalin 42 B-52s sun himmatu ga yaƙi; duk da haka, lambobi sun kasance sau biyu wannan adadi.{{Sfn|Lake|Styling|2004}} == Yaƙin Gaza == A lokacin [[Yaƙin Gaza]] wanda ya fara a watan Oktoba na 2023, sikelin hare-haren jiragen sama na Isra'ila ya jawo karuwar zargi na kasa da kasa.{{excerpt|Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip#Analysis|inline=yes}} == Dubi kuma ==  {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tghh5jwymgauq9scuqutk7hb15psei8 0 165273 906994 2026-08-24T11:08:16Z Umaragamalafiya 47978 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1371055867|Al-Insan 7–9]]" 906994 wikitext text/x-wiki <blockquote>Ayoyi na 7 zuwa 9 na Suratul Insan (Al-Insan), waɗanda ake kira Ayoyin Ciyarwa, suna magana ne game da salihai da bayin Allah: yadda suke cika alkawari, tsoron ranar Alƙiyama, da kuma labarin ciyar da miskinai, marayu da waɗanda aka kama a matsayin fursunoni. Dukkan tafsiran Shi’a, da kuma mafi yawan tafsiran Sunni, sun bayyana cewa Ayoyin Ciyarwa, har ma da Suratul Insan gaba ɗaya, an saukar da su ne game da Aliyu bn Abi Talib, Fatimatu Az-Zahra, Hasan da Husaini. Sai dai wasu daga cikin tafsiran Sunni sun ce waɗannan ayoyi ba su takaita gare su kaɗai ba; suna kuma iya shafar Ahlul Bait na Annabi ﷺ da sauran muminai salihai. [1] Wasu masu adawa da wannan ra’ayi suna kafa hujja ne da riwayoyin da suka shafi lokacin da aka saukar da surorin Alƙur’ani. Bisa waɗannan riwayoyi, wasu daga cikin malaman tafsiri na farko, kamar Qatadah, An-Nahhas da At-Tabari, sun ɗauki Suratul Insan a matsayin Makkiyya, wato an saukar da ita a Makka, kuma ba su ɗauke ta a matsayin wata aya ta musamman da take nuna falalar Ahlul Bait na Annabi ﷺ ba. [2][3]</blockquote> == Manazarta == 1qj2mcbo89dercdb5tif49om80s4jet 0 165274 907002 2026-08-24T11:34:45Z Umaragamalafiya 47978 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1317771077|Gebocyl]]" 907002 wikitext text/x-wiki Gebocyl gajeriyar suna ce ta “Grupo de Especialistas Bomberos de Castilla y León”, wato ƙungiyar ƙwararrun jami’an kashe gobara ta Castilla y León a ƙasar Spain. Ƙungiya ce ta ƙwararrun ma’aikatan kashe gobara waɗanda suke cikin shirin kasancewa a shirye na awanni 24 domin taimakawa wajen gudanar da ayyukan ceto a sassa daban-daban na duniya. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a shekarar 2003, kuma zuwa shekarar 2005, adadin mambobinta ya haura 150.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2005 |title=El Grupo Especialista de Bomberos reforzará las labores de emergencia |url=https://www.abc.es/espana/castilla-leon/abci-grupo-especialista-bomberos-reforzara-labores-emergencia-200508180300-61254057748_noticia.html?ref=https:%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F |access-date=27 November 2020 |website=ABC |language=es}}</ref> == Asali == Sun shahara sosai a kafafen yaɗa labarai lokacin da aka tura su Haiti a ranar 13 ga Janairu, 2010, domin shiga aikin ceto bayan girgizar ƙasar Haiti ta shekarar 2010. A ranar 15 ga Janairu, 2010, sun yi nasarar ceto wani ƙaramin yaro mai suna Redjeson Hausteen Claude, wanda ya makale a ƙarƙashin baraguzan gini, sannan suka sake haɗa shi da iyalansa. El País +1 Wannan ceto ya zama ɗaya daga cikin labaran bege da suka fi ɗaukar hankali bayan girgizar ƙasar, domin yaron ya shafe kusan sa’o’i 48 a ƙarƙashin baraguzan ginin kafin a gano shi da ransa. El País A shekarar 2019, Redjeson ya ziyarci Castilla y León, yankin da waɗannan jami’an kashe gobarar suka fito. A lokacin ziyarar, ya kira masu cetonsa “jarumaina”, sannan ya bayyana cewa yana son zama likita domin ya taimaka wa mutane kamar yadda suka taimaka masa. .<ref>{{Cite web |last=SPC |date=16 March 2019 |title=Reencuentro con sus "héroes" |url=https://www.eldiadevalladolid.com/noticia/z23b2c946-b196-6697-f7d4543633b7c983/reencuentro-con-sus-heroes |access-date=27 November 2020 |website=El Día de Valladolid |language=spanish}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> sonddmk2gdm01nlzyvqvrsbifg4y8aq